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India

2026-05-07T22:37:52Z

YourPritam7: update page per sources and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Country in South Asia}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Featured article}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of India 
| common_name = India
| native_name =  {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| alt_flag = Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes.
| image_coat = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|class=skin-invert-image|60px]]
| symbol_width = 60px
| alt_coat = Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते".
| symbol_type = [[State Emblem of India|State emblem]]
| other_symbol_type = National song: {{nobold|{{native phrase|sa-Latn|[[Vande Mataram]]|italics=on}}{{efn|Written in a mixture of Sanskrit and [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]]}}}}
| other_symbol = "I Bow to Thee, Mother"{{lower|0.2em|{{efn|"[...] ''Jana Gana Mana'' is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song ''Vande Mataram'', which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with ''Jana Gana Mana'' and shall have equal status with it."{{sfn|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}}}{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}<ref name="india.gov.in" />}} 
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Vande Mataram on Mohan Veena.ogg]]</div>
| national_motto = {{native phrase|sa-Latn|[[Satyameva Jayate]]|italics=on}}
| national_anthem = {{native phrase|hi-Latn|[[Jana Gana Mana]]|italics=on}}{{efn|Originally written in [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]] and adopted as the national anthem in its Hindi translation}}<ref name="india.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=National Symbols | National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204121208/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]] |quote=The National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.}}</ref><ref name="tatsama">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana' |publisher=[[News18 India|News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417194530/https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |archive-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=1}}<ref name="india.gov.in" />}} 
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = India (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 250px
| alt_map = Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted.
| map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Territory controlled by India}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Disputed territories of India|Territory claimed but not controlled]]}}
| capital = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|30|E|type:city_region:IN-DL}}
| admin_center = [[Mumbai]]
| admin_center_type = Largest city {{normal|by [[List of cities in India by population|city proper population]]}}
| largest_city =
| largest_settlement = [[Delhi]]
| largest_settlement_type = city {{normal|by metropolitan area population}}
| official_languages = {{hlist |[[Hindi]]|[[Indian English|English]]{{efn|According to [[Part XVII of the Constitution of India]], [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]] in the [[Devanagari]] script is the [[official language]] of the Union, along with [[Indian English|English]] as an additional official language.{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}{{sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}}<ref name="india.gov.in2">{{Cite web |title=Profile | National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830064815/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-date=30 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]]}}</ref> [[States and union territories of India|States and union territories]] can have a different official language of their own other than Hindi or English.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Provisions – Official Language Related Part-17 of the Constitution of India |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112326/https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=[[Department of Official Language]] via [[Government of India]]}}</ref>}}
| regional_languages = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;color: inherit; text-align:left;
|title = [[Languages with official status in India#Official languages of states|State level]] and [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|{{nowrap|Eighth Schedule}}]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
|1= Eighth Schedule {{hlist
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Sanskrit]]
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]
}}
|2= State level{{efn|Not all the state-level official languages are in the eighth schedule and not all the scheduled languages are state-level official languages. For example, the [[Sindhi language]] is an 8th scheduled but not a state-level official language.}} {{hlist
| [[Garo language|Garo]]
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| [[Kokborok]]
| [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
| all the 8th scheduled languages – except [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Dogri language|Dogri]]{{efn|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Dogri language]] are the official languages of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] which is currently a [[union territory]] and no longer the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|former state]].}}
}}
}}
| languages_type = Native languages
| languages = [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|424 languages]]{{efn|
* According to [[Ethnologue]], there are 424 living indigenous languages in India, in contrast to 11 extinct indigenous languages. In addition, there are 30 living non-indigenous languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Eberhard |first1=David M. |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |last3=Fennig |first3=Charles D. |year=2025 |title=India |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/ |website=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=28 |access-date=10 November 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303233113/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped.
}}
| religion_ref = <ref name="Census2011religion">{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C −1 Population by religious community – 2011 |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]] |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Indian people|Indian]]|[[Names for India|others]]}}
| government_type = Federal [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of India|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| lower_house = [[Lok Sabha]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Indian independence movement|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = [[Dominion of India|Dominion]]
| established_date1 = [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]
| established_event2 = [[Republic]]
| established_date2 = [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]]
| area_km2 = 3,287,263
| area_footnote = <ref name="india.gov.in2" />{{efn|"The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as {{convert|3287260|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{convert|3060500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the United Nations lists the total area as {{convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and total land area as {{convert|2973190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} }}
| area_rank = 7th
| area_sq_mi = 1,269,346
| percent_water = 9.6
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 1.48 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=India population 2026 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263766/total-population-of-india/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2026
| population_estimate_rank = 1st
| population_census = {{increaseNeutral}} 1,210,854,977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumeration Data (Final Population) |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522213913/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A – 2 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430213141/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank = 2nd
| population_density_km2 = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|3287263|km2|disp=num|prec=1}}
| population_density_sq_mi = {{Pop density|{{Indian population clock}}|1269219|sqmi|disp=num|prec=1}}
| population_density_rank = 30th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$18.902 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,801<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 121st
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$4.153 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank = 6th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,813<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 148th
| Gini = 25.5 
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gini index (World Bank estimate) – India |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IN |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902023243/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IN |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.685
| HDI_rank = 130th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency = [[Indian rupee]] ([[₹]])
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| date_format = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in India]].}}
}}
| drives_on = left<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=List of all left- & right-driving countries around the world |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=worldstandards.eu |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110051742/https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91]]
| cctld = [[.in]] ([[.in#Internationalised domain names and country codes|others]])
| englishmotto = "Truth Alone Triumphs"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
| religion_year = 2011
| religion = {{ubl
| 79.8% [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]]
| 14.2% [[Islam in India|Islam]]
| 2.3% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]]
| 1.7% [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]]
| 0.7% [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]]
| 0.4% [[Jainism in India|Jainism]]
| 0.23% [[Irreligion in India|unaffiliated]]
| 0.65% [[Religion in India|other]]
}}
| official_website = 
| today =
| iso3166code = IN
}}


'''India''', officially the '''Republic of India''',{{efn|[[ISO 15919]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}}}<ref>
* {{citation |title=The Essential Desk Reference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjcOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-512873-4 |page=76}} "Official name: Republic of India.";
* {{citation |author=John Da Graça |title=Heads of State and Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0YfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-349-65771-1 |page=421}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya (Hindi)";
* {{citation |author=Graham Rhind |title=Global Sourcebook of Address Data Management: A Guide to Address Formats and Data in 194 Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-93326-1 |page=302}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat.";
* {{citation |last=Bradnock |first=Robert W. |title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-40511-5 |page=108}} "Official name: English: Republic of India; Hindi:Bharat Ganarajya";
* {{citation |title=Penguin Compact Atlas of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLw-ReHIgvQC&pg=PA140 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin]] |isbn=978-0-7566-9859-1 |page=140}} "Official name: Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA515 |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |pages=515–516}} "Officially, Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Complete Atlas of the World: The Definitive View of the Earth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5moCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54-IA10 |edition=3rd |year=2016 |publisher=[[DK Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4654-5528-4 |page=54}} "Official name: Republic of India";
* {{citation |title=Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA726 |year=2013 |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |isbn=978-1-4522-9937-2 |page=726}}</ref> is a country in [[South Asia]].  It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|seventh-largest country by area]]; the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|most populous country]] since 2023;<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=K. S. |last2=Sekher |first2=T. V. |editor1-last=James |editor1-first=K. S. |editor2-last=Sekher |editor2-first=T. V. |title=India Population Report |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-00-931886-0 |pages=1–18 |edition=1st |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009318846.003 |chapter=India's Population Change: Critical Issues and Prospects. |doi=10.1017/9781009318846.003}}</ref> and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy.<ref>{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=327}}: "Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating poverty and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations."</ref><ref name="stein-arnold">{{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |year=2012 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |series=The Blackwell History of the World Series |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |quote=One of these is the idea of India as 'the world's largest democracy', but a democracy forged less by the creation of representative institutions and expanding electorate under British rule than by the endeavours of India's founding fathers – Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Ambedkar – and the labours of the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949, embodied in the Indian constitution of 1950. This democratic order, reinforced by the regular holding of nationwide elections and polling for the state assemblies, has, it can be argued, consistently underpinned a fundamentally democratic state structure – despite the anomaly of the Emergency and the apparent durability of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-link=David Arnold (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Fisher|2018|pp=184–185|ps=: "Since 1947, India's internal disputes over its national identity, while periodically bitter and occasionally punctuated by violence, have been largely managed with remarkable and sustained commitment to national unity and democracy."}} Bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]] on the south, the [[Arabian Sea]] on the southwest, and the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the southeast, it shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west;{{efn|1 = The [[Government of India]] also regards [[Afghanistan]] as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan.}} [[China]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]] to the north; and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]]. Its [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] share a [[Maritime boundary|maritime border]] with Myanmar, [[Thailand]], and [[Indonesia]].

[[Modern humans]] arrived on the [[Indian subcontinent]] from [[Africa]] no later than 55,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin" /><ref name="Dyson2018p1" /><ref name="Fisher2018p23" /> Their long occupation, predominantly in isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse.<ref name="Dyson2018-28a"/> [[Neolithic|Settled life]] emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the [[Indus River|Indus]] [[river basin]] 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] of the third millennium BCE.<ref name="Combined-2"/> By {{BCE|1200}}, an [[Proto-language|archaic form]] of [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European language]], had [[Trans-cultural diffusion|diffused]] into India from the northwest.<ref name=lowe1/><ref name="Combined-4-Rigveda"/> [[Rig Veda|Its hymns]] recorded the [[Historical Vedic religion|early dawnings]] of [[Hinduism]] in India.<ref name="Combined-3">* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Jamison|Brereton|2020|pp=2, 4–5}}: "The Ṛgveda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. [...] Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there. Gods like Viṣṇu and Śiva (under the name Rudra), who will become so dominant later, are already present in the Ṛgveda, though in roles both lesser than and different from those they will later play, and the principal Ṛgvedic gods like Indra remain in later Hinduism, though in diminished capacity."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Flood|2020|p=4, see note 4}}: "I take the term 'Hinduism' to meaningfully denote a range and history of practice characterised by a number of features, particularly reference to Vedic textual and sacrificial origins, belonging to endogamous social units (''jāti''/''varṇa''), participating in practices that involve making an offering to a deity and receiving a blessing (''pūjā''), and a first-level cultural polytheism (although many Hindus adhere to a second-level monotheism in which many gods are regarded as emanations or manifestations of the one, supreme being)."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Michaels|2017|pp=|p=86}}: "Almost all traditional Hindu families observe until today at least three ''samskaras'' (initiation, marriage, and death ritual). Most other rituals have lost their popularity, are combined with other rites of passage, or are drastically shortened. Although ''samskaras'' vary from region to region, from class (''varna'') to class, and from caste to caste, their core elements remain the same owing to the common source, the Veda, and a common priestly tradition preserved by the ''Brahmin'' priests."
* {{Harvard citation no brackets|Flood|1996|p=35}}: "It is this Sanskrit, vedic, tradition which has maintained a continuity into modern times and which has provided the most important resource and inspiration for Hindu traditions and individuals. The Veda is the foundation for most later developments in what is known as Hinduism."</ref> India's pre-existing [[Dravidian languages]] were supplanted in the northern regions.<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref> By {{BCE|400}}, [[caste]] had emerged within Hinduism,<ref name="Dyson2018-16a"/> and [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] and [[History of Jainism|Jainism]] had arisen, proclaiming [[social order]]s unlinked to heredity.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}.</ref> Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire]]s.<ref name="Combined-5">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16–17]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 67]}}.
* {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA56 56–57]}}
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 29–30]}}.</ref> During this era, there was a flourishing of creativity in art, architecture, and writing,<ref name="Combined-6">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–29]}}.
* {{citation |author=Glenn Van Brummelen |title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia |pages=46–48 |year=2014 |editor=Thomas F. Glick |chapter=Arithmetic |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-45932-1 |editor2=Steven Livesey |editor3=Faith Wallis}}</ref> the status of women declined,<ref name="Combined-7">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}}.
* {{harvnb|Stein|2010|p=90}}.
* {{citation |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |title=Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History |pages=27–29 |year=1999 |editor1=Barbara N. Ramusack |chapter=Women in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNi9Jc22OHsC&pg=PA27 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-21267-2 |editor2=Sharon L. Sievers}}</ref> and [[untouchability]] became an organised belief.{{efn|"A Chinese pilgrim also recorded evidence of the caste system as he could observe it. According to this evidence the treatment meted out to untouchables such as the Chandalas was very similar to that which they experienced in later periods. This would contradict assertions that this rigid form of the caste system emerged in India only as a reaction to the Islamic conquest."{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp = 122–123}}}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=122–123}} In [[South India]], the [[Middle kingdoms of India#The Deccan plateau and South|Middle kingdoms]] exported Dravidian language scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="AsherAsher2006-17">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA17 17]}}.</ref>

In the [[1st millennium]] [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Zoroastrianism]] became established on India's southern and western coasts.<ref name="Combined-8">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 54]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA78 78–79]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}}.</ref> Early in the [[2nd millennium]] Muslim armies from [[Central Asia]] intermittently overran India's northern plains.<ref name="Combined-13">
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 68–70]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19 19], 24}}.</ref> The resulting [[Delhi Sultanate]] drew northern India into the cosmopolitan [[Islamic Golden Age|networks of medieval Islam]].<ref name="Combined-10">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 48]}}.
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA53 52]}}.</ref> In south India, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture.<ref name="AsherAsher2006-74">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA74 74]}}.</ref> In the [[Punjab]], [[Sikhism]] emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.<ref name="AsherAsher2006-267">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA267 267]}}.</ref> The [[Mughal Empire]] ushered in two centuries of economic expansion and relative peace,<ref name="AsherAsher2006-152">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152 152]}}.</ref> and left [[Mughal architecture|a rich architectural legacy]].<ref name="Fisher2018-106">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106]}}.</ref>{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=[https://archive.org/details/architectureofmu0000ashe/page/250/mode/2up 250]}} Gradually expanding [[Company rule in India|rule of the British East India Company]] turned India into a colonial economy but consolidated its [[sovereignty]].<ref name="Combined-11">
* {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA289 289]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120]}}.</ref> [[British Raj|British Crown rule]] began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly,<ref name="Combined-12">{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Miles |title=Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires |pages=38–39 |year=2016 |editor-last=Aldrish, Robert |chapter=The British royal family and the colonial empire from the Georgians to Prince George |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iR3GDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5261-0088-7 |editor2-last=McCreery, Cindy}}</ref>{{sfn|Peers|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}} but [[Industrial Revolution|technological changes]] were introduced, and modern ideas of education and the public life took root.<ref name="EmbreeHay1988">{{Citation |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie Thomas |title=Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan |page=85 |year=1988 |chapter=Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C&pg=PA85 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-06414-9 |last2=Hay |first2=Stephen N. |last3=Bary |first3=William Theodore De}}</ref> [[Indian independence movement|A nationalist movement]] emerged in India, the first in the non-European [[British Empire]] and an influence on other nationalist movements.<ref name="Marshall2001">{{Citation |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |url={{Google books|S2EXN8JTwAEC |page=PA179 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |page=179 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00254-7 |quote=The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress.}}</ref><ref name="Chiriyankandath2016">{{Citation |last=Chiriyankandath |first=James |title=Parties and Political Change in South Asia |url={{Google books|c4n7CwAAQBAJ |page=PA2 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |page=2 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58620-3 |quote=South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947}}</ref> Noted for nonviolent resistance after 1920,<ref name="metcalf-metcalf-gandhi-1920">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=202}}: "The year 1919 was a watershed in the modern history of India. [...] By its end the Montagu–Chelmsford reforms... were enacted. [...] The year, however, also brought the repressive Rowlatt bills and the catastrophe of the Amritsar massacre. For many, if not most, Indians the reforms had become a poisoned chalice. They chose instead a novel course of political action, that of 'non-violent non-cooperation', and a new leader, Mohandas K. Gandhi, only recently returned from twenty years in South Africa. Gandhi would endure as a lasting symbol of moral leadership for the entire world community."</ref> it became the primary factor in ending British rule.<ref name=stein-arnold-successful-nationalism>{{harvnb|Stein|2010|p=289}}: "Gandhi was the leading genius of the later and ultimately successful campaign for India's independence"</ref> In 1947, the British Indian Empire was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into two independent [[Dominion#India and Pakistan|dominions]], a Hindu-majority [[dominion of India]] and a Muslim-majority [[dominion of Pakistan]]. A large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration accompanied the partition.<ref>
* {{harvnb|Copland|2001|pp=71–78}}.
* {{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=222}}.</ref>

India has been a [[federal republic]] since 1950, governed through a democratic [[parliamentary system]]. It is a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]], [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] and [[Multiculturalism|multi-ethnic society]]. India's population grew from 361 million in 1951 to over 1.4 billion in 2023.<ref name="Dyson2018-219">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219], 262}}.</ref> During this time, its nominal [[per capita income]] increased from US$64 annually to US$2,601, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%.<ref name="Fisher2018-8">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8]}}.</ref> The [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] has since become a [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fast-growing]] major economy and [[Information technology in India|a hub for information technology]], with an expanding middle class.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2012-265">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA265 265–266]}}.</ref> India has reduced [[Poverty in India|its poverty rate]], though at the cost of increasing economic inequality.<ref name="Dyson2018-216-a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 216]}}.</ref> It is a [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapon state]] that [[List of countries by military expenditures|ranks high in military expenditure]]. It has disputes over [[Kashmir]] with its neighbours, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century.<ref name="kashmir-disputes">
* {{citation |title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent{{nbsp}}... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |archive-date=13 August 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last1=Pletcher |first1=Kenneth |title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |access-date=16 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, ... constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090308/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |archive-date=2 April 2019}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Americana]]: Jefferson to Latin |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6 |page=328 |first=C. E |last=Bosworth |quote=KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947}}</ref> Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are [[Gender inequality in India|gender inequality]], [[Malnutrition in India|child malnutrition]],<ref name="NarayanJohn2018-lead">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayan |first1=Jitendra |last2=John |first2=Denny |last3=Ramadas |first3=Nirupama |year=2018 |title=Malnutrition in India: status and government initiatives |journal=[[Journal of Public Health Policy]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=126–141 |doi=10.1057/s41271-018-0149-5 |pmid=30353132 }}</ref> and rising levels of [[Air pollution in India|air pollution]].<ref name="BalakrishnanDey2019-lead">{{Cite journal |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Kalpana |author-link=Kalpana Balakrishnan |last2=Dey |first2=Sagnik |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=[[The Lancet Planetary Health]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e26–e39 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4 |pmc=6358127 |pmid=30528905}}</ref> India's land is [[megadiverse country|megadiverse]] with four [[biodiversity hotspots]]. [[Wildlife of India|India's wildlife]], which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in [[Culture of India|its culture]], is supported in [[Protected areas of India|protected habitats]].{{sfn|Karanth|Gopal|2005|p=374}}

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names for India}}

According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the English proper noun "India" derives most immediately from the [[Classical Latin]] ''India'', a reference to a loosely-defined historical region of Asia stretching from [[South Asia]] to the borders of China. Further [[etymon]]s are: [[Hellenistic Greek]] {{tlit|grc|India}} ({{lang|grc|Ἰνδία}}); [[Ancient Greek]] {{tlit|grc|Indos}} ({{lang|grc|Ἰνδός}}), or the River [[Indus]]; Achaemenian [[Old Persian]] {{tlit|peo|[[Hindu]]}} (an eastern province of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]); and [[Sanskrit]] {{tlit|sa|Sindhu}}, or "river," but specifically the Indus river, and by extension its well-settled basin.<ref>{{Cite OED|India (n)|3183874375}}</ref> The [[Ancient Greeks]] referred to South Asians as {{tlit|grc|Indoi}}, 'the people of the Indus'.{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=86}}

The term ''[[Names for India#Bharat|Bharat]]'' ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhārat}}; {{IPA|hns|ˈbʱaːɾət|pron|hi-Bharat.ogg}}), mentioned in both [[Indian epic poetry]] and the [[Constitution of India]],{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}<ref>{{Citation |title=The Constitution of India |date=1 December 2007 |url=https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] |quote=Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. |archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> is used in its variations by [[Names for India|many Indian languages]]. A modern rendering of the historical name {{tlit|sa|Bharatavarsha}}, which applied originally to [[North India]],<ref name="Jha2014">{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Dwijendra Narayan |title=Rethinking Hindu Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqDgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |page=11 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-49034-0}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 253]}} ''Bharat'' gained increased currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}{{sfn|Barrow|2003}}

''[[Hindustan]]'' ({{IPA|hns|ɦɪndʊˈstaːn||Hindustan.ogg}}) is a [[Middle Persian]] name for India that became popular by the 13th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paturi |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCo5DAAAQBAJ |title=World Religions & Cults Volume 2: Moralistic, Mythical and Mysticism Religions |last2=Patterson |first2=Roger |date=2016 |publisher=New Leaf Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-89051-922-6 |editor-last=Hodge |editor-first=Bodie |location=United States |pages=59–60 |chapter=Hinduism (with Hare Krishna) |quote=The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the Indus River. The term Hindu originated as a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Later, Hindu was taken by European languages from the Arabic term al-Hind, which referred to the people who lived across the Indus River. This Arabic term was itself taken from the Persian term Hindū, which refers to all Indians. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name for India, meaning the "land of Hindus." |editor-last2=Patterson |editor-first2=Roger}}</ref> and was used widely since the era of the [[Mughal Empire]]. The meaning of ''Hindustan'' has varied, referring to a region encompassing the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] (present-day northern India and [[Pakistan]]) or to India in its near entirety.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}{{sfn|Barrow|2003}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Hindustan |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 July 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717105344/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of India}}

=== Ancient India ===
Based on [[Coalescent theory|coalescence]] of [[Mitochondrial DNA]] and [[Y Chromosome]] data, it is thought that the earliest extant [[lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s of anatomically modern humans or ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' on the Indian subcontinent had reached there from Africa between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago, and with high likelihood by 55,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin">{{harvnb|Petraglia|Allchin|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10 10]}}: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. [...] Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73 and 55 ka."</ref><ref name="Dyson2018p1">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}: "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. [...] it is virtually certain that there were ''Homo sapiens'' in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."</ref><ref name="Fisher2018p23">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}: "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the ''Homo sapiens'' range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago."</ref><ref name="mattern-slow-moon-non-african-migration">{{harvnb|Mattern|2019|pp=146–147}}<nowiki> All non-African human populations share a common ancestry in the recent past, about 80,000 to 50,000 years ago. Some time within this period, a group of modern humans migrated from Africa, traversed southern Asia, and crossed the sea to the ancient continent of Sahul (now Australia, Tasmania, and Papua New Guinea), picking up Neanderthal and Denisovan genes along the way; branches reached Europe somewhat later, and Americas last. This was not the first migration of anatomically modern humans out of Africa. ... But for the most part, earlier populations of humans around Eurasia sputtered out, returned to Africa, or were replaced by humans from the last migration out of Africa.}}</nowiki></ref> Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human [[genetic diversity]].<ref name="Dyson2018-28a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28]}}</ref> However, the earliest known modern human fossils in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Dyson2018p1" /> Evidence for the [[neolithic period]] in the western margins of the [[Indus River|Indus]] [[river basin]], at [[Mehrgarh]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]], dates to after {{BCE|7000}}. Domestication of grain-producing plants (including [[barley]]) and animals (including [[Zebu|humped zebu]] cattle) occurred here. These cultures gradually evolved into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], which flourished during {{BCE|2500–1900}} in Pakistan and western India.{{sfn|Wright|2010|pp=45–51}}<ref name="Combined-2">
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5]}}.
* {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 33]}}.</ref> Centred around cities such as [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Harappa]], [[Dholavira]], [[Ganweriwala]], and [[Rakhigarhi]],{{sfn|Wright|2010|p=107}} its characteristic features included standardised weights, [[soapstone|steatite]] [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Seals|seals]], a written script, urban planning, public works, and arts and crafts including pottery styles, terracotta human figures and animal statuettes.{{sfn|Wright|2010|p=107}} Networks of towns and villages grew around the cities in a new [[agriculture|agro]]-[[Animal husbandry|pastoral]] economy.{{sfn|Wright|2010|pp=145–146}}

Between {{BCE|1500}} and {{BCE|1200}}, an [[Proto-language|archaic form]] of [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European language]], [[Trans-cultural diffusion|diffused]] into India from the northwest. Its evidence today is found in the [[Rig Veda]]—the oldest scripture associated with what later became [[Hinduism]]—which was composed by [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]-speaking tribes migrating east from what is today northern [[Afghanistan]] and across the [[Punjab region]].<ref name=lowe1>{{Harvnb|Lowe|2015|p=|pp=1–2}}: "[[Rigveda|It]] consists of 1,028 hymns (''sūktas''), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."</ref><ref name="Combined-4-Rigveda">
* {{harvnb|Witzel|2003|pp=68–70}}: "It is known from internal evidence that the Vedic texts were orally composed in northern India, at first in the Greater Punjab and later on also in more eastern areas, including northern Bihar, between ca. 1500 BCE and ca. 500–400 BCE. The oldest text, the Rgveda, must have been more or less contemporary with the Mitanni texts of northern Syria/Iraq (1450–1350 BCE); [...] The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is in fact something of a ''tape-recording'' of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. [...] The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE."
* {{Harvnb|Doniger|2014|pp=xviii, 10}}: "A Chronology of Hinduism: ca. 1500–1000 BCE Rig Veda; ca. 1200–900 BCE Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda [...] Hindu texts began with the ''Rig Veda'' ('Knowledge of Verses'), composed in northwest India around 1500 BCE; the first of the three Vedas, it is the earliest extant text composed in Sanskrit, the language of ancient India."
* {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}}
* {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14–15]}}
* {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA46 46–]}}</ref> The settling of the [[Ganges river|Ganges]] [[river plain]] took place during the next millennium, when large swathes of the river system's adjoining regions were deforested, at times by setting fires, or later by employing iron implements, and prepared for agriculture. The settlement may have involved driving the preexisting people out or enslaving them.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=16, 25}} The [[Dravidian languages]] of India were supplanted in the north, creating a broad [[Language family|language family]]-divide, with the Indo-Aryan languages being spoken mainly in the [[North India|north]] and [[West India|west]], and the Dravidian in some parts of [[East India|east India]] and most of the [[South India|south]].<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref> [[Classical Sanskrit]], a refined and standardised grammatical form would emerge in the mid-1st millennium BCE and was codified in the ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'' ('Eight chapters') of [[Pāṇini]].{{efn|"All these achievements are dwarfed, though, by the Sanskrit linguistic tradition culminating in the famous grammar by Pāṇini, known as the Aṣṭhādhyāyī. The elegance and comprehensiveness of its architecture have yet to be surpassed by any grammar of any language, and its ingenious methods of stratifying out use and mention, language and metalanguage, and theorem and metatheorem predate key discoveries in western philosophy by millennia."<ref name=Evans-2009>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |title=Dying Words: Endangered languages and what they have to tell us |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-631-23305-3 |pages=27– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjXnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref>}} The two major Sanskrit epics, the [[Mahābhārata]] and the [[Rāmāyaṇa]], however, were composed in a range of oral storytelling registers called [[Epic Sanskrit]] which was used in northern India between 400 BCE and 300 CE, and roughly contemporary with classical Sanskrit.<ref name="Lowe2017-epic">{{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879357-1 |page=58 |quote=The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.}}</ref>

A second [[urbanisation]] had taken place in [[South Asia]] by {{BCE|400}}, this time on the Ganges plain. In fortified cities, [[social differentiation]] by [[caste]], or [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], had emerged.<ref name="Dyson2018-16a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref> By the mid-millennium two new ethical and social systems had arisen: [[History of Jainism|Jainism]] based on the teachings of [[Mahavira]] and [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] on those of [[The Buddha|the Buddha]]. Both religions stressed non-violence and abjured animal sacrifices conducted in [[Historical Vedic religion#Brahmanism|Brahmanism]],{{efn|the historic religion of the [[Vedas]], and the precursor to [[Hinduism]]}} and birth into a fixed hereditary ''varna''. By living ethically, lay people could rise socially and morally in these religions.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}.</ref> Chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 21, 61–62}} The rise of the two religions was a backdrop to the emergence of the first loose-knit geographically extensive power in South Asia, the [[Maurya Empire]]. During the rule of the founder's grandson, [[Ashoka]] (ca. 268–232 BCE), the empire briefly controlled the major urban hubs and arteries of the subcontinent, except in the deep south.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=16–17}}{{efn|The Mauryan economy was helped by the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, creeds that promoted nonviolence, proscribed ostentation, or superfluous sacrifices and rituals, and reduced the costs of economic transactions; by coinage that increased economic accommodation in the region; and by the use of writing, which might have boosted more intricate business dealings.{{sfn|Roy|2012|p=28}}}}{{efn|To promote movement and trade, the Mauryans built roads, most prominently a chiefly winter-time road—the Uttarapath—which connected eastern Afghanistan to their capital [[Patliputra|Pataliputra]], during the time of year when the water levels in the intersecting rivers were low, and they could be easily [[ford (crossing)|forded]].{{sfn|Iori|2023|pp=184,219}}}} The empire's period was notable for creativity in art, architecture, inscriptions, and produced texts,{{sfn|Ludden|2014|pp=28–29}} but also for the declining rights of women in the mainstream [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan speaking]] regions.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=19}} After the [[Kalinga War]] in which his troops visited great violence on the region, Ashoka embraced [[Buddhism]] and promoted its tenets in edicts scattered across South Asia.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=73}} As the edicts forbade both the killing of wild animals and the destruction of forests, Ashoka is seen by some modern environmental historians as an early embodiment of that ethos.<ref name=elverskog-2020-lead-1>{{cite book|last=Elverskog|first=Johan|title=The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia|location=Philadelphia|publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8|year=2020|page=56|quote=The imperial edicts of Asoka echo this commodity view of trees. In Pillar Edict V, Asoka decreed that "forests must not be burned without reason." The Buddhist community took this mandate further by declaring that in order to protect forests from such conflagrations monks were allowed to set counterfires}}</ref>{{sfn|Fisher|2018|p=72}}

By the 4th and 5th centuries, the [[Gupta Empire]] had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain;{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=118,126}} this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp=68–69}} Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 93–94}} The renewal was reflected in a flowering of art, literature, and science.{{sfn|Gilbert|2017|pp=54–55}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2016|pp=122–123}} In South India, the [[Sangam literature]] of the [[Tamil language]] reveals that, between {{BCE|200}} and {{CE|200}}, the southern peninsula was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], along the western and eastern plains, respectively, of the [[Kaveri river]] valley, and the [[Pandya]]s farther south along the [[Vaigai river]] valley.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 98}} By the sixth century, the [[Pallava]]s had grown into a regional power. Simultaneously, Buddhism and Jainism, which had favoured a conservative [[transactionalism]], were replaced by kingly devotion to the gods of particular places, which became a characteristic of the [[Bhakti movement]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 100–101}} The Pallavas, in particular, [[Indo-Roman trade relations|traded extensively with the Roman Empire]] and with [[Western Asia|West]] and [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 99}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg|Manuscript illustration, {{circa|1650}}, of the Sanskrit epic [[Ramayana]], composed in story-telling fashion {{circa|{{BCE|400}}|{{CE|300}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |title=Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-879357-1 |page=58 |quote=The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.}}</ref>
File:Popular print, album (BM 2003,1022,0.18).jpg|Colour lithograph, 1895, British Museum. [[Draupadi]], the wife of all five [[Pandava]] brothers in the [[Mahabharata]], is presented at a [[parcheesi]] game where [[Yudhishthira]], the king of [[Hastinapura]], had gambled away all material wealth, one of several instigating factors in the Mahabharata war.
File:Cave 26, Ajanta.jpg|Cave 26, a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] shrine, of the rock-cut [[Ajanta Caves]]
</gallery>

=== Medieval India ===
{{Main|Medieval India}}

The Indian early medieval age, from {{CE|600 to 1200}}, was defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 116}} No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond their core region.{{efn|When [[Harsha]] of [[Kannauj]], who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from {{CE|606 to 647}}, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] ruler of the Deccan. When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king of [[Bengal]]. When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] from still farther south.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 115–116}}}}{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 115–116}} During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 116–117}} The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 116–117}}

In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first [[Bhakti|devotional hymns]] were composed in Tamil.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 118}} They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all [[Languages of India|modern languages of the subcontinent]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 118}} Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in significant numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 118–119}} Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 118–119}} By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indonesia]].{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 121–123}} Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; Southeast Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 121–123}}

After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains,{{efn|Central Asian warriors became supreme during South Asia’s medieval transition by deploying swift-horse cavalry skilled in firing arrows at full gallop, volley after volley.{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p=87}}}} leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206.{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p = 85}} The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 54}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 6}}

By repeatedly repulsing [[Mongol Empire|Mongol raiders]] in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia,{{sfn|Ludden|2014|p = 85}} setting the scene for centuries of [[Human migration|migration]] of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|pp = 50–51}} The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 53}} Embracing a strong [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 12}} and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 53}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit).jpg| [[Brihadisvara Temple]], built by [[Chola Empire|Chola emperor]] [[Rajaraja I]] between 1003 and 1010 CE
File:Qutb Minar with Neem Tree.jpg|Calligraphy on the [[Qutb Minar]], built in the [[Delhi sultanate]] from 1199 CE to 1220 CE
File:Hampi - King's Palace - Throne Platform - Relief - 15.jpg|[[Vijayanagara Empire|Relief on Vijayanagara]] King's palace throne platform, [[Hampi]], Karnataka, 14th and 15th centuries CE
</gallery>

=== Early modern India ===
[[File:Shaikh Salim Chishti Ka Maqbara.jpg|The ''[[dargah]]'', or mausoleum of [[Sufi]] saint [[Salim Chisti]], built by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], [[Akbar]], in the early 17th century|thumb|right]]
[[File:India 1835 2 Mohurs.jpg|A two-[[mohur]] [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] gold coin, issued in 1835, the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] inscribed "[[William IV|William IIII]], King"|thumb|right]]

In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers,{{sfn|Robb|2011|p = 97–98}} fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 159}} The resulting [[Mughal Empire]] did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 136}}{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 108–109}} and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p = 15}} leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|pp = 136, 151–152}} Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under [[Akbar]], the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty—expressed through a Persianised culture—to an emperor who had near-divine status.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p = 17}}

The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 158}} and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 164}} caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 187}} The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2022|p = 187}} resulting in greater patronage of [[Mughal painting|painting]], literary forms, textiles, and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 186}} Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the [[Rajput]]s, and the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}} Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}} The empire gradually disintegrated in the late 17th and 18th centuries, enabling many elites to be able to seek control of their own affairs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 256}}

By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial enterprise and political sovereignty increasingly blurred, European chartered companies—notably the [[East India Company|English East India Company]]—solidified their presence through fortified coastal outposts.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 44–49}} The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to assert its military strength increasingly and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the [[Bengal]] region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 115–117}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Ludden|2002|pp = 128–132}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 51–55}} Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annexe or subdue most of India by the 1820s.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 68–71}} India was no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but instead supplying the [[British Empire]] with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}} By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 289}}

=== Modern India ===
{{Main|History of India (1947–present)}}

[[File:Mahatma Gandhi leaves Presidency Jail in Calcutta.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi leaves the Presidency Jail in [[Calcutta]] in April 1938, after interviewing political prisoners there.|thumb|right]]
[[File:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex|Capitol Complex]] in [[Chandigarh]]. Commissioned by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the city was built in the aftermath of India's [[Partition of India|1947 partition]] and independence.]]
The appointment in 1848 of [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state: the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in [[Europe]].{{sfn|Robb|2011|pp = 169–171}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 94–99}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|p = 83}}{{sfn|Peers|2006|p = 50}} Disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some wealthy landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 100–103}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|pp = 85–86}} After the rebellion was suppressed in 1858, the East India Company was disbanded, and the British government began to [[British Raj|directly administer India]]. Proclaiming a [[unitary state]] and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system,{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 227}} the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 103–108}} In the decades following, public life gradually emerged across India, eventually leading to the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885.{{sfn|Robb|2001|p = 183}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1983|pp = 1–4}}{{sfn|Copland|2001|pp = ix–x}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 123}}

The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of faraway markets.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p = 249}} There was an increase in the number of large-scale [[Famine in India|famines]],{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=245|ps=: An expansion of state functions in British and in princely India occurred as a result of the terrible famines of the later nineteenth century, ... A reluctant regime decided that state resources had to be deployed and that anti-famine measures were best managed through technical experts.}} and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.{{sfn|Stein|2010|pp = 247–248}} However, commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}} The railway network provided critical famine relief,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} notably reduced the cost of moving goods,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}}

After [[World War I]], in which approximately [[Indian Army during World War I|one million Indians served]],{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 163}} a new period began. It was marked by [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|British reforms]] but also [[Rowlatt act|repressive legislation]], by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a [[nonviolent]] movement of non-co-operation led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 167}} During the 1930s, the British enacted slow legislative reform; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 195–197}} The next decade was beset with crises: [[India in World War II|Indian participation in World War II]], the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]]. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the [[partition of India]] into two states: India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 203}}

India's constitution was adopted in 1950 and established a secular, democratic republic.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 231}} Economic liberalisation has created a large urban middle class and transformed India into a [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|fast growing economy]].<ref name=exp-middle-class>{{cite book | last1 = Javalgi| first1 = Rajshekhar (Raj) G. | last2 = Grossman| first2 = David A.| chapter = 7 Understanding the Characteristics and Entrepreneurial Activities of Middle-Class Consumers in Emerging Markets: The Case of India| title = The Middle Class in Emerging Societies: Consumers, Lifestyles and Markets| editor1-last= Marsh| editor1-first= Leslie L.| editor2-last= Li| editor2-first= Hongmei| publisher = Routledge| series = Routledge Research in Cultural and Media Studies Series|year = 2016 | isbn = 978-1-138-85882-4|doi=10.4324/978135717692-10| doi-broken-date = 8 December 2025 |quote = Between now and 2039, India is projected to add over 1 billion people to the global middle class creating the world's fifth-largest consumer market (Dobbs). ... India's middle class saw its largest growth during the early 1990s when economic reforms led to integration into global markets. As Western countries were experiencing economic contraction, India's economy continued to grow above 5 percent.}}</ref><ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2012-265"/> However, India has been hamstrung by persistent poverty, both rural and urban;{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006 |pp=265–266}} [[Religious violence in India|religious]]- and [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]];{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 266–270}} [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies]];{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 253}} and [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|separatism in Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[insurgency in Northeast India|in Northeast India]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 274}} India has unresolved territorial disputes with [[China–India relations#1960s|China]] and with [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Pakistan]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 247–248}}

== Geography ==
{{See also|Geography of India}}
India accounts for the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]], and a part of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]].{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} India's defining geologic processes began approximately 70 million years ago, when the Indian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]], began a north-eastward [[Plate tectonics|drift]] caused by [[seafloor spreading]] to its south-west, and later, south and south-east.{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} Simultaneously, the vast [[Tethys Ocean|Tethyan]] [[oceanic crust]], to its northeast, began to [[subduction|subduct]] under the [[Eurasian Plate]].{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} The [[Indian plate|Indian continental crust]], however, was obstructed and was sheared horizontally. Its lower crust and mantle slid under, but the upper layer piled up in sheets (or [[nappe]]s) ahead of the subduction zone.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=117}} This created the [[orogeny]], or process of mountain building, of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=118}} The middle and stiffer layer continued to push into Tibet, causing [[Thrust tectonics|crustal thickening]] of the [[Tibetan Plateau]].{{sfn|Molnar|2015|p=128}} Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast crescent-shaped [[trough (geology)|trough]] that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=7}} and now constitutes the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Prakash et al.|2000}} The original Indian plate makes its first appearance above the sediment in the ancient [[Aravalli range]], which extends from the [[Delhi Ridge]] in a southwesterly direction. To the west lies the [[Thar Desert]], the eastern spread of which is checked by the Aravallis.<ref name="aravalli">{{harvnb|Kaul|1970|p=160}}, " The Aravalli range boldy defines the eastern limit of the arid and semi-arid zone. Probably the more humid conditions that prevail near the Aravallis prevented the extension of aridity towards the east and the Ganges Valley. It is noteworthy that, wherever there are gaps in this range, sand has advanced to the east of it."</ref><ref name="prasad-aravalli">{{harvnb|Prasad|1974|p=372}}, " The topography of the Indian Desert is dominated by the Aravalli Ranges on its eastern border, which consist largely of tightly folded and highly metamorphosed Archaean rocks."</ref><ref name="fisher-aravalli">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=83}}, " East of the lower Indus lay the inhospitable Rann of Kutch and Thar Desert. East of the upper Indus lay the more promising but narrow corridor between the Himalayan foothills on the north and the Thar Desert and Aravalli Mountains on the south. At the strategic choke point, just before reaching the fertile, well-watered Gangetic plain, sat Delhi. On this site, where life giving streams running off the most northern spur of the rocky Aravalli ridge flowed into the Jumna river, and where the war-horse and war-elephant trade intersected, a series of dynasties built fortified capitals."</ref>

The remaining Indian Plate survives as [[South India|peninsular India]], the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends as far north as the [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in Jharkhand in the east.{{sfn|Dikshit |Schwartzberg|2023|p=8}} To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the [[Deccan Plateau]], is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the [[Western Ghats|Western]] and [[Eastern Ghats]];{{sfn|Dikshit |Schwartzberg|2023|pp=9–10}} the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitude{{efn|The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed [[Siachen Glacier]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; however, the [[Government of India]] regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the latitude 37° 6′ to its northernmost point.}} and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude.{{sfn|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007|p = 1}}

Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], both of which drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=15}} Important tributaries of the Ganges include the [[Yamuna]] and the [[Kosi River|Kosi]]. The Kosi's extremely low gradient, caused by long-term silt deposition, leads to severe floods and course changes.{{sfn|Duff|1993|p = 353}}{{sfn|Basu|Xavier|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78]}} Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], and the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=16}} and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Tapti River|Tapti]], which drain into the [[Arabian Sea]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=17}}

India's coastline measures {{Convert|7517|km|mi|-2}} in length; of this distance, {{Convert|5423|km|mi|-2}} belong to peninsular India and {{Convert|2094|km|mi|-2}} to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the [[Coastal India|mainland coastline]] consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% [[mudflat]]s or marshy shores.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} Coastal features include the marshy [[Rann of Kutch]] of western India and the alluvial [[Sundarbans]] delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=12}} India has two [[archipelago]]s: the [[Lakshadweep]] [[Atoll|coral atolls]] off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the [[Andaman Sea]].{{sfn|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2023|p=13}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
{{Main|Geography of India|Himalayas}}
File:Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|A panoramic view of the Garhwal and Kumaon Himalayas. Peaks rising above their surroundings in this view are, among others, [[Trisul]], [[Nanda Devi]], the highest peak entirely within India's borders, and [[Nanda Kot]]. The [[Tibetan Plateau]] lies behind these mountains, as does the part of the [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]], the contour along which the [[Indian Plate]] has welded to the [[Eurasian plate]]. [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar]] in the [[Transhimalaya|Tibet Trans-Himalaya]]—sacred in Hindu and Buddhist mythology—lie immediately behind to the right. The [[Indus]] and [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] (the upper [[Brahmaputra]] river), which mark the western and eastern limits of the Himalaya range, rise in the vicinity of the lake.
File:Tungabhadra River and Coracle Boats.JPG|The [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]], with rocky outcrops, flows into the peninsular [[Krishna River]].{{sfn|Mcgrail|Blue|Kentley|Palmer|2003|p=257}}
File:Ganges Delta ESA22274217.jpeg|The [[Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta]] in a European [[Sentinel-3B]] image. The [[Ganges]] and the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] lie to the left, the Brahmaputra to the right.
File:Havelock Island, Mangrove tree on the beach, Andaman Islands.jpg|A [[mangrove]] tree on a beach on [[Havelock Island]], the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
</gallery>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of India}}

The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter [[monsoon]]s.{{sfn|Chang|1967|pp = 391–394}} The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian [[katabatic wind]]s from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.{{sfn|Posey|1994|p = 118}}{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = 4}} The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.{{sfn|Chang|1967|pp = 391–394}}{{AI-generated inline|date=April 2026}}

Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: [[Climate of India#Tropical wet|tropical wet]], [[Climate of India#Arid and semi-arid regions|tropical dry]], [[Climate of India#Subtropical humid|subtropical humid]], and [[Climate of India#Mountain|montane]].{{sfn|Heitzman|Worden|1996|p=97}} Temperatures in India have risen by {{convert|0.7|C-change|1|abbr=on}} between 1901 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vibha |date=15 June 2020 |title=Average temperature over India projected to rise by 4.4 degrees Celsius: Govt report on impact of climate change in country |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/average-temperature-over-india-projected-to-rise-by-4-4-degrees-celsius-govt-report-on-impact-of-climate-change-in-country-99583 |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=[[The Tribune]] |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921173504/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/average-temperature-over-india-projected-to-rise-by-4-4-degrees-celsius-govt-report-on-impact-of-climate-change-in-country-99583 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in India]] is often thought to be the cause. The [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|retreat of Himalayan glaciers]] has adversely affected the [[Volumetric flow rate|flow rate]] of the major Himalayan rivers, including the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Nitin |date=3 February 2007 |title=Global warming: Mumbai to face the heat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/global-warming-mumbai-to-face-the-heat/articleshow/1556662.cms |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-03/india/27877261_1_climate-change-global-warming-gdp-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> According to some current projections, the number and severity of droughts in India will have markedly increased by the end of the present century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vivek |last2=Jain |first2=Manoj Kumar |year=2018 |title=Investigation of multi-model spatiotemporal mesoscale drought projections over India under climate change scenario |journal=[[Journal of Hydrology]] |volume=567 |pages=489–509 |bibcode=2018JHyd..567..489G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.012 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Coral Tree Monsoon Mallalli Falls Hassan Jun24 A7CR 01575.jpg|[[Indian coral tree]] in bloom in the mist of the [[Southwest Monsoon]], [[Mallalli Falls]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], Karnataka
File:Dromedary in Thar desert.jpg|A [[dromedary]] in the [[Thar desert]]
File:Baspa Valley at Sangla, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|New snow in [[Baspa Valley]], [[Sangla, India|Sangla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
</gallery>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Forestry in India|Wildlife of India}}

India is a [[megadiverse country]], a term employed for 17 countries that host high [[biological diversity]] and contain many species [[indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]], or [[endemic]], to them.<ref>{{Citation |title=Megadiverse Countries |url=https://www.biodiversitya-z.org/content/megadiverse-countries |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=Biodiversity A–Z, [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903011526/http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/26 |url-status=live }}</ref> India is the [[habitat]] for 8.6% of all [[mammal]]s, 13.7% of [[bird]] species, 7.9% of [[reptile]] species, 6% of [[amphibian]] species, 12.2% of [[fish]] species, and 6.0% of all [[flowering plant]] species.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Animal Discoveries 2011: New Species and New Records |url=https://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214754/https://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=20 July 2012 |publisher=[[Zoological Survey of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Puri">{{Citation |last=Puri |first=S. K. |title=Biodiversity Profile of India |url=https://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html |work=ces.iisc.ernet.in |access-date=20 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121153614/https://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html |archive-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> Fully a third of Indian plant species are endemic.{{sfn|Basak|1983|p = 24}} India also overlaps four of the world's 34 [[biodiversity hotspot]]s,<ref name="IUCN-India">{{Citation |title=India |url=https://www.iucn.org/asia/countries/india |year=2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033802/https://www.iucn.org/asia/countries/india |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> or regions that display significant habitat loss in the presence of high endemism.{{efn|A biodiversity hotspot is a [[biogeography|biogeographical]] region which has more than 1,500 [[vascular plant]] species, but less than 30% of its primary habitat.<ref name="SivaperumanVenkataraman2018" />}}<ref name="SivaperumanVenkataraman2018">{{Citation |last1=Venkataraman |first1=Krishnamoorthy |title=Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management |page=5 |year=2018 |editor-last=Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan |chapter=Biodiversity Hotspots in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-981-10-6605-4 |last2=Sivaperuman |first2=Chandrakasan |editor2-last=Venkataraman, Krishnamoorthy}}</ref>

India's most dense forests, such as the [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest|tropical moist forest]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], the [[Western Ghats]], and [[Northeast India]], occupy approximately 3% of its land area.<ref name="Jha2018">{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Raghbendra |title=Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume II: Current State and Future Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9n9SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |page=198 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-349-95342-4}}</ref><ref name="indiaforest">{{Cite web |title=Forest Cover in States/UTs in India in 2019 |url=https://www.frienvis.nic.in/Database/Forest-Cover-in-States-UTs-2019_2478.aspx |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=[[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] via [[National Informatics Centre]] |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019155758/http://www.frienvis.nic.in/Database/Forest-Cover-in-States-UTs-2019_2478.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Moderately dense forest'', whose canopy density is between 40% and 70%, occupies 9.39% of India's land area.<ref name="Jha2018" /><ref name="indiaforest" /> It predominates in the [[temperate coniferous forest]] of the [[Himalaya]]s, the moist deciduous ''[[Shorea robusta|sal]]'' forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous [[teak]] forest of central and southern India.{{sfn|Tritsch|2001|pp=11–12}} India has two natural zones of [[deserts and xeric shrublands|thorn forest]], one in the [[Deccan Plateau]], immediately east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain, now turned into rich agricultural land by irrigation, its features no longer visible.{{sfnq|Tritsch|2001|p=12|q=India has two natural zones of thorn forest, one in the rain shadow area of the Deccan Plateau east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Growth is limited only by moisture availability in these areas, so with irrigation the fertile alluvial soil of Punjab and Haryana has been turned into India's prime agricultural area. Much of the thorn forest covering the plains probably had savannah-like features now no longer visible.}} Among the Indian subcontinent's notable indigenous trees are the [[astringent]] ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', or ''neem'', which is widely used in rural Indian [[herbal medicine]],<ref name="Goyal2006">{{Citation |last=Goyal |first=Anupam |title=The WTO and International Environmental Law: Towards Conciliation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTGQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 |page=295 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-567710-2}} Quote: "The Indian government successfully argued that the medicinal ''neem'' tree is part of traditional Indian knowledge. (page 295)"</ref> and the luxuriant ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', or ''peepul'',<ref name="Hughes2013">{{Citation |last=Hughes |first=Julie E. |title=Animal Kingdoms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL8qWNmpkc0C&pg=PT106 |page=106 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-07480-4 |quote=At same time, the leafy pipal trees and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands.}}</ref> which is displayed on the ancient seals of [[Mohenjo-daro]],<ref name="AmeriCostello2018">{{Citation |last=Ameri |first=Marta |title=Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SklVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |pages=156–157 |year=2018 |editor-last=Ameri |editor-first=Marta |chapter=Letting the Pictures Speak: An Image-Based Approach to the Mythological and Narrative Imagery of the Harappan World |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-17351-3 |editor2-last=Costello |editor2-first=Sarah Kielt |editor3-last=Jamison |editor3-first=Gregg |editor4-last=Scott |editor4-first=Sarah Jarmer}} Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine, and a goat tail ... This figure is often depicted by itself, but it is also consistently represented in scenes that seem to reflect the adoration of a figure in a pipal tree or arbour and which may be termed ritual. These include fully detailed scenes like that visible in the large 'divine adoration' seal from Mohenjo-daro."</ref> and under which [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] is recorded in the [[Pāli Canon|Pali canon]] to have sought enlightenment.<ref name="Gwynne2011">{{Citation |last=Paul Gwynne |title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&pg=RA5-PT195 |page=358 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4443-6005-9 |quote=The tree under which Sakyamuni became the Buddha is a peepal tree (''[[Ficus religiosa]]'').}}</ref>

Many Indian species have descended from those of [[Gondwana]], the southern [[supercontinent]] from which India separated more than 100 million years ago.{{sfn|Crame|Owen|2002|p = 142}} India's subsequent collision with Eurasia set off a mass exchange of species. However, [[Deccan Traps|volcanism]] and [[Climate variability and change|climatic changes]] later caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.{{sfn|Karanth|2006}} Still later, mammals entered India from Asia through two [[Zoogeography|zoogeographic]] passes flanking the Himalayas.{{sfn|Tritsch|2001|p=14}} This lowered endemism among India's mammals, which stands at 12.6%, contrasting with 45.8% among reptiles and 55.8% among amphibians.<ref name="Puri" /> Among endemics are the vulnerable<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Singh, M. |author2=Kumar, A. |author3=Molur, S. |year=2008 |title=''Semnopithecus johnii'' |volume=2008 |article-number=e.T44694A10927987 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T44694A10927987.en |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> [[Nilgiri Langur|hooded leaf monkey]]<ref name="itis">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Johann |author-link=Johann Baptist Fischer |title=Semnopithecus johnii |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072131/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944270#null |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=[[ITIS]]}}</ref> and the threatened [[Duttaphrynus beddomii|Beddome's toad]]<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=Biju, S.D. |author2=Dutta, S. |author3=Ravichandran, M.S. |author4=Vasudevan, K. |author5=Vijayakumar, S.P. |author6=Srinivasulu, C. |author7=Dasaramji Buddhe, G. |year=2004 |errata=2016 |title=''Duttaphrynus beddomii'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T54584A86543952 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54584A11155448.en |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |title=''Duttaphrynus beddomii'' (Günther, 1876) |url=https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721092639/https://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Duttaphrynus/Duttaphrynus-beddomii |archive-date=21 July 2015 |access-date=13 September 2015 |website=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref> of the Western Ghats.

India contains 172 [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]]-designated [[List of endangered animals in India|threatened animal species]], or 2.9% of endangered forms.{{sfn|IUCN|1994|p = xli}} These include the endangered [[Bengal tiger]] and the [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges river dolphin]]. [[Critically endangered]] species include the [[gharial]], a [[crocodilian]]; the [[great Indian bustard]]; and the [[White-rumped vulture|Indian white-rumped vulture]], which has become nearly extinct by having ingested the carrion of [[diclofenac]]-treated cattle.<ref name="LovetteFitzpatrick2016">{{Citation |last1=Lovette |first1=Irby J. |title=Handbook of Bird Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGyQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA599 |page=599 |year=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-29105-4 |last2=Fitzpatrick |first2=John W.}}</ref> Before they were extensively used for agriculture and cleared for human settlement, the thorn forests of Punjab were mingled at intervals with open grasslands that were grazed by large herds of [[Blackbuck Conservation Area|blackbuck]] preyed on by the [[Asiatic cheetah]]; the blackbuck, no longer extant in Punjab, is now severely endangered in India, and the cheetah is extinct.{{sfnq|Tritsch|2001|p=15|q=Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the Blackbuck. Today the Cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered Blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab.}} The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. In response, the system of [[National parks of India|national parks]] and [[protected areas of India|protected areas]], first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. In 1972, India enacted the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]]{{sfn|Ministry of Environment and Forests 1972}} and [[Project Tiger]] to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.{{sfn|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}} India hosts [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[Biosphere reserves of India|eighteen{{Nbsp}}biosphere reserves]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biosphere |url=https://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030821/http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> four of which are part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]]; its [[List of Ramsar sites in India|eighty-nine wetlands]] are registered under the [[Ramsar Convention]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance {{!}} India |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf |website=rsis.ramsar.org |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |access-date=16 April 2025 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703084811/https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-India.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Attacus taprobanis-Kadavoor-2018-07-07-001.jpg|An ''[[Attacus taprobanis]]'' moth from [[Kadavoor]], [[Kerala]]
File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 11.jpg|India has the majority of the world's wild [[tiger]]s, approximately 3,170 in 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Reviving the Roar: India's Tiger Population Is On the Rise |date=13 April 2023 |url=https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/india-tiger-population-good-news |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415102930/https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/india-tiger-population-good-news |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:003 Purple sunbird in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|A [[purple sunbird]] perched on an [[Indian coral tree]], [[Jim Corbett National Park]], [[Uttarakhand]]
File:Crested hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus) with Indian garden lizard.jpg|A [[Crested hawk-eagle]] with an Indian [[garden lizard]] in [[Satpura National Park]], Madhya Pradesh
File:Saltwater crocodile in Sundarbans National Park November 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg|[[Saltwater crocodile]] in [[Sundarbans National Park]], [[West Bengal]]
</gallery>

== Government and politics ==

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Politics of India}}

{{See also|Democracy in India}}
[[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|thumb|right|[[Indira Gandhi]], India's first and only female Prime Minister, is the second-longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the inaugural function of the WCIT India 2018 at Hyderabad via video conferencing from Misuru, on February 19, 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|right|[[Narendra Modi]] has been India's Prime Minister since 2014.]]
India is a [[parliamentary republic]] with a [[multi-party system]].{{sfn|Burnell|Calvert|1999|p = 125}} There are six{{Nbsp}}recognised [[List of political parties in India#National parties|national parties]] in the country, including the [[Indian National Congress]] (generally, "the Congress") and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP); there are over 50{{Nbsp}}[[List of political parties in India#State parties|regional parties]].{{sfn|Election Commission of India}} The Congress is considered the [[Centrism|ideological centre]] in Indian [[political culture]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sáez |first1=Lawrence |last2=Sinha |first2=Aseema |year=2010 |title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000 |journal=[[British Journal of Political Science]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=91–113 |doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226 }}</ref> the BJP is [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|far-right]].

After India's independence on August 15, 1947, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became prime minister of the [[Dominion of India]], an office he held until January 26, 1950, when India became a republic; Nehru remained the caretaker prime minister until the following year.{{efn|During the last years of [[British Raj|British rule]], elections were held in 1946 in all [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|pp=170–71}}</ref> The Congress won electoral victories in eight of 11 provinces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|p=172}}</ref> A Congress-led government was formed in September; Jawaharlal Nehru served as interim prime minister.<ref name="Gopal1976">{{cite book|author=Sarvepalli Gopal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa|url-access=registration|access-date=21 February 2012|year=1976|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-47310-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa/page/362 362]}}</ref>}} In the general elections in [[1951 Indian general election|1951]], [[1957 Indian general election|1957]], and [[1962 Indian general election|1962]], the Congress, led by Nehru, won by comfortable margins. After Nehru [[Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru|died]] in office in May 1964, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] was unanimously chosen by the Congress to be parliamentary leader, and thus prime minister. After the [[India–Pakistan war of 1965]], Shastri [[Death and state funeral of Lal Bahadur Shastri|died]] in January 1966, soon after signing the [[Tashkent Declaration|Tashkent Peace Declaration]]. The Congress chose [[Indira Gandhi]] to be prime minister. She led the party to election victories in [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] and [[1971 Indian general election|1971]], the latter a [[landslide victory|landslide]] after Pakistan's defeat in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. In 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]], suspending many civil liberties. Following public discontent with the Emergency, the Congress was voted out of power in [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]; [[Janata Party]], which had opposed the Emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted two years; [[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]] served as prime ministers. The Congress returned to power in 1980. After a [[Operation Blue Star|military operation]] against [[Sikhs|Sikh]] militants occupying the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] by a Sikh bodyguard on October 31, 1984. She was succeeded as prime minister by [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who led Congress to a comfortable victory in the [[1984 Indian general election|elections]] at the end of the year. In 1989, a [[National Front (India)|National Front]] coalition, led by the [[Janata Dal]], in alliance with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Left Front]], won the [[1989 Indian general election|general elections]]. The subsequent government lasted just under two years; [[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]] served as prime ministers.{{sfn|Bhambhri|1992|pp=118, 143}} In 1991, soon after the first round of polling in the [[1991 Indian general election|general election]], Congress leader Rajiv Gandhi [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|was assassinated]] by a member of a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|separatist organisation]] who was seeking to avenge [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]. After the elections, Congress emerged as the largest single party; a new Congress leader, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], formed a [[minority government]] which served a full five-year term.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2004 |title=Narasimha Rao Passes Away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213181659/https://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref>

In 1996, the BJP briefly formed a government after winning the [[1996 Indian general election|general election]]. [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] coalition governments followed, which relied on external political support, [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]] serving as prime ministers. After the [[1998 Indian general election]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of the BJP became prime minister; his government was short-lived due to the lack of a continued mandate. Elections were held again in [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]. The BJP, now a part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), formed a coalition government led by Vajpayee, who became the first non-Congress prime minister to complete a five-year term.{{sfn|Dunleavy|Diwakar|Dunleavy|2007}} In the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]], the NDA was defeated. Congress emerged as the largest single party and formed a coalition, the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA). [[Manmohan Singh]], a Sikh, who was proposed by Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] to be parliamentary leader, served as prime minister of the UPA government, but with some external support.{{efn|Congress had the support of [[Left-wing politics|left-leaning]] parties and MPs who opposed the BJP.}} The UPA returned to power in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] with increased numbers, no longer dependent on external support.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p = 384}} Singh became the first prime minister to be re-elected after Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962.{{sfn|Business Standard|2009}} In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], the BJP under [[Narendra Modi]] became the first political party since 1984 to win an absolute majority.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2014 |title=BJP first party since 1984 to win parliamentary majority on its own |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-first-party-since-1984-to-win-parliamentary-majority-on-its-own-1988981 |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032413/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-first-party-since-1984-to-win-parliamentary-majority-on-its-own-1988981 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> The party won a larger majority in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]]. After losing its majority in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], the BJP formed a coalition government with its NDA partners. Modi is the longest-serving non-Congress prime minister.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Modi Wins 3rd Term in India Election With Closer Results Than Expected |date=4 June 2024 |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/04/world/asia/modi-india-election.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Democratic backsliding]] was found by the 2026 [[V-Dem Institute#Democracy Report|V-Dem Democracy Report]].<ref name="j496">{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?, V-Dem Institute | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf | access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref>

=== Government ===
{{Main|Government of India|State governments of India|Local government in India}}

{{See also|Constitution of India}}

[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|right|The original preamble of the [[Constitution of India]] in 1950. In 1976, during the tenure of Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]], the first sentence was changed to "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic".|thumb]]
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan-Delhi-India4445.JPG|right|The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[President of India]], was designed by British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]] for the [[Viceroy of India]], and constructed between 1911 and 1931 during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Bremner2016">{{Citation |last=Bremner |first=G. A. |title=Architecture and Urbanism in the British Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjRADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |page=117 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-102232-6}}</ref>|thumb]]
The Constitution of India was drafted by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] with uncommon speed and absence of irregularities between 1946 and 1949.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The [[Government of India Act 1935]] was used as a model and framework.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} Long passages from the Act were included. The constitution describes a federal state with a parliamentary system of democracy.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The federal structure was conspicuous for the strength of the central government, which exclusively exercised control of defence, foreign affairs, railways, ports, and currency.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The President, the constitutional head of state, has reserve powers for taking over the administration of a state.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The central legislature has two houses: the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', whose delegates are directly elected by the people in general elections every five years, and the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'', whose members are nominated by the elected representatives in the states.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} There are also features not to be found in the Act of 1935. The definition of fundamental rights is based on the [[Constitution of the United States]], and the constitutional directives, or goals of endeavor, are based on the [[Constitution of Ireland]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} An Indian institution recommended by the constitution is the ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]'' or village committees.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} [[Untouchability]] is illegal (Article 17) and caste distinctions are derecognized (Articles 15(2) and 16(2)).{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} The promulgation of the Indian constitution transformed India into a republic within the Commonwealth.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}}

The [[Prime Minister of India]] is the [[head of government]] and exercises most [[executive (government)|executive power]].{{sfn|Sharma|1950}} Appointed by the president,{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 162}} the prime minister is supported by the [[political party|party]] or [[political alliance]] with a majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.{{sfn|Sharma|1950}} The executive of the Indian government consists of the president, the [[Vice President of India|vice-president]], and the [[Union Council of Ministers]]—with the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 31}} In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and their council are directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament. [[Civil Services of India|Civil servants]] act as permanent executives and all decisions of the executive are implemented by them.{{sfn|Mathew|2003|p = 524}}

India has a three-tier{{Nbsp}}unitary [[Judicial independence|independent judiciary]]{{sfn|Neuborne|2003|p = 478}} comprising the [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]], headed by the [[Chief Justice of India]], 25{{Nbsp}}[[High courts of India|high courts]], and a large number of trial courts.{{sfn|Neuborne|2003|p = 478}} The supreme court has [[original jurisdiction]] over cases involving [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] and over disputes between states and the centre and has [[appellate jurisdiction]] over the high courts.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|pp = 238, 255}} It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution{{sfn|Sripati|1998|pp=423–424}} and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional.{{sfn|Pylee|2003b|p = 314}}

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of India}}

{{See also|Political integration of India}}
{{Indian states and territories image map|image-width=220}}
India is a federal union comprising 28 [[States and union territories of India|states]] and 8 [[Union territory|union territories]].{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} All states, as well as the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], have elected legislatures and governments following the [[Westminster system]]. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the central government through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]], states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 49}} There are over a quarter of a million local government bodies at city, town, district, block and village levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715203036/https://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-asia/india/ |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]}}</ref>

==== States ====
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em|
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Goa]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[Haryana]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Jharkhand]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Meghalaya]]
* [[Mizoram]]
* [[Nagaland]]
* [[Odisha]]
* [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Tripura]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttarakhand]]
* [[West Bengal]]
}}

==== Union territories ====
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em|
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Ladakh]]
* [[Lakshadweep]]
* [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
* [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of India}}

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru, Nasser and Tito at the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Belgrade.jpg|thumb|In the 1950s and 60s, India played a pivotal role in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="Dinkel2018">{{Cite book |last=Dinkel |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqOODwAAQBAJ |title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-90-04-33613-1 |pages=92–93}}</ref> From left to right: [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] of [[United Arab Republic]] (now Egypt), [[Josip Broz Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in Belgrade, September 1961.]]
India remained a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] after becoming a republic in 1950.<ref name="storm-india-commonwealth">{{cite book |last=Storm |first=Eric |title=Nationalism: A World History |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-691-23309-3 |lccn=2024015293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfEIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |publisher=Princeton University Press |quote=The whole constellation changed when India and Pakistan gained independence as dominions, which was a solution that made possible a speedier withdrawal of the British. In the end, India decided to become a republic, although the leadership preferred to remain within the Commonwealth. |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320070147/https://books.google.com/books?id=YfEIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 1949 |title=The London Declaration |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045924/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations}}</ref> It strongly supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia in the 1950s, and played a leading role in the Non-Aligned Movement.{{sfn|Rothermund|2000|pp = 48, 227}} After cordial relations with China during the greater part of the 1950s, India and China went to [[Sino-Indian War|war in 1962]]; India was widely thought to have been decisively defeated.<ref name=62-humiliation>(a) {{citation |last=Guyot-Rechard |first=Berenice |title=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbktDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9 |quote=By invading NEFA, the PRC did not just aim to force a humiliated India to recognise its possession of the Aksai Chin. It also hoped to get, once and for all, the upper hand in their shadowing competition.}}
 (b) {{citation |last=Chubb |first=Andrew |chapter=The Sino-Indian Border Crisis: Chinese Perceptions of Indian Nationalism |title=Crisis |editor1-last=Golley |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Jaivan |editor2-first=Linda |editor3-last=Strange |editor3-first=Sharon |publisher=Australian National University Press |year=2021 |pages=231–232 |isbn=978-1-76046-439-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1crEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |quote=The ensuing cycle of escalation culminated in the 1962 Sino-Indian border war in which Mao Zedong's troops overran almost the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern sector before unilaterally withdrawing, as if to underline the insult; most of the war's several thousand casualties were Indian. The PLA's decisive victories in the 1962 war not only humiliated the Indian Army, they also entrenched a status quo in Ladakh that was highly unfavourable for India, in which China controls almost all of the disputed territory. A nationalistic press and commentariat have kept 1962 vivid in India's popular consciousness.}}
 (c) {{citation |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-909163-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106 |quote=Lin Biao was put in charge of the operation and that alliance between Mao and his loyal de facto chief of the PLA made the attack on India possible. With China's ultimate victory in the war, Mao's ultra-leftist line had won in China; whatever critical voices that were left in the Party after all the purges fell silent.}}
 (d) {{citation |last=Medcalf |first=Rory |title=Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the contest for the world's pivotal |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5261-5077-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCjXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81 |quote=From an Indian perspective, the China-India war of 1962 was a shocking betrayal of the principles of co-operation and coexistence: a surprise attack that humiliated India and personally broke Nehru.}}
 (e) {{citation |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hope of Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |page=44 |isbn=978-0-521-65566-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi66mjIqR1IC&pg=PA44 |quote=In October 1962 India suffered the most humiliating military debacle in its post-independence history, at the hands of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). The outcome of this conflict had far-reaching consequences for Indian foreign and defence policies. The harsh defeat that the Chinese PLA had inflicted on the Indian Army called into question some of the most deeply held precepts of Nehru's foreign and defence policies.}}
 (f) {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |chapter=A Missed Opportunity? The Nehru-Zhou Enlai Summit of 1960 |title=India and the Cold War |editor-last=Bhagavan |editor-first=Manu |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |page=121 |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4696-5117-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-yoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |quote=The 'forward policy' adopted by India to prevent the Chinese from occupying territory claimed by them was undertaken in the mistaken belief that Beijing would be cautious in dealing with India owing to Moscow's stance on the dispute and its growing proximity to India. These misjudgments would eventually culminate in India's humiliating defeat in the war of October–November 1962.}}</ref> By 1967, however, India was able to fend off [[Sino-Indian War of 1967|Chinese excursions into Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brahma Chellaney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCmFAAAAMAAJ |title=Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan |date=2006 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-81-7223-650-2 |page=195 |quote=Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces. |author-link=Brahma Chellaney}}</ref>

India has had [[Indo-Pakistani relations|uneasy relations]] with its western neighbour, Pakistan. The two went to war in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and [[Kargil War|1999]]. Three wars were fought over the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed territory of Kashmir]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2002|pp = 486–487}} After the 1965 war, India began to pursue close military and economic [[India-Soviet Union relations|ties with the Soviet Union]]. By the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was India's largest arms supplier.{{sfn|Sharma|1999|p=56}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of France, Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy, at the Bastille Day Parade of France, in Paris on July 14, 2009 (2).jpg|thumb|Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] review the 221st [[Bastille Day military parade]] in Paris, July 2009. India's oldest regiment, the [[Maratha Light Infantry]], founded in 1768, led the parade.<ref name="guardian-muir-diary-maratha">{{Citation |last=Muir |first=Hugh |title=Diary |date=13 July 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/14/bbc-peter-salmon-trevor-mcdonald |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019165743/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/14/bbc-peter-salmon-trevor-mcdonald |quote="Members of the Indian armed forces have the plum job of leading off the great morning parade for Bastille Day. Only after units and bands from India's navy and air force have followed the Maratha Light Infantry will the parade be entirely given over to ... France's armed services." |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>]]
China's [[596 (nuclear test)|nuclear test of 596]] and threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war caused India to produce nuclear weapons.{{sfn|Perkovich|2001|pp = 60–86, 106–125}} India conducted its [[Smiling Buddha|first nuclear weapons test]] in 1974 and carried out [[Pokhran-II|additional underground testing]] in 1998. India has signed neither the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] nor the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.{{sfn|Kumar|2010}} India maintains a "[[no first use]]" nuclear policy and is developing a [[nuclear triad]] capability as a part of its "[[Minimum Credible Deterrence]]" doctrine.{{sfn|Nair|2007}}{{sfn|Pandit|2009}}

Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the [[India–United States relations|United States]] and the [[India–European Union relations|European Union]].{{sfn|European Union 2008}} In 2008, a [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|civilian nuclear agreement]] was signed between India and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce; India subsequently signed co-operation agreements involving [[Nuclear power in India|civilian nuclear energy]] with Russia,{{sfn|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}} France,{{sfn|Rediff 2008 a}} the [[India–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]],{{sfn|Reuters|2010}} and [[Canada–India relations|Canada]].{{sfn|Curry|2010}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of India}}

The Indian economy has been among the top ten [[List of countries by largest historical GDP|largest economies in the world]] since 2010. As of 2026, Indian gross domestic output (GDP) have placed the nation as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|6th largest economy in the world]].<ref name="ID">{{cite web |title=India Datasets |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IND |access-date=15 April 2026 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sawhney |first=Anoushka |date=2026-04-14 |title=IMF raises India's growth forecast to 6.5% for FY27 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/imf-raises-indias-growth-forecast-to-6-5-for-fy27/articleshow/130260704.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Measured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), India is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|third-largest]] economy.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" /> It is one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|world's fastest-growing economies]] with an average annual growth rate exceeding 5% from 1990 to 2010.{{sfn|Nayak|Goldar|Agrawal|2010|p=xxv}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund 2011|p = 2}} Demographics strain its economy, with the nation historically maintaining [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|low GDP per capita]] both regionally and as measured by globally.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" /> The vast majority of Indians fall into the global low-income group based on average daily income.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochhar |first=Rakesh |date=18 March 2021 |title=In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205114312/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until 1991, all Indian governments followed [[protectionism|protectionist]] policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread [[Licence Raj|state intervention and regulation]] largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute [[1991 Indian economic crisis|balance of payments crisis in 1991]] forced the nation to [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalise its economy]];{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = xiv}} since then, it has moved increasingly towards a free-market system{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}{{sfn|Gargan|1992}} by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.{{sfn|Alamgir|2008|pp = 23, 97}} India has been a member of [[World Trade Organization]] since 1 January 1995.{{sfn|World Trade Organization 1995}}

The 522-million-worker [[Labour in India|Indian labour force]] is the [[List of countries by labour force|world's second largest]], {{As of|2017|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's [[Remittance|foreign exchange remittances]] of US$100 billion in 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2022 |title=Remittances to India set to hit record $100bn this year, 25% higher than FDI flows |work=The times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/remittances-to-india-set-to-hit-record-100bn-this-year-25-higher-than-fdi-flows/articleshow/95894938.cms |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203123720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/remittances-to-india-set-to-hit-record-100bn-this-year-25-higher-than-fdi-flows/articleshow/95894938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2021 |title=India received $87 billion in remittances in 2021: World Bank |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/india-received-87-billion-in-remittances-in-2021-world-bank-121111800329_1.html |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203175214/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/economy-policy/india-received-87-billion-in-remittances-in-2021-world-bank-121111800329_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.7%;<ref>{{Citation |title=Exporters Get Wider Market Reach |date=28 August 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912002353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Exporters-get-wider-market-reach/articleshow/4942892.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> in 2021, India was the [[List of countries by imports|world's ninth-largest importer]] and the [[List of countries by exports|sixteenth-largest exporter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999–2019 |title=Trade Map: Trade statistics for international business development |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c%7c1 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=[[International Trade Centre]] |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929135108/https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7C%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C%7C1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.{{sfn|Economist 2011}} India was the [[List of countries by textile exports|world's second-largest textile exporter]] after [[China]] in the 2013 calendar year.{{sfn|Economic Times 2014}}

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years before 2007,{{sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.{{sfn|Bonner|2010}} Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.{{sfn|Farrell|Beinhocker|2007}} In 2024, India's consumer market was the [[List of largest consumer markets|world's third largest]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true |title=Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$) |website=World Bank Open Data |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211439/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> India's nominal [[GDP per capita]] increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$2,731 in 2024. It is expected to grow to US$3,264 by 2026.<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Plowing the land in India - modern and traditional.jpg|In 2019, 43% of India's total workforce was employed in agriculture.<ref name="worldbank-ilo-total-agriculture">{{Citation |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&view=map |work=[[The World Bank]] |year=2019 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193854/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse%26view%3Dmap |url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
File:Fields Akoni Nilgiris Tamil Nadu Nov24 A7CR 05287.jpg|A woman growing radish in the foreground and garlic to the right in a village in the [[Nilgiris]], Tamil Nadu. 55% of India's female workforce was employed in agriculture in 2019.<ref name="worldbank-ilo-female-agriculture">{{Citation |title=Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&view=map |work=[[The World Bank]] |year=2019 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822193855/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dfalse%26view%3Dmap |url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Villager and calf share milk from cow in Rajasthan, India.jpg|India is the [[List of countries by milk production|world's largest producer of milk]], with the largest population of cattle. In 2018, nearly 80% of India's milk was sourced from small farms with herd size between one and two, the milk harvested by hand milking.<ref name="milk-sourcing">{{Citation |last=Kapoor |first=Rana |title=Growth in organised dairy sector, a boost for rural livelihood |date=27 October 2015 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/growth-in-organised-dairy-sector-a-boost-for-rural-livelihood/article7810689.ece# |work=[[Business Line]] |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720215652/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/growth-in-organised-dairy-sector-a-boost-for-rural-livelihood/article7810689.ece |url-status=live |quote="Nearly 80 per cent of India's milk production is contributed by small and marginal farmers, with an average herd size of one to two milching animals." |archive-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
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=== Industries ===
{{Main|Industry in India|Energy in India}}

{{See also|Energy policy of India}}
The [[Automotive industry in India|Indian automotive industry]], the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010,{{sfn|Business Line 2010}} and exports by 36% during 2008–2009.{{sfn|Express India 2009}} In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=India beats Japan to become world's third-largest vehicle market |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/india-beats-japan-to-become-worlds-third-largest-vehicle-market/articleshow/96874402.cms |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725090655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/india-beats-japan-to-become-worlds-third-largest-vehicle-market/articleshow/96874402.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of 2011, the [[Information technology in India|Indian IT industry]] employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP, and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports.{{sfn|Nasscom 2011–2012}}

The [[pharmaceutical industry in India]] includes 3,000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 manufacturing units; India is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines, and supplies up to 50–60% of global vaccines demand, contributing up to {{USD}}24.44 billion in exports. India's local pharmaceutical market is estimated up to {{USD}}42 billion.<ref name="Phamra1">{{Cite news |date=16 September 2021 |title=Indian Pharma: a strategic sector from 'Make in India' to 'Make and Develop in India' |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/indian-pharma-a-strategic-sector-from-make-in-india-to-make-and-develop-in-india/2331377/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018121432/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/indian-pharma-a-strategic-sector-from-make-in-india-to-make-and-develop-in-india/2331377/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pharma2">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=Indian Pharmaceutical Industry |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-india.aspx |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]] |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411072103/https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-india.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> India is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world.<ref>Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sector in India: sector briefing by the UK Trade and Investment 2011, utki.gov.uk</ref>{{sfn|Yep|2011}} The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from {{INR}}204.4 billion ([[Indian rupee]]s) to {{INR}}235.24 billion (US$3.94 billion at June 2013 exchange rates).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2013 |title=Biotechnology in India – 2013 "biospectrum-able" Survey |url=https://www.differding.com/page/biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/f1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223203715/https://www.differding.com/page/biotechnology_in_india_2013_biospectrum_able_survey/f1.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Differding.com}}</ref>

India's capacity to generate electrical power is 300 gigawatts, of which 42 gigawatts is renewable.<ref name="Par">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2016 |title=India's Total Power Generation Capacity Crosses 300 GW Mark |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-total-power-generation-capacity-crosses-300-gw-mark-1438906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616181350/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-total-power-generation-capacity-crosses-300-gw-mark-1438906 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=17 October 2021 |publisher=[[NDTV India|NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Coal in India|The country's usage of coal]] is a major cause of [[Climate change in India#Greenhouse gas emissions|India's greenhouse gas emissions]], but [[Renewable energy in India|its renewable energy]] is growing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rowlatt |first=Justin |date=12 May 2020 |title=India's carbon emissions fall for first time in four decades |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52614770 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125143650/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52614770 |url-status=live }}</ref> India emits about 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This equates to about 2.5 tons of [[carbon dioxide]] per person per year, which is half the world average.<ref name="USAID2018">{{cite web |last=USAID |date=September 2018 |title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions in India |url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/India%20GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet%20FINAL.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021 |website= |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214194144/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/India%20GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet%20FINAL.pdf}}</ref><ref name="UNEP2019">{{cite web |last=UN Environment Programme |year=2019 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2019 |url=https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=UNEP – [[UN Environment Programme]] |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421155030/https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Increasing [[Electrification|access to electricity]] and [[clean cooking]] with [[liquefied petroleum gas]] have been priorities for energy in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=India 2020 – Analysis |date=9 January 2020 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/india-2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316072614/https://www.iea.org/reports/india-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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File:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background.jpg|[[Mumbai]], the centre of India's [[tertiary sector]] [[finance industry]], also contributes to [[Tourism in India|tourism]]. Shown here are the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] to the left and the [[Gateway of India]].
File:Cherry Resort inside Temi Tea Garden, Namchi, Sikkim.jpg|A tea garden in Sikkim. India, the [[List of countries by tea production|world's second-largest producer of tea]], is a nation of one billion tea drinkers, who consume 70% of India's tea output.
File:Bangalore Panorama edit1.jpg|A panorama of [[Bangalore]], the centre of India's software development economy. In the 1980s, when the first [[multinational corporation]]s began to set up centres in India, they chose Bangalore because of the large pool of skilled graduates in the area, in turn due to the many science and engineering colleges in the surrounding region.<ref name="ScottGarofoli2007">{{Citation |last1=Scott |first1=Allen J. |title=Development on the Ground: Clusters, Networks and Regions in Emerging Economies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUCUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |page=208 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-98422-9 |last2=Garofoli |first2=Gioacchino}}</ref>
File:Chinese Fishing Net Raising Birds Sunrise Ashtamudi Kollam Mar22 A7C 01784.jpg|A [[Chinese fishing nets|Chinese fishing net]] being raised out of the water in [[Kochi]]. Fishing, which contributes 1.07% to India's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]],<ref name=":2"/> supports the livelihood of over 28 million people, especially within marginalized and vulnerable communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 279 - economic_survey_2021-2022 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook_es2022/files/basic-html/page279.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226052506/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/ebook_es2022/files/basic-html/page279.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India is the third-largest fish producing country in the world, accounting for 7.96% of global production.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/indias-blue-economy-net-getting-bigger-country-ranks-third-in-fisheries-and-second-in-aquaculture/1867607/ |title=India's Blue Economy net getting bigger |publisher=Financial Express |date=14 February 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>
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== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of India}}

With an estimated 1,428,627,663 residents in 2023, India is the world's most populous country.<ref name="WPP UN">{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=Population Division – United Nations |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234912/https://population.un.org/wpp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 1,210,193,422 residents were reported in the [[2011 Census of India|2011 provisional census report]].{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=160}} The median age was 28.7 in 2020.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "[[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]" have caused India's population to grow rapidly,{{sfn|Rorabacher|2010|pp = 35–39}} though India's decennial rates of growth are decreasing: its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011,{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=165}} compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001).{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=165}} The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Population Of India (1951–2001) |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812042806/https://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> The [[life expectancy]] at birth has increased from 49.7 years in 1970–1975 to 72.0 years in 2023.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles |title=Gapminder |last=Rosling |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904041729/https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=OWID_WRL~IND |title=Life expectancy at birth: World, India |publisher=[[Our World in Data]] |access-date=7 September 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112080632/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=OWID_WRL~IND |url-status=live }}</ref> The under-five [[Infant mortality|mortality]] rate for the country was 113 per 1,000 live births in 1994 whereas in 2018 it reduced to 41.1 per 1,000 live births.<ref name=":5" />

The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=160}} [[Female infanticide in India]], and lately [[female foeticide in India|female foeticide]], have created lop-sided gender ratios; the number of [[missing women]] in the country quadrupled from 15 million to 63 million during the period 1964–2014, faster than the population growth during the same period.<ref name="The Hindu_November_17_2019c">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-missing-women/article5670801.ece |title=India's missing women |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 February 2014 |last1=Kapoor |first1=Mudit |last2=Shamika |first2=Ravi |access-date=17 November 2019 |quote=In the last 50 years of Indian democracy, the absolute number of missing women has increased fourfold from 15 million to 68 million. This is not merely a reflection of the overall population growth, but rather a worsening of the dangerous trend over time. As a percentage of the female electorate, missing women have gone up significantly — from 13 per cent to approximately 20 per cent |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094641/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-missing-women/article5670801.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an Indian government study, an additional 21 million girls are unwanted and do not receive adequate care.<ref name="The_Guardian_November_17_2019c">{{cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=More than 63 million women 'missing' in India, statistics show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/more-than-63-million-women-missing-in-india-statistics-show |access-date=17 November 2019 |newspaper=[[Associated Press]] via [[The Guardian]] |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309044247/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/more-than-63-million-women-missing-in-india-statistics-show |url-status=live }} Quote: "More than 63 million women are "missing" statistically across India, and more than 21 million girls are unwanted by their families, government officials say. The skewed ratio of men to women is largely the result of sex-selective abortions, and better nutrition and medical care for boys, according to the government's annual economic survey, which was released on Monday. In addition, the survey found that "families where a son is born are more likely to stop having children than families where a girl is born".</ref> Despite a government ban on sex-selective foeticide, the practice has far from stopped.<ref name="Foreign_Policy_November_17_2019c">{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/15/a-generation-of-girls-is-missing-in-india/ |title=A Generation of Girls Is Missing in India – Sex-selective abortion fuels a cycle of patriarchy and abuse. |newspaper=[[Foreign Policy]] |first=Ira |last=Trivedi |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309041410/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/15/a-generation-of-girls-is-missing-in-india/ |url-status=live }} Quote: "Although it has been illegal nationwide for doctors to disclose the sex of a fetus since the 1994 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, the ease of ordering cheap and portable ultrasound machines, especially online, has kept the practice of sex-selective abortions alive."</ref>

Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in India's recent history. The number of people living in urban areas grew by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.{{sfn|Garg|2005}} In 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.{{sfn|Dyson|Visaria|2005|pp = 115–129}}{{sfn|Ratna|2007|pp = 271–272}} The level of urbanisation increased further from 27.81% in the 2001 census to 31.16% in the 2011 census. The slowing down of the overall population growth rate was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991.{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011}} In the 2011 census, there were 53 [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]. Among them [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]], in decreasing order by population.<ref name="censusindia 2011">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]], India |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
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File:Life-expectancy, 1881 to 2023, IND.svg | The historical development of life expectancy in India from 1881 to 2023
File:Child-mortality rate in india.png|The child mortality rate in India from 1960 to 2023
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=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of India}}

Languages of India belong to several [[language family|language families]]. The [[2011 Census of India]], the last conducted by the Indian government, gives the following breakdown:<ref name=jolad-agarwal>{{cite book |last1=Jolad |first1=Shivakumar |last2=Agarwal |first2=Aayush |chapter=Mapping India's Linguistic Diversity and Exclusion in the Indian Census 1 |title=Practices of Digital Humanities in India: Learning by Doing |editor1-last=Dodd |editor1-first=Maya |editor2-last=Menon |editor2-first=Nirmala |publisher=Routledge India |year=2024 |doi=10.4324/9781003325239 |isbn=978-1-003-32523-9 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;"
! style="background:#ddd;" colspan="6"| Language families and speakers in India<ref name=jolad-agarwal/>
|-
! Serial number !! Language family !! Sub-family !! Number of languages !! Number of speakers !! Percentage of speakers
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 21 || style="text-align:center;"| 945,052,555 || style="text-align:center;"| 78.05%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 21,677 || style="text-align:center;"| 0%{{efn|The 0% results from rounding to two decimal places.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 259,678 || style="text-align:center;"| 0.02%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Dravidian languages]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 17 || style="text-align:center;"| 237,840,116 || style="text-align:center;"| 19.64%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;"| 13,493,080 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.11%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 66 || style="text-align:center;"| 12,257,382 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.01%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Afroasiatic languages|Semito-Hamitic]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 54,947 || style="text-align:center;"| 0%
|}

There are also small numbers of speakers of [[Kra–Dai languages|Tai–Kadai]], [[Andamanese languages|Andamanese]], and minor language families and [[language isolate|isolates]].<ref name="Moseley2008">{{cite book |last=Moseley |first=Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PT528 |date=10 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2}}</ref>{{rp|283}}

The official language of India's federal government was chosen by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in September 1949 after three years of debate between two opposing camps. [[Hindi language]] protagonists wanted Hindi in the [[Devanagari script]] to be the sole "national language" of India whereas delegates from South India preferred English to have a place in the Constitution.<ref name="lerner-Hindi">{{citation |last=Lerner |first=Hanna |chapter=The Indian Founding: A Comparative Perspective |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution |editor1-first=Sujit |editor1-last=Choudhry |editor2-first=Madhav |editor2-last=Khosla |editor3-first=Pratap Bhanu |editor3-last=Mehta |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0knDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |pages=63–64 |isbn=978-0-19-870489-8 |quote=Ultimately, it was the pragmatic consensus-seeking approach that triumphed. On 14 September 1949, after three years of debate, the assembly overwhelmingly approved a compromise resolution, known as the Munshi—Ayyangar formula, which later became Articles 343-51 of the Indian Constitution. Instead of declaring a 'national language', Hindi was labelled the 'official language of the Union', while English was to continue to be used 'for all official purposes'. It was decided that this arrangement would apply for a period of fifteen years, during which time Hindi was to be progressively introduced into official use. What would happen at the end of this interim period was left undetermined, with the Constitution providing for the establishment of a parliamentary committee to examine the issue in the future. In addition, the Constitution recognised fourteen other languages for official use (listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution). ... Fifteen years after the enactment of the Constitution, Hindi was still not widely used by the Union government. Following a series of violent riots in non-Hindi-speaking States in the 1960s, Parliament renounced the ideal of an Indian national language. In 1965, when the fifteen-year interim period prescribed by the Constitution elapsed, the government announced that English would remain the de facto formal language of India.}}</ref><ref name="isaka-Hindi">{{citation |last=Isaka |first=Riho |title=Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c. 1850–1960 |series=Routledge New Horizons in South Asian Studies |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |pages=126–197 |isbn=978-1-000-46858-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3F5CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |quote=Partition may have 'killed' Hindustani, but it had a marked effect on the debates regarding the position of English and provincial languages in the Constitution. The Hindi protagonists became even more insistent on establishing Hindi as the sole national language and imposing it on the non-Hindi-speaking regions to enhance 'national unity'. In addition, these leaders even began to argue that the Devanagari form of numerals should be used instead of the international form. This was firmly opposed by members from South India. To solve the continuing dispute among the Assembly members, (K. M.) Munshi and N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, a Tamil member of the Assembly, drew up detailed language provisions. These, in the words of the latter, represented a 'compromise between opinions not easily reconcilable' (Constituent Assembly Debates 1X 1966: 1319). The provisions were proposed to the Congress on 2nd September 1949 and engendered a heated discussion. It was eventually decided that they would be proposed in the Assembly by Munshi, Ayyangar, and Bhimrao Ambedkar (the Chairman of the Drafting Committee) in their personal capacities, not as an official proposal on behalf of the Drafting Committee.}}</ref> The compromise reached declared (i) Hindi to be the "official language" of India's federal government; (ii) English to be an associate official language for 15 years during which Hindi's formal lexicon would be developed; and (iii) the international form of [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu–Arabic numerals]] to be the official numerals.<ref name=lerner-Hindi/><ref name=isaka-Hindi/> The compromise resolution became articles 343–351 of India's constitution, which came into effect on 26 January 1950.<ref name=lerner-Hindi/><ref name=isaka-Hindi/> In 1965, after bitter opposition from [[South India]] to Hindi becoming the sole official language, a compromise was reached to where English would continue to be an "associate official language" indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forrester |first=Duncan B. |date=1966 |title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755179 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=19–36 |doi=10.2307/2755179 |jstor=2755179 |issn=0030-851X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sandipan |date=2026-01-26 |title=1965: When Republic Day became a morning of mourning in Madras |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1965-anti-hindi-agitation-madras-student-protests-indira-gandhi-intervention-tamil-nadu-language-policy-2857880-2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of India's Constitution]] also recognises 22 languages, including Hindi but not English, which the government is obligated to develop. These are sometimes called "scheduled languages". This list includes major regional languages, but also others—such as [[Sanskrit]], which no longer has [[first language]] speakers in India, and [[Urdu]], which is not region-specific—because of their value to India's cultural heritage.<ref name="KachruKachru2008-1">{{cite book |last=Annamalai |first=E. |editor=Braj B. Kachru |editor2=Yamuna Kachru |editor3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA223 |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |pages=223– |chapter=Contexts of multilingualism |quote=Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost.}}</ref><ref name="GazzolaWickström2016">{{cite book |last1=Gazzola |first1=Michele |last2=Wickström |first2=Bengt-Arne |title=The Economics of Language Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4snDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA469 |year=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-03470-8 |pages=469– |quote=The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two.}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017-lead">{{cite book |last=Groff |first=Cynthia |title=The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-51961-0 |pages=58– |quote=As Mahapatra says: "It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment" ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions.}}</ref> In 1950, there were 14 scheduled languages: [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Sanskrit, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Urdu.<ref name="jolad-agarwal" /> In the following decades constitutional amendments added others: [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (1967), [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (1992), [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]] (2004).<ref name=jolad-agarwal/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Language Map of India.jpg|The regions of first-language speech of the main languages of India
File:Indian Languages Map.jpg|The main languages of India by relative numbers of speakers
File:India_new_500_INR,_MG_series,_2016,_reverse.jpg|On the reverse of each of India's [[paper money|paper money notes]], the denomination is listed in a panel on the left in 15 languages, in addition to Hindi and English, which appear more prominently elsewhere. These are from top to bottom: 1. Assamese, 2. Bengali, 3. Gujarati, 4. Kannada, 5. Kashmiri, 6. Konkani, 7. Malayalam, 8. Marathi, 9. Nepali, 10. Oriya, 11. Punjabi, 12. Sanskrit, 13. Tamil, 14. Telugu, 15. Urdu.<ref name=rupee-15lang>{{citation |last=Gautam |first=Vanya |title=Did You Know? Indian Rupee Notes Feature 15 Languages, Here's The List |publisher=India Times |date=5 January 2024 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/did-you-know-indian-rupee-notes-feature-15-languages-heres-the-list/articleshow/122444265.html}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in India}}

[[Religion]] in India is characterised by a diversity of beliefs and practices. Throughout India's history, religion has been an important part of its culture. The [[Indian subcontinent]] is the birthplace of four [[Major religious groups|major world religions]]: [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Sikhism]]. India has the largest population of Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains, the third-largest population of Muslims (after [[Indonesia]] and [[Pakistan]]) and the ninth largest of Buddhists.<ref name="Firstpost_Aug2016">{{cite news |url=http://firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2016-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |title=India has 79.8% Hindus, 14.2% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion |work=Firstpost |date=26 August 2016 |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050938/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> India also has the largest population of people adhering to both [[Zoroastrianism]] ([[Parsi]]s and [[Irani (India)|Iranis]]) and the [[Baháʼí Faith in India|Bahá'í Faith]].{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}}

The [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]] declares India to be a [[secular state]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-750-preamble-to-the-indian-constitution.html |title=Preamble To The Indian Constitution |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html |title=S. R. Bommai v. Union of India |website=www.legalserviceindia.com |access-date=23 November 2025 |archive-date=28 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128111301/https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[freedom of religion]] to be a [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental right]] ("... liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.")<ref>{{cite book |last=Basu |first=Durga Das |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-803-8918-4 |edition=21 |page=124 |author-link=Durga Das Basu}}</ref> According to the 2011 census of India, 79.8% of the [[demographics of India|population of India]] follows [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], 14.2% [[Islam in India|Islam]], 2.3% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], 1.7% [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]], 0.7% [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] and 0.4% [[Jainism in India|Jainism]]. Several tribal religions are also present in India, such as [[Donyi-Polo]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Sarnaism]], and [[Niamtre]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg|The [[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple]], a Hindu temple in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
File:Gomateswara, Shravanabelagola.jpg|A [[Jainism|Jain]] woman making an offering at the feet of Bahubali Gomateswara at [[Shravanabelagola]], Karnataka
File:Front Judes Church Chinnathurai Tamil Nadu crop Mar24 A7C 10007.jpg|The exterior of St Judes Church, [[Chinnathurai]], Tamil Nadu. Christianity is believed to have been introduced to India by the late 2nd century by [[Christianity in India#Early Christianity in India|Syriac-speaking Christians]].
File:Maneckji Seth Agiary in Fort, Mumbai.jpg|[[Maneckji Seth Agiary]], the oldest [[Parsi]], or [[Zoroastrian]], [[fire temple]] in Mumbai
File:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|A Sikh pilgrim after a dip in the sacred pond at the [[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], Punjab, with a group of pilgrims performing [[seva (Indian religions)|seva]], or volunteer work, on the temple's roof
File:Magen David Synagogue Interiors after restoration.jpg|Interior of the [[Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)|Magen David Synagogue]], Kolkata
</gallery>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in India}}

{{See also|Literacy in India|History of education in the Indian subcontinent}}

The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=163}} The rural-urban literacy gap, which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001, dropped to 16.1 percentage points in 2011. The improvement in the rural literacy rate is twice that of urban areas.{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011}} In 2011 [[Kerala]] had the highest literary rate, with 93.91% literacy, and [[Bihar]] the lowest, with 63.82%.{{sfn|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India|p=163}} In 1981 the respective literacy rates for total population, men and women were 41%, 53% and 29%. In 1951, the rates were 18%, 27% and 9%. In 1921, the rates 7%, 12% and 2%. In 1891, they were 5%, 9% and 1%.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rajni |last=Pathania |title=Literacy in India: Progress and Inequality |url=https://www.bangladeshsociology.org/LiteracyinIndiaBEJS17.1.pdf |volume=17 |website=bangladeshsociology.org |publisher=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |date=January 2020 |issue=1 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010044811/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/LiteracyinIndiaBEJS17.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dandapani |last=Natarajan |title=Extracts from the All India Census Reports on Literacy |url=https://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/366/1/26501_1971_CEN.pdf |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]] |year=1971 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628052820/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/366/1/26501_1971_CEN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Latika Chaudhary, in 1911 there were under three primary schools for every ten villages. Statistically, more caste and religious diversity reduced private spending. Primary schools taught literacy, so local diversity limited its growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Latika |title=Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=March 2009 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=269–302 |doi=10.1017/S0022050709000400 }}</ref>

The education system of India is the world's second-largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.studyinindia.gov.in/whyindiaeducation |title=Study in India |website=studyinindia.gov.in |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627194417/https://www.studyinindia.gov.in/whyindiaeducation |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has over 900 universities, 40,000 colleges<ref name="highered1">{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hrd-to-increase-nearly-25-pc-seats-in-varsities-to-implement-10-pc-quota-for-poor-in-gen-category/articleshow/67545006.cms |title=HRD to increase nearly 25 pc seats in varsities to implement 10 pc quota for poor in gen category |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416152014/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hrd-to-increase-nearly-25-pc-seats-in-varsities-to-implement-10-pc-quota-for-poor-in-gen-category/articleshow/67545006.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and 1.5 million schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/home |title=UDISE+ Dashboard |website=dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018105056/https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/home |url-status=live }}</ref> In India's higher education system, a significant number of seats are reserved under [[Reservation in India|affirmative action]] policies for the historically disadvantaged. In recent decades India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to [[economic development in India|its economic development]].<ref name=Sify>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=1475704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220170624/https://www.sify.com/finance/india-achieves-27-decline-in-poverty-news-news-jegxaXgfcab.html |title=India achieves 27% decline in poverty |work=[[Press Trust of India]] via [[Sify.com]] |date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=N. Jayapalan |title=History of Education in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDNeW78fedkC |year=2005 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7156-922-9}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:47 Raika School - eating together (3384824242).jpg|Children await school lunch in Rayka (also Raika), a village in rural Gujarat. The salutation ''[[Jai Bhim]]'' written on the blackboard honours the jurist, social reformer, and [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]].
File:Madrasah1.jpg|The [[Madrasah]] of the [[Masjid-i-Ala]] mosque in [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka. The mosque was built in the period 1786–87, during the rule of [[Tipu Sultan]].
File:ThomasonCollegeOfEngineeringRoorkeeEst1847.jpg | The [[IIT Roorkee|Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]], formerly the Thomason College of Civil Engineering, is the oldest engineering college in India.<ref name=hedrick-thomason/><ref name=subram-thomason>{{citation |last=Subramanian |first=Ajantha |title=The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India |location=Cambridge, MA and London |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-674-98788-3 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=30–31 |quote=Before the 1854 despatch, there was already one engineering college in operation: the Thomason College of Civil Engineering at Roorkee. The college was founded in 1847 and was affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]], in response to the demand for civil engineers to aid the construction of the Ganges Canal in the North-west Provinces.}}</ref> It was founded as the ''College of Civil Engineering'' in 1847 during [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] to train officers and surveyors employed in the construction of the [[Ganges Canal]].<ref name=subram-thomason/><ref name=hedrick-thomason>{{citation |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |title=The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940 |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=0-19-505115-7 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=317 |quote=The first engineering college was an outgrowth of the Ganges Canal. Named after the lieutenant governor of the North-Western Provinces who founded it in 1847, the Thomason Engineering College at Roorkee trained employees for the irrigation branch of the Public Works Department. It offered different curricula for different types of students: an engineering class for domiciled Europeans and a few Indians, an upper subordinates class to train British noncommissioned officers as construction foremen, and a lower subordinates class to train Indian surveyors. By the mid-1880s, the school has a hundred students, substantial buildings, and a reputation as an important center for the study of hydraulic engineering.}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in India}}

[[File:Female health workers in India (34332433890).jpg | Immunisation health workers in 2006. Eight years later, and three years after India's last case of polio, the WHO declared India to be polio-free.<ref name=who-chan-14-feb-2014>{{citation |last1=Chan |first1=Margaret |title=Address at the 'India celebrates triumph over polio' event |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=11 February 2014 |url=https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-celebrates-polio-free-india |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017165217/https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-celebrates-polio-free-india |url-status=live }}</ref>|thumb]]

India bears a disproportionately large burden of the world's [[Tuberculosis in India|tuberculosis]] rates, with [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) statistics for 2022 estimating 2.8 million new infections annually, accounting for 26% of the global total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.1 TB incidence |url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-1-tb-incidence |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> It is estimated that approximately 40% of the population of India carry [[Latent tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=Arohi |last2=Parmar |first2=Malik |last3=Dash |first3=Girish Chandra |last4=Solanki |first4=Hardik |last5=Chauhan |first5=Sandeep |last6=Sharma |first6=Jessica |last7=Sahoo |first7=Krushna Chandra |last8=Mahapatra |first8=Pranab |last9=Rao |first9=Raghuram |last10=Kumar |first10=Ravinder |last11=Rade |first11=Kirankumar |last12=Pati |first12=Sanghamitra |date=3 May 2023 |title=The prevalence of tuberculosis infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=157 |issue=2–3 |pages=135–151 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_382_23 |doi-access=free |pmc=10319385 |pmid=37202933}}</ref>

In 2018 [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] was the leading cause of death after [[Heart disease in India|heart disease]]. The 10 [[List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration|most polluted cities in the world]] are all in India with more than 140 million people breathing air 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit. In 2017, air pollution killed 1.24 million Indians.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2018 |title=Dirty air: how India became the most polluted country on earth |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/ |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930130506/https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of India}}

=== Society ===
{{Main|Caste system in India|Gender inequality in India}}

Although sometimes applied to other cultures and religions, caste is a uniquely Indian, and Hindu, social institution.{{efn|Caste is a form of [[social stratification]] characterised by [[endogamy]], hereditary transmission of an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction or exclusion defined by cultural notions of purity and pollution.<ref name=caste-lead>* {{citation |editor=Lagasse, Paul |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |chapter=Caste |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/caste.aspx#3 |access-date=24 September 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-231-14446-9 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001133425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/anthropology-terms-and-concepts/caste#3 |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste''' [Port., casta=basket], ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars, in fact, deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended."
* {{citation |last1=Madan |first1=T. N. |author-link1=T. N. Madan |title=caste |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98395/caste |date=2012 |access-date=23 November 2025 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130130911/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98395/caste |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste''', any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies."
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |chapter=Caste |editor-last=Schaefer |editor-first=Richard T. |title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&pg=PA246 |location=Thousand Oaks |access-date=5 August 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2 |pages=246–250 }} Quote: "'''Caste''': What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India."
* {{harvnb|Béteille|2002|pages=136–137|ps=. Quote: "'''Caste''': Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue."}}
* {{citation |last=Mitchell |first=Geoffrey Duncan |title=A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a4vvdBrSVgC&pg=PA194 |access-date=10 August 2012 |date=2006 |publisher=Aldine Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-202-30878-4 |pages=194–195 |chapter=Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION) |location=New Brunswick, NJ }} Quote:"'''Castes''' A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism."
* {{citation |chapter=caste, n. |title=Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28546 |access-date=5 August 2019 |year=1989 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123226/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28546 |url-status=live }} Quote: "'''caste, n.''' 2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ... ''This is now the leading sense, which influences all others''."</ref>}} All Hindus fall broadly into four castes, or ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s'': [[Brahmin]], or priests, at the top; below them [[Kshatriya]], or warriors; further below, [[Vaishya]], or merchants and farmers; and at the bottom, [[Shudra]], or the service class. Outside the caste system, and therefore of traditional Hinduism, lie people formerly called "outcastes" or "untouchables," and now [[scheduled caste]] (a term used in India's constitution) or [[Dalit]], a later self-description of pride, meaning "broken" or "downtrodden". Each caste is further divided into sub-castes, or [[Jāti|jati]]s, many of which are tied to occupations. The custom of [[endogamy]], or marrying within one's subcaste, however, makes caste a hereditary label, not of one occupational choice, and has caused the caste system, therefore, to become entrenched.<ref name=atrey1>{{cite book| last = Atrey | first = Shreya | title = Intersectional Discrimination| location = Oxford, UK and New York, NY | publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2019 | isbn = 978-0-19-884895-0 | page = 63–64}}</ref> The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] abolished untouchability in 1947,<ref name=nyt-india-constit-assmb-caste>{{cite news|title=Indians Outlaw 'Untouchability' In Formal Action by Assembly; UNTOUCHABILITY' FORMALLY BANNED|date=April 30, 1947|publisher=Reuters/New York Times|quote=NEW DELHI, India, April 29 -- India's Constituent Assembly, discussing the Fundamental Rights Committee's report, today adopted this provision: "Untouchability in any form is abolished and the imposition of any disability on that account shall be an offense.}}</ref> the [[Republic of India]] did more formally in 1950, and India has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives related to caste. Still, caste-based inequality, discrimination, segregation, and [[Caste-related violence in India|violence]] persist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teltumbde |first=Anand |title=The Persistence of Caste: The Khairlanji Murders and India's Hidden Apartheid |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84813-449-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sarah |date=28 June 2022 |title=The struggle to challenge India's caste system remains real, still |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |access-date=11 July 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713213206/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Multi-generational [[patrilineal]] [[joint family|joint families]] have been the norm in India, though [[nuclear family|nuclear families]] are becoming common in urban areas.{{sfn|Makar|2007}} A very large majority of Indians have [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|their marriages arranged]] by their parents or family elders.{{sfn|Medora|2003}} Marriage is thought to be for life;{{sfn|Medora|2003}} and the divorce rate is extremely low;{{sfn|Jones|Ramdas|2005|p = 111}} less than one in a thousand marriages end in divorce.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37481054 |title=What divorce and separation tell us about modern India |first=Soutik |last=Biswas |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321061012/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37481054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many women marry before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age; [[child marriage]]s are not uncommon, especially in rural areas.{{sfn|Cullen-Dupont|2009|p = 96}} In large parts of Hindu northern India, moreover, a form of territorial [[exogamy]] is observed in which a bride marries out of her natal village and her parents do not visit her in her married home; the annual rite [[raksha bandhan]], during which married women return to their [[Birth|natal]] homes, has served both to affirm bonds with their natal families and offer a recourse in times of marital stress.<ref name="Agarwal1994">{{citation |last=Agarwal |first=Bina |author-link=Bina Agarwal |title=A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3pdP30OnEUC&pg=PA264 |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42926-9 |page=264 |quote=Mayer's (1960: 219) observation for central India would not be inaccurate for most communities in the subcontinent: "A man's tie with his sister is accounted very close. The two have grown up together, at an age when there is no distinction made between the sexes. And later, when the sister marries, the brother is seen as her main protector, for when her father has died to whom else can she turn if there is trouble in her conjugal household.(Adrian C. Mayer, ''Caste and kinship in Central India'' (1960)" The parental home, and after the parents' death the brother's home, often offers the only possibility of temporary or longer-term support in case of divorce, desertion, and even widowhood, especially for a woman without adult sons. Her dependence on this support is directly related to economic and social vulnerability.}}</ref><ref name="Coleman2017">{{citation |last=Coleman |first=Leo |title=A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YDTDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 |year=2017 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-0791-9 |page=127}} Quote: Rakhi and its local performances in Kishan Garhi were part of a festival in which connections between out-marrying sisters and village-resident brothers were affirmed. In the "traditional" form of this rite, according to Marriott, sisters exchanged with their brothers to ensure their ability to have recourse—at a crisis, or during childbearing—to their natal village and their relatives there even after leaving for their husband's home. For their part, brothers engaging in these exchanges affirmed the otherwise hard-to-discern moral solidarity of the natal family, even after their sister's marriage.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Closeup at Gussadi dance performer.jpg|A member of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribe during the [[Gussadi dance|Dandari]] festival in [[Jainoor]], Telangana. Some 8.6% of India's population belong to tribal groups. The supercontinent [[Gondwana]] is named after the Gond region of India. Their religion predates the [[Hindu synthesis]] of the mid-first-millennium BCE.
File:A smiling member of the Ramnami Samaj (edited).jpg|A member of the [[Ramnami Samaj]], a movement among [[Dalit]]s, whose members worship the Hindu [[deity]] [[Rama]] and tattoo their bodies with his name
File:Hindu Bride, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.jpg|A Hindu bride in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
</gallery>

=== Visual art ===
{{Main|Indian art}}

India has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of [[Eurasia]], especially in the first millennium. During this period [[Buddhist art]] spread with Indian religions to [[Central Asia|Central]], [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]], the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art.{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=185–198, 252, 385–466}} Thousands of [[Indus Valley civilisation#Seals|seals from the Indus Valley civilisation]] of the third millennium BCE have been found, usually carved with animals, but also some with human figures. The [[Pashupati seal]], excavated in [[Mohenjo-daro]], Pakistan, in 1928–29, is the best known.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=14–16}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=17–18}} Virtually no art survives from a long period following the Indus Valley Civilisation.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=17–18}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=46–47}} Almost all surviving ancient Indian art thereafter is in various forms of religious [[Indian sculpture|sculpture]] in durable materials, or coins. There was probably originally far more in wood, which is lost. In north India [[Mauryan art]] is the first imperial movement.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=35–46}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=67–70}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=22–24}}

Over the following centuries a distinctly Indian style of sculpting the human figure developed, with less interest in articulating precise anatomy than [[ancient Greek sculpture]] but showing smoothly flowing forms expressing ''prana'' ("breath" or life-force).{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=22, 88}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=35, 99–100}} This is often complicated by the need to give figures multiple arms or heads, or represent different genders on the left and right of figures, as with the [[Ardhanarishvara]] form of Shiva and [[Parvati]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=18–19}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|p=151}}

Most of the earliest large sculpture is Buddhist, either excavated from Buddhist [[stupa]]s such as [[Sanchi]], [[Sarnath]] and [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]],{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=32–38}} or is rock cut [[relief]]s at sites such as [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Karla Caves|Karla]] and [[Ellora]]. Hindu and Jain sites appear rather later.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=43–55}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=113–119}} In spite of this complex mixture of religious traditions, generally, the prevailing artistic style at any time and place has been shared by the major religious groups, and sculptors probably usually served all communities.{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|pp=10–11}} [[Gupta art]], at its peak {{circa|{{CE|300}}|{{CE|500}}}}, is often regarded as a classical period whose influence lingered for many centuries after; it saw a new dominance of Hindu sculpture, as at the [[Elephanta Caves]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=111–121}}{{Sfn|Michell|2000|pp=44–70}} Across the north, this became rather stiff and formulaic after {{circa|{{CE|800}}}}, though rich with finely carved detail in the surrounds of statues.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=212–216}} But in the South, under the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Chola dynasty|Chola dynasties]], sculpture in both stone and bronze had a [[Chola art and architecture#Sculpture and bronzes|sustained period of great achievement]]; the large bronzes with Shiva as [[Nataraja]] have become an iconic symbol of India.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=152–160}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|pp=225–227}}

Ancient paintings have only survived at a few sites, of which the crowded scenes of court life in the [[Ajanta Caves]] are some of the most important.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=356–361}}{{Sfn|Rowland|1970|pp=242–251}} Painted manuscripts of religious texts survive from Eastern India from 10th century onwards, most of the earliest being Buddhist and later Jain. These significantly influenced later artistic styles.{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=361–370}} The Persian-derived [[Deccan painting]], starting just before the [[Mughal miniature]], between them give the first large body of secular painting, with an emphasis on portraits, and the recording of princely pleasures and wars.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=202–208}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=372–382, 400–406}} The style spread to Hindu courts, especially [[Rajput painting|among the Rajputs]], and developed a variety of styles, with the smaller courts often the most innovative, with figures such as [[Nihâl Chand]] and [[Nainsukh]].{{Sfn|Craven|1997|pp=222–243}}{{Sfn|Harle|1994|pp=384–397, 407–420}} As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by [[Company painting]] by Indian artists with considerable Western influence.{{Sfn|Craven|1997|p=243}}{{Sfn|Michell|2000|p=210}} In the 19th century, cheap [[Kalighat painting]]s of gods and everyday life, done on paper, were urban [[folk art]] from [[Calcutta]], which later saw the [[Bengal School of Art]], reflecting the art colleges founded by the British, the first movement in [[modern Indian painting]].{{Sfn|Michell|2000|pp=210–211}}{{Sfn|Blurton|1993|p=211}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Bhutesvara Yakshis Mathura reliefs 2nd century CE front.jpg|[[Bhutesvara Yakshis]], Buddhist reliefs from [[Mathura]], {{CE|2nd century}}
File:MET DT5237 (cropped).jpg|[[Gupta art|Gupta]] [[terracotta]] relief, ''[[Krishna]] Killing the [[Keshi (demon)|Horse Demon Keshi]]'', 5th century
File:Unknown, Kangra, India - Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids - Google Art Project.jpg|''Krishna Fluting to the Milkmaids'', [[Kangra painting]], 1775–1785
File:Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja).jpg|[[Chola art and architecture#Sculpture and bronzes|Chola bronze]] of [[Shiva]] as [[Nataraja]] ("Lord of Dance"), [[Tamil Nadu]], 10th or 11th century
</gallery>

===Mathematics===
{{main|Indian mathematics|Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics}}

Significant mathematics began in India in the first millennium BCE. The ''[[Shulba Sutras|Śulba Sūtras]]'' (literally, "Aphorisms of the Chords" in [[Vedic Sanskrit]]) (c. 700–400 BCE) contain the earliest extant verbal expression of the [[Pythagorean theorem]] (although very likely it had been known to the [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonians]].)<ref name=hayashi2005-p363>{{Harvnb|Hayashi|2005|p=363}}</ref>{{efn|Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in [[Sanskrit]] usually consisted of two sections: ''[[sutra]]s'' in which a set of rules or problems were stated with economy in verse, and a prose commentary that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution.<ref name="plofker">{{Harvnb|Plofker|2007|p=1}}</ref><ref name=filliozat-p140to143>{{Harvnb|Filliozat|2004|pp=140–143}}</ref>}} All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark [[Bakhshali manuscript]] from the 7th century CE.<ref name=hayashi95>{{Harvnb|Hayashi|1995}}</ref><ref name=plofker-brit6>{{Harvnb|Plofker|2007|p=6}}</ref>

In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by [[Aryabhata]], [[Brahmagupta]], [[Bhaskara II]], [[Varāhamihira]], and [[Madhava of Sangamagrama|Madhava]]. The [[Decimal|decimal number system]] in use today<ref name="irfah346">{{Harvnb|Ifrah|2000|p=346}}: "The measure of the genius of Indian civilisation, to which we owe our modern (number) system, is all the greater in that it was the only one in all history to have achieved this triumph. Some cultures succeeded, earlier than the Indian, in discovering one or at best two of the characteristics of this intellectual feat. But none of them managed to bring together into a complete and coherent system the necessary and sufficient conditions for a number-system with the same potential as our own."</ref> was first recorded in Indian mathematics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Plofker|2009|pp=44–47}}</ref> Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of [[0 (number)|zero]] as a number,<ref name="bourbaki46">{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=46}}: "...our decimal system, which (by the agency of the Arabs) is derived from Hindu mathematics, where its use is attested already from the first centuries of our era. It must be noted moreover that the conception of zero as a number and not as a simple symbol of separation) and its introduction into calculations, also count amongst the original contribution of the Hindus."</ref> [[negative numbers]],<ref name="bourbaki49">{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=49}}: Modern arithmetic was known during medieval times as "Modus Indorum" or method of the Indians. [[Leonardo of Pisa]] wrote that compared to method of the Indians all other methods is a mistake. This method of the Indians is none other than our very simple arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Rules for these four simple procedures was first written down by [[Brahmagupta]] during the 7th century AD. "On this point, the Hindus are already conscious of the interpretation that negative numbers must have in certain cases (a debt in a commercial problem, for instance). In the following centuries, as there is a diffusion into the West (by intermediary of the Arabs) of the methods and results of Greek and Hindu mathematics, one becomes more used to the handling of these numbers, and one begins to have other "representation" for them which are geometric or dynamic."</ref> [[arithmetic]], and [[algebra]].<ref name=concise-britannica/> [[Trigonometry]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Pingree|2003|p=45}} Quote: "Geometry, and its branch trigonometry, was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently. Greek mathematicians used the full chord and never imagined the half chord that we use today. Half chord was first used by Aryabhata which made trigonometry much more simple. In fact, the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century, using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords, produced tables of sines and versines, from which it was trivial to derive cosines. This new system of trigonometry, produced in India, was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them, in an expanded form, to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century."</ref> was further advanced in India, and the modern definitions of [[sine]] and [[cosine]] were developed there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=126}}: "As for trigonometry, it is disdained by geometers and abandoned to surveyors and astronomers; it is these latter ([[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]], [[Hipparchus]], [[Ptolemy]]) who establish the fundamental relations between the sides and angles of a right angled triangle (plane or spherical) and draw up the first tables (they consist of tables giving the ''chord'' of the arc cut out by an angle <math>\theta < \pi</math> on a circle of radius ''r'', in other words the number <math> 2r\sin\left(\theta/2\right)</math>; the introduction of the sine, more easily handled, is due to Hindu mathematicians of the Middle Ages)."</ref> These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe.<ref name="concise-britannica">"algebra" 2007. [https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064 ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134632/http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-231064|date=29 September 2007}}. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 May 2007. Quote: "A full-fledged decimal, positional system certainly existed in India by the 9th century (AD), yet many of its central ideas had been transmitted well before that time to China and the Islamic world. Indian arithmetic, moreover, developed consistent and correct rules for operating with positive and negative numbers and for treating zero like any other number, even in problematic contexts such as division. Several hundred years passed before European mathematicians fully integrated such ideas into the developing discipline of algebra."</ref> A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the [[Series (mathematics)|series]] expansions for [[trigonometric function]]s (sine, cosine, and [[arc tangent]]) by mathematicians of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala school]] in the 15th century CE. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of [[calculus]] in Europe, provided the first example of a [[power series]].{{efn|Apart from geometric series}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Stillwell|2004|p=173}}</ref> In the modern era [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] made fundamental contributions to [[number theory]].<ref name=hardy-ramanumajan-notice>{{cite book |last=Hardy |first=G. H. |author-link=G. H. Hardy |chapter=Notice |title=Collected papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=xxi–xxxv |year=2015 |orig-year=1927 |isbn=978-1-107-53651-7 |quote=It was his insight into algebraical formulae, transformation of infinite series, ... that was most amazing. On this side most certainly I have never met his equal, and I can compare him only with [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] and [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi|Jacobi]]. He worked, far more than the majority of modern mathematicians, by induction from numerical examples. ... But with his memory, his patience, and his power of calculation, he combined a power of generalisation, a feeling for form, and a capacity for rapid modification of his hypotheses, that were often really startling, and made him, in his own peculiar field, without a rival in his day.}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of India}}

India contains a wide array of musical practices, including many different [[Indian folk music|folk musics]] from different regions. [[Indian classical music]] has Vedic origins, and split in the 13th century into the two main traditions of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] music. Hindustani is associated with North India and is more [[Musical improvisation|improvisational]], featuring instruments such as the [[sitar]] and [[tabla]], and Carnatic is South Indian and more focused on written [[Musical composition|compositions]] such as the ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]'', while both styles contain common elements such as the [[raga]] melodic framework and [[Tala (music)|tala]] rhythmic meter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capwell |first=Charles |title=Excursions in World Music |publisher=[[Pearson plc|Pearson]] |year=2012 |edition=6th |pages=31, 52 |chapter=The Music of India}}</ref> Indian music has influenced western genres, notably [[Rock music|rock]] and [[jazz]] musicians during the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lavezzoli |first1=Peter |title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West |date=24 April 2006 |page=14}}</ref>

[[Filmi]] is music written for [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], generally composed by [[List of Indian film music directors|music directors]] and sung by [[playback singers]]. Modern [[Indian pop]] takes influences from classical, folk, and western pop music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarrazin |first=Natalie |title=Focus: Popular Music in Contemporary India |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-429-99931-4}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Sakunthala 1940 filmposter (2).jpg|[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], Carnatic music vocalist and the first Indian musician to perform at the [[United Nations]] in 1966, began her career singing in [[Tamil films]].
File:L Vaidyanathan, L Subramaniam and L Shankar trio with Palghat Mani Iyer on Mridangam.jpg|Carnatic music [[mridangam]] player [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] (left) at a concert with three violinists, from left to right: [[L. Vaidyanathan]], [[L. Subramaniam]], and [[L. Shankar]].
File:Allaudin Khan.jpg|[[Allauddin Khan]], a [[Hindustani classical music]] [[sarod]] player was also an influential teacher. Among his students were the [[sitar]]ist [[Ravi Shankar]], [[sarod]] player [[Ali Akbar Khan]], and flutist [[Pannalal Ghosh]].
File:Ravi Shankar.jpg|[[Ravi Shankar]] playing the [[sitar]] at the [[Woodstock music festival]], 1972
</gallery>

===Dance===
{{main|Dance in India}}

Dance in India has drawn heavily from [[Indian classical dance]] traditions. Many of these in turn arose in temples or other religious contexts. Their sponsorship and promotion, however, has continued in secular, modern India.<ref name=vatsyayan-lord>{{citation|last1=Vatsyayan|first1=Kapila|last2=Lord|first2=Maria (revision)|chapter=India, subcontinent of, IX. Dance|title=Grove Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 2020|orig-year=2001}}</ref>{{efn|Among young urban middle-class women, for example, a proficiency in classical dance is sometimes a sought-after social achievement.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} India also has local and modern dance traditions.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Whether a dance is classical is determined by the [[Sangeet Natak Academi]], the Indian government's organisation for performing arts.{{efn|The classical status increases a dance's visibility and attracts more funding from agencies and ticket purchases from audiences.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} Although more dances could perhaps meet the criteria for classical, the Akademi has chosen eight.{{efn|Given the geographical distribution of the chosen dances and their stylistic range, the choices could be seen as a facet of India's ethos of national integration.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;"
|+ Classical Dances of India<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |year=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref>
|-
! Serial number !! Dance !! Indigenous to: State !! Region !! Type or origin !! Musical accompaniment
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Bharatanatyam]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[South India]]|| style="text-align:center;"| Temple dance || style="text-align:center;"| [[Melam|Cinna Melam]], [[Carnatic music]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kathak]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[North India]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Court dance]]|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Hindustani music]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kathakali]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kerala]] || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| [[Madhalam]] drum ensembles; [[Sopana Sangeetham|Sopana]] vocal music
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Kuchipudi]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama|| style="text-align:center;"| Carnatic music ensemble
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Northeast India]] || style="text-align:center;"| Temple/ritual dance || style="text-align:center;"| Ensemble comprising [[Pung Cholom]], flutes, trumpets, [[Tanbur|Tambura]], [[Pena (musical instrument)|Pena]], and cymbals
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Mohiniattam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Kerala || style="text-align:center;"| South India || style="text-align:center;"|Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| Carnatic ensemble
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Odissi]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[East India]] || style="text-align:center;"| Temple dance || style="text-align:center;"|Ensemble of Hindustani music instruments: [[pakhavaj]], [[sitar]], flute, cymbals, [[harmonium]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| [[Sattriya]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Assam]] || style="text-align:center;"| Northeast India || style="text-align:center;"| Dance-drama || style="text-align:center;"| [[Borgeet]] accompanied by [[khol]] drums and cymbals.
|}
The best-known classical dance is Bharatnatyam, which began in the temple dances of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[devadasi]]s.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Identified with "prostitutes and courtesans", their dancing was formally banned in 1947.{{efn|As per the [[Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act]] after agitation from the Indian middle and upper classes.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />}} Concurrently, the dance was rehabilitated as a "pure" art form, with [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] as a prominent figure. A devdasi who went on to attain national and international prominence was [[Balasaraswati|Thanjavur Balasaraswati]].<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Some sources consider the dance-dramas [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Odisha]] and [[Yakshagana]] of [[Karnataka]] to also belong to the classical tradition.<ref name=burch-2013>{{cite book |author=Frank Burch Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-972103-0 |pages=195–196}}, Quote: All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya, and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world."</ref>

Local dance traditions vary widely across India. In addition to the dance-dramas Chhau and Yakshagana, they include dance-dramas [[Raslila]] of western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Terukkuttu]] of Tamil Nadu; calendrical and festival dances such as the [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] of Punjab, especially at [[Vaisakhi]], the onset of spring, and [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] of [[Gujarat]] during [[Navratri]]; and tribal or [[Adivasi]] dances, such as those of the [[Santal]] and [[Toda people]], the latter, for example, in honour of the god [[Toda_people#Religion|Ön]] who brought buffalo to earth.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />

Among 20th-century directions is the [[modern dance]] of [[Uday Shankar]] in which classical styles were employed but not adhered to rigidly. Examples are dance-dramas based on the ancient Indian [[Animal fable|animal fables]], ''[[Panchatantra]]'', and Nehru's mid-century meditation on Indian history, ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Dance has been an essential aspect of Indian films from the first [[talkies]] of the 1930s. The individual and group dances of [[Bollywood]], for example, show a broad range of influences, including classical, local, and Western popular dance.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" /> Towards the end of the 20th century, innovations in [[British South Asian]] music and dance, such as [[Music_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1990s)#Post-Bhangra|Post-Bhangra]], fed back into dance in India.<ref name="vatsyayan-lord" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Kathakali of Kerala at Nishagandhi dance festival 2024 (266).jpg|The ''Kathakali'' dance of [[Kerala]]
File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|The ''Bharatanatyam'' dance of [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Kathak Solo Performance (8).jpg| The ''Kathak'' dance of northern India absorbed Persian and Central Asian influences during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]].
</gallery>

=== Clothing ===
{{Main|Clothing in India}}

From ancient times until the advent of the modern, the most widely worn traditional dress in India was [[Draped garment|draped]].<ref name="Tarlo1996-26">{{harvnb|Tarlo|1996|p=26}}</ref> For women it took the form of a [[sari]], a single piece of cloth many yards long.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> The sari was traditionally wrapped around the lower body and the shoulder.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> In its modern form, it is combined with an underskirt, or Indian [[Petticoat#Asian petticoats|petticoat]], and tucked in along the waist band for more secure fastening. It is also commonly worn with an Indian [[blouse]], or [[choli]], which serves as the primary upper-body garment, the sari's end—passing over the shoulder—covering the midriff and obscuring the upper body's contours.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26" /> For men, a similar but shorter length of cloth, the [[dhoti]], has served as a lower-body garment.<ref name="Tarlo1996-26-28">{{harvnb|Tarlo|1996|pp=26–28}}</ref>

The use of stitched clothes became widespread after Muslim rule was established by the [[Delhi sultanate]] ({{Circa|1300 CE}}) and continued by the [[Mughal Empire]] ({{Circa|1525 CE}}).<ref name="Rahman-Alkazi2002">{{citation |last=Alkazi |first=Roshen |editor=Rahman, Abdur |title=India's Interaction with China, Central and West Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZvpAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-565789-0 |pages=464–484 |chapter=Evolution of Indian Costume as a result of the links between Central Asia and India in ancient and medieval times}}</ref> Among the garments introduced during this time and still commonly worn are: the [[Shalwar kameez|shalwar]]s and [[pyjama]]s, both styles of trousers, and the tunics [[kurta]] and [[kameez]].<ref name="Rahman-Alkazi2002" /> Shalwars are atypically wide at the waist but narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.<ref name="StevensonWaite2011">{{citation |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1272 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=3 September 2019 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=1272}}</ref> When the pants are cut quite narrow, on the [[Grain (textile)#Bias|bias]], they are called [[churidar]]s. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic.<ref name="StevensonWaite2011-b">{{citation |last1=Stevenson |first1=Angus |last2=Waite |first2=Maurice |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA774 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |page=774}}</ref> Its side seams left open below the waistline.<ref>{{citation |url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418 |author=Platts, John T. (John Thompson) |title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English |location=London |page=418 |publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]] |year=1884 |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204345/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418}} (online; updated February 2015)</ref> The kurta is traditionally collarless and made of cotton or silk; it is worn plain or with embroidered decoration, such as [[chikankari]]; and typically falls to either just above or just below the wearer's knees.<ref name="Shukla2015">{{citation |last=Shukla |first=Pravina |title=The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-02121-2 |page=71}}</ref>

In the last 50 years, fashions have changed a great deal in India. Increasingly, in urban northern India, the sari is no longer the apparel of everyday wear, though they remain popular on formal occasions. The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger urban women, who favour churidars or jeans. In office settings, ubiquitous air conditioning allows men to wear sports jackets year-round. For weddings and formal occasions, men in the middle and upper classes often wear bandhgala, or short [[Nehru jackets]], with pants, with the groom and his [[groomsmen]] sporting [[sherwani]]s and churidars.<ref name="Dwyer2014">{{citation |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India |pages=244–245 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqwBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=978-1-78023-304-8 |author-link=Rachel Dwyer}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Water pump, Varanasi (15563170660) Cropped.jpg|A man in [[dhoti]] and woollen shawl in [[Varanasi]]
File:India School.jpg|Women in [[sari]] at an adult literacy class in [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:GroupFromNorthEastIndiaAtTaj.jpg|Female tourists from [[Manipur]] in shawl and [[phanek]]—lower-body garment similar to a [[sarong]], and made of a rectangular piece of cloth with one pair of opposite sides stitched together<ref name=phanek>{{cite book|last=Haripriya|first = Soibam| chapter = Irom Sharmila's Poetry and the Problem of Anthologizing Indian Literature| title = The Oxford Handbook of Modern Indian Literatures|editor1-last = Anjaria| editor1-first = Ulka|editor2-last = Nerleker| editor2-first = Anjali= |publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2024 | page = 423 | isbn = 978-0-19-764791-2}}</ref>
File:Women of Puducherry.jpg|Women in [[shalwar-kameez]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
</gallery>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Indian cuisine}}

The foundation of a typical Indian meal is a cereal cooked plainly and complemented with savoury dishes.<ref name="Davidson2014-p409">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=409}}</ref> The cooked cereal could be steamed rice; [[chapati]], a thin unleavened bread;<ref name="Davidson2014-p161">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=161 |quote=Chapatis are made from finely milled whole-wheat flour, called chapati flour or atta, and water. The dough is rolled into thin rounds which vary in size from region to region and then cooked without fat or oil on a slightly curved griddle called a tava.}}</ref> [[idli]], a steamed breakfast cake; or [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], a griddled pancake.<ref name=tamang-yeast-idlidosa>{{citation |last1=Tamang |first1=J. P. |last2=Fleet |first2=G. H. |editor1-last=Satyanarayana |editor1-first=T. |editor2-last=Kunze |editor2-first=G. |chapter=Yeasts Diversity in Fermented Foods and Beverages |title=Yeast Biotechnology: Diversity and Applications |publisher=Springer |page=180 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLFmiervaqMC&pg=PA180 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-8292-4 |quote=Idli is an acid-leavened and steamed cake made by bacterial fermentation of a thick batter made from coarsely ground rice and dehulled black gram. Idli cakes are soft, moist and spongy, have desirable sour flavour, and is eaten as breakfast in South India. Dosa batter is very similar to idli batter, except that both the rice and black gram are finely grounded. The batter is thinner than that of idli and is fried as a thin, crisp pancake and eaten directly in South India.}}</ref> The savoury dishes might include [[lentil]]s, [[pulses]], vegetables, meat, poultry and fish commonly spiced with [[ginger root|ginger]] and [[garlic]], but also [[coriander]], [[cumin]], [[turmeric]], [[cinnamon]], [[cardamom]] and others.<ref name="Davidson2014-p409" /> In some instances, the ingredients may be mixed during the cooking process.<ref name=jhala-princely-biryani>{{citation |last=Jhala |first=Angma Day |title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India |publisher=Routledge |page=70 |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-31657-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGpECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |quote=With the ascent of the Mughal Empire in sixteenth-century India, Turkic, Persian and Afghan traditions of dress, 'architecture and cuisine' were adopted by non-Muslim indigenous elites in South Asia. In this manner, Central Asian cooking merged with older traditions within the subcontinent, to create such signature dishes as biryani (a fusion of the Persian pilau and the spice-laden dishes of Hindustan), and the Kashmiri meat stew of Rogan Josh. It not only generated new dishes and entire cuisines, but also fostered novel modes of eating. Such newer trends included the consumption of Persian condiments, which relied heavily on almonds, pastries and quince jams, alongside Indian achars made from sweet limes, green vegetables and curds as side relishes during Mughlai meals.}}</ref> India has distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents.<ref name="Davidson2014-p410">{{citation |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA410 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |page=410}}</ref> About 20% to 39% of India's population consists of vegetarians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=4 April 2018 |title=The myth of the Indian vegetarian nation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=16 July 2025 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808011417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Religion in India: Tolerance and Segregation {{!}} Religion and food |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religion-and-food/ |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Although meat is eaten widely, the proportional consumption of meat is low.<ref name="SahakianSaloma2016-50">{{citation |last1=Sahakian |first1=Marlyne |last2=Saloma |first2=Czarina |last3=Erkman |first3=Suren |title=Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBIxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |year=2016 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-317-31050-1 |page=50}}</ref>

The most significant import of cooking techniques into India during the last millennium occurred during the [[Mughal Empire]], spreading into northern India from regions to its northwest,<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007">{{citation |last=Collingham |first=Elizabeth M. |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pH88DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-532001-5 |page=25}}</ref> along with dishes such as [[pilaf]].{{sfn|Roger|2000}}<ref name=sengupta-74>{{citation |last=Sengupta |first=Jayanta |editor=Freedman, Paul |editor2=Chaplin, Joyce E. |editor3=Albala, Ken |title=Food in Time and Place: The American Historical Association Companion to Food History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNQkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |year=2014 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-27745-8 |page=74 |chapter=India}}</ref> Onions, garlic, almonds, and spices were added to the simple yogurt marinade of Persia.<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007" /> Rice was partially cooked and layered alternately with sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce [[biryani]],<ref name="CollinghamCollingham2007" /> a feature of festive dining in many parts of India.<ref name=nandy2004>{{citation |last1=Nandy |first1=Ashis |author-link=Ashis Nandy |title=The Changing Popular Culture of Indian Food: Preliminary Notes |journal=[[South Asia Research]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1177/0262728004042760 }}</ref>

The diversity of Indian food served worldwide has been partially concealed by the dominance of [[Punjabi cuisine]]. The popularity of [[tandoori chicken]]—cooked in a [[tandoor]] oven, which had traditionally been used for baking bread in the rural Punjab and the Delhi region, especially among Muslims, but which is originally from [[Central Asia]]—dates to the 1950s, and was caused in large part by an entrepreneurial response among people from the Punjab who had been displaced by the 1947 partition.<ref name="Davidson2014-p410" />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Making Khameeri Roti in Tandoor in Turkman Gate Old Delhi.webm|A tandoor chef in the [[Turkman Gate]], [[Old Delhi]], makes ''Khameeri roti'', a Muslim-influenced style of [[Bread#Leavening|leavened bread]].{{efn|The [[Central Asia]]n custom of buying bread outside the home accompanied the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] to India.<ref name=bloomsbury-indian-khameri-roti>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Megha |editor1-last=Taylor Sen |editor1-first=Colleen |editor2-last=Bhattacharyya |editor2-first=Sourish |editor3-last=Saberi |editor3-first=Helen |chapter=Breads |title=The Blooomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |location=London, New York, and Dublin |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-3501-2863-7 |page=60 |quote=''Khamiri roti'' is the Indian version of [[sourdough bread]]. "Khamir" means yeast or starter in [[Urdu]]. ... It is made in a tandoor. ... The culture of purchasaing breads from outside is Central Asian and came to India with the Mughals. The best ''khamiri roti'' is sold in various shops in [[Old Delhi]] run by people who claim to be the direct descendants of the cooks who worked for the Mughals and use the same recipe as their ancestors.}}</ref>}}<ref name="Panjabi1995">{{citation |last=Panjabi |first=Camellia |title=The Great Curries of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYCFJMLZ_-4C&pg=PA158 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-684-80383-8 |pages=158– |quote=The Muslim influenced breads of India are leavened, like ''naan'', ''Khamiri roti'', ...}}</ref>
File:South Indian Thali Cropped.jpg|South Indian vegetarian [[thali]], or platter
File:Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|[[Machher jhol]], a spicy fish curry eaten in eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh
File:Khairdeen, alias Pritam, relishing a mango at the dusk of his life 05.jpg|[[Mango]], the national fruit of India, is eaten widely in the summer months.<ref name=mango-national-fruit>{{cite book|last1 = Haidar | first1 = Sakina | last2 = Hussain | first2 = Sajjad | last3 = Naz | first3 = Safina | last4 = Ali |first4 = Sajid | last5 = Noor | first5 = Anam | chapter = Introduction and History of Mango | title = Handbook of Research on Mango Fruit: Postharvest Science, Production, Nutrition, and Processing Technology |editor1-first = Sajjad | editor1-last = Hussain | editor2-last = Nahar| editor2-first = Kamrun| editor3-last = Rajwana| editor3-first = Ishtiaq A.| editor4-last = Ercisli|editor4-first= Sezai| editor5-last= Ahmad| editor5-first = Shakeel| publisher = CRC Press, Routledge | year = 2025 | page = 1–2 |isbn = 978-1-77964-338-4}}</ref>{{efn|Genetic studies have shown that mangos were first domesticated in the region between northeastern India, northwestern Myanmar, and Bangladesh.<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=20 April 2017 |volume=8 |article-number=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmid=28473837 |pmc=5397511 |bibcode=2017FrPS....8..577K |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2019 |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W}}</ref>}}
</gallery>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in India}}

Several traditional indigenous sports such as ''[[kabaddi]]'', ''[[kho kho]]'', ''[[pehlwani]]'' and ''[[gilli-danda]]'', and also [[Indian martial arts|martial arts]], such as ''[[Kalarippayattu]]'' and ''[[marma adi]]'' remain popular. [[Chess]] is commonly held to have [[History of chess#India|originated in India]] as ''[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]'';{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = 2}} There has been a rise in the number of Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]].{{sfn|Rediff 2008 b}} [[Viswanathan Anand]] became the undisputed [[World Chess Championship 2007|Chess World Champion in 2007]] and held the status until 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen |title=Candidates' R13: Anand Draws, Clinches Rematch with Carlsen |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111220728/https://www.chessvibes.com/candidates%E2%80%99-r13-anand-draws-clinches-rematch-with-carlsen |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Parcheesi]] is derived from ''[[Pachisi]]'' another traditional Indian pastime, which in early modern times was played on a giant marble court by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Binmore|2007|p = 98}}

[[Cricket in India|Cricket]] is the most popular sport in India.<ref>{{citation |last=Shores |first=Lori |title=Teens in India |date=15 February 2007 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050252/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPQmbyiS-iEC |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Compass Point Books]] |isbn=978-0-7565-2063-2}}</ref> [[India national cricket team|India]] is one of the more successful cricket teams, having won two [[Cricket World Cup]]s, three [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cups]], and three [[ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophies]]. [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] has won a record eight [[field hockey]] gold medals in the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |title=What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now? |website=India Today |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013320/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/independence-day-india-at-70-cricket-football-hockey-kabaddi-1029624-2017-08-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Indian-Hockey-Team-Berlin-1936.jpg|The Indian hockey team, captained by [[Dhyan Chand]] (standing second from left), after winning the finals at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] – their third of six consecutive Olympic golds
File:President of Bharat Smt. Droupadi Murmu confers Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award on Shri Gukesh Dommaraju.jpg|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]], the reigning world chess champion,<ref name=guardian-gukesh>{{citation|last=Graham |first = Bryan Armen| title = Gukesh Dommaraju becomes youngest world chess champion after horrific Ding Liren blunder | journal = Guardian | date = 12 December 2024|url= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/dec/12/gukesh-dommaraju-india-wins-world-chess-championship-youngest-champion-ding-liren}}</ref> receives India's highest sporting honour, the [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award|Dhyan Chand Award]] from India's president [[Droupadi Murmu]], January 17, 2025.
File:Sachin defends the ball.jpg|Indian [[cricket]] player [[Sachin Tendulkar]], the highest [[Run (cricket)|run]]-getter in [[test cricket]], playing a defensive stroke against Australia in [[Bangalore]], 2010
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
===Overview===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation |title=India |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|Central Intelligence Agency}} |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |date=December 2004 |title=Country Profile: India |edition=5th |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |publisher=Library of Congress [[Federal Research Division]] |url=https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131058/https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=30 September 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Heitzman |first1=James |last2=Worden |first2=Robert L. |year=1996 |title=India: A Country Study |series=Area Handbook Series |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |place=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0833-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiacountrystud0000unse }}

* {{citation |title=Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner]] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |ref={{sfnRef|Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 India}} |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909032654/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |url-status=live }}
* Robinson, Francis, ed. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives'' (1989)
* {{citation |date=24 January 1950 |title=Constituent Assembly of India – Volume XII |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |access-date=17 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173243/https://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}
{{refend}}

===Etymology===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Barrow |first=Ian J. |title=From Hindustan to India: Naming change in changing names |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=26 |pages=37–49 |number=1 |year=2003 |doi=10.1080/085640032000063977}}
* {{cite journal |last=Clémentin-Ojha |first=Catherine |title='India, that is Bharat...': One Country, Two Names |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |volume=10 |year=2014 |doi=10.4000/samaj.3717 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3717 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928035644/https://samaj.revues.org/3717}}
* {{cite book |last=Thieme |first=P. |chapter=Sanskrit ''sindu-/Sindhu-'' and Old Iranian ''hindu-/Hindu-'' |editor1=Mary Boyce |editor2=Ilya Gershevitch |year=1970 |title=W. B. Henning Memorial Volume |publisher=[[Lund Humphries]] |isbn=978-0-85331-255-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3UBAAAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}

===History===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2006 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2008 |title=India Before Europe t |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-51750-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=C. B. |last2=Talbot |first2=C. |year=2022 |title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-42816-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=J. M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=1994 |title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy |edition=2nd |series=[[The Short Oxford History of the Modern World]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-873113-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Coningham |first1=Robin |last2=Young |first2=Ruth |title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-84697-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Copland |first=I. |year=2001 |title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire |publisher=[[Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-38173-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=On Hinduism |pages=xviii, 10 |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-936009-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Elverskog |first=Johan |title=The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5183-8 |year=2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA35 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Marc Jason |title=South Asia in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |series=The New Oxford World History series |pages=54–56 |isbn=978-0-19-517653-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Denis |year=2004 |title=The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 |publisher=Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280 |isbn=978-0-19-280358-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=H. |last2=Rothermund |first2=D. |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |year=2004 |title=A History of India |series=4th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=H. |last2=Rothermund |first2=D. |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |year=2016 |title=A History of India |series=6th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-96114-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The Syntax and Semantics of Adjectival Verb Forms |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-100505-3 |pages= |quote=}}
* {{cite book |last=Ludden |first=D. |year=2002 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-237-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Ludden |first=D. |year=2014 |title=India and South Asia: A Short History |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-936-1 |edition=2nd, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author1-link=Barbara Metcalf |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}}
* {{cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021259/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Peers |first=D. M. |year=2006 |title=India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]] |isbn=978-0-582-31738-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice: Hindu Practice |pages= |year=2020 |editor=Gavin Flood |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yT3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-105322-1 |author-link=Gavin Flood}}
* {{cite journal |last=Iori |first=Elisa |year=2023 |title=Releasing Urban Religion beyond the City Wall: The Spatial Capital of Early Buddhist Monasticism in NW South Asia |journal=Numen |volume=70 |issue=2–3 |pages=184–219 |doi=10.1163/15685276-20231691 |doi-access=free |hdl=10278/5079362 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{citation |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie |title=The Rigveda |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-063339-4 |last2=Brereton |first2=Joel |author-link1=Stephanie W. Jamison}}
*{{cite book |last=Mattern |first=Susan |title=The Slow Moon Climbs: The Science, History, and Meaning of Menopause |location=Princeton, NJ, and London |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-691-17163-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-100709-5 |editor=Patrick Olivelle, Donald R. Davis |location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book |last=Peers |first=D. M. |year=2013 |title=India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-88286-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ |access-date=13 August 2019}}
* {{cite book |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael D. |last2=Allchin |first2=Bridget |author-link2=Bridget Allchin |editor=Michael Petraglia |editor2=Bridget Allchin |title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA6 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1 |chapter=Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent}}
* {{cite book |last=Possehl |first=G. |author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |year=2003 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Rowman Altamira]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC}}
* {{cite book |last=Robb |first=P. |title=A History of India |year=2001 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]] |isbn=978-0-333-69129-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete}}
* {{cite book |last=Robb |first=P. |title=A History of India |year=2011 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-34549-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC}}
*{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |title=India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00910-3 |year=2012}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=S. |year=1983 |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-333-90425-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |year=2009 |publisher=[[Longman]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |year=2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-98128-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Spear |first=Percival |author-link=Percival Spear |title=History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century |publisher=Penguin |year=1990 |orig-year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC |isbn=978-0-140-13836-8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sripati |first=V. |year=1998 |title=Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (1950–2000) |journal=[[American University International Law Review]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=413–496}}

* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=B. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=D. |year=2010 |title=A History of India |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |place=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}
* {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=Gavin D. Flood |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C |access-date=15 March 2012 |year=2003 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |chapter=Vedas and Upanișads}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=S. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2003 |title=A New History of India |edition=7th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-516678-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |author-link=Rita P. Wright |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ |access-date=29 September 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press & Assessment|Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}}
{{refend}}

===Geography===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=J. R. |last2=Aitchison |first2=J. C. |year=2005 |title=Greater India |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=170–173 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005 |bibcode=2005ESRv...72..169A}}
* {{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Mahua |last2=Xavier |first2=Savarimuthu |year=2017 |title=Fundamentals of Environmental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXmLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-87051-8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chang |first=J. H. |year=1967 |title=The Indian Summer Monsoon |periodical=[[Geographical Review]] |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=373–396 |doi=10.2307/212640 |jstor=212640 |publisher=[[American Geographical Society]], Wiley |bibcode=1967GeoRv..57..373C}}
* {{cite book |year=1988 |title=Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988 |publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf |access-date=25 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}} |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163118/https://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Schwartzberg |first2=Joseph E. |author2-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=India: Land |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=2023 |pages=1–29 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084916/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Duff |first=D. |author-link=Donald Duff (geologist and author) |year=1993 |title=Holmes Principles of Physical Geology |edition=4th |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7487-4381-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6vknq9SfIIC&pg=PT353}}
* {{cite book |last1=Frisch |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Meschede |first2=Martin |last3=Blakey |first3=Ronald |title=Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-76503-5 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2 |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaul |first=R. N. |editor-last=Kaul |editor-first=R. N. |year=1970 |chapter=The Indian Subcontinent: Indo-Pakistan |title=Afforestation in Arid Zones |isbn=978-94-010-3352-7 |location=The Hague |publisher=Dr. W. Junk, N.V., Publishers}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Sanil |last2=Pathak |first2=K. C. |last3=Pednekar |first3=P. |last4=Raju |first4=N. S. N. |last5=Gowthaman |first5=R. |year=2006 |title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline |periodical=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=530–536 |url=https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908141613/https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2009}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mcgrail |first1=Sean |last2=Blue |first2=Lucy |last3=Kentley |first3=Eric |last4=Palmer |first4=Colin |year=2003 |title=Boats of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1eBAgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-43130-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Molnar |first=Peter |title=Plate Tectonics: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-872826-9}}
* {{cite book |year=2007 |title=India Yearbook 2007 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-1423-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Posey |first=C. A. |year=1994 |title=The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather |publisher=[[Reader's Digest Association|Reader's Digest]] |isbn=978-0-89577-625-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/livingearthbooko00pose}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=B. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Rao |first3=M. S. |last4=Giri |first4=S. C. |year=2000 |title=Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=438–449 |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|Prakash et al.|2000}} |archive-date=4 May 2011 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504075319/https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwar |editor-last=Mani |editor-first=M. S. |year=1974 |chapter=The Ecology of Vertebrates of the Indian Desert |title=Ecology and Biogeography in India |location=The Hague |publisher=Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers |isbn=978-94-010-2333-7}}
{{refend}}

===Biodiversity===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book |last=Basak |first=R. K. |year=1983 |title=Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities |publisher=India. [[Department of Environment]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ |access-date=20 July 2011}}
* {{citation |last1=Crame |first1=J. A. |last2=Owen |first2=A. W. |year=2002 |title=Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations |series=Geological Society Special Publication |issue=194 |publisher=[[Geological Society of London]] |isbn=978-1-86239-106-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142 |access-date=8 December 2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Karanth |first1=K. Ullas |last2=Gopal |first2=Rajesh |editor=Rosie Woodroffe |editor2=Simon Thirgood |editor3=Alan Rabinowitz |year=2005 |title=People and Wildlife, Conflict Or Co-existence? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vNzRzcjntAC |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-53203-7 |chapter=An ecology-based policy framework for human-tiger coexistence in India}}
* {{cite journal |last=Karanth |first=K. P. |year=2006 |title=Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=789–792 |url=https://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf |access-date=18 May 2011 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223533/https://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Tritsch |first=M. F. |year=2001 |title=Wildlife of India |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |place=London |isbn=978-0-00-711062-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildlifeofindia0000trit}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Groombridge |editor-first=Brian |date=1994 |title=1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0194-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4 |ref={{SfnRef|IUCN|1994}}}}
* {{cite book |date=9 September 1972 |title=Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]] |url=https://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html |access-date=25 July 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Ministry of Environment and Forests 1972}} |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716175843/http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

===Politics===
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sumanta |title=Civilising the BJP |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |date=22 July 2005 |volume=40 |issue=29 |pages=3116–3119 |jstor=4416896}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhambhri |first=C. P. |year=1992 |title=Politics in India, 1991–1992 |publisher=Shipra |isbn=978-81-85402-17-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ |access-date=20 July 2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Burnell |first1=P. J. |last2=Calvert |first2=P. |year=1999 |title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7146-8026-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271 |access-date=20 July 2011}}
* {{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 May 2009 |title=Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072031/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/second-upa-win-a-crowning-glory-for-sonia-s-ascendancy-109051600183_1.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Business Standard|2009}} |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] India |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of}}
* {{cite book |last=Chander |first=N. J. |year=2004 |title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-092-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117 |access-date=20 July 2011}}
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{{refend}}

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Kochi Water Metro

2026-05-07T14:50:50Z

YourPritam7: Created Page...

{{short description|Integrated ferry transport system in Kochi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox public transit
| name = Kochi Water Metro
| image = Kochi Water Metro Logo.png
| alt =
| imagesize =
| image2 = [[File:KWM Boat.jpg|frameless|center|upright=1.35]]
| caption2 =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]] (74%)
 [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited|KMRL]] (26%)
| locale = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| transit_type = Water Metro
| lines = 16 (Planned) 6 (Operational)
| stations = 38 (Total) 10 (Operational)
| ridership =
| system_length = {{cvt|76|km}}
| daily_ridership = 34,000
| chief_executive = [[Lokanath Behera]]
| headquarters = [[J. L. N. Stadium metro station]] 4th Floor, [[Kaloor]], Kochi, Kerala
| website = {{URL|https://watermetro.co.in|KWM}}
| operation_started =
| began_operation = {{start date and age|2023|04|26|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |author=Amit Chaturvedi |title=India's First Water Metro To Be Inaugurated In Kochi Today: 5 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-first-water-metro-to-be-inaugurated-in-kochi-on-tuesday-5-points-3974915 |website=NDTV |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425025045/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-first-water-metro-to-be-inaugurated-in-kochi-on-tuesday-5-points-3974915 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| line_number = {{Unbulleted list|[[Vypin water metro station|Vypin]]--[[High Court water metro station|High Court]]|[[Vyttila water metro station|Vyttila]]--[[Kakkanad water metro station|Kakkanad]]|[[South Chittoor water metro station|South Chittoor]]--[[High Court water metro station|High Court]]|[[South Chittoor water metro station|South Chittoor]]--[[Cheranallur water metro station|Cheranelloor]]|[[High Court water metro station|High Court]]--[[Fort Kochi water metro station|Fort Kochi]]|[[High Court water metro station|High Court]] -- [[Willingdon Island Water Metro Station|Willingdon Island]] -- [[Mattancherry Water Metro Station|Mattancherry]]}}
| operator = [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited|KMRL]]
| vehicles = 23
| headway = 10 - 20 minutes
| average_speed = {{convert|8|kn|km/h}}
| top_speed = {{convert|10|kn|km/h}}
| map =
| map_name =
| map_state =
}}

'''Kochi Water Metro''' is a passenger [[ferry]] system serving the [[Kochi metropolitan area|Greater Kochi]] region in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the first water metro system in India and the first integrated water transport system of this size in Asia. When fully operational, it will connect [[Kochi]]'s 10 island communities with the [[Ernakulam|mainland]] through a fleet of 78 [[Electric boat|hybrid electric boats]] operating along 38 terminals and 16 routes spanning {{Convert|76|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2023 |title=Kochi Water Metro is Asia's first integrated water transport system: Chief Minister |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thiruvananthapuram/2023/04/25/pinarayi-vijayan-about-kochi-water-metro-project.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101856/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thiruvananthapuram/2023/04/25/pinarayi-vijayan-about-kochi-water-metro-project.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is integrated with the [[Kochi Metro]] and serves as a feeder service to the suburbs along the rivers where transport access is limited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-22 |title=Water metro tops priority list |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Water-metro-tops-priority-list/article14396969.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020175431/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Water-metro-tops-priority-list/article14396969.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Construction started in 2016, and the first route between [[Vyttila]] and [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]] was inaugurated in February 2021 by [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-water-metro-be-first-country-gets-clearance-centre-111454 |title=Water metro clears last environmental hurdle |newspaper=The News Minute |date=30 Oct 2019 |accessdate=23 Dec 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223133225/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-water-metro-be-first-country-gets-clearance-centre-111454 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was officially inaugurated and opened to passengers by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Shaju |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kochi Water Metro: What is this public boat service? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pm-modi-inaugurates-kochi-water-metro-what-is-this-public-boat-service-8574754/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=2023-04-25}}</ref> As of September 22, 2025, the Kochi Water Metro has served over 5 million passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi Water Metro: Touches 50 Lakh Passenger Milestone in 29 Months |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kochi-water-metro-touches-50-lakh-passenger-mark-3737706 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kochi Water Metro-Inside.jpg|thumb|Passengers inside the Kochi Water Metro boat]]
In 2020, the Kochi Water Metro ordered 23 [[Electric boat|electric ferries]], as part of the first stage of a project to introduce 78 [[Zero emission|zero-emission]] vessels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kochi Water Metro |url=https://echandia.se/projects/kochi-water-metro/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Echandia |language=en}}</ref> The ferries were ordered to be built by [[Cochin Shipyard]], with propulsion systems designed by [[Siemens]] and Echandia.<ref name=":0" /> Cochin Shipyard delivered the first of 23 electric ferries in January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cochin Shipyard handovers India's first Water Metro ferry to Kochi Metro |url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cochin-shipyard-handovers-indias-first-water-metro-ferry-to-kochi-metro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128072348/https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cochin-shipyard-handovers-indias-first-water-metro-ferry-to-kochi-metro |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=Urban Transport News}}</ref>

The phase 1 consists of 3 lines out of which the [[Vyttila Mobility Hub|Vyttila]]-[[InfoPark Kochi|InfoPark]] was inaugurated on 15 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi will have to wait longer for Water Metro |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/jan/10/kochi-will-have-to-wait-longer-for-water-metro-2404965.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408082553/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/jan/10/kochi-will-have-to-wait-longer-for-water-metro-2404965.html |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> The [[Vypin water metro station|Vypin]]-[[Kerala High Court|High Court]] line began service on 26 April 2023 and the Vyttila-[[Kakkanad water metro station|Kakkanad]] line began service on 27 April 2023. Phase 1 is expected to be fully operational in 2024 and on becoming so, it is expected to serve 34,000 passengers a day. The entire water metro system is expected to become fully operational by 2035 with a daily ridership of 1.5 lakh passengers. The annual carbon emissions is also expected to reduce by 44,000 tonnes once the project is fully operational.

In January 2025, the Kochi Water Metro added an emergency response boat to its fleet, meant to respond to potential accidents, fires, and natural disasters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Kochi Water Metro gets Emergency Response Boat |url=https://watermetro.co.in/news/kochi-water-metro-gets-emergency-response-boat |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Kochi Water Metro |language=en}}</ref>

==Routes and Terminals==
{{Expand section|date=December 2022}}
[[File:High Court water metro station.jpg|thumb|High Court water metro station]]
[[File:Kochi Water Metro Boat at High Court Boat Jetty 2023-09-30-16-09-15-149.jpg|thumb|Kochi Water Metro Boat at Highcourt Boat Jetty]]
[[File:Kochi Water Metro Route.png|thumb|Route Map of Kochi Water Metro|250 px]]
Kochi is mostly surrounded by backwaters and bordered by the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is interconnected by hundreds of waterways, which offers a way to make the public transport system much more accessible and environment friendly. Water Metro is expected to solve the travel issues of the islanders of [[Willingdon Island|Willington]], [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]], [[Vypin|Vypeen]], [[Edakochi]], [[Nettoor]], [[Vyttila]], [[Eroor]], [[Kakkanad]], and [[Mulavukad]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=Mar 6, 2022 |title=3 Water Metro Terminals Ready For Functioning {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/3-water-metro-terminals-ready-for-functioning/articleshow/90023342.cms |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227181049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/3-water-metro-terminals-ready-for-functioning/articleshow/90023342.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A high-speed service connecting [[Aluva]], [[Kalady]] and the [[Cochin International Airport]] via the [[Periyar River|Periyar river]] has been proposed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi Metro services till 11 pm from Sunday: Details |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2026/02/13/kochi-metro-services-shivaratri.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=@onmanorama}}</ref>

* In the first phase, the water metro started sailing on two routes, [[High Court water metro station|High Court]] to [[Vypin water metro station|Vypin]] and [[Vyttila water metro station|Vyttila]] to [[Kakkanad water metro station|Kakkanad]] with eight electric-hybrid boats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi on 2-day Kerala visit, will launch India's first water metro, meet church leaders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-to-launch-country-first-water-metro-in-kochi-tomorrow-2363842-2023-04-24 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=India Today |date=24 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424053506/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-to-launch-country-first-water-metro-in-kochi-tomorrow-2363842-2023-04-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 14 March 2024, two new routes and four stations were inaugurated. One route is from High Court station to [[South Chittoor water metro station|South Chittoor]], through [[Bolgatty water metro station|Bolgatty]] and [[Mulavukad North water metro station|Mulavukad North]], while the other route is from South Chittoor to [[Cheranallur water metro station|Cheranelloor]] through [[Eloor water metro station|Eloor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=രണ്ട് പുതിയ റൂട്ടിലേക്ക് കൊച്ചി വാട്ടർ മെട്രോയെത്തുന്നു; നാല് ടെർമിനലുകളുടെ ഉദ്ഘാടനം വ്യാഴാഴ്ച്ച |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/kochi-water-metro-to-two-new-routes-inauguration-of-four-terminals-on-thursday/articleshow/108436258.cms |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
* On 11 October 2025, two new routes and two stations inaugurated: High Court to new Willindon Island station and High Court to new Mattancherry station.

===Stations in service===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!Station name
!Image
|-
!1
|[[Eloor water metro station|Eloor]]
|-
!2
|[[Cheranallur water metro station|Cheranallur]]
|-
!3
|[[South Chittoor water metro station|South Chittoor]]
|-
!4
|[[High Court water metro station|High Court]]
|[[File:High Court water metro station in Kochi.jpg|150px]]
|-
!5
|[[Vypin water metro station|Vypin]]
|[[File:Vypin water metro station.jpg|150px]]
|-
!6
|[[Fort Kochi water metro station|Fort Kochi]]
|-
!7
|[[Vyttila water metro station|Vyttila]]
|[[File:Vyttila water metro station entry.jpg|150px]]
|-
!8
|[[Kakkanad water metro station|Kakkanad]]
|[[File:Kakkanad Water Metro station.jpg|150px]]
|-
!9
|[[Willingdon Island Water Metro Station|Willingdon Island]]
|
|-
!10
|[[Mattancherry Water Metro Station|Mattancherry]]
|[[File:Mattancherry Water Metro Station.jpg|184x184px]]
|}

==Funding==
The total cost of the Water Metro project is {{INRConvert|1137|c}}. The [[KfW]] Development Bank will be providing EUR 85 million as long-term soft loan and the Government of Kerala and KMRL will be contributing {{INRConvert|102|c}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/KMRL-German-bank-to-sign-pact-for-Water-Metro/2016/07/22/article3541131.ece | title=KMRL, German bank to sign pact for Water Metro | publisher=New Indian Express | date=22 July 2016 | accessdate=22 July 2016 | archive-date=23 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192851/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/KMRL-German-bank-to-sign-pact-for-Water-Metro/2016/07/22/article3541131.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=E |first=Krishna Kumar K. |date=2025-04-18 |title=Germany happy with Kochi Water Metro, keen to fund more vessels |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Apr/18/germany-happy-with-kochi-water-metro-keen-to-fund-more-vessels |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==
===Fare collection===
The minimum ticket price of the metro system is 20 rupees and the maximum ticket charge is 40 rupees. Weekly passes are available at 180 rupees whereas a monthly pass costs 600 rupees and a quarterly 1500. Single journey tickets and various travel passes are available from the ticket counters in the terminals. Water Metro can be accessed using the Kochi Metro One card. It is also possible to travel using the mobile QR code booked through the Kochi One app.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കാത്തിരിപ്പിന് മണിക്കൂറുകൾ മാത്രം ,രാജ്യത്തെ ആദ്യ വാട്ടർമെട്രോ സർവീസ്, മോദി നാളെ ഉദ്ഘാടനം ചെയ്യും |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/modi-to-inagurate-first-water-metro-service-tomorrow-at-kochi-rtluyg |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.asianetnews.com |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101857/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/kerala-news/modi-to-inagurate-first-water-metro-service-tomorrow-at-kochi-rtluyg |url-status=live }}</ref> The Automatic Fare Collection system being implemented by the Kochi Metro will be extended to water transport system which facilitates travelling the metro train and the boat using the same ticket.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

During off-peak hours Water Metro Ferries are available for rent on an hourly basis for tourism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-05 |title=Now, rent a Water Metro ferry to go on backwater tours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/now-rent-a-water-metro-ferry-to-go-on-backwater-tours/article69184251.ece |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Frequency===
In the first phase, the service will be provided from 7 am to 8 pm. The service frequency is 15 minutes during peak hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 |title=കൊച്ചി വാട്ടർ മെട്രോ: റൂട്ട്, സമയം, നിരക്ക് {{!}} അറിയേണ്ടതെല്ലാം |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/04/23/kochi-water-metro-route-ticket-rate-time.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Twentyfournews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101858/https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/04/23/kochi-water-metro-route-ticket-rate-time.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The headways vary between 10 minutes to 20 minutes across various routes.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

===Management===
[[Kochi Water Metro Limited]] has been formed as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) with 74% of the shareholding being owned by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] and 26% by [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited]] (KMRL). It is operated and maintained by the KMRL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala govt, KMRL sign pact, Kochi Water Metro to set sail soon |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/06/02/kerala-govt--kmrl-sign-pact--kochi-water-metro-to-set-sail-soon.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
[[File:Views during Kochi Water Metro ride.jpg|thumb|Views during Kochi Water Metro ride]]

=== Fleet ===
Two variants of modernised air-conditioned and Wi-Fi enabled catamaran passenger boats were proposed for the project. The electric propulsion boats have passenger capacities of 50 and 100, and were designed operate at an optimal speed of about {{Convert|15|km/h|knots}}, with the potential to increase up to {{Convert|19|km/h|knots}}. Of these only the 100 passenger boats have been ordered for manufacturing and for the 50 passenger capacity boats the builder is yet to be finalised.{{When|date=August 2025}} The boats are equipped with standard safety and communication devices. Small battery operated boats ply on the narrow lanes.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2016 |title=Kochi Water Metro project moves ahead in full steam |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/business/news/kochi-water-metro-project-moves-ahead-in-full-steam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725050204/http://english.manoramaonline.com/business/news/kochi-water-metro-project-moves-ahead-in-full-steam.html |archive-date=25 July 2016 |accessdate=22 July 2016 |publisher=Manorama Online}}</ref> The jetties are proposed to have floating pontoons with automatic docking system technology. The floating [[Float (nautical)|pontoons]] are covered with retractable sheds to provide comfort during rainy season.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-12-19 |title=KMRL floats tender for Design and construction of Kochi Water Metro Project |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/kmrl-floats-tender-for-design-and-construction-of-kochi-water-metro-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109170639/https://www.metrorailnews.in/kmrl-floats-tender-for-design-and-construction-of-kochi-water-metro-project/ |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kochi Water Metro has two types of boats that can carry 100 passengers and 50 passengers at a time. These boats have won the ''Gussis Electric Boat Award'', an international award for electric boats. The boats and terminals are designed as fully disabled-friendly. Kochi Water Metro has the innovation of a boat that can be operated in battery and hybrid mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=നീരണിയുമോ വാട്ടർ മെട്രോ? സജ്ജമായി 9 ബോട്ടുകൾ, പ്രധാനമന്ത്രി ഉദ്ഘാടനം ചെയ്യുമെന്ന പ്രതീക്ഷയിൽ കേരളം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/chances-of-narendra-modi-inaugurating-kochi-water-metro-as-all-procedures-complete/articleshow/99511671.cms |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419023719/https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/chances-of-narendra-modi-inaugurating-kochi-water-metro-as-all-procedures-complete/articleshow/99511671.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> These boats are built in a hybrid system.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}{{Clarify|date=August 2025}} Boats can be powered by a diesel generator in case of emergency.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Some of the Kochi Water Metro's electric boats are built by [[Cochin Shipyard]], with propulsion systems designed by [[Siemens]] and Echandia.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2025, the Kochi Water Metro added an emergency response boat to its fleet, meant to respond to potential accidents, fires, and natural disasters.<ref name=":1" />

Kochi Water Metro is also first of a kind in the world to have such an extensive network of battery-powered boats. The boats uses [[lithium-titanate battery|lithium titanate oxide battery]] that can be charged very quickly and meets high safety standards. It can be charged in 10–15 minutes and there is a facility to charge the batteries even when the passengers are boarding and disembarking. The speed of the boat is 8 knots in battery mode and 10 knots in hybrid mode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=കൊച്ചി വാട്ടർ മെട്രോ; കുതിക്കട്ടെ ഗതാഗതവും വിനോദസഞ്ചാരവും |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1054262&u=water-metro-1054262 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101859/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1054262&u=water-metro-1054262 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A thermal camera is also equipped to assist the boat operator during night travel. The boats are also equipped with [[radar]]s. The passenger counting system is used to enter Kochi Water Metro boats to prevent the number of passengers from getting increased more than the designated level. Floating pontoons which can stay at the same level with the boats during high tide and low tide are the specialty of Kochi Water Metro. The rescue boats of the metro system are able to start rescue operations within 10 minutes in case of any kind of accident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India First Water Metro:തലയുയർത്തി കൊച്ചി; രാജ്യത്തെ ആദ്യ വാട്ടർ മെട്രോ; ഓളപ്പരപ്പിലെ യാത്രയ്ക്ക് ആദ്യം ഒമ്പത് ബോട്ടുകൾ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-india-first-water-metro-in-kochi/articleshow/99755849.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101900/https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-india-first-water-metro-in-kochi/articleshow/99755849.cms |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Operation Control Centre ===
[[File:Interiors of Kochi Water Metro.jpg|thumb|Interiors of Kochi Water Metro boat]]
The main hub for the Kochi Water Metro is the Operation Control Centre.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=K E |first=Krishna Kumar |date=2025-04-10 |title=Kochi Water Metro to shift operations control from Vyttila Hub to HC terminal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Apr/10/kochi-water-metro-to-shift-operations-control-from-vyttila-hub-to-hc-terminal |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> As of April 2025, the OCC is located in the [[Vyttila Mobility Hub]], although there are plans to move it to the High Court terminal.<ref name=":2" /> Kochi Water Metro Officials have stated that "a majority of services are being operated from" the High Court terminal, and that "a majority of passengers are also from" the area, while just one of the system's routes operate near the Vyttila Mobility Hub.<ref name=":2" /> Doing so would also free up space in the Vyttila Mobility Hub, enabling the Kochi Water Metro to rent out up about {{Convert|29000|ft2}} of space for commercial occupancy.<ref name=":2" />

==Recognition==

=== International attention ===
The Kochi Water Metro is featured in UN Habitat-World Cities Report Climate Action case studies in its November 2024 edition under the heading "Enhancing Urban Mobility through Low-Carbon Water Transport"[https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2024/11/world_cities_report_2024_case_study_annex.pdf#page=52]. Similar reports were also featured in Development Asia, the Asian Development Bank's knowledge collaboration platform and the NDC Partnership, a coalition of more than 130 countries for Climate Action and Sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Enhancing Urban Mobility through Low-Carbon Water Transport |url=https://development.asia/insight/enhancing-urban-mobility-through-low-carbon-water-transport |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Development Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enhancing Urban Mobility through Low-Carbon Water Transport: Kochi Water Metro Project {{!}} NDC Partnership |url=https://ndcpartnership.org/knowledge-portal/good-practice-database/enhancing-urban-mobility-through-low-carbon-water-transport-kochi-water-metro-project |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=ndcpartnership.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Awards and Recognitions===
The electric boats of Kochi Water Metro which were built by Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL) won the Gussies Electric Boat Award for the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-18 |title=Water Metro boats win Gussies award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/water-metro-boats-win-gussies-award/articleshow/95592944.cms |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Model Replication to other Cities==

=== Urban Water Transport System ===
The success of Kochi Water Metro has triggered a feasibility study by the India's Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways to replicate similar projects in other navigable inland waterways in the country. Initially a list of 17 Cities were finalized and later later four more cities were added. This includes [[Prayagraj]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Patna]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Goa]], [[Kolkata]], [[Dhubri]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Kollam]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Mumbai]], [[Vasai]], [[Tezpur]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Cuttack]] and [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title=Four more cities selected for Water Metro feasibility study |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/four-more-cities-selected-for-water-metro-feasibility-study/articleshow/120590619.cms |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 17th March 2026, KMRL submitted a feasibility study to the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] for extension of services to 18 cities across India after conducting studies,extensive field visits, surveys and multiple technical assessments. Services have also been proposed to be extended over to [[Alappuzha]],[[Kollam]] and the [[Lakshadweep Islands|Lakshadweep Islands.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=KMRL submits feasibility report for water metro in Alappuzha, Kollam & 16 locations across India |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/03/14/kmrl-feasinbility-resport-on-water-metro-in-11-states-of-india.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>
=== Confirmed Projects ===
[[Karnataka]]'s [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] [[Siddaramaiah]] has approved the [[Mangaluru]] Water Metro project on April 23, 2025, making Karnataka the second state in India to adopt such an extensive water-based transit system.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-26 |title=Mangaluru soon to get water metro system; second in India after Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/mangaluru-soon-to-get-water-metro-system-second-in-india-after-kerala/articleshow/120641464.cms |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A delegation from the state observed various operational and technical aspects and development timelines to conduct feasibility studies prior to project implementation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-02-08 |title=Water Metro for coastal belt, Karnataka looks at Kochi model |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2026/Feb/04/water-metro-for-coastal-belt-karnataka-looks-at-kochi-model |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 September 2025, KMRL won a tender to conduct a [[feasibility study]] and prepare a [[Detailed Project Report]] for replication of Water Metro Services to [[Mumbai]].The project will cover nearly 250 km of waterways connecting localities such as the [[Mumbai Port]], [[Karanja, Raigad|Karanja]], [[Vaitarna]], [[Vasai]], [[Manori]], [[Thane]] [[Kalyan]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Bandra]], [[Worli]] and [[Panvel]] on 250 kilometres of waterways and include 21 routes, 49 terminals and 207 boats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMRL bags ₹4.4 cr contract to chart Mumbai Water Metro project |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/09/12/kochi-metro-mumbai-water-metro.html |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> If launched, project would be managed jointly by KMRL and the [[Maharashtra Maritime Board]]. KMRL has estimated the project to cost ₹6,067 crore during its bid submission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Sajeev |date=2026-03-23 |title=Kochi to repeat water metro feat in Mumbai |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kochi-to-repeat-water-metro-feat-in-mumbai/article70772895.ece |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Consultancy services ===
KMRL provides multiple services for;
# Conducting feasibility studies and preparing Detailed Project Reports (DPR).
# Facilitating the land acquisition process in collaboration with the revenue department and Local Self-Government Departments (LSGDs).
# Conducting geological and topographic surveys, including LiDAR surveys.
# Performing hydrographic surveys and assessing navigation feasibility, including channel marking.
# Assisting in liaising with various government departments and statutory authorities in India.
# Providing design & construction monitoring and supervision for both civil and marine infrastructures.
# Designing and developing modern sea-going and inland vessels.
# Implementing Intelligent Transport Management Systems.
# Developing and implementing Passenger Control Systems and Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) gate systems for efficient operations.
# Offering operational support for marine projects and assisting with operational readiness for the operation team.
# Assisting with any other marine-related projects.
# Supervising the installation of EV charging stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi Water Metro {{!}} Consultancy-Services |url=https://watermetro.co.in/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Kochi Water Metro |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in Kochi]]
* [[Kochi Metro]]
* [[Water transport in India#Metro|List of Water Metros in India]]
* [[Mumbai Water Metro]]
* [[Waterways transport in Kerala|Waterway transportation in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala transit}}

[[Category:Ferry transport in India]]
[[Category:Water taxis and water buses]]
[[Category:Kochi Water Metro]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Kerala]]

Noakhali language

2026-05-04T17:52:59Z

YourPritam7: Creating Biography

{{Short description|Bengali-Assamese language}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Noakhali
| nativename = {{lang|oak|নোয়াখাইল্লা}} {{lang|oak|নোয়াখাইল্যা}} ''Noakhailla''
| altname = Noakhali Bengali
| image = File:Noakhailla language.png
| imagecaption = The word "Nōẇākhāillā" in the [[Bengali-Assamese script]]
| pronunciation = {{IPA|oak|ˈno̯akʰai̯lːaˑ|}}
| state = [[Bangladesh]]
| region = '''Bangladesh''': Greater [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] (now [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Lakshmipur District|Laxmipur]] and [[Feni District|Feni]]), parts of [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]], [[Comilla District|Comilla]] and [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] district 
'''India''': parts of Southern [[Tripura]]
| ethnicity = [[Bengalis|Bengali]]<ref name="Masica 1991 25">{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=25}}</ref>
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| fam6 = Gauda–Bangla
| fam7 = Southeastern Bengali
| dialects = [[Noakhali language#Variations|Noakhali dialects]]
| script = [[Bengali script]]
| glotto = noak1234
| glottorefname = Noakhali
| glottoname = Noakhali
| glotto2 = feni1234
| glottoname2 = Feni Noakhali
| glotto3 = hati1234
| glottoname3 = Hatiya Noakhali
| glotto4 = maij1234
| glottoname4 = Maijdee Noakhali
| map = Noakhailla bibhag Chai.png
| mapcaption = Map of where Noakhali is spoken
| iso3 = oak
| speakers = 7 million (estimated)
| notice = IPA
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Noakhali'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2021/vol7issue3/PartG/7-3-118-701.pdf|title= Metrical Pattern of Noakhali Bangla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwidejournals.com/indian-journal-of-applied-research-(IJAR)/article/the-emergence-of-unmarked-syllables-in-noakhali-bangla/MTQ5Mg==/?is=1&b1=409&k=103|title=The emergence of unmarked syllables in noakhali bangla}}</ref> or '''Noakhalian''',<ref name=jilani/> [[endonym]] ''Nōẇākhāillā'' ({{lang|oak|নোয়াখাইল্লা}}), is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] variety spoken by an estimated 7 million [[Bengalis]], primarily in the Greater [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] region of [[Bangladesh]], as well as in some southern parts of [[Tripura]] in [[India]]. The Noakhali language is widely considered a dialect of [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Phonological Analysis of Chatkhil Dialect in Noakhali District |url=https://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/jltr/vol04/05/16.pdf |website=Academy Publication |access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref> Outside of these regions, there are substantial numbers of Noakhali speakers in other parts of Bangladesh and a [[diaspora]] population in the [[Middle East]], [[Europe]] and the [[United States]].

Noakhali has no presence in formal settings, neither in Bangladesh nor India, though its standardisation has been proposed.<ref name=fatina>{{citation|author=Sarwar, Fatina|title=Noakhali Dialect: Its Prospect of Standardization}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bd24live.com/bangla/272703/|language=bn|script-title=bn:কুমিল্লা নয়, নোয়াখালী বিভাগ চাই|date=1 March 2020|trans-title=Not Comilla, we want Noakhali Division|website=BD24Live.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/89728/Noakhali-Bibhag-Bastobaon-Committee-on-Monday-holds-a-rally/2015-11-10|title=Noakhali Bibhag Bastobaon Committee on Monday holds a rally|date=10 November 2015|work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
'''Noakhailla''' is eponymously named after the district of [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]. It is in the transformed [[Bangali|Vangiya]] form of the archaic '''Noakhaliya''' ({{lang|bn|নোয়াখালীয়া}}), where "''-iya''" is a [[suffix]], commonly used in Bengali as a demonym, having gone through a linguistic process called Apinihiti ({{lang|bn|অপিনিহিতি}}), a form of epenthesis, to become Noakhailla ({{lang|bn|নোয়াখাইল্লা}}). It may also be known in English as '''Noakhalian''', a relatively recent term which has gained prominence as a locative demonym since at the least the [[East Pakistan|Pakistan period]].<ref name=jilani>{{cite book|title=Fifteen Governors I Served with: Untold Story of East Pakistan|author=Jilani, Shahzada Ghulam|year=1979|publisher=Bookmark|page=31|oclc=10119272}}</ref> "''-an''" is a [[suffix]], commonly used in English to denote an action or an adjective that suggests ''pertaining to'', thereby forming an agent noun.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Connors |first=Kathleen |title=Studies in feminine agentives in selected European languages |journal=Romance Philology |volume=24 |issue=4 |date=May 1971 |pages=573–598 |jstor=44941289}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Noakhali}}
Noakhali, the area which it is named after, emerged in the 13th century as a center of regional territorialism by the name of [[Bhulua Kingdom|Bhulua]]. The kings of Bhulua patronised the [[Sanskrit]] language. The arrival of Muslims in Bhulua affected the local language to such a level that several Hindu rulers of Bhulua even took the Turkic title of [[Khan (title)|Khan]].<ref name=webster>{{cite book|last1= Webster|first1=John Edward|title=Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers: Noakhali|year=1911|publisher=The Pioneer Press|location=[[Allahabad]]|url=https://archive.org/details/noakhali00webs}}</ref> Muslim migration was extended following the Mughal conquest of Bhulua in which the local language became influenced by [[Arabic]] and [[Farsi|Persian]]. The great lexical influence of Arabic among the Muslim people can still be found in Noakhali today.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Arabic|author=Muslehuddin, ATM}}</ref>

Its strong folk tradition dates back several centuries. During colonial rule, Irish linguist [[George Abraham Grierson]] collected two Noakhali folk poems; one from the island of [[Hatia Island|Hatia]], which is off the coast of the Noakhali mainland, and another from [[Ramganj Upazila|Ramganj]], presently in [[Lakshmipur District]].<ref name=grierson>{{harvp|Grierson|1903}}</ref> The Portuguese merchants and Roman Catholic missionaries who settled in Noakhali adopted the local language as late as the 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|language=bn|author=[[Buddhadeva Bose|Bose, Buddhadeva]]|script-title=bn:আমার ছেলেবেলা|trans-title=My childhood}}</ref>

In December 2019, a mass demonstration was organised by some Noakhali's activists in [[Maijdee]] in response to a private television channel airing the ''Noakhali Bibhag Chai'' (We Want Noakhali Division) comical drama. They considered the drama to be an insult to the regional language, history and tradition of Noakhali district.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/261938/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8|work=[[Jugantor]]|language=bn|date=1 January 2020|script-title=bn:'নোয়াখালী বিভাগ চাই' নাটকের পরিচালকের বিরুদ্ধে মামলা, বিক্ষোভ প্রদর্শন|trans-title=Lawsuits and demonstration against the film director of "Noakhali Division Chai" drama}}</ref>

==Status and usage==
Noakhali has no formal recognition or use in courts or in the legislature like the existent standard Bangla. The educated, elite, political and influential groups of Bangladesh bearing Noakhali homogeneity, usually prefer Standard Bengali for their wider communication. They generally use Noakhali only for communication with other Noakhali-speakers.<ref name=fatina/>

The usage of Noakhali is now in decline as more and more families of Noakhali are opting to raise their children to speak in [[Standard Bengali]] due to it being the official medium in the country and the negative stereotypes relating to Noakhali district held by other parts of Bengal.<ref name=rez>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/humour/the-truth-about-noakhaillas-1468549|title=The truth about Noakhaillas|author=Rezwana, Zarin|date=28 September 2017|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> It is often becoming the case that [[Generation Z]] urban Noakhali-speakers cannot speak in Noakhali though it is commonly spoken by their grandparents in their homes.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|author=Khan, Sameer ud Dowla|date=21 February 2021|title=The diverse and continuing evolution of Bangla: Bangla's future}}</ref> In contrast to speakers of [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] and [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], it is reported that some speakers of Noakhali feel a linguistic inferiority complex.<ref name=ahmed>{{cite news|title=Who is a Bangladeshi?|author=Ahmed, Fakhruddin|date=21 March 2014|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Sultana, Dovchin and Pennycook have also highlighted the stigmatisation of Noakhali-speakers within Bangladeshi society.<ref>{{cite book|title=Popular Culture, Voice and Linguistic Diversity: Young Adults On- and Offline|author1=Dovchin, Sender|author-link1=Sender Dovchin|author2=Pennycook, Alastair|author2-link=Alastair Pennycook|author3=Sultana, Shaila|year=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=182|isbn=978-3-319-61954-5}}</ref>

==Classification==
{{harvp|Grierson|1903}} grouped the language of Noakhali under ''Southeastern Bengali'' dialects, alongside the languages of [[Chittagonian language|Chittagong]] and [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]. {{harvp|Chatterji|1926}} places Noakhali in the south-eastern [[Bangali dialect|Vanga]] group of dialects and notes that all Bengali varieties were independent of each other and did not emanate from the historical literary register of Bengali called "[[Sadhu bhasha]]".<ref>"Dialects are independent of literary speech: as such East Bengali dialects, North Bengali dialects and West Bengali dialects are not only independent of one another, but also they are not, as it is popularly believed in Bengal, derived from literary Bengali, the "sadhu-bhasha", which is a composite speech on an early West Bengali basis."{{harvcol|Chatterji|1926|p=108}}</ref> Along with other Eastern Bengali languages, Noakhali has developed phonetic and morphological characteristics that are not present in western dialects of Bengali.{{sfn|Chatterji|1926|p=138}} Linguist [[Muhammad Shahidullah|Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah]] placed Noakhali under the Prachya branch as opposed to the Pashchatya branch of Bengali. By referring to this classification, linguist Paresh Chandra Majumder (1992) placed Noakhali under the "Purbadeshi" division of the Prachya (Vangiya) branch, the other branch being Pashchatya(Gourhi).<ref name="fe">{{cite news |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views-reviews/thoansh-a-book-on-noakhailla-dialect-1648736769|title= Thoansh: A book on Noakhailla dialect|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> According to [[Muhammad Shahidullah|Dr.Muhammad Shahidullah]], the Noakhali language is a result of the fusion of other Bengali varieties of that region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shahidullah (1979) Bengali language movement, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
Noakhali is the primary language variety of Greater Noakhali which today comprises the Bangladeshi districts of [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Feni District|Feni]] and [[Lakshmipur District|Lakshmipur]], and some parts of the sub-district of [[Haziganj Upazila|Hajiganj]]. It is also spoken by the [[Bengali Hindus]] in the southern part of [[India]]'s [[Tripura]] state, specifically in some parts of the [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]] district. In this district, along with [[Standard Bengali]], it serves as a [[lingua franca]] among some indigenous communities such as the [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]/[[Reang]], the [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and the [[Mog people|Mog]]/[[Marma people|Marma]].{{cn|date=May 2026}} Mainland Noakhali is [[mutually intelligible]] with the neighbouring [[Sandwip|Sandwipi]] dialect, which is an isolated [[sub-dialect]] of the [[Eastern Bengali]] dialect spoken in [[Dhaka division|Greater Dhaka]] region.{{sfn|Grierson|page=247-248}}<ref name=fatina/> Some have stated that Noakhali is unintelligible to the Dinajpur dialect of extreme northern Bengal.<ref name=khan/>

Before and after the [[Partition of India]], Noakhali-speaking [[Bengali Hindus]] from Greater Noakhali migrated to [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] also.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/search-new-home-1749529|date=27 May 2019|title=In search of a new 'home'|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/1947-partition/catalog?f%5Bplace_created_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Kolkata+%28India%29&range%5Bpub_year_tisim%5D%5Bbegin%5D=2014&range%5Bpub_year_tisim%5D%5Bend%5D=2014|title=Oral history with Anshu Sur|date=6 December 2014|author1=Roy, Raikamal|author2=Korwar, Sucheta}}</ref> Outside of [[the subcontinent]], the largest diaspora population from Noakhali reside in [[Europe]] (most notably [[Bangladeshis in Italy|Italy]]) and [[North America]]. Significant Noakhali-speaking Bengali diaspora population reside in the [[Middle East]] of which most are migrant workers, and in many other countries throughout the world.<ref name="in Italy">{{cite journal |last1=Knights |first1=Melanie |date=1996 |title=Bangladeshi Immigrants in Italy: From Geopolitics to Micropolitics |journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=105–123 |doi=10.2307/622928 |jstor=622928|pmid=12157827 |bibcode=1996TrIBG..21..105K |s2cid=46326438 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/02/3-bangladeshis-electrocuted-in-oman|title=3 Bangladeshis electrocuted in Oman|author=Kuri, Ranajit|location=[[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=2 December 2020}}</ref>

==Features and lexical comparison==
Noakhali is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language with a large amount of [[Farsi|Persian]] and [[Hindi-Urdu|Hindustani]] vocabulary. The most notable feature differentiating it from Standard Bengali and other Indo-Aryan languages is that words using the ''p'' sound in the latter languages are pronounced as ''h'' in Noakhali. An example is the Bengali word for [[water]] (pani) which is ''hãni'' in Noakhali. Another notable characteristic is the presence of the /x/ sound (akin to ''[[خ]]'' in [[Arabic]]), which is not found in Standard Bengali.{{sfn|Chatterji|1926|p=138}}

===Phonology===
A recurring feature is syllable simplification. One study argues that Noakhali favors simple syllable structures, especially CV, CVC, VC and occasionally V, and that more complex clusters are resolved through cluster-breaking processes. A separate prosodic study extends this account by proposing that Noakhali organizes words into left-to-right trochaic feet, avoids successive feet, and maintains a relatively constrained rhythmic pattern.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indian Journal of Applied Research |date=May 2013 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=115–116 |journal=Indian Journal of Applied Research |url=https://www.worldwidejournals.com/indian-journal-of-applied-research-%28IJAR%29/recent_issues_pdf/2013/May/May_2013_1367504364_b5612_115.pdf__115.pdf |access-date=2026-04-27}}</ref>
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|ɟ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|x}}~{{IPA link|h}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
![[Lateral consonant|lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Central approximant|central]]
|({{IPA link|w}})
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|}
Noakhali language is marked by a reduction or loss of [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] and by systematic consonantal alternations. In the Chatkhil variety, aspirated stops in Standard Colloquial Bengali frequently appear as unaspirated stops, with forms such as /bʱ/ realized as [b], /tʱ/ as [t], /dʱ/ as [d], and /kʱ/ as [k]; in some environments, /pʱ/ may surface as [h]. The same study also reports additional consonantal correspondences, including /ʃ/ realized as [r] or [h], /c/ as [ɔ], and /s/ as [c], indicating substantial divergence from Standard Colloquial Bengali in the consonant system.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rashel |first=Md. Mostafa |title=Standard Colloquial Bengali and Chatkhil Dialect: A Comparative Phonological Study |journal=Language in India |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=77–92 |url=https://www.languageinindia.com/jan2012/chatkhildialectfinal.pdf}}</ref>

====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
![[High-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Low-mid]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA link|æ}}
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

[[Vowel|Vocalic]] variation is likewise prominent. The Noakhali language show patterns of vowel lowering and raising, including /i/ realized as a lower front vowel in some contexts, /e/ appearing as [a] or [[Mid central vowel|schwa]]-like variants, /o/ shifting to [a], and /u/ surfacing as [o] or, in some positions, [i]. It also notes a reduction in [[Nasalization|nasalized]] vowels, whereas Standard Bengali is described as having seven nasalized vowels, the Chatkhil data show only four nasalized oral-vowel counterparts, with nasalization absent in some forms.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rashel |first=Md. Mostafa |title=Standard Colloquial Bengali and Chatkhil Dialect: A Comparative Phonological Study |journal=Language in India |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=77–92 |url=https://www.languageinindia.com/jan2012/chatkhildialectfinal.pdf}}</ref>

===Comparison===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Standard Bengali !! Noakhali !! Notes
|-
| Boy/Son || Chhele (ছেলে) || hola/hut (হোলা/হুত)
|-
| Water || Panī (পানি) || hãni (হাঁনি)
|-
| Listen || Shon (শোন)~Shun (শুন) || hon (হোন)~hun (হুন)
|-
| What || Ki (কী) || kiya (কীয়া)
|-
| All || Shôkôl (সকল), Bebak (বেবাক) || beggun (বেগগুন) || From bebak-gulin (বেবাক-গুলিন)
|-
|Chicken ||Murgi (মুরগি), kũkr̥a (কুঁকড়া)||kur̥a (কুড়া)|| debuccalised from the earlier kũkr̥a (কুঁকড়া)
|-
| Papaya || Pepe (পেঁপে) || hãbia (হাঁবিয়া)
|
|-
| [[Calcutta]] || Kolkata (কলকাতা) || koilkatta (কইলকাত্তা)<ref name=gop>{{citation|title=A Brief Phonetic Sketch of the Noakhali Dialect of South Eastern Bengali|author=Haldar, Gopal|publisher=[[Calcutta University]] Press|year=1929|location=[[Kolkata]]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237259/page/n211/mode/2up?q=%22noakhali+dialect%22}}</ref>
|
|-
| Big || Bôṛo (বড়), Bôḍḍo (বড্ড) || bôḍḍa (বড্ডা)<ref name=gop/>
|-
| Egg || Ḍim (ডিম), bôyda (বয়দা) || Bôyza (বয়জা) || From {{langx|ar|بيضة|bayḍah}}
|-
| Mischief || shôytani (শয়তানী) || Khônnashi (খন্নাশি)<ref>{{citation|author=Russel, Muhammad H|date=7 April 2014|title=আমরা যারা নোয়াখাইল্লা|language=bn|trans-title=We who are Noakhailla}}</ref> || From {{langx|ar|خناس|khannās}}
|-
| to Lie down || Shuye poṛa (শুয়ে পড়া) || hota (হোতা)
|-
| Friend || Bôndhu (বন্ধু), dost(o) (দোস্ত), iyar (ইয়ার) || bondu (বন্ধু), dost(o) (দোস্ত), eyar (এয়ার) ||
|-
| He phoned me || She amake phon kôrechilô (সে আমাকে ফোন করেছিল) || hẽte ãre hon kôirchilô (হেতে আঁরে হোন কইরছিল)
|-
| Shall not allow to do || Kôrte debô na (করতে দেব না) || Kôirtam ditam nô (কইরতাম দিতাম নো){{sfn|Chatterji|1926|p=138}}
|-
| I think it is 5 o'clock || Amar mône hôy pãchṭa baje (আমার মনে হয় পাঁচটা বাজে) || ãr mônôy hãsta baijje (আঁর মনয় হাঁচটা বাইজ্জে), ãtlai hãsṭaijjai (আঁতলাই হাঁচটাইজ্জাই)<ref name=ahmed/>
|}

==Variations==
There are some differences of Noakhali dialects in accent, spoken in different parts of the Greater Noakhali region. In the [[Linguistic Survey of India]], conducted in the early 20th century, the [[Irish people|Irish]] linguist [[George Abraham Grierson]] used the phrase ''[[Parable of the Prodigal Son|a man had two sons]]'' to show dialectic diversity of [[Bengali language]] in [[Bengal region]].<ref name=khan>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/amar-ekushey-2018/amago-bhasha-1537534|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|author=Khan, Sameer ud Dowla|date=21 February 2018|title=Amago Bhasha}}</ref>
[[File:Origin of Noakhali dialect.jpg|thumb|The Origin and Variations of the Noakhali Language]]
*Central Bengali: ækjon manusher duţi chhele chhilo.
*Noakhali of Feni-Chhagalnaiya: ijja maincher tun duga hut/hola asil.
*Noakhali of Ramganj-Chatkhil: ogga mainsher tun duga hut asil.
*Noakhali of Hatiya: egga mainsher dugga hola asil.

==Grammar==
[[Abul Kalam Manzur Morshed|Abul Kalam Manzur Morshed's]] 1972 M.A. thesis at the [[University of British Columbia]] states that the Noakhali language differs from Standard Colloquial Bengali at the phonological, morphological and lexical levels. However, it notes that the overall syntactic structure remains largely similar, with the most significant differences occurring in [[phonology]] and [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]. The study adopts a generative and contrastive approach, with particular emphasis on [[gemination]] as well as [[vocalic]] and [[Alternation (linguistics)|consonantal alternation]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morshed |first=Abul Kalam Manzur |title=The Noakhali Dialect of Bengali: A Study in Generative Phonology |degree=M.A. thesis |publisher=University of British Columbia |year=1972 |url=https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/19426}}</ref>

Studies on phonetics and sound change include analyses based on the [[Chatkhil Upazila|Chatkhil]] variety of Noakhali, which represents a variety within the broader Greater [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] region. Research on prosody and morphological structure is mainly drawn from studies published in 2013 and 2021. An earlier descriptive source is Gopal Haldar's 1933 work ''A Skeleton Grammar of the Noakhali Dialect of Bengali'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Haldār |first=Gopāla |title=A Brief Phonetic Sketch of the Noakhali Dialect of South Eastern Bengali |year=1929 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0F2E8B37BA2E60D3D47DD011CDE1DCFF/S0041977X00085542a.pdf}}</ref> which indicates that the language had already been subject to grammatical description in earlier linguistic literature.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morshed |first=Abul Kalam Manzur |title=The Noakhali Dialect of Bengali: A Study in Generative Phonology |degree=M.A. thesis |publisher=University of British Columbia |year=1972 |url=https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/19426}}</ref>

===Morphology===
One study on the infinitival suffix -ile observes that, in Noakhali, the high vowel of the suffix is not deleted as in Standard Colloquial Bengali. Instead, it is preserved through [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic restructuring]], whereby the base and suffix are reorganised in accordance with the dialect's [[Metrical phonology|metrical constraints]]. This analysis treats the phenomenon as an interaction between morphological and phonological processes rather than as a purely lexical alternation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Shyamal |title=A Comparative Study of the Morphophonemics of -ɪle Suffixation in Three Dialects of Bangla |journal=International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=February 2021 |pages=1311–1318 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350486066_A_Comparative_Study_of_the_Morphophonemics_of_-Ile_Suffixation_in_Three_Dialects_of_Bangla}}</ref>

Another study examining genitive constructions in Noakhali proposes that the genitive suffix is underlyingly -er / -eɾ, rather than surface -r. It further notes that vowel assimilation may obscure the presence of the suffix vowel in surface forms. The study also reports that Noakhali generally avoids vowel epenthesis and vowel deletion in these contexts, instead employing assimilation processes and in some cases, phonetic lengthening.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Shyamal |title=Word-minimality vis-à-vis morphophonemics of genitives in NKB |journal=International Journal of Applied Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |year=2021 |pages=73–82 |url=https://www.academia.edu/124213045/Word_minimality_vis_%C3%A0_vis_morphophonemics_of_genitives_in_NKB}}</ref>

===Prosody and stress===
The 2021 prosodic study claims Noakhali prefers left-to-right stress assignment with binary trochees, disallows iterative footing, and often leaves some rightmost syllables unfooted in longer words. It also claims primary stress is normally on the leftmost syllable and that the dialect keeps word forms within a limited prosodic size.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Shyamal |title=Word-minimality vis-à-vis morphophonemics of genitives in NKB |journal=International Journal of Applied Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |year=2021 |pages=73–82 |url=https://www.academia.edu/124213045/Word_minimality_vis_%C3%A0_vis_morphophonemics_of_genitives_in_NKB}}</ref>

===Pronouns===
{{no sources|section|date=March 2026}}
==== Personal pronouns ====
Noakhali [[Personal pronoun|personal pronouns]] are somewhat similar to [[English language|English]] pronouns, having different words for first, second, and third person, and also for singular and plural (unlike for verbs, below). Noakhali pronouns, like their English counterparts, do differentiate for gender. In addition, each of the second and third-person pronouns have different forms for the familiar and polite forms; the second person also has a "very familiar" form (sometimes called "despective"). It may be noted that the "very familiar" form is used when addressing particularly close friends or family as well as for addressing [[Hierarchy|subordinates]], or in abusive language. In the following tables, the abbreviations used are as follows: '''VF'''=very familiar, '''F'''=familiar, and '''P'''=polite (honor); '''H'''=here, '''T'''=there, '''E'''=elsewhere (proximity), and '''I'''=inanimate.

The [[nominative case]] is used for pronouns that are the subject of the sentence, such as "'''''I''''' already did that" or "Will '''''you''''' please stop making that noise?"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns (nominative case)
! Subject !! Honor !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!1
!
| আঁই (''Ãi'', I) || আমরা (''amra'', we)
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2
! VF
| তুই (''tui'', you) || তোরা (''tura'', you)
|-
! F
| তুঁই (''tũi'', you) || তোমরা (''tomra'', you)
|-
! P
| আম্নে/আন্নে (''amne/anne'', you) || আম্নেরা/আন্নেরা (''amnera/annera'', you)
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3
! F
| হেতে (''hete'', he), হেতি (''heti'', she) || হেতেরা (''hetera'', they m.), হেতিরা (''hetira'', they f.)
|-
! P
| হেতেন (''heten'', he), হেতিন (''hetin'', she) || হেতেনরা (''hetenra'', they m.), হেতিনরা (''hetinra'', they f.)
|-
!I
|হেই/হিয়েন (''hei/hiyen,'' it)
|হিগুন/হিগিন/হিগুলি/হিগাইন (''higun/higin/higuli/higain'', these)
|}

The [[Possessive|possessive case]] is used to show possession, such as "Where is '''''your''''' coat?" or "Let's go to '''''our''''' house". In addition, sentences such as "'''''I have''''' a book" (আঁর বই আছে) or "'''''I need''''' money" (আঁর টিয়া দরকার) also use the possessive (the literal translation of the Standard Bengali versions of these sentences would be "There is '''''my''''' book" and "There is '''''my''''' need for money" respectively).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns (possessive case)
! Subject !! Honor !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!1
!
| আঁর (''Ãr'', my) || আঙ্গো (''ango'', our)
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2
! VF
| তোর (''tor'', your) || তোগো (''togo'', your)
|-
! F
| তোঁয়ার (''tõar'', your) || তোঁগো (''tõgo'', your)
|-
! P
| আম্নের/আন্নের (''amner/anner'', your) || আম্নেগো/আন্নেগো (''amnego/annego'', your)
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3
! F
| হেতের (''heter'', his), হেতির (''hetir'', her) || হেতেগো (''hetego'', their m.), হেতিগো (''hetigo'', their f.)
|-
! P
| হেতেনের (''hetener'', his), হেতিনের (''hetiner'', her) || হেতেনগো (''hetengo'', their m.), হেতিনগো (''hetingo'', their f.)
|-
!I
|হিয়ার/হিয়েনের (''hiyar/hiyener,'' its)
|হিগুনের (''higuner'', of those)
|}

== Writing system ==
In Bangladesh, regional languages are not used for official purposes. With [[Standard Bengali]] written in the [[Bengali script]] as the [[medium of instruction]] in Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamid |first1=M. Obaidul |last2=Erling |first2=Elizabeth J. |editor-last1=Kirkpatrick |editor-first1=Robert |chapter=English-in-Education Policy and Planning in Bangladesh: A Critical Examination |title=English Language Education Policy in Asia |year=2015 |publisher=Springer |page=30 |isbn=978-3-319-22463-3 |quote=The dominant stream ... follows the national curriculum in which Bangla is the language of instruction. The second one is madrasa education ... Bangla is the medium of instruction in this stream ... The third is English-medium education}}</ref> some may therefore write in Noakhali using the Bengali script, however it is viewed as more formal to write in standard Bengali. Nowadays [[Bengali script|Bengali]] and [[Latin script]]s and are used.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

==In popular culture==
The Noakhali language has appeared in Bangladeshi television, film and music. The television serial ''Choita Pagol'' used the Noakhali dialect throughout, and the version used in the serial was simplified for general audiences to understand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crossing a Milestone |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-167968 |work=The Daily Star |date=29 December 2010 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> [[Jaya Ahsan|Joya Ahsan]] learned the Noakhali language for her role in the serial.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shah Alam Shazu |title=Joya Ahsan |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2012/anniversary_2012/section1/6.htm |work=The Daily Star |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>

An episode of ''Ityadi'' filmed in [[Maijdee]] included a special song in the Noakhali language, sung by [[Robi Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ityadi travels to Noakhali |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/tv/ityadi-travels-noakhali-178570 |work=The Daily Star |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> Singer [[Fatima Tuz Zahra Oyshee|Oyshee]] recorded the title track of the film ''Mukti'' in the Noakhali language<ref>{{cite news |author=Ridwan Intisaar Mahbub |title=Oyshee singing in Noakhali dialect |url=https://online.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/news/oyshee-singing-noakhali-dialect-1962585 |work=The Daily Star |date=17 September 2020 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> [[M. A. Hashem|Md. Hashem]]'s book ''Noakhalir Ancholic Gan'' contains hundreds of songs composed in the Noakhali language. ''"Ango Bari Noakhali Royal District Vai"'' is one of his notable songs.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ershad Kamol |title=The Last Baul |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/05/01/chintito.htm |work=The Daily Star |date=6 May 2011 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>

[[Selim Al Deen|Selim Al Deen's]] play ''Hat Hodai'' was written entirely in the Noakhali language and portrayed the lifestyle of people from remote areas of the Greater Noakhali region.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Selim Al Deen phenomenon |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/02/01/cover.htm |work=The Daily Star |date=February 2008 |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref>

''Thoansh'' is a book written in the Noakhali language. It is about the Noakhali language, written by expatriate Bangladeshi authors in [[Australia]]. It explores vocabulary, expressions and cultural elements of the language, along with its everyday use and gradual decline.<ref name="fe">{{cite news |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views-reviews/thoansh-a-book-on-noakhailla-dialect-1648736769|title= Thoansh: A book on Noakhailla dialect|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>

==Sample text==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], written in Noakhali:{{cn|date=May 2026}}
===Romanisation===
Bek mānush ijjot āzze hoker hisāibbe homāinnā oi foydā oy, etārgottē ākkol āzze bibek āzze, hillāi buli iggā ārigger loge bāyēr nān beboār koroṇ joruri.
===[[Bengali-Assamese script]]===
বেক মানুষ ইজ্জত আজ়্জ়ে হোকের হিসাইব্বে হোমাইন্যা ওই ফ়য়দা অয়, এতারগত্তে আক্কল আজ়্জ়ে বিবেক আজ়্জ়ে, হিল্লাই বুলি ইগ্গা আরিগ্গার লগে বাইয়ের নান বেবোয়ার করণ জরুরি।

===[[English language|English]]===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==Further reading==
*{{cite thesis|title=A study of standard Bengali and the Noakhali dialect|author=Morshed, Abul Kalam Manzur|year=1985|location=[[Dhaka]]|publisher=[[Bangla Academy]]}}
*{{cite thesis|title=A prosodic study of the Noakhali dialect of Bangla and its implication for teaching and learning of English as a second language by the native speakers of the dialect|author=Chakraborty, Uttam|year=2014|location=[[Tripura]]|publisher=[[Tripura University]]|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/190533|editor=Das, Shyamal|website=[[Shodhganga]]|hdl=10603/190533}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |year=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1 |publisher=Calcutta University Press}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Grierson |editor-first=G A |year=1903 |title=Linguistic Survey of India: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-1&pages=463#page/1/mode/1up |volume=V |access-date=27 June 2020 }}
* {{cite book |last=Haldār |first=Gopāla |title=A Skeleton Grammar of the Noakhali Dialect of Bengali |year=1933 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |pages=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQHzMgEACAAJ}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Bengali language in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]

Bari, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T10:58:44Z

YourPritam7: new new post - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{for|constituency in Odisha|Bari, Odisha Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bari
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-78-Bari.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 78
| district = [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli-Dholpur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Jaswant Singh Gurjar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors = {{formatnum:237355}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Bari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]] district. As of 2023, its representative is [[Jaswant Singh Gurjar]] of [[Shiv Sena]].{{update after|2029|2}}<ref name="election2024">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-bsp-mlas-join-shiv-sena-say-will-work-for-bjps-ls-candidates-9274372/ |title=Rajasthan BSP MLAs join Shiv Sena, say will work for BJP’s LS candidates |website=indianexpress |date=17 April 2024| access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="election1952">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1952 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3378-rajasthan-1951/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Mangal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Hansraj
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1957 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3379-rajasthan-1957/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Subedar Singh
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1962 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-rajasthan-1962/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Raghubir Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1967 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Balwant
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1972 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-rajasthan-1972/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Ramlal
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-rajasthan-1977/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Salig Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3387-rajasthan-1980/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Shiv Singh Chauhan
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3389-rajasthan-1985/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Daljeet Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-rajasthan-1990/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1993 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Jaswant Singh Gurjar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Daljeet Singh<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| [[Girraj Singh Malinga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Jaswant Singh Gurjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bari<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena (2022–present)
|candidate = Jaswant Singh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:106060}}
|percentage = 52.62
|change = +32.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Girraj Singh "Malinga"
|votes = {{formatnum:78636}}
|percentage = 39.01
|change = +5.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prashant Singh Parmar
|votes = {{formatnum:11601}}
|percentage = 5.76
|change = -38.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:941}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27424}}
|percentage = 13.61
|change = +2.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201567}}
|percentage = 84.92
|change = -0.82
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bari<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Girraj Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79712}}
|percentage = 43.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jasvant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:60029}}
|percentage = 33.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramhet
|votes = {{formatnum:36798}}
|percentage = 20.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1698}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19683}}
|percentage = 10.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181679}}
|percentage = 85.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dholpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.65|77.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Dholpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sendhawa Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T13:23:47Z

YourPritam7: Starting New Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sendhawa
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 187
| map_image = 187-Sendhawa.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Barwani district|Barwani]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Montu Solanki]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Gyarsilal Rawat]]
}}
'''Sendhwa''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is part of [[Barwani district]] and is a reserved seat for the Scheduled Tribe community.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1957
|Barku
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1962
|Rupsingh Abdu
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1967
|B. Moti
|-
|1972
|Shobharam Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1977
| Raoji Kaliji Singh Arya
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1980
|Shobharam Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1985
|Bhaisingh Dabar
|-
|1990
| Antar Singh Arya
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|1993<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Gyarsilal Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1998<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|2003<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|Antar Singh Arya
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2008<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|2013<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Gyarsilal Rawat]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Montu Solanki]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sendhawa<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Montu Solanki]]
|votes = {{formatnum:106136}}
|percentage = 48.28
|change = -2.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Antar Singh Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:104459}}
|percentage = 47.51
|change = +5.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Er.Nansing Nawde
|votes = {{formatnum:4155}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change = +1.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5098}}
|percentage = 2.32
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1677}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = -7.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219848}}
|percentage = 77.29
|change = +0.99
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sendhawa<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gyarsilal Rawat]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:94722}}
|percentage = 51.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Antarsingh Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:78844}}
|percentage = 42.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Babulal More
|votes = {{formatnum:3080}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3782}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15878}}
|percentage = 8.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185468}}
|percentage = 76.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sendhwa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.69|75.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barwani district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Shree Chandrashekhar

2026-04-23T04:32:25Z

YourPritam7: Starting A Stub...

{{Short description|49th Chief Justice of Bombay High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|05|20}}
| name = Shree Chandrashekhar
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|49th Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| term_start = 5 September 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Alok Aradhe]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| term_start1 = 21 July 2025
| term_end1 = 5 September 2025
| status2 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start2 = 29 August 2025
| term_end2 = 5 September 2025
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor2 = [[Alok Aradhe]]
| successor2 = ''Himself''
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start3 = 5 July 2024
| term_end3 = 20 July 2025
| nominator3 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer3 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start4 = 17 January 2013
| term_end4 = 4 July 2024
| nominator4 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| appointer4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start5 = 29 December 2023
| term_end5 = 4 July 2024
| status5 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| appointer5 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor5 = [[Sanjaya Kumar Mishra|S. K. Mishra]]
| successor5 = [[Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi|B. R. Sarangi]]
| education = [[L.L.B]]
| alma_mater = Campus Law Centre, [[Delhi University]]
| image = Justice Shee Chandrashekhar.jpg
}}
'''Shree Chandrashekhar''' (born 25 May 1965) is an Indian judge and the current [[Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=Centre notifies appointment of Justice Chandrashekhar as 49th CJ of Bombay HC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justice-chandrashekhar-as-49th-cj-of-bombay-hc-10230968/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He has also served as a judge of Bombay High Court,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Benwal |first=Narsi |date=2025-07-21 |title=Bombay High Court Gets Two New Judges Increasing Strength To 66 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/bombay-high-court/bombay-high-court-judges-oath-ceremony-298212 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Rajasthan High Court]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2024-07-03 |title=Jharkhand High Court Acting Chief Justice Shree Chandrashekhar transferred to Rajasthan High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/jharkhand-high-court-acting-chief-justice-shree-chandrashekhar-transferred-to-rajasthan-high-court |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and as judge and [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2023-12-28 |title=Justice Shree Chandrashekhar to be Acting Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court from December 29 |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-shree-chandrashekhar-acting-chief-justice-jharkhand-high-court-december-29 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Schree was born on May 25, 1965. He completed his LL.B. from Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi in 1993 and enrolled as an advocate with Delhi State Bar Council on December 9, 1993. He started his practice focusing on both Criminal and Civil matters. For nearly two decades, he practiced in multiple courts, including the Supreme Court, where roughly 140 reported judgments are attributed to his work.

He was appointed as Additional Judge of the Jharkhand High Court at Ranchi on 17 January 2013 and was confirmed as permanent Judge on 27 June 2014. He was appointed as Acting Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court on 29 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Bhavya |date=2023-12-28 |title=Justice Shree Chandrashekhar Appointed As Acting Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-shree-chandrashekhar-appointed-acting-chief-justice-jharkhand-high-court-245420 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

He was transferred to the Rajasthan High Court and took oath on 5 July 2024.<ref name=":1" /> He was transferred to [[Bombay High Court]] and took oath as judge on 21 July 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Collegium Recommends Transfer or Repatriation of 21 High Court Judges |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sc-collegium-recommends-transfers-or-repatriation-of-21-hc-judges-3559435 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> where he also briefly served as Acting Chief Justice<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Chandrashekhar appointed as Acting Chief Justice upon elevation of Chief Justice Alok Aradhe to Supreme Court |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2025/08/20250827453156467.pdf}}</ref> before being elevated as Chief Justice of the same High Court.

On 25 August 2025 Supreme Court collegium led by CJI [[B. R. Gavai]] recommended him to be appointed as Chief Justice of [[Bombay High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Supreme Court Collegium Recommends Justice Shree Chandrashekhar as Chief Justice of Bombay High Court - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-justice-shree-chandrashekhar-as-chief-justice-of-bombay-high-court/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> consequent upon the elevation of the then Chief Justice [[Alok Aradhe]] to Supreme Court of India<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-25 |title=Bombay HC chief justice Alok Aradhe among 2 picked for SC elevation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bombay-hc-chief-justice-alok-aradhe-among-2-picked-for-sc-elevation/articleshow/123507358.cms |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and central government approved this proposal and he took oath as Chief Justice on 5 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-09-04 |title=Centre clears appointment of Justice Shree Chandrashekhar as Chief Justice of Bombay High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-clears-appointment-of-justice-shree-chandrashekhar-as-chief-justice-of-bombay-high-court |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Shree Chandrashekhar sworn in as Chief Justice of Bombay High Court. {{!}} Newsalert |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/Newsalert/3616759-justice-shree-chandrashekhar-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-bombay-high-court |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrashekhar, Shree}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hagaribommanahalli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:14Z

YourPritam7: Created New Stub...

Arun Kumar Sinha (politician)

2026-04-18T22:32:26Z

YourPritam7: new new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Kumar Sinha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|01 May 1951|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]], [[Bihar]], India
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2010
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| constituency = [[Kumhrar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kumhrar]]
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2010
| predecessor1 = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| successor1 = ''Constituency defunct''
| constituency1 = Patna Central
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| successor = [[Sanjay Kumar Gupta (BJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Gupta]]
| term_end = 2025
}}

'''Arun Kumar Sinha''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumhrarh Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kumhrarh.html |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> Sinha has won the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] election in 2005, 2010, 2015 and in 2020 from [[Kumhrar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARUN KUMAR SINHA (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Patna Central (Patna ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bih2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=315 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Kumar Sinha(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Kumhrar(PATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1649 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Kumar Sinha(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KUMHRARH(PATNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=1198 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> His son [[Ashish Sinha]] is an Indian Cricketer, Politician and Advocate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-PU leader chosen for China trip |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/ex-pu-leader-chosen-for-china-trip/cid/1342660 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Arun Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chikiti Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T16:09:46Z

YourPritam7: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Chikiti}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chikiti
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 135
| type = SLA
| map_image = 135-Chikiti.svg
| map_caption = Chikiti assembly constituency in [[Ganjam district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,16,271{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Chikiti''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=135|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130617174221/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=135|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 June 2013|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Chikiti (135) District: Ganjam|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Chikiti|Chikiti N.A.C.]], [[Chikiti|Chikiti Block]] and [[Patrapur|Patrapur Block]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp76.htm|title= 76 - Chikiti Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.67}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.80}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.76}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.79}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.85}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.63}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|46.03}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|59.93}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.74}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|35.91}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|52.14}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 16 elections were held till date. From 1952 to 1966, it was known as Patrapur constituency. The constituency was abolished in 1957 & revived in 1960 and reserved for SC. In 1967, the constituency name was changed to Chikiti and was made unreserved.

List of members elected from Chikiti constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Chikiti Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/chikiti.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Patrapur constituency''}}
|-
| [[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Dibakar Patnaik]]
| {{full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''1957-1960 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1961 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Trilochan Jani
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Chikiti constituency''}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Dibakar Patnaik]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | Satchidananda Deo
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Jagannath Pati
| {{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Chintamani Dyan Samantra
| {{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Usha Devi]]
| {{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Chintamani Dyan Samantra
| {{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Usha Devi]]
| {{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
| [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chikiti Assembly Election Results 2024: Chikiti Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/chikiti-constituency-result-18135 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]]
| {{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Chinmayananda Srirup Deb by a margin of 6,522 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chikiti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]]
|votes = 69,839
|percentage = 49.67
|change = {{up}}10.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Chinmayananda Srirup Deb
|votes = 63,317
|percentage = 45.03
|change = {{down}}9.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Dyan Samantara
|votes = 2,846
|percentage = 2.02
|change = {{down}}0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,477
|percentage = 1.05
|change = {{up}}0.04
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,522
|percentage = 4.64
|change = {{down}}10.77
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,40,619
|percentage = 65.02
|change = {{up}}1.03
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Usha Devi]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]] by a margin of 20,635 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chikiti<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Chikiti Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Chikiti Constituency (Seat)">{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=Chikiti Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Chikiti Constituency (Seat) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/chikiti-election-result-s18a135/ |accessdate=10 July 2022 |date=2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710154907/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/chikiti-election-result-s18a135/ |archivedate=10 July 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Usha Devi]]
|votes = 73,353
|percentage = 54.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]]
|votes = 52,718
|percentage = 39.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subas Raut
|votes = 3,747
|percentage = 2.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,355
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,635
|percentage = 15.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,846
|percentage = 63.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Usha Devi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]] by a margin of 32,148 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chikiti<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Chikiti|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18135.htm?ac=135|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Chikiti (135)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=135|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140618154519/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=135|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Usha Devi]]
|votes = 74,849
|percentage = 58.76
|change = {{up}}5.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]]
|votes = 42,701
|percentage = 33.52
|change = {{down}}5.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samata Kranti Dal
|candidate = Amulya Kumar Sahu
|votes = 1,058
|percentage = 0.83
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Udaya Nath Pradhan
|votes = 4,590
|percentage = 3.6
|change = {{up}}0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,203
|percentage = 0.94
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,148
|percentage = 25.24
|change = {{up}}11.61
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,27,373
|percentage = 68.24
|change = {{up}}7.56
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,86,643
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Usha Devi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Chintamani Dyan Samantara by a margin of 14,229 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=14229 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chikiti<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Usha Devi]]
|votes = 55,099
|percentage = 52.79
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chintamani Dyan Samantara
|votes = 40,870
|percentage = 39.16
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kanhu Charan Pati
|votes = 3,580
|percentage = 3.43
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,229
|percentage = 13.63{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,04,367
|percentage = 60.68{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 65.49%}}
|change = {{down}}4.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|19.20|84.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]

Jangpetkong Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:32Z

YourPritam7: Created New Stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Jangpetkong Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Jangpetkong
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 29
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Temjenmemba|Temjenmenba]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:12861}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Jangpetkong''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mokokchung district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || R. Lesen || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1966 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election|1966 by-election]] || Imchalemba Ao
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || I. Arienba
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=2 | Imchalemba Ao
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || I. Imkong || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=2 | Chubatemjen Ao
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=4 | I. Imkong
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | Longrineken<ref name=election2018/> || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Temjenmemba|Temjenmenba]]|| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Temjenmemba]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=6,238 |percentage=55.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Imjongwati Longkumer|party=Naga People's Front|votes=4,237|percentage=37.62%|change=4.84%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Longrineken|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|votes=777|percentage=6.90%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=10|percentage=0.09%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,001 |percentage=17.77% |change=15.06% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,262|percentage=87.57%|change=-2.74%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,861 |change =14.05% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 19.89% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Longrineken |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,615 |percentage=35.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. T. Sunup |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,339 |percentage=32.79% |change=0.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. Chuba |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,185 |percentage=31.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=45 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=276 |percentage=2.71% |change=1.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,184 |percentage=90.31% |change= 1.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,277 |change =4.90% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 2.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Longrineken |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,117 |percentage=32.64% |change=-8.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. T. Sunup |party=Independent politician |votes=2,961 |percentage=31.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. Chuba |party=Independent politician |votes=2,549 |percentage=26.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=919 |percentage=9.62% |change=-49.49% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=156 |percentage=1.63% |change=-16.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,551 |percentage=88.85% |change= 3.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,750 |change =-29.47% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -26.48% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,721 |percentage=59.11% |change=-14.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longrineken |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,410 |percentage=41.42% |change=23.89% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,311 |percentage=17.69% |change=-38.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,062 |percentage=86.16% |change= 6.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,241 |change =40.55% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.97% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,329 |percentage=74.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chubatemjen Ao |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,497 |percentage=17.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Meren Ozukum |party=Samata Party |votes=717 |percentage=8.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,832 |percentage=56.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,543 |percentage=78.86% |change= 78.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,844 |change =10.10% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,849 |change =3.84% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,281 |percentage=71.50% |change=17.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chubatemjen Ao |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,504 |percentage=28.50% |change=-17.56% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,777 |percentage=42.99% |change=35.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,785 |percentage=92.75% |change= -2.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,485 |change =51.66% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 17.56% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chubatemjen Ao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,201 |percentage=53.93% |change=11.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,734 |percentage=46.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=467 |percentage=7.87% |change=-4.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,935 |percentage=95.54% |change= 0.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,254 |change =0.61% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chubatemjen Ao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,516 |percentage=42.72% |change=-7.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiremwati |party=Independent politician |votes=1,765 |percentage=29.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,608 |percentage=27.31% |change=-22.40% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=751 |percentage=12.75% |change=12.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,889 |percentage=95.06% |change= 19.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,216 |change =-29.85% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Imkong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,320 |percentage=50.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imchalemba Ao |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,281 |percentage=49.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39 |percentage=0.59% |change=-5.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,601 |percentage=75.57% |change= -17.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,861 |change =65.22% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 8.96% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Imchalemba Ao |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,044 |percentage=41.33% |change=18.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arienba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,735 |percentage=35.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imdongensa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,166 |percentage=23.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=309 |percentage=6.25% |change=-8.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,945 |percentage=93.01% |change= 17.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,363 |change =-42.73% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Independent politician |swing= 3.61% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Imchalemba Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,602 |percentage=37.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arienba |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,559 |percentage=22.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayangtemba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,161 |percentage=16.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imsumeren |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,043 |percentage=15.12% |change=-23.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dangtimeren |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=7.73% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,043 |percentage=15.12% |change=12.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,898 |percentage=75.11% |change= -0.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,365 |change =91.28% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -3.14% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Arienba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,513 |percentage=40.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imchalemba Ao |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,423 |percentage=38.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tekasosang |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=767 |percentage=20.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=90 |percentage=2.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,703 |percentage=75.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,896 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1966 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1966 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Imchalemba Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=971 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inkongwati Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=12 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=959 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Jangpetkong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Lesen |party=Independent politician |votes=1,867 |percentage=80.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtitoshi Lanu |party=Independent politician |votes=439 |percentage=19.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,428 |percentage=61.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,306 |percentage=72.19% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,200 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mokokchung district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.44|94.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Krishnarajanagara Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:18Z

YourPritam7: Created A Entry...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Krishnarajanagara
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 211
| map_image = 211-Krishnarajanagara constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Vidhana Sabha constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:218050}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[D. Ravishankar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[S. R. Mahesh]]
}}
[[File:Krishnarajanagara (Taluk) 2011.jpg|thumb|Taluk boundary same as Assembly Constituency as per 2011 Census]]
[[File:ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY MAP - MYSORE DISTRICT.pdf|thumb|Assembly Constituencies of Mysore district]]
'''Krishnarajanagara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mysore district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || S. H. Thammaiya Alias Hanumanthe Gowdara || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || H. M. Channabasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || K. S. Gowdaiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[M. Basavaraju]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || H. B. Kenche Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | S. Nanjappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || S. Nanjappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || K. Mahadeva || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[S. R. Mahesh]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="2" | Sa. Ra. Mahesh
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[D. Ravishankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Krishnarajanagara">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Krishnarajanagara |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10211.htm?ac=211 |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117162823/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10211.htm?ac=211 |archive-date=17 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Krishnarajanagara Constituency Election Results: 2023">{{cite news |title=Krishnarajanagara Constituency Election Results: 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/krishnarajanagara-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99305699.cms |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117162846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/krishnarajanagara-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99305699.cms |archive-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Ravishankar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 104,502 |percentage = 55.34% |change = {{increase}}7.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sa. Ra. Mahesh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 78,863 |percentage = 41.76% |change = {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosahalli Venkatesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,350 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 539 |percentage = 0.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,639 |percentage = 13.58% |change = {{increase}}12.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 188,886 |percentage = 86.63% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,841}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,050 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sa. Ra. Mahesh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 85,011 |percentage = 48.57% |change = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Ravishankar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,232 |percentage = 47.56% |change = {{increase}}6.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Shwetha Gopala |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,716 |percentage = 1.55% |change = {{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosahalli Venkatesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,743 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,193 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,779 |percentage = 1.02% |change = {{decrease}}8.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,331 |percentage = 85.87% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,017}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,182 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sa. Ra. Mahesh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 81,457 |percentage = 50.44% |change = {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddaswamegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,405 |percentage = 41.12% |change = {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basant. K. N |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 3,827 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Kumara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,860 |percentage = 1.15% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmana. D |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,812 |percentage = 1.12% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Dharmendra |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,416 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,052 |percentage = 9.32% |change = {{decrease}}4.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,604 |percentage = 83.61% |change = {{increase}}3.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,496}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,498 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Mahesh]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 77,322 |percentage = 53.68% |change = {{increase}}18.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,774 |percentage = 39.41% |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Putta Siddasetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,158 |percentage = 2.89% |change = {{decrease}}18.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. S. P. Yoganna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,170 |percentage = 2.20% |change = {{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra. K. J |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,631 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,548 |percentage = 14.26% |change = {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,077 |percentage = 80.45% |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,055}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,084 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}18.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mahadeva |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 40,341 |percentage = 35.32% |change = {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Viswanath. H |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,018 |percentage = 35.04% |change = {{decrease}}18.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sa. Ra. Mahesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,028 |percentage = 21.04% |change = {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Asgar Pasha |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,048 |percentage = 5.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palaksha |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,243 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakkegowda. K. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 818 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 323 |percentage = 0.28% |change = {{decrease}}30.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,206 |percentage = 74.47% |change = {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,203}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,360 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,161 |percentage = 53.92% |change = {{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mahadeva |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,168 |percentage = 23.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Govindaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,546 |percentage = 22.75% |change = {{increase}}21.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,993 |percentage = 30.58% |change = {{increase}}29.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,922 |percentage = 77.14% |change = {{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,875}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 47 |percentage = 0.04% |change = {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,901 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nanjappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 51,014 |percentage = 48.13% |change = {{increase}}44.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Vishwanatha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,707 |percentage = 46.89% |change = {{decrease}}18.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. Nagaraj |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,273 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasagowda Mirle |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,844 |percentage = 1.74% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,307 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}36.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,499 |percentage = 79.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,001}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,498 |percentage = 1.39% |change = {{decrease}}3.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,620 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,509 |percentage = 65.88% |change = {{increase}}19.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nanjappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,467 |percentage = 28.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Prakash |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,079 |percentage = 3.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Ajit Raj |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,652 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,042 |percentage = 37.53% |change = {{increase}}33.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,439 |percentage = 81.70% |change = {{increase}}8.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,364}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,075 |percentage = 5.16% |change = {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,489 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nanjappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,170 |percentage = 50.52% |change = {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Vishwanatha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,366 |percentage = 46.25% |change = {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thontadarya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,444 |percentage = 2.20% |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. C. Revanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 582 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,804 |percentage = 4.27% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,750 |percentage = 72.87% |change = {{decrease}}7.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,654}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 1.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,599 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nanjappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,896 |percentage = 54.39% |change = {{increase}}14.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Viswanath. H |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,546 |percentage = 43.26% |change = {{increase}}38.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thontadarya |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 995 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. S. Lingaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,350 |percentage = 11.14% |change = {{decrease}}3.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,357 |percentage = 80.29% |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,992}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,365 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,891 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,571 |percentage = 54.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Nanjappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,441 |percentage = 39.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Javare Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,717 |percentage = 4.44% |change = {{decrease}}33.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,130 |percentage = 14.93% |change = {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,555 |percentage = 79.55% |change = {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,155}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,400 |percentage = 2.24% |change = {{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,637 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Kenche Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,604 |percentage = 37.87% |change = {{increase}}19.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. L. Thimmegowda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,526 |percentage = 25.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Basavaraju]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,395 |percentage = 22.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Gangaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,775 |percentage = 6.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kempegowda |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmanegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 881 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Javaregowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 690 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. K. Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 249 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,078 |percentage = 12.32% |change = {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,370 |percentage = 65.62% |change = {{decrease}}4.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,202}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,568 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Basavaraju]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,418 |percentage = 29.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. R. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,983 |percentage = 19.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Gowdaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,471 |percentage = 18.42% |change = {{decrease}}28.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. S. Lingaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,817 |percentage = 16.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Boranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,058 |percentage = 11.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 3.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,435 |percentage = 9.78% |change = {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,595 |percentage = 69.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,123}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,327 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}23.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Gowdaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,976 |percentage = 53.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Channabasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,557 |percentage = 46.94% |change = {{decrease}}8.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,419 |percentage = 6.12% |change = {{decrease}}11.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,531 |percentage = 70.33% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,533}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,051 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Channabasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,615 |percentage = 54.94% |change = {{increase}}27.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Gowdaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,659 |percentage = 37.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Kenche Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,436 |percentage = 4.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. L. Veerathaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 3.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,956 |percentage = 17.58% |change = {{increase}}9.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,881 |percentage = 68.63% |change = {{increase}}10.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,881}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,366 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnarajanagara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Thammaiya Alias Hanumanthe Gowdara |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,820 |percentage = 34.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. L. Nanjaraja Urs |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,056 |percentage = 27.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Gowdaiah |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 4,073 |percentage = 18.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shiddalinga Shetty |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 3,695 |percentage = 16.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. K. Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 732 |percentage = 3.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,764 |percentage = 7.88% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,376 |percentage = 58.59% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,376}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,190 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mysore district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.44|76.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti

2026-04-10T09:29:20Z

YourPritam7: Starting A Page...

{{Short description|Indian reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Swayamvarmikadivohti.jpg
| genre = [[Reality]]
| inspired_by = [[Swayamvar (TV series)|Swayamvar]]
| presenter = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| starring = [[Mika Singh]]
| theme_music_composer = Mika Singh
| open_theme = ''Mika Di Vohti''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 27 
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 44 min
| company = Sol Production
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|7|25}}
}}

'''''Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti''''' is an Indian reality show broadcast on [[Star Bharat]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=18 May 2022 |author=Grace Cyril |title=Mika Singh is looking for his bride in new wedding song from Swayamvar Mika Di Vohti. Watch |website=India Today |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/mika-singh-is-looking-for-his-bride-in-new-wedding-song-from-swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-watch-1950842-2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Makers of Swayamvar- Mika Di Vohti makers spend Rs 5 crore for the promo launch |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/makers-of-swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-makers-spend-rs-5-crore-for-the-promo-launch/articleshow/91516866.cms |access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref> Hosted by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |author=Grace Cyril |title=Shaan roped in to host Mika Singh's Swayamvar, says 'mere bhai ki shaadi hai' |website=India Today |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shaan-roped-in-to-host-mika-singh-s-swayamvar-1944076-2022-05-01 |access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref> The show premiered on 19 June 2022. It features [[Mika Singh]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-02 |title=Mika Singh's Swayamvar: Mika Di Vohti Will Get A Diamond Necklace Worth 7 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mika-singhs-swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-will-get-a-diamond-necklace-worth-7-crore-5295289.html |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-16 |title=Mika Singh is looking for a perfect bride, announces Swayamvar Mika Di Vohti with a wedding song. Watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mika-singh-is-looking-for-a-perfect-bride-announces-swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-with-a-wedding-song-7920721/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> who tries to find a suitable life partner for himself from among the 12 contestants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swayamvar Mika di vohti: 12 लड़कियां, ग्रैंड ओपनिंग, आखिर किसे अपना हमसफर चुनेंगे Mika Singh? |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/mika-singh-swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-12-women-grand-entry-grand-opening-new-promo-viral-tmov-1470967-2022-05-26 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Aaj Tak |date=26 May 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> [[Akanksha Puri]] was declared the winner.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Contestant
!'''Hometown'''
!'''Status'''
|-
|[[Akanksha Puri]] [[File:Playing_card_club_A.svg|13x13px]]
|[[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="gold" |Winner {{small|Episode 27}}
|-
|Neet Mahal
|[[Chandigarh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:silver;" |Runners-up {{small|Episode 27}}

|-
|Prantika Das
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]

|-
|Riya Kishanchandani [[File:Playing_card_club_A.svg|13x13px]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#B0E0E6;" |Eliminated {{small|Episode 24}}
|-
|Chandrani Das
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c7b8;" |Eliminated {{small|Episode 20}}
|-
|Manpreet Kaur [[File:Playing_card_club_A.svg|13x13px]]
|[[Punjab]]
|-
|Bushra Sheikh
|rowspan="2" | [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c7b8;" |Eliminated {{small|Episode 18}}
|-
|Dhwani Pawar
|-
|Sonal Khilwani
|[[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8;" |Eliminated {{small|Episode 12}}
|-
|Divya Rai
|[[Buxar]], [[Bihar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c7b8;" |Eliminated {{small|Episode 7}}
|-
|Ashlesha Rahule
|[[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|Poonam Sood
|[[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab]]
| rowspan="4" style="background:#f4c7b8;" |Eliminated {{small|Episode 3}}
|-
|Pratiksha Das
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|Reshma Gulani
|[[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|Nisha Dubey
|[[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|}
'''Bangle (Pyar Ka Nazrana) Winners'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Day
!Winner
|-
|Day 1
|bgcolor=gold|'''Bushra Sheikh'''
|-
|Day 2
|bgcolor=gold|'''Prantika Das'''
|-
|Day 4
|bgcolor=gold|'''Ashlesha Raule'''
|-
|Day 7
|bgcolor=gold|'''Prantika Das'''
|-
|Day 10
|bgcolor=gold|'''Riya Kishanchandani'''
|-
|Day 15
|bgcolor=gold|'''Neet Mahal'''
|}

== Series overview ==




{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:15px;"
| rowspan="26" bgcolor="black" |
| colspan="11" bgcolor=black|
| colspan="19" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |Weeks
! colspan="8" rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" |Week 2
! colspan="6" rowspan="2" |Week 3
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Week 4
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Week 5
! colspan="3" |Week 6
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="gold" |'''Finale'''
|-
!Day
!Day 1
!Day 2
! colspan="2" |Day 3
! colspan="3" |Day 4
!Day 5
!Day 7
! colspan="2" |Day 8
!Day 9
!Day 10
! colspan="2" |Day 11
!Day 12
! colspan="2" |Day 13
! colspan="2" |Day 15
!Day 16
!Day 17
!Day 19
!Day 20
! colspan="2" |Day 24
! colspan="3" |Day 27
|-bgcolor=gold
! Mika's Date
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Date''
| style="background:gold;" |'''Bushra & Prantika'''
| colspan="2" style="background:gold;" |'''Chandrani, Sonal & Dhvani'''
| colspan="3" style="background:gold;"|'''Neet, Prantika & Divya'''
| style="background:gold;" |'''Ashlesha'''
| style="background:Gold;" |'''Neet'''
|'''Neet, Riya, Manpreet & Prantika'''
|'''Neet, Chandrani & Prantika'''
|'''Neet'''
| style="background:gold;" |'''Riya, Dhvani & Manpreet'''
| colspan="2" |'''Riya, Dhvani, Manpreet & Chandrani'''
| style="background:gold;" |'''Neet & Manpreet'''
| colspan="2" |'''Neet, Prantika & Manpreet'''
| colspan="2" |'''Neet'''
| bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Date''
| bgcolor="gold" |'''Akanksha'''
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Date''
|-
| colspan="30" bgcolor="black" |
|-
!
! colspan="2" |Bangle
! colspan="2" |Speed Dating
! colspan="3" |Love By Chance
!Bangle
!Video Screening
!Game
!Bangle
!Date
!Bangle
! colspan="2" |Kabaddi
!Date
!Game
!Date
!Cooking Challenge
!Bangle
!Ramp Walk
!Photo Session
!Dance Competition
!'''Top 4'''
!Top 3
! colspan="4" |WIN
|-
!Akanksha
| colspan="21" style="background:beige;" |'''WILD CARD'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| bgcolor="yellow" |''Top 4''
| bgcolor="yellow" |''Top 3''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#7CFC00" |'''WINNER'''
|-
!Neet
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{N/A|N/A}}
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:gold;" |''Got Bangle''
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| bgcolor="yellow" |''Top 4''
| bgcolor="yellow" |''Top 3''
| colspan="4" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |{{nowrap|''Eliminated; Top 3''}}
|-
!Prantika
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:gold;" |''Got Bangle''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
|{{N/A|N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:gold;" |''Got Bangle''
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| bgcolor="yellow" |''Top 4''
| bgcolor="yellow" |''Top 3''
| colspan="4" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |''Eliminated; Top 3''
|-
!Riya
| colspan="9" style="background:beige;" |'''WILD CARD'''
|Bgcolor=lightgreen|Won
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:gold;" |''Got Bangle''
| style="background:blue;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| bgcolor="yellow" |''Top 4''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="Navajowhite" |''Eliminated; Top 4'' (Day 24)
|-
!Manpreet
| colspan="9" style="background:beige;" |'''WILD CARD'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:blue;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |''Team Captain'';Won
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| colspan="6" bgcolor="Salmon" |''Eliminated'' (Day 20)
|-
!Chandrani
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{N/A|N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:blue;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| colspan="6" bgcolor="Salmon" |''Eliminated'' (Day 20)
|-
!Bushra
| style="background:gold;" |''Got Bangle''
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{N/A|N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:orange;" |''Team Captain''; Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{CRemoved|''Disqualified''}}
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| colspan="7" bgcolor="salmon" |''Eliminated'' (Day 18)
|-
!Dhvani
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{N/A|N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:blue;" |
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| colspan="7" bgcolor="salmon" |''Eliminated'' (Day 18)
|-
!Sonal
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{N/A|N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| colspan="14" bgcolor="salmon" |''Eliminated'' (Day 12)
|-
!Divya
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{No|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| colspan="20" bgcolor="salmon" |''Eliminated'' (Day 7)
|-
!Ashlesha
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |Won
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
|{{N/A|N/A}}
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| style="background:gold;" |''Got Bangle''
| style="background:orange;" |Lost
| colspan="20" bgcolor="salmon" |''Eliminated'' (Day 7)
|-
!Poonam
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="27" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Day 3)
|-
!Pratiksha
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="27" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Day 3)
|-
!Reshma
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="27" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Day 3)
|-
!Nisha
| colspan="2" {{no|''Didn't get Bangle''}}
| colspan="27" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Day 3)
|-
| colspan="30" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Elimination
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Elimination''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Poonam'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Reshma'''
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Elimination''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Ashlesha'''
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Elimination''
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |'''Sonal'''
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Elimination''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Dhvani'''
| bgcolor="Salmon" |'''Chandrani'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="Navajowhite" |'''Riya'''
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" |'''Prantika'''
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" |'''Neet'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:black;" |
|-
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Pratiksha'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Nisha'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Divya'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''Bushra'''
| bgcolor="Salmon" |'''Manpreet'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7CFC00;" |'''Akanksha'''
|-
| colspan="30" bgcolor="black" |
|-
|}

== Production ==
A music video titled ''Mika Di Vohti'' featuring [[Mika Singh]] released on 16 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Parina |date=2022-05-10 |title=Swayamvar Mika Di Vohti: Singer Mika Singh performs daring tractor stunt for promo video |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-singer-mika-singh-performs-daring-tractor-stunt-for-promo-video-2022-05-10-775542 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Promotion ===
Singh appeared in [[StarPlus]] serial ''[[Anupamaa]]'' to promote his show.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mika Singh to make a special appearance as groom's friend in Anupamaa, promoting his dating reality show |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/best-man-duties-392934 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Tribune India |language=en}}</ref>

== Guest ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|+
!{{CGuest|Episode}}
!{{CGuest|Actor/Actress}}
!{{CGuest|Notes}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |Ep. 1
|[[Kapil Sharma]]
|'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-15 |title=Kapil Sharma jets off to attend 'paji' Mika Singh's swayamvar in Jodhpur, is worried about the groom backing out |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kapil-sharma-jets-off-to-attend-paji-mika-singh-s-swayamvar-in-jodhpur-is-worried-about-the-groom-backing-out-101652589564354.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>''' Mika's Friend''
|-
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|''Comedian''
|-
|[[Daler Mehndi]]
|''Mika's brother''
|-
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
| rowspan="2" |''From [[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]''
|-
|[[Hiba Nawab]]
|-
|[[Karan Wahi]]
| rowspan="2" |''From [[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''
|-
|[[Niyati Fatnani]]
|-
| Ishaan Dhawan
| rowspan="2" |''From [[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]''
|-
|[[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]]
|-
|Ep. 4
|[[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| rowspan="5" |''Special Appearance''
|-
|Ep. 7
|[[Raveena Tandon]]
|-
|Ep. 11
|[[Geeta Phogat]]
|-
|Ep. 12
|[[Farah Khan]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Ep. 13
|[[Rahul Vaidya]]
|-
|Gurdeep Mehendi
|''[[Daler Mehndi]]'s son''
|-
|Ep. 14
|Ajit Mehendi
|''Daler Mehndi's daughter''
|-
|Ep. 16
|[[Hina Khan]]
| rowspan="5" |''Special Appearance''
|-
|Ep. 18
|[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]
|-
|Ep. 24
|[[Rupal Patel]]
|-
|Ep. 25
|[[Rupali Ganguly]]
|-
|Ep. 26
|[[Guru Randhawa]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/swayamvar-mika-di-vohti/1260104944 ''Swayamvar - Mika Di Vohti''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swayamvar - Mika Di Vohti}}
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:Indian dating and relationship reality television series]]

Ira Singhal

2026-04-07T15:36:07Z

YourPritam7: Created A Biography...

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Promotional|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ira Singhal
| image = File:Ira Singhal.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = Assistant Collector [[Government of Delhi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|08|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], India
| alma_mater = [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]] [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| term_start1 = June 2016
| term_end1 = Present
| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]], [[Masters in Business Administration|MBA]]
| known_for = All India Topper in [[Civil Service Examination|CSE 2014]]
| module = {{infobox person |child=yes
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = [[Government of Delhi]] }}
}}

'''Ira Singhal''' is an Indian Administrative Service officer and computer science engineer. She was the highest-scoring individual in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC's]] [[Civil Services Examination]] for the year 2014. She completed her [[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]] from [[NSIT|Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS Ira Singhal's LinkedIn Profile |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ira-singhal-7248aa37}}</ref> and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi|FMS, University of Delhi]]. Singhal topped the exam in her fourth attempt, to become the first [[differently abled|disabled]] woman to top the civil services exam.<ref>{{Cite news|title = A great moment for me and my family, says Ira Singhal|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ira-singhal-tops-upsc-exam/article7386497.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-07-04|access-date = 2015-10-11|issn = 0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singhal was born in [[Meerut]]<ref name=notsweeper>{{Cite web|title = Not eligible to be sweeper, but I'm IAS officer: UPSC topper Ira|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/not-eligible-to-be-sweeper-but-i-m-ias-officer-upsc-topper-ira/story-SS8xF9eu9m9SQ7CHBzRGrN.html|work = Hindustan Times|date = 4 July 2015|accessdate = 2015-10-11}}</ref> to Rajendra Singhal and Anita Singhal. Her father is an engineer and mother is an insurance advisor. She was among the toppers at Sophia Girls School, Meerut and [[Loreto Convent School, Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Srishti |title=How Ira Singhal overcame the odds to top the civil services exams |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/7YeMJjJXVvLir8eIr0ghYI/How-Ira-Singhal-overcame-the-odds-to-top-the-civil-services.html |work=mint |date=6 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Ira has [[scoliosis]], a spine-related disorder, which disrupts her arm movement.<ref name=notsweeper/> She completed her schooling from the [[Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan]] and studied BE in Computer Engineering from [[Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology]] (now [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]]) and received Dual MBA in Marketing & Finance from [[Faculty of Management Studies (Delhi)|Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi]]. She scored 1,082 marks out of a total 2,025 and secured 53.43% in [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] Exam 2014-2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ira Singhal IAS Topper Rank 1 Interview, Profile, Family and Marriage|date=2017-10-26|work=IAS Paper|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:The topper of the Indian Civil Services-2014 Examination, Ms. Ira Singhal addressing at the inauguration of the “Inclusive India Summit-2017”, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Singhal addressing the 2017 Inclusive India Summit]]
Despite clearing the exam in her very first attempt, Singhal was not allowed to take the position in office due to her physical disability as authorities cited her ''inability to push, pull and lift''. She was refused a posting because she has [[scoliosis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/how-i-made-it/story/ias-topper-interview-322442-2016-05-09|title=First physically challenged woman to top IAS, Ira Singhal tells how her disability was never an excuse: How I made it|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2017-10-28|archive-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102083755/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/ias-topper-interview/1/663575.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Meet 2014 UPSC topper Ira Singhal, who was earlier barred from civil services due to her disability - Firstpost|url = http://www.firstpost.com/living/rejected-an-ias-posting-in-2010-physically-challenged-ira-singhal-tops-2015-upsc-exam-2327524.html|website = firstpost.com|date = 7 July 2015|accessdate = 15 November 2015}}</ref> In 2012 she filed a case in the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) and won after four years, after which she was given a posting as Assistant Commissioner in [[Indian Revenue Service]] (C&CE).<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Special Victory: This Woman Just Topped India's Toughest Exam Beating Disability And Discrimination|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/07/04/upsc-exam-results-2014-ir_n_7726206.html|website = The Huffington Post|date = 4 July 2015|accessdate = 2015-10-11}}</ref> Singhal gave the civil service examination in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014 and in the first three attempts she got [[Indian Revenue Service]] whereas in 2015 she got [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS).

After MBA, before appearing for Civil Services Examination in 2010, she worked as a Strategy Manager in [[Cadbury|Cadbury India]] and as marketing intern at the Coca-Cola Company. She has also taught Spanish for a year. She is posted as Assistant Collector (trainee) in the [[Government of Delhi]] since June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=26105&PageId= |title=Ira Singhal |website=supremo.nic.in|accessdate=2016-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chanakyaiasacademyblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/25/ira-singhal-cse-2014-air-1-has-a-lesson-you-must-learn/ |title=IRA SINGHAL CSE 2014, AIR 1 has a Lesson You Must Learn|website=chanakyaiasacademyblog.wordpress.com|date=25 April 2017|accessdate=2017-04-27}}</ref>

She is the Brand Ambassador for Department of Disability, [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAS-topper-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-disability/articleshow/47996825.cms|title= IAS topper to be brand ambassador for disability | India News - Times of India|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 9 July 2015}}</ref> She is also one of the brand ambassadors for [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] & [[NITI Aayog]] and is on the National Panel for Accessible Elections, [[Election Commission of India]]. She has also been a part of the Designing of [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) Examination Policy with regard to children with disabilities. Her awards include [[India Today]]’s Woman of the Year 2015, President's Gold Medal for Topping the IAS Training, First Ladies of India Award by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], [[Government of India]]. She rescued around 340 child and bonded labourers and restored them to their families, within 1 year in her first posting as SDM ([[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]]), [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]] in [[North Delhi district]]. She is also the first person to give a job to a [[transgender]] person full-time employment in a government office in [[Delhi]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

She is currently serving as Special Secretary, Education, in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS Ira Singhal Transferred to Arunachal |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/movements/ias-ira-singhal-transferred-to-arunachal/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ira Singhal on Instagram: "First week visiting schools and interacting with teachers as Special Secretary, Education, Arunachal Pradesh." |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cp0bgucPX68/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Instagram |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singhal, Ira}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Women from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]

Simba (2019 film)

2026-04-04T20:39:52Z

YourPritam7:

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Arvind Sridhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Simba
| image = Simba Tamil Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Arvind Sridhar
| producer = K. Sivaneswaran Vasu Arumugam
| writer = Arvind Sridhar
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] [[Premji Amaran|Premji]] [[Bhanu Sri Mehra]] [[Swathi Deekshith]] [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]
| music = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| cinematography = Sinu Siddharth
| editing = Achu Vijayan
| released = {{Film date|2019|01|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| studio = Magic Chair Films Yasodha Films
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}50 lakh
}}

'''''Simba''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[stoner film|stoner]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by Arvind Sridhar. The film stars [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]], [[Swathi Deekshith]], and [[Bhanu Sri Mehra]], while [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] plays a supporting role. The film has music composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] with cinematography by Sinu Siddharth and editing by Achu Vijayan.

''Simba'' is an experimental movie with a unique plot. The film released on 25 January 2019 to mixed reviews and had an average performance in the theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Movie 'Simba' 7th Day Box Office Collection: Total First Week Income Report |url=https://thenewsrecorder.in/simba-7th-day-box-office-collection-total-first-week-income/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130414/https://thenewsrecorder.in/simba-7th-day-box-office-collection-total-first-week-income/ |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=thenewsrecorder.in}}</ref> The film is loosely based on the critically acclaimed Australian TV series ''[[Wilfred (Australian TV series)|Wilfred]]''.

== Plot ==
Mahesh ([[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]) is a stoner who leads a lonely life. It is this reason, the film tells us, that has turned him towards [[cannabis]]: for instant [[dopamine]] hit. One Sunday, after Mahesh has taken a "hit", his neighbour Madhu ([[Bhanu Sri Mehra]]) asks him to look after her pet [[Great Dane]], Simba. To Mahesh, who is under the influence of the marijuana, Simba ([[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]]) appears to be a person. The rest of the film is about how Mahesh bonds with Simba and how they try to make Madhu fall in love with him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Mahesh
* [[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]] as Simba
* [[Bhanu Sri Mehra]] as Madhu
* [[Swathi Deekshith]] as Diana
* [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Deepak
* [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]] as Veterinary Surgeon
* [[Swaminathan]]
* Swetha Ashok
}}

==Production==
Arvind Sridhar wrote a dark comedy script and signed on [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] to appear in the lead role, as a youngster who acquires extra-sensory ability through some negative experiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=26 September 2015 |title=Etcetera: Laughing to the bank |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-laughing-to-the-bank/article7692573.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Actress [[Bhanu Sri Mehra]] was signed on to feature in the film and portray a journalist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=27 June 2015 |title=Etcetera: Tones and textures |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-tones-and-textures/article7361473.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Sridhar revealed that he based the script on a real life incident featuring his friend, who was a drug-taker, and spun a fictional story around his experiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Premgi plays an imaginary dog in this 'dopey' film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Premgi-plays-an-imaginary-dog-in-this-dopey-film/articleshow/49227410.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Bharath was initially hesitant about the financial viability of the script in the Tamil film industry but later chose to do the film. Produced by Magic Chair K.Sivaneswaran coordinated by Sathish during June 2015 and progressed across Chennai and Pondicherry.<ref name="behindwoods.com">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=Simba (aka) Simba photos stills & images |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/simba/simba-photos-pictures-stills.html#19 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In October 2015, the team held discussion with actress [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] about playing a cameo role in the film to promote animal welfare.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2015 |title=IndiaGlitz - Bharath acts as a dopehead in his next |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bharath-premji-bhanu-sri-mehra-simba-to-be-a-dark-comedy-with-dopehead-and-dog-in-lead-roles-tamil-news-143911.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008211921/https://www.indiaglitz.com/bharath-premji-bhanu-sri-mehra-simba-to-be-a-dark-comedy-with-dopehead-and-dog-in-lead-roles-tamil-news-143911.html |archive-date=2015-10-08 |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=Tamil Movie News}}</ref>

Although production was completed in 2016, the film was delayed as a result of post-production works and non-availability of screens. A teaser trailer was released in October 2017, while a second teaser was later released in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title='Simba' teaser - promises a technically slick stoner movie - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/simba-teaser-promises-a-technically-slick-stoner-movie--tamil-news-198786 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Simba' second teaser: Dhanush releases the quirky 'Dope Anthem' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simba-second-teaser-dhanush-releases-the-quirky-dope-anthem/articleshow/66121127.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> After a long delay, the film was released on 25 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIMBA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/simba/movie-review/67685677.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Hindi Version ==
''Simba'' is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language stoner comedy film written and directed by Arvind Sridhar. The film was acquired by [[Inbox Pictures]] and released in Hindi.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]. The song ''Pinjula Pinjula'', sung by actor [[Silambarasan]], was released on 6 August 2016, before the release of the entire album.
{{Infobox album
| name = Simba
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:55
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| prev_title = [[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Kee (film)|Kee]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklist
| title1 = Pinjula Pinjula
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = [[Silambarasan]]
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Marandhadhae
| lyrics2 = Vishal Chandrashekhar
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Tee Jay
| length2 = 3:09
| title3 = Sarpetta
| lyrics3 = Charukesh Sekar
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Arunraja Kamaraj]], [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| length3 = 3:06
| title4 = Pesugiraai
| lyrics4 = Jude Chris
| extra4 = Roshini, Sinduri Vishal, Aarnav
| length4 = 3:20
| title5 = Bow Wow Vadai
| lyrics5 = Subu
| extra5 = [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], Aishwarya Ravichandran
| length5 = 3:20
| title6 = Vandhaene
| lyrics6 = Vishal Chandrashekhar
| extra6 = Vishal Chandrasekhar, Shilpa Natarajan, Kavita Thomas
| length6 = 3:47
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wilfred (TV series)]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Surreal comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:Existentialist films]]
[[Category:Films about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films about mental disorders]]
[[Category:Stoner films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cannabis]]
[[Category:Remakes of Australian films]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]

Child marriage in India

2026-03-26T11:47:34Z

YourPritam7: further adjust structure for accuracy also and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|Child marriages in India}}{{POV|date=July 2021|talk=Neutrality of the article}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

'''Child marriage in India''' in [[Indian law]] is a [[marriage in India|marriage]] in which the bride is less than 18 years of age. Most [[child marriage]]s involve girls younger than 18, many of whom are from [[Socio-economic issues in India|poor families]].

Child marriages are prevalent in [[India]]. Estimates vary widely between sources as to the extent of child marriages. A 2015–2016 [[UNICEF]] report estimated India's child marriage rate at 27%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-28 |title=Ending Child Marriage: A profile of progress in India |url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/ending-child-marriage-a-profile-of-progress-in-india/ |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Census of India]] has counted and reported married women by age, with proportion of females in child marriage falling in each 10 year census period since 1981. In its 2001 census report, India stated at least a few married girls below the age of 10, 1.4 million married girls out of 59.2 million girls aged 10–14, and 11.3 million married girls out of 46.3 million girls aged 15–19.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">.[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/C-Series/c_series_tables_2001.aspx Table C-2 Marital Status by Age and Sex] Subtable C0402, India Total Females Married by Age Group, 2001 Census of India, Government of India (2009)</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' reported that 'since 2001, child marriage rates in India have fallen by 46% between 2005 and 2009'.<ref name=toi2012>K. Sinha [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nearly-50-fall-in-brides-married-below-18/articleshow/11829410.cms Nearly 50% fall in brides married below 18] The Times of India (February 10, 2012)</ref>

During British colonial times, the legal minimum age of marriage was set at 14 for girls and 18 for boys. Child marriage was outlawed in 1929, under [[Child Marriage Restraint Act|a law in British India]]. (However, the Assam Muslim Marriages and Divorces Registration Act, 1935, allowed child marriage in the Indian state of [[Assam]], but it was repealed in 2024.)<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-assam-scraps-colonial-era-muslim-marriage-law-2024-02-25/</ref> Under protests from Muslim organisations in [[Partition of India|undivided India]], a [[Muslim personal law]] was passed in 1937 that allowed child marriages with consent from the child bride's guardian.<ref name=usfca/> After India's independence in 1947, the act underwent two revisions. The minimum legal age for marriage was increased to 15 for girls in 1949, and to 18 for females and 21 for males in 1978.<ref name=legal-marriage-age-in-india>{{citation|editor=Sudhir Rao, Advocate|title=Legal Age Marriage India 2024|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/legal-age-marriage-india-2024-sudhir-rao-d1uwc/|year=2024}}</ref> The child marriage prevention laws have been challenged in Indian courts,<ref name=usfca/> with some domestic Muslim organizations seeking no minimum age and that the age matter be left to their personal law.<ref name=rbit/><ref name=ik2001/> Child marriage is an active political subject as well as a subject of continuing litigation under review in the highest courts of India.<ref name=rbit/>

Several states of India have introduced incentives to delay marriages. For example, the state of [[Haryana]] introduced the ''Apni Beti, Apna Dhan'' program in 1994, which translates to "My daughter, My wealth". It is a [[conditional cash transfer]] program dedicated to delaying under-age marriages by providing a government paid bond in her name, payable to her parents, in the amount of {{INRConvert|25000}}, after her 18th birthday if she is unmarried.

==Definitions of child marriage==

=== India ===
Child marriage is a complex subject under [[Indian law]]. It was defined by the [[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929]],<ref>[http://wcd.nic.in/child-marriage-restraint-act-1929-19-1929 The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929] British India</ref> which set the minimum age of marriage for females to be 14 and males 18. The law was opposed by Muslims and subsequently superseded for Muslims of British India by the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937,<ref name="usfca">Hilary Amster, [http://www.usfca.edu/law/docs/child_marriage/ Child marriage in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204544/http://www.usfca.edu/law/docs/child_marriage/ |date=14 July 2014 }} University of San Francisco (2009)</ref> which implied no minimum limit and allowed parental or guardian consent in case of Muslim marriages. The 1929 law for non-Muslims was amended twice after India gained independence in 1947. In 1949, the minimum age for girls was increased to 15, and in 1978 the minimum age was increased for both genders: to 18 for females and 21 for males.<ref name=legal-marriage-age-in-india /><ref name=ohchrun>[http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/ForcedMarriage/NGO/HAQCentreForChildRights1.pdf Child Marriage in India: Achievements, Gaps and Challenges] [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]], United Nations</ref> The applicability and permissibility of child marriage among Muslims under the 1937 Act, under India's Constitution adopted in 1950, remains a controversial subject, with a series of Supreme Court cases and rulings.<ref name=usfca/>

The definition of child marriage was last updated by India with the [[Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006]], which applies to all Indians except the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and the renoucants of the union territory of Puducherry. For Muslims of India, child marriage definition and regulations based on [[Sharia]] and [[Nikah]] has been claimed by some as a personal law subject but has been ruled by various courts that it applies to Muslims also.<ref name=usfca/><ref name=rbit>M.G. Radhakrishnan and J. Binduraj, [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20130715-child-marriage-indian-union-muslim-league-kerala-underage-marriages-764491-1999-11-29 In a league of their own] India Today (July 5, 2013)</ref> For all others, The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act of 2006 defines "child marriage" means a marriage, or a marriage about to be solemnized, to which either of the contracting parties is a child; and ''child'' for purposes of marriage is defined based on gender of the person – if a male, it is 21 years of age, and if a female, 18 years of age.<ref name=cma2006>[http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/2007/The%20Prohibition%20of%20Child%20Marriage%20Act,%202006.pdf The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act of 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127064420/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/2007/The%20Prohibition%20of%20Child%20Marriage%20Act,%202006.pdf |date=27 January 2018 }} The Gazette of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India (January 11, 2007)</ref>

=== World ===
[[UNICEF]] defines [[child marriage]] as a formal marriage or informal union before 18 years of age,<ref name="unicef1">{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200728024621/https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage |archive-date=28 July 2020 |work=UNICEF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child marriage is a violation of human rights, but is all too common |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181027170819/https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ |archive-date=27 October 2018 |access-date=22 July 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> because it can lead to a lifetime of suffering for girls who are more likely to experience domestic violence or die due to complications in pregnancy and childbirth.{{r|unicef1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/stories/child-marriage-around-world |title=Child marriage around the world |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=UNICEF |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210722101106/https://www.unicef.org/stories/child-marriage-around-world |archive-date=22 July 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[UN Women]] proposes that child marriage be defined as a forced marriage because they believe children under age are incapable of giving a legally valid consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/614-definition-of-forced-and-child-marriage.html |work=UN Women|title= Definition of forced and child marriage|year= 2012}}</ref>

==Statistics==
[[File:ChildMarriageIndiabySDRC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Child Marriage rates by [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]], 2015]]

Child marriage rate estimates in India vary significantly among sources.

===UN and other estimates===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Source||% Females married (< 18)||Data Year||Sampling method||Reference
|-
| ICRW|| align=center|47|| align=center|1998||small sample survey||<ref name=icrw98>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures|title=Child Marriage Facts and Figures|access-date=10 April 2012|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828070027/https://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[UN]]|| align=center|30|| align=center|2005||small sample survey||<ref name=un05>{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/ww2005/tab2a.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>
|-
| NFHS-3|| align=center|44.5|| align=center|1998–2002||small sample survey||<ref name=wcd2007>[http://wcd.nic.in/stat.pdf A Handbook of Statistical Indicators of Indian Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144100/http://wcd.nic.in/stat.pdf |date=14 July 2014 }} Ministry of Women and Child Welfare, Govt of India (2007)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Raj | first1 = A. | last2 = Saggurti | first2 = N. | last3 = Balaiah | first3 = D. | last4 = Silverman | first4 = J. G. | year = 2009 | title = Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study | journal = The Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9678| pages = 1883–1889 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60246-4 | pmid=19278721 | pmc=2759702}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[UNICEF]]|| align=center|47|| align=center|2005–06|| || rowspan="2" |<ref name=UNICEF>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/child-marriages-widespread-in-bihar-rajasthan-and-bengal-unicef-report-1454035-2019-02-12|title=Child marriage widespread in Bihar and Bengal: Unicef report|work=India Today|date=12 February 2019|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| align=center|27|| align=center|2020-21||
|-
| | NFHS-4|| align=center|26.8|| align=center|2015–2016||||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/PRft3fAiTAnZj6KVZR3FHN/23-million-child-brides-in-India-Supreme-Court-expresses-di.html|title=23 million child brides in India, Supreme Court expresses dismay|date=12 October 2017|website=mint}}</ref>
|}

The small sample surveys have different methods of estimating overall child marriages in India, some using multi-year basis data. For example, NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 data for 2005 mentioned in above table, used a survey of women aged 20–24, where they were asked if they were married before they were 18.<ref name=wcd2007/> The NFHS-3 also surveyed older women, up to the age of 49, asking the same question. The survey found that many more 40–49 were married before they turned 18, than 20–24 age women who were interviewed. In 1970s, the minimum legal age of marriage, in India, for women was 15.<ref name=ohchrun/>

According to UNICEF report published in 2005–06, child marriage rates in India were estimated to be around 47%. This figure declined to 27% in 2015–16 according to a new report published by UNICEF. UNICEF also reported that the child marriage was wide spread in three Indian states ([[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]]) and there is a 40% prevalence of child marriage in these states.<ref name=UNICEF/>

Javier Aguilar, UNICEF’s chief of child protection, stated that India accounts for the highest number of child marriages in [[South Asia]] given its size and population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-gender-child-marriage/indias-child-marriage-numbers-drop-sharply-driving-down-global-rate-unicef-idUSKBN1GI03F|title=India's child marriage numbers drop sharply, driving down global rate: UNICEF|last=Srivastava|first=Roli|date=6 March 2018|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>

===Indian government estimate===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Source||% Females married (< 18)||Data Year||Sampling method||Reference
|-
| [[1981 census of India]] || align=center|43.4|| align=center|1981|| Nationwide census||<ref name= jbea/>
|-
| [[1991 census of India]] || align=center|35.3|| align=center|1991|| Nationwide census||<ref name= jbea>Jasodhara Bagchi et al., The Changing Status of Women in West Bengal, 1970–2000: The Challenge Ahead, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-0761932420}}, Table 1.10, page 29, rows for India totals</ref>
|-
| [[2001 census of India]] || align=center|14.4|| align=center|2001|| Nationwide census||<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
|-
| [[2011 census of India]] || align=center|3.7|| align=center|2011|| Nationwide census||<ref name=chap22011>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report/9Chap%202%20-%202011.pdf Percentage of Female by age at effective marriage and by residence India and bigger States, 2011] Chapter 2, Population Composition, Table Statement 12, India totals for ''< 18'', 2011 Census of India, Government of India (2013), page 26</ref>
|}

=== By states ===

[[Tamil Nadu]] is the state with highest child marriage rates in India in 2023. Rural rates of child marriages were three times higher than urban India rates in 2009.<ref name=toi2012/>

The states with highest observed marriage rates for under-18 girls in 2009, according to a Registrar General of India report, were Jharkhand (14.1%), West Bengal (13.6%), Bihar (9.3%), Uttar Pradesh (8.9%) and Assam (8.8%).<ref name=toi2012/> According to this report, despite sharp reductions in child marriage rates since 1991, 7% of women passing the age of 18 in India were married as of 2009. UNICEF India has played a significant role in highlighting the Indian child marriage rate prevalence data from its 1990s study.

According to 2011 nationwide census of India, the average age of marriage for women is 21.2.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report/9Chap%202%20-%202011.pdf Mean age at effective marriage of Female by residence India and bigger States, 2011] Chapter 2, Population Composition, Table Statement 13, India totals for All ages, 2011 Census of India, Government of India (2013), page 27</ref><ref>[http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/women_men_2012_31oct12.pdf Women and men in India 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012024158/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/women_men_2012_31oct12.pdf |date=12 October 2013 }} CSO/Census India 2011, Government of India, See page xxi, Highlights item 5</ref> In the age group 15–19, 69.6% of all women surveyed in India had never been married.<ref>[http://www.rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-3%20Data/VOL-1/Chapter%2006.pdf National Family Health Survey – India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921211554/http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-3%20Data/VOL-1/Chapter%2006.pdf |date=21 September 2017 }}, International Institute for Population Sciences and Government of India (2009), see Table 6.1</ref>

===Criticism===
Several activists have expressed skepticism regarding the decline in child marriage cases in India.<ref name=npr/> They believe that "the [[UNICEF]] report might not be reflecting reality on the ground and the numbers are likely not as low as they appear in the report".<ref name=npr/> They state that the data relating to child marriage is colled by local government and not by UNICEF. In India, the government ask about the age of bride and groom as a part of [[Census of India|census data]], which is collected every year. However, since the people know that child marriage is illegal in India, so they are less likely to tell the authorities that they have broken the law.<ref name=npr/> Dhuwarakha Sriram, child protection specialist at UNICEF India, says that "everyone knows that there is underreporting in India – even the UNICEF is aware of it". According to Sriram, people are aware of the illegal age of marriage in India, so they are less likely to tell the truth, which in turn leads to underreporting.<ref name=npr>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/14/593155781/unicefs-good-news-about-child-marriage-isnt-quite-as-good-as-it-sounds|title=UNICEF's Good News About Child Marriage Isn't Quite As Good As It Sounds|date=14 March 2018|work=npr.org|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>

[[Kriti Bharti]], who runs a non-government organization called Saarthi, says people in [[Rajasthan]] have developed ways of evading the law.<ref name=npr/> For example, marriage ceremonies for underage persons will be held at night, with small groups of people attending. This reduces the chance of neighbours or relatives alerting authorities.<ref name=npr/> Once the marriage has taken place, the underage bride remains with her parents until she reaches puberty. This way, even if the authorities have been tipped off, the families can deny any wrongdoing. Bharti states in addition to this, 'in some parts of India, authorities are not always interested and child marriage may be accepted as a part of the culture.<ref name=npr/>

==Laws against child marriage==

===Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929===
The [[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929]], also called the Sarda Act,<ref name="sanhati1">{{cite web|author=Goswami, Ruchira|year= 2010|title=Child Marriage in India: Mapping the Trajectory of Legal Reforms|url= http://sanhati.com/excerpted/2207/}}</ref> was a law to restrict the practice of [[child marriage]]. It was enacted on 1 April 1930, extended across the whole nation, with the exceptions of some princely states like [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]]. This Act defined the age of marriage to be 18 for males and 14 for females. In 1949, after India's independence, the minimum age was increased to 15 for females, and in 1978, it was increased again for both females and males, to 18 and 21 years, respectively.

The punishment for a male between 18 and 21 years marrying a child became imprisonment of up to 15 days, a fine of 1,000 [[rupees]], or both. The punishment for a male above 21 years of age became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine. The punishment for anyone who performed or directed a child marriage ceremony became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine, unless he could prove the marriage he performed was not a child marriage. The punishment for a parent or guardian of a child taking place in the marriage became imprisonment of up to three months or a possible fine.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Government of India [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]|title= The Child Marriage Restraint Act|url= http://wcd.nic.in/cmr1929.htm|access-date= 10 April 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120327144348/http://wcd.nic.in/cmr1929.htm|archive-date= 27 March 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref> It was amended in 1940 and 1978 to continue raising the ages of male and female children.<ref name="sanhati1" />

===Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006===
In response to the plea (Writ Petition (C) 212/2003) of the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy at the Supreme Court, the Government of India brought the [[Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006]] (PCMA), and it came into effect on 1 November 2007 to address and fix the shortcomings of the [[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929]].<ref name="unicef2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/Child_Marriage_handbook.pdf|title=Unicef India – UNICEF|access-date=10 April 2012|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021064048/http://www.unicef.org/india/Child_Marriage_handbook.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The change in name was meant to reflect the prevention and prohibition of [[child marriage]], rather than restraining it.<ref name="sanhati1"/><ref name="unicef2006"/> The previous Act also made it difficult and time consuming to act against child marriages and did not focus on authorities as possible figures for preventing the marriages.<ref name="unicef2006"/>

This Act kept the ages of adult males and females the same but made some significant changes to further protect the children. Boys and girls forced into child marriages as minors have the option of voiding their marriage up to two years after reaching adulthood, and in certain circumstances, marriages of minors can be null and void before they reach adulthood. All valuables, money, and gifts must be returned if the marriage is nullified, and the girl must be provided with a place of residency until she marries or becomes an adult. Children born from child marriages are considered legitimate, and the courts are expected to give parental custody with the children's best interests in mind. Any male over 18 years of age who enters into a marriage with a minor or anyone who directs or conducts a child marriage ceremony can be punished with up to two years of imprisonment or a fine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanhati.com/excerpted/2207/|title=Child Marriage in India: Mapping the Trajectory of Legal Reforms – Sanhati}}</ref>

===Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021===
In December 2021, the Indian Government presented a bill called the 'Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021' in Parliament. The purpose of this bill is to equalize the age of marriage for women with that of men by raising it to 21 years.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1908007#:~:text=Further%2C%20the%20Government%20has%20introduced,at%20par%20with%20the%20men | title=Policy Initiative to Check Child Marriages }}</ref> The underlying premise of the Bill is that by increasing the age of marriage, it will eliminate the prevalence of child marriage.<ref name=":0" /> Shortly after the bill was introduced, Women and Child Development Minister Smriti Irani stated that the bill aims to supersede all current laws, including any traditions, customs, or practices related to marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-12-21 |title=Modi govt introduces bill to increase women's marriage age to 21 years in Lok Sabha |url=https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-introduces-bill-to-increase-womens-marriage-age-to-21-years-in-lok-sabha/785232/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
==== Applicability ====
Muslim organizations of India have long argued<ref name=ik2001>[http://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/877770/?formInput=muslim%20child%20marriage Muzaffar Ali Sajjad And Ors. vs State Of Andhra Pradesh on 9 November, 2001] Andhra Pradesh High Court, India</ref><ref>[http://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/877770/?formInput=muslim%20child%20marriage Mrs. Tahra Begum vs State Of Delhi & Ors. on 9 May, 2012] Archive of Legal Proceedings, Delhi High Court, India</ref> that Indian laws passed by its parliament, such as the 2006 child marriage law, do not apply to Muslims, because marriage is a personal law subject.<ref name=usfca/><ref name=rbit/> The Delhi High Court, as well as other state high courts of India, have disagreed. The Delhi Court, for example, ruled that the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 overrides all personal laws and governs each and every citizen of India<ref name="jcc">2012 [Volume No. 3] JCC [Journal of Criminal Cases] Page No. 2148</ref> The ruling stated that an under-age marriage, where either the man or woman is over 16 years old, would not be a void marriage but voidable one, which would become valid if no steps are taken by such court as has option[s] to order otherwise. In case either of the parties is less than 18 years old, the marriage is void, given the age of consent is 18 in India, sex with minors under the age of 18 is a statutory crime under Section 376 of Indian Penal Code.<ref name="jcc"/>

Various other High courts in India – including the [[Gujarat High Court]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/prohibition-of-child-marriage-act-to-prevail-over-personal-laws-hc/|title=Prohibition of Child Marriage Act to prevail over personal laws: HC|date=25 September 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> the [[Karnataka High Court]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Child-Marriage-Act-overrides-Muslim-Personal-Law-Karnataka-high-court/articleshow/18700656.cms|title=Child Marriage Act overrides Muslim Personal Law: Karnataka high court|work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2013 }}</ref> and the [[Madras High Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madras-hc-says-anti-child-marriage-act-prevails-over-muslim-personal-law-2073796|title=Madras HC says anti-child marriage act prevails over Muslim Personal Law|date=1 April 2015|work=dna}}</ref> – have ruled that the act prevails over any personal law (including Muslim personal law).

=== Legal action on legal confusion ===
There is a standing legal confusion as to [[Marital rape|Marital Rape]] within prohibited Child Marriages in India. Marital rape per se is not a crime in India; but the position with regard to children is confusing. While the exception under the criminal law (section 375, Indian Penal Code, 1860) applicable to adults puts an exception and allows marital rape of a girl child between the age of 15–18 years by her husband. However this provision of exception has been read down by the Supreme Court of India in the case of ''Independent Thought v. Union of India'' in October 2017 and it declares that sexual intercourse with all wives below 18 years of age shall be considered as rape; another new and progressive legislation Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 disallows any such sexual relationships and puts such crimes with marriages as an aggravated offense.

===CEDAW===
The [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] (CEDAW) is an international bill attempting to end discrimination against women. Article 16, Marriage and Family Life, states that all women, as well as men, have the right to choose their spouse, to have the same responsibilities, and to decide on how many children and the spacing between them. This convention states that [[child marriage]] should not have a legal effect, all action must be taken to enforce a minimum age, and that all marriages must be put into an official registry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm#article16|title=CEDAW 29th Session 30 June to 25 July 2003|website=www.un.org}}</ref> India signed the convention on 30 July 1980 but made the declaration that, because of the nation's size and population, it is impractical to have a registration of marriages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en#EndDec|title=UNTC|access-date=10 April 2012|archive-date=23 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en#EndDec|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Consequences of child marriage==

===Early maternal deaths===
Girls who marry earlier in life are less likely to be informed about [[reproductive issues]],<ref>Chandrasekhar, S., 2010, "Factors Affecting Age and Marriage and Age at First Birth in India," Journal of Quantitative Economics, pg. 83</ref> and because of this, pregnancy-related deaths are known to be the leading cause of mortality among married girls between 15 and 19 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|website=childinfo.org|year=2009|title=Statistics by Area- Child Marriage|url=http://www.childinfo.org/marriage.html|access-date=10 April 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511033540/http://www.childinfo.org/marriage.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> These girls are twice more likely to die in childbirth than girls between 20 and 24 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=UNICEF|title=Early marriage: A childhood interrupted|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/child_protection_1536.htm|access-date=10 April 2012|archive-date=14 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814194107/http://www.unicef.org/india/child_protection_1536.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Girls younger than 15 years of age are five times more likely to die in childbirth.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|publisher=International Center for Research on Women|title=Child Marriage Facts and Figures|url=http://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures|access-date=10 April 2012|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828070027/https://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">Hervish, Alexandra, Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, 2011, "Who Speaks for Me? Ending Child Marriage," Population Reference Bureau, page 2</ref>

===Infant health===
Infants born to mothers under the age of 18 are 60% more likely to die in their first year than to mothers over the age of 19. If the children survive, they are more likely to suffer from low birth weight, [[malnutrition]], and late physical and [[cognitive development]].<ref name="unicef1"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/>

===Fertility outcomes===
A study conducted in India by the [[International Institute for Population Sciences]] and Macro International in 2005 and 2006 showed high fertility, low fertility control, and poor fertility outcomes data within [[child marriages]]. 90.8% of young married women reported no use of a [[contraceptive]] prior to having their first child. 23.9% reported having a child within the first year of marriage. 17.3% reported having three or more children over the course of the marriage. 23% reported a rapid repeat childbirth, and 15.2% reported an [[unwanted pregnancy]]. 15.3% reported a [[pregnancy termination]] ([[stillbirths]], [[miscarriages]] or [[abortions]]).<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2759702 | pmid=19278721 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60246-4 | volume=373 | title=Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study | year=2009 | journal=Lancet | pages=1883–9 | last1 = Raj | first1 = A | last2 = Saggurti | first2 = N | last3 = Balaiah | first3 = D | last4 = Silverman | first4 = JG| issue=9678 }}</ref> Fertility rates are higher in slums than in urban areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chandrasekhar | first1 = S | year = 2010 | title = Factors Affecting Age and Marriage and Age at First Birth in India | journal = Journal of Quantitative Economics | page = 86 }}</ref>

===Violence===
Young girls in a [[child marriage]] are more likely to experience domestic violence in their marriages as opposed to older women. A study conducted in India by the [[International Centre for Research on Women]] showed that girls married before 18 years of age are twice as likely to be beaten, slapped, or threatened by their husbands<ref name="autogenerated1"/> and three times more likely to experience sexual violence.<ref>United States Agency for International Development, 2007, "New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage: A Global Analysis of Factors and Programs," pg. 9</ref> Young brides often show symptoms of [[sexual abuse]] and [[post-traumatic stress]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Prevention programmes==
Apni Beti, Apna Dhan (ABAD), which translates to "My daughter, My wealth", is one of India's first [[conditional cash transfer]] programmes dedicated to delaying young marriages across the nation. In 1994, the [[Indian government]] implemented this programme in the state of [[Haryana]]. On the birth of a mother's first, second, or third child, they are set to receive {{INR}} 500, or US$11 within the first 15 days to cover their post-delivery needs. Along with this, the government gives {{INR}} 2,500, or US$35, to invest in a long-term savings bond in the daughter's name, which can be later cashed for {{INR}} 25,000, or US$350, after her 18 birthday. She can only receive the money if she is not married. Anju Malhotra, an expert on [[child marriage]] and adolescent girls said of this programme, "No other conditional cash transfer has this focus of delaying marriage... It's an incentive to encourage parents to value their daughters."<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|publisher=International Center for Research on Women|title=Child Marriage Facts and Figures|date=26 May 2011 |url=http://www.icrw.org/media/news/motivation-prevent-child-marriage}}</ref>

The [[International Centre for Research on Women]] will evaluate Apni Beti, Apna Dhan over the course of the year 2012, when the program's initial participants turn 18, to see if the programme, particularly the cash incentive, has motivated parents to delay their daughters' marriages. "We have evidence that conditional cash transfer programmes are very effective in keeping girls in school and getting them immunized, but we don’t yet have proof that this strategy works for preventing marriage," said Pranita Achyut, the program manager for Apni Beti, Apna Dhan. "If Haryana state’s approach proves to be valuable, it could potentially be scaled up to make a significant difference in many more girls' lives – and not only in India."<ref name="autogenerated3"/>

== Works ==
* The 1927 book ''[[Mother India (book)|Mother India]]'', by American journalist [[Katherine Mayo]], brought attention to child marriage in India, as well as criticising other aspects of Indian culture. It's publication prompted the writing of over fifty books and pamphlets in protest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jayawardena |first=Kumari |title=The white woman's other burden: Western women and South Asia during British colonial rule |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ9MCPdcGrsC&pg=PA99 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-91104-7 |page=99}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Child marriage]]
* [[Teenage pregnancy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Child marriage in India| ]]
[[Category:Child marriage by country|India]]

M. G. George Muthoot

2026-03-17T18:02:34Z

YourPritam7: reworked structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and businessman (1949–2021)}}
{{Indian patronymic|George Muthoot|Mathai George}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. G. George Muthoot
| image = Mukhtar_Abbas_Naqvi_inaugurating_the_Muthoot_HomeFin_corporate_office,_in_Mumbai._The_Chairman,_Muthoot_Group,_Shri_M.G._George_Muthoot_and_the_MD,_Muthoot_Group,_Shri_George_Alexander_Muthoot_are_also_seen.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1949|11|02}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhencherry]], [[Travancore–Cochin|United State of Travancore and Cochin]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta, Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|03|05|1949|11|02}}
| occupation = Chairman of the [[Muthoot Group]]
| children = 3
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[M. George Muthoot]]|Ammini George Muthoot}}
| relatives = {{Unbulleted_list|[[George Alexander Muthoot]] (brother)|[[Muthoot Family]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]] ([[B.E.]])
}}

'''Mathai George George Muthoot''' (abbr. George M'George) (2 November 1949 – 5 March 2021) was an Indian entrepreneur and businessman. He was the third generation of his family to be chairman of the [[Muthoot Group]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muthootgroup.com/php/showContent.php?linkid%3D5%26partid%3D2 |title=The Muthoot Group ~ A Muthoot M George Enterprise Since 1887 |accessdate=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216154736/http://muthootgroup.com/php/showContent.php?linkid=5&partid=2 |archivedate=16 February 2009 }}</ref> and the former Lay Trustee of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stmarysorthodoxchurchfaridabad.org/images/LayTrustree_MGeorgeMuthoot.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728061810/http://www.stmarysorthodoxchurchfaridabad.org/images/LayTrustree_MGeorgeMuthoot.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also a member of the National Executive Committee of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) and the Chairman of the FICCI Kerala State Council.

[[Forbes]] Asia Magazine listed him as the 50th richest man in India in 2011 and his ranking climbed to 44th richest in India according to Forbes' India's Richest list 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MG George Muthoot & family|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mg-george-muthoot/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> As per the Forbes' rich list 2020, he was the richest man in Kerala.

==Early life==
Born on 2 November 1949 in (Kozhencherry), [[Pathanamthitta]], Kerala, M. G. George Muthoot is the grandson of Muthoot Ninan Mathai, founder of the Muthoot Group, and the third son of [[M. George Muthoot]], founder of the financial services arm of that group. He graduated with [[Bachelor of Engineering]] from [[Manipal Institute of Technology]].

==Career Graph==

Muthoot's first job was as an office assistant in the family's bank. In 1979, he became managing director of the bank. He was appointed chairman of Muthoot Group in February 1993.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

At the time he took over the operations at Muthoot, the Group had 31 branches in four states, namely Kerala, Delhi, Chandigarh, and [[Haryana]]. There are 4433 branches today and the Group has an annual turnover of ₹450 crore (₹4.5 Billion)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muthoot group's annual business meet today|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-money-banking/Muthoot-grouprsquos-annual-business-meet-today/article20072638.ece|access-date=2020-09-16|website=@businessline|date=May 2009 |language=en}}</ref> {{as of|May 2009|lc=yes}}.

Muthoot was a member of the executive committee of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]], and the Chairman of the [[FICCI]] Kerala State Council.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Muthoot was awarded the Mahatma Gandhi National Award by the Mahatma Gandhi National Foundation in 2001 for his contributions to the Indian industry.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} In 2012, he received the Golden Peacock Award for Corporate Social Responsibility. In January 2013, Muthoot Finance was awarded The SKOCH Award for Financial Inclusion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muthoot Finance Honoured: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Muthoot Finance Honoured {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Muthoot-Finance-Honoured|access-date=2020-09-16|website=The Times of India}}</ref> M.G George Muthoot was honored with the Distinguished and Outstanding Alumnus of 2015 award instituted by Manipal University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=M. G. George Muthoot honored Award|url=http://mtrack.merryspiders.com/NewsDetailsPublished.aspx?NewsID=UPRrnse4r/SP/fqrKB4/eA==&ClientId=639|access-date=2020-09-16|website=mtrack.merryspiders.com}}</ref>

Muthoot was ranked 50th with $1.10 bn in the list of Indian billionaires by Forbes in October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forbes List Directory|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/list-directory//|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Muthoot was married to Sara George Muthoot, who is the Director of St. George’s School in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived Copy|url=http://www.iodonline.com/pdf/WCTQ/Summary.pdf|access-date=16 September 2020|website=IOD Online}}</ref> They have three sons. Their eldest son George M. George is the Executive Director of the Group and the youngest son Alexander George who is the Director of the Group. Their second son, Paul Muthoot George, was murdered in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8 accused in business scion Paul Muthoot's murder to walk free, acquitted of murder|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/8-accused-business-scion-paul-muthoot-s-murder-walk-free-acquitted-murder-108430|date=5 September 2019|access-date=28 August 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Death==
M. G. George Muthoot died on 5 March 2021 aged 71 at a private hospital in [[Delhi]] after falling from 4th floor of his house.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/muthoot-group-chairman-fell-to-death-from-4th-floor-of-home-say-police-7217605/|title=Muthoot Group chairman George Muthoot fell to death from 4th floor of home, say police|date=7 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saurabh |title=Muthoot group chairman death {{!}} No foul play, say Delhi Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/muthoot-group-chairman-mg-george-death-no-foul-play-say-delhi-police/article34013399.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=8 March 2021 |language=en-IN |date=7 March 2021}}</ref> His dead body was taken to his native place, and was buried there with full state honours.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthoot, M. George}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in India]]

HCLTech

2026-03-10T13:21:10Z

YourPritam7: Created New Info...

{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HCL Technologies Limited
| logo = HCLTech-new-logo.svg
| image = HCL Tech Noida SEZ Campus.png
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Noida]]
| former_name = Hindustan Computers Limited<ref>{{cite news |title=The dark horse of the technology sector |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/news/management/shivnadarhcl/thedarkhorsetechnologysector/market/stocks/article/279967 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Moneycontrol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227053400/http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/news/management/shivnadarhcl/thedarkhorsetechnologysector/market/stocks/article/279967 |archive-date=27 December 2008}}</ref>
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|532281}}|{{NSE|HCLTECH}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE860A01027}}
| industry = [[Information technology]] [[Consulting]] [[Outsourcing]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1976|08|11}}<ref name="HCL CIOL">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciol.com/shiv-nadar-tells-hcls-success-story/ |title=Company History – HCL Technologies Ltd. |publisher=CIOL |access-date=23 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805085452/http://www.ciol.com/shiv-nadar-tells-hcls-success-story/ |archive-date=5 August 2016 }}</ref>
| founder = [[Shiv Nadar]]
| location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Roshni Nadar Malhotra]] ([[chairperson]]) [[Shiv Nadar]] (chairman emeritus)<ref name=FastFacts.2014>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcltech.com/investors/fast-facts|title=Fast Facts |publisher=HCL Technologies |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214142103/https://www.hcltech.com/investors/fast-facts|archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> [[C Vijayakumar]] ({{small|[[CEO]] & [[Managing Director]])<ref name="vijay">{{cite news|title=HCL Tech CEO Anant Gupta quits, C Vijayakumar to succeed – The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/hcl-tech-ceo-anant-gupta-quits-c-vijayakumar-to-succeed/articleshow/54969299.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=21 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023010322/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/hcl-tech-ceo-anant-gupta-quits-c-vijayakumar-to-succeed/articleshow/54969299.cms|archive-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>}}
| services = [[Software]]
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|119540|c}}
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|23261|c}}
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|18104|c}}
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|105544|c}}
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|69673|c}}
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = 226,640 (September 2025) <ref name="Employee Count HCL Tech">{{Cite web|title=Employee Count HCL Tech |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/news/hcl-tech-attrition-rate-drops-to-12-6-in-q2-total-headcount-improves-by-8-019-to-2-26-lakh-employees/ar-AA1OmWMg?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1|access-date=10 March 2026|website=MSN|language=en}}</ref>
| owner = Shiv Nadar (60.77%)
| products = {{hlist| [[HCL Domino|HCL Notes/Domino]]| [[Security AppScan|HCL AppScan]] | [[HCL Connections]]| [[HCL Commerce]]| [[Actian]] |[[IBM BigFix|HCL BigFix]]| [[Starschema]]| [[WebSphere Portal]]| [[Ingres (database)|Ingres]]|[[Unica Corporation|HCL Unica]]| [[HCL Sametime]]| [[IBM Lotus iNotes|HCL iNotes]]}}
| parent = HCL Group
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.hcltech.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y}}.<ref name="pl3">{{Cite web|title=Audited Financial Results for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2025 Q4|url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/corporate/HCLTECH_22042025174919_Resultsx_1.pdf|access-date=26 April 2024|website=NSE|language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''HCL Technologies Limited''' ([[d/b/a]] '''HCLTech''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[information technology]] (IT) [[consulting]] company headquartered in [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh. Founded by [[Shiv Nadar]], it was spun out in 1991 when HCL entered into the software services business. The company has offices in 60 countries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Facts and Data |url=https://www.hcltech.com/investor-relations/key-facts-and-data |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=hcltech.com}}</ref> and over 220,000 employees.<ref name="ar24"/> It is the third-largest India-headquartered IT services company by revenue and market capitalization as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Haripriya |date=14 October 2024 |title=India's HCLTech raises lower end of FY25 revenue growth forecast |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/indias-hcltech-beats-second-quarter-revenue-estimates-2024-10-14/ |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Top 10 largest IT companies in India by market cap, as of 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-largest-it-companies-in-india-by-market-cap-as-of-2024-9485908/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== History==

=== Formation and early years ===
In 1976, a group of eight engineers, all former employees of [[Delhi Cloth & General Mills]], led by [[Shiv Nadar]], started a company that would make personal computers.<ref>{{cite book
|quote=A classic startup founded in1976 in an Indian garage by Shiv Nadar, HCL Enterprise flourished in the 1980s – "a golden period" for the company.
|title=Be a Great Boss: The Hill Collection
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1625277822 |isbn=978-1625277824
|author1=Linda A. Hill |author2=Kent Lineback |year=2014|publisher=Harvard Business Review Press
}}</ref> Initially floated as ''Microcomp Limited'', Nadar and his team (which also included Arjun Malhotra, [[Ajai Chowdhry]], D.S. Puri, Yogesh Vaidya and Subhash Arora) started selling teledigital calculators to gather capital for their main product. On 11 August 1976, the company was renamed Hindustan Computers Limited (HCL).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/09bspec1.htm|title=The amazing story of the birth of HCL|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327031922/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/09bspec1.htm|archive-date=27 March 2008}}</ref> HCL Enterprise developed an indigenous [[microcomputer]] in 1978,<ref>{{cite web|title=About HCL Enterprise|url=http://www.hcltech.com/about-us/about-hcl-enterprise|website=HCL Technologies
|access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821161508/http://www.hcltech.com/about-us/about-hcl-enterprise
|archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref> and an [[RDBMS]], [[Network operating system|networking OS]] and [[client-server architecture]] in 1983.<ref name="heritage"/> HCL Technologies began as the R&D division of HCL Enterprise.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web
|title=Heritage & Legacy|url=http://www.hcl.com/heritage-list |website=HCL |access-date=28 August 2015
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820074935/http://www.hcl.com/heritage-list
|archive-date=20 August 2015}}</ref>

The company originally was focused on hardware but, via HCL Technologies, software and services became the main focus.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Linda A. Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1422187594 |title=Collective Genius: The Art and Practice of Leading Innovation |author2=Greg Brandeau |author3=Emily Truelove |year=2014 | publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |isbn=978-1422187593 |quote=In spite of these changes, HCL Enterprise entered the 1990s determined to retain its focus on hardware.}}</ref><ref name="AcquiredGone">{{cite web |author=Simon Sharwood |date=30 October 2017 |title=IBM offloads Notes and Domino to India's HCL Technologies |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/10/30/ibm_hcl_notes_domino_partnership |website=The Register}}</ref> On 12 November 1991, HCL Technologies was spun off as a separate unit,<ref name="Orig.HCLtec">{{cite web
|website=microsoft.com
|quote=HCL Technologies Limited is an Indian multinational IT services company, headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. ... subsidiary of HCL Enterprise. Originally a research and development division of HCL, .. independent .. 1991 .
|url=https://powerbi.microsoft.com/en-us/partners/hcl
|title=HCL Technologies}}</ref> being incorporated as HCL Overseas Limited, a provider of software and technology development services.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 1993, HCL also started providing [[Enterprise IT management|enterprise IT infrastructure management]] services, winning an order to establish India's first floorless, electronic stock exchange for [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-26|title=Dataquest : Focus : Infrastructure Management : Opportunity during Tough Times|url=http://dqindia.ciol.com/content/industrymarket/focus/2009/109030601.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726134341/http://dqindia.ciol.com/content/industrymarket/focus/2009/109030601.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-07-26|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref>

In July 1994, the company name was changed to HCL Consulting Limited.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> On 6 October 1999, the company was renamed 'HCL Technologies Limited' for "a better reflection of its activities."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Between 1991 and 1999, the company expanded its software development capacities to US, European and APAC markets.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== IPO and subsequent expansion ===
[[File:HCL Technologies Manchester United partnership.jpg|thumb|HCL became [[Manchester United]]'s digital technology partner in 2015.]]
HCL [[went public]] on 11 January 2000,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-18 |title=25 years of HCLTech IPO: IT major gave over 1300% return since market debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/25-years-of-hcltech-ipo-it-major-gave-over-1300-return-since-market-debut/articleshow/117359753.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=HCLTech celebrates the 25th anniversary of its Initial Public Offering |url=https://www.apnnews.com/hcltech-celebrates-the-25th-anniversary-of-its-initial-public-offering/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=APN News |language=en-US}}</ref> with an issue of 14.2 million shares.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=Company History – HCL Technologies Ltd.|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hcl-technologies-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-4291.cms|access-date=28 August 2015|work=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000750/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hcl-technologies-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-4291.cms|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> By the early-2000s, its wholly owned subsidiary HCL Comnet had expanded its offerings from [[VSAT]] to include [[network security]] and [[IT infrastructure]] services.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Men Behind HCL Comnet |url=https://www.dqindia.com/the-men-behind-hcl-comnet/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=DQ India |date=21 November 2002 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2001, HCL formed a joint venture with [[Deutsche Bank]] by acquiring a 51% stake in the latter's Indian subsidiary Deutsche Software (later renamed DSL Software).<ref>{{cite news |title=HCL Tech forms JV with Deutsche Bank: Reuters |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2001/sep/26hcl.htm |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=Rediff|date=26 September 2001}}</ref> In 2004, HCL bought out the remaining 49% stake in DSL Software, which then became part of HCL's [[Banking software|banking technology]] division.<ref name="dsl">{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=Bipin |title=Deutsche Bank to sell 49% DSL Soft stake to HCL |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/deutsche-bank-to-sell-49-dsl-soft-stake-to-hcl-104092001082_1.html |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=20 September 2004}}</ref>

In 2003, HCL won a contract to develop [[embedded software]] for [[Airbus A340]]'s flight warning system.<ref>{{cite news |title=HCL to develop embedded software for Airbus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hcl-to-develop-embedded-software-for-airbus/articleshow/26082.cms |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2003}}</ref> That same year, HCL sold its entire stake in HCL Perot Systems, a seven-year old IT services company, to joint venture partner [[Perot Systems]] for over $105 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Perot buys HCL out of JV for Rs 479 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/perot-buys-hcl-out-of-jv-for-rs-479-crore-103122301017_1.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=23 December 2003}}</ref>

In 2005, HCL expanded its operations in Northern Ireland. At the 2006 UK Trade and Investment India Business Awards in New Delhi, the then UK Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] announced the expansion.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.investni.com/news/prime-minister-announces-600-new-jobs-for-armagh-and-belfast.html | title=Prime Minister Announces 600 New Jobs for Armagh and Belfast | publisher=Invest NI | date=8 September 2005 | access-date=29 June 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815032711/http://www.investni.com/news/prime-minister-announces-600-new-jobs-for-armagh-and-belfast.html | archive-date=15 August 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2008, HCL acquired the UK-based consultancy [[Axon Group]] for £440 million and merged HCL's [[enterprise application integration|enterprise application services]] (EAS) division into Axon. In the three years following the acquisition, the EAS division's revenue share within HCL increased from 9% to 22%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sunny |title=How AXON is putting HCL Tech in the big league |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/how-axon-is-putting-hcl-technologies-in-the-big-league-26377-2011-10-14 |access-date=13 August 2024 |work=Business Today |date=14 October 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[IBM]] and HCL announced a strategic partnership, with the latter taking over the development of IBM [[Lotus Software]]'s Notes, Domino, Sametime and Verse collaboration tools.<ref>{{cite web |website=The Register
|title=IBM offloads Notes and Domino to India's HCL Technologies
|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/10/30/ibm_hcl_notes_domino_partnership
|author=Simon Sharwood |date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, US-based [[Actian]] was acquired by HCL and Sumeru Equity Partners for $330 million.<ref name="actian">{{cite web|work=Reuters |date=12 April 2018|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-actian-m-a-hcl-techno/hcl-tech-pe-firm-to-buy-u-s-data-management-firm-actian-idUSKBN1HJ2LD|title=HCL Tech, PE firm to buy U.S. data management firm Actian}}</ref> HCL America acquired the remaining 19.6% stake in Actian for $100.2 million in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/announcements/hcl-america-acquires-remaining-stake-in-hcl-technologies-sep-holdings-7881821.html|title=HCL Technologies subsidiary boosts stake to fully own Actian Corporation's parent|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> making Actian the data & analytics division of HCLSoftware, but keeping it an independent company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danwoods/2018/12/04/how-the-actian-acquisition-illustrates-hcls-product-based-consulting-strategy/ |title=How the Actian Acquisition Illustrates HCL's Product-Based Consulting Strategy |website=www.forbes.com|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205151937/https://www.forbes.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, HCL Technologies acquired products of [[IBM]] including [[Security AppScan|AppScan]], [[IBM BigFix|BigFix]], [[WebSphere Commerce|Commerce]], [[IBM Connections|Connections]], Digital Experience ([[WebSphere Portal|Portal]] and Content Manager), [[IBM Notes|Notes/Domino]], and [[Unica Corporation|Unica]].<ref name="Software development">{{cite web |last1=YK |first1=R |title=HCL Technologies announces close of acquisition of select IBM products |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/hcl-technologies-announces-close-of-acquisition-of-select-ibm-products-1561991281777.html|website=livemint.com|publisher=Livemint|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, the company reached $10 billion in revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=HCL Tech Q3FY21: Revenue reaches $10 billion-mark; FY21 guidance at 2–3% |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/hcl-tech-q3fy21-revenue-reaches-10-billion-mark-fy21-guidance-at-2-3-284460-2021-01-15 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, HCL Technologies [[Rebranding|rebranded]] as HCLTech.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=HCL Technologies rebrands itself to HCLTech |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/hcl-technologies-rebrands-itself-to-hcltech/articleshow/94458604.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=26 September 2022 |last1=Majumdar |first1=Romita }}</ref>

In 2023, HCLTech acquired ASAP Group, a German automotive engineering company for $279 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=HCLTech acquires German autonomous driving tech firm ASAP for $279 mn |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/deals/story/hcltech-acquires-german-autonomous-driving-tech-firm-asap-for-279-mn-389522-2023-07-13 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In August 2023, HCLTech signed a $2.1 billion managed network services deal with [[Verizon Business]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Karen |title=Inside The Verizon Business-HCLTech Deal With Kyle Malady And C. Vijayakumar |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/karenwalker/2023/11/01/inside-the-verizon-hcl-tech-deal-with-kyle-malady-and-c-vijayakumar/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=HCLTech wins $2.1 billion Verizon deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/hcltech-wins-2-1-billion-verizon-deal/articleshow/102620176.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In May 2024, HCLTech announced the acquisition of select assets of Communications Technology Group, a business division of [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] (HPE), for $225 million.<ref name="hpe">{{Cite news |title=HCLTech to buy Hewlett Packard's communications tech assets for $225 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/hcltech-to-buy-hewlett-packards-communications-tech-assets-for-225-million/articleshow/110373625.cms |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Economic Times|date=24 May 2024 }}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Acquisition date
! scope="col" | Company
! scope="col" | Business
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-

| {{dts|format=dmy|2001|10|29}}
| Apollo Contact Centre
| [[Business process outsourcing]]
| United Kingdom
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2557035/it-outsourcing/india-s-hcl-to-add-600-staff-in-northern-ireland.html|title=India's HCL to add 600 staff in Northern Ireland|first=John|last=Ribeiro|date=8 September 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817160234/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2557035/it-outsourcing/india-s-hcl-to-add-600-staff-in-northern-ireland.html|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2002|6|3}}
| Gulf Computers Inc.
| Application development
| United States
| <ref name="ReferenceA" />

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|9|20}}
| DSL Software
| [[Banking software]]
| India
| <ref name="dsl"/>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|13}}
| Shipara Technologies
| [[Product engineering]] and [[embedded systems]]
| India
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Shipara becomes HCL Tech's fully owned |url=https://www.ciol.com/shipara-hcl-techs-owned/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=CIOL |date=13 October 2004 |language=en}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|2|17}}
| Aquila Technologies
| Engineering software
| India
| <ref>{{cite news |title=HCL Tech takes over Aquila Tech |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/hcl-tech-takes-over-aquila-tech-105021700023_1.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|2|20}}
| Capital Stream Inc.
| [[Business process automation]]
| United States
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=HCL acquires Capital Stream for $40 million
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/HCL-acquires-Capital-Stream-for-40-million/articleshow/2800004.cms
|access-date=22 January 2019
|work=The Economic Times |date=21 February 2008}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|7|16}}
| Liberata Financial Service
| Business process outsourcing
| United Kingdom
| <ref>{{cite news|title=HCL Tech to acquire Liberata Financial Services|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hcl-tech-to-acquire-liberata-financial-services-108071600073_1.html|access-date=28 August 2015|work=Business Standard|date=16 July 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230642/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hcl-tech-to-acquire-liberata-financial-services-108071600073_1.html|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|8|25}}
| Control Point Solutions, Inc.
| [[Telecommunications service]]
| United States
| <ref>{{cite news|title=HCL Tech buys US based Control Point|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/HCL-Tech-buys-US-based-Control-Point/articleshow/3404058.cms|access-date=28 August 2015|work=The Times of India|date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|12|15}}
| [[HCL Axon|Axon Group]]
| [[SAP SE|SAP]] consulting
| United Kingdom
| <ref>{{cite news|title=HCL Technologies Completes Acquisition of AXON Group plc|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ao7qHROBT6Sg|access-date=28 August 2015|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=15 December 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924183226/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ao7qHROBT6Sg|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|7|16}}
| UCS Group's SAP division
| [[SAP SE|SAP]] consulting
| South Africa
| <ref>{{cite news|title=HCL Tech Division Buys UCS Group's SAP Operations|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124782314239557135|access-date=28 August 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=17 July 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222075537/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124782314239557135|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|10|19}}
| Concept to Silicon Systems (C2SiS)
| [[Semiconductors]]
| India
| <ref>{{cite news|title=HCL acquires privately held Engineering services firm Concept to Silicon|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-acquires-privately-held-engineering-services-firm-concept-to-silicon-systems/articleshow/49449515.cms|access-date=19 October 2015|work=The Economic Times|date=19 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020211904/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-acquires-privately-held-engineering-services-firm-concept-to-silicon-systems/articleshow/49449515.cms|archive-date=20 October 2015}}</ref>

|- scope="row"
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|10|20}}
| Volvo's external IT division
| IT services
| Sweden
| <ref>{{cite news|title=HCL Tech to buy Volvo's IT business|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/hcl-tech-to-buy-volvos-it-business/article7783843.ece|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Business Line|date=20 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022171443/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/hcl-tech-to-buy-volvos-it-business/article7783843.ece|archive-date=22 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|29 October 2015
|PowerObjects
|[[Customer relationship management|CRM]] consulting
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novinson |first=Michael |date=30 October 2015 |title=HCL Buys Microsoft CRM Superstar PowerObjects for $46M |url=https://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/300078669/hcl-buys-microsoft-crm-superstar-powerobjects-for-46m |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=CRN}}</ref>

|-
|2 April 2016
|Geometric Ltd
|[[Product lifecycle|PLM]] and engineering services
|India
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hcl-technologies-to-acquire-geometric-116040101311_1.html|title=HCL Technologies to acquire Geometric|date=2 April 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=25 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120235658/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hcl-technologies-to-acquire-geometric-116040101311_1.html|archive-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|21 October 2016
|Butler America Aerospace
|Engineering and design services
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/hcl-to-acquire-butler-america-aerospace-for-85-million/articleshow/54970372.cms|title=HCL to acquire Butler America Aerospace for $85 million – The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=25 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201205354/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/hcl-to-acquire-butler-america-aerospace-for-85-million/articleshow/54970372.cms|archive-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
|25 April 2017
|Urban Fulfillment Services, LLC
|Business process outsourcing
|United States
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=HCL acquires Urban Fulfillment Services for $30 million |last=Agarwal |first=Surabhi |date=25 April 2017 |work= The Economic Times |access-date= 15 September 2017 |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-acquires-urban-fulfillment-services-for-30-million/articleshow/58345394.cms }}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2017
|ETL Factory Limited (Datawave)
|[[Automation]]
|United Kingdom
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-acquires-uk-based-data-management-platform-datawave/articleshow/60381911.cms|title=HCL acquires UK-based data management platform Datawave|last=Agarwal|first=Surabhi|date=6 September 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918025459/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-acquires-uk-based-data-management-platform-datawave/articleshow/60381911.cms|archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|12 April 2018
|[[Actian]]
|Data analytics
|United States
|<ref name="actian"/>
|-
|27 June 2018
|H&D International Group
|IT and engineering services
|Germany
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-acquires-german-it-firm-hd/articleshow/64760547.cms|title=HCL Tech acquires H&D International for 30 mn euros|date=27 June 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|13 March 2019
|Strong-Bridge Envision
|IT consulting
|United States
|<ref>{{cite news |title=HCL Tech to buy Strong-Bridge Envision to boost digital transformation skills |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2019/03/13/hcl-tech-to-buy-strong-bridge-envision-to-boost-digital-transformation-skills |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Techcircle |date=13 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|9 September 2019
|Sankalp Semiconductor
|Technology design services
|India
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Surabhi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-tech-acquires-sankalp-semiconductor-for-rs-180-crore/articleshow/71054118.cms?from=mdr|title=HCL Tech acquires Sankalp Semiconductor for Rs 180 crore|date=9 September 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|21 September 2020
|DWS Ltd
|IT services
|Australia
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Nandita |title=HCL Technologies to acquire Australian IT solutions company DWS |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hcl-technologies-to-acquire-australian-it-solutions-company-dws-11600659962676.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Mint |date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|14 January 2022
|[[Starschema]]
|Data services
|Hungary/United States
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=HCL Technologies acquires Hungary's Starschema for $42.5 million|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/hcl-technologies-acquires-hungarys-starschema-for-42-5-million/articleshow/88899726.cms|access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>
|-
|9 May 2022
|Confinale AG
|Digital banking and wealth management consulting
|Switzerland
|<ref>{{cite journal|date=9 May 2022|url=https://www.channele2e.com/investors/mergers-acquisitions/hcl-buys-confinale-ag/|title=HCL Technologies Acquires FinTech Consultancy Confinale AG|journal= Channel E2E|access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|9 May 2022
|Quest Informatics
|[[Industry 4.0]] and [[internet of things]]
|India
|<ref>{{cite news |title=HCL Tech to acquire Bengaluru-based Quest Informatics for Rs 15 cr cash |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hcl-tech-to-acquire-bengaluru-based-quest-informatics-for-rs-15-cr-cash-122050900822_1.html |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|13 July 2023
|ASAP Group
|Automotive engineering services
|Germany
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagasundaram |first1=Dhanya |title=HCL Technologies inks deal with ASAP Group for about ₹2,300 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/hcl-technologies-inks-deal-with-asap-group-for-about-rs-2-300-crore-11689229276080.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=mint |date=13 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|23 May 2024
|HPE's CTG division
|Telco solutions
|United States
|<ref name="hpe"/>
|-
|9 August 2024
|Zeenea
|Data management and analytics
|France
|<ref name="zeenea">{{cite news |title=HCL Tech's software business unit to acquire Zeenea for €24 million - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/hcl-technologies-share-price-hclsoftware-to-acquire-zeenea-metadata-management-software-19457257.htm |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=9 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Operations ==
[[File:HCLTech Areas Served.png|thumb|right|Countries where HCL has offices (circa 2015).]]

HCLTech operates in 60 countries and has more than 200 delivery centers and 150 innovation labs.<ref name="AR2024" /> Its headquarters are in [[Noida]], India. The company serves include Digital, Engineering, Cloud, AI and Software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HCLTech |url=https://cloud.google.com/find-a-partner/partner/hcl-technologies-limited |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=cloud.google.com}}</ref> HCLTech business is divided into three segments: IT and Business Services (ITBS), Engineering and R&D Services (ERS), and HCLSoftware.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HCL Technologies Ltd Management Discussions |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/hcl-technologies-ltd/management-discussions |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=India Infoline |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:HCL Technologies logo.svg|thumb|Old logo of the company which was used until 2022]]

===HCLSoftware===
In 2019, HCL Technologies started a [[software product]] division called HCLSoftware, after completing the acquisition of [[IBM]]'s software tools.<ref>{{cite news |title=The curious case of HCL Software |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2021/01/20/the-curious-case-of-hcl-software |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Techcircle |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Notable products under HCLSoftware include [[Security AppScan|HCL AppScan]], [[IBM BigFix|HCL BigFix]], [[HCL Connections]], [[HCL Commerce|HCL Commerce Cloud]], [[WebSphere Portal|HCL Digital Experience]], [[HCL Sametime]], [[HCL Notes]], [[IBM Lotus iNotes|iNotes]], and [[Unica Corporation|Unica]]. As for [[Actian]], their data & analytics division, notable products include [[Informix|HCL Informix]], [[Actian#Actian Data Platform|Actian Data Platform]], [[Ingres (database)|Actian Ingres]], [[Actian Zen]], [[Actian_NoSQL_Object_Database|Actian NoSQL]] and Zeenea.<ref name="actian-press-release/">{{cite web|title=HCLSoftware Announces Intent to Acquire Metadata Management Software Provider Zeenea|publisher= Actian|url=https://www.actian.com/news-and-events/press-releases/hclsoftware-announces-intent-to-acquire-metadata-management-software-provider-zeenea/|access-date=2024-08-12}}</ref> HCLSoftware division had revenue of {{INRconvert|11692|c}} in fiscal year 2023–24.<ref name="ar24">{{cite web |title=HCLTech's Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/ea5d9753-2bef-4e01-a344-51e7f5506153.pdf |publisher=HCLTech |website=BSE |access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Employees ===
As of March 31, 2024, HCLTech had over 227,000 employees worldwide, representing 161 nationalities.<ref name="AR2024">{{Cite web |title=HCLTech_Annual_Report2023-24.pdf |url=https://www.hcltech.com/sites/default/files/document/open/annual-report/2024-08/HCLTech_Annual_Report2023-24.pdf |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=www.hcltech.com}}</ref>

HCLTech has had four CEOs since its inception:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!CEO
!Tenure
|-
|[[Shiv Nadar]]
|1976–2007
|-
|[[Vineet Nayar]]<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2013 |title=Vineet Nayar retires from HCL Technologies board |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/TORzzgFVkdtAqFmBlz6E8H/Vineet-Nayar-retires-from-HCL-Technologies-board.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>
|2007–2013
|-
|[[Anant Gupta]]<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2013 |title=Anant Gupta takes over as HCL Tech CEO |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/78yXQuavAXUedZoGmMKodO/Anant-Gupta-to-take-over-as-CEO-of-HCL-Technologies.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref>
|2013–2016
|-
|[[C Vijayakumar]]<ref name="vijay" />
|2016–present
|}

== HCL Group ==
HCLTech is the flagship company of the HCL Group.<ref>{{cite news |title=Strategic move for HCL Group to venture into chip testing and packaging: Roshni Nadar on Foxconn JV |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/wef-2024/story/strategic-move-for-hcl-group-to-venture-into-chip-testing-and-packaging-roshni-nadar-on-foxconn-jv-413830-2024-01-17 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Business Today |date=17 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Another HCL Group company, HCL Infosystems, was formed in 1976 to produce calculators.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Envisioning IT in Every Home
|url=http://www.cio.in/ceo-interviews/hcls-ajai-chowdhry-envisions-it-every-home
|work=CIO India
|language=en
|access-date=15 August 2018
|archive-date=15 August 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055236/http://www.cio.in/ceo-interviews/hcls-ajai-chowdhry-envisions-it-every-home
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> HCL Infosystems later became one of the leading manufacturers of [[personal computers]] and [[laptop]]s in India, but it eventually lost market share to foreign competitors like [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] and [[Dell]], and shut down its manufacturing division.<ref>{{cite news |title=HCL Infosystems to shut PC manufacturing business |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/hcl-infosystems-to-shut-pc-manufacturing-business/articleshow/25973444.cms |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Gadgets Now |publisher=Times of India |date=18 November 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In February 2014, HCL Group launched HCL Healthcare, which provides corporate health services.<ref>{{cite news
|title=HCL enters healthcare business with Rs 1,000 crore
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/HCL-enters-healthcare-business-with-Rs-1000-crore/articleshow/29965199.cms|access-date=28 August 2015|work=The Times of India
|date=7 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707095322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/HCL-enters-healthcare-business-with-Rs-1000-crore/articleshow/29965199.cms
|archive-date=7 July 2015
}}</ref> HCL TalentCare is the fourth venture of HCL Group, which provided skilling and staffing services.<ref>{{cite news
|title=HCL launches TalentCare to bridge supply gap in IT, Healthcare, Banking
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/hcl-launches-talentcare-to-bridge-supply-gap-in-it-healthcare-banking/articleshow/47290416.cms
|access-date=22 January 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

== HCLFoundation ==
HCLFoundation is the [[Corporate social responsibility|CSR]] arm of HCL Technologies in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title=‘HCLTech Grant triggers multiplier effects in education, health, and environment’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hcltech-grant-triggers-multiplier-effects-in-education-health-and-environment/article66912643.ece |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of March 2024, it has invested around ₹1,400 crores (US$170 million) in social and environmental programs. Its initiatives include the HCLTech Grant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HCLFoundation Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.hclfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2024-10/HCLFoundation/annual_report/ar_hclf_2024_final_compressed.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|India}}
* [[Big Tech (India)]]
* [[List of IT consulting firms]]
* [[List of public listed software companies of India]]
* [[Information technology in India]]
* [[List of Indian IT companies]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{BSE Sensex}}
{{CNX Nifty companies}}
{{Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies}}
{{Contract research organization|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1991]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Business process outsourcing companies of India]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1991]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1991]]
[[Category:Outsourcing in India]]
[[Category:Business process outsourcing companies]]
[[Category:1999 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Companies based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Computer systems companies]]

Dushyant Pratap Singh

2026-03-09T15:13:20Z

YourPritam7: Started...

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dushyant Pratap Singh
| image = File:Dushyant Pratap Singh.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dushyant Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|07|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship =
| father =
| spouse = Ritu Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/astrologer-ritu-singh-new-initiative-prem-rasoi-will-start-from-noida/articleshow/111666588.cms|title=Astrologer Ritu Singh new initiative Prem Rasaoi will start from Noida|work=www.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com|author=Navbharat Times}}</ref>
| children = Vishnupriya Singh (daughter)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/news/vishnupriya-singh-received-the-astro-science-award-133144413.html|title=Vishnupriya Singh received the astro science award|work=www.bhaskar.com|author= Dianik Bhaskar}}</ref> Riddhima Singh (daughter)
| occupation = Film director<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/in-2023-hope-to-reap-dividends-for-hard-work-done-during-pandemic-dushyant-pratap-singh-101672493737637.html|title=In 2023, Hope to reap dividends for hard work done during pandemic, says Dushyant Pratap Singh|work=www.hindustantimes.com|author=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Author
| years_active = 2020
| known_for = [[Trahimam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstindia.co.in/news/bollywood/Bigg-boss-fame-arshi-khans-debut-hindi-film-trahimam-will-give-you-heart-wrenching|title=Bigg Boss fame Arshi Khan debut hindi film Trahimam will give you heart wrenching|work=www.firstindia.co.in|author=First India|access-date= 17 December 2022}}</ref>
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Dushyant Pratap Singh''' (born 1 July 1977)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-dushyant-pratap-singh-reveals-why-he-chose-to-release-his-film-trahimam-on-the-same-day-as-avatar-the-way-of-water/articleshow/96253870.cms|title=Director Dushyant Pratap Singh reveals why he chose to release his film Trahimam on the same day as Avatar The Way Of Water|work=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|author=Times Of India}}</ref> is an Indian film director and screenwriter who mainly works in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi cinema industry]]. Singh has directed actors like [[Daisy Shah]], [[Rashmi Desai]] and [[Arshi Khan]]. Recently he directed the film [[Zindagi Shatranj Hai]] starring [[Hiten Tejwani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glamsham.com/bollywood/news/director-dushyant-pratap-singh-hiten-tejwani-is-an-amazing-actor|title=Director Dushyant Pratap Singh: Hiten Tejwani is an amazing actor|work=www.glamsham.com|author=Glamsham}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Singh was born and raised in [[Agra]], a city of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dushyant-to-direct-story-of-human-statue-in-lucknow-101666024667095.html|title=Dushyant to direct the story of human statue in Lucknow|work=www.hindustantimes.com|author=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He completed his schooling from his hometown only before attending [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]]. He started his career by directing the reality show, Dharm Ki Baat, with [[Chakrapani (politician)|Swami Chakrapani]] and others. Later, he directed some music albums and then [[feature film]] [[The Hundred Bucks]] which is written by his daughter Vishnupriya Singh<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-18 |title=Producer Dushyant Pratap Singh: The story was such that it deserved to be made into a film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-dushyant-pratap-singh-the-story-was-such-that-it-deserved-to-be-made-into-a-film/articleshow/74188294.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and TVc with [[Daisy Shah]] became the turning point for his directorial career and he earned films like [[Trahimam]] and [[Zindagi Shatranj Hai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/director-dushyant-pratap-singh-in-zindagi-shatranj-hai-everyone-is-playing-their-moves-with-different-motives|title= Director Dushyant Pratap Singh in Zindagi Shatranj Hai, 'Everyone is playing their moves with different motives|work=www.freepressjournal.in|author=FreePressJournal}}</ref> Zindagi Shatranj Hai was released on MX player on 17 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Zindagi Shatranj Hai" on MX player also getting an exceptionally good response: Producer Anand Prakash |url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/zindagi-shatranj-hai-on-mx-player-also-getting-an-exceptionally-good-response-producer-anand-prakash/ |access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
|-
| 2020
!scope="row"|''[[The Hundred Bucks]]''
| Released on 21 February 2020
|-
| 2022
!scope="row"|''[[Trahimam]]''
| stars [[Arshi Khan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-14-arshi-khan-feels-blessed-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-1482197|title=Bigg Boss 14 Arshi Khan feels blessed to make her Bollywood debut|work=news.abplive.com|author=ABP Live|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref> [[Pankaj Berry]], [[Raju Kher]]
|-
|2023
!scope="row"|''[[Zindagi Shatranj Hai]]''
|stars [[Hiten Tejwani]]
|-
|-
|2023
!scope="row"|''[[I Am Unused]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Director Dushyant Pratap Singh web series "I am Unused" releasing on MX Player on 19th April 2023 |url=https://www.pninews.com/director-dushyant-pratap-singh-web-series-i-am-unused-releasing-on-mx-player-on-19th-april-2023/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=PNI |language=en-US}}</ref>
|stars [[Mushtaq Khan]]
|-
|2023
!scope="row"|''Eradicated''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dushyant-pratap-singh-signs-monica-rathore-for-his-next-titled-eradicated-4822703.html|title=Dushyant Pratap Singh signs Monica Rathore for his next titled Eradicated|work=www.news18.com|author=News18}}</ref>
| Making
|-
|2023
!scope="row"|''Untitled''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| stars [[Rashmi Desai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rashmi-desai-to-play-female-lead-in-dushyant-pratap-singhs-film-4729292.html|title=Rashmi Desai to play female lead in Dushyant Pratap Singh's next film|work=www.news18.com|author=News18}}</ref>
|-
|2024
!scope="row"|''Laal Ayodhya''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Making<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/zindagi-shatranj-hai-director-dushyant-pratap-singh-to-shoot-his-next-film-laal-ayodhya-in-lucknow-and-ayodhya-101713641276889.html|title=Zindagi Shatranj Hai director Dushyant Pratap Singh to shoot his next film Laal Ayodhya in Lucknow and Ayodhya|work=www.hindustantimes.com|author=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''Mera Ishq Tu'' || Dushyant Pratap Singh
|-
| 2020 || ''Monalisa'' || Dushyant Pratap Singh Santoskh Singh||
|-
| 2020 || ''Mumbai Meri Jaan''|| Dushyant Pratap Singh
|-
| 2020 || ''Fukkarwali Night Hai''|| Dushyant Pratap Singh
|-
| 2020 || ''Ishq Parinda''|| Director
|-
| 2020 || ''Chandigarh Ki Chamakti Rani''|| Stars [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]]
|-
| 2022 || ''Gadbad Gadbad''|| Stars [[Daler Mehndi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zindagi Shatranj Hai {{!}} Song - Gadbad Gadbad {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/zindagi-shatranj-hai-song-gadbad-gadbad/videoshow/96967955.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Badnaam Na Kar Dena''|| Movie [[Zindagi Shatranj Hai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/tv-actor-hiten-tejwani-film-zindagi-shatranj-hai-first-poster-released-in-sri-lanka-5805833/|title=TV actor Hiten Tejwani film Zindagi Shatranj Hai first poster released in Sri Lanka|work=www.india.com|author=India.com|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Jai Kailasha''|| sung by Dushyant Pratap Singh & [[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani]]{{cn|date=September 2025}}
|-
|}

==Books==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Book
! class="unsortable" scope="col"|Notes
|-
| 2024
!scope="row"|''Satyaki Dwapar Ka Ajey Yodha''
| based on [[Satyaki]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/director-dushyant-pratap-singh-book-satyaki-dwapar-ka-ajay-yodha-teaser-shree-krishan/3711377/|title=Director Dushyant Pratap Singh book Satyaki Dwapar Ka Ajey Yodha Teaser, Know Who's Krishna|work=www.jansatta.com|author=[[Jansatta]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==TV commercial==
* Indira Gas TVc with [[Daisy Shah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dushyant-pratap-singh-daisy-shah-is-one-of-the-best-actors-ive-worked-with-so-far/articleshow/90911714.cms|title=Daisy Shah is one of the best actors I have worked with so far, says Dushyant Pratap Singh|work=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|author=Times Of India}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Standard degree of Vidhavachaspati by Vikramshila Hindi Vidyapeeth<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-12-31 |title=डायरेक्टर दुष्यंत प्रताप सिंह को मिला सम्मान, 'जिंदगी शतरंज है' के साथ नए साल पर देंगे दस्तक |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/director-dushyant-pratap-singh-got-the-honor-director-upciming-film-zindagi-shatranj-haireleased-soon-au540-1637094.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
* Indo-Sri Lanka Bond Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=2022-11-30 |title=Renowned people from India got Invited to the indo-Sri Lanka Bond Awards |url=https://estradeherald.com/indo-sri-lanka-bond-awards/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11227778}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama|dushyant-pratap-singh}}
* https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/dushyant-pratap-singh

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dushyant Pratap}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Red tape

2026-03-06T06:25:16Z

YourPritam7: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Idiom for excessively bureaucratic procedures or regulations}}
{{About|the idiom referring to excessive bureaucratic regulation}}
'''Red tape''' is excessive or redundant regulation or [[Bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] procedures that create financial or time compliance costs.<ref name="ET">{{cite web |title=What is red tape? |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 December 2007 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-empower/what-is-red-tape/articleshow/2613130.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207100656/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-empower/what-is-red-tape/articleshow/2613130.cms |archive-date=2021-12-07 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-03-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/red-tape-awareness-week | title=Red Tape Awareness Week 2025 | publisher=Canadian Federation of Independent Business }}</ref><ref name=Bozeman>{{cite journal | first=Barry | last=Bozeman |author-link=Barry Bozeman | title=A Theory of Government "Red Tape" | journal=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory | date=1993 | pages=273–303 }}</ref>{{rp|274, 278–9}}
It is usually associated with [[government]]s, but can apply to other [[organization]]s, such as [[private corporation]]s.<ref name="ET" /><ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|273–4}}

Red tape differs from beneficial rules and safeguards.<ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|276, 278–9}} It is the administrative burden, or cost to the public, over and above the necessary cost of implementing policies and procedures.<ref name="ET"/><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/red-tape-awareness-week | title=Red Tape Awareness Week 2025 | publisher=Canadian Federation of Independent Business }}</ref><ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|274, 278–9}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Herd |first1=Pamela |author-link1=Pamela Herd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HER0DwAAQBAJ |title=Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means |last2=Moynihan |first2=Donald P. |author-link2=Donald Moynihan |date=2019 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-878-9 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Peeters 566–592">{{Cite journal |last=Peeters |first=Rik |date=2019-06-06 |title=The Political Economy of Administrative Burdens: A Theoretical Framework for Analyzing the Organizational Origins of Administrative Burdens |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0095399719854367 |journal=Administration & Society |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=566–592 |doi=10.1177/0095399719854367 |s2cid=195561302 |issn=0095-3997|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burden |first1=Barry C. |author-link=Barry Burden |last2=Canon |first2=David T. |last3=Mayer |first3=Kenneth R. |last4=Moynihan |first4=Donald P. |author-link4=Donald Moynihan |date=2012 |title=The Effect of Administrative Burden on Bureaucratic Perception of Policies: Evidence from Election Administration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41687989 |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=741–751 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02600.x |jstor=41687989 |issn=0033-3352|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinrich |first=Carolyn J. |author-link=Carolyn Heinrich |date=2015-12-08 |title=The Bite of Administrative Burden: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muv034 |journal=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=403–420 |doi=10.1093/jopart/muv034 |issn=1053-1858|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A distinction is sometimes made between rules that are dysfunctional from inception ("rules born bad"), and rules that initially served a useful function but evolved into red tape ("good rules gone bad").<ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|273, 285–289}}

Red tape can hamper the ability of firms to compete, grow, and create jobs.<ref name=NL>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/redtape/ |title=Red Tape Reduction Initiative | Business |publisher=Gov.nl.ca |access-date=2012-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109084320/http://www.gov.nl.ca/redtape/ |archive-date=2012-11-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Cruz/> Research finds red tape has a cost to public sector workers, and can reduce employee well-being and job satisfaction.<ref name="burnout"/><ref name=Steijn/><ref name="job demands"/> In 2005, the UK's ''Better Regulation Task Force'' suggested that red tape reforms could lead to an increase in GDP of 16 billion pounds per year, a greater than 1% rise.<ref name="Keyworth 2006 260–273">{{cite journal | title=Measuring and Managing the Costs of Red Tape: A Review of Recent Policy Developments | journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy | volume=22 | pages=260–273 | doi=10.1093/oxrep/grj016 | number=2 | date=2006 | first=Tim | last=Keyworth }}</ref> The [[Canadian Federation of Independent Business]] estimated the cost to business of red tape arising from federal, provincial and municipal government regulations was $11 billion in 2020, or about 28% of the total burden of regulation for businesses in Canada.<ref name=Cruz>{{cite web | url= https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/research-economic-analysis/canadas-red-tape-report | date=2021 | title=Canada's Red Tape Report: Sixth Edition | last1=Cruz | first1=Keyli Kosiorek | first2=Laura | last2=Jones | first3=Taylor | last3=Matchett }}</ref>

Many governments have introduced measures to limit or cut red tape, including the [[European Union]], Argentina, the United States, and India.<ref name=RTRA/><ref>{{cite news | title=Europe is set to start cutting red tape--lightly | url= https://www.economist.com/business/2025/02/20/europe-is-set-to-start-cutting-red-tape-lightly | date=20 February 2025 | newspaper=The Economist }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | newspaper=France24 | title=EU plans to slash red tape for medium-sized companies | date=21 May 2025 | url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250521-eu-plans-to-slash-red-tape-for-medium-sized-companies }}</ref>
Experience from [[British Columbia]], Canada suggests a successful red tape reduction initiative requires strong political commitment.<ref name=Falcon/><ref name=Jones/>

== Red tape definition ==
The term "red tape" is sometimes employed as "an umbrella term covering almost all imagined ills of bureaucracy", both public and private.<ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|275}}
However, red tape is usually defined more narrowly as government policies, guidelines, and forms that are excessive, duplicative or unnecessary, and that generate a financial or time-based compliance cost.<ref name=Cruz/><ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|276}} Red tape can be categorized as ''dysfunctional from inception'' (say because of inadequate comprehension of the problem being addressed); or may ''evolve'' into red tape when a rule is inadvertently changed or is no longer needed (for example, a rule that requires carbon copies when communication migrates to electronic mail).<ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|285–289}}

Whereas red tape refers to unnecessary rules, ''administrative burden'' (sometimes called "white tape") recognizes that regulations that are intended for useful purposes may nonetheless entail a compliance cost.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Herd |first1=Pamela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HER0DwAAQBAJ |title=Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means |last2=Moynihan |first2=Donald P. |date=2019 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-878-9 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nisar |first1=Muhammad Azfar |last2=Masood |first2=Ayesha |date=2022-06-28 |title=Are all Burdens Bad? Disentangling Illegitimate Administrative Burdens through Public Value Accounting |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2022.2088581 |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=385–403 |doi=10.1080/23276665.2022.2088581 |s2cid=250127477 |issn=2327-6665|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Bozeman/>{{rp|276}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Peeters 566–592"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burden |first1=Barry C. |last2=Canon |first2=David T. |last3=Mayer |first3=Kenneth R. |last4=Moynihan |first4=Donald P. |date=2012 |title=The Effect of Administrative Burden on Bureaucratic Perception of Policies: Evidence from Election Administration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41687989 |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=741–751 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02600.x |jstor=41687989 |issn=0033-3352|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinrich |first=Carolyn J. |date=2015-12-08 |title=The Bite of Administrative Burden: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muv034 |journal=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=403–420 |doi=10.1093/jopart/muv034 |issn=1053-1858|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Determining whether a regulation is justified rather than red tape can be difficult. Nevertheless, making the proper distinction is relevant when implementing reforms, and cutting red tape differs from [[deregulation]].<ref name=Jones/>

==Origins and history==
[[File:NARA Backstage Pass (2011-08) - 14.jpg|thumb|Bundle of US [[pension]] documents from 1906 bound in red tape|left]]
It is generally believed that the term "red tape" originated in the early 16th century with the Spanish administration of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], [[King of Spain]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]], who started to use red tape, '' balduque'', in an effort to modernize the administration that was running his vast empire. The red tape was used to bind the most important administrative dossiers that required immediate discussion by the [[Spanish Council of State|Council of State]], and separate them from files that were treated in an ordinary administrative way, which were bound with ordinary string.<ref name="DD">{{cite book |last1=Dickson |first1=Del |title=The People's Government: An Introduction to Democracy |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=9781107043879 |page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnvsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |access-date=2015-12-13}}</ref>
The origin of the word ''balduque'' is the name of the Dutch city [['s-Hertogenbosch]] ''Bolduque'' or ''Bois-le-Duc'' ("the duke's forrest"), where in those days the red tape was manufactured.

In Britain, [[Charles Dickens]] spoke of red tape in ''[[David Copperfield]]'' (1850): "Britannia, that unfortunate female, is always before me, like a trussed fowl: skewered through and through with office-pens, and bound hand and foot with red tape."<ref name="DD" /> The English practice of binding documents and official papers with red tape was popularized in [[Thomas Carlyle]]'s writings, protesting against official inertia with expressions like "Little other than a red tape Talking-machine, and unhappy Bag of Parliamentary Eloquence".<ref>p.1152, ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable'', 17th Edition; Revised by J Ayto, 2005</ref> As of the first decade of the 21st century, the British [[barrister]]s' [[Brief (law)|briefs]] continued to be bound with pink-coloured ribbon known as red tape.<ref name="ET" />

In the United States, red tape was used to tie personal records of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] veterans, reputedly making access to them inconvenient.<ref name="DD" /> Early references to red tape in the U.S. include that of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Warren G. Harding]]'s [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Albert B. Fall]] (later convicted for his role in the [[Teapot Dome scandal]]) who, according to his own annual report for 1921, set himself the goal of removing "red tape and technicalities" from the management of the department's economic resources to combat [[Economic stagnation|stagnation]].<ref name="KC">{{citation |last=Chamberlain |first=Kathleen Patricia |title=The Controversial Term of Albert Bacon Fall, Secretary of the Interior, 1921–1923 |publisher=Ohio State University |date=1992 |url=https://digital.auraria.edu/files/pdf?fileid=f3b97108-f796-4cbe-b774-cb3729b80de6}}</ref>{{rp|40}} Similarly, the task handed to [[Scott Cordelle Bone|Scott C. Bone]] on his appointment as [[List of governors of Alaska|Governor of Alaska]] on 23 June 1921 was to "unravel government red tape".<ref name="KC" />{{rp|39}} In 1921, the official explanation for the [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment]]'s strenuous march of 800 miles from [[Camp Sherman, Ohio]] to [[Fort Snelling]] was given as "red tape". While the army reportedly had insufficient funds to transport the regiment by rail, the cost to supply the troops on the march exceeded what their train fare might have been.<ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Hampton |title=Confluence: A History of Fort Snelling |journal=[[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |volume=67 |issue=7 |year=2021 |page=317 |jstor=48769226}}</ref>

Red tape has historically often been associated with military procurement. In 1938, the [[IG Farben]] chairman [[Carl Krauch]] used the argument that red tape was responsible for previous delivery delays on the part of private enterprise in persuading [[Hermann Göring]], the head of the [[Four Year Plan]], to appoint him as plenipotentiary for the chemical industry over an [[Waffenamt|Army Ordnance]] representative.<ref>{{citation |last=Schweitzer |first=Arthur |title=Business Power Under the Nazi Regime |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie]] |volume=20 |year=1960 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.1007/bf01320054 |page=434}}</ref> In his speech at the meeting of [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] Major-Generals in occupied [[Poznań]] on 4 October 1943, the SS leader [[Heinrich Himmler]] made reference to "red tape" as an example of a potential obstacle to "[[Wunderwaffe|inventions]]" within [[Nazi Germany]]'s armaments industry.<ref>{{citation |author=[[Nuremberg trials#American and British prosecution|Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality]] |title=Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression |volume=4 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |date=1946 |pages=562–563 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/2011525363_NT_Nazi_Vol-IV/2011525363_NT_Nazi_Vol-IV.pdf}}.</ref> In 1947, a contractor who had worked during [[World War II]] under [[Vannevar Bush]] in the [[Office of Scientific Research and Development]] remembered Bush's "impatience with Army red tape", apparently referring to the OSRD's executive secretary Irvin Stewart's organisational efforts.<ref>{{citation |last=Owens |first=Larry |title=The Counterproductive Management of Science in the Second World War: Vannevar Bush and the Office of Scientific Research and Development |journal=[[Business History Review]] |volume=68 |issue=4 |year=1994 |page=540 |doi=10.2307/3117197 |jstor=3117197}}</ref>

As of the early 21st century, Spanish bureaucracy continued to be notorious for extreme levels of red tape (in the figurative sense).<ref name="Graff">{{cite book |last1=Graff |first1=Marie Louise |title=CultureShock! Spain |date=2009 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=Tarrytown, NY |isbn=9789814435949 |page=57 |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRiJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2025}} In 2013, the [[World Bank]] ranked Spain 136 out of 185 countries for ease of starting a business, which took on average 10 procedures and 28 days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buck |first1=Tobias |title=Spain hopes new law to cut red tape will attract entrepreneurs |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/fe6c8276-ca0b-11e2-8f55-00144feab7de.html#axzz3uEEMVxsd |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/XsNM7 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 December 2015 |work=Financial Times |date=2 June 2013}}</ref>
Similar issues persist throughout [[Latin America]].<ref name="Graff" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jose Luis Guasch |author2=Benjamin Herzberg |chapter=Increasing Competitiveness Through Regulatory and Investment Climate Improvements in Latin America; the Case of Mexico |editor1-last=Haar |editor1-first=Jerry |editor2-last=Price |editor2-first=John |title=Can Latin America Compete? Confronting the Challenges of Globalization |date=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=9781403975430 |page=255 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYzFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA255}}</ref> In Mexico in 2009, it took six months and a dozen visits to government agencies to obtain a permit to paint a house.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellingwood |first1=Ken |title=No stamp of approval for Mexico bureaucrats |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-02-fg-mexico-redtape2-story.html |access-date=13 December 2015 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 January 2009}}</ref> To obtain a monthly prescription for [[gamma globulin]] for [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]], a patient had to obtain signatures from two government doctors and stamps from four separate bureaucrats before presenting the prescription to a dispensary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malkin |first1=Elizabeth |title=For Redress of Grievances, Mexicans Turn to Bureaucracy Contest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/09/world/americas/09mexico.html |access-date=13 December 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=8 January 2009}}</ref>
Mexico was the original home of [[Syntex]], one of the greatest pharmaceutical firms of the 20th century, but in 1959, the company left for the American city of [[Palo Alto, California]], in what is now [[Silicon Valley]], because its scientists were fed up with the Mexican government's bureaucratic delays which repeatedly impeded their research.<ref name="Gereffi_Page_110">{{cite book |last1=Gereffi |first1=Gary |title=The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World |date=1983 |publisher=Princeton |location=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400886227 |page=110 |edition=2017 reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4grDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>

==Cost of red tape==
It is impossible to know exactly how much of the burden of government regulations is red tape — i.e., is excessive and delivers little or no benefit.
However, a survey by the [[Canadian Federation of Independent Business]] (CFIB) found red tape represented about 28% of the total burden of regulation in Canada in 2020.<ref name=Cruz/> A European Union (EU) survey reported in 2008 that 36% of EU small and medium enterprises felt that red tape had "constrained their business activities".<ref>Commission of the European Communities, [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0394 {{"'}}Think Small First': A 'Small Business Act' for Europe"], COM(2008) 394 final, page , published on 25 June 2008, accessed on 30 June 2025</ref>

The total cost of regulation for U.S. business was estimated in 2021 at US$364.3 billion, and for Canadian business in 2020 at US$31.9 billion, or CAN$38.8 billion.<ref>{{cite report | url=https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/research-economic-analysis/regulator...he%20share%20attributed%20to%20red,stood%20at%2032%20per%20cent | title=Regulatory Costs in Canada and the United States: A Small Business Perspective | publisher=The Canadian Federation of Independent Business | date=February 2022 }}</ref>
This cost represents 1.5% of GDP for the U.S. and 1.7% for Canada.<ref>{{cite web | date=16 February 2022 | title=Regulatory Costs in Canada and the United States: A Small Business Perspective | url=https://www.cfib-fcei.ca/en/research-economic-analysis/regulatory...he%20share%20attributed%20to%20red,stood%20at%2032%20per%20cent | publisher=Canadian Federation of Independent Business }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610022201 |author=Statistics Canada | title=Table 36-10-0222-01 Gross Domestic product, expenditure-based provincial and territorial, annual |date=2018 |publisher=Government of Canada | doi=10.25318/3610022201-eng}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGDPXDCUSA | title=Nominal Gross Domestic Product for United States (NGDPXDCUSA) | publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}}</ref><ref>In 2021, U.S. GDP was US$23,681 billion. In 2020, Canadian GDP was CAN$2,220 billion.</ref>

The CFIB estimated that the cost of red tape arising from Canadian federal, provincial and municipal government regulations was $11 billion in 2020. (This excluded [[COVID-19]] related costs, to make the amount more comparable to previous years.)<ref name=Cruz/> The annual cost of red tape per employee was higher for firms with fewer than 5 employees, at $1945, versus $398 for firms with 100 or more employees.<ref name=Cruz/>

The ''Better Regulation Task Force'' suggested in 2005 that red tape reforms could potentially deliver an increase in income of 16 billion pounds per year, an amount greater than one percent of UK GDP.<ref name="Keyworth 2006 260–273"/> The EU's "Cutting Red Tape in Europe" report, which presented suggestions on how to reduce the administrative burden when member states implement EU legislation, estimated that the administrative burden reduction potential of all recommendations in the report exceeded €41 billion annually.<ref name=EU>{{cite web | author=High Level Group on Administrative Burdens, Edmund Stoiber (Chairman) | title=Cutting Red Tape in Europe: Legacy and Outlook, Final Report | date=24 July 2014 | url=https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/fb18c49a-e601-4207-bbdd-111892fe91eb_en?filename=final-report-of-the-high-level-group_july2014_en.pdf }}</ref>
Such calculations have been questioned, however, given that it can be difficult to ascertain costs of regulation in industries that are composed of diverse firms.<ref name=YE>{{Cite journal |last1=Ylönen |first1=Matti |last2=and Erkkilä |first2=Tero |title=What sustains flawed indicators? Unpacking the EU's administrative burden agenda |journal=Policy Studies |date=2025 |volume=0 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.1080/01442872.2025.2519297 |issn=0144-2872|doi-access=free }}</ref>

While a regulation may be useful, the cost of imposing it may exceed the benefits. The Canadian federal government applies a cost-benefit analysis to most regulatory proposals, which takes into account the cost of the policy to consumers, businesses, and other sectors of society.<ref name=FRMI/> Since the 1970s, Australian governments have sought to subject regulation to rigorous cost-benefit analysis so as to constrain both the stock and flow of the regulatory burden.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration | title=The 'forever war' on red tape and the struggle to improve regulation | first1=Arie | last1=Freiberg | first2=Monica | last2=Pfeffer | first3=Jeroen | last3=van der Heijden | date=17 January 2022 | volume=81 | issue=3 | doi= 10.1111/1467-8500.12534 | pages=436–454 | url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12534 | publisher=Wiley Online Library | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Red tape reduction initiatives==
It can be difficult to distinguish between justified regulatory costs and unneeded regulations. For this reason, the expression "cutting red tape" has been used to refer to both initiatives to reduce ''unnecessary'' regulation, and to policies to reduce the overall regulatory burden.<ref name=Jones/>

===Canada===
Canada's ''Red Tape Reduction Act'' of 2015 implemented a one-for-one rule that requires the removal of a regulation each time regulators impose a new administrative burden on business.<ref name=RTRA>{{cite web | title=Red Tape Reduction Act | author=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, Government of Canada | url= https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/laws/developing-improving-...eral-regulations/modernizing-regulations/red-tape-reduction-act.html | date=22 December 2022 }}</ref>
Nevertheless, while ''Regulations'' decreased from 684 to 605 between 2014 and 2023, regulatory ''Requirements'' increased from 129,860 to 149,401.<ref name=Falcon/><ref name=FRMI>{{cite web | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/corporate/reports...024-fiscal-year-federal-regulatory-management-initiatives.html#toc10 | title=Appendix C: administrative burden count; Annual Report for the 2023 to 2024 Fiscal Year: Federal Regulatory Management Initiatives | author=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, Government of Canada }}</ref>

A more successful reduction in red tape took place in the province of [[British Columbia]], Canada, following a 2001 election promise to reduce the regulatory burden by 33%.<ref name=Jones>{{cite report | publisher=Mercatus Center, George Mason University | title=Cutting Red Tape in Canada: A Regulatory Reform Model for the United States? | url=https://www.mercatus.org/research/research-papers/cutting-red-tape-canada-regulatory-reform-model-united-states | first=Laura | last=Jones | date=11 November 2015 }}</ref>
At the time, regulation was heavy, with rules imposed on, for example, the size of televisions in restaurants, the number of par-four holes at golf courses, and the maximum seating capacity of ski hill lounges.<ref name=Jones/> After three years, a 37% reduction was achieved. A central element of the program was a strong commitment from the minister responsible and the provincial premier.<ref name=Falcon>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=How to reduce the regulatory burden: Gordon Campbell, the premier at the time, made sure all ministers were held accountable, through a process that could be described as cabinet peer pressure |url=https://www.hilltimes.com/2019/02/07/reduce-regulatory-burden/187526 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=The Hill Times |language=en-CA | first1=Mathieu | last1=Bedard | first2=Kevin | last2=Falcon }}</ref><ref name=Jones/>

===European Union===
In the [[European Union]] (EU), reducing the administrative burden on firms has been a prominent theme since the 1990s.<ref name=YE/> In 2024, the [[President of the European Commission|European Commission President]] advocated a red tape reduction program that emphasized simplification (eliminating regulatory overlap and contradictions), speed, and coherence to deal with the EU's patchwork of national regulations.<ref name=YE/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/e6cd4328-673c-4e7a-8683-f63ffb2cf648_en | first=Ursula | last=von der Leyen | title=Europe's Choice: Political Guidelines for the next European Commission, 2024-2029 | date=18 July 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} An ongoing EU objective has been to remove red tape in order to facilitate trade across the [[European single market]]. For example, recycling labels on paint cans in Spain and France may differ because the two countries' interpretation of EU legislation are not aligned, and this prevents a can of paint made for the Spanish market from being sold in France.<ref name=Economist/><ref name=ERT/> The [[European Round Table for Industry]] recommends stronger single-market enforcement so that lawmakers better transpose EU laws into national laws, which would promote regulatory harmonization and reduce the need for firms to manage different administrative processes in each EU country.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news | newspaper=The Economist | title=The sleeping policeman the heart Europe: Enforcement of EU law has become an afterthought | date=3 July 2025 | url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2025/07/03/the-sleeping-policeman-at-the-heart-of-europe }}</ref><ref name=ERT>{{cite web | author=European Round Table for Industry | title=Renewing the dynamic of European integration: Single Market Stories by Business Leaders | url=https://ert.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ERT-Single-Market-Stories_WEB-low-res.pdf?_gl=1*1jc2ah0*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTc5MzQ5NDU4Ni4xNzUzMzcyODUx*_ga_1H7R1GQEH1*czE3NTMzNzI4NTAkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTMzNzI4NTAkajYwJGwwJGgw }}</ref>

===India===
To reduce the administrative burden, in September 2021 the Indian government launched the ''National Single Window System'' (''NSWS'') which integrates clearances across central ministries and states.<ref name="UNCTAD">{{cite web |title=India launches national single window system to improve ease of doing business |url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-policy-monitor/measures/3777/india-launches-national-single-window-system-to-improve-ease-of-doing-business |website=Investment Policy Monitor |publisher=UNCTAD |date=22 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
In addition to providing a common entry point, ''NSWS'' consolidates information requirements and aims to standardise application formats, support online tracking, and enable time-bound processing.<ref name="PIBNSWS">{{cite web |title=National Single Window System facilitates over 44,000 approvals since launch |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1880251 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, is meant to reduce procedural delays by decriminalising minor, technical provisions and allow adjudication rather than prosecution.<ref name="JV2023">{{cite web |title=The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/248047.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |date=11 August 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="JV2025">{{cite web |title=Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025 introduced in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2157460 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=18 August 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
To minimize discretionary variation in routine cases, a “faceless” (electronic communication) assessment, appeal, and penalty process was introduced.<ref name="CBDT">{{cite web |title=Faceless Scheme |url=https://incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/faceless-scheme.aspx |website=Income Tax Department |publisher=Government of India |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="RTI">{{cite web |title=Right to Information Act, 2005 (English) |url=https://cic.gov.in/sites/default/files/RTI-Act_English.pdf |website=Central Information Commission |publisher=Government of India |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

===Korea===
South Korea's ''Framework Act on Administrative Regulations'' codifies the definition, registration and publication of regulations; mandates regulatory impact analysis; provides for a presidential Regulatory Reform Committee; and requires sunset or re-examination clauses for new or strengthened regulations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Framework Act on Administrative Regulations (English) |url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=29277&key=4&type=part
|website=Korea Legislation Research Institute (KLRI) |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Framework Act on Administrative Regulations — wholly amended on 25 Jan 2010 (English) |url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=63411&key=4&type=part
|website=KLRI |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref>
On 15 September 2025 the first ''Core Regulation Rationalization Strategy Meeting'' was chaired by Korean President [[Lee Jae Myung|Lee Jae-myung]], who stated: "Amid complex interests, ministerial differences have left regulations tangled like a spiderweb; sweeping them away is this administration’s goal."<ref>{{cite web |title=Press release: 1st Core Regulation Rationalization Strategy Meeting |url=https://m.korea.kr/briefing/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=156708397
|website=Korea Policy Briefing |date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=News report on the first meeting |url=https://m.ktv.go.kr/program/again/view?content_id=737380
|website=KTV National Broadcasting |date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref>

Among the major initiatives is the online Regulatory Reform "Sinmungo" (request system) launched in 2014, which routes public and business complaints for ministerial review in an effort to reduce redundant paperwork and processing time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulatory Information Portal (Regulatory Reform Sinmungo) |url=https://www.better.go.kr/
|publisher=Office for Government Policy Coordination |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Health Control Act Enforcement Rule — Reasons for Amendment (exemption standards regarding forged/borrowed IDs) |url=https://law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=269589
|publisher=Ministry of Government Legislation |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Food Sanitation Act Enforcement Decree — amendment introducing exemption criteria for good-faith operators |url=https://law.go.kr/LSW/lsRvsDocListP.do?lsId=001385
|publisher=Ministry of Government Legislation |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref>
In 2015 the program ''Transfer Notification Plus'' replaced multiple provider-specific applications with a single authentication and consent procedure, thereby reducing visits, duplicate documentation, mis-entries, and missed applications.<ref>{{cite web |title='Transfer Notification Plus' one-stop service |url=https://www.ktv.go.kr/program/again/view?content_id=623246
|website=KTV National Broadcasting |date=2020-04-23 |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apply for utility fee concessions when filing a change-of-address ("Transfer Notification Plus") |url=https://www.korea.kr/briefing/policyBriefingView.do?newsId=148872082
|website=Korea Policy Briefing |publisher=Ministry of the Interior and Safety |date=2020-04-23 |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref>
Similarly, in 2019 a cross-government regulatory sandbox was introduced to reduce pre-market uncertainty for new technologies.
For example, autonomous delivery robots received a bundled approval for sidewalk operation in designated zones.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industrial Convergence Regulatory Sandbox |url=https://sandbox.kiat.or.kr/
|publisher=KIAT (MOTIE) |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Regulatory Sandbox launched (Apr 1, 2019) |url=https://www.fsc.go.kr/eng/pr010101/75720
|publisher=Financial Services Commission |date=2021-04-08 |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smart-mobility (delivery robot) sandbox trial conditions |date=14 January 2020
|url=https://www.smartcity.go.kr/portal/bbs/notice/11/1047982
|publisher=Smart City, MOLIT |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref>
Also in 2019, a ''Presidential Decree on Proactive Administration'' was adopted to curb procedural overload and to break the chain: interpretive uncertainty → extra documents → delay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulations on the Operation of Proactive Administration (Presidential Decree) |url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=68452&lang=KOR
|website=KLRI |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pre-consulting audit: purpose and cases |url=https://www.bai.go.kr/proactive/consult/bbs/detailBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_100000000062&mdex=proactive033&nttId=128545
|publisher=Board of Audit and Inspection |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-16}}</ref>

===New Zealand===
In March 2023, New Zealand established a [[Ministry for Regulation]], which promotes a culture where "regulation is a last resort."<ref name=Deloitte>{{cite web | publisher=Deloitte Insights | date=4 June 2025 | title=Delivering on reducing government red tape: Governments can reduce red tape and enhance efficiency through continuous process improvement, workforce training, stakeholder engagement, and leveraging digital tools | url=https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/government-public-sector-services/government-trends/2025/reducing-government-red-tape.html }}</ref><ref>Our te reo name". regulation.govt.nz. Ministry for Regulation. 13 December 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2025.</ref>
The [[Regulatory Standards Bill]] introduced in 2024 aims to codify principles of good regulatory practice and "bring the same level of discipline to regulation that the Public Finance Act brings to public spending, with the Ministry for Regulation playing a role akin to that of Treasury."<ref>{{cite news | work=RNZ News | title=Regulations Ministry: Online tool can be used to share 'red tape horror stories' | url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/534171/regulations-ministry-online-tool-can-be-used-to-share-red-tape-horror-stories | date=19 November 2024 }}</ref>
One of the Ministry's key initiatives was to build a red tape "tipline" which is used to prioritize reviews and recommend legislative changes.<ref>{{cite web | author=Ministry for Regulation, New Zealand | url=https://www.regulation.govt.nz/our-work/report-a-red-tape-issue/ | title=Report a red tape issue }}</ref><ref name=NZH>{{cite news | newspaper=The New Zealand Herald | first=Adam | last=Pearse | title=Regulation ministry launches tipline in search of 'red tape horror stories' | date=18 November 2024 | url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/politics/regulation-ministry-launches-tipline-in-search-of-red-tape-horror-stories/SJUSI4RBLRECRLHRIGESEVBABU/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.regulation.govt.nz/our-work/what-weve-done/ | title=What we've done | author=Ministry for Regulation, New Zealand }}</ref>
Among the Ministry's "horror stories" was a proposal to reduce the size of flour dust in commercial bakeries to such a low level that it couldn't be reliably measured or distinguished from other particles, making compliance effectively impossible.<ref>{{cite web | title=Flour dust standards in bakeries | url=https://www.regulation.govt.nz/our-work/what-weve-done/flour-dust-setting-the-right-standards/ | author=Ministry for Regulation, New Zealand }}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:President Donald Trump prepares to cut a "red tape" display of regulations.jpg|thumb|President Donald J. Trump prepares to cut a "red tape" display of regulations representative of 1960 and compared to the current numbers of regulations, December 14, 2017, in the Roosevelt Room at the White House, announcing how the administration is keeping its promise to remove regulations burdening job creators and American taxpayers.]]

In the United States, cutting red tape was a central principle of a 1993 [[National Performance Review]] study requested by the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton Administration]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gore |first=Al |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED384294 |title=From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better & Costs Less. Report of the National Performance Review |date=1993-09-10 |publisher=Education Resources Information Center |language=en}}</ref> In November 2024, U.S. President-elect [[Donald Trump]] said [[Elon Musk]] and [[Vivek Ramaswamy]] would co-lead a new [[Department of Government Efficiency]] which would provide advice from outside government on methods to "slash excess regulations", among other objectives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-elon-musk-vivek-ramaswamy-will-lead-department-government-efficiency-2024-11-13/ | title=Trump names Elon Musk to lead government efficiency drive | date=12 November 2024 | first=Daniel | last=Trotta | work=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Trump gives Elon Musk mission to cut costs, slash red tape | work=The Globe and Mail | date=13 November 2024 | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/video-trump-gives-elon-musk-mission-to-cut-costs-slash-red-tape/ }}</ref>

==Perceptions of red tape==
Applying rules consistently can affect the extent to which individuals perceive that red tape exists in a government agency.<ref name=Kaufmann>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Wesley |last2=Ingrams |first2=Alex |last3=Jacobs |first3=Daan |date=2021 |title=Being Consistent Matters: Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Rule Consistency on Citizen Red Tape |journal=The American Review of Public Administration |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=28–39 |doi=10.1177/0275074020954250 |s2cid=225330022 |issn=0275-0740|doi-access=free }}</ref> A survey-based experiment in the context of a jury duty summons found inconsistently applied rules may be viewed as ineffective or unfair, fueling the perception of a high level of red tape.<ref name=Kaufmann/>

Perception of red tape (as opposed to useful regulation) may be relevant in the public service context, since employees may be more willing to comply with rules that they perceive as valuable.<ref name=Davis>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Randall S. |date=2013 |title=Union Commitment and Stakeholder Red Tape: How Union Values Shape Perceptions of Organizational Rules |journal=Review of Public Personnel Administration |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=365–383 |doi=10.1177/0734371X12453056|s2cid=154310022 }}</ref>

==Impact on public sector employees==
===Red tape and employee performance===
India's Hota Committee Report noted "file-pushing", in the form of extensive procedures and layered rules, slowed civil service decision-making, even for routine administrative actions.<ref name="Hota">{{cite web |title=Report of the Hota Committee on Civil Service Reforms |url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Hota_Commitee_Report_1.pdf |publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), Government of India |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Sneha2021">{{cite web |last=Sneha |first=P. |title=Bureaucratic Indecision and Risk Aversion in India |url=https://artha.global/working-paper/bureaucratic-indecision-and-risk-aversion-in-india/ |website=Artha Global / IDFC Institute |date=2021 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
A 2025 survey of 73,795 Korean government officials found 48.11% of respondents agreed that inefficiencies were created by unnecessary documents and reports, and 22.06% said eliminating "formalism and other pseudo-work" was the most urgent priority to reduce inefficiency.<ref name="KIPA2025news">{{cite news |last=Seong |first=So-ui |title=공무원들 '쓸데없는 문서' 매일 76분 쓴다…22% "'가짜노동' 개선 시급" (Translation: Civil servants spend 76 minutes a day writing useless documents... 22% say "improving 'pseudo-labor' is urgently needed") |url=https://www.newsis.com/view/NISX20250424_0003152221 |work=Newsis |date=2025-04-24 |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-15 }}</ref>
Red tape led to unclear direction on rules, policies, and guidelines and, thereby, to poor internal client service, according to the ''Blueprint 2020'' report that surveyed over 2,000 Canadian public servants.<ref name="Blueprint 2020">Blueprint 2020 Internal Red Tape Reduction Report: [https://internal-red-tape-reduction-report.github.io/ Cutting Internal Red Tape – Building a Service Culture]. September 2016.</ref>

A study that used interviews with 22 New Zealand public sector managers found red tape, in the form of irrelevant goals without real benchmarks, made giving performance feedback difficult.<ref name=Hill/>{{rp|474}} In turn, this made it difficult to address poor employee performance. Further, managers were less encouraged to develop their employees' skills.<ref name=Hill>{{cite journal | title=Employee Performance Management: The Impact of Competing Goals, Red Tape, and PSM | first1=Kendra | first2=Geoff | last1=Hill | last2=Plimmer | journal=Public Personnel Management | date=2024 | volume=53 | issue=3 | pages=458–485 | doi=10.1177/00910260241231371 | doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|473-475}}

===Red tape and employee autonomy===
Red tape can reduce employee flexibility and autonomy.<ref name="burnout">Fuenzalida, J., Gutiérrez, L., Fernández-Vergara, A., & González, P. (2022). Red Tape and burnout risks of public service managers: Evidence from a survey experiment of school principals. University of Oxford.</ref>
A study of Dutch [[child welfare]] employees showed that red tape reduced interactions with clients and job effectiveness, which decreased job satisfaction. Highly motivated employees were found to be more sensitive to burdensome rules and procedures.<ref name=Steijn>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/padm.12352 | doi=10.1111/padm.12352 | title=Relational job characteristics and job satisfaction of public sector employees: When prosocial motivation and red tape collide | date=2019 | last1=Steijn | first1=Bram | last2=Van Der Voet | first2=Joris | journal=Public Administration | volume=97 | pages=64–80 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Evidence from the civil service in India finds ambiguity in interpreting overlapping rules may incentivise risk-averse behaviour and crowd-out professional judgement. Further, this can dampen morale.<ref name="Hota" /><ref name="Sneha2021" /><ref name="PIB2020">{{cite web |title=Cabinet approves 'Mission Karmayogi' – National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1650633 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=2 September 2020 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

===Red tape and employee job satisfaction===
The more employees perceive red tape (formalistic procedural burdens), the significantly lower is their job satisfaction according to a Korean police organization survey study from 2016 (n=294).<ref name="Park2016">{{cite thesis |last=Park |first=Il-sun |title=레드테이프와 조직효과성 간 관계에 대한 연구: 경찰공무원을 중심으로 |type=Master's thesis |publisher=Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Administration |year=2016 |url=https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/130448 |language=ko |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>
Similarly, the greater is the red tape perceived by civil servants, the higher is their intent to leave their current employer, as stated in a study that used data from the Korea Institute of Public Administration’s 2019 ''Public Service Life Survey''.<ref name="Park 2021">{{cite thesis |last=Park |first=Jung-Min |title=조직구조 인식이 공무원의 이직의도에 미치는 영향 [Perceptions of organizational structure and turnover intention among Korean civil servants] |publisher=Seoul National University |year=2021 |url=https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/176256 |language=ko}}</ref>

A 2022 study that used survey data from 354 schools in Chile found school principals experienced increased emotional exhaustion and risk of burnout when they were advised of an increase in red tape in the form of unneeded compliance tasks.<ref name="burnout"/>
Similarly, research conducted into experiences of public-school leaders and teachers in Belgium observed that when employees were faced with a higher level of red tape (associated with the use of new digital tools), they were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion and, consequently, have a greater intention to leave their organization.<ref name="job demands">{{cite journal |author1=Muylaert, Jolien |author2=Decramer, Adelien |author3=Audenaert, M. |year=2022 |title=How Leader's Red Tape Interacts With Employees' Red Tape From the Lens of the Job Demands–Resources Model |journal=Review of Public Personnel Administration |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=430–455 |doi=10.1177/0734371X221087420|hdl=1854/LU-8750823 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8750823 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Red tape, economic growth, and corruption==
===Red tape and economic growth===
While efficient government institutions can foster economic growth, cumbersome and unnecessary bureaucracy that delays permits and licenses slows technological advances.<ref name=Mauro/> Red tape has been found to be an obstacle to investment and growth in a study using data for 68 countries.<ref name=Mauro>{{cite journal | title=Corruption and Growth | first=Paolo | last=Mauro | journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics | doi=10.2307/2946696 | url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/110/3/681/1859244 | date=August 1995 | volume=110 | issue=3 | pages=681–712 | jstor=2946696 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Policies that require government regulation and bureaucratic intervention can stifle economic progress, as has been documented by economist [[Anne Osborn Krueger|Anne Krueger]] in the context of an import-substitution development strategy.<ref name=Krueger/><ref name=Duvanova>{{cite journal | journal=World Development | title=Economic Regulations, Red Tape, and Bureaucratic Corruption in Post-Communist Economies | first=Dinissa | volume=59 | last=Duvanova | doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.028 | date=2014 | pages=298–312 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} This type of policy reduces the incentive to produce exports, thereby generating a foreign exchange "shortage" that puts pressure on governments to restrict imports to high priority areas such as medicines over consumer luxuries. These restrictions require increased intervention, such as additional customs inspections and import approvals. In turn, this leads to delays and greater complexity of the system, which raises costs for importers. The higher costs create an incentive for black-market activity, thereby leading to political pressure to tighten still further the restrictive import regime. Over time, regulation and red tape promote more red tape and regulation in a vicious circle, as supporters of import substitution become more entrenched, while those who oppose it, such as exporters, cannot survive in the new environment.<ref name=Krueger>{{cite journal | title=Virtuous and Vicious Circles in Economic Development | first=Anne O. | last=Krueger | journal=American Economic Review | date=May 1993 | volume=83 | issue=2 | pages=351–355 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117689 | doi= | jstor=2117689 }}</ref> Rising costs of administration in the private sector, along with costs of delays and market inefficiency, weigh on economic performance and often result in an economic crisis.<ref name=Krueger/>

===Red tape and corruption===
The existence of regulations and authorizations provides a kind of monopoly power to the officials who must approve or inspect regulated activities.<ref name=Tanzi>{{cite report | url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Corruption-Around-the-World-Causes-Consequences-Scope-and-Cures-2583 | first=Vito | last=Tanzi | title=Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope and Cures | date=1 May 1998 | publisher=International Monetary Fund | isbn= 9781451848397 }}</ref> When regulations are not transparent, or an authorization can be obtained only from a specific office or individual (that is, there is no competition in the granting of these authorizations), bureaucrats have a great deal of power which may lead to corruption.<ref name=Tanzi/>{{rp|10–11}}<ref name=Duvanova/>{{rp|298–299}}<ref name=Mauro/>{{rp|685}}<ref>{{cite journal | title=Eight Questions about Corruption | first=Jakob | last=Svensson | journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives | date=Summer 2005 | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=19–42 | doi=10.1257/089533005774357860 }}</ref>{{rp|32}}

Officials may even intentionally introduce new regulations and red tape in order to be able to extract more bribes by threatening to deny permits.<ref name=Mauro/>{{rp|685}}<ref name=Duvanova/> Particularly in [[Developing country|developing]] and [[Transition economy|transition]] economies, surveys indicate that a large proportion of an enterprise manager's time (especially for small enterprises) requires dealing with bureaucracies, and this time can be reduced through the payment of bribes.<ref name=Tanzi/>{{rp|10–11}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Busy work]]
* [[Byzantinism]]
* [[Crony capitalism]]
* [[Cronyism]]
* ''[[Gestor]]''
* [[Humphrey Appleby]]
* [[Instruction creep]]
* [[Jobsworth]]
* [[License Raj]]
* [[Micromanagement]]
* [[Paperwork Reduction Act]]
* [[Paternalism]]
* [[Prig]]
* [[Purple crocodile]]
* [[Regulatory impact analysis]]
* [[Sludge theory]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* George et al. (2020), Red Tape, Organizational Performance and Employee Outcomes: Meta-Analysis, Meta-Regression and Research Agenda. ''[[Public Administration Review]]''.
* [[Barry Bozeman]] (2000), ''Bureaucracy and Red Tape'' [[Prentice Hall|Prentice-Hall Publishing]].
* {{cite book |author1=[[Pamela Herd]] |author2=[[Donald Moynihan]] |title=Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means |year=2019 |isbn=978-0871544445 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation}}
* {{cite book |author=Herbert Kaufman |title=Red Tape: Its Origins, Uses, and Abuses |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=1977}}
* [[OECD]] (2006), "Cutting red tape; national strategies for administrative simplification". OECD Editions, Paris.

==External links==
* {{Commonscatinline}}

[[Category:Slang]]
[[Category:Administrative theory]]
[[Category:Public choice theory]]
[[Category:Metaphors referring to objects]]
[[Category:Bureaucratic organization]]
[[Category:Waste of resources]]

Bandhan (2004 film)

2026-03-04T03:43:50Z

YourPritam7: brief fix section after review and added references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandhan
| image = Bandhan (2004).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| writer = Rabi Kinagi
| starring = [[Jeet (Actor)|Jeet]] [[Koel Mullick|Koel]] [[Victor Banerjee]] Oindrila Sen
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 167 minutes
| language = Bengali
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
}}

'''{{Lang|bn-latn|Bandhan}}''' ({{Translation|Bond}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[romantic film|romantic]] [[family drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Rabi Kinagi|Rabi Kinnagi]]. Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] and [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Mahendra Soni]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], it stars [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] (in a dual role) and [[Victor Banerjee]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bandhan (2004) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bandhan-39357|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126223633/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bandhan-39357|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2021|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film follows Ronny, an innocent child living with his father and growing up in foreign, often misses his dead mother Meena. After getting invited in India on the occasion of a marriage ceremony of his mother's cousin in India, he meets his maternal aunt Reena, who resembles his mother as they were the twins. Then Ronny thinks Reena to be his mother and wants his father to marry her.

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]]. All the songs of the film, particularly ''<nowiki/>'Shey Chhilo Boroi Anmona'<nowiki/>'', sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and ''<nowiki/>'Je kothati Mone''', sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Sonu Nigam]] became chartbuster upon its release.

''Bandhan'' is the 3rd film of the super hit pair, [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] and [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] together. It also marks the 4th collaboration between Jeet and [[Ravi Kinagi|Rabi Kinagi]]. It was an all-time blockbuster at the box office and ran more than 200 days in theatres, becoming the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2004|highest grossing Bengali film of 2004]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041224/asp/etc/story_4170235.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208220922/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041224/asp/etc/story_4170235.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2012 |title=Old, old hat |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |access-date=2008-11-19 |date=24 December 2004 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Arnab}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Janine |title=Girl on the go! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/girl-on-the-go/cid/1542046 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=4 March 2006}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is of a pivotal character, Mina, narrating the story so far and introducing the family members. Everybody is very kind and loves her very much, but his father is a very strict and angry person. Mina is no more. Her husband Rohit and son Rony live in [[Singapore]], but they have no contact with Mina's family because Mina had married against her family's will. Presently, Chumki, Mina's cousin is to get married. Her mother Sabitri Devi and most of her family want Rohit to be a part of the wedding but her father is against it. However Sabitri Devi is stubborn and ultimately succeeds in being able to invite Rohit for the wedding. Rohit is welcomed by the entire family except Pratap Narayan and his son. Rohit is constantly humiliated by the two of them but he doesn't lose hope and does not get hostile. He also explains to Rony as to why he is unwanted in the family. Meanwhile, Mina's twin sister, Rina comes home. Rony looks up to her as his mother while Rohit and she get closer. Rohit and Rony are slowly accepted by Pratap Narayan but things complicate again when Rina's marriage is fixed elsewhere. Rina insists on marrying Rohit but he does not want to face the family rejection again. In the meantime, a letter written by Rina and addressed to Rohit falls into Pratap Narayan's hands and he drives Rohit out of his house again. Things finally are settled and Pratap Narayan goes to the station to get Rohit back.

==Cast==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Rohit Banerjee
* [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] in dual roles— Mina and her sister Rina
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Pratap Narayan Chowdhury, Meena & Reena's Father
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Priyo Da, Rohit's friend
*Raja Chattopadhyay as Pradip Chowdhury, Meena and Reena's elder brother
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as Pradip's wife
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Dr. Ghoshal
* Oindrila Sen as Ronny's Maternal Cousin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oindrila Sen Bandhan Movie – Get Latest Top Stories on oindrila-sen-bandhan-movie |url=https://www.humppy.com/tag/oindrila-sen-bandhan-movie/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=humppy.com |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124052129/https://www.humppy.com/tag/oindrila-sen-bandhan-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Aditya Narayan Chowdhury, Mina & Rina's Uncle
* [[Soma Dey]] as Meena & Reena's Mother
* Santana Bose
* Master Angshu as Ronny
* Ravishankar Pande
* Sonali Chakraborty as Meena and Reena's paternal aunt
*

==Crew==
* Producer: [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
* Director: [[Rabi Kinagi]]
* Story: [[Rabi Kinagi]]
* Dialogue: Priyo Chattopadhyay
* Lyrics: Gautam Susmit
* Music: [[Jeet Ganguly]]
* Editing: [[Suresh Urs]]
* Cinematography: Rajan Kinagi
* Singer: [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], Raghab Chatterjee

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Bandhan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Premi]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Yuddho]]
| next_year = 2005
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Bandhan
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Shey Chilo Boroi Anmona
| single1date = 29 November 2017
| single2 = Kichu Hashi Kichu Asha
| single2date = 30 November 2018
| single3 = Tokey Niye Banchbo Aami
| single3date = 30 November 2018
| single4 = Je Kathati Mone
| single4date = 30 November 2018
| single5 = Aaj Tomay Niye Suru Holo
| single5date = 30 November 2018
| single6 = Bose Bose Bhabi
| single6date = 30 November 2018
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Gautam Sushmit
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title1 = Aaj Tomay Niye Suru Holo
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]] & [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length1 = 5:55
| title2 = Je Kathati Mone
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Sonu Nigam & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Kichu Hashi Kichu Asha
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam
| length3 = 4:25
| title4 = Shey Chilo Boroi Anmona
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length4 = 4:42
| title5 = Bose Bose Bhabi
| extra5 = [[Raghab Chatterjee]] & Shreya Ghoshal
| length5 = 4:15
| title6 = Tokey Niye Banchbo Aami
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam
| length6 = 5:38
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4735974}}

{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}
{{Rabi Kinagi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandhan (2004 Film)}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rabi Kinagi]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

Guest House (1980 film)

2026-03-03T23:56:22Z

YourPritam7: add intro for consistency and added references to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guest House
| image =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Shyam Ramsay]] [[Tulsi Ramsay]]
| producer = [[Ramsay Brothers]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Vijayendra Ghatge]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1980||}}
| runtime =
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Guest House''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film]] directed by [[Shyam Ramsay]], [[Tulsi Ramsay]] and produced by the [[Ramsay Brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7A12nuzSqPZjzMUBT8XVjO/Ramsays-and-the-birth-of-desi-horror.html|title=Ramsays and the birth of 'desi' horror|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.motherlandmagazine.com/ramsay-international/|title=RAMSAY INTERNATIONAL|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802062523/http://www.motherlandmagazine.com/ramsay-international/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This film was released in 1980 in the banner of Ramsay Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Khiladi-stopped-playing-with-Keshu-Ramsay/articleshow/6785109.cms|title=Khiladi stopped playing with Keshu Ramsay|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2010/12/whos-afraid-of-shyam-ramsay/|title=Who's afraid of Shyam Ramsey|date=4 December 2010|website=tehelka.com|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045117/http://www.tehelka.com/2010/12/whos-afraid-of-shyam-ramsay/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The music of the movie was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/843068/how-the-ramsay-brothers-pioneered-the-use-of-song-and-dance-in-horror-films|title=How the Ramsay brothers pioneered the use of song and dance in horror films|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Christopher, a psychic with ability to contact spirits, goes to a remote village for conducting a seance. He stays in a guest house at the village. Christopher has a valuable ring in his finger. The guest house's manager and co-worker murders him and cuts his hand off for the ring and buries the corpse. The dead hand revives with evil power to avenge.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Suraj
* Padmini Kapila as Sunita
* [[Prem Nath]] as Christopher
* [[Narendra Nath]] as John
* [[Rajendra Nath]] as Bawra
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Shaktiprasad Srivastav
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Mr. Mehra
* [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Inspector Vikram
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Kalia
* [[Roopesh Kumar]] as Kantilal
* [[Prem Krishen]] as Prem
* [[Sudha Shivpuri]] as Mrs. Mehra
* Birbal
* Madhu Kapoor as Prema
* Rajkishore Rana
* Dev Kumar as Jaggu Dada
* Shruti Astha
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0260060}}

{{Shyam Ramsay}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:1980 horror films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1980s-horror-film-stub}}

Mazhaikkalam

2026-03-03T03:25:18Z

YourPritam7: Starting First Info First Draft

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Deepan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mazhaikkalam
| image = Mazhaikkalam poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Deepan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Sriram [[Saranya Nag]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = '''Songs:''' Prem Anand '''Score:''' [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| studio = AR Screen (p) Ltd
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|4|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mazhaikkalam''''' ({{translation|[[Wet season|Rainy season]])}} is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Deepan and starring newcomer Sanjeevan, credited as Sriram, and [[Saranya Nag]].

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
*Sriram as Vijay
*[[Saranya Nag]] as Sophia
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Vijay's brother
*Jaya Sri as Vijay's sister-in-law
*Vel Chinnaswamy
*Winner Ramachandran

== Production ==
The film is directed by Deepan, who worked under [[R. B. Choudary]].<ref name="D">{{Cite web |title=Deepan has his fingers crossed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/deepan-has-his-fingers-crossed/articleshow/7223118.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923064839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/deepan-has-his-fingers-crossed/articleshow/7223118.cms |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Debutante Sanjeevan and [[Saranya Nag]] play college students in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I love the attention: Saranya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-love-the-attention-saranya/articleshow/7284999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923064829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-love-the-attention-saranya/articleshow/7284999.cms |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeevan: From college to camera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjeevan-from-college-to-camera/articleshow/7196503.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923064740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjeevan-from-college-to-camera/articleshow/7196503.cms |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In an interview, Deepan expressed how he was not satisfied with the final outcome of the film.<ref name="D" /> The film began production in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=23 October 2010 |title=Relationship tangle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article15789482.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923064731/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article15789482.ece |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Prior to release, the film made the headlines after it was reported that Saranya would appear nude in a crucial scene. Saranya then clarified that she wore a skin-toned costume, and the scene was shot aesthetically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 March 2012 |title=Awaiting the monsoon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/awaiting-the-monsoon/article3266069.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114130101/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/awaiting-the-monsoon/article3266069.ece |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=A bold attempt |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/mar/29/a-bold-attempt-353575.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923064732/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/mar/29/a-bold-attempt-353575.html |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress goes nude! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-12-04/saranya-mazhaikaalam-22-03-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203103018/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-12-04/saranya-mazhaikaalam-22-03-12.html |archive-date=3 February 2020 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Unfortunately, it is in this area [the script] that “''Mazhaikkalam''” falters. Debutant director Deepan’s construction of scenes is not only dull but also very predictable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhaikkalam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mazhaikkalam/movie-review/12567732.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923064747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mazhaikkalam/movie-review/12567732.cms |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "If director Deepan had lent the same amount of concentration [that he gave to the last fifteen minutes] to the rest of the film, ''Mazhaikaalam'' could have been a thumbs-up show. But the narration lacks cohesion".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 April 2012 |title=Mazhaikaalam: Commonplace for the most part |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mazhaikaalam-commonplace-for-the-most-part/article3290691.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923071025/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mazhaikaalam-commonplace-for-the-most-part/article3290691.ece |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said that "''Mazhaikalam'' is an example of good intentions going haywire".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2012 |title=Mazhaikalam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/apr/07/mazhaikalam-356439.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612134327/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/apr/07/mazhaikalam-356439.html |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Behindwoods'' said that "''Mazhaikkalam'' seems to have started off as a very interesting one line story" and added that "the makers ought to have developed their nutshell idea into a full fledged script which had interesting moments throughout".<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAZHAIKALAM MOVIE REVIEW |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/apr-12-02/mazhaikalam-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214041356/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/apr-12-02/mazhaikalam-review.html |archive-date=14 February 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13364756}}

[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Indian Institute of Management Shillong

2026-03-02T10:30:00Z

YourPritam7: small fix

{{Short description|Management institute in Shillong, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Advert|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Shillong
| former_name = Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management Shillong
| motto =
| image = Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management Shillong logo.png
| image_upright = .7
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|2007}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[business school]]
| chairperson = [[Shishir Bajoria]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pathak|first1=Vikas|title=Four IIMs to get new chairmen|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/four-iims-to-get-new-chairmen/article19695142.ece|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| director = Naliniprava Tripathy (Director In Charge)<ref>{{cite web |title=IIM Shillong Leadership |url=https://www.iimshillong.ac.in/leadership |website=IIM Shillong |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
| city = [[Shillong]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|25|33|30.27|N|91|54|18.09|E|type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| enrollment =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| administrative_staff = 59<ref>{{cite web |title=IIM Shillong RTI Handbook |url=https://www.iimshillong.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Revised-RTI-Handbook-16-02-26.pdf |website=IIM Shillong |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.iimshillong.ac.in/}}
| students =
| academic_staff = 35<ref>{{cite web |title=IIM Shillong RTI Handbook |url=https://www.iimshillong.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Revised-RTI-Handbook-16-02-26.pdf |website=IIM Shillong |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''Indian Institute of Management Shillong''' ('''IIM Shillong''' or IIM-S) is a public, fully autonomous management institute in the city of [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]. It was the seventh [[Indian Institutes of Management|Indian Institute of Management]] to be established in [[India]].

Founded in 2007, IIM Shillong offers postgraduate, doctoral, and executive programmes in management education, and Management Development Programmes (MDPs) spanning different streams of management. Admissions to the institute are based on scores obtained in the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT) and further an extempore and personal interview rounds. In addition, from 2025, the institute also admits students to the Integrated Programme in Management (IPM), a five-year course, through the IPMAT (IIM Indore) entrance examination.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=IPM Overview - IIM |url=https://www.iimshillong.ac.in/ipm/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907172803/https://www.iimshillong.ac.in/ipm/overview |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=IIM |language=en-US}}</ref>The institute also has a Centre for Development of North Eastern Region (CEDNER), constituted to offer programmes relevant to the local community and society of the state and [[Northeast India|the region]].

== History ==
The proposal to start an Indian Institute of Management in the Northeast was unanimously taken in June 2004 by the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|Union Minister]] of [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Human Resource Development]] along with the [[Chief Minister]]s of the [[Seven Sister States|North Eastern states]] in the review meeting held at Shillong.<ref>{{Cite web|title = National : Seventh IIM to be set up in Shillong|url = http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/25/stories/2005102506591200.htm|website = [[The Hindu]]|date = 2005-10-25|access-date = 2015-11-28}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Shillong was drafted as the permanent location for the institute after consultation between the [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region|Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]] (MDONER) and the Chief Ministers of the states.<ref>{{Cite news|title = IIM Shillong to begin operations next year|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 25 July 2007|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iim-shillong-to-begin-operations-next-year-107072501029_1.html|access-date = 2015-11-28|last1 = Pathak|first1 = Kalpana}}</ref>

The foundation stone for the institute was laid by Shri. [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], Union Minister of Human Resource Development, on 1 December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title = HRD Minister to lay foundation stone for IIM Shillong tomorrow|url = http://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/30/hrd-minister-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-iim-shillong-tomorrow-1196429962.html|website = www.oneindia.com|date = 30 November 2007|access-date = 2015-11-28}}</ref> The admittance of the first batch of students for the Post-Graduate Programme was formally inaugurated by Dr [[Donkupar Roy]], Chief Minister of Meghalaya, on 4 July 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Country's seventh IIM starts from today|url = http://www.sify.com/news/country-s-seventh-iim-starts-from-today-news-national-jegrPibifdj.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214956/http://www.sify.com/news/country-s-seventh-iim-starts-from-today-news-national-jegrPibifdj.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2015-09-24|website = [[Sify]]|access-date = 2015-11-28}}</ref>

The institute was set up at the Mayurbhanj Palace, the summer retreat of the [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj Kings]] of [[Odisha]]. The Palace was renovated by the Meghalaya government<ref>{{Cite web|title = Old Shillong palace campus for India's newest IIM - Indian Express|url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/old-shillong-palace-campus-for-india-s-newest-iim/253326/|website = archive.indianexpress.com|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> with the construction of a permanent campus in development at Umsawli.

The first chairman of the Board of Governors was Shri. Rathindra Nath Dutta, and the first director, Prof Ashoke K. Dutta.
[[File:IIM Shillong New Campus.jpg|thumb|IIM Shillong New Campus]]

== Institute Logo ==
IIM Shillong's logo was designed by Anil Sinha and Ankita Gajjar from the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Campus ==

[[File:Front Lawns.jpg|thumb|Front Lawns]]
The campus has an auditorium for conducting seminars, conferences, culture programmes, students' events and other significant events of the institute.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

== Academics ==
=== Post-Graduate Programme in Management (PGPM) ===
This is a two-year, fully residential Master of Business Administration program with a curriculum comprising a mix of compulsory courses and electives, supplemented by specialized courses on industry sectors. Participants are offered subjects from the areas of [[economics]], [[finance]], [[Human resource management|human resources]], [[information technology]], [[marketing]], [[Operations management|operations]], and general management. The programme begins with a two-week foundation course on sustainability which focuses on developing sustainable practices in business management. Sustainability modules are also incorporated into every subject offered.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong Courses - Post-Graduate Programme in Management|url = http://www.iimshillong.in/programmes/post-graduate-programme-in-management.asp|website = www.iimshillong.in|access-date = 2015-11-28}}</ref>

Some of the unique courses offered at IIM Shillong include Northeast Studies, Doing Business in the Northeast, Decoding Organizational Pathologies, and Sports Management,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Post CWG should see demand in sports management courses|url = http://www.sify.com/news/post-cwg-should-see-demand-in-sports-management-courses-news-national-kkck4ceigde.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006075041/http://sify.com/news/post-cwg-should-see-demand-in-sports-management-courses-news-national-kkck4ceigde.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2010-10-06|website = [[Sify]]|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> to name a few. Participants in the second year are also encouraged to undertake courses of independent study (CIS). Participants of the programme also undergo a summer internship between April and June, as part of the course.

=== Post Graduate Program for Executives – (PGPEx) ===
This is a twelve-month fully residential Executive Master of Business Administration (Executive MBA) program for executives that aims to provide the opportunity to learn and conduct trans-national business.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong PGPEx Programme- The Background|url = http://www.iimshillong.in/pgpex/pgpex.asp|website = www.iimshillong.in|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> This course is spread across two campuses – IIM Shillong and [[EADA Business School]], [[Barcelona, Spain]]. In addition to classroom facilitation, the course structure also includes practical learning through internships and industry visits in both countries.

=== Integrated Programme in Management (IPM) ===
The Integrated Programme in Management (IPM) at IIM Shillong is a five-year, fully residential course combining undergraduate and postgraduate management education, with admissions through the IPMAT ([[Indian Institute of Management Indore|IIM Indore]]) entrance examination. The program integrates Indian philosophical traditions with contemporary management practices and learner-centered pedagogies aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It emphasizes holistic, ethical, and socially responsible leadership, blending core management subjects with interdisciplinary modules on Indigenous Knowledge Systems, [[Social science|social sciences]], and [[sustainability]]. The curriculum combines theoretical instruction with practicums and experiential learning, aiming to develop reflective, responsible, and culturally grounded leaders.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|End of First Year
|'''Certificate''' in Management
|-
|End of Second Year
|'''Diploma''' in Management
|-
|End of Third Year
|'''UG Degree –''' Bachelor in Business Administration – BBA
|-
|End of Fourth Year
|'''UG Degree –''' Bachelor in Business Administration – BBA (Honors)
|-
|End of Fifth Year
|'''PG Degree – '''Masters in Business Administration MBA
|}

=== Doctoral Programme (PhD) ===
This is the doctoral level programme offered by IIM Shillong. The PhD is a four-year fully residential Doctor of Management programme fellowships awarded in the following areas: economics, finance, HR, information systems, marketing, and operations management. Admissions for this programme are based on scores obtained through [[Common Admission Test|CAT]], [[Graduate Management Admission Test|GMAT]], [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]], [[Graduate Record Examinations|GRE]], or the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) examination.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong Courses - Fellow Programme in Management|url = http://www.iimshillong.in/programmes/fellow-programming-management.asp|website = www.iimshillong.in|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref>

=== Management Development Programme (MDP) ===
These are short duration programmes varying from two days to six months, for working executives from the industry, education, and government sectors, held both on- and off-campus. The MDPs furnish executives a chance to familiarize themselves with the latest techniques, tools, and skills spanning different streams of management from Education Management to Sustainable Development.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong Courses - Management Development Programmes|url = http://www.iimshillong.in/programmes/management-development-programme.asp|website = www.iimshillong.in|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref>

=== Centre for Development of North Eastern Region (CEDNER) ===
Formerly known as the Accelerated Learning Centre (ALC), the CEDNER has been constituted to organize both short-term and long-term programmes relevant to the local community and society of the state and the region. Courses offered at the CEDNER respond to local needs, and make institute facilities available for training people from the region during various phases of their business and entrepreneurial activity.<ref>{{Cite web|title = CEDNER:Centre for Development of North Eastern Region: IIM Shillong|url = http://www.iimshillong.in/programmes/cedner.asp|website = www.iimshillong.in|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref>

=== Faculty Development Programme (FDP) ===
The institute also offers programmes for faculty development at regular intervals to help familiarize with current and relevant industry trends and practices.

=== Course Pedagogy ===
The pedagogy at IIM Shillong follows a case-based system. Participants are provided cases and supplement readings. Analysis and solutions are then discussed in groups with faculty facilitating and grading the dialogue. Participants are also encouraged to undertake projects falling under the purview of the subject and share their learnings with others.

=== Faculty ===
[[File:Student canvas tribute to Dr Kalam.jpeg|thumb|Canvas graffiti of Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] as an IIM Shillong student tribute|300x300px]]
The institute has a current faculty strength of 28 permanent faculty<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimshillong.in/rti/11.pdf|title=Iimshillong.in}}</ref> and close to 40 visiting faculty. Faculty visiting IIM Shillong are usually renowned professors from institutes across the world.

The former [[President of India]], Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], was a regular visiting faculty at the institute, offering courses for the second year students on a variety of subjects. Dr Kalam, on 27 July 2015, collapsed while delivering a lecture on 'Creating a Liveable Planet' at the institute. After being placed in an intensive care unit, Dr Kalam was confirmed dead owing to a sudden cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/abdul-kalam-showed-no-signs-of-life-when-brought-to-hospital-doctor-1026532.html|title=Abdul Kalam showed no signs of life when brought to hospital: Doctor|date=2015-07-27|access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref>

=== International Collaborations ===
IIM Shillong currently has a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with [[Nanyang Technological University]] for the PGPM. MoUs signed previously include those with [[Drexel University]], [[Virginia Commonwealth University]], and Hamburg Media School, among others. The PGPEx has a MoU with [[Ocean University of China]], Qingdao, P.R.C and (School of Management) [[Fudan University]], Shanghai P.R.C

=== Admissions ===
Admission to IIM Shillong is governed by the Common Admission Test (CAT), an annual exam administered by the IIMs for selection into various business schools across India. The selection to IIM Shillong is a multi-stage process that is defined by the admission policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Post-Graduate Programme (PGP) Admissions at IIM Shillong|url = http://www.iimshillong.in/admission/admission-policy2016-18.asp|website = www.iimshillong.in|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> There are slight variations in the criteria depending on the course applied for.

In 2025, IIM Shillong admitted its first batch of students to the Integrated Programme in Management (IPM), a five-year course that combines undergraduate and postgraduate management education. Admissions to the programme are based on the IPMAT (IIM Indore) entrance examination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=How many IIMs offer UG courses? A look at eligibility, seats, fee structure |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/how-many-iims-offer-ug-courses-a-look-at-eligibility-seats-fee-structure-10160658/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Library ===
The library, named as the [[Exim Bank (India)|Exim Bank]] Knowledge Centre, has books, journals, magazines, and other information resources. The Knowledge Centre is also fully automated with the help of [[VTLS]], maintaining different databases for books, reports, audio cassettes, video cassettes, CDs and journal articles.

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = Institute

| NIRF_B_2022 = 26
}}

Outlook I Care has revealed the IIM Shillong Ranking 2021 and the institute is placed 11th among the country's top 50 management schools. According to the NIRF Management Ranking 2022, IIM Shillong is ranked 26th.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2022/> IIM Shillong is ranked 16th among India's top 100 business schools in the India Today MDRA ranking 2020.

== Student life ==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2021}}

=== Student Activities ===
IIM Shillong is a student-run institute with participants taking care of daily functioning of the institute outside academics and administration. This is with a view to provide the participants hands-on experience in everyday management, problem-solving, and event management.

Student committees handle everyday processes such as placements, hostel and IT requirements, student affairs, etc. Clubs are societies that are dedicated to interest in different domains of management and otherwise. They also play pivotal roles in determining electives offered under different domains.

=== Committees ===
* '''Alumni Committee''' – provide year-round interfacing between the alumni and institute, primarily over videoconferencing and the alumni portal. Also organize Melange, the annual alumni meet.
* '''Cultural Committee''' – all festive celebrations within the institute and the local community are organized by the Cultural Committee. Other events organized include [[SPIC MACAY|SPICMACAY]] concerts and Waltzzz, the annual dance workshop.
* '''Hostel Committee''' – take care of hostel amenities pertaining to stay and food. The committee also organizes the intra-college sports fest, Rannbhoomi.
* '''IT Committee''' – provide IT related solutions to the participants, faculty, and staff.
*'''Placement Committee''' – coordinate Summer Internship and Final Placements for the participants.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong – Placement Committee|url = http://www.iimshillong.in/placement/placement_committee.aspx|website = www.iimshillong.in|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref>
*'''Public Relations Cell''' – handle all external communication with the media, corporate, and other institutes. The committee hosts multiple events throughout the year – The Podium, the corporate interaction series; Synergy, the corporate videoconferencing series; and TEDxIIMShillong, an independently organized [[TED (conference)|TED]] event at IIM Shillong. The PR Cell is also responsible for online presence, institute information, admission mentoring, subscriptions, and merchandising.
* '''Sports Committee''' – responsible for the selection and management of sporting teams representing IIM Shillong. They also organize the Bamboo Premier League and Kopda Cup, auction-based intra-college football and cricket tournaments.
* '''Student Council''' – the apex student body. The Council handles all student affairs and interfaces between students and the administration. They also organize the annual Golf Cup; KhlurThma, the annual management fest; and Udaan, the annual business conclave.
* '''Symphony, the Literary Committee''' – publish the annual institute magazine, Symphony. Also arrange weekly movie screenings and group discussions.

=== Special Interest Groups (SIGs) ===
Special Interest Groups are student groups that pursue allied interests. There are a number of SIGs, for various pursuits such as photography, trekking, cinema, gaming, etc.

=== Internships & Placements ===
Summer Internships are mandated as part of the course curricula. The Placement Committee of IIM Shillong is responsible for overseeing the Summer Internship and Final Placements. Prominent recruiters over the past few years for both the Summer Internships and Final Placements include [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], [[American Express]], [[Boston Consulting Group]], Beiersdorf, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[D. E. Shaw & Co.]], [[Dabur]], [[Deloitte]], [[Egon Zehnder]], [[Flipkart]], [[Google]], [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]], [[Hero MotoCorp]], [[HSBC]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[IBM]], [[ITC (company)|ITC]], [[JPMorgan Chase|J. P. Morgan Chase]], [[KPMG]], [[L'Oréal|L’Oréal]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]], [[MetLife]], [[Nestlé]], [[Nomura Group|Nomura]], [[Ola Cabs|Ola]], [[Perfetti Van Melle|Perfetti van Melle]], [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Renault–Nissan Alliance|Renault–Nissan]], [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[Siemens]], [[Snapdeal]], [[State Bank of India]], [[Tata Group|Tata Administration Services]], [[Volvo]], and [[Yes Bank]] to name a few.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Tata Steel, RBL offer most internships at IIM-Shillong - The Economic Times|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tata-steel-rbl-offer-most-internships-at-iim-shillong/articleshow/50922162.cms|website = The Economic Times|access-date = 2016-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimshillong.in/placement/Placement%20Brochure_2015-16.pdf|title = Iimshillong.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong completes final placements with average CTC of Rs 13.04 lakh|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-04/news/58795664_1_iim-shillong-placement-process-average-ctc|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150211063647/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-04/news/58795664_1_iim-shillong-placement-process-average-ctc|url-status = dead|archive-date = 11 February 2015|website = timesofindia-economictimes|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong : Placement 2013; Average salary at IIM Shillong@ Rs 12.22 lakh|url = http://www.mbauniverse.com/article.php?id=6919|website = www.mbauniverse.com|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/jobs/sales-marketing-emerges-as-the-most-sought-after-domain-in-iim-shillongs-placements/articleshow/57082215.cms|title=Sales & marketing emerges as the most sought after domain in IIM Shillong's placements - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-02-11}}</ref> Students have also opted outed of placements to start their own ventures across the world.<ref>{{Cite news|title = IIM-Shillong completes placements - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/IIM-Shillong-completes-placements/articleshow/34111479.cms|website = The Times of India| date=23 April 2014 |access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref>

=== Live Projects & Competitions ===
A number of live projects are undertaken by the students of IIM Shillong. These range from government initiatives to projects from entrepreneurial ventures. These projects serve to enhance the participants’ competence across different domains while also providing additional exposure to the industry.

Students also partake in a number of competitions hosted by various companies and other business schools. IIM Shillong has developed proficient niche for competitions, having won various prestigious competitions such as the American Express Centurion Challenge, the HSBC IB League,<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong wins Inaugural HSBC IB League|url = http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/32362-iim-shillong-wins-inaugural-hsbc-ib-league|website = Meghalaya Times|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> L’Oréal Brandstorm,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Team IIM Shillong wins L'oreal brandstorm 2014 national finals|url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/team-iim-shillong-wins-loreal-brandstorm-2014-national-finals-681697.html|website = IBNLive|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> Nomura Case Study Competition, Tata Steel-a-thon,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Steel-a-thon 2014 witnesses a thrilling Grand Finale|url = http://www.tatasteelindia.com/pressrelease/content.asp?title=Steel-a-thon-2014-witnesses-a-thrilling-Grand-Finale&id=1129|website = www.tatasteelindia.com|access-date = 2015-11-27|archive-date = 8 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065033/http://www.tatasteelindia.com/pressrelease/content.asp?title=Steel-a-thon-2014-witnesses-a-thrilling-Grand-Finale&id=1129|url-status = dead}}</ref> and Wipro Earthian,<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM-Shillong emerges as Wipro Earthian national winners|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/iimshillong-emerges-as-wipro-earthian-national-winners/article5670687.ece|website = The Hindu Business Line| date=9 February 2014 |access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> to name a few.

=== Events ===
==== The Podium ====
The Podium is the annual corporate interaction series of IIM Shillong. Organized jointly by the Public Relations Cell and the Placement Committee, the event sees corporate leaders from top companies address the participants on the industry and provide inputs on structuring their careers. The series is set over 20 sessions between the months of July and September.

==== EmergE ====
Emerge is the flagship entrepreneurship summit at IIM Shillong held mid-September. The event hosts various conclaves where industry doyens have a dialogue on their areas of expertise. EmergE also has two competitions for students from business schools - R€vo£u$n, the business plan competition and Reveal, the football case study sponsored by [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]].

==== KhlurThma ====
KhlurThma is the annual management fest of IIM Shillong. The event is held during the second week of October in tandem with the Golf Cup. The event sees participation from over 5000 teams across the top business schools in India.

==== Golf Cup ====
The IIM Shillong Golf Cup is the flagship event of the institute. Held in October or November every year, the Golf Cup is the first such tournament to be held by any business school in India. The event emphasizes on taking corporate interaction out of the classroom onto the greens. Every year, the event sees a massive participation of reputed golfers, corporates, and top bureaucrats who compete at the Shillong Golf Course in various categories.

==== Udaan ====
Udaan is the annual business conclave that is hosted at IIM Shillong with the objective of connecting businesses from the Northeast with resources from across the world. Udaan serves as a platform where Northeast businesses can get access to advanced industry practices and technical know-how from industry pioneers, to utilize them in enhancing productivity.
[[File:Roshan Abbas at TEDxIIMShillong.jpeg|thumb|[[Roshan Abbas]] at TEDxIIMShillong|320x320px]]

==== TEDxIIMShillong ====
An independently organized TED event, under the banner of [[TED (conference)|TED]], TEDxIIMShillong, held in February every year, provides the platform to initiate ideas on fields outside business studies particularly, technology, entertainment, and design. The 2014 event organizer from the institute also received a TEDxChange Scholarship and represented India at [[TEDGlobal]] 2014 in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = The TEDxChange Scholarship {{!}} TEDx in the developing world {{!}} TEDx Program {{!}} Programs & Initiatives {{!}} About {{!}} TED|url = https://www.ted.com/about/programs-initiatives/tedx-program/tedx-in-the-developing-world/tedxchange-scholarship|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140320034456/http://www.ted.com/about/programs-initiatives/tedx-program/tedx-in-the-developing-world/tedxchange-scholarship|url-status = dead|archive-date = 20 March 2014|website = www.ted.com|access-date = 2015-11-28}}</ref>

==== Melange ====
Melange is the annual alumni meet held towards the end of January. Organized by the Alumni Committee, the event serves as a congregation of IIM Shillong's alumni while also keeping the alumni abreast about the institute's progress.

==== SusCon ====
The Sustainability Conference is the annual international conference on sustainability held in March every year. The conferences sees papers on sustainability across different domains, submitted from all over the world. Scholars and corporate from over 20 countries have participated over multiple editions of the conference.

==== Nexus ====
Nexus is the annual senior-junior meet held in the month of May. Held across six cities, Nexus provides incoming participants with a better idea on the two years at IIM Shillong as they get to interact with both the second year students and alumni.

==== Other Events and Initiatives ====
IIM Shillong has also initiated a number of events that are still in their nascent stages such as, the Shillong chapter of the [[Mensa International|Mensa IQ Test]]; PiktoTourShillong a global infographics workshop held across five destinations worldwide by [[Piktochart]]; a 5k run that flags off the Golf Cup,<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong marathon a huge draw|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141010/jsp/northeast/story_18911768.jsp#.VlhyGHYrLIU|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141111070726/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141010/jsp/northeast/story_18911768.jsp#.VlhyGHYrLIU|url-status = dead|archive-date = 11 November 2014|website = The Telegraph|access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> and Nurturing Minds, a teaching initiative by the students for the local community.<ref>{{Cite news|title = IIM-Shillong announces programmes on Kalam's birth anniversary - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/IIM-Shillong-announces-programmes-on-Kalams-birth-anniversary/articleshow/49387082.cms|website = The Times of India| date=15 October 2015 |access-date = 2015-11-27}}</ref> The institute also observes various days of national importance, marked by deliverances.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong joins forces on Swachh Bharat Mission|url = http://www.meghalayatimes.info/index.php/region/27176-iim-shillong-joins-forces-on-swachh-bharat-mission|website = Meghalaya Times|access-date = 2015-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = IIM Shillong observe first Constitution Day : Nagaland Post|url = http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Regional/RegionalNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA5MDM1MQ%253D%253D|website = www.nagalandpost.com|access-date = 2015-11-28}}</ref>

IIM Shillong had also been instrumental in drafting Meghalaya's sports policy ahead of the 2016 [[South Asian Games]] in Shillong and [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Meghalaya Sports Policy to be now drafted by IIM-Shillong: Min|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 25 March 2015|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/meghalaya-sports-policy-to-be-now-drafted-by-iim-shillong-min-115032501043_1.html|access-date = 2015-11-27|agency = Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Educational Institutes in Meghalaya}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management|Shillong]]
[[Category:Business schools in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Meghalaya]]

Rani Kamalapati–Jabalpur Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-02-26T03:19:16Z

YourPritam7:

{{Short description|Jan Shatabdi Express train in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 87cefa
| name = Rani Kamalapati – Jabalpur ''Jan Shatabdi Express''
| logo = RKMP JBP Janshatabdi Express TB.png
| caption = Inside Rani Kamalapati - Jabalpur Jan Shatabdi Express
| type = [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| image = Habibganj-JabalpurJS.jpg
| image_width = 300
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2002|12|14}}
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways (WCR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}} '''(RKMP)'''
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}} '''(JBP)'''
| distance = {{convert|331|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 5 hrs 15 mins approx
| frequency = Daily service
| class = AC Chair Car, Non AC 2nd Sitting
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = No
| catering = Yes
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| trainnumber = 12061/12062
| speed = {{convert|63|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:(Bhopal - Jabalpur) Janshatabdi and Intercity Express Route map.jpg|300px]] {{Rani Kamalapati–Jabalpur Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12061 / 12062 '''Rani Kamalapati–Jabalpur ''Jan Shatabdi Express''''' is a type of [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] train service offered by [[West Central Railway]].

==Service==
The train runs between {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}}, the suburban railway station in [[Bhopal]], the capital city of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}} of [[Jabalpur]], one of the major city of Madhya Pradesh.

==Route & halts==

*'''{{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Narmadapuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pipariya}}
* {{stnlnk|Gadarwara}}
* {{stnlnk|Kareli}}
* {{stnlnk|Narsinghpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Shridham}}
* {{stnlnk|Madan Mahal}}
*'''{{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}'''

==Locomotive==

The train is hauled by [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]]-based [[WAP-7]] or by [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]-based [[WAP-5]] locomotive from Rani Kamalapati to {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}} handing over to a [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive to Jabalpur Junction after rake-reversal.

==Coach composition==
The train consists of 21 coaches viz., 4 AC Chair Car, 14 Second Sitting Chair Car, 1 EOG (power car), 1 SLR and 1 EV (Vistadome).

==E-catering==

* E-catering available at:- Rani Kamalapati (RKMP), [[Itarsi Junction|Itarsi]] (ET), Jabalpur Junction (JBP).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|http://indiarailinfo.com/train/bhopal-habibganj-jabalpur-jan-shatabdi-express-12061-hbj-to-jbp/831/474/529|12061 HBJ JBP Janshatabdi Express}} India Rail Info

{{Railways in Central India}}
{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani Kamalapati-Jabalpur Jan Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Transport in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2002]]

Topla Primary School

2026-02-22T04:48:44Z

YourPritam7: Starting Data...

{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Topla Primary School
| native_name = টোপলা প্রাইমারী স্কুল
| image = Topla Primary School, Nadia District.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.8778|88.5144|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| type = Government-aided
| established = {{Start date|1901}}
| opened =
| closed =
| district = [[Nadia district]]
| superintendent =
| principal =
| headmaster = Siddik Rahaman
| faculty =
| grades =
| enrollment =
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Rural
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| communities =
| website = 
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite news | title=School Information | url= http://www.neighbourhoodinfo.co.in/school-detail/Topla-Primary-School-19101111402 | accessdate= 25 August 2015 | newspaper = Neighbourhoodinfo}}</ref>
| address = Village & P.O. -Topla, District- Nadia.
| colors =
| feeder_schools =
| free_label = Circle
| free_text = Karimpur New
| free_label2 = Assistant teachers
| free_text2 = 7
}}

'''Topla Primary School''' (Bengali: টোপলা প্রাইমারী স্কুল) is an old and heritage primary school of [[Nadia district]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is situated at [[Topla, Nadia|Topla]] village, under [[Thanapara]] police station in Nadia.

== History ==
This school was established in the year 1901 in [[British India]]. Topla Primary School is one of the oldest primary school of the district which was started by the British Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TOPLA PRI SCHOOL - Narayanpur/ii/vii, District Nadia (West Bengal)|url=https://schools.org.in/nadia/19101111402/topla-pri-school.html|access-date=2020-11-21|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref> The school was under the [[Karimpur]] New Circle, of Nadia District District Inspector of School (Primary Education).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allindiafacts.com/school/west-bengal/nadia/karimpur-ii.html|title=List of Schools in Karimpur II (Nadia)|website=allindiafacts.com|access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1901]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in British India]]

Tony Babu

2026-02-12T03:15:30Z

YourPritam7: Starting Post

{{Short description|Indian film sound designer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Tony |Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tony Babu
| image = [[File:Tony_Babu.jpg|200px]]
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|07|11}}
| birth_place = [[Sasthamkotta]], [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = Neo Film School, [[Ernakulam]]
| occupation = [[Audio engineer]]
| years_active = 2011-present
| known_for =
| spouse = Jisha
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|tonybabu.com}}
}}
'''Tony Babu''' (born 11 July 1990) is an Indian film [[sound designer]], [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]], [[Production sound mixer|sound mixer]] and [[mixing engineer]]. He has worked in various Indian language films and [[web series]] including [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Mollywood on Tony Babu's check-list now |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/240317/mollywood-on-tony-babus-check-list-now.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title='കുക്കർ മ്യൂസിക്കലി, മിക്സി വെറുപ്പിക്കൽ'; ഗ്രേറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യൻ കിച്ചന്റെ സൗണ്ട് ഡിസൈനർ ഇവിടെയുണ്ട് |trans-title=Here's the Great Indian Kitchen's Sound designer |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-mini-studio-in-tamil-to-produce-malayalam-movie-icu-mm-459295.html |website=[[News18 Kerala]] |language=ml}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Motion Picture Sound Editors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPSE Active Members |url=https://digital.copcomm.com/i/1516530-71st-mpse-golden-reel-awards/11? |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=[[Motion Picture Sound Editors|MPSE]]}}</ref> He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Designer]] for ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''.<ref name='state'>{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=16 October 2021 |title=51st Kerala State Film Awards: Here is the full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/51st-kerala-state-film-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners/article37020599.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He co-founded Sonic Drops Studio, a sound post-production studio, along with [[Robin Kunjukutty]] in Mumbai.

==Career==
After completing the [[Audio engineer|sound engineering]] course from Neo Film School, [[Ernakulam]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Anoop |date=24 August 2018 |title=New avenues are paving the way for fresh faces in Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2018/aug/24/new-avenues-are-paving-the-way-for-fresh-faces-in-malayalam-cinema-9672.html |website=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge]]}}</ref> Tony moved to [[Mumbai]] and assisted [[Boby John]] for four years. He then works as independent sound editor and designer for various films including [[C/O Saira Banu]], [[Udaharanam Sujatha]], [[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]], [[Kilometers and Kilometers]] and [[The Great Indian Kitchen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=ഇന്ത്യന്‍ അടുക്കളയിലെ ശബ്ദലേഖകന്‍ |trans-title=Sound designer of Indian kitchen |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/459127-interviews-interviwe-with-sound-designer-tony-babu-great-indian-kitchen.html |website=[[Mangalam Publications]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable" border="2"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Credit !! Director(s) !! Language
|-

| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' || [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|Sound editor]] || [[Aanand L. Rai]] || [[Hindi]]

|-
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' || Sound effects editor || [[Milan Luthria]] || Hindi

|-

| 2013 || ''[[Special 26]]'' || Sound editor || [[Neeraj Pandey]] || Hindi

|-

| 2014 || [[Killa (film)|''Killa'']] || Sound effects editor || [[Avinash Arun]] || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]

|-

| rowspan="4" | 2015 || [[Roy (2015 film)|''Roy'']] || Sound editor || Vikramjith Singh || Hindi

|-
| ''[[Piku]]''|| Sound editor || [[Shoojit Sircar]] || Hindi

|-
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]'' || Sound editor Assistant [[sound design]]er || Anand L. Rai || Hindi

|-
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' || Sound editor || [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] || Hindi

|-

| rowspan="2" | 2016 || [[Baaghi (2016 film)|''Baaghi'']] || Sound editor Sound effects designer || [[Sabbir Khan]] || Hindi

|-
| [[Sometimes (film)|''Sila Samayangalil'']] || [[Dialogue editor]] || [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]

|-

| 2017 || ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]'' || [[Production sound mixer|Sound mixer]] Sound designer Sound editor || Antony Sony Sebastian || [[Malayalam]]

|-

| rowspan="8" | 2018 || ''[[Kunju Daivam]]'' || Sound mixer Sound designer Sound editor || [[Jeo Baby]] || Malayalam

|-
| ''[[Orayiram Kinakkalal]]'' || Sound designer Sound editor || Pramod Mohan || Malayalam

|-
| ''[[Lust Stories]]'' || Associate sound designer Sound editor || [[Anurag Kashyap]] [[Zoya Akhtar]] [[Dibakar Banerjee]] [[Karan Johar]] || Hindi

|-
| [[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games'']] || Dialogue editor || Anurag Kashyap [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] [[Neeraj Ghaywan]] || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Karwaan]]''|| Associate sound designer Sound editor || [[Akarsh Khurana]] || Hindi

|-
| [[Little Things (TV series)|''Little Things'']] || Sound editor || Ajay Bhuyan Ruchir Arun || Hindi

|-
| [[Nonsense (film)|''Nonsense'']] || Sound mixer Sound designer Sound editor || M. C. Jithin || Malayalam

|-
| [[Joseph (2018 film)|''Joseph'']] || Sound mixer Sound designer Sound editor || [[M. Padmakumar]] || Malayalam

|-

| rowspan="5" | 2020 || ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]'' || Sound designer || Anand Menon || Malayalam

|-
| [[Trance (2020 film)|''Trance'']] || Dialogue editor Sound editor || [[Anwar Rasheed]] || Malayalam

|-
| ''K-nowledge'' ([[short film]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=24 June 2020 |title=Grace Antony's short film's teaser is here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/grace-antonys-short-films-teaser-is-here/articleshow/76549963.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> || Sound designer || [[Grace Antony]] || Malayalam

|-
| ''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]'' || Sound designer Supervising sound editor || Jeo Baby || Malayalam

|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' || Sound designer Supervising sound editor || Jeo Baby || Malayalam

|-

| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Kannur Squad]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Kannur Squad trailer: Mammootty chases dreaded criminals in intriguing thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kannur-squad-trailer-mammootty-chases-dreaded-criminals-in-intriguing-thriller-8929253/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003184854/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kannur-squad-trailer-mammootty-chases-dreaded-criminals-in-intriguing-thriller-8929253/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> || Sound designer Supervising sound editor || [[Roby Varghese Raj]] || Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Mammootty and Jyothika appear 'serious' in Kathal's second look poster |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/25/mammootty-jyothika-jeo-baby-kathal-the-core.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> || Sound designer Supervising sound editor || Jeo Baby || Malayalam
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kadha Innuvare]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=First look motion poster of Biju Menon and Methil Devika starring “Katha Innu Vare” out, check here |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/katha-innu-vare-movie-poster-out-2aaffda4 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> || Sound designer || Vishnu Mohan || Malayalam
|}

==Accolades==
* 2020 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Designer]] for ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''<ref name='state' />

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tonybabu.com Official website]
* {{IMDb name | 5358185 | Tony Babu }}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Tony}}
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Indian sound editors]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]

Taithu

2026-02-10T16:50:44Z

YourPritam7: Starting Info...

{{Short description|Village in Pherzawl District, Northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Taithu
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.30644|N|93.12485|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]..<ref name="pherzawl">{{cite web | url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/ | title=Villages | Pherzawl District | India }}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1920
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1173<ref>{{cite book |title="Village and Town Directory", District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=86}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795143<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/manipur/churachandpur/taithu-bo</ref>
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Taithu''', ([[Hmar language|Hmar]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=hmr {{!}} ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hmr |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=iso639-3.sil.org}}</ref> '''Tai-thu''') is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village in [[Pherzawl district]], [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/|title=Villages | Pherzawl District | India}}</ref> The [[National Highway 2 (India)| National Highway 2]] runs through this village connecting [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]]. According to the 2016 House Counting Data from the Government of [[Manipur]], Taithu has 211 households where its population is recorded as 1198, with 601 males and 597 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taithu |url=https://pherzawldistrict.com/directory/taithu/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Pherzawl District Website |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Taithu was founded in 1920 by six men, namely Chawngthakung Zote, Sieka Changsan, Selthang Zote Saihmang, Thangsawnhlei Huolngo, Bonga Huolngo and Daisat Pakhuong.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Taithu Village Centenary (1920-2020) Souvernir |date=2020 |publisher=Centenary Souvenir Board |page=}}</ref>
=== Etymology ===
Taithu was first called "Rengpui Bung." A narrative is passed on that "a certain type of traditional alcoholic drink or, perhaps a by-product called 'Zutaife' once 'sweetly' stenched the streets of the village" and hence adopted its new name, "Taithu," from there.<ref name=":0" /> "Tai" comes from 'Zutaife' and "thu" literally in [[Hmar language|Hmar]] means "a foul smell; stench".

Upa '''C. Zathang''' in a chapter titled "Taithu Khuo Tobul le Hmatieng" of the village's centenary souvenir<ref name=":0" /> wrote:
{{Blockquote|text=A sakhming lamrika um Taithu hi a tirtak chun, "Rengpui Bung" ti in an ko lai hun khawm a um nia hriet ani a, sienkhawm a khuo a cheng hai hi, thawna tieng tieng a mi taima an lo ni leiin, khuonu malsawmna Bu le Bal hnienghnar em em a, khuo mipui hai hin an lo dawng hlak ani leiin, chuong hun laia ngai pawimaw lo ni hlak 'Zu' 'zutaife' lampui sira rim thu vengvung a um chu hminga put hielin 'RENGPUI BUNG' tia ko chu sakhming thar 'TAITHU' tia ko alo hlaw lem tah pei nia hriet anih (23-24).|}}
[[File:Taithu_Panoramic_Shot.webm|thumb|Taithu Panoramic Shot]]

=== Taithu Village Authority ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ First Taithu Village Authority (1960-1968)<ref name=":0" />
|-
! Designation !! Name
|-
| Chairman || Darro*
|-
| Secretary || Thangthuom
|-
| Treasurer || Lalsuochung
|-
| Members || K.Khuma, Ngila, Tuovung, Thangpieng
|-
| Tlangsam || Tawna, Khuongzalien
|-
| Thangpuitu || Thangkhawlam
|}

*Darro was put in lieu of the village Chief Lienkhawthang.

== Notable people ==
According to a 100-year anniversary souvenir of Taithu, the village has produced some 360 people working for the [[Government of India]] or a private company.<ref name=":0" /> Below are some personalities that the village's book considers noteworthy:

* Zothangsei, [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* Chawnglien, [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* Khamhminglien, [[Indian Revenue Service]]

== Schools ==
*Taithu PMS Jr. High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/churachandpur/14030501002/taithu-pms-jr-h-s-pvt.html|title=TAITHU PMS JR. H/S (PVT) - Taithu District Churachandpur (Manipur)|website=schools.org.in}}</ref> (estd. 1976)
*Taithu Primary School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/churachandpur/14030501004/taithu-primary-school.html|title=TAITHU PRIMARY SCHOOL - Taithu District Churachandpur (Manipur)|website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
*Taithu Government JB School (estd. 1963)
*Peter's School (estd. 1999; till 1996)
*WMCI School (est. 1999; till 2000)
*Taithu ICI ME School (estd. 1945; till 2004)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Populated places in Manipur]]

S. Krishnaswamy

2026-02-10T03:11:46Z

YourPritam7: Creating A Stub

{{Short description|Indian documentary filmmaker (1938–2025)}}
{{for|other people named ''Krishnaswami''|Krishnaswami}}
{{Indian patronymic|Krishnaswamy|Subramanyam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Krishnaswamy
| birth_name = Subramanyam Krishnaswamy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|07|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], Madras Province, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|12|28|1938|07|29|df=y}}
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Filmmaker|author}}
| spouse = [[Mohana Krishnaswamy]] (1969–2025)
| children = 3
| father = [[Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam]]
| relatives = [[Padma Subrahmanyam]] (sister) [[Raghuram]] (nephew) [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]] (grand-nephew) [[Anirudh Ravichander]] (grand-nephew) [[Gayathri Raghuram]] (grand-niece)
}}

'''Subramanyam Krishnaswamy''' (29 July 1938 – 28 December 2025) was an Indian documentary filmmaker and writer<ref name=nhcrap/> who won the [[Padmashri|Padma Shri]] award in 2009.<ref name=kap/> His later works included three documentaries on the Indian influence in Southeast Asia: ''Indian Imprints'', ''A Different Pilgrimage'', and ''Tracking Indian Footmarks''.<ref name=psbt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.psbt.org/directors/298 |title=Public Service Broadcasting Trust |access-date=2 January 2011 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015837/http://www.psbt.org/directors/298 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Indian Imprints'' was broadcast on [[Doordarshan]] in 18 episodes.<ref>[http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=248&page=33 Treasure trove of startling revelations]</ref><ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/july/july57.php "Krishnaswamy's 'Indian Imprints' explores India across South Asia"]</ref><ref>[http://www.merinews.com/article/indian-imprints-taking-india-to-indians/132729.shtml "Indian imprints: Taking India to Indians"]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080815111255/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/08/stories/2008080851060400.htm Indian Imprints]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Documentary-explores-Indian-imprints-in-South-East-Asia/article15196355.ece | title=Documentary explores Indian imprints in South-East Asia | date=3 April 2008 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=8 August 2019 }}</ref>

Krishnaswamy died from heart disease on 29 December 2025 at a hospital in [[Chennai]]. He was aged 87.<ref>{{cite news |title=Acclaimed documentary filmmaker S. Krishnaswamy passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/acclaimed-documentary-filmmaker-krishnaswamy-passes-away/article70447123.ece |access-date=28 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 December 2025}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Indian Film'' (with [[Erik Barnouw]]) (Columbia University Press 1963, Oxford University Press 1980)

==Awards==
* 2009: [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2009: Hamsadhwani Distinguished Citizen of the Year Award<ref>{{citation | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 August 2009 | title=Award conferred on S.Krishnaswamy | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081958170200.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822152631/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081958170200.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=22 August 2009}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references>
<ref name=kap>{{cite web | url=http://www.kaplindia.net/dr_krishnaswamy.htm | title=Dr. S. Krisnaswamy}}</ref>
<ref name=nhcrap>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv-hindu.com/features/metro-plus/2010/oct/12/139/dr-s-krishnaswamy-outstanding-contribution-to-non-fiction-films | date= 12 October 2010 | title=Dr S Krishnaswamy outstanding contribution to non-fiction films.}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* [http://www.kaplindia.net/ Krishnaswamy Associates]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnaswamy, S.}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian film historians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]

Saradha Group financial scandal

2026-02-04T21:26:40Z

YourPritam7: added information and improved wording for accuracy

{{short description|Financial scandal in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SaradhaGroup
| logo = [[File:Saradha logo.png|250px]]
| type = Privately owned
| genre = Deposit mobilising company
| fate = Allegations that this consortium of companies is a [[Ponzi scheme]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation =
| founder = Unclear
| defunct = April 2013
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Sudipto Sen, Chairman and MD Debjani Mukherjee, Director [[Kunal Ghosh]]
| industry = Financial services, infrastructure management, automobiles, manufacturing
| products =
| services =
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 16,000+
| parent =
| divisions = Saradha Realty Saradha Exports Global automobiles Saradha media group
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

The '''Saradha Group financial scandal''' was a major [[political scandal]] caused by the collapse of a [[Ponzi scheme]] run by Saradha Group, a consortium of over 200 private companies that was believed to be running collective investment schemes popularly but incorrectly referred to as [[chit fund]]s<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/bengal/story_16847319.jsp#.UYES6sV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172847/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/bengal/story_16847319.jsp%23.UYES6sV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Chitti chitti bang bang|date=30 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=1 May 2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://madlaw.in/what-exactly-happened-in-the-saradha-scam-understanding-chit-fund-mlm-corporate-deposits-and-collective-investment-schemes/|title=What exactly happened in the Saradha Scam? Understanding chit fund, MLM, corporate deposits and collective investment schemes|last=Agarwal|first=Abhyudaya|author2=Satyaditya Singh Dhakare |date=5 June 2013|publisher=Marketing and advertising law|access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/heres-why-saradha-was-not-a-chit-fund-but-a-ponzi-scheme-739597.html|title=Here's why Saradha was not a chit fund but a Ponzi scheme|last=Kaul|first=Vivek|date=30 April 2013|work=Firstpost|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref> in [[East India|Eastern India]].<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/more-saradha-entities-under-sebi-scanner/article4650522.ece |title=More Saradha entities under SEBI scanner |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=25 April 2013|date=24 April 2013 }}</ref>

The group collected around {{INR}}200 to 300 billion ({{USD|4–6 billion}}<ref name="H1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/cheat-funds-again/article4654467.ece |title=Cheat funds, again |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=27 April 2013|date=26 April 2013 }}</ref>) from over 1.7 million depositors<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Specials/TQWJ1auPZMCYnZqC4tK7VN/Saradha-raised-deposits-from-17-million-people-probe-finds.html|title=Saradha raised deposits from 1.7 mn people, probe finds|last=Dutta|first=Romita|date=20 June 2013|work=LiveMint|access-date=19 August 2013}}</ref> before it collapsed in April 2013. In the aftermath of the scandal, the [[Government of West Bengal|State Government of West Bengal]] where the Saradha Group and most of its investors were based instituted an inquiry commission to investigate the collapse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130422/jsp/frontpage/story_16814688.jsp#.UXfgV8V4800 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615192010/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130422/jsp/frontpage/story_16814688.jsp%23.UXfgV8V4800 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=Mamata announces SIT, inquiry into Saradha |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota| date=1 March 1999 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> The State government also set up a fund of {{INRConvert|5|b|nolink=yes}} to ensure that low-income investors were not bankrupted.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mamata-sets-up-fund-for-duped-saradha-investors-113042400602_1.html Mamata sets up fund for duped Saradha investors, Business Standard, 24 April 2013]</ref>

The [[Government of India|central government]] through the Income Tax Department and [[Enforcement Directorate]] launched a multi-agency probe to investigate the Saradha scam and similar Ponzi schemes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/60-firms-like-Saradha-Group-operating-in-Bengal/2013/04/26/article1562747.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428203129/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/60-firms-like-Saradha-Group-operating-in-Bengal/2013/04/26/article1562747.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2013|title=60 firms like Saradha Group operating in Bengal|last=Dasgupta|first=Mithun|date=26 April 2013|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>
In May 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]], due to inter-state ramifications, possible international money laundering, serious regulatory failures and alleged political nexus, transferred all investigations into the Saradha scam and other Ponzi schemes to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), India's federal investigative agency.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC jolt for Mamata: CBI to probe Saradha scam The CBI will also probe other Ponzi schemes in West Bengal, Odisha, Tripura, Jharkhand and Assam|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sc-jolt-for-mamata-cbi-to-probe-saradha-scam-114050900345_1.html|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=10 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court orders just what Mamata didn't want|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140510/jsp/frontpage/story_18327374.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140510120426/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140510/jsp/frontpage/story_18327374.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=9 May 2014}}</ref> Many prominent personalities including politicians were arrested for their alleged involvement in the scam including two [[Parliament of India|Members of Parliament]] (MP) - [[Kunal Ghosh]] and [[Srinjoy Bose]] from the [[Trinamool Congress]], former West Bengal Director General of Police [[Rajat Majumdar]], a top football club official Debabrata Sarkar, Sports and Transport minister in the [[Trinamool Congress]] government [[Madan Mitra]].<ref name="WB Minister Madan Mitra arrested">{{cite news|title=WB Minister Madan Mitra arrested in Saradha scam|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/wb-minister-madan-mitra-arrested-in-saradha-scam/17345.html|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=West Bengal minister Madan Mitra arrested by CBI|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-saradha-scam-west-bengal-minister-madan-mitra-arrested-by-cbi-slapped-with-charges-of-criminal-conspiracy-cheating-and-misappropriation-2043433|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

The scam has often been compared to the [[Sanchayita chit fund scam|Sanchayita investment scam]], a multi crore rupees scam that occurred in West Bengal in the 1970s, complaints related to which led to the formation of the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act of 1978.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|last1=Mukherji|first1=Udit Prasanna|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Krishnendu|title=Sanchayita haunts Saradha victims|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sanchayita-haunts-Saradha-victims/articleshow/19656723.cms|access-date=26 October 2017|publisher=Times of India|date=21 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kuriachan Chacko and Ors. Vs. State of Kerla JT2008(7)SC614|url=http://www.neerajaarora.com/money-circulation-scheme-or-money-cheating-scheme/|website=www.neerajaarora.com|publisher=Neeraj Arora|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

==Background ==
India has a large, low-income, rural population with limited access to formal banking facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-23/news/38763419_1_financial-inclusion-mobile-banking-banking-system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427134631/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-23/news/38763419_1_financial-inclusion-mobile-banking-banking-system|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2013|title=Ponzi schemes show failure of formal banking|date=23 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> This leads to the absence of two major helplines for poorer people - that of placing their money safely in deposits and secondly of being able to borrow money for their needs which may be as simple as buying seeds for the next crop or their children's marriage. The second aim is achieved instead by a web of parallel, informal banking in the form of money lenders (pawn brokers) who have existed in India for a few centuries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Pragya|title=The gullible travels show|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-gullible-travels-show/282215|access-date=26 October 2017|publisher=Outlook}}</ref> At its centre are moneylenders, mostly unregulated, often also wealthy landlords or now politicians, used to charging exorbitant rates of interest. To curb this practice, several Moneylenders Acts were enacted by the [[State governments of India]] by the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=SC|last2=Shankar|first2=Girish|last3=Giridhar|first3=A|title=Report of the Technical Group Set up to Review Legislations on Money Lending|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?ID=513|year=2007|publisher=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> However failure to replace the role of moneylenders gave rise to unscrupulous financial operators that operated Ponzi schemes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/04/2013427155533920295.html|title=Indian Ponzi scheme pushes many to penury|last=Chaki|first=Deborshi|date=28 April 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Some commentators place the blame for these kinds of Ponzi schemes on greed rather than exclusion from formal banking systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/dear-kc-chakrabarty-heres-the-real-reason-why-people-invest-in-ponzi-shemes-748689.html|title=Dear KC Chakrabarty, here's the real reason why people invest in Ponzi shemes|last=Kaul|first=Vivek|date=3 May 2013|work=Firstpost|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/news/38817430_1_chit-fund-bank-accounts-sudipta-sen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427234939/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/news/38817430_1_chit-fund-bank-accounts-sudipta-sen|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2013|title=Saradha fraud: Blame the RBI for the repressed formal financial sector|agency=ET Bureau|date=25 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/XE1wN141lmaC2bzSjTEnaO/Lemming-nation-the-Saradha-scam-is-a-wakeup-call-for-inves.html|title=Saradha scam: a wake-up call for investors|last=Khanna|first=Sudeep|date=8 May 2013|work=LiveMint|access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

However, this does not address the former issue of being able to save their money easily, keep it in safekeeping and invest it so that it grows. While post offices have tried to address this through [[Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service|postal savings banks]], people are often lured by Ponzi schemes that promise much higher returns.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dalal|first1=Sucheta|title=Pyramid schemes - daylight robbery|url=http://www.suchetadalal.com/?id=e90057ae-502a-1aea-4e034150291f&base=sections&f|access-date=26 October 2017|publisher=Sucheta Dala|date=23 June 2011|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514103438/https://www.suchetadalal.com/?base=sections&f&id=e90057ae-502a-1aea-4e034150291f|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The relatively prosperous rural economy of [[West Bengal]] had previously relied on small savings schemes run by the [[Indian Postal Service]]. However, low rates of interest in the 1980s and 1990s encouraged the rise of several Ponzi schemes in speculative ventures such as Sanchayita Investments, Overland Investment Company, Verona Credit and Commercial Investment Company. Together, these scams eliminated close to {{INRConvert|10|b|nolink=yes}} in investor wealth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mamata-banerjee-vows-to-repay-depositors-of-saradha-groups-sudipta-sen/1108090/|title=Mamata Banerjee vows to repay depositors of Saradha group's Sudipta Sen|date=26 April 2013|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="eoi1">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-24/news/38790645_1_collective-investment-schemes-ponzi-tower-infotech/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110014206/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-24/news/38790645_1_collective-investment-schemes-ponzi-tower-infotech/2|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2013|title=The fall of Saradha group revives old ghosts of ponzi schemes going bust|last=Ray|first=Atmadip|date=24 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>
Despite a history of Ponzi schemes, the growth of similar companies was encouraged by the continuing decline in interest rates, rapid financialisation of household savings, lack of financial literacy and investor awareness, political patronage, absence of adequate legal deterrence, and regulatory arbitrage.<ref>{{cite journal|date=11 May 2013|title=Once Again a Ponzi Lays Waste|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=XLVIII|issue=19|url=http://www.epw.in/editorials/once-again-ponzi-lays-waste.html}}</ref> These companies either raised their funds through legitimate channels such as collective investment schemes, non-convertible debentures and preference shares, or illegitimately through hoax financial instruments such as teak bonds, potato bonds or fictitious ventures in agro-export, construction and manufacturing. {{As of|2013}}, 80% of multi-level marketing and finance schemes against which complaints have been received are based in West Bengal, giving the state the title of "Ponzi capital of India".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/Is-Bengal-the-Ponzi-capital-of-India/Article1-1051771.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430025547/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/Is-Bengal-the-Ponzi-capital-of-India/Article1-1051771.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2013|title=Is Bengal the Ponzi capital of India?|last=Sharma|first=Nagender|author2=Gaurav Chaudhury |date=28 April 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> It is estimated that these Ponzi funds have amassed around {{INRConvert|10|t|nolink=yes}} from unsuspecting depositors in Eastern India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/60-firms-like-saradha-operating-in-bengal-113042500411_1.html|title=60 firms like Saradha operating in Bengal|date=25 April 2013|work=Business Standard|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

==Modus operandi of Saradha==

===Key people===
Sudipto Sen was the chairman and managing director of the Saradha Group.<ref name=TGIndia1>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825378.jsp#.UX7JKsV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615192057/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825378.jsp%23.UX7JKsV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=United departure, separated arrival|date=25 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Sen was described as a soft-spoken, charming, and forceful orator. At the time of his arrest, he was in his mid-50s. In his youth, he was known as Shankaraditya Sen which he later changed to Sudipto Sen and may have had plastic surgery sometime in the 1990s,<ref name="NDTV2">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/sudipta-sen-the-man-with-three-wives-and-five-houses-357659|title=Sudipta Sen: The man with 'three wives and five houses'|last=Bannerjee|first=Monideepa|date=23 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> after which he became associated with land development projects in [[South Kolkata]]. The land bank he formed in around 2000 became the catalyst for enticing early customers into his Ponzi scheme.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/cheat-fund-the-inside-story-of-sudipto-sen-and-saradha-group_6281.html|title='Cheat' fund: The inside story of Sudipto Sen & Saradha group|last=Dutta|first=Sushmita|date=27 April 2013|publisher=Zee News|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

Debjani Mukherjee was one of the executive directors of Saradha Group who could sign cheques on behalf of the group.<ref name=TGIndia2>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130427/jsp/bengal/story_16833336.jsp#.UX7O_MV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172820/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130427/jsp/bengal/story_16833336.jsp%23.UX7O_MV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Excel sheet shows Debjani clout: Cops|date=26 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkota}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/bengal/story_16825039.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140219003748/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/bengal/story_16825039.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2014|title=Debjani cousin claims frame-up|date=25 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=19 February 2014|location=Kolkota}}</ref> She was arrested together with Sudipto Sen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/chit-fund-scam-saradha-group-chairman-sudipta-sen-arrested-from-kashmir-357917|title=Chit fund scam: Saradha group chairman Sudipta Sen arrested from Kashmir|last=Ghosh|first=Shamik|date=23 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> At the time of her arrest Debjani was in her early 30s. She had studied at the [[St. John's Diocesan Girls' Higher Secondary School]], and the [[Sivanath Sastri College]].<ref name=TGIndia2 /> She trained as an air hostess. Mukherjee originally joined Saradha Group in 2010 as a receptionist, and rose rapidly to be the group's executive director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-a-saradha-receptionist-became-executive-director-in-just-3-years/388061-3-231.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520052516/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-a-saradha-receptionist-became-executive-director-in-just-3-years/388061-3-231.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2013|title=How a Saradha receptionist became executive director in just 3 years|last=Gupta|first=Priyanka|date=27 April 2013|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> A story in [[India Today]] described her as a person with a reputation for generosity to her community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/debjani-mukherjee-saradha-group-west-bengal-chit-fund-scam-sudipta-sen-160059-2013-04-25|title=Who is Debjani Mukherjee?|date=26 April 2013|publisher=India Today|access-date=10 October 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

===Financial operations===
[[File:Saradha year on year money collection graph.png|thumb|right|Money collected by Saradha Group of companies per year in billion INR. 95% of the fund was collected in the last three years of the scam. Source: 2014 SIT Report]]

The companies that were comprised by Saradha Group were incorporated in 2006. Its name is a [[cacography]] of [[Sarada Devi]], the wife and spiritual counterpart of [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]{{mdash}}a nineteenth-century [[Mysticism|mystic]] of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/in-the-name-of-maa-sarada/article4654188.ece|title=In the name of Maa Sarada|last=Ray Choudhury|first=Ranabir|date=25 April 2013|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> This duplicitous association gave Saradha Group a veneer of respectability.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/newsmaker-sudipta-sen-113042500932_1.html|title=Newsmaker: Sudipta Sen|last=Dutta|first=Ishita|date=29 April 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Like all Ponzi schemes, Saradha Group promised astronomical returns in fanciful but credible investments.<ref name="EPW1">{{cite journal|last=Chowdhury|first=Subhanil|date=4 May 2013|title=The Political Economy of Shadow Finance in West Bengal|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=XLVIII|issue=18|url=http://www.epw.in/web-exclusives/political-economy-shadow-finance-west-bengal.html}}</ref> Its funds were sold on commission by agents recruited from local rural communities. Between 25 and 40% of the deposit was returned to these agents as commissions and lucrative gifts to quickly build up a wide [[Multi-level marketing|agent pyramid]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-story-of-saradhas-crores-bengals-forgotten-hundreds/1108543/|title=In story of Saradha's crores, Bengal's forgotten hundreds|last=Das|first=Madhuparna|date=28 April 2013|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> The group used a nexus of companies to [[Money laundering|launder money]] and evade regulators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-says-unauthorized-deposit-collection-has-to-be-curbed/articleshow/19762166.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501111735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-28/india/38877552_1_chit-funds-collective-investment-schemes-sebi|url-status=live|archive-date=1 May 2013|title=PM says unauthorized deposit collection has to be curbed|date=28 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Initially, the frontline companies collected money from the public by issuing [[debentures|secured debentures]] and [[Corporate bond|redeemable preferential bonds]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/news/38843867_1_small-savings-sector-savings-financial-savings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429103221/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/news/38843867_1_small-savings-sector-savings-financial-savings|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2013|title=Saradha chit fund scam: State government failed, but so has centre|last=Pande|first=Vinay|date=26 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Under Indian Securities regulations and section 67 of the [[Indian Companies Act (1956)]], a company cannot raise capital from more than 50 people without issuing a proper [[Prospectus (finance)|prospectus]] and balance sheet. Its accounts must be audited and it must also have explicit permission to operate from the market regulator [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/in-bengal-s-grey-money-market-saradha-is-just-one-113042600611_1.html|title=In Bengal's grey 'money market', Saradha is just one |last=Acharya|first=Namrata|date=26 April 2013|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

SEBI first confronted Saradha Group in 2009. Saradha Group adapted by opening up to 200 new companies to create more cross-holdings. This created an extremely complex tiered corporate structure to confound SEBI by hampering their ability to consolidate blame.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130423/jsp/frontpage/story_16817006.jsp#.UX6Qw8V4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615191832/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130423/jsp/frontpage/story_16817006.jsp%23.UX6Qw8V4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Saradha with 120 arms and blessings|last=Saha|first=Sambit|author2=Pranseh Sarkar |date=23 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkota}}</ref> SEBI persisted in its investigation through 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sebis-Saradha-order-came-3-years-after-probe-started/articleshow/19774915.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630205615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/kolkata/38903346_1_senior-sebi-official-economic-offences-investigation-cell-order|url-status=live|archive-date=30 June 2013|title=Sebi's Saradha order came 3 years after probe started|last=Konar|first=Debasis|date=29 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Saradha Group reacted by changing its methods of raising capital. In West Bengal, Jharkhand, [[Assam]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], it began operating variations of collective investment schemes (CIS) involving tourism packages, forward travel and hotel booking [[timeshare|timeshare credit transfer]], real estate, infrastructure finance, and motorcycle manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/motorcycle-factory-cited-in-chit-fund-letter-bomb-that-ran-on-deceit-358495|title=Motorcycle factory, cited in chit-fund letter bomb, that ran on deceit|last=Pandey|first=Alok|date=24 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/after-saradha-next-target-should-be-rose-valley-sushil-modi-113042700329_1.html|title=After Saradha, next target should be Rose Valley: Sushil Modi|last=Basak|first=Probal|date=27 April 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Investors were rarely informed about the true nature of their investments. Instead, many were told they would get high returns after a fixed period.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saradha scam: Several inquiries are going on, WB governor says|agency=PTI|date=26 April 2013|work=The Times of India |location=Kolkata}}</ref> With other investors, the investment was fraudulently sold in the form of a ''chit fund''. Under the [[Chit Fund Act (1982)]], chit funds are regulated by state governments rather than SEBI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/disassociate-saradha-chit-fund-sector-113015760.html|title=Disassociate Saradha from chit fund sector, says chit fund association|agency=IANS|date=29 April 2013|publisher=Yahoo Finance India|access-date=29 April 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

SEBI warned the state government of West Bengal about Saradha Group's chit fund activities in 2011,<ref name="SEBIorder">{{cite web|url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/attachdocs/1366731012533.pdf|title=SEBI Order (WTM/RKA/ERO-CIS/19/2013)|date=23 April 2013|publisher=SEBI|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref> again prompting Saradha Group to change its methods. This time, it acquired and sold large numbers of shares of various listed companies then embezzled the proceeds of the sale through accounts which {{as of|September 2014|lc=yes}} have not been identified.<ref name=sebistumppedtoi>{{cite news|last=Khanna|first=Rohit|title=How Sudipta Sen's strategy stumped Sebi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/How-Sudipta-Sens-strategy-stumped-Sebi/articleshow/19794558.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503063138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/kolkata/38929441_1_cook-hemanta-pradhan-30-companies-saradha-cmd|url-status=live|archive-date=3 May 2013|access-date=30 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, Saradha Group started laundering a large portion of its funds to Dubai{{clarify|date=September 2014}},<ref>{{cite news|title=Sleuths track 'J… Ali' lead in Sen case|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130429/jsp/frontpage/story_16839582.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912232104/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130429/jsp/frontpage/story_16839582.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2014|access-date=12 September 2014|work=The Calcutta Telegraph|date=29 April 2013}}</ref> South Africa<ref>{{cite news|title=Fraud office catches West Asia whiff|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140910/jsp/bengal/story_18819474.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912232132/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140910/jsp/bengal/story_18819474.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2014|access-date=12 September 2014|work=The Calcutta Telegraph|date=9 September 2014}}</ref> and Singapore.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Madhuparna|title=Money trail leads to hawala channels, offshore accounts|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/money-trail-leads-to-hawala-channels-offshore-accounts/|access-date=12 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=12 September 2014}}</ref> By 2012, SEBI was able to classify the group's activities as collective investment schemes rather than chit funds{{mdash}}and demanded that it immediately stop operating its investment schemes until it received permission to operate from SEBI.<ref name="SEBIorder"/> Saradha Group did not comply with this ruling and continued to operate until its collapse in April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/ebook_download.php?id=105|title=Saradha group ch(ea)t fund: A money trail of fraud|publisher=FirstPost|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

===Building brand and non-financial businesses===

Like [[MMM (Ponzi scheme company)|previous Ponzi schemes]] such as [[Anubhav Plantations|Anubhav teak plantations]], Japanlife, and Speakasia, Saradha Group invested heavily in the building of its brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/saradha-and-ponzi-schemes-why-there-will-be-more-suckers-721941.html|title=Saradha a classic Ponzi schemes: Why there will be more suckers|last=Kaul|first=Vivek|date=24 April 2013|work=FirstPost|access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> With enormous funds at its disposal, Saradha invested in high visibility sectors, such as the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film industry]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Bengal-s-film-industry-dances-to-ponzi-fund-tune/Article1-1051137.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427104658/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Bengal-s-film-industry-dances-to-ponzi-fund-tune/Article1-1051137.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2013|title=Bengal's film industry dances to ponzi fund tune|last=Acharya|first=Anindita|date=27 April 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> where it recruited actress and [[Trinamool Congress]] (TMC) [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Satabdi Roy]] as its brand ambassador.<ref name="FPTMC">{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/how-trinamool-burnt-its-fingers-in-the-saradha-chit-fund-scam-717842.html|title=How Trinamool burnt its fingers in the Saradha chit fund scam|last=Roy|first=Sandip|date=22 April 2013|work=Firstpost|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> [[Bollywood]] actor and TMC MP [[Mithun Chakraborty]] was brought in as the brand ambassador of Saradha Group's media platform.<ref name="Shocking: Bollywood actor, TMC MP Mithun Chakraborty's name surfaces in Saradha scam, gets ED summon">{{cite news|title=Shocking: Bollywood actor, TMC MP Mithun Chakraborty's name surfaces in Saradha scam, gets ED summon|url=http://news.oneindia.in/india/bollywood-actor-tmc-mp-mithun-chakraborty-name-surfaced-in-saradha-scam-ed-summons-1467952.html#infinite-scroll-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620035605/http://news.oneindia.in/india/bollywood-actor-tmc-mp-mithun-chakraborty-name-surfaced-in-saradha-scam-ed-summons-1467952.html#infinite-scroll-2|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2014|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ED summons Mithun Chakraborty tomorrow">{{cite news|title=ED summons Mithun Chakraborty tomorrow|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/saradha-case-ed-summons-mithun-chakraborty-tomorrow-114061801112_1.html|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref>

Saradha Group also enlisted [[Kunal Ghosh]], another TMC MP, as the CEO of the media group.<ref name="FPTMC"/> Under Kunal Ghosh, the group acquired and established local television channels and newspapers, investing around {{INRConvert|9.88|b|nolink=yes}} in the media group.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|title=Mamata benefited most from Saradha scam, suspended TMC MP Kunal Ghosh says|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Mamata-benefited-most-from-Saradha-scam-suspended-TMC-MP-Kunal-Ghosh-says/articleshow/41896651.cms|access-date=7 September 2014|publisher=Times of India|date=7 September 2014}}</ref> By 2013, it employed over 1,500 journalists and owned eight newspapers printed in five languages: ''[[Seven Sisters Post]]'' and ''Bengal Post'' (English dailies), ''Sakalbela'' and ''[[Kalom]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]] dailies), ''Prabhat Varta'' ([[Hindi]] daily),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperszone.com/india/prabhat-varta|title=Prabhat Varta|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> ''Ajir Dainik Baturi'' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]] daily),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Partnership-purely-editorial-Srinjoy/articleshow/19719221.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172838/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/kolkata/38816097_1_rs-28-crore-55-lakh-assam-mla|url-status=live|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Partnership purely editorial: Srinjoy|agency=TNN|date=25 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> ''[[Abdur Razzaq Malihabadi|Azad Hind]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://telegraphindia.com/1130504/jsp/bengal/story_16857362.jsp#.UYTansV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172800/http://telegraphindia.com/1130504/jsp/bengal/story_16857362.jsp%23.UYTansV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Two newspapers stay afloat|last=Zaved|first=Jeshan|date=4 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=4 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> (Urdu daily) and ''Parama'' (Bengali weekly magazine). It also owned Bengali news channels [[Tara Newz]] and [[Channel 10 (India)|Channel 10]], Bengali general entertainment channels [[Tara Muzic]] and [[Tara Bangla]],<ref name="OUTLOOK1">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?285082|title=Then Came The Showstopper|last=Mitra|first=Dola|date=6 May 2013|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Punjabi general entertainment channel [[Tara Punjabi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Three TV channels owned by Saradha Group to be auctioned|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/three-tv-channels-owned-by-saradha-group-to-be-auctioned/article5574170.ece|access-date=7 September 2014|publisher=Hindu Businessline|date=13 January 2014}}</ref> an international channel aimed at the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], [[TV South East Asia]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Rajib|title=Saradha: Footballer under ED scanner|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/saradha-footballer-under-ed-scanner-195|access-date=7 September 2014|publisher=The Asian Age|date=2 September 2014|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514103435/https://www.asianage.com/india/saradha-footballer-under-ed-scanner-195|url-status=dead}}</ref> and one FM radio station.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news/38904594_1_bengali-new-srei-infrastructure-finance-trinamool-congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502022109/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news/38904594_1_bengali-new-srei-infrastructure-finance-trinamool-congress|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2013|title=Mamata Banerjee making all efforts to save Saradha Group's media companies|last=Ghosal|first=Shakuntala |author2=Tamal Sengupta |author3=Anuradha Himatsingka|date=29 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Author [[Aparna Sen]] was made the editor of ''Parama''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Trust|first1=Press|title=Saradha scam: Actor Aparna Sen questioned by ED|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/saradha-scam-aparna-sen-questioned-by-ed/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=7 September 2014|date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Filmmaker Aparna Sen questioned in Saradha scam probe|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/saradha-scam-ed-aparna-sen-sudipto-sen-parama-saradha-group-piyali-sen-subhojit-sen-204456-2014-08-18|website=India Today|date=18 August 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>

In 2011, Saradha Group bought Global Automobiles, a heavily indebted motorcycle company as a front for the latest version of its Ponzi scheme. Global Automobiles immediately stopped most production but kept 150 workers on its payroll who "pretended to work whenever truckloads and busloads of prospective depositors of Saradha Realty visited the plant for a first-hand check before investing".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Saradha-owner-faked-motorbike-factory-to-dupe-investors/Article1-1048907.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423093309/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Saradha-owner-faked-motorbike-factory-to-dupe-investors/Article1-1048907.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2013|title=Saradha chief used fake mobike plant to dupe investors|last=Bhattacharya|first=Snigdhendu|date=23 April 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> It also bought similar shell companies like West Bengal Awadhoot Agro Private Ltd, located in North 24-Parganas, and Landmark Cement in Bankura to showcase them to agents and depositors and convince them that the Saradha Group had diversified interests.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/jsp/bengal/story_16877487.jsp#.UYvDicV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615191953/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/jsp/bengal/story_16877487.jsp%23.UYvDicV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Sen's 'bluff', in a nutshell|date=8 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2013|location=Kolkota}}</ref>

As part of its [[Corporate social responsibility (India)|corporate social responsibility]] program, Saradha Group donated motorcycles to the [[Kolkata Police]]. On 19 July 2011, it persuaded [[Mamata Banerjee]], the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], to use its ambulances and motorcycles for the Jangalmahal area of [[West Midnapore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130428/news-current-affairs/article/chit-fund-scam-mamata-banerjee-donated-saradha-sops-faces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504011158/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130428/news-current-affairs/article/chit-fund-scam-mamata-banerjee-donated-saradha-sops-faces|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2013|title=Chit fund scam: Mamata Banerjee donated Saradha sops, faces backlash|last=Basak|first=Sanjay|date=28 April 2013|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> To further etch itself in the socio-cultural milieu of Bengal, Saradha Group invested in [[Kolkata derby|football rivals]] and the best-known football clubs in Bengal: [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] ({{INR}} 18 million in 2010–11) and [[East Bengal F.C.]] ({{INR}} 35 million since 2010).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/chit-fund-scam-saradha-shadow-over-football-field-360299|title=Chit fund scam: Saradha shadow over football field|last=Benerjee|first=Moideepa|date=29 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/buZuU9ZcRaCeZUIQUhAaQP/Cutbacks-in-the-offing.html|title=Cutbacks in the offing|last=Islam|first=Aminul|work=LiveMint|access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The group also sponsored various [[Durga Puja]] celebrations organised by local political leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Saradha-bares-TMC-cracks/Article1-1050422.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426135039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Saradha-bares-TMC-cracks/Article1-1050422.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2013|title=Scam hurts Trinamool image, Mamata faces dissent|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ravik|date=25 April 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/29cal5.html|title=Who would fund puja celebrations after Sudipto?|last=Basu|first=Riju|date=29 April 2013|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

===Political patronage===
Allegedly several political leaders received financial support from Saradha Group, including MPs of TMC, the incumbent ruling party of West Bengal.<ref name="EPW1"/> MP Kunal Ghosh drew a salary of {{INRConvert|1.6|m|nolink=yes}} per month from Saradha Group, as an employee of the group. MP [[Srinjoy Bose]] was directly involved with the group's media operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.firstpost.com/politics/who-aretwo-tmc-mps-srinjoy-bosekunal-ghosh-726281.html|title=Who are the two TMC MPs Srinjoy Bose and Kunal Ghosh?|date=24 April 2013|work=First Post|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Transport Minister [[Madan Mitra]] headed the employees' union of the group and publicly encouraged people to invest their savings with it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/news/38817102_1_trinamool-mps-srinjoy-bose-kunal-ghosh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428234712/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/news/38817102_1_trinamool-mps-srinjoy-bose-kunal-ghosh|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2013|title=Trinamool cannot wish away its links with Saradha group irrespective of what Mamata says|agency=ET Bureau|date=25 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Sudipto Sen, the group's chairman and managing director, reportedly spent {{INRConvert|18.6|m|nolink=yes}} to buy paintings by Mamata Banerjee, whose government later issued a notification that public libraries should buy and display Saradha Group newspapers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/banking-on-lies-113042600846_1.html|title=Banking on lies|last=Acharya|first=Namrata|date=28 April 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=9 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The group bought the loss-making company Landmark Cement, which was co-owned by textiles minister [[Shyamapada Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khanna|first1=Rohit|title=Saradha cloud over TMC MLA's co deal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Saradha-cloud-over-TMC-MLAs-co-deal/articleshow/40205583.cms|access-date=16 August 2014|work=Times of India|date=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Ahmed|title=CBI focus on Saradha VIPs|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140815/jsp/frontpage/story_18724098.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140816085739/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140815/jsp/frontpage/story_18724098.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2014|access-date=16 August 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=15 August 2014}}</ref> The group also had financial dealings with [[Ganesh Dey]], the confidential assistant of the finance minister of the erstwhile [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Left Front government]], who was later expelled.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130508/jsp/bengal/story_16872857.jsp#.UYvor8V4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172741/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130508/jsp/bengal/story_16872857.jsp%23.UYvor8V4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=His CPM master's confidential assistants|date=7 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2013|location=Kolkota}}</ref>

Politicians outside West Bengal also benefited from Saradha Group. [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], the Health and Education Minister of Assam, may have profited personally from the Ponzi scheme.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Sudipta-Sen-sent-to-14-day-police-remand/articleshow/4426115.cms |title=Saradha chitfund: Sudipta Sen sent to 14-day police remand- TIMESNOW.tv – Latest Breaking News, Big News Stories, News Videos |publisher=Timesnow.Tv |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429092021/http://www.timesnow.tv/Sudipta-Sen-sent-to-14-day-police-remand/articleshow/4426115.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/NewsDetailsPage/2013/newsDetails250413i.php |title=Assam for CBI probe into Saradha scam |publisher=Indiablooms.com |date=1 January 2004 |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> According to officials investigating the case, the actual amount paid could be almost double of what is being claimed.<ref>{{cite news|title='Actual money paid to ex-MP's wife by Sen may be much more'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Kolkata/Actual-money-paid-to-ex-MPs-wife-by-Sen-may-be-much-more/articleshow/34759961.cms|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=7 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bhabani|first=Soudhriti|title=Saradha chit fund chief Sudipta Sen's letter to CBI can singe big names|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/west-bengal-chit-fund-scam-sudipta-sen-saradha-group-debjani-mukherjee-tmc-160061-2013-04-25|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=26 April 2013}}</ref> Some commentators state that this Ponzi scheme survived for so long because of its heavy political patronage.<ref name="Dailypioneer">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/sen-and-saradha-story-of-political-intrigue.html|title=Sen and Saradha: Story of political intrigue|last=Malik|first=Ashok|date=27 April 2013|work=Daily Pioneer|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/saradha-group-chit-fund-scam/1/194622.html|title=Unsafe Deposit|last=Arun|first=MG|date=26 May 2013|work=Business Today|access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

==Collapse==
The earliest public warnings about the reckless and fraudulent CIS in West Bengal started in 2009 from MPs [[Somendra Nath Mitra]] and [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]] and TMC leader [[Sadhan Pande]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-chit-fund-scam-Knives-out-for-tainted-Trinamool-MPs/articleshow/19708014.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427025320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-24/kolkata/38789399_1_trinamool-congress-chit-funds-kunal-ghosh|url-status=live|archive-date=27 April 2013|title=West Bengal chit fund scam: Knives out for tainted Trinamool MPs|date=24 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Apart from the CBI investigation, no executive actions were taken at this time. On 7 December 2012, [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) governor [[Duvvuri Subbarao]] said the West Bengal government should initiate ''[[suo motu]]'' action against companies that were indulging in financial malpractice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Mamata-govt-feels-the-heat-after-the-chit-fund-meltdown/Article1-1048791.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423090322/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Mamata-govt-feels-the-heat-after-the-chit-fund-meltdown/Article1-1048791.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2013|title=Mamata govt feels the heat after the Ponzi scheme meltdown|last=Roy Chowdhury|first=Sumanta|date=23 April 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> By that time, the Saradha Group Ponzi scheme was already beginning to unravel. In January 2013, the group's cash inflow was, for the first time, less than its cash payouts. This outcome is inevitable in a Ponzi scheme that is allowed to run full course. Sudipto Sen tried but failed to calm uneasy depositors and agents, and could not increase inflow of funds.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Saradha-chit-fund-mess-Quick-rich-dreams-lie-crushed/articleshow/19686286.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426001024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-23/kolkata/38761868_1_crore-chit-fund-agent-rs|url-status=live|archive-date=26 April 2013|title=Saradha chit fund mess: Quick-rich dreams lie crushed|last=Bandopadhay|first=Krishnendu|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

On 6 April 2013, Sen wrote an 18-page confessional letter to the CBI, in which he admitted that he had paid large sums of money to several politicians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/328339/politicos-dock-over-saradha-scam.html|title=Politicos in dock over Saradha scam|agency=DHNS|date=24 April 2013|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> He also stated that TMC leader Kunal Ghosh had forced him to enter into loss-making media ventures and blackmailed him into selling one of his television channels at below market price.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=cGrJqJnJhjE|title=Times Now Exclusive: Sudipto Sen's letter to CBI on 6th April|date=24 April 2013|publisher=Times Now - YouTube}}</ref> Sen fled after posting this letter on 10 April.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|title=Sudipta Sen's driver says TMC MPs met Saradha boss before escape|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sudipta-Sens-driver-says-TMC-MPs-met-Saradha-boss-before-escape/articleshow/43283070.cms|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Times of India|date=24 Sep 2014}}</ref>

In his absence, the Ponzi scheme unravelled. On 17 April, around 600 collection agents claiming to be associated with Saradha Group assembled at the headquarters of TMC and demanded government intervention.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|title=Ponzi protests stall traffic|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ponzi-protests-stall-traffic/articleshow/19732382.cms|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Times of India|date=26 April 2013}}</ref> Despondency quickly spread across Bengal. A [[Times of India]] interviewee said, "'The entire Dakshin Barasat today looks like it was hit by a cyclone. Every home has a bankrupt depositor or a fugitive agent. People who were once friends became enemies. Happy households became miserable. Students stopped going to school. Traders lost interest in opening shutters. There is a sense of treachery that has replaced the warmth of a neighbourhood. Suddenly everything has become vicious."<ref name="TOI1"/> By this time, the Saradha Group financial scandal had colloquially become known as "Bonzi"{{mdash}}a portmanteau of the words Ponzi and Bengal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130421/jsp/frontpage/story_16809931.jsp#.UX7l-cV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615173058/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130421/jsp/frontpage/story_16809931.jsp%23.UX7l-cV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Bengal's Bonzi shell cracks up Panic strikes other schemes|last=Saha|first=Sambit|date=21 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

On 18 April, an arrest warrant for Sudipto Sen was issued.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130419/jsp/frontpage/story_16803225.jsp#.UX7ZDMV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615173009/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130419/jsp/frontpage/story_16803225.jsp%23.UX7ZDMV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Mamata clears arrest to nip chit contagion|date=19 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> By 20 April, the news of potentially the largest Ponzi scheme in India had become headline news in West Bengal, and then front-page news nationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ponzitracker.com/main/2013/4/25/massive-36-billion-ponzi-scheme-uncovered-in-india.html|title=Massive $3.6 Billion Ponzi Scheme Uncovered in India|last=Maglich|first=Jordan|date=25 April 2013|publisher=Ponzitracker|access-date=5 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sanchayita-haunts-Saradha-victims/articleshow/19656723.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424081621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-21/kolkata/38709439_1_chit-fund-depositors-ashok-mitra|url-status=live|archive-date=24 April 2013|title=Sanchayita haunts Saradha victims|date=21 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/soon-pil-in-hc-seeking-ban-on-chit-fund-operators/1105194/|title=Soon, PIL in HC seeking ban on chit fund operators|date=20 April 2013|work=The Indian Express|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> After evading the authorities for a week, Sudipto Sen, Debjani Mukherjee and Arvind Singh Chauhan were arrested in [[Sonmarg]], [[Kashmir]], on 23 April 2013.<ref name=TGIndia1/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/saradha-group-chairman-sudipto-sen-arrested/1106572/|title=Saradha Group chairman Sudipto Sen arrested in Jammu and Kashmir|date=24 April 2013|work=The Indian Express|publisher=PTI|access-date=6 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> On the same day, SEBI stated that both chain marketing and forward contracts are forms of CIS, and officially asked Saradha Group to immediately desist from raising any further capital and return all deposits within three months.<ref name="SEBIorder"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130424/jsp/frontpage/story_16820914.jsp#.UX7t_MV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172803/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130424/jsp/frontpage/story_16820914.jsp%23.UX7t_MV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title='Boxed in', Sebi too late – Saradha given three months to refund investors|date=24 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

==Aftermath and reactions==

===State government reaction===

====West Bengal====
On 22 April 2013 the [[Mamata Banerjee]] led West Bengal government announced that a four-member judicial inquiry commission headed by [[Shyamal Kumar Sen]], retired Chief Justice of the [[Allahabad High Court]], would probe the scam. The commission was named the Justice Shyamal Sen Commission of Enquiry (Saradha Group of Companies and other similar companies). West Bengal's Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee was reported to have said, "ja gechhey ta gechhey" (whatever has gone has gone).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130423/jsp/frontpage/story_16817005.jsp#.UX7rvMV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172808/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130423/jsp/frontpage/story_16817005.jsp%23.UX7rvMV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=What the govt balance sheet shows The words and deeds|date=22 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> On 24 April 2013, Banerjee announced a controversial {{INRConvert|500|c|nolink=yes}} relief fund for the low income depositors of the Saradha Group, introducing a 10% additional tax on tobacco products to raise the money and in jest asked smokers "to light up a little more".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825376.jsp#.UX7vnMV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172818/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825376.jsp%23.UX7vnMV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=DIDI'S SIN TAX Rs 500cr plan to refund poor victims|date=24 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkota}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130426/jsp/opinion/story_16826315.jsp#.UX8AY8V4802|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615173013/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130426/jsp/opinion/story_16826315.jsp%23.UX8AY8V4802|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Editorial|date=26 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> The propriety of the fund was later questioned by the Governor of RBI.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/images/09zzrbibig.jpg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615192046/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/images/09zzrbibig.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Is Sardha tax fair RBI Chief asks|date=8 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> The West Bengal government also set up a Special Investigation Team (SIT) u/s 36 of the CrPC, with officers drawn from the state's CID and Kolkata Police, to pool the criminal cases and investigate the Saradha Group.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tathagata Roy says sit is not doing good in sardha case. So why not cbi?|url=http://www.bharatnewschannels.com/abpanandatv-news-watchonline/tathagata-roy-says-sit-is-not-doing-good-in-sardha-case-so-why-not-cbi-video_3b75c17c4.html|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=BNC|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707070401/http://www.bharatnewschannels.com/abpanandatv-news-watchonline/tathagata-roy-says-sit-is-not-doing-good-in-sardha-case-so-why-not-cbi-video_3b75c17c4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]] led State Government staunchly opposed all investigations by federal investigative agencies CBI, ED and SFIO; conceding only after the Supreme Court ordered the federal agencies to take up the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|title=BJP questions Mamata Banerjee's silence over CBI quizzing TMC leaders|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730882_1_cbi-inquiry-tmc-mp-siddharth-nath-singh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913194827/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730882_1_cbi-inquiry-tmc-mp-siddharth-nath-singh|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014|work=Economic Times|date=9 September 2014}}</ref>

The state government decided to repeal an existing Bill passed by the Left Front Government in 2009, which had not received the approval of the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Confusion over new chit-fund bill|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Confusion-over-new-chit-fund-bill/articleshow/19794469.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-30/kolkata/38929038_1_new-bill-bill-tomorrow-financial-establishments-bill|url-status=live|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=30 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New bill on chit funds by Bengal govt sparks off debate|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/new-bill-on-chit-funds-by-bengal-govt-sparks-off-debate-113042800495_1.html|access-date=30 April 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=28 April 2013}}</ref> On 30 April 2013 the new Bill—The West Bengal Protection of Interest of Depositors in Financial Establishments Bill (2013), was passed in a two-day special session of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. The new law has provisions for retrospective effect, search and seizure, enhanced penalties, establishment of special courts and confiscation of property.<ref>{{cite news|title=West Bengal passes new Bill to protect investor interests|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/west-bengal-passes-new-bill-to-protect-investor-interests/article4670519.ece|access-date=30 April 2013|newspaper=Business Line|date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=West Bengal to bring new bill on protecting investor interest|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/west-bengal-to-bring-new-bill-on-protecting-investor-interest/article4666940.ece|access-date=30 April 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New Bill For Investor Protection To Have More Teeth|url=http://www.businessworld.in/en/storypage/-/bw/new-bill-for-investor-protection-to-have-more-teeth/875675.16627/page/0|access-date=30 April 2013|newspaper=Business World|date=29 April 2013}}</ref> As the Bill pertained to the [[Concurrent List]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], on which a federal law was already in place, it required approval from the President. The Bill was sent to the [[Union Home Ministry]], which sent it back to the West Bengal Assembly on 6 June 2013, stating that the Bill has penal provisions implemented with retrospective effect, thus contravening the [[Basic structure doctrine]] of the Indian constitution and the established criminal law jurisprudence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi lobs back Saradha bill|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130607/jsp/frontpage/story_16981167.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140513232236/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130607/jsp/frontpage/story_16981167.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> On 12 December 2013, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed an amended version of the original Bill, incorporating changes suggested by the financial services, and revenue and economic affairs departments in New Delhi. The new Bill was then sent for presidential approval.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saradha bill passed 2nd time|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131213/jsp/bengal/story_17673797.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140513232141/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131213/jsp/bengal/story_17673797.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=12 December 2013}}</ref>

On 8 May 2013, Banerjee said West Bengal was considering setting up a government-backed small savings fund to encourage small depositors to invest in it rather than in Ponzi schemes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/mamata-banerjee-moots-social-security-scheme-chit-fund-scam-162254-2013-05-07|title=Mamata Banerjee moots social security scheme after Saradha chit fund scam|agency=IANS|date=8 May 2013|work=India Today|access-date=9 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Doubts whether a cash-starved state with high debt burden has the financial acumen or political will to independently administer such a fund.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/jsp/bengal/story_16877625.jsp#.UYvdRcV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615173026/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/jsp/bengal/story_16877625.jsp%23.UYvdRcV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Here comes trusted Didi deposit scheme|date=8 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

On 23 May 2013, Bannerjee indicated the West Bengal government's willingness to take over Saradha-owned television channels ''Tara News'' and ''Tara Muzic'', which had earlier been sent into administration by Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130523/jsp/frontpage/story_16930019.jsp#.UZ5kBsVhByM|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615173033/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130523/jsp/frontpage/story_16930019.jsp%23.UZ5kBsVhByM|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Bengal to take over 2 TV channels of Saradha Group, but not liabilities|agency=PTI|date=23 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=23 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

====Assam====
On 4 April 2013, the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] unanimously passed the Assam Protection of Interests of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) (Amendment) Bill (2013) to enhance the protections available to depositors and to curb fraudulent financial schemes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.guwahationline.in/Assembly-passes-Assam-Protection-of-Interests-of-Depositors-in-Financial-Establishments-Amendment-Bill-17571|title=Assembly passes Assam Protection of Interests of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Amendment Bill|date=4 April 2013|access-date=6 May 2013|location=Guwahati}}</ref> Soon after the Saradha scam, [[Government of Assam|Assam Government]] sent the Bill to the State Governor for his approval so it could be forwarded to President of India for his assent.<ref name="DP1">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/assam-bill-awaits-guv-nod-to-nip-saradha-like-scams-in-bud.html|title=Assam Bill awaits Guv nod to nip Saradha-like scams in bud|agency=IANS|date=6 May 2013|work=Dailly Pioneer|access-date=6 May 2013|location=Guwahati}}</ref>

On 22 April 2013, [[Assam Police]] sealed five offices of Saradha Group amid protests by depositors, agents and employees, and accusations that a minister, a former DGP and government officials had facilitated the group's business ventures in Assam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130424/jsp/frontpage/story_16820616.jsp#.UX7umMV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172903/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130424/jsp/frontpage/story_16820616.jsp%23.UX7umMV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Company Offices Sealed in Assam|date=23 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Guwahati/Bongaigaon}}</ref> Unlike in West Bengal, where the probe is based on FIRs filed by defrauded depositors, the Assam Government ''suo motto'' registered 222 cases against Saradha Group and 127 other companies after widespread protests in Assam. In 17 cases, charge sheets have been filed against 42 people belonging to 15 companies. 303 people have been arrested for embezzling public money. The government seized nearly {{INRConvert|9.4|m|nolink=yes}} in cash from those arrested. 106 bank accounts with deposits of {{INRConvert|240|m|nolink=yes}} were frozen while a number of plots totalling more than 99 [[bigha]]s and buildings have been identified; steps were taken for their attachment.<ref name="DP1"/> On 6 May 2013, Assam handed the investigation to CBI.<ref name="Telegraph9513">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/jsp/frontpage/story_16877046.jsp#.UYvCQ8V4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172801/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130509/jsp/frontpage/story_16877046.jsp%23.UYvCQ8V4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Tripura at CBI's door over deposits|date=9 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2013|location=Agartala}}</ref>

====Odisha====
On the basis of complaints filed by over 6000 depositors mainly from districts adjoining Bengal, the [[Government of Odisha]] ordered the Crime Branch of [[Odisha Police]] to investigate the Saradha scam.<ref>{{cite news|title=State feels Saradha aftershocks|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130430/jsp/odisha/story_16842147.jsp#.UYAfj6JHLxM|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172725/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130430/jsp/odisha/story_16842147.jsp%23.UYAfj6JHLxM|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=30 April 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> The Economic Offence Wing (EOW) of the Crime Branch of Odisha Police registered criminal cases against Sudipto Sen and Saradha Group. On 3 May 2013, Odisha police seized documents and sealed the group's local offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/odisha/odisha-police-registers-second-case-against-saradha-group_846976.html|title=Odisha Police registers second case against Saradha Group|date=7 May 2013|publisher=Zee News|access-date=6 May 2013|location=Bhuvaneshwar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1831404/report-odisha-police-registers-second-case-against-saradha-group|title=Odisha Police registers second case against Saradha Group|agency=PTI|date=6 May 2013|work=DNA India|access-date=6 May 2013|location=Bhuvneshwar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.odishareporter.in/districts/khordha/chit-fund-saradhas-office-closed-in-the-state|title=Chit fund Saradha's office closed in the state|agency=PTI|date=5 May 2013|work=Odisha Reporter|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> During the transfer of the investigation to CBI in May 2014, EOW had registered up to 207 cases relating to 43 of the group's 44 companies and had arrested 440 people. Charge sheets for cheating and criminal conspiracy were filed in 120 cases under provisions of the Indian Penal Code, the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, and the Odisha Protection of Interest of Depositors (in Financial Establishments) Act.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anand|first=Utkarsh|title=Orissa ponzi scam surpasses that of Bengal by Rs 2,140 cr|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/orissa-ponzi-scam-surpasses-that-of-bengal-by-rs-2140-cr/|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Indian Express|date=15 April 2014}}</ref>

====Tripura====
On 9 May 2013, the [[Government of Tripura]] handed over all the cases involving deposit-collecting companies in the state to CBI and the Income Tax Department.<ref name="Telegraph9513"/>

===Central government reaction===
In March 2013, [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)|Central corporate affairs minister]] [[Sachin Pilot]] said in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{mdash}}the lower house of the Parliament of India{{mdash}}that his ministry has received complaints against West Bengal's Saradha Group and many other companies for their involvement in Ponzi or multi-layer-marketing schemes.<ref name="eoi1"/> No action was taken until after the fraud was uncovered, when many measures were announced. On 25 April 2013, India's Income Tax department and Ministry of Corporate Affairs started separate investigation into the Saradha affair and similar Ponzi funds masquerading as NBFCs or CISs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825969.jsp#.UX7vkcV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615223914/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825969.jsp%23.UX7vkcV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Corporate Affairs Ministry to probe Saradha group|agency=PTI|date=25 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> On the same day, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) registered a money laundering case under the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) at its [[Guwahati]] office because the Assam police has registered an FIR against Saradha Group to investigate depositors' allegations of financial irregularities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/news/38817381_1_chairman-sudipto-sen-saradha-group-enforcement-directorate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529004810/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/news/38817381_1_chairman-sudipto-sen-saradha-group-enforcement-directorate|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2013|title=Saradha chit fund scam: ED registers money laundering case|date=25 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 April 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref> On 1 May 2013, commenting on the regulatory loopholes, the Chairman of SEBI said, "there should be one single regulator for entire collective investment schemes".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/working-hard-to-save-investors-from-ponzi-schemes-sebi/article4672931.ece|title=Working hard to save investors from Ponzi schemes: SEBI|agency=PTI|date=1 May 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 May 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

On 7 May 2013, the Central Government set up an inter-ministerial group with members of the corporate affairs ministry, SEBI, Reserve Bank of India and officers from the Income Tax Department. The group is intended to unify the regulations of investment schemes by NBFCs, banks and companies, which {{as of|2013}} were governed by different laws and regulations, leading to regulatory loopholes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/saradha-scam-probe-panel-setto-fix-loopholeslaws-_866496.html|title=Saradha scam: Probe panel set up to fix loopholes in laws|last=Bannerjee|first=Ronojoy|date=7 May 2013|publisher=CNBC-TV18|access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> In light of the fraud, SEBI requested sweeping powers to investigate and prosecute fraudulent CISs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/5EInzuBGAyh4Km8CkgCgKM/Sebi-seeks-sweeping-powers.html|title=Sebi seeks sweeping powers|last=Lashkar|first=Anirudh|author2=Vyas Mohan |date=22 May 2013|work=Live Mint|access-date=22 May 2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref> In August 2013, the Central Government amended the SEBI Act and gave SEBI powers to search and seize without prior magisterial permission to investigate illegal money collection schemes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-working-on-regulations-to-incorporate-new-powers-113081900921_1.html|title=Sebi working on norms to incorporate new powers|last=Modak|first=Samie|date=19 August 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=19 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-enacts-stricter-laws-on-cis-front-running-113081201156_1.html|title=Sebi enacts stricter laws on CIS, front running|date=12 August 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=19 August 2013}}</ref>

===Political reactions and protests===
The crash of the Ponzi scheme and the publication of Sudipto Sen's letter led to a barrage of cross-party accusations. CPM accused TMC of associating with the 'chit fund', TMC alleged that Union Minister of Finance's wife Nalini Chidambaram had taken lawyers' fees from Saradha Group to incorporate its companies and should be investigated.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/india/38816292_1_saradha-group-nalini-chidambaram-kunal-ghosh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428083513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/india/38816292_1_saradha-group-nalini-chidambaram-kunal-ghosh |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Chit fund: TMC questions role of Chidambaram's wife in Saradha group |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> TMC blamed CPM for letting Ponzi funds grow in Bengal.<ref name="Letter">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825380.jsp#.UX7vmsV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615192134/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130425/jsp/frontpage/story_16825380.jsp%23.UX7vmsV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Many claims in letter – Sudipta Sen's missive to CBI|date=25 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

The Saradha scandal became a major campaign issue amongst the political parties in West Bengal during the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 national election]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Purohit|first=Devadeep|title=Open season on Saradha scandal Rahul's turn to target Mamata, earn wrath|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140420/jsp/frontpage/story_18259251.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428180946/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140420/jsp/frontpage/story_18259251.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=20 April 2014}}</ref> Allegations were made by all the political parties in the state. While the CPM, Congress and BJP again accused TMC of facilitating and profiting from the fraud, TMC said the companies were allowed to register during the government run by CPM in the state and Congress in the centre.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bannerjee|first=Rupak|title=CPM a Saradha beneficiary: Mamata|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/CPM-a-Saradha-beneficiary-Mamata/articleshow/34307155.cms|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Mamata Bannerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal and Chairperson of TMC, attacked [[P. Chidambaram]], the finance minister of the central government, alleging a political vendetta in the timing{{mdash}}coinciding with the parliamentary elections{{mdash}}of a spurt in Enforcement Directorate investigation.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|title=Saradha scam: Mamata targets Chidambaram over ED probe|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/401204/saradha-scam-mamata-targets-chidambaram.html|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=DEccan Herald|date=22 April 2014}}</ref> More political controversy occurred when [[Narendra Modi]], the prime ministerial candidate, said Mamata Bannerjee may have directly benefited from the Ponzi scheme when her paintings were allegedly bought for {{INRConvert|1.8|c|nolink=yes}} by the Saradha Group.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Sandip|title=Modi taunts Mamata over Saradha; Look after your wife, retorts TMC|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/modi-taunts-mamata-over-saradha-look-after-your-wife-retorts-tmc-1499583.html|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Firstpost|date=28 April 2014}}</ref> TMC replied to the allegations, threatened legal action for defamation and called Modi the "Butcher of Gujarat".<ref>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi slams Mamata Banerjee over Saradha scam, TMC calls him "Butcher of Gujarat"|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/narendra-modi-slams-mamata-banerjee-over-saradha-scam-tmc-calls-him-butcher-of-gujarat/#modi2-14|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Indian Express|date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bannerjee|first=Monidepa|title=Mamata Banerjee's party calls Narendra Modi 'butcher of Gujarat'|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/mamata-banerjee-s-party-calls-narendra-modi-butcher-of-gujarat-514767?curl=1398702740|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=NDTV|date=27 April 2014}}</ref> On 11 September 2014, West Bengal law minister Chandrima Bhattacharya led around 100 TMC women supporters in a sit-in protest against CBI, alleging a biased and "politically motivated probe".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Madhuparna|title=As CBI's Saradha net closes in on her party, Mamata Banerjee flexes her cadre muscle|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/as-cbis-saradha-net-closes-in-on-her-party-mamata-flexes-her-cadre-muscle/|access-date=13 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=12 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|title=TMC fields law minister to lead anti-CBI protests|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Kolkata/TMC-fields-law-min-to-lead-anti-CBI-protests/articleshow/42291830.cms|access-date=13 September 2014|work=Times of India|date=12 September 2014}}</ref>

Street protests broke out across West Bengal, during some of which protesters ransacked offices of various Ponzi funds.<ref name="BS10">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/investors-ransack-saradha-s-bengal-offices-knock-at-cm-s-door-113042000428_1.html|title=Investors ransack Saradha's Bengal offices, knock at CM's door|last=Mishra|first=Digbijay|date=21 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The agents and depositors of several money mobilising funds in West Bengal organised themselves into the Chit Fund Sufferers Unity Forum (CFSUF) and demanded swift investigation and the reimbursement of deposits.<ref>{{cite web|agency=IANS|title=Politicians, academicians arrested over Saradha scam protest|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/politicians-academicians-arrested-over-saradha-scam-protest-151004907.html|publisher=Yahoo|access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> The Forum engaged in several, high-visibility, disruptive protests;<ref>{{cite web|title=Chitfund Sufferers' calls for 'Rail Roko' in Kolkata: 20000 expected to squat on Railway Lines|url=http://www.railnews.co.in/chitfund-sufferers-calls-for-rail-roko-in-kolkata-20000-expected-to-squat-on-railway-lines/|access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref> it was allegedly threatened and intimidated by TMC, the ruling political party.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chankraborty|first=Manotosh|title=Ponzi victims in Garia face 'TMC' wrath|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ponzi-victims-in-Garia-face-TMC-wrath/articleshow/34554174.cms|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Saradha Shock|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/52694-saradha-shock.html|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=The Statesman|date=3 May 2014}}</ref>

According to media reports, around 210 agents, depositors and executives or directors of various money pooling companies have committed suicide in the aftermath of the Saradha Group's collapse.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ravik|title=CBI forms SIT to probe Saradha group, 17 other firms|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/on-last-day-of-poll-cbi-forms-team-to-probe-saradha-scam/article1-1218557.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513040544/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/on-last-day-of-poll-cbi-forms-team-to-probe-saradha-scam/article1-1218557.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2014|access-date=15 May 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=13 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Madhuparna|title=Saradha net wider, tighter|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/saradha-net-wider-tighter/99/|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Indian Express|date=22 Sep 2014}}</ref>

===International reaction===
In September 2014, Bengali newspaper ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', citing several domestic and foreign intelligence reports, published a series of articles reporting that Saradha Group through [[Ahmed Hassan Imran]], a TMC MP and founder member of [[Student Islamic Movement of India]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chanda|first1=Arup|title=Mystery Surrounds Pakistan Citizen's TMC MP Post|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Mystery-Surrounds-Pakistan-Citizens-TMC-MP-Post/2014/09/22/article2442700.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923165143/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Mystery-Surrounds-Pakistan-Citizens-TMC-MP-Post/2014/09/22/article2442700.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2014|access-date=24 September 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 Sep 2014}}</ref> engaged [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]], a [[Bangladeshi]] extremist organisation, to move money out of India.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nairita|title=Saradha scam shocker: Mamata Banerjee's aide, TMC MP's link with terror group SIMI, Jamat exposed|url=http://news.oneindia.in/india/mamata-banerjee-close-aide-tmc-mp-connection-with-terror-outfit-simi-bangladesh-1520240.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913054101/http://news.oneindia.in/india/mamata-banerjee-close-aide-tmc-mp-connection-with-terror-outfit-simi-bangladesh-1520240.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2014|access-date=12 September 2014|work=One India|date=12 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh moves India on Imran|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/09/12/bangladesh-moves-india-on-imran|access-date=12 September 2014|work=BDNews24|date=12 September 2014}}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami used its brokerage from the laundering operation to fuel its [[2013 Bangladesh riots|militant protests]] against the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|war crime trials]] of its founders<ref>{{cite news|title=Report: India's Saradha Group funded Jamaat violence|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/crime/2014/sep/13/report-india%E2%80%99s-saradha-group-funded-jamaat-violence|access-date=12 September 2014|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=12 September 2014}}</ref> and destabilise the [[Awami League]] government in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chanda|first1=Arup|title=Saradha Money Fanned Bangla Flames|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Saradha-Money-Fanned-Bangla-Flames/2014/08/24/article2395017.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829072201/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Saradha-Money-Fanned-Bangla-Flames/2014/08/24/article2395017.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2014|access-date=13 September 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

In response to the expose, the Government of Bangladesh, led by [[Sheikh Hasina]], ordered the formation of a commission to further investigate the matter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saradha scam with Trinamool links may also have funded Bangla Islamists|url=http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/corporate/saradha-scam-with-trinamool-links-may-also-have-funded-bangla-islamists-97730.html|website=Firstbiz|date=8 September 2014 |access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> Mamata Bannerjee summoned the Deputy High Commissioner of Bangladesh to lodge a protest for an alleged protocol violation for "selective leaks in media".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bagchi|first1=Suvojit|title=Mamata summons Bangladesh Deputy High Commissioner|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-summons-bangladesh-deputy-high-commissioner/article6406234.ece|access-date=13 September 2014|work=The Hindu|date=13 September 2014}}</ref> During subsequent bilateral meetings, Bangladesh Foreign Minister [[Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali]] conveyed deep apprehensions about funding for terrorists flowing from India to Bangladesh to [[Ajit Doval]], the Indian National Security Advisor (NSA).<ref>{{cite web|title=India Should Unmask Saradha Link to Jamaat|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/editorials/India-Should-Unmask-Saradha-Link-to-Jamaat/2014/09/23/article2444261.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925021838/http://www.newindianexpress.com/editorials/India-Should-Unmask-Saradha-Link-to-Jamaat/2014/09/23/article2444261.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh rakes up Saradha money with India|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bangladesh-rakes-up-saradha-money-with-india/article1-1266293.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920021843/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bangladesh-rakes-up-saradha-money-with-india/article1-1266293.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2014|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 Sep 2014}}</ref> Bangladeshi human rights activist [[Shahriar Kabir]] also raised concerns about Saradha funds being moved through an extremist organisation to terrorist organisations like [[Al Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Azad|first1=Abid|title=Concern expressed over Saradha's Jamaat funding|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/crime/2014/sep/14/concern-expressed-over-saradha%E2%80%99s-jamaat-funding|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=14 Sep 2014}}</ref>

===Judicial reactions===
On 22 April 2013, separate [[Public Interest Litigation]]s (PIL) were filed in [[Guwahati High Court]] by RTI activist Akhil Gogoi and in [[Calcutta High Court]] by advocate Basabi Roy Chowdhury and subsequently by advocate Rabi Sankar Chattopadhyay and Bikas Ranjan Bhattacharya, both seeking CBI investigation against the Saradha Group and other chit fund companies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/road-blockades-across-bengal-two-pils-filed/article4644303.ece|title=Road blockades across Bengal; two PILs filed|date=22 April 2013|work=Business Line|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
On 25 April, responding to the PIL, a division bench of Calcutta High Court comprising Chief Justice [[Arun Kumar Mishra]] and Justice [[Joymalya Bagchi]] said that because the ramifications of the scam included other states, a central agency would do justice to the investigation. The court gave state government one week to submit its investigation report to see whether the probe was being conducted in a fair manner.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.keralanext.com/news/2013/04/29/article106.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172848/http://www.keralanext.com/news/2013/04/29/article106.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Saradha money scam: Calcutta High Court and Central govt stepping in|date=29 April 2013|publisher=Kerala Next|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> On 7 May 2013, Calcutta High Court appointed a three-member administrator group to run ''Tara News'' and ''Tara Muzic''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/panel-lifeline-for-two-tv-channels-owned-by-saradha/1112504/#sthash.d77SGLSg.dpuf|title=Panel lifeline for two TV channels owned by Saradha|date=7 May 2013|work=The Indian Express|access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> The High Court then allowed the SIT to continue with the investigation and ordered it to submit a timely progress report before the court.<ref>{{cite news|title=State probe for now into Saradha default|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130620/jsp/bengal/story_17027926.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428181006/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130620/jsp/bengal/story_17027926.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The petitioners were dissatisfied with the order and appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] in July 2013 via a Special Leave Petition (SLP).<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|title=SC notice to Centre, Bengal for CBI probe into Saradha scam|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130718/jsp/frontpage/story_17130427.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428181005/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130718/jsp/frontpage/story_17130427.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=18 July 2013}}</ref> Before the Supreme Court the Government of West Bengal stated that the investigation into the scam was being successfully conducted by the SIT.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saradha report 'sketchy' - SC: Where has depositors' money gone?|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140305/jsp/bengal/story_18046308.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428180959/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140305/jsp/bengal/story_18046308.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

The state governments of Orissa, Jharkhand and Tripura, which were respondent to the case, requested a CBI enquiry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Neighbour sneezes, Bengal sniffs SC tilts to Odisha CBI probe|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140424/jsp/frontpage/story_18273267.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428181006/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140424/jsp/frontpage/story_18273267.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=The Calcutta Telegraph|date=24 April 2014}}</ref> The SC bench led by Justice T.S. Thakur and Justice C. Nagappan in April 2014 said the Supreme Court may order a CBI probe into all money collection entities in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Ashutosh|title=Collection scam: SC hints at CBI probe|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140424/jsp/frontpage/story_18272259.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428181013/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140424/jsp/frontpage/story_18272259.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=The Calcutta Telegraph|date=24 April 2014}}</ref> On 9 May 2014, the same bench of the Supreme Court ordered CBI to investigate all Ponzi schemes, including Saradha, in Eastern India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court asks CBI to probe Saradha chit fund scam|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/supreme-court-asks-cbi-to-probe-saradha-chit-fund-scam/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> The Court also clarified the concurrent attachment and auction of the assets of suspected Ponzi companies to reimburse depositors at the end of the judicial proceedings initiated by Enforcement Directorate authorised under federal laws and various state agencies authorised under state laws would also run parallel to the CBI investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=CBI Probe not to Affect Asset Liquidation Move|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/CBI-Probe-not-to-Affect-Asset-Liquidation-Move/2014/05/10/article2216516.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225425/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/CBI-Probe-not-to-Affect-Asset-Liquidation-Move/2014/05/10/article2216516.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=10 May 2014}}</ref>

===Economic effects===
[[File:Fall of small savings due to ponzi.png|thumb|right|Graph shows the fall of savings in government schemes with the rise of Ponzi funds (figures on y axis are in Crores INR)]]

Companies illegally moving deposits diverted an estimated sum of {{INRConvert|240|b|nolink=yes}} from small savings funds promoted by state government since 2010. Official data show a steady decline in small-savings deposits and a rise in withdrawals, which left a reduced amount from which the state government could borrow. This affected the overall macroeconomic situation of the state; instead of being used by government for public funding, the money went into Ponzi schemes that were either diverted to foreign locations or were put to use for private gains.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130426/jsp/frontpage/story_16829615.jsp#.UX8AJMV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172825/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130426/jsp/frontpage/story_16829615.jsp%23.UX8AJMV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Snore & drown savings bell ... Zzzzzzzzzzzz ... |last=Sarkar|first=Pranesh|date=25 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

It was feared that legitimate non-banking financial companies and micro finance institutions would be stigmatised, leading to a vicious cycle of low depositor trust, higher interest rates, lower lending and a localised credit crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/saradha-group-has-nothing-to-do-with-chit-fund-business-cfai_75158.html|title=Saradha Group has nothing to do with Chit Fund business: CFAI|date=29 April 2013|publisher=Zee News|access-date=29 April 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Because most of the Saradha Group depositors came from the lowest economic strata, the loss of the investment would cause a further decrease in social mobility.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-06/indian-ponzi-scheme-gets-a-political-bailout.html|title=Indian Ponzi Scheme Gets a Political Bailout|last=Chowdhury|first=Charandas|date=6 May 2013|work=Bloomberg|access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> The scandal drew attention to similar illegal deposit mobilising companies, which are facing increased regulatory pressure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/Z13LKAAQCWO5W5apSX3WYM/ICore-EServices-on-the-verge-of-collapse.html|title=ICore E-Services on the verge of collapse|last=Basu|first=Manish|date=6 May 2013|work=Livemint|access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/after-saradha-group-s-collapse-focus-on-rural-bengal-s-get-rich-schemes-359826|title=After Saradha Group's collapse, focus on rural Bengal's 'get rich' schemes|last=Pandey|first=Alok|date=27 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=9 May 2013|location=Singur}}</ref> Many of these companies have been variations of time share travel schemes, of which there are few clear regulations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130521/jsp/frontpage/story_16921023.jsp#.UZuZDMVhByM|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172846/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130521/jsp/frontpage/story_16921023.jsp%23.UZuZDMVhByM|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Sebi and Rose hurl thorns in ad valley|last=Ghosh|first=Pinak|date=20 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=21 May 2013|location=Kolkota}}</ref> These companies tried to register as cooperative societies to continue their financial operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/Veab8B9Gm8mqPvlhNVpPnM/Saradha-fallout-Bengal-firms-eye-cooperative-society-status.html|title=Saradha fallout: Bengal firms eye cooperative society status|last=Basu|first=Manish|date=20 May 2013|work=LiveMint|access-date=21 May 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

==Criminal prosecution and ongoing investigations==

===Special Investigation Team (SIT), West Bengal Police===
FIR was filed against Sudipto Sen and Kunal Ghosh on 14 April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130427/jsp/frontpage/story_16833653.jsp#.UX8C1cV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615192131/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130427/jsp/frontpage/story_16833653.jsp%23.UX8C1cV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Our proximity was our power|date=27 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Around six officials from Saradha Group were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Datta |first1=Romita |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/17xY5ipGyuLphDO2DbNwcK/Saradha-Group-chairman-Sudipta-Sen-arrested.html|title=Saradha Group chairman Sudipta Sen arrested in Kashmir|work=mint |date=23 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Ponzi-fire-spreads-to-other-firms/Article1-1051702.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430000633/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Ponzi-fire-spreads-to-other-firms/Article1-1051702.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2013|title=Ponzi fire spreads to other firms|date=28 April 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 April 2013|location=Berhampore}}</ref> The investigation was headed by the detective department of [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate|Bidhannagar police]]. The investigation was widened to include other Ponzi funds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/saradha-chit-fund-scam-the-top-five-among-bengals-flourishing-financial-grey-market/articleshow/19773013.cms?curpg=3|title=Saradha chit fund scam: The top five among Bengal's flourishing financial grey market|last=Ray|first=Atmadip |author2=Anuradha Himatsingka |author3=Sutanuka Ghosal|date=29 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Kunal Ghosh and other Ponzi fund officials from Saradha were repeatedly questioned by police to determine the true assets of the company and other facets of the fraud.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130430/jsp/frontpage/story_16843470.jsp#.UX8DKsV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615172819/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130430/jsp/frontpage/story_16843470.jsp%23.UX8DKsV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Signal in Kunal quiz|date=30 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> Ghosh was arrested by SIT in November 2013 after he posted a list of 12 names on his Facebook page; these included at least four TMC MPs and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bannerjee|first=Monideepa|title=Saradha scam: Trinamool MP Kunal Ghosh arrested, names Mamata Banerjee in Facebook post|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/saradha-scam-trinamool-mp-kunal-ghosh-arrested-names-mamata-banerjee-in-facebook-post-450038|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=NDTV|date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

As per the initial SIT reports, Saradha Group had mobilised {{INRConvert|2459.59|c|nolink=yes}} through issuance of its policies.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|title=West Bengal: Saradha scam worth Rs 2,460 crore, report says|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/West-Bengal-Saradha-scam-worth-Rs-2460-crore-report-says/articleshow/24453420.cms|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=21 October 2013}}</ref> By April 2014, around 385 FIRs against Sardha Group, in which SIT filed 288 chargesheets, had been filed. 453 FIRs were filed against other money pooling companies and Ponzi funds, and 75 charge sheets were filed before the court.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Pronab|title=Happy birthday, SIT A year of largely living up to its 'name'|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140421/jsp/frontpage/story_18261927.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428181002/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140421/jsp/frontpage/story_18261927.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=21 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=State fried on Saradha omission|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140327/jsp/frontpage/story_18123631.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140429064435/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140327/jsp/frontpage/story_18123631.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal system has crumbled under Saradha plot:SC|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140410/jsp/bengal/story_18175157.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140429064417/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140410/jsp/bengal/story_18175157.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=10 April 2014}}</ref>

Since 2 May 2013, after complaints from depositors, state government ordered SIT to broaden its investigation and conduct search and seizure at offices of MPS Greenery Developers Ltd and Prayag Infotech Hi-Rise Ltd, which were running unregistered collective investment schemes similar to Saradha Group.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/wb-govt-shuts-down-mps-office-in-kolkata-another-saradha-in-making-752875.html|title=WB govt shuts down MPS office in Kolkata; Another chit fund scam in the making?|date=5 May 2013|work=First Post|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130503/jsp/frontpage/story_16853458.jsp#.UYesycV4800|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615173051/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130503/jsp/frontpage/story_16853458.jsp%23.UYesycV4800|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Where there is a will, not bill, there is a way – Cops seal two firms' offices|date=2 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref> By 6 May 2013, police had arrested directors of Ponzi companies ATM Group<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130506/jsp/bengal/story_16864113.jsp#3|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615173041/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130506/jsp/bengal/story_16864113.jsp%233|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Director held|date=6 May 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=6 May 2013|location=Midnapore}}</ref> and Annex Infrastructure Pvt Ltd on charges of defrauding depositors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/bengal-based-chit-fund-owner-arrested_844660.html|title=Bengal-based chit fund owner arrested|date=25 April 2013|publisher=Zee News|access-date=6 May 2013|location=Barasat}}</ref> According to news-reports, at the time of handing the Saradha Group investigation to CBI, SIT had arrested 11 people, had traced 224 immovable properties, seized 54 vehicles and had filed charge sheet in almost 300 pending cases.<ref>{{cite news|last=Siddiqui|first=Imran|title=Political angle blips on CBI radar|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140510/jsp/bengal/story_18327305.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140510120434/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140510/jsp/bengal/story_18327305.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=9 May 2014}}</ref>

===Justice Shyamal Sen Commission===
By mid-August 2013, the Justice Shyamal Sen Commission finished its initial compilation of the list of claimants. Around 1.74 million depositors filed claims with the commission, of which 83% invested {{INRConvert|10000|nolink=yes}} or less.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130819/jsp/frontpage/story_17246240.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130819192645/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130819/jsp/frontpage/story_17246240.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2013|title=Saradha vow faces tricky sums|last=Basu|first=Kinshuk|author2=Pranesh Sarkar |date=19 August 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=19 August 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The Commission recommended that West Bengal state government sell the assets of Saradha Group and proportionally distribute the returns among defrauded investors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sen-panel-to-recommend-selling-of-saradha-assets-113080500214_1.html|title=Sen panel to recommend selling of Saradha assets|last=Basak|first=Probal|author2=Namrata Acharya |date=5 August 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=19 August 2013|location=Kolkata}}</ref> By April 2014, the commission had refunded 400,000 depositors who had invested less than {{INR}}10,000. Rs. 185 crore was refunded to the depositors.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shyamal-sen-commission-wound-up-job-unfinished/story-07YLIk47hwg2S2WufOOQ6O.html Hindustan Times]</ref> The commission received claims from 500,000 depositors who were defrauded by Ponzi funds other than Saradha; the Commission did not refund any of these depositors. In April 2014, Calcutta High Court sought a report from the commission on the discriminatory standards being applied to the refunding of depositors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saradha more equal than others Court seeks annual report|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140422/jsp/frontpage/story_18265512.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428180958/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140422/jsp/frontpage/story_18265512.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=22 April 2014}}</ref>

===Central agencies===
On 30 April 2013 CBI started investigating into the Saradha Group scandal in Assam at the request of the state government.<ref>{{cite news|title=CBI starts investigation in Assam|date=30 April 2013|work=Bartaman|language=bn |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chit fund scam: CBI team to meet Assam Police in Guwahati|date=30 April 2013|publisher=ANI |location=Guwahati}}</ref> [[Chief Minister of Tripura]] said Tripura may also order a CBI probe into Saradha Group.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/northeast/story/tripura-may-order-cbi-probe-into-saradha-chit-fund-scam-160669-2013-04-29|title=Tripura may order CBI probe into Saradha chit fund scam|date=30 April 2013|work=India Today|access-date=30 April 2013|location=Agartala}}</ref>

In West Bengal, because the criminal investigation had not initially been handed over to the CBI, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED){{mdash}}a Central Government agency which primarily probes money laundering{{mdash}}led the investigation on behalf of the Central Government. In April 2014, ED arrested the absconding wife, son and daughter-in-law of Sudipta Sen, all of whom had been directors of various companies of Saradha Group. ED also questioned TMC MPs Ahmad Hassan and Arpita Ghosh about their financial transactions with Saradha Group.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Monalisa|title=ED contacts Trinamul MP|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140423/jsp/frontpage/story_18269381.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428181004/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140423/jsp/frontpage/story_18269381.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Calcutta Telegraph|date=22 April 2014}}</ref> ED alleged that West Bengal police has not cooperated with it and obstructed its investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saradha arrests: Non-cooperation charge may prove costly for state|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Saradha-arrests-Non-cooperation-charge-may-prove-costly-for-state/articleshow/33876460.cms|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal government putting obstacles in Saradha probe to save Trinamool|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/49120/bengal-government-putting-obstacles-saradha-probe-save-trinamool/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051043/http://odishasuntimes.com/49120/bengal-government-putting-obstacles-saradha-probe-save-trinamool/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 April 2014|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Odisha Sun Times|date=25 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=IANS|title=Mamata Banerjee government suppressing Saradha facts: Left Front|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mamata-banerjee-government-suppressing-saradha-facts-left-front-1981761|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=DNA|date=24 April 2014}}</ref>

In May 2014, the Supreme Court transferred all investigations into 44 deposit-mobilising companies{{mdash}}including Saradha Group{{mdash}}suspected of running Ponzi schemes in the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Jharkhand and Tripura, to CBI.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dutta|first=Romita|title=Supreme Court directs CBI to probe Saradha, other deposit-taking firms|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/97h9veL4nrPoEVfrQxWSwN/Supreme-Court-orders-CBI-probe-in-Saradha-scam.html|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Livemint|date=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mohapatra|first=Dhananjay|title=SC orders CBI probe into Saradha chit fund scam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-orders-CBI-probe-into-Saradha-chit-fund-scam/articleshow/34868614.cms|access-date=10 May 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=9 May 2014}}</ref> As per Supreme Court's order Bengal SIT handed over all arrested suspects including Sudipto Sen, Debjani Mukherjee and Kunal Ghosh over to CBI. CBI questioned several prominent personalities who were connected with Saradha Group; some{{mdash}}including TMC vice president and former Director General of Police (DGP) in West Bengal [[Rajat Majumdar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress Questions Mamata's Meeting with Saradha Scam Mastermind|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Congress-Questions-Mamatas-Meeting-with-Saradha-Scam-Mastermind/2014/09/10/article2424359.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013235635/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Congress-Questions-Mamatas-Meeting-with-Saradha-Scam-Mastermind/2014/09/10/article2424359.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2014|access-date=24 September 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=10 Sep 2014}}</ref> Assamese singer and filmmaker Sadananda Gogoi<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|title=CBI arrests Sadananda Gogoi in Saradha scam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CBI-arrests-Sadananda-Gogoi-in-Saradha-scam/articleshow/42392099.cms|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Times of India|date=13 Sep 2014}}</ref> and former advocate general of Odisha Ashok Mohanty.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|title=Odisha's former advocate general Ashok Mohanty arrested in chit-fund scam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Odishas-former-advocate-general-Ashok-Mohanty-arrested-in-Saradha-chit-fund-scam/articleshow/43155814.cms|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Times of India|date=22 Sep 2014}}</ref> Former Assam DGP Shankar Barua who was a suspect in the Saradha scandal and whose house was searched by CBI, committed suicide.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|title=Former Assam DGP, under scanner in Saradha scam, commits suicide|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-Assam-DGP-under-scanner-in-Saradha-scam-found-dead/articleshow/42703997.cms|access-date=24 September 2014|work=Times of India|date=17 Sep 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Trust|first1=Press|title=First Mamata minister Madan Mitra arrested in Saradha chit fund scam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/mamata-minister-madan-mitra-saradha-chit-fund-scam-cbi-trinamool-congress-230936-2014-12-12|website=India Today|date=12 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> On 21 November 2014 CBI arrested Srinjoy Bose, another TMC parliamentarian in connection with the scam.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|title=Saradha scam: CBI arrests Trinamool Congress MP Srinjoy Bose|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saradha-scam-CBI-arrests-Trinamool-Congress-MP-Srinjoy-Bose/articleshow/45230685.cms|access-date=21 November 2014|work=Times of India|date=21 November 2014}}</ref> On 12 December 2014, CBI arrested West Bengal Transport minister [[Madan Mitra]] on the charges of criminal conspiracy, cheating, misappropriation and deriving undue financial benefits from the Saradha Group.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Trust|first1=Press|title=First Mamata minister Madan Mitra arrested in Saradha chit fund scam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/mamata-minister-madan-mitra-saradha-chit-fund-scam-cbi-trinamool-congress-230936-2014-12-12|website=India Today|date=12 December 2014 |publisher=Indian Today|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

In February 2019, the CBI interrogated Kolkata Police Commissioner Rajeev Kumar for 39 hours over five days in Shillong.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|title=The Shillong session: When Rajeev Kumar was quizzed for 39 hours over 5 days|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/71119345.cms|access-date=5 March 2021|work=Times of India|date=14 September 2019}}</ref> This followed a political controversy when the CBI team who had gone to question him had been detained in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/cbis-attempted-arrest-of-kolkata-police-commissioner-was-an-attack-on-federalism|title=CBI's Attempted Arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner Was an Attack on Federalism}}</ref> They were later released and even as CM Mamata Bannerjee was protesting on dharna against the arrest of Kumar, the Supreme court ordered interrogation of Rajeev Kumar at a location outside West Bengal to avoid further showdown.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} In March 2019, the CBI filed a plea in Supreme court against telecom operators Vodafone and Airtel alleging their non cooperation in the scam investigation probe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/saradha-case-supreme-court-seeks-reply-from-vodafone-airtel-on-cbi-plea-1553843206214.html|title=Saradha case: Supreme Court seeks reply from Vodafone, Airtel on CBI plea|date=2019-03-29|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> On 17 May 2021, CBI arrested Firhad Hakim, Subrata Mukherjee, Sovan Chatterjee and Madan Mitra on the charges they took the bribes from Saradha Narada after West Bengal Governor Jagdeep Dhankar gave the permission to arrest the ministers(Firhad Hakim, Subrata Mukherjee) and one MLA (Madan Mitra) and former MLA(Sovan Chatterjee).

===Convictions and sentences===
In February 2014, Sudipta Sen was convicted in a case where he was charged, under various provisions of employment law, as a director of Saradha Group for his failure to deposit with the provident fund authorities INR 0.03 million that his firm owed to its employees; he was sentenced by the trial court to three years in jail, it was the first conviction in a series of civil and criminal cases, relating to corporate fraud and non-payment of deposits, pending against him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dutta|first=Romita|title=Saradha chairman Sudipta Sen sentenced to three years in jail|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TcKgleKIFyp7mP3htIMUsL/Sudipta-Sen-sentenced-to-3-years-in-jail.html|access-date=28 April 2014|newspaper=Livemint|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

Later, Sudipta Sen wrote a letter to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]], where he mentioned names of several political leaders who took money from him. Sen, in his letter dated 1 December 2020, named [[Suvendu Adhikari]], [[Mukul Roy]], [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]], [[Sujan Chakraborty]] and [[Biman Bose]] as beneficiaries from the Saradha group.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kundu|first=Indrajit|title=Politicians who took money from me, cheated people are now joining BJP, alleges jailed Saradha promoter|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/saradha-group-sudipta-sen-letter-to-pm-modi-mamata-banerjee-1747035-2020-12-05|website=India Today|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> On 24 January [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] exposed the letter accusing Suvendu Adhikari of extorting Rs. 6 crore from chit fund agency. He said "You (Suvendu) not only took Rs. 6 crore from Sudipta Sen, but also blackmailed him. In the letter, is clearly written that the night before he (Sen) went at large, you visited his office and took money from him."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=Abhishek Banerjee exposes letter accusing Suvendu Adhikari of extorting Rs 6 cr from chit fund agency|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/24/abhishek-banerjee-exposes-letter-accusing-suvendu-adhikari-of-extorting-rs-6-crfrom-chit-fund-agenc-2254551.html|access-date=2021-01-24|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=শুভেন্দুকে কঠিন শব্দে বিঁধে আক্রমণের ঝাঁজ বাড়ালেন অভিষেক|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/suvendu-adhikari-is-a-traitor-attacked-by-abhishek-banerjee-dgtl/cid/1263039|access-date=2021-01-24|website=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা অনলাইন|language=bn}}</ref> On 1 February [[Bankshall Court]] gave order to CBI for investigation of Sudipta Sen's letter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-01|title=Sudipta Sen Letter: 'একাধিক নেতা কোটি কোটি টাকা নেন...' সুদীপ্ত সেনের সেই চিঠি নিয়ে সিবিআইকে তদন্তের নির্দেশ আদালতের|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/bankshall-court-gives-order-to-cbi-for-investigation-of-sudipta-sen-letter-which-he-wrotes-from-jail-789913|access-date=2021-02-01|website=এবিপি আনন্দ লাইভ|language=bn}}</ref> [[Kunal Ghosh]] wrote a letter to [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] in demand of arresting Mukul Roy and Suvendu Adhikari for money laundering scandal and Shah accepted that he had received the letter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=মুকুল-শুভেন্দু: কুণালের চিঠির প্রাপ্তিস্বীকার শাহের|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/kunal-ghosh-approached-amit-shah-in-demand-of-arresting-mukul-roy-and-suvendu-adhikari-for-money-laundering-scandal/cid/1265296|access-date=2021-02-07|website=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা অনলাইন|language=bn}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics|Law}}
* [[List of scandals in India]]
* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[Rose Valley financial scandal]]
* [[Pyramid scheme]]
* [[The Lokpal Bill, 2011]]
* [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Financial services in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saradha scam}}
[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:Pyramid and Ponzi schemes]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Corporate crime]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:2013 scandals]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Crime in Odisha]]
[[Category:Crime in Assam]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian politics]]

Yuva Rajkumar

2026-01-29T17:37:50Z

YourPritam7: Starting New Biography

{{Short description|Indian actor born 1993}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yuva Rajkumar
| image = 
| image_size = 
| caption = 
| birth_name = Guru Rajkumar<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/Jun/15/guru-rajkumar-and-vinay-rajkumar-brothers-on-the-run-940398.html|title=Guru Rajkumar and Vinay Rajkumar: Brothers on the run|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=10 June 2016|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| education = [[Ramaiah Institute of Technology]], Bengaluru ([[Bachelor of Architecture|BArch]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|playback singer}}
| years_active = 1994–1995; 2015–present
| father = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
| spouse =
| relatives = See [[List of South Indian film families#Rajkumar family|Rajkumar family]]
| known_for =
}}

'''Yuva Rajkumar'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva Rajkumar is all set to take forward his family's legacy in films |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/yuva-rajkumar-is-all-set-to-take-forward-his-familys-legacy-in-films-44960.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075226/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/yuva-rajkumar-is-all-set-to-take-forward-his-familys-legacy-in-films-44960.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=Yuva Rajkumar's debut film titled Yuva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yuva-rajkumars-debut-film-titled-yuva/articleshow/98395287.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424082312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yuva-rajkumars-debut-film-titled-yuva/articleshow/98395287.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> (born 23 April 1993) is an Indian actor, producer, and playback singer in the Kannada film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yuva-rajkumars-debut-film-title-announcement-teaser-out-film-to-release-on-this-date-2342419-2023-03-03|title=Yuva Rajkumar's debut film title announcement teaser out. Film to release on THIS date|date=3 March 2023|website=India Today|access-date=24 April 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075226/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yuva-rajkumars-debut-film-title-announcement-teaser-out-film-to-release-on-this-date-2342419-2023-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Yuva teaser out! Dr Rajkumar's grandson Yuva Rajkumar is all set to shine on big screen on December 22, 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/yuva-teaser-out-dr-rajkumars-grandson-yuva-rajkumar-is-all-set-to-shine-on-big-screen-on-december-22-2023-article-98396005 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075226/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/yuva-teaser-out-dr-rajkumars-grandson-yuva-rajkumar-is-all-set-to-shine-on-big-screen-on-december-22-2023-article-98396005 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-21 |title=Yuva Trailer out: Puneeth Rajkumar's nephew, Yuva Rajkumar, makes debut with an action-packed drama – WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yuva-trailer-out-puneeth-rajkumars-nephew-yuva-rajkumar-makes-debut-with-an-action-packed-drama-watch/articleshow/108684437.cms |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yuva-trailer-out-puneeth-rajkumars-nephew-yuva-rajkumar-makes-debut-with-an-action-packed-drama-watch/articleshow/108684437.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Dr Rajkumar's grandson Yuva Rajkumar teams up with KGF producers for his first film: 'Legacy continues' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dr-rajkumar-grandson-yuva-rajkumar-debut-hombale-films-7890195/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075226/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dr-rajkumar-grandson-yuva-rajkumar-debut-hombale-films-7890195/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career ==
Yuva worked as a child artist in ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]'' (1994) and ''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]'' (1995) alongside his brother [[Vinay Rajkumar]].<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/master-guru-raghavendra|title=Master Guru Raghavendra, Movies|website=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref name="O"/> He worked behind the scenes for ''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]'' (2015) and ''[[Run Antony]]'' (2016) both starring Vinay,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Mar/28/my-interest-in-learning-dance-and-fighting-came-from-puneeth-rajkumar-says-yuva-rajkumar|title=My interest in learning dance and fighting came from Puneeth Rajkumar, says Yuva Rajkumar|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=6 March 2024|website=Indulgexpress|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-date=5 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105191218/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Mar/28/my-interest-in-learning-dance-and-fighting-came-from-puneeth-rajkumar-says-yuva-rajkumar|url-status=live}}</ref> and was credited as a producer for the latter film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/290616/hoping-to-vin-some-kudos.html|title=Hoping to VIN' some kudos|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=29 June 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He made his debut as a lead actor with ''[[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puneeth Rajkumars Nephew Yuva Rajkumar Opens Up On His Debut Film Yuva |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/puneeth-rajkumars-nephew-yuva-rajkumar-opens-up-on-his-debut-film-yuva-2730704.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075150/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/puneeth-rajkumars-nephew-yuva-rajkumar-opens-up-on-his-debut-film-yuva-2730704.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarding his performance in the film, a critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Yuva'' is Yuva Rajkumar’s show all the way; he fights, acts, dances, romances, wrestles, fights some more, and even shows an emotional arc. He ticks all the boxes of a commercial hero. The movie is written for him and he delivers a very mature performance in his debut film. His arrival marks the entry of a bankable angry young man to the industry".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/yuva/movie-review/108876836.cms |title=Yuva Movie Review: Yuva Review: A Power-Packed Debut |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409121615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/yuva/movie-review/108876836.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Yuva completed [[Bachelor of Architecture]] at the [[Ramaiah Institute of Technology]], Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiocity.in/photos/yuva-rajkumar-top-5-interesting-facts-about-yuva-rajkumar-4238/4|title=Yuva Rajkumar: Top 5 interesting facts about Yuva|website=Radiocity}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]'' || Ramanna and Ganga's younger son || Child artist; credited as Master Guru Raghavendra ||<ref name="C"/>
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]'' || Sathya and Madhu's son || Child artist; uncredited ||<ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/vinayrajkumaroffcial/photos/a.252994491568064/1473002402900594/?type=3|title=Today marks the Silver jubilee for the #OM movie. Feels great to be a part of #25yearsforOM|work=Facebook}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Run Antony]]'' || {{n/a}} || As producer; credited as Guru Rajkumar ||<ref name="R"/>
|-
| 2024 ||''[[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]]''||Yuva|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Yuva trailer: Yuva Rajkumar is the quintessential 'angry young man' in his debut film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/yuva-trailer-yuva-rajkumar-is-the-quintessential-young-angry-man-in-his-debut-film-9226762/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075150/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/yuva-trailer-yuva-rajkumar-is-the-quintessential-young-angry-man-in-his-debut-film-9226762/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-21 |title=Hombale Films unveils the trailer of Yuva starring Yuva Rajkumar : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/hombale-films-unveils-trailer-yuva-starring-yuva-rajkumar/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424075149/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/hombale-films-unveils-trailer-yuva-starring-yuva-rajkumar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]'' || Mutthu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/28/im-excited-to-share-the-screen-with-yuva-rajkumar-in-ekka-says-sampaada|title=I'm excited to share the screen with Yuva Rajkumar in 'Ekka', says Sampaada|website=TheNewIndianExpress.com|date=28 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! Co-singers
! Ref.
|-
| 2022 || ''[[James (2022 film)|James]]'' || "Trademark" || [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] || MC Vickey, [[Aditi Sagar]], Chandan Shetty, Sharmila
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/james-rachita-ram-sreeleela-and-others-shine-in-the-trademark-single-from-the-puneeth-rajkumar-starrer/articleshow/89915962.cms|title='James': Rachita Ram, Sreeleela, and others shine in the Trademark single from the Puneeth Rajkumar starrer|work=The Times of India|date=March 2022 |access-date=16 February 2025|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213223608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/james-rachita-ram-sreeleela-and-others-shine-in-the-trademark-single-from-the-puneeth-rajkumar-starrer/amp_articleshow/89915962.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm12221819}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkumar, Yuva}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Rajkumar family]]
[[Category:St. Joseph's College, Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

M. H. Ahmad

2026-01-28T10:36:19Z

YourPritam7: Starting The Post W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian biotechnologist (born 1946)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = M. H. Ahmad
| image = M H Ahmad 2025.jpg
| caption = Ahmad in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1946|1|9}}
| birth_place = [[Colgong]], [[Bihar Province]], British India (present-day [[Kahalgaon]], [[Bihar]], India)
| citizenship = {{plainlist|
* [[British subject]] ([[Partition of India|until 1947]])
* [[India]] (after 1947)
}}
| fields = [[Molecular biology]] [[Agricultural biotechnology]] [[Medicinal plants]] [[Genetic engineering]]
| workplaces = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] [[University of Delhi]] [[University of Regensburg]] [[University of the West Indies]]
| alma_mater = [[Bihar Agricultural University]] [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] [[Cornell University]] [[Harvard University]]
| awards = [[File:Baton Order of Distinction Jamaica.jpg|50px]] [[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|Order of Distinction in the rank of Commander]] (2024)
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|CD]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office =Director of the Biotechnology Centre at the [[University of the West Indies]], Mona
| term_start = 16 June 1990
| term_end = 30 September 2011
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = Marcia Roye}}
}}
'''Mohammad Hussain Ahmad''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|CD]]}} (born 9 January 1946), usually cited as '''M. H. Ahmad''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Evans |first1=H. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAToCAAAQBAJ&dq=mh+ahmad+Departmental+Reports+University+of+the+West+Indies&pg=PA150 |title=Nitrogen fixation research progress: Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on Nitrogen Fixation, Corvallis, OR 97331, August 4–10, 1985 |last2=Bottomley |first2=P. J. |last3=Newton |first3=William E. |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-5175-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Indies |first=University of the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rljvkh7UVkC&q=mh+ahmad+Departmental+Reports+University+of+the+West+Indies |title=Departmental Reports |date=2006 |publisher=Jamaica Times (Press) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKUtTKuf2hEC&q=mh+ahmad+Departmental+Reports+University+of+the+West+Indies |title=Canadian Journal of Microbiology |date=July 1991 |publisher=National Research Council of Canada. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Europa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=st0ytve2aSoC&q=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad |title=The World of Learning 2001 |date=2000 |publisher=Europa Publications |isbn=978-1-85743-084-4 |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[scientist]] and [[professor]] emeritus of biotechnology at the [[University of the West Indies]] where he served as the founding director of the institute's Biotechnology Centre from 1990 until his retirement in 2011. His research focused on [[medicinal plants]], [[molecular biology]] as well as [[genetic engineering]] and was conferred with the [[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|Order of Distinction]] in 2024 for his role in enhancing agricultural production in the [[Caribbean]]. He is also a former science advisor to Jamaican prime minister [[P. J. Patterson]] and a former board member of the National Commission on Science and Technology.

== Early life and career ==
Ahmad was born to a [[Shaikhs in North India|Shaikh]] family on January 9, 1946, in [[Kahalgaon|Colgong]] (present-day Kahalgaon) in the [[Bhagalpur district]] of [[Bihar Province]], [[British Raj|British India]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} He received his basic education in [[Bhagalpur]], where he also attended [[Bihar Agricultural University]] and graduated in 1966 with a bachelor's degree in science.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamaica) |first=University of the West Indies (Mona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVS7AAAAIAAJ&q=mh+ahmad+bsc+bhagal |title=Departmental Reports: Mona |date=1992 |publisher=University of the West Indies, Jamaica. |language=en}}</ref> He later pursued his post-graduation and PhD from the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] in [[Delhi]] in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjMlAQAAIAAJ&q=mh+ahmad+bhagal+iari |title=Commonwealth Universities Yearbook |date=1999 |publisher=Association of Commonwealth Universities. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamaica) |first=University of the West Indies (Mona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz3qWJWHVYgC&q=mh+ahmad+bhagal |title=Departmental Reports to Council - University of the West Indies |date=1995 |publisher=University of the West Indies, Jamaica. |language=en}}</ref>

Following a brief stint at [[Delhi University]], Ahmad was appointed as a research scientist at the [[University of Regensburg]] in 1977 and later as a postdoctoral research associate at [[Cornell University]] in 1980.{{cn|date=December 2024}} In 1982, he joined the [[University of the West Indies]] as a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] before being promoted to senior lecturer in 1983.{{cn|date=December 2024}} He established the Biotechnology Centre, a research unit within the Faculty of Science and Technology at the [[Mona, Jamaica|Mona]] campus of the university<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZVLAAAAYAAJ&q=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad |title=Jagrist: The Bulletin of the Jamaican Society for Agricultural Sciences (JSAS). |date=1995 |publisher=JSAS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=A. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AU8fAQAAMAAJ&q=biotechnology+centre+m.+h.+ahmad |title=Proceedings of the International Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants: Macon, Georgia, USA, March 19-23, 2007 |date=2007 |publisher=ISHS |isbn=978-90-6605-640-4 |language=en}}</ref> through grants from European communities and served as its first director from June 1990 until his retirement in September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mona.uwi.edu/sites/default/files/uwi/reports/biotech_6.pdf|title=THE BIOTECHNOLOGY CENTRE|access-date=29 November 2025|website=www.mona.uwi.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=UWI's Biotech Centre is 20 |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100614/news/news2.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=UWI's Biotech Centre is 20 |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100614/news/news2.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |date=2008 |title=Back Matter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40654691 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=54 |issue=3 |jstor=40654691 |issn=0008-6495}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T5tAAAAIAAJ&dq=Professor+Mohammed+Ahmed+biotechnology+university+of+west+indies&pg=PT3 |title=Workshop Proceedings Caribbean Biotechnology Agenda for the Valorization of Genetic Resources October -,port-of Spain Trinidad and Tobago |date=1991 |publisher=IICA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3JQAAAAYAAJ&q=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad |title=The Agriculturalist |date=2002 |publisher=Caribbean Agricultural Communications Services |language=en}}</ref>

During his period in office, Ahmad implemented a regional plan for research, education, and training in plant, animal and fermentation biotechnology alongside aiming to collaborate with Jamaica's private sector to support the application of biotechnology in industry, agriculture and healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=At8NAQAAIAAJ&dq=mh+ahmed+mona&pg=PA23 |via=books.google.co.in}}</ref><ref name=":312">{{Cite book |last1=Aftab |first1=Tariq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRomEAAAQBAJ&q=marquis+who's+who+M+H+Ahmad+biotechnologist |title=Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Healthcare and Industrial Applications |last2=Hakeem |first2=Khalid Rehman |date=2021-03-27 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-58975-2 |page=303 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Benn |first1=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAAzdxg55TcC&dq=university+of+west+indies+biotechnology+center+prof+ahmad&pg=PA596 |title=Contending with Destiny: The Caribbean in the 21st Century |last2=Hall |first2=Kenneth |date=2000 |publisher=Ian Randle Publishers |isbn=978-976-637-009-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Ahmad also served as a board member of Jamaica's National Commission on Science and Technology.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=The Biotechnology Centre |url=https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/a8be70ec-7be0-4c97-81bb-5ce0094ce6d2/content}}</ref>

In 1997, he gave a seminar on biotechnology at [[Nottingham Trent University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indies |first=University of the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89nH4iVwJOYC&q=mh+ahmad+biotech |title=Departmental Reports |date=1997 |publisher=Jamaica Times (Press) |language=en}}</ref> He took part in a workshop in biotechnology and bioengineering at the Barbados campus of the University of the West Indies in 1999.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamaica) |first=University of the West Indies (Mona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2JMD2kSSiUC&q=mh+ahmad+Departmental+Reports+University+of+the+West+Indies |title=Departmental Reports: Mona |date=1999 |publisher=University of the West Indies |language=en}}</ref> In 2002, he led the pathology component of the Citrus Replanting Project of [[Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Jamaica)|Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries]], which was completed in 2007. In November 2005, he received the German ambassador to Jamaica Volker Schlegel at the Biotechnology Centre.<ref>[https://www.mona.uwi.edu/secretariat/sites/default/files/secretariat/dr-05-06.pdf The Library Mona – Year ending July 31, 2006]</ref> In 2008, he delivered a guest lecture at the [[Visva-Bharati University]].

Ahmad retired in September 2011 and was succeeded by Marcia Roye as the acting director of the Biotechnology Centre.

He has also served as an advisor to Jamaican prime minister [[P. J. Patterson]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=कहलगांव के डॉ. अहमद को जमैका में किया गया सम्मानित |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/kahalgaon/news/dr-ahmed-of-kahalgaon-was-honored-in-jamaica-133469571.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=www.bhaskar.com |language=hi}}</ref>

He was appointed as professor emeritus in February 2012 by the Finance and General Purposes Committee of the [[University of the West Indies]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=The Biotechnology Centre |url=https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/85ebd0a4-2b3f-443d-835a-b0c387f0496b/content}}</ref>

In 2023, the Biotechnology Centre ceased to exist when it was merged with the Natural Products Institute in order to create the Caribbean Centre for Research in Bioscience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Caribbean Centre for Research in Bioscience |url=https://www.mona.uwi.edu/ccrib/about |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.mona.uwi.edu}}</ref>

He received the High Commissioner of India to Jamaica Masakui Rungsung at his residence in Kingston in June 2024. In October 2024, following the 62nd Jamaican [[Independence Day (Jamaica)|Independence Day]], he was conferred with the [[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|Order of Distinction]] in the rank of Commander for his contribution in [[Jamaica]] to the field of agricultural sciences and genetic engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=National Honours and Awards |url=https://jis.gov.jm/media/2024/08/Hons-Awards-Gl-2024.pdf |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=jis.gov.jm}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* 2024 – [[Order of Distinction (Jamaica)|Order of Distinction]], Commander Class<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=National Honours and Awards |url=https://www.pressreader.com/jamaica/jamaica-gleaner/20240806/282329685222778?srsltid=AfmBOoot1nwbMqD0dhFmzIm1QkeyOFTKa659Eiy1eEfQKiRiUm5pmYC8 |access-date=2024-11-25 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==

=== Articles ===

* Millar, M. K. J., S. M. Mitchell, M. H. Ahmad and K. G. Golden. (2003) Azadirachtin levels of commercial Neem oils and neem seed grown in Jamaica. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Mona, Jamaica.
* Mitchell, S.A. and Ahmad, M.H. 2006a. A Review of Medicinal Plant Research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, 1948–2001. West Indies Medical Journal.
* Mitchell S.A. and M. H. Ahmad (2006) Protecting our medicinal plant heritage: the making of a new national treasure. Jamaica Journal, Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.
* Mitchell, S. A., and M. H. Ahmad. "Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Research in Jamaica-Challenges and Opportunities." ''International Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants 756''. 2007.
* Mitchell, Sylvia A., et al. "A journey through the Medicinal Plant Industry of the Caribbean highlighting Mona's Contribution." ''Caribbean Quarterly'' 54.3 (2008): 27–51.
* Abdel‐Tawwab, Mohsen, and Mohammad H. Ahmad. "Live Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a growth and immunity promoter for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), challenged with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila." ''Aquaculture Research'' 40.9 (2009): 1037–1046.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, M. H.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Distinction]]
{{Authority control}}

Khanda (Sikh symbol)

2026-01-22T18:59:10Z

YourPritam7: cleanup

{{short description|Sikh symbol depicting Deg Tegh Fateh doctrine}}
[[File:Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|thumb|The Khanda, a symbol of Sikhs]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
The '''Khanda''' ({{langx|pa|ਖੰਡਾ|{{IAST|khaṇḍā}}}}) is the symbol of [[Sikhi]] (also known as Sikhism). It can be found on [[Nishan Sahib|Sikh flags]], decorating them in the middle.<ref name=":13a2">{{Cite book |author=Singh |first=Parkash |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date= |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=8173803498 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=III: M-R |location=Patiala |pages=239–240 |oclc=}}</ref> It attained its current form around the 1930s during the [[Ghadar Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishan Sahib Khanda Sikh Symbols Sikh Museum History Heritage Sikhs |url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/20thcentury/modern.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.sikhmuseum.com |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015193336/https://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/20thcentury/modern.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Punjabi (Gurmukhi) promotional flyer advertising the upcoming birthday celebration of Guru Gobind Singh on 27 December 1911, Vancouver, Canada, circa December 1911 (detail of khanda symbol).jpg|thumb|Early Khanda design from a promotional flyer advertising the upcoming birthday celebration of Guru Gobind Singh, Vancouver, Canada, December 1911.]]
The modern Sikh symbol is never written on or in any copy of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. The main symbol traditionally used in the Guru Granth Sahib and [[gurdwara]]s around the world is "[[Ik Onkar]]". Traditionally, it was very common to see "Ik Onkar" above the entrance to a gurdwara, or on the front page of the Guru Granth Sahib. The other one was the [[Ardh Chand]].

It is an amalgam of 3 symbols:<ref name=rose>{{cite book | last = Rose | first = David | title = Sikhism photopack | publisher = Folens limited | date = 1995 | isbn = 1852767693 | page = 10}}</ref>

* A double-edged [[khanda (sword)]] in the centre
* A ''chakkar'' ([[chakram]])
* Two single-edged daggers, or [[kirpan]], crossed at the bottom, which sit on either side of the khanda and chakkar. They represent the dual characteristics of ''[[Miri piri|Miri-Piri]]'', indicating the integration of both spiritual and temporal sovereignty together and not treating them as two separate and distinct entities.<ref>{{cite book | last = Teece | first = Geoff | title = Sikhism | publisher = Black Rabbit Books | isbn = 1583404694 | page = 18}}</ref> The left sword is called Miri and the right sword is called Piri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=Parts of Khanda (Sikh Emblem) - Khanda Infographic {{!}} Nitnem Sahib |url=https://nitnemsahib.com/parts-of-khanda-sikh-emblem-khanda-infographic/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=nitnemsahib.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929010927/https://nitnemsahib.com/parts-of-khanda-sikh-emblem-khanda-infographic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

It depicts the Sikh doctrine ''[[Deg Tegh Fateh]]'' in [[Emblem|emblematic form]]. It consists of three weapons and a circle: the [[khanda (sword)|khanda]], two [[kirpan]]s and the chakkar which is a sharp circular
throwing weapon. Deg Teg Fateh ({{Langx|pa|ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ਼ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ|links=no}}), or Victory to Charity and Arms) is a Sikh slogan and the title of an anthem in the Punjabi language that signifies the dual obligations of the Khalsa: The responsibility to provide food, and to provide protection, for the needy and oppressed. Deg refers to the "cauldron" and Tegh to the "sword". The cauldron or kettle symbolises charity and is a reference to the Sikh religious obligation to provide langar, the free distribution of food, to all people, irrespective of an individual's religion, caste or ethnicity. The sword, or (kirpan), represents the warrior code of the Khalsa. The Khanda icon conveys these two principles. It is the military emblem of the Sikhs. It is also part of the design of the ''[[Nishan Sahib]]''. A double-edged [[khanda (sword)]] is placed at the top of a Nishan Sahib flag as an ornament or [[finial]].

In recent years, the Khanda has been used to show solidarity within the Sikh community after high-profile shootings in the United States.<ref>Nolan, Bruce. [http://www.nola.com/religion/index.ssf/2012/08/sikhs_in_new_orleans_gather_to.html "Sikhs in New Orleans gather for Milwaukee shooting victims"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508112011/http://www.nola.com/religion/index.ssf/2012/08/sikhs_in_new_orleans_gather_to.html |date=2014-05-08 }}, ''[[The Times-Picayune]]'', New Orleans, 08 August 2012. Retrieved on 08 May 2014.</ref>

Another symbol that may be confused with the Khanda is the ''aad chand'' ({{Lit.|half moon}}) of the [[Nihang]], which consists of a ''khanda'' sword in the middle of a crescent, aligned with points upward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishan Sahib Khanda Sikh Symbols Sikh Museum History Heritage Sikhs |url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/mistaken/crescent.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.sikhmuseum.com |archive-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016091348/https://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/mistaken/crescent.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Character encodings and emoji ==
The symbol is encoded in [[Unicode]], at code point {{unichar|262C|ADI SHAKTI}} in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] block, and at {{unichar|1FAAF|KHANDA}} in the [[Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A]] block; the latter was added in Unicode 15.0 in 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-15.0/U150-1FA70.pdf |title=Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A |work=Unicode 15.0 Versioned Charts (delta charts) |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526110207/https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-15.0/U150-1FA70.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and defaults to colour [[emoji]] presentation. The approach of using a separate code point, rather than using an [[Variation Selectors (Unicode block)|emoji variation sequence]], was taken in this case<ref>{{cite web |url=https://corp.unicode.org/pipermail/unicode/2022-September/010317.html |title=Process of transforming existing glyphs to emojis via variants |date=2022-09-26 |last=Ewell |first=Doug |website=[[Unicode]] Mailing List Archives |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-date=2023-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901125303/https://corp.unicode.org/pipermail/unicode/2022-September/010317.html |url-status=live }}</ref> since the use of variation sequences for emoji is now regarded as having been a mistake to begin with,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23252-legacy-disunification.pdf |title=Proposal to disunify Symbols for Legacy Computing from emoji |first1=Rebecca |last1=Bettencourt |first2=Doug |last2=Ewell |id=[[Unicode Technical Committee|UTC]] L2/23-252 |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526110207/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23252-legacy-disunification.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holbrook |first=Ned |date=2022-04-14 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |title=Emoji Subcommittee Repo for UTC #171 (2022Q2) |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22066-esc-report-q2.pdf |access-date=2025-10-11 |id=[[Unicode Technical Committee|UTC]] L2/22-066 |page=2}}</ref> although [[Samsung]] had already implemented a colour glyph for {{tt|U+262C}} since 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emojipedia.org/samsung/touchwiz-2.0/adi-shakti |title=Adi Shakti on Samsung TouchWiz Nature UX 2 |publisher=[[Emojipedia]] |access-date=2023-09-01 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526110210/https://emojipedia.org/samsung/touchwiz-2.0/adi-shakti |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh symbols]]

Radha Mohan

2026-01-21T11:23:40Z

YourPritam7:

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radha Mohan
| image = Director Radha Mohan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mohan at a press Meet
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[Screenwriter]]
| spouse = Sheeba Radhamohan
}}

'''Radha Mohan''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter of the [[South Indian film industry]]. He is known for films such as [[Mozhi (film)|''Mozhi'']] (2007) and ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' (2018) starring [[Jyothika]], [[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|''Abhiyum Naanum'']] (2008) with [[Prakash Raj]], and ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''(2011) with [[Nagarjuna (actor) |Nagarjuna]].

==Career==
Radha Mohan began work on his first film ''Smile Please'' in 1996, which had dialogues written by his friend [[Babu (actor)|Babu]], who had appeared in the lead role in ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' (1990). The film was to star [[Prakash Raj]] in the lead role, but financial restraints meant that the film was later shelved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/index1.html |title=A-Z (V) |work=Indolink Tamil |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904155058/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |archive-date=2017-09-04|access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-12-20 |title=‘I will never act’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-will-never-act/articleshow/3862410.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was later set for release during Diwali 1998 under the title of ''Ananthakrishnan'', but still failed to clear financial hurdles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/17diw.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The films releasing in south India at and around Diwali|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601075955/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/oct/17diw.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The director worked under [[R. V. Udayakumar]] before he did his first film release, ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2004). ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007) is his career's biggest hit, followed by ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/radha-mohan.html |title=Radha Mohan - Tamil Cinema Director Interview - Radha Mohan | Payanam | Mozhi | Prakash Raj | Nagarjuna - Behindwoods.com |website=www.videos.behindwoods.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208030722/http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/radha-mohan.html |archive-date=8 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmmaking style==
Known for his strong storylines and realistic portrayal of women, Mohan's films have largely been clean family entertainment. He has a penchant for humor in his films, which have been rib-ticklers even though they carry strong messages and handle serious themes.

==Filmography==
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-

|-
| 2004 || ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Second Prize) Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Second Prize)
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || Simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Gaganam'' [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer]] [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Director]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040708/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' || Simultaneously shot in Telugu
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Brindavanam (2017 film)|Brindavanam]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' ||
|-
|2021 ||''[[Malaysia To Amnesia]]'' ||
|-
|2023 ||''[[Bommai (2023 film)|Bommai]]'' ||
|-
|2024 ||''[[Chutney Sambar (TV series)|Chutney Sambar]]'' || Web Series
|}

=== Recurring collaborations ===
[[Elango Kumaravel]] has worked in ten of his works. [[Prakash Raj]] (producer and actor) and [[M. S. Bhaskar]] have worked in seven of his films. Dialogue writer [[Viji (screenwriter)|Viji]] has worked on six of his films. Editor [[Kasi Viswanathan]] and [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] have worked in four of his films. Only people with three or more collaborations are listed.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
! Films !! [[Elango Kumaravel]] !! [[Prakash Raj]] !! [[M. S. Bhaskar]] !! [[Viji (screenwriter)|Viji]] !! [[Kasi Viswanathan]] !! [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] !! [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] !! [[Mahesh Muthuswami]] !! T. S. Jay !! [[Mohan Raman]] !! [[Mayilsamy]] !! [[Manobala]] !! [[Sricharan]] !! Balaji
|-
| ''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' (2004) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || colspan="8" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' (2005) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || colspan="3" {{cEmpty}} || {{Tick}} || colspan="2" {{CEmpty}} || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007) || {{tick}} As dubbing artiste || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="6" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' (2008) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || colspan="2" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || colspan="4" {{cEmpty}} || {{Tick}} || colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' (2011) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || colspan="2" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="3" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} || {{cEmpty}}
|-
| ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' (2013) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || colspan="8" {{cEmpty}} || {{Tick}} || {{cEmpty}}
|-
| ''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]'' (2015) || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="4" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{Tick}} || colspan="12" {{CEmpty}}
|-
| ''[[Brindavanam (2017 film)|Brindavanam]]'' (2017) || colspan="3" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="2" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="3" {{CEmpty}} || {{Tick}} || {{cEmpty}}
|-
| ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' (2018) || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="4" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
| ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' (2018) || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="4" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || {{Tick}} || {{Tick}} || colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
|-
|''[[Malaysia To Amnesia]]'' (2021) || colspan="2" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="4" {{cEmpty}} || {{tick}} || colspan="7" {{cEmpty}}
|-
|''[[Bommai (2023 film)|Bommai]]'' (2023) || colspan="14" {{cEmpty}}
|-
|''[[Chutney Sambar]]'' (2024) || {{tick}} || colspan="13" {{cEmpty}}
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Category
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Second Prize) Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2008
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Second Prize)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/radha-mohan.html|title=All you want to know about #RadhaMohan|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316100208/https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/radha-mohan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer]] [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Director]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 July 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040708/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Radha Mohan}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Radha}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajgir subdivision

2026-01-06T03:19:03Z

YourPritam7: Creating A Data

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Nalanda district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajgir subdivision
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| coordinates = {{coord|25.0352741|85.4181158|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|India}} India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Rajgir]]
| area_total_km2 = 195
| population_total = 130183
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 803116
| registration_plate = BR-21
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Rajgir subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision (revenue sub-division) in [[Nalanda district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The subdivision headquarters is the historic town of [[Rajgir]]. The subdivision is one of three sub-divisions in Nalanda district (the others being Biharsharif and Hilsa).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/sub-divisions/ |title=Sub-Divisions |publisher=District Nalanda, Government of Bihar |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
Rajgir subdivision lies in the southern part of Nalanda district and includes the Rajgir Hills and adjoining plains. The topography is a mix of low hills (the Rajgir hill ranges) and alluvial plains of the southern Gangetic plain. The area has clay-loam to loam soils derived from recent [[alluvium]]. Groundwater characteristics and [[hydrogeology]] for the Rajgir area are described in the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) district profile for Nalanda; the profile notes the presence of fractured crystalline rock in the Rajgir hills and alluvial aquifers in the surrounding plains and gives details on groundwater availability and quality for the block/area. The CGWB assessment also records that parts of the subdivision are affected by seasonal waterlogging and that groundwater development requires localised management measures.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/District_Profile/Bihar/Nalanda.pdf |title=Nalanda District — Ground Water Information Booklet |publisher=Central Ground Water Board |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

The subdivision is drained by small tributaries feeding the larger rivers of the region; river channels and local drainage are described in the district and CGWB reports cited above. Seasonal flooding occurs in low-lying parts of the plain during the monsoon; the district administration maintains flood/relief plans for affected areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/about-district/ |title=About District |publisher=District Nalanda, Government of Bihar |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Administration==
Rajgir is a revenue sub-division of Nalanda district. According to the official district administration, Nalanda is divided into three sub-divisions and 20 community development (CD) blocks; Rajgir Sub-division corresponds to the Rajgir sub-district/tehsil and contains the Rajgir [[Community development block|CD Block]] (headquartered at Rajgir town). The district portal and the Census District Handbook provide the administrative listing for the district.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/blocks-circles/ |title=Blocks & Circles |publisher=District Nalanda, Government of Bihar |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/293/download/822/DH_2011_1027_PART_B_DCHB_NALANDA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Nalanda — Part B (Village & Town-wise Primary Census Abstract) |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

* Community development block:
* '''Rajgir''' (headquarters: Rajgir)

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]] (Primary Census Abstract and District Census Handbook), Rajgir sub-district had a total population of 130,183 in 2011, of which the urban population (Rajgir [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]]) was 41,587 and the rural population (Rajgir CD Block villages combined) was 88,596. The 2011 census data provide detailed figures for population by sex, literacy, child population (0–6), and Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes at town, block and village levels; those tables are published in the District Census Handbook (Nalanda) Part A and Part B. Specific indicators such as literacy rate, [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] and SC/ST percentages for the sub-district and constituent units are recorded in the DCHB tables.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/293/download/822/DH_2011_1027_PART_B_DCHB_NALANDA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Nalanda — Part B (PCA) |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/292/download/818/DH_2011_1027_PART_A_DCHB_NALANDA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Nalanda — Part A (Village & Town Directory) |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

(For town- and village-level breakdowns, including population by sex, literacy rates, child population and Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, see the District Census Handbook — the PCA tables list the Rajgir Nagar Panchayat and all villages in Rajgir CD Block.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/293 |title=District Census Handbook: Nalanda (catalog entry) |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Rajgir subdivision is predominantly agrarian in the rural areas, with agriculture (paddy, potato, vegetables) forming the primary occupation for most rural households, as described in the District Census Handbook and district profiles. Tourism is a significant economic activity in Rajgir town and its surroundings owing to the area's historical, religious and archaeological importance; services connected to hospitality, retail and transport contribute to the urban economy of Rajgir. Detailed occupational and sectoral worker-class data are available in the Census DCHB worker tables and district economic profiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/293/download/822/DH_2011_1027_PART_B_DCHB_NALANDA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Nalanda — Economic and Worker Tables |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/about-district/ |title=About District — Economy |publisher=District Nalanda, Government of Bihar |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==
Rajgir town is connected by road to other towns in Nalanda district and to Patna and Gaya via state highways and district roads; public and private bus services operate from Rajgir. The nearest major rail and road nodes are described in the district transport and the DCHB village/town directories (Part A), which list road connectivity and nearest railheads for each town and village. The DCHB and district portal give details of major roads, bus stands and transport facilities in the sub-division.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/292/download/818/DH_2011_1027_PART_A_DCHB_NALANDA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Nalanda — Part A (Town and Village Directory) |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/how-to-reach/ |title=How to Reach — Nalanda District |publisher=District Nalanda, Government of Bihar |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Education and public services==
Education and health infrastructure for Rajgir subdivision (numbers of primary/secondary schools, colleges, primary health centres, community health centres and hospitals) are recorded in the District Census Handbook (Part A — Village & Town Directory) and on the district administration portals (schools/hospitals directories). The DCHB lists the educational institutions and medical facilities in Rajgir town and in the villages of Rajgir CD Block; the district's official directories provide the current administrative contact points.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/292/download/818/DH_2011_1027_PART_A_DCHB_NALANDA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Nalanda — Part A (Facilities Directory) |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/public-utilities/ |title=Public Utilities (Schools, Hospitals, Postal) |publisher=District Nalanda, Government of Bihar |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
* [[Rajgir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://nalanda.nic.in/ Official website of Nalanda district]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Nalanda district]]

Chandrakant Pandav

2025-12-29T02:01:23Z

YourPritam7: Pg...

{{short description|Indian doctor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=November 2021}}{{BLP primary sources|date=November 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Chandrakant S. Pandav
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| fields = [[Community Medicine]]
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = [[AIIMS]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| prizes =
}}

'''Dr. Chandrakant S. Pandav''' is an Indian doctor who works on combating the [[iodine deficiency]] disorders. He is one of the founding members and regional coordinators for South Asia of International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-11-24-12-23-25/faculty?id=759|title = Dr. Chandrakant (aiims.edu)}}</ref> He played a crucial role in the [[Iodised salt|iodisation of salt]] in India, which has earned him the title of "The Iodine Man of India".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.org/qa-with-chandrakant-pandav.htm|title = Iodine Global Network (IGN) – A Q&A with "The Iodine Man of India", Dr. Chandrakant Pandav, on why his passion lies in universal salt iodization, the impact of his work and how we continue to move toward a world free of iodine deficiency}}</ref>

==Biography==
Dr. Pandav completed his MBBS and MD in Community Medicine from [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]], and received his M.Sc. with specialization in Health Economics, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics from [[McMaster University]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-11-24-12-23-25/faculty?id=759|title = Dr. Chandrakant (aiims.edu)}}</ref> He is a former professor and Head, Centre for Community Medicine (CCM), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. He has travelled over 60 countries. He has special interests in Music Therapy.

Dr. Pandav has been [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] consultant on iodine deficiency disorders since 1983. He was President of Indian Public Health Association from 2010 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-11-24-12-23-25/faculty?id=759|title = Dr. Chandrakant (aiims.edu)}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
{{BLP sources section|date=November 2021}}
*[[Padma Shri]] (fourth highest civilian award in India) (2021)
*[[Mother Teresa Awards|Mother Teresa Memorial Award]] (2016)
*WHO Public Health Champion (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Health Champion Awards |url=https://www.who.int/india/news/detail/12-07-2017-public-health-champion-awards |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en |date=12 July 2017}}</ref>
*Dr. M.K. Seshadri Prize, Gold Medal by [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (2000) for contributions in the field of Community Medicine
*Fellow at National Academy of Medical Sciences
*Fellow at Indian Public Health Association
*Fellow at Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine
*Delhi Ratna Awardee 2022
*Chief Mentor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS), Udaipur
* President, Indian Coalition for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders( ICCIDD)
*Iodine Global Network(IGN), South Asia Coordinator(1986–2020)
*Founding Member, International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders 1986
*Chief Mentor, World Federation for Non Communicable Diseases(NCD)
*President, Indian Public Health Association(IPHA) 2010–2013
*Vice President, Indian Public Health Association(IPHA) 2004–2009
*Member, Rashtriya POSHAN(Prime Minister's Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition) Abhiyan
*President, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine(IAPSM), 2007
*The Coalition for Food and Nutrition Security(CFNS) chairperson from July 2019 – October 2020
*Vice President, Trans Asian Chamber of Commerce, India(TACCI)
*President, Rainbow Cold Laser Institute, New Delhi
*Chairperson, International Integrated Medical Professionals Association (IIMPA), Pune, Maharashtra
*Chairperson, Divine Campus Foundation
*Chief Mentor, Integrative Global Health And Wellness For Happiness And Peace
*Patron, International Council for Social And Economic Development
*Chief Mentor, Vivekanand Academy, Pune, Maharashtra

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ResearchGate|Chandrakant-Pandav}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandav, Chandrakant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]

S. W. Schmitthenner

2025-12-16T19:44:44Z

YourPritam7: Creating New Info

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=April 2023}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = President
| name = Samuel William Schmitthenner, [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]
| title = The Reverend
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Lutheran]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Synods]] of [[East Godavari]], [[West Godavari]], East [[Guntur]], West [[Guntur]], Central [[Guntur]]
| see = [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] (AELC)
| term = 1969–1981
| predecessor = [[K. Devasahayam]]
| successor = [[K. Nathaniel]]

| ordination = May 23, 1951<ref name="General">Report of the Secretary, Lower Susquehanna Synod, 2015, p.22. [www.lss-elca.org/Redesign/wp.../Complete-Report-of-the-Secretary.pdf]</ref>
| ordained_by = Central Pennsylvania Synod, [[United Lutheran Church in America]]<ref name="General"/>
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| rank =

| birth_date = February 23, 1928<ref name="Gettysburg">[http://www.gettysburgtimes.com/obituaries/article_8d9e4750-ec24-5793-897b-8b337e79d391.html Gettysburg Times, Samuel William Schmitthenner, May 22, 2015]</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = May 17, 2015<ref name="Gettysburg"/>
| death_place = [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]
| previous_post = Pastor, [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] Society
}}
'''Samuel William Schmitthenner''' (February{{nbsp}}23, 1928{{snd}}May{{nbsp}}17, 2015) was a [[Lutheran]] pastor who served as the President of the [[Protestant]] [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] Society in [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]] from 1969 to 1981.<ref name=ULS>{{cite web |url= https://ulsem.libraryhost.com/repositories/4/resources/5 |title= Rev. Samuel William Schmitthenner Collection - Collection Identifier: ULS-MS-042 |author= |date= |website= United Lutheran Seminary |publisher= |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

==Early life==
His parents, Marian and August Schmitthenner missionaries were in Rajahmundry, India.<ref name=L>{{cite web |url= https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/publicopiniononline/name/samuel-schmitthenner-obituary?id=13601079 |title= Samuel Schmitthenner Obituary |author= |date= 22 May 2015 |website= Legacy.com |publisher= |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

{{Portal|Christianity}}

==Studies==
S. W. Schmitthenner studied at the [[Kodaikanal International School]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and in 1944 moved on to [[Gettysburg College]], [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]], [[Pennsylvania]], where he earned a graduate degree in 1948.<ref name=L /> He continued his studies and earned a Master of Divinity (M. Div.) degree from the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg]] in 1951.<ref name=L />

Gettysburg College honored him with an honorary D.D. in 1977; in 2013, the Kodaikanal International School awarded him the Margaret Eddy Award in honor of his service to the school.<ref name=L />

==Career==

S. W. Schmitthenner initially served as a missionary to India from 1952 onwards.<ref>[http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/hiddenpapers/7/ Amanda Caligiuri, Hidden in Plain Sight: Plaque in the Chapel, Gettysburg, 2006, p.5.]</ref> He worked as a pastor of the [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] Society in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=L /> During his time in India, Schmitthenner returned twice to [[United States|America]] to upgrade his academics. In 1958-1959<ref name="General"/> he attended the Kennedy School of Missions at [[Hartford]], [[Connecticut]], and again in 1966<ref name="General"/> he joined the [[University of Pennsylvania]] for studying Indian Sociology.

He returned to the US in 1982 and was the pastor of Faith United Lutheran Parish in Claysburg, Pennsylvania, from that time until 1991.<ref name=ULS />

==Family life==
In 1950, he married his school sweetheart, Ruth Gosselink; Ruth died in 1996 and a year later, he married Barbara Kolumban.<ref name=L />

==Contribution==
{{S-start}}
{{s-rel}}
{{Succession box| before=[[K. Devasahayam]]<ref name="Kolluri">Kolluri Luther Richardson, ''Towards Self-Reliance : A historical survey of the programmes and efforts of Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church from 1927 to 1969'', Published by Christopher and Kanakaiah, Vijayawada, 2003, p.78.</ref> 1965–1969| title=President [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]]
| after=[[K. Nathaniel]] 1981–1989<ref name="Kolluri"/>| years=1969–1981<ref name="Kolluri"/>}}
{{s-hon}}
{{Succession box| before=M. Elia Peter, [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]], 1975-1977| title=Chairperson, Board of Governors, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]]
| after=B. Victor Emmanuel, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]], 1980-1982| years=1977-1979}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| author=Kolluri Luther Richardson
| title=''Towards Self-Reliance : A historical survey of the programmes and efforts of Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church from 1927–1969'', Published by Christopher and Kanakaiah, Vijayawada
| year=2003
| volume=
| issue=
| url =
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Michael Bergunder
| title=Die südindische Pfingstbewegung im 20. Jahrhundert: eine historische und systematische Untersuchung
| year=1999
| volume= of Studien zur interkulturellen Geschichte des Christentums
| series=113| isbn=978-3-631-33771-4| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo3YAAAAMAAJ
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=R. Joseph and B. Suneel Bhanu
| title=Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India in Telugu
| year=1993
| volume=
| issue=
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPgAAAAMAAJ&q=Bibliography+of+Original+Christian+Writings+in+India+in+Telugu
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Martin Senftleben
| title=''Influences of Hinduism on Christianity in Andhra Pradesh.'' Unpublished PhD thesis, Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati
| year=1992
| volume=I
| issue=
| url=http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis1.pdf
| archive-date=December 9, 2008
| access-date=July 19, 2015
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131403/http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis1.pdf
| url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Martin Senftleben
| author-mask=______________
| title=''Influences of Hinduism on Christianity in Andhra Pradesh.'' Unpublished PhD thesis, Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati
| year=1992
| volume=II
| issue=
| url=http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis2.pdf
| archive-date=December 9, 2008
| access-date=July 19, 2015
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131418/http://www.drmartinus.de/bio/de/thesis2.pdf
| url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=M. Victor Paul
| title=Parish Renewal in Reflections on Theology Today – Papers presented by the ACTC faculty during the academic year 1988–1989 on Theology and Mission and Ministry of the Church
| year=1990
| volume=
| issue=
| url =
}}
* {{cite journal
|author = B. C. Paul
|title = The Emergence of a Church in South India: A Study of the Growth and Development of the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church: 1905–1927. Unpublished Th. D. thesis submitted to the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago.
|year = 1984
|volume =
|issue =
|url = http://archive.elca.org/archives/dgm/India.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112221/http://archive.elca.org/archives/dgm/India.html
|archive-date = July 12, 2011
|df = mdy-all
}}

{{Protestant missions to India |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmitthenner, Samuel William}}
[[Category:Indian Lutherans]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Telugu]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Lutherans]]

Naktala

2025-12-07T21:41:32Z

YourPritam7:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Naktala
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Gitanjali metro station|Gitanjali]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
|governing_body = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
|parts = [[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]], [[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|100]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22|28|27|N|88|22|03|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700047
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tollygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tollygunge]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Naktala''' is a neighbourhood of [[South Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is a part of [[Garia]] neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title=Kolkata - A Municipal History|publisher=KMC|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Previously forest, swampland and a peaceful rural area, dotted with ponds and the occasional [[dak bungalow]] (the erstwhile Dalgis bungalow) in between, Naktala is located by the Tolly's Nullah (Adi Ganga canal) connecting Kolkata to the Vidhyadhari River to the east. It has evolved with time from a sleepy to a bustling neighbourhood, burgeoned and prospered with the arrival of people from all over, mainly [[East Bengal]] after independence. The name is supposed to have originated from Nagtala (Nag meaning Snake, a place of snakes) according to one source and from Nak meaning Swarga (Heaven).

== Transport ==
Naktala is connected by road and metro railway to the other parts of Kolkata. Many buses like AC Bus (AC6), CSTC Buses (S6A, S7), Private Buses (80A, 228, SD5), Naktala - Howrah Mini Bus, Harinavi - Howrah Mini Bus etc. ply on [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road]] (NSC Bose Road). The closest metro station is [[Gitanjali metro station|Gitanjali]].<ref>[http://www.kolkataweb.com/bus.php Bus routes in Kolkata] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723234208/http://www.kolkataweb.com/bus.php |date=2015-07-23 }}</ref>

== Education ==
Naktala is rich in schools, with colleges mostly in Garia, Netaji Nagar and elsewhere.
The schools are :
* Mukul Bose Memorial Institution
* Ananda Ashram Balika Vidyapith
* Maharishi Vidya Mandir
* Bani Bhavan High School
* Shri R K Ananda Ashram Girls School
* Khanpur Girls High School
* All Saints Academy
* [[Naktala High School]]<ref>[http://www.naktalahighschool.org Naktala High School Official Website]</ref>
* B.D. Memorial School, Bansdroni <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bdmi.org/location.php |title=B.D. Memorial School locations |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711165751/http://www.bdmi.org/location.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Culture ==
Durga Puja is celebrated at Naktala with great pomp. The much acclaimed and award-winning Naktala Udayan Sangha Durga Puja celebrated in the Udayan Sangha grounds adds to the pride of Naktala.

== Healthcare ==
Naktala has several nursing homes and hospitals.

* Acharya Durga Prasanna Paramahamsa Sebayatan
* BC Roy Polio Clinic and Hospital for Crippled Children
* Sevangan Medical Complex
* Nidan Poly Clinic
* Springdale Health Care Unit

== See also ==
* [[Kolkata Metro#North South Corridor|Kolkata Metro Railway Routes (North South Corridor)]]
== Notable persons ==
#[[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Abdur Razzak]], Bangladeshi actor
#[[Damayanti Sen|Damayanti Sen, IPS]]
#[[Kabir Suman]], singer and former Member of Parliament
#[[Rashid Khan (musician)|Ustad Rashid Khan]], Hindusthani Classical Vocalist
#[[Krishanu Dey]], footballer
#[[Tapas Sen]], acclaimed stage lighting designer
#[[Gautam Chattopadhyay]], Moheener Ghoraguli

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/place?ftid=0x3a027106c46d6f6d:0x396e73f0827e7f66&q=Naktala,+Kolkata,+West+Bengal&hl=en&gl=in&sll=22.473451,88.368155&sspn=0.020622,0.032015&ie=UTF8&ll=87.628962,75.9375&spn=0,0&z=1 Naktala] at [[Google Maps]]
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/naktala.html Naktala] at [http://www.mapsofindia.com mapsofindia.com]
* [http://www.kolkatamycity.com Official site of KMC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004234833/http://www.kolkatamycity.com/ |date=4 October 2011 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132602/http://urbanrail.net/as/kolk/kolkata.htm Urban Rail]
* [http://www.naktalaudayansangha.com Naktala Udayan Sangha]

{{Neighbourhoods in Garia}}
{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Japfü Christian College

2025-12-06T02:15:26Z

YourPritam7: quick fix

{{Short description|College in Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Japfü Christian College
|image = JAPFU christian college.jpg
|caption=Entrance arch of the college from the main road
|motto = Faith and Work
|established = {{start date and age|1996}}
|type = Co-educational Residential College|principal= Visakhonü Hibo
|city = [[Kipfüzha]], [[Kohima district|Kohima District]]
|state= [[Nagaland]]
|country = [[India]]
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|administrative_staff=
|campus = Urban
|endowment =
|mascot =
| coor = {{Coord|25.602909|N|94.110163|E|display=title}}
|website= {{URL|japfuchristiancollege.org}}
|chairman=Akho Yhokha}}

'''Japfü Christian College''' ('''JCC''') is a [[co-educational]] residential [[Christian school|Christian]] College located at Kipfüzha, [[Kigwema]] in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]]. Established in 1996, it offers bachelors degree in six social sciences discipline, and masters degree in [[Sociology]].

== History ==
Japfü Christian College was established in 1996. The college takes its name from the nearby [[Mount Japfü]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japfuchristiancollege.org/|title=jccfaithandwork|website=jccfaithandwork|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref> JCC is located within the Mission Centre of Japfüphiki Baptist Church Council (JBCC) at Kipfüzha, 12km south of the capital city, Kohima.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE COLLEGE|url=https://www.japfuchristiancollege.org/the-college|access-date=2021-01-21|website=jccfaithandwork|language=en}}</ref>

== Present Day ==
The college is a residential college for both boys and girls.

== Courses Offered ==
JCC offers honours courses in [[English language|English]], [[Economics]], [[Education]], [[History]], [[Political science|Political Science]] and [[Sociology]]. The college caters to the [[Christian theology|Christian Theological]] studies too.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.entranceexams.co.in/japfu-christian-college-nagaland/|title=Japfu Christian College, Nagaland|work=Entrance Exams|access-date=2017-06-03|language=en-US|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805075132/http://www.entranceexams.co.in/japfu-christian-college-nagaland/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, the college offers masters degree in sociology.

== Faculty ==
Dr. Visakhonü Hibo is the Principal of the college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japfuchristiancollege.org/|title=jccfaithandwork|website=jccfaithandwork|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> Most of the faculty is local. Dr. Akho Yhokha is the respective Chairman of the Board of Management.

== Affiliations and Accreditation ==
It is affiliated to the [[Nagaland University]]. It is NAAC accredited with [[Grading in education|CGPA]] of 2.51 on four point scale at B + grade.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-21 |title=Japfü Christian College gets assessed by NAAC |url=http://morungexpress.com/japfu-christian-college-gets-assessed-by-naac/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-06-03 |work=[[The Morung Express]] |language=en-US |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214543/http://morungexpress.com/japfu-christian-college-gets-assessed-by-naac/ }}</ref>

== Extra Curriculum ==
College has its elite Badminton team by the name ZAPA Shuttlers, which is active on district to inter college level. College actively participates in many sports activities.

== See also ==
* [[Christian Colleges and Universities in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.japfuchristiancollege.org Japfü Christian College] Official Website

{{Nagaland University}}

[[Category:Christian schools in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Bible colleges]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Nagaland University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]

The Charter School, India

2025-11-09T19:29:46Z

YourPritam7: refined references as per guidelines and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Charter School (Kerala, India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from other disambiguation}}
}}

List of accolades received by Mersal

2025-10-15T08:02:07Z

YourPritam7:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Mersal''}}
{{Infobox awards list
| title = List of accolades received by ''Mersal''
| film = y
| total_width = 250
| image = File:Tamil Film actor Vijay Celebrating World Environment Day at the U.S. Consulate Chennai 19 (cropped).jpg
| alt = Vijay Celebrating World Environment Day at the U.S. Consulate in Chennai
| caption = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] garnered several awards and nominations for his performance as a father and his two sons in ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''.
| wins = '''36'''
| nominations = '''58'''
| awards =
{{Custom award|'''[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]'''|5|5}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]'''|7|7}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''|2|11}}
{{Custom award|'''[[National Film Awards UK]]'''|1|2}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]'''|2|2}}
{{Custom award|'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''|5|12}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Techofes|Techofes Awards]]'''|10|10}}
{{Custom award|'''[[Vijay Awards]]'''|3|8}}
{{Custom award|'''IARA Awards'''|1|1}}
}}

[[File:Nitya Menen at Filmfare awards.jpg|thumb|Nithya Menen at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony.]]

''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' ({{translation|Zapped}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=23 August 2017 |title='Mersal' soundtrack review: Plenty of Tamil pride but only one really stunning song |url=https://scroll.in/reel/847930/mersal-soundtrack-review-plenty-of-tamil-pride-but-only-one-really-stunning-song |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404163945/https://scroll.in/reel/847930/mersal-soundtrack-review-plenty-of-tamil-pride-but-only-one-really-stunning-song |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=4 April 2019 |publisher=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> is a 2017 Indian [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] directed by [[Atlee Kumar]], who co-wrote the screenplay with [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] and S. Ramana Girivasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=NP |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mersal Synopsis Revealed, Vijay's Film is an Action-Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mersal-synopsis-revealed-vijays-film-is-an-action-thriller-1549721.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403151505/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mersal-synopsis-revealed-vijays-film-is-an-action-thriller-1549721.html |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=16 October 2017 |title=Mersal will be a notch higher than Theri in everything: Atlee guarantees goosebumps |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/16/mersal-will-be-a-notch-higher-than-theri-in-everything-atlee-guarentees-goosebumps-1675916.html |url-status=dead |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403153223/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/16/mersal-will-be-a-notch-higher-than-theri-in-everything-atlee-guarentees-goosebumps-1675916.html |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Produced by N. Ramasamy and Hema Rukmani under the banner of [[Thenandal Studio Limited]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=12 October 2017 |title=We are hopeful that Mersal will have a Diwali release: Sri Thenandal Film's Hema Rukmani |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/hema-rukmani-interview-mersal-vijay-4885287/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403151816/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/hema-rukmani-interview-mersal-vijay-4885287/ |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> ''Mersal'' features [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in triple roles for the first time in his career.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 June 2017 |title=Mersal first look out: Ilayathalapathy Vijay looks Theri in Atlee's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mersal-first-look-ilayathalapathy-vijay-atlee-kajal-samantha-984039-2017-06-22 |url-status=live |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403154134/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mersal-first-look-ilayathalapathy-vijay-atlee-kajal-samantha-984039-2017-06-22 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> [[Nithya Menen]], [[S. J. Surya]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Samantha Akkineni]] play the other lead roles while [[Vadivelu]], [[Kovai Sarala]] and [[Sathyaraj]] feature as supporting characters.<ref name="Mersal IE">{{Cite news |last=Kumar R |first=Manoj |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mersal movie review: There is never a dull moment in this Vijay starrer |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mersal-movie-review-vijay-atlee-samantha-ruth-prabhu-kajal-aggarwal-star-rating-4895175/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103756/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mersal-movie-review-vijay-atlee-samantha-ruth-prabhu-kajal-aggarwal-star-rating-4895175/ |archive-date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Mersal TNM">{{Cite news |last=Mehar |first=Rakesh |date=18 October 2017 |title='Mersal' review: This Deepavali blockbuster is a mass masala love fest for Vijay |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mersal-review-deepavali-blockbuster-mass-masala-love-fest-vijay-70175 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190403154628/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mersal-review-deepavali-blockbuster-mass-masala-love-fest-vijay-70175 |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]] composed the film's soundtrack, while also handling the background score along with [[Qutub-E-Kripa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2017 |title=Third look of Vijay's 'Mersal' doing the rounds is fake, clarify producers |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/third-look-vijays-mersal-doing-rounds-fake-clarify-producers-64490 |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190405071718/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/third-look-vijays-mersal-doing-rounds-fake-clarify-producers-64490 |archive-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] and [[G. K. Vishnu]] were in charge of the editing and cinematography respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2018 |title=Vijay's 'Mersal' wins international award |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-s-mersal-wins-international-award-78864 |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190403155318/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-s-mersal-wins-international-award-78864 |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> The film follows two brothers, Vetri (Vijay), a renowned magician, and Maaran (Vijay), a doctor who charges meagre amounts for his patients, who try to expose the corrupt dealings and medical crimes of another doctor, Daniel Arockiaraj (Surya), who also happens to be the same person that killed their parents, Vetrimaaran (Vijay) and Aishwarya (Menen).<ref name="Mersal IE" /><ref name="Mersal TNM" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ge |first=Krupa |date=24 October 2017 |title=Ms. Representation: Two and a half women |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/oct/24/ms-representation-two-and-a-half-women-2694.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190403161022/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/oct/24/ms-representation-two-and-a-half-women-2694.html |archive-date=3 April 2019}} {{Cite magazine |last=Srivatsan |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mersal movie review: This Diwali, Vijay is back to doing what he does best |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mersal-movie-review-vijay-samantha-kajal-aggarwal-atlee-1066883-2017-10-18 |url-status=live |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403155359/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mersal-movie-review-vijay-samantha-kajal-aggarwal-atlee-1066883-2017-10-18 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

Produced on a budget of ₹1.2 billion (about US$17.5 million in 2017),<ref name="INRUSD2017">{{Cite news |date=11 April 2017 |title=Rupee to average 66.2 against dollar in 2017-18: Kotak |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/rupee-to-average-66-2-against-dollar-in-2017-18-kotak/articleshow/58124988.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630154810/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/rupee-to-average-66-2-against-dollar-in-2017-18-kotak/articleshow/58124988.cms |archive-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 November 2017 |title=Mersal box office collection: Vijay's film crosses Rs 20 crore in Kerala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mersal-box-office-collection-thalapathy-vijay-atlee-1080448-2017-11-06 |url-status=live |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403154746/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mersal-box-office-collection-thalapathy-vijay-atlee-1080448-2017-11-06 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> ''Mersal'' was released on 18 October 2017 and received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 October 2017 |title=Mersal Box Office Collection: Vijay's movie makes Rs 210 crore worldwide |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/mersal-box-office-collection-vijay-rs-210-crore-worldwide/story/262920.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403162334/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/mersal-box-office-collection-vijay-rs-210-crore-worldwide/story/262920.html |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019}} {{Cite news |date=10 November 2017 |title=Mersal becomes 2017's highest Tamil grosser; Vijay-starrer mints Rs 220 cr in three weeks |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mersal-becomes-2017s-highest-tamil-grosser-vijay-starrer-mints-rs-220-cr-in-three-weeks-4203231.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403162454/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mersal-becomes-2017s-highest-tamil-grosser-vijay-starrer-mints-rs-220-cr-in-three-weeks-4203231.html |archive-date=3 April 2019}} {{Cite news |date=19 October 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu BJP wants GST dialogues removed from Vijay's 'Mersal' |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/19/tamil-nadu-bjp-wants-gst-dialogues-removed-from-vijays-mersal-1677993.html |url-status=dead |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403162522/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/19/tamil-nadu-bjp-wants-gst-dialogues-removed-from-vijays-mersal-1677993.html |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> It was also a commercial success, grossing ₹2.6 billion (about US$39.3 million in 2017) worldwide.<ref name="INRUSD2017" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2018 |title=அடேங்கப்பா, பாக்ஸ் ஆபிஸ் வசூல் இவ்வளவா? மெர்சல் சாதனையை முறியடித்த 'சர்கார்'! |language=Tamil |trans-title=Oh my goodness, is this its box office collection? 'Sarkar' beats Mersal's lifetime collections |work=[[The Times Group|Samayam Tamil]] |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/sarkar-beats-mersal-lifetime-collections-breaches-260-crore-mark/articleshow/66783172.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403161258/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/sarkar-beats-mersal-lifetime-collections-breaches-260-crore-mark/articleshow/66783172.cms |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> The film won 35 awards from 57 nominations; its direction, screenplay, music and Vijay's performances received the most attention from award groups.

''Mersal'' received eleven nominations at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]], including those for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] (Atlee), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] (Vijay) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]] (Surya). It won in two categories – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]] (Menen) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]] (Rahman).<ref name="FFNom">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref name="FFWin">{{Cite news |date=17 June 2018 |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |archive-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> At the [[10th Vijay Awards]], it received eight nominations and won three, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]], [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Best Director]] and [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]].<ref name="Vijay1">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=4 June 2018 |title=Vijay Awards 2018: Here is the complete list of winners [Photos] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604112225/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |archive-date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Vijay2">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=The Glitzy Night is Here! |url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/the-glitzy-night-is-here/1100005877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618080028/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/the-glitzy-night-is-here/1100005877 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |publisher=[[Hotstar]]}} {{Cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=Stars of the Night |url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/stars-of-the-night/1100005893 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075951/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/vijay-awards/4031/stars-of-the-night/1100005893 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |publisher=Hotstar}}</ref> ''Mersal'' received twelve nominations at the [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards]] ceremony and won five awards, including Best Director for Atlee, Best Actor in a Negative Role for Surya and Best Music Director for Rahman.<ref name="SIIMA1">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=15 August 2018 |title=SIIMA 2018 Nominations: Vijay's Mersal Beats Madhavan And Vijay Sethupathi's Vikram Vedha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910171301/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name="SIIMA2">{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=16 September 2018 |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 – Tamil winners list and photos: Vijay's Mersal tops list with 5 honours |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-tamil-winners-list-photos-vijays-mersal-tops-list-5-honours-780694 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918112557/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-tamil-winners-list-photos-vijays-mersal-tops-list-5-honours-780694 |archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> The film also received ten [[Techofes|Techofes Awards]],<ref name="Techofes1">{{Cite web |title=T-Awards Poll |url=http://techofes.org.in/tawards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219154638/http://techofes.org.in/tawards/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018 |publisher=[[Techofes]]}} {{Cite web |title=Pro Shows |url=http://techofes.org.in/pro-shows/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219155111/http://techofes.org.in/pro-shows/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018 |publisher=Techofes}}</ref><ref name="Techofes2">{{Cite news |last=ஸ்கிரீனன் |date=19 February 2018 |title=இதுவரை 'மெர்சல்' செய்துள்ள சாதனைகள்: பட்டியலிட்ட படக்குழு |language=Tamil |trans-title=Mersal's achievements thus far: List given by Crew |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu Tamil]] |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/article22795343.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418010350/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/article22795343.ece |archive-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> seven [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award]]s,<ref name="Edison">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=26 February 2018 |title=Ilayathalapathy Vijay's Mersal sweeps Edison Awards [winners' list] |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429105814/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/11th-edison-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-complete-winners-list-2017-761866 |archive-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> five [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]],<ref name="AVW1">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=11 January 2018 |title=Vijay's Mersal wins big at Vikatan Cinema Awards 2017 [See Complete Winners List] |work=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |url-status=live |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155032/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |archive-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="AVW2">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2017 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2018-jan-17/ananda-vikatan-awards/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155037/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2018-jan-17/ananda-vikatan-awards/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017.html |archive-date=21 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> two [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]], one award for Best Foreign Film at the [[National Film Awards UK]]<ref name="NTFF1">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2018 |title=9th NTFF 2018: Official selection & Winners of Tamilar Awards 2018 Tamil Nadu ! |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/161 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610082155/http://www.ntff.no/node/161 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]}} {{Cite web |title=News |url=http://www.ntff.no/News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610082341/http://www.ntff.no/News |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |publisher=Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards}}</ref><ref name="NFAUK1">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2018 |title=Nominations For 2018 National Film Awards UK Announced |url=http://www.nationalfilmawards.org/nominations-for-2018-national-film-awards-uk-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418005528/http://www.nationalfilmawards.org/nominations-for-2018-national-film-awards-uk-announced/ |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |publisher=[[National Film Awards UK]]}} {{Cite web |date=28 March 2018 |title=Winners Announced At The 4th Annual National Film Awards UK |url=http://www.nationalfilmawards.org/winners-announced-at-the-4th-annual-national-film-awards-uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418005534/http://www.nationalfilmawards.org/winners-announced-at-the-4th-annual-national-film-awards-uk/ |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=31 March 2018 |publisher=National Film Awards UK}}</ref> and Best International actor award for [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] at ''International Achievement Recognition Award UK''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iara-2018-vijay-wins-best-international-actor-award-mersal-88818 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=www.thenewsminute.com|title=IARA 2018: Vijay wins best international actor award for 'Mersal' |date=23 September 2018 }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | 10 January 2018
| Best Actor
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | <ref name="AVW1" /> <ref name="AVW2" />
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''|name=Music}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer — Female
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Neethane"{{efn|Also for "Mazhaikulle" from ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Costume Designer
| {{sort|Kona|[[Neeraja Kona]]}}, Archa Mehta, [[Komal Shahani]], Pallavi Singh, Jayalakshmi Sundaresan
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="7" | 26 February 2018
| Best Director
| {{sort|Kumar|[[Atlee Kumar]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref name="Edison" />
|-
| Best Villain
| {{sort|Surya|[[S. J. Surya]]}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]''|name=Villain}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| Sathyaprakash for "[[Aalaporaan Thamizhan]]"
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Choreographer
| Shobi
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| {{sort|Vishnu|[[G. K. Vishnu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Director
| {{sort|Muthuraj|[[T. Muthuraj]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="11" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|16 June 2018]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Kumar|[[Atlee Kumar]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11" | <ref name="FFNom" /> <ref name="FFWin" />
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Surya|[[S. J. Surya]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Menen|[[Nithya Menen]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}} for "Neethane"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Sriram|[[Sid Sriram]]}} for "Macho"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Neethane"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Mohan|[[Shweta Mohan]]}} for "Macho"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] for "Aalaporaan Thamizhan"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] for "Neethane"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[National Film Awards UK]]
| rowspan="2" | 28 March 2018
| Best Foreign Film
| {{sort|Murali|H. Murali}}, N. Ramasamy, Hema Rukmani
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <ref name="NFAUK1"/>
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 26 January 2018
| Best Lyricist
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <ref name="NTFF1"/>
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Neethane"
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="12" | [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|14 – 15 September 2018]]
| Best Film
| {{sort|Murali|H. Murali}}, N. Ramasamy, Hema Rukmani
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="12" | <ref name="SIIMA1" /> <ref name="SIIMA2" />
|-
| Best Director
| {{sort|Kumar|[[Atlee Kumar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress
| {{sort|Menen|[[Nithya Menen]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| {{sort|Surya|[[S. J. Surya]]}}{{efn|name=Villain}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}}{{efn|name=Music}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] for "Aalaporaan Thamizhan"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Male Playback Singer
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}} for "Neethane"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Sriram|[[Sid Sriram]]}} for "Macho"
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Neethane"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Comedian
| {{sort|Babu|[[Yogi Babu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| {{sort|Vishnu|[[G. K. Vishnu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[Techofes|Techofes Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | 19 February 2018
| Best Film
| {{sort|Murali|H. Murali}}, N. Ramasamy, Hema Rukmani
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" | <ref name="Techofes1"/> <ref name="Techofes2" />
|-
| Best Director
| {{sort|Kumar|[[Atlee Kumar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Villain
| {{sort|Surya|[[S. J. Surya]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| Sathyaprakash for "Aalaporaan Thamizhan"
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| {{sort|Vaidyanath|[[Pooja Vaidyanath]]}} for "Aalaporaan Thamizhan"
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Choreographer
| Shobi
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| {{sort|Vishnu|[[G. K. Vishnu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Director
| {{sort|Muthuraj|[[T. Muthuraj]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | [[10th Vijay Awards|3 June 2018]]
| Best Dialogue
| {{sort|Kumar|[[Atlee Kumar]]}}, S. Ramana Girivasan
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" | <ref name="Vijay1" /> <ref name="Vijay2"/>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Rahman|[[A. R. Rahman]]}} for "Neethane"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Neethane"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] for "Aalaporaan Thamizhan"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| {{sort|Vishnu|[[G. K. Vishnu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
| {{sort|Murali|H. Murali}}, N. Ramasamy, Hema Rukmani
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| {{sort|Kumar|[[Atlee Kumar]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
| "Aalaporaan Thamizhan"
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="9" | International Achievement Recognition Award UK(IARA UK)
| rowspan="9" | International Achievement Recognition Award UK - 2018
| Best International Actor
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=IARA 2018: Thalapathy Vijay wins Best International Actor award |language=en |work=India Today |agency=Ist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-best-international-actor-iara-awards-2018-1346857-2018-09-23 |access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2017]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6485666/awards Accolades for ''Mersal'' (film)] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Mersal (film)]]

Mugera people

2025-09-25T16:31:09Z

YourPritam7: Starting Some Post Basic Info

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{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=tcy|otherarticle=ತುಳುನಾಡ್‌ದ ಮೊಗೇರೆ‌ರ್|date=September 2025}}
'''Mugera''' people, otherwise known as '''Mera people''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] of [[Tulunadu|Tulu Nadu]], [[India]] mainly spread in the areas of modern [[Kasaragod]] District of [[Kerala]] and [[Mangalore]], [[Udupi]], [[Coorg]] Districts of [[Karnataka]]. They follow a matriarchal family system called "Bari". The language spoken by Mera is [[Tulu language|Tulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಮೊಗೇರ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಿಳೆ |trans-title=Women in Mogera culture |url=http://kanaja.in/archives/17053#expand |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102171113/http://kanaja.in/archives/17053#expand |archive-date=2014-01-02 |website=kanaja,.in |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundkur |first=Ravindra |date=2016-10-01 |title=TuLu Research & Studies: 365. The Mugera Community |url=https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2016/10/365-mugera-community.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=TuLu Research & Studies}}</ref>

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{India-ethno-stub}}

Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna Temple

2025-09-08T15:41:35Z

YourPritam7:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Tone|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Sri Gopalakrishna Temple
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location in [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5949093|74.9424009|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kasaragod district]]
| location = [[Kumbla]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Shri Gopalakrishna
| Direction_posture =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals = Annual Festival, Kumble Bedi
| architecture = [[Hindu architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna Temple''' at [[Kumbla]] is an ancient<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hearitage.in/2021/10/gopalakrishna-temple-place-to-find.html|title=Gopalakrishna Temple: A place to find Yashodha's Kanha}}</ref> temple situated eight miles due north of the town of [[Kasaragod]] in [[Kerala]] in [[South India]]. This shrine is eulogised as among the extant [[Abhimana Kshethram]]s in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] tradition. The Krishnashila Idol of the Lord Bala Gopalkrishna had the features of a child and was worshipped by Lord Krishna's foster mother [[Yashoda]]. According to local religious beliefs, this idol was presented by the almighty [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] himself to the sage [[Maharishi|Maharshi]] in [[Dvapara Yuga]], who in turn the idol at its present location where the temple still stands today. Historical records{{which|date=February 2015}} state that in the 10th-century, the Temple was renovated by King Jayasimha of the [[Kadamba dynasty]], whose capital was [[Kumbla]] and even the administration of his Kingdom was being done in the name of Kanipura Sri Gopalkrishna. The coronation of Kumbla Rajas was being solemnized at Kanipura Sri Gopalkrishna Temple. It is stated{{by whom|date=February 2015}} that Sri Gopalkrishna Temple has the sanctity of over three [[Yuga]]s of [[Treta Yuga]], [[Dvapara Yuga]] and [[Kali Yuga]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Priests of this temple belong to the [[Kota Brahmin]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kanipurashrigopalakrishna.com|title=Kanipura Gopala Krishna Temple: Official Website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129123058/http://www.kanipurashrigopalakrishna.com/|archive-date=29 January 2022|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==History==
Kanipura Temple was the original seat of the Raja of Kumbla, which was later on shifted to Maipady (Mayapuri). Even to this day, one can see the ruins of the fort at Kumbla (or Kotekar) and Arikadi, which bear testimony to the political importance of Kumbla in the days gone by. Kanipura is only a derivative of Kanvapura. Tradition ascribes the Prathishtah of Sri Gopalkrishna Moorthi of the temple to Kanva Maharshi from whom the name of the place is derived. The other place names such as Kannur (also called Kanva Peetah) within two miles to the east of the temple and the well known Kanva Teertha of the Pejavar Mutt fame near Manjeshwar, also are indicative of the faith of the people in the many legends relating to the association of the sage Kanva with this temple and the surrounding place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kanipura.templeinfo.in/templeinfo/kanipura/history.htm |title=History |publisher=Kanipura.templeinfo.in |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>

The Sthala-Purana legend claims that after installing the idol, a jet-black granite statue of Balagopalakrishna that was being worshipped by Yashoda, the sage performed Adhishekam to the deity using the Manthrodaka that he had previously saved in his Kamandalu. The Manthrodaka then flowed out as a stream, grew into a river, and eventually joined the western sea not far from the temple. The river is "Kumbha Hole" (Hole means river) which thus is also known as the Kumbhini. The town as well came to be known as Kumbla from this.

The temple, for which extensive repairs and renovations have been carried out, is situated in the heart of the town of Kumbla at the foot of an elevated hill which rises in front of it, with the river Kumbha Hole flanking it on the north. If Srimadanantheshwara, and Sri Vinayaka of [[Madhur]] are the deities of the daily worship of the senior Raja of Kumbla, the patta Abhisheka or coronation of the senior Raja in ancient days would have taken place at Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna temple. The Abhisheka of the Yuvaraja of Kumbla used to take place at Srimath Udaneshwara Temple of Perdala, which in Kumbla Seema is only next in importance to the above four temples.

Kanipura Sri Gopalakrishna's praises have been sung by Parthi Subba, the "father of Yakshagana", along with those of Madhur Sri Mahaganapathi, in several songs. It was in Kumbla that Parthi Subba was born and grew up (in about 1740 to 1800 A.D) and composed all his Yakshagana Prasangas, which earned for him the title of the father of "Thenkku Thittu Yakshagana". He was in the line of the Paatalies of the Kumbla temple, and at the Moodappa seva in Madhur temple in 1797 had presented a copper "Dhara Battal" to that temple inscribed with his name in Kannada, which is presently in use at the Madhur temple.

==Festivals==
The festival at the Kumbla temple which lasts five days every year commences with Dhwaja Arohanam on the Makara Sankramana day every year. The festival comes to an end with the idol coming back after being dipped in the pond about three kilometres from the temple premises and the holy flag (Kodi) coming down. Popularly known as "Kumble Bedi", because of the display of crackers done in front of the idol. The idol is sat on the Banyan tree platform and the display extends to almost one and half hours. People from different parts of [[Kerala]] and [[Tulunadu]] assemble for the festival. "Bali" is the typical way of carrying the idol overhead of a poojary who goes around the temple with the idol decorated with flower and ornaments, which is never to be too light. The poojary moves as per the taala of chendamelam and vadyam. First he moves with one of his hands supporting the idol on his head and the other hand swinging. In the end, he removes the support and moves quickly around the temple.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beejanthadka |first=Suresh |url=http://sureshbeen.blogspot.in/2011/01/kumble-bedi-festival-in-kanipura-sri.html |title=B N Suresh: Kumble Bedi (Festival in Kanipura Sri Gopala Krishna Temple Kumbala |publisher=Sureshbeen.blogspot.in |date=2011-01-24 |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>

==In the media==
The temple was in the news in 2012 when the temple was facing a threat of extinction. Situated at a narrow place in between the Arabian Sea and the temple, the National Highway Authorities decided to demolish the temple. Protesting the [[NHAI]]'s move, on 24 January 2012 pro-Hindu organisations demonstrated a massive rally in the city of Kasaragod. There was a march that was organised which began from Kumble ended at Kasaragod, over 100,000 people from Kasaragod participated in this protest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?PageID=15321 |title=Kasaragod: One lakh people participated in massive protest rally against demolition of Kumble Temple |publisher=HaindavaKeralam.com |access-date=2015-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704033216/http://www.haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?PageID=15321 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Vishwesha Teertha|Sri Pejawar Vishweshwara Swamiji]] of [[Udupi]], Sri Delampady Balakrishna Tantri of Agalpady, several other socio-religious leaders, Subbayya Shetty, Convenor of Temple conservation committee, IUML MLA's N.A.Nellikkunnu and PB Abdul Razak, [[BJP]] leaders Surendran, Ramesh and others headed the protest rally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawires.com/7006/news/regional/kasaragod-massive-protests-against-demolition-of-kanipura-temple/ |title=Kasaragod: Massive Protests Against Demolition of Kanipura Temple |publisher=IndiaWires.com |date=2012-01-24 |access-date=2015-07-02 |archive-date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225050045/http://indiawires.com/7006/news/regional/kasaragod-massive-protests-against-demolition-of-kanipura-temple/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]]
* [[Madhur Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]

T. Yangseo Sangtam

2025-08-12T07:37:50Z

YourPritam7:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''T. Yangseo Sangtam''' is an Indian politician who served as [[Deputy speaker|Deputy Speaker]] of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=First-time MLA T Yangseo Sangtam elected Nagaland Assembly deputy speaker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/mar/19/first-time-mla-t-yangseo-sangtam-elected-nagaland-assembly-deputy-speaker-2431927.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland bye-election: Independent candidate T Yangseo Sangtam wins 60 Pungro-Kiphire AC |url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-bye-election-independent-candidate-t-yangseo-sangtam-wins-60-pungo-kiphire-ac |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Morung Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-19 |title=First-time MLA T Yangseo Sangtam elected Nagaland assembly deputy speaker |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-time-mla-t-yangseo-sangtam-elected-nagaland-assembly-deputy-speaker/article65240477.ece |access-date=2022-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-19 |title=First-time MLA T Yangseo Sangtam elected Nagaland assembly deputy speaker |url=https://theprint.in/india/first-time-mla-t-yangseo-sangtam-elected-nagaland-assembly-deputy-speaker/879814/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Print |language=en-US}}</ref> from 2022 to 2023 and as [[Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Pungro Kiphire Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangtam, T. Yangseo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Kiphire district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India (Athawale) politicians]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Delhi Belly (soundtrack)

2025-08-06T08:48:03Z

YourPritam7:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Delhi Belly (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cover = Delhi Belly (soundtrack).png
| alt =
| released = 27 May 2011
| recorded = 2010–2011
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:07
| language = Hindi, Awadhi
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Ram Sampath]]
| prev_title = [[Luv Ka The End]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Talaash (2012 film)|Talaash]]
| next_year = 2012
| misc =
}}

'''''Delhi Belly (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2011 Hindi-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] [[Delhi Belly (film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Abhinay Deo]]. The film's musical score is composed by [[Ram Sampath]] and featured 10 songs with lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Akshat Verma]], [[Munna Dhiman]], [[Chetan Shashital]] and Sampath himself. The soundtrack was released under the [[Sony Music India]] label on 27 May 2011.

The initial script of the film had scope for one song, but after the film went through numerous post-production phases, Sampath had composed 10 songs during that period. The lyrics were curated from the expletives provided by Verma to set the tone of the film. Sampath curated punk rock and funk tunes blended with Indian folk influences.

The soundtrack was acclaimed by critics for its experimentation and genre blend, but also met with criticism for the expletive lyrics, especially the promotional number "[[Bhaag D.K. Bose]]" which faced massive outrage from people after it was played in theatres and national televisions. Sampath received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] at the [[57th Filmfare Awards]] among other accolades.

== Production ==
Originally, [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] associated with the film as music composers. Deo then recommended Sampath's name to the film's presenter [[Aamir Khan]], as they worked together in advertisements where Sampath had scored [[jingle]]s. Khan and the trio eventually accepted on Sampath's inclusion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Ram Sampath: Delhi Belly is behind me |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ram-sampath-and-sona-mohapatra/20110728.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115082350/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-ram-sampath-and-sona-mohapatra/20110728.htm |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=28 September 2024 |publisher=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref>

Like his earlier films, Sampath wanted to show love and heartbreak through his music and discussed with scriptwriter Akshat Verma about a variety of musical genres which influenced the album. Verma helped him set the tone of the film by adding expletives and [[Hook (music)|hook lines]], providing cues for the lyrics. Initially, the film consisted of only one song "I Hate You (Like I Love You)", but during the period when the film stuck in the edit table for two years, Samptah composed nearly ten songs for the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sequeira |first=Gayle |date=1 July 2021 |title=How Delhi Belly Took '15 Years And 5 Minutes' To Get Made |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/delhi-belly-movie-netflix-how-the-film-took-15-hours-5-minutes-to-get-made-aamir-khan-imran-khan-vir-das-shenaz-treasury-abhinay-deo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210070425/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/delhi-belly-movie-netflix-how-the-film-took-15-hours-5-minutes-to-get-made-aamir-khan-imran-khan-vir-das-shenaz-treasury-abhinay-deo |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=28 September 2024 |publisher=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> He added "the film is one entity and the songs are another entity and where the two meet and traverse is the high point."<ref name=":0" />

The album was developed for six months under the working title ''Delhi Belly: Songs Of Heartbreak & Hip-Shake'', albeit it was unclear whether most of the songs would be included in the album.<ref name=":1" /> However, Khan listened to all of the tracks and liked it, which eventually led it to be used in the film.<ref name=":0" />

== Composition ==
Sampath wanted to compose a [[punk rock]] songs with eastern influences, which resulted in the composition of "[[Bhaag D.K. Bose]]." The song was performed by Sampath in his debut as a playback singer; he did so on Khan and [[Kiran Rao]]'s insistence after the latter listened to his scratch recording.<ref name=":0" /> Verma came up with the idea of the phrase "D. K. Bose" which was approved as it suited the theme of the film. The phrase being juxtaposed and sung at a quick pace forms a popular [[Expletive (linguistics)|expletive]] in North India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2011 |title=Hit song 'DK Bose' twists name into expletive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hit-dk-bose-twists-bengali-name-into-expletive/152340-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517212204/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hit-dk-bose-twists-bengali-name-into-expletive/152340-8-66.html |archive-date=17 May 2011 |access-date=7 June 2011 |publisher=IBNLive.in}}</ref> He claimed that since the song was not a part of a situation and more of a promotional number, he had more scope to experiment with it.<ref name=":1" />

The song "Bedardi Raja" was sung by Sampath's wife [[Sona Mohapatra]] and written by Bhattacharya in an "unbelievably funny, risqué and charming" way and sounded like "modern Kotha music".<ref name=":0" /> The cue "Saigal Blues" was written by [[Chetan Shashital]] and Sampath as an [[Independent music|independent single]] before being used in the film; he considered the songs as a mixture between Saigal saab and [[the Rolling Stones]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> "Nakkadwaley Disco, Udhaarwaley Khisko" was described as a "sad [[qawwali]] played by a funk band".<ref name=":1" /> "Switty" is a punk number which was a spoof on the "idiotic testosterone-fuelled stalker male stereotype who thinks he's being romantic".<ref name=":1" /> He described the romantic number "Tere Siva" as the only earnest song in the film, that addresses Tashi's state of mind.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
Jaspreet Pandohar of ''[[BBC]]'' wrote "Fresh, frenetic and wickedly funny, Delhi Belly is more than the sum of its parts. Not a duff note or bad lyric amongst them, the songs work equally well on their own – but as a collection, this is destined to become a cult classic."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |date=2011 |title=Review: Delhi Belly – Ram Sampath |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/mh28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812003131/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/mh28/ |archive-date=12 August 2011 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=BBC}}</ref> Nikhil Hemrajani of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated three out of five and summarized: "Delhi Belly’s soundtrack is like a box of candy. Every song is a treat and the album’s unique sound hasn’t been heard before in Bollywood music. Although Sampath has referenced Tarantino’s music quite a bit, the end result is pleasing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hemrajani |first=Nikhil |date=8 June 2011 |title=Music review: Delhi Belly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-delhi-belly/story-AH7LiRLgOICCAxZUuZP5FK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928122521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-delhi-belly/story-AH7LiRLgOICCAxZUuZP5FK.html |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|News18]]'' wrote "the music is unusual, breaks monotony and is far from being typical".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2011 |title=Music Review: 'Delhi Belly' album is experimental |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-review-delhi-belly-album-is-experimental-371726.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928122958/https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-review-delhi-belly-album-is-experimental-371726.html |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=News18 |publisher=Indo-Asian News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote "''Delhi Belly'' is a good album, not excellent that one would have imagined after seeing the promos and hearing a couple of smash hits numbers [...] However the craze of 'D.K. Bose' has been such that just this track is good enough to make the album top the charts. Also, it is pretty much expected that the item number, as and when it makes an appearance in a music video, would help the album sales as well. All of this would ensure that the album not just manages a good 'initial' for itself in terms of sales at the stands but also stays in demand for weeks to come."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=27 May 2011 |title=Delhi Belly Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/delhi-belly/songs/music-critic-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928123107/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/delhi-belly/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of Milliblog wrote "Delhi Belly almost seems like a cleansing act for what Ram did in his last Bollywood outing and the result is one kick-ass ingenious soundtrack".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=29 May 2011 |title=Delhi Belly (Music review), Hindi – Ram Sampath |url=https://milliblog.com/2011/05/29/delhi-belly-music-review-hindi-ram-sampath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601081344/https://milliblog.com/2011/05/29/delhi-belly-music-review-hindi-ram-sampath/ |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Sameer Chhabra of ''Music Aloud'' called "''Delhi Belly'' is undoubtedly Ram Sampath's best work to date."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabra |first=Sameer |date=28 May 2011 |title=Delhi Belly (Hindi Movie Soundtrack) – Music Review |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2011/05/28/delhi-belly-hindi-movie-soundtrack-music-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627011059/https://www.musicaloud.com/2011/05/28/delhi-belly-hindi-movie-soundtrack-music-review/ |archive-date=27 June 2012 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Sampada Sharma of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Ram Sampath's excellent and catchy tunes might have created some controversies (with Bhaag DK Bose) but tracks like Bedardi Raja, I Hate You Like I Love You and Switty Tera Pyaar are such zingers and flow with the film quite perfectly."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sampada |date=1 July 2021 |title=Delhi Belly was the 'cool' film 10 years ago. But does it still hold up? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/delhi-belly-10-years-imran-khan-vir-das-aamir-khan-does-it-still-hold-up-7381246/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824122402/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/delhi-belly-10-years-imran-khan-vir-das-aamir-khan-does-it-still-hold-up-7381246/ |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''Delhi Belly'' was ranked at number 89 on Top 100 Bollywood Albums by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=12 August 2017 |title=#89 Delhi Belly: Top 100 Bollywood Albums |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/89-delhi-belly-top-100-bollywood-albums |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924224847/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/89-delhi-belly-top-100-bollywood-albums |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Upon release, the song "Bhaag D.K. Bose" met with massive criticism for its [[double entendre]] and obscene lyrics. Many people objected to it being played on theatres with [[U certificate (India)|U-certified films]], even though ''Delhi Belly'' received an [[A certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) and also aired on national televisions. The [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting Ministry]] wrote a letter to the CBFC asking them on how the song was cleared.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2011 |title=Censor Board in trouble over DK Bose |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Censor-Board-in-trouble-over-DK-Bose/Article1-710430.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619214658/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Censor-Board-in-trouble-over-DK-Bose/Article1-710430.aspx |archive-date=2011-06-19 |access-date=1 December 2018 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The musical trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy admitted that they won't make a song similar to "Bhaag D.K. Bose" because of its vulgarity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Priyanka |date=10 June 2011 |title=We won't make a DK Bose: Shankar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/we-won-t-make-a-dk-bose-shankar/story-yO6dZlWYiwSnpMgS1KpwXM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928125733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/we-won-t-make-a-dk-bose-shankar/story-yO6dZlWYiwSnpMgS1KpwXM.html |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Amitabh Bachchan]] also condemned the same, whereas Khan responded to his comments by singing the controversial lyrics of the song at a press interaction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=When Aamir Khan had a cheeky response to Amitabh Bachchan's criticism of Delhi Belly's 'DK Bose' song: 'When seniors reprimand you...' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-aamir-khan-responsed-to-amitabh-bachchan-criticism-of-delhi-belly-dk-bose-song-8106881/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826184624/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-aamir-khan-responsed-to-amitabh-bachchan-criticism-of-delhi-belly-dk-bose-song-8106881/ |archive-date=26 August 2022 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The song also met with copyright infringement after Jiten Thukral and Sumir Tagra registered their trademark "BoseDK" at their first exhibition at [[Gallery Nature Morte]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=Delhi Belly: HC muffles artist duo's 'DK Bose' copyright hullabaloo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hc-muffles-artist-duos-bose-copyright-hullabaloo-136533-2011-06-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928131129/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hc-muffles-artist-duos-bose-copyright-hullabaloo-136533-2011-06-29 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Aamir who was unaware of the registered trademark, had acknowledged that the phrase being their property, amicabling resolving the issue. He added "Before they approached me, I wasn't aware of the similarity between their label and the song title. I am here to acknowledge the fact that the phrase is their label. We don't have any claim over it at all."<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2011 |title=Aamir Khan settles copyright issue over 'DK Bose' amicably |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/aamir-khan-settles-copyright-issue-over-dk-bose-amicably/articleshow/9099957.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525103526/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/aamir-khan-settles-copyright-issue-over-dk-bose-amicably/articleshow/9099957.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Delhi Belly (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| total_length = 35:07
| all_writing =
| title1 = [[Bhaag D.K. Bose]]
| length1 = 4:02
| lyrics1 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Akshat Verma]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Sampath]]
| title2 = Nakkaddwaley Disco, Udhaarwaley Khisko
| length2 = 3:58
| lyrics2 = [[Akshat Verma]], [[Munna Dhiman]]
| extra2 = [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| title3 = Saigal Blues
| length3 = 3:56
| lyrics3 = [[Chetan Shashital]], Ram Sampath
| extra3 = Chetan Shashital
| title4 = Bedardi Raja
| length4 = 2:58
| lyrics4 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| extra4 = [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| title5 = Jaa Chudail
| length5 = 3:18
| lyrics5 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Akshat Verma]]
| extra5 = [[Suraj Jagan]]
| title6 = Tere Siva
| length6 = 4:40
| lyrics6 = Munna Dhiman
| extra6 = Ram Sampath, Tarannum Mallik
| title7 = Switty Tera Pyaar Chaida
| length7 = 2:54
| lyrics7 = Munna Dhiman
| extra7 = [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| title8 = I Hate You
| note8 = Like I Love You
| length8 = 5:50
| lyrics8 = [[Akshat Verma]], [[Ram Sampath]]
| extra8 = [[Keerthi Sagathia]], Shazneen Arethna, [[Sona Mohapatra]], [[Aamir Khan]]
| title9 = Bedardi Raja
| note9 = Remix
| length9 = 3:04
| lyrics9 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| extra9 = [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| title10 = Switty
| note10 = Punk
| length10 = 3:30
| lyrics10 = Munna Dhiman
| extra10 = [[Keerthi Sagathia]], [[Ram Sampath]]
}}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Accolades for ''Delhi Belly (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
! scope="col"| Ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient
! scope="col"| Result
|-
! scope="row"| [[2012 Filmfare Awards|57th Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards: Bollywood and Regional Film Awards |url=http://filmfare.com/awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108145102/http://www.filmfare.com/awards/ |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=6 February 2012 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Ram Sampath]]
| rowspan="8" {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Screen Awards|18th Colors Screen Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colors Screen Award Winners List 2012 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards2012/winners_2012.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912050711/http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards2012/winners_2012.html |archive-date=12 September 2012 |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2012 |title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-18th-annual-colors-screen-awards-2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102035/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2987 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ram Sampath]]
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| Ram Sampath for "Bhaag D.K. Bose"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 Winners |url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028042527/https://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=www.radiomirchi.com}}</ref>
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| [[Shazneen Arethna]] for "I Hate You (Like I Love You)"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Lyricist of The Year|Upcoming Lyricist of the Year]]
| [[Akshat Verma]] fir "I Hate You (Like I Love You)"
|-
| Best Item Song of the Year
| "I Hate You (Like I Love You)"
|-
| Best Programmer & Arranger of the Year
| "Bhaag D.K. Bose"
|-
| Best Background Score of the Year
| Ram Sampath
| {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2011 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]

Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke

2025-08-01T13:39:48Z

YourPritam7: Created A Article

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language web-series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jaanbaaz_Hindustan_Ke_Official_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre =
| creator = Samar Khan
| inspired_by =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| cinematography = {{Ubl
| Shanu Singh Rajput
|
}}
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Regina Cassandra]]
| [[Barun Sobti]]
| [[Sumeet Vyas]]
| [[Mita Vashisht]]
}}
| music = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| company =
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke''''' is [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] action [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series starring [[Regina Cassandra]], [[Barun Sobti]], [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Mita Vashisht]] and [[Chandan Roy]]. It is produced by Juggernaut Productions and directed by [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] winner [[Srijit Mukherji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Regina Cassandra's next is ZEE5's original series 'Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/regina-cassandras-next-is-zee5s-original-series-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke/article66336951.ece |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An edge-of-the-seat thriller, the story revolves around an IPS officer and single mother Kavya Iyer braving odds as she leads an investigation in an ISIS-K bomb attack case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Regina Cassandra to headline ZEE5 show Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke, says she feels 'blessed' to see herself in uniform |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regina-cassandra-to-headline-zee5-show-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-8359302/ |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Regina Cassandra]] as [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Kavya Iyer [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title='जांबाज हिंदुस्तान के' में आईपीएस अफसर के रोल में दिखेंगी रेजिना कैसेंड्रा, बोलीं- देश प्रेम की खातिर |url=https://ndtv.in/web-series/regina-cassandra-as-ips-officer-in-zee5-web-series-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-3662253/ |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Gayathrie]] as Thasleena
* [[Sumeet Vyas]] as Tariq<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=Sumeet Vyas, Mita Vashisht talk about their new web series 'Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke' premiering on ZEE5 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sumeet-vyas-mita-vashisht-talk-about-their-new-web-series-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-premiering-on-zee5 |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Barun Sobti]] as Sameer Gupta [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=Barun Sobti, Chandan Roy are excited about their roles in 'Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/barun-sobti-chandan-roy-are-excited-about-their-roles-in-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke/articleshow/96795533.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=[[Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Deepika Amin]] as Sumithra Iyer, Kavya's Mother
* Jihan Hodar as Reyansh Gupta
* Anup Hazarika as Jason Wahlang
* Chien Ho Liao as Rupnath
* [[Mita Vashisht]] as Mahira Rizvi, [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] Chief<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=Mita Vashisht calls her character in ZEE5's Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke 'courageous, deeply committed, unafraid, and righteous' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mita-vashisht-calls-her-character-in-zee5s-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-courageous-deeply-committed-unafraid-and-righteous/97076ada92579 |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=[[HT Media|OTT Play]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chandan Roy]] as Chandan Jha
* [[Sandeep Dhabale]] as Manas Shekhawat
* [[Manish Chaudhari|Manish Chaudhary]] as Abbas Rizvi
* Kunal Sharma as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Raj Singh Chaudhary
* Ranjeev lal Baruah as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Samuel Boruah
* Sharda Nand Singh as [[Inspector]] Mangalore

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Grey Matters
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Hunch or Reality
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Resurrection
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Catfished
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Attack on Democracy
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Story of Younus
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Truth of Uncle
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Fateh
|DirectedBy = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|WrittenBy = Karishmaa Oluchi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Production ==
Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke went on floors in September 2022 in [[Meghalaya]]. The show has been shot across [[Assam]], Meghalaya, [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Sentinel Digital |title=FIR lodged against Zee5 at Dispur Police Station - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/fir-lodged-against-zee5-at-dispur-police-station-635684 |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=2 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: FIR files against OTT platform Zee5 & Director Srijit Mukharji |url=https://hubnetwork.in/assam-fir-files-against-ott-platform-zee5-director-srijit-mukharji/ |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=Hub News |date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Upcoming crime thriller Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke goes on floors, shoot commences in Meghalaya |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/upcoming-crime-thriller-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-goes-on-floors-shoot-commences-in-meghalaya|access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke goes on floors |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-rolls-443376|access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The teaser promo of Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke was released on 3 January 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jaanbaz Hindustan Ke Teaser: Regina Cassandra Slays as Woman in Uniform in Srijit Mukherji's Series Based on True Events (Watch Video) |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/entertainment-news-regina-cassandra-to-star-in-srijit-mukherjis-jaanbaz-hindustan-ke-4667041.html|access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref> As a part of the promotions, Regina Cassandra met with police officers in Delhi's Connaught Place police station along with ex-cop [[Kiran Bedi]] to felicitate officers for their work.<ref>{{Citation |title=Regina Cassandra visits Connaught Place police station with Kiran Bedi to promote Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/photo/regina-cassandra-visits-connaught-place-police-station-with-kiran-bedi-to-promote-jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-see-pics-2323693-2023-01-19/4|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Writing for ''[[Rediff.com]]'', [[Deepa Gahlot]] stated "The show is an earnest but mostly dull police procedural that shows in great detail how the cops find clues, chase suspects and protect the country."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke Review: Earnest |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review/20230126.htm |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=January 26, 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised performance of Regina Cassandra and Mita Vashisht and wrote "Among the cast, Regina and Mita impress, even as the former stumbles in her dialogue delivery in certain scenes. But in the action sequences, Regina channels Kavya's ability to never back down. Sumeet and Gayathrie aren't as convincing as the main authors of the terror operation."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke review: Predictable but engaging when focused on its lead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review-predictable-but-engaging-when-focused-on-its-lead-101674732805554.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated "The drama’s relentless pace adds to the thrill even as the villain constantly outwits the cops. Each episode is equally engaging, with the ‘Fateh’ song (by ARKO) interspersed to enhance the impact."<ref>{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke Season 1 Review : Intense performances and gripping narrative are the force behind this gritty drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke/season-1/seasonreview/97252532.cms |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 26, 2023}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' gave negative opinion and wrote "Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke just tries to sell old wine in a new bottle. However, the taste is bland. What disappoints us more is that a celebrated filmmaker like Srijit Mukherji has directed the series, and yet, could think of nothing out of the box."<ref>{{cite news |last=Cyril |first=Grace |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke Review: Srijit Mukherji, Regina Cassandra's show will leave viewers fatigued |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review-srijit-mukherji-regina-cassandras-show-will-leave-viewers-fatigued-2326962-2023-01-27 |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=January 27, 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]'' wrote "From a gripping narrative and a captivating cat-and-mouse chase to well-shot action sequences and an effective emotional element, the show has a lot to offer."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Mudit |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke review: Regina Cassandra and Sumeet Vyas’s stellar acts add depth to a resonating drama |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review-regina-cassandra-and-sumeet-vyass-stellar-acts-add-depth-to-a-resonating-drama-article-97347767 |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |date=January 30, 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Gautaman Bhaskaran for ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' wrote "The series swings from the North-east and Rajasthan to Kerala. Of course, it does not take much to guess how Jaanbaaz will end. However, Cassandra is interesting as a police officer who is posted on deputation to the NIA at Guwahati."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke Review: Srijit Mukherji Gets on to the Bandwagon of Terrorists and Cops Chasing Each Other |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review-srijit-mukherji-tries-to-sell-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-6922849.html |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' wondered if the series was based on first female [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] from [[Assam]] Sanjukta Parashar serving at [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] or not,<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Regina Cassandra's portrayal of Kavya in Jaabaaz Hindustan Ke Inspired by IPS officer Sanjukta Parashar? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is-regina-cassandras-portrayal-of-kavya-in-jaabaaz-hindustan-ke-inspired-by-ips-officer-sanjukta-parashar-12058102.html |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=27 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and wrote "During this phase, a bomb blast takes place in Guwahati, which leads to the assassination of the State CM and Kavya realizes that RDX in cement form is used in the blast. The case gets transferred to NIA (National Investigative Agency) under the supervision of Mahira Rizwi "<ref>{{cite news |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |title=Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke review: Regina Cassandra's gripping thriller is the perfect Republic Day weekend treat |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke-review-regina-cassandras-gripping-thriller-is-the-perfect-republic-day-weekend-treat-12049752.html |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt25729214}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/jaanbaaz-hindustan-ke/0-6-4z5281686 ''Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Web series directed by Srijit Mukherji]]

Veeraraghava Swamy Temple

2025-07-28T07:52:06Z

YourPritam7: Starting A Location...

{{short description|Perumal temple in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Veeraraghava Swamy Temple
| image = Tiruvallur7.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Veeraraghava Swamy Temple, [[Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|08|35.8|N|79|54|24.2|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veeraraghava_Swamy_Temple&params=13_08_35.8_N_79_54_24.2_E_type:landmark]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| location = [[Tiruvallur]]
| elevation_m = 67.47
| deity = Sri Veeraraghava Swami ([[Vaidhya]] Veera Raghava Swami) ([[Vishnu]])<ref name="epic">{{cite book|title=Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&q=veeraraghava+perumal+temple&pg=PA86|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=1995|last1=K.V.|first1=Raman|last2=T.|first2=Padmaja|isbn=9789068317015|ref=K.V.|page=86}}</ref>
Kanakavalli Thayar (Vasumathi)
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Hritayathabhanasini Pushkarni
| tower = Vijayakoti Vimanam
| festivals = [[Vaikunta Ekadasi]], Ammavasai
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Pallavas]], [[Cholas]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks]]
| website = http://svdtiruvallur.org
| footnotes =
}}

{{Hinduism}}
{{Cleanup lang|article|date=November 2021}}

'''Veeraraghava Swamy Temple''' (or '''Veeraraghavaswamy Temple''') is a temple dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], located in [[Tiruvallur]], [[Chennai]] Metropolitan City, an area and headquarters in [[Tiruvallur district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Tamil style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is counted as one among the 108 [[Divya Desams]] dedicated to Vishnu. Vishnu is worshipped as Veeraraghava Perumal, and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Kanakavalli Thayar.

The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity and is believed to be initiated by the [[Pallavas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions at different times from [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayaks]]. The temple has three inscriptions dating from the Chola period. The temple has a seven-tiered ''rajagopuram'' (gateway tower) and enshrined within a granite wall. The complex contains all the shrines and Hritayathabhanasini, the temple tank, is located to the west of the temple. A Goshala (cow shed) is maintained by the temple administration.

Veeraraghava Perumal is believed to have appeared to marry his consort [[Lakshmi]] in the place. The temple observes six daily rituals and three yearly festivals. The chariot festival and float festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (March–April), is the most prominent festival of the temple. The jeeyars of Sri Ahobila Matha are the hereditary trustees. The temple is maintained and administered by the Ahobila Matha.

==Legend==
{{Multiple image
|caption_align=center|footer_align=center
|align=left| total_width = 400
|image1=Tiruvallur9.jpg
|image2=Tiruvallur10.jpg
|footer=[[Pushkarni|Temple tank]]
}}
''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' details the history of the temple. A sage named Salihotra had his hermitage in this place. He used to grind rice for a living and offered half of the flour to the seekers and used to consume the rest himself. He was an ardent devotee of Vishnu. To test his devotion, Vishnu appeared as a guest to him one day. He requested Salihotra to offer him food, which the sage did. The guest felt hungry and requested the sage to offer more food. The sage offered the other half portion of the flour which he used to consume himself. The guest asked a place to rest and the sage readily offered his hermitage. On arriving at the hermitage, the guest revealed his true form and blessed the sage.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=47}}</ref>

As per another legend, Vishnu appeared in the place to marry [[Lakshmi]], who was born as the daughter of Dilipa, the king of Dharmasenapura. He appeared in the place and married her.<ref name=Vijaya/> The place is also called Thiruevvul and Veeksharanyam.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvallur+temple&pg=PA539|page=539|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1982|orig-year=1942|isbn=9788120601512}}</ref>

As per yet another legend, [[Shiva]] was not invited by [[Daksha]], the father of Dakshyani and wife of Siva for a big [[yagna]] (sacrifice). Siva, in his anger, opened his third eye out of which Virabhadra was created. He was directed by Siva to kill Daksha and he followed his orders. Siva incurred ''Brahmahatti Dosham'' on account of the execution. He was directed to the sacred tank of the temple to propitiate himself off the sins. The shrine of Siva in the form of Theertheswarar on the northern banks of the temple is believed to be place where Siva cleansed himself.<ref name=A/>

==History==
[[File:Tiruvallur3.jpg|250px|thumb|The Vellikizhamai Mandapam, made of blackstone]]
The temple is originally believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]] during the 8th century. There are inscriptions dating back to the later half of the 9th century [[Pallava dynasty]] reign here. Local folklore claims that the temple is around 5000 years old. According to historian K.V. Soundararajan, the Rangantha temples in South India built during the 9th and 10th centuries have a systematic arrangement of subsidiary deities as seen in this temple along with the [[Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple]] at Koviladi, [[Sowmya Narayana Perumal temple]] at Thirukoshtiyur, [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy temple]] at [[Mannargudi]] and [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Rangantha temple]] at [[Srirangapatna]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Typology of the Anantaśayī Icon|page=80|jstor=3250291|last=K. V. |first=Soundara Rajan|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=29|issue=1|year=1967|doi=10.2307/3250291 }}</ref> There are inscriptions in the temple from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070-1122 CE) indicating gift of 1000 ''kulis'' of land by Tiruvenkatadeva to the temple. The inscriptions from the eastern wall of the Vahanamandap indicates gift of 130 pons of gold by Veera Raghava Sadagoppa Jiyar, the thirteenth seer of Ahobila Matha to the temple during 1630-75. There are inscriptions indicating gift of lands to the temple by [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] kings were Ramadeva Maharaya (1620–30), Narasimha Deva, Vira Venkatapathi Rayadeva Maharayar and Sri Venkatarayadeva Mahakavi, Kulothunga Deva and Rajendra I. There are also inscriptions referring to the gift of lands for conducting various festivals by other kings in the region like Maduranthaka Deva, Sadasiva Maharaya (1542–1570), [[Rama Deva Raya]] (1617–1632) and [[Venkata III]] (1632-42).<ref name=Ramesh/>

Most scholars believe that the major structures of the temple were built by Vijayanagar kings during 14th century. There is an inscription on the Eastern wall in 1542 CE indicating grants to the temple by Thanjai nayak kings.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras, Volume 1|last=Sewell|first=Robert|page=[https://archive.org/details/listsantiquaria00sewegoog/page/n189 174]|publisher=E. Keys, at the Government Press|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/listsantiquaria00sewegoog|quote=tiruvallur temple.}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Tiruvallur5.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Festival deity]]
The temple is under the administration of [[Ahobila Mutt|Ahobila Matha]]. It has five tiered Raja[[gopuram]] (main gate). There are separate shrines for Kanakavalli, [[Ganesha]], Alvars, and [[Gajalakshmi]] Thayar. Here, the Lord married Vasumathi the daughter of a king Dharmasena. There are also shrines to Ganesha, Gopalan, [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]], [[Sudarshan Chakra|Chakratalvar]], [[Andal]], [[Vedanta Desika]], [[Ramanuja]]charyar, and Lakshmi Narasimhar.

The presiding deity Veeraraghava swamy is in a recumbent position (called ''Bhujanga sayanm'') facing east. His right hand blesses the sage Salihotra and left hand in gnana [[mudra]] preaches to [[Brahma]]. The [[vimana (tower)|Vimanam]] (pyramidal roof over the sanctum) is called Vijayakoti Vimanam as it is a symbol of victory against Madhukaidapas asuras who were killed by Vishnu. The Thayar is called Kanakavalli (also known by the name Vasumati) and her shrine is located parallel to the sanctum. There are shrines of [[Azhwars|Alvars]], [[Ranganatha]] and [[Hanuman]] located around the sanctum in the first precinct. The sacred tank is called Hrutatapanasini.

The presiding deity Veeraraghava Perumal is believed to cure diseases of his devotees and hence he is called "Vaithiya Veeraraghavan". There is another legend that Lord [[Shiva]] got rid of his Brahmahathi Dosha after worshipping Vishnu in the place. There is a small shrine for [[Shiva]] in this temple premises.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=tiruvallur+temple&pg=PT300|isbn=9788184950243|page=300|year=2000|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}</ref> The temple tank, Hritayathabhanasini, is located to the West of the temple and is believed to have medicinal effects.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams volume one Divyadesams in Tondai Nadu|first=M.S.|last=Ramesh|location=Tirpuati|year=1993|publisher=Tirupati Tirumala Devastanams|pages=131–5}}</ref> There is an ornate four pillared black stone hall called ''Vellikilamai mandapam'' where the festival image of the presiding deities are displayed every Friday.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=17–9|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

This temple has the largest [[temple tank]] out of any Divya Desam, the 2nd largest [[temple tank]] of any Vishnu temple (1st being Manargudi Rajagopalaswamy), and the 4th biggest [[temple tank]] of any temple in the world.

==Religious importance==
Vishnu as Veera Raghavar is the presiding deity of the Veera Raghavar temple. He is also called Vaidya Veera Raghavar, in view of his ailment curing abilities. In this temple people submit small metal sheets with a specific human organ engraved on them as a request to god to cure the illness or problems with those organs. It is believed that those suffering from incurable diseases are cured if they worship the presiding deity. Devotees come here for marriage, progeny, and for relief from hardships. The water in the tank is considered more sacred than that of river Ganga. A dip in the tank is believed to relieve the devotee from sins he committed in thought as well as action. Abishekam, the sacred ablution to the presiding deity is done only with sandalwood oil. The temple is considered the Vaishnavite temple equivalent of healing abilities of the presiding deity to that of the Vaitheeswaran, the presiding deity of the [[Saivite]] [[Vaitheeswaran Kovil]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Teaching Religion and Healing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBDiBwAAQBAJ&q=tiruvallur+temple&pg=PT82|editor1-last=Barnes|editor1-first=Linda L.|editor2-first=Talamantez|editor2-last=M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780190291983|page=82}}</ref> Thousands of devotees take a holy dip during new moon days and also pour molasses into the temple tank.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of South India, Volumes 1-2|last=W.|first=Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RG2x2xDQ5UC&q=tiruvallur+temple&pg=PA561|page=561|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2002}}</ref> [[Ramalinga Swamigal]] is believed to have been cured off his stomach pain after worshiping in the temple. He glorified the presiding temple in his works in ''Potri Panchangam''.<ref name=A/>

The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai alvar|Thirumangai Alvar]] and [[Thirumalisai Alvar]].<ref name=Vijaya>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R|pages=452–3}}</ref> The Alvar has sung praise, imagining himself as a lady and Veeraraghava as his lover. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|title=Sri Veeraraghava Perumal Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=127|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=18 May 2016|year=2011}}</ref> Many [[Acharyas]] have also written songs on the various forms of Bhaktavatsala in this Temple.<ref name=Vijaya/>

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Thiruvallurutsavar.jpg|250x250px|thumb|Festival deity]]
[[Purnima]] is auspicious for this ''kshetram''. During Fridays Thayaar will be taken to a separate mandapam for puja. Two annual festival are celebrated. Chitra Festival is also important here. Puliyodharai (Tamarind Rice), Dhadhyannam (Curd Rice), Pongal, Chakkarai Pongal, [[vada (food)|Vada]], [[Adhirasam]], Murukku are offered to the deity as [[prasadam]].

The temple follows the traditions of the [[Vadakalai]] sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows ''pancharatram agama''. This temple is under control of [[Ahobila mutt]], and follows the prayer accordingly. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin varna. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:30 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Veeraraghava Perumal and Kanakavalli Thayar. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) and ''Naalayira Divya Prabandam'' are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

During the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'', Brahmotsavam, a 10-day festival is celebrated, the festival deity is taken in procession around the streets of the temple in different mounts each day and the float festival is celebrated on the last day. The other festivals associated with Vishnu temples like Krishna Jayanthi, Saturdays of Tamil month Puratassi, [[Navratri]], [[Vaikunta Ekadasi]] and [[Vijayadashami|Vijayadasami]] are celebrated during the respective days.<ref name=Vijaya/>

==See also==
* [[Divya Desam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Veeraraghava_Swamy_Temple&params=13_08_35.8_N_79_54_24.2_E_type:landmark GeoHack - Veeraraghava Swamy Temple]

* [http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df059.html About Thiruvallur Temple]

* [http://www.divyadesamonline.com/hindu/temples/tiruvallur-temple.asp DivyaDesam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405042805/http://divyadesamonline.com/hindu/temples/tiruvallur-temple.asp |date=5 April 2007 }}

* [http://svdtiruvallur.org Official web site of the temple]

{{commons category|Veeraraghava Swamy Temple}}

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Tiruvallur]]

Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face – Male

2025-07-28T04:01:22Z

YourPritam7: Created New Details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] for Fresh New Face – Male
| presenter = [http://www.indiantelevision.com IndianTelevision.com]
| country = [[India]]
| year = 2004
| holder =
| website = [http://www.indiantellyawards.com Indian Telly Awards]
}}

'''Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face – Male ''' is an [[award]] given by [http://www.indiantelevision.com Indiantelevision.com] as part of its annual [[Indian Telly Awards]] for TV serials.

== List of winners ==

===2000s===
*'''2001''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2002''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2003''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2004''' '''[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]''' – '''''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''''' as '''Sujal''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Apoorva Agnihotri]] – ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
**[[Akashdeep Saigal]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Ansh
**[[Chetan Hansraj]] – ''[[Kkusum]]'' as Garv
**[[Eijaz Khan]] – ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' as Varun
*'''2005''' '''[[Mohammed Iqbal Khan|Iqbal Khan]]''' – '''''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''''' as '''Angad''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]] – ''[[Kahin To Hoga]]'' as Tushar
**[[Pawan Shankar]] – ''Siddhanth'' as Siddhanth
**[[Bakhtiyaar Irani]] – ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Batliwala House No.43]]'' as Shahrukh
**Ajay Gehi – ''[[Miilee]]'' as Rahul
*'''2006''' '''[[Pulkit Samrat]]''' – '''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''''' as '''Lakshya''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards winners|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Naman Shaw]] – ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' as Pushkar
**[[Indraneil Sengupta]] – ''[[Pyaar Ke Do Naam: Ek Raadha, Ek Shyaam]]'' as Shyam
**[[Vikas Manaktala]] – ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' as Hooda
**[[Arjun Bijlani]] – ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' as Alekh
*'''2007''' '''[[Jay Bhanushali]]''' – '''''[[Kayamath]]''''' as '''Neev''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Sharad Malhotra]] – ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' as Sagar Singh
**[[Ajay Singh Chaudhary]] – ''[[Love Story (SAB TV series)|Love Story]]'' as Dev
**[[Romit Raj]] – ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan]]'' as Yuvraj Garodia
*'''2008''' '''[[Angad Hasija]]''' – '''''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''''' as '''Alekh''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083458/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 video|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7w1y3_31-december-indian-telly-awards-200_shortfilms}}</ref>
** [[Kinshuk Mahajan]] – ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Ranveer
** Karan Hukku – ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' as Daksh
**[[Saurabh Pandey]] – ''[[Jiya Jale]]'' as Chandan
**[[Sushant Singh Rajput]] – ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' Preet Juneja
**[[Vikrant Massey]] – ''[[Dharam Veer (TV series)|Dharamveer]]'' as Dharam
*'''2009''' '''[[Avinash Sachdev]]''' – '''''[[Chotti Bahu]]''''' as '''Dev''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|archive-date=2012-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115061924/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|archive-date=2016-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Pankaj Singh Tiwari – ''[[Shree (TV series)|Shree]]'' as Hari
**[[Karan Kundra]] – ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai]]'' as Arjun Punj
**[[Karan Mehra]] – ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Naitik
** Kunal Verma – ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (Star Plus)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]'' as Yug

=== 2010s===
*'''2010''' '''[[Rishta.Com|Kavi Shastri]]''' – '''''[[Rishta.Com]]''''' as '''Rohan Mehra''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Shashank Vyas]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Jagdish
**Rahul Bagga – ''[[Powder (TV series)|Powder]]'' as Mahindra Ranade
**Abhishek Tiwari – ''[[Chand Chupa Badal Mein]]'' as Siddharth Sood
**[[Mohit Malhotra]] – ''[[Mitwa Phool Kamal Ke]]'' as Birju
*'''2011''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2012''' '''[[Kushal Tandon]]''' – '''''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''''' as '''Virat Singh Vadhera''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2012 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2 July 2012 }}</ref>
**[[Gaurav S Bajaj]] – ''[[Sapnon Se Bhare Naina]]'' as Daksh Patwardhan
**Ashish Kapoor – ''[[Dekha Ek Khwab]]'' as Yuvraj Rajkumar Udayveer Singh
**Sumit Vats – ''[[Hitler Didi]]'' as Rishi
**[[Sujay Reu]] – ''[[Ram Milaye Jodi]]'' as Anukalp Gandhi
*'''2013''' '''[[Nakuul Mehta]]''' – '''''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''''' as '''Aditya Harish Kumar (Adi)''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php#PO4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2015-04-25 }}</ref>
**[[Kunwar Amar]] – ''[[Dil Dosti Dance]]'' as Reyansh Singhania (Rey
**[[Mudit Nayar]] – ''[[Anamika (2013 film)|Anamika]]'' as Jeet Pratap Saluja (Anamika)
**[[Shaleen Malhotra]] – ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Har Yug Mein Ayega Ek -Arjun]]'' as Arjun Suryakant Raute
**[[Nishad Vaidya]] – ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Amita Ka Amit]]'' as Amit Shah
*'''2014''' '''[[Harshad Arora]]''' – '''''[[Beintehaa]]''''' as '''Zain Osman Abdullah'''<ref name="Telly awards 2014 Popular">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate=2016-04-20}}</ref>
**[[Mishkat Varma]] – ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'' as Raj Purohit
**[[Shivin Narang]] – ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' as Ranvijay Sampooran Singh
**Vishal Vashishta – ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' as Baldev Balwant Singh
**Himanshu Soni – ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]'' as Buddha

*'''2015''' '''[[Priyansh Jora]]''' – '''[[Tu Mera Hero]]''' as '''Ashish <nowiki>''Titu''</nowiki> Agarwal'''
*'''2019 [[Adnan Khan]] – [[Ishq Subhan Allah]] as Kabeer Ahmed'''

=== 2020s===

*'''2023 Abhiskek Pathania – [[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]] as Abhay Tripathi'''
*'''2025 Shivendraa Om Saainiyol - [[Pushpa Impossible]]'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Telly Award Fresh New Face Male}}
{{Indian Telly Awards}}

[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]

Medchal

2025-06-21T17:01:27Z

YourPritam7:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Medchal
| other_name =Medi chelama
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Medchal Railway station south end nameboard.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Medchal Railway station
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.6297|N|78.4814|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| established_title1 = Incorporated (town)
| established_date1 = 22-03-2013
| established_title2 = Incorporated (Corporation)
| established_date2 =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal
| governing_body = Medchal Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2806_PART_B_DCHB_RANGAREDDY.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=6 November 2016|pages=58|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615133910/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2806_PART_B_DCHB_RANGAREDDY.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 26.95
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| population_total = 38116
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 501401
| registration_plate = TG-08
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Medchal''' is an [[Suburb|outer suburb]] of [[Hyderabad]] in the [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Medchal mandal in Keesara revenue division of the district.<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Medchal−Malkajgiri district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|access-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130125523/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130732346249.Medchal.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=V|first1=Swathi|title=Groundwater levels plummet in RR dt.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/groundwater-levels-plummet-in-rr-dt/article2653989.ece|access-date=2 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2011|language=en-IN|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005016/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/groundwater-levels-plummet-in-rr-dt/article2653989.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It also forms a part of [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HMDA list of villages |url=http://www.hmda.gov.in/Downloads/HMDAListofVillages.pdf |website=Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority |access-date=2 November 2016 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184642/http://www.hmda.gov.in/Downloads/HMDAListofVillages.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Chamakura Malla Reddy is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Medchal Assembly Constituency.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
The History of Medchal is about 160-180 years. Medchal was named by a rich Baniah Sri Kandukuri Raja Ram who was a resident of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad state]]. While travelling on a horse-drawn cartm he stopped at this place because of experiencing some body pains. He took some water from a small pond, drank it and slept under a tree called Medi chettu. When he woke up, his body pains were gone. He decided to stay in that place and named it Medi chelama, which turned into Medchal. Eventually people started living in this area. He had 3 houses constructed which are G+1 storied buildings out of which 2 are dismantled and 1 is available now.
This is an industrially developed area. Medchal was previously known as Medichelama (Medi means Fig and Chelama means spring) and was later renamed as Medchal, which means town of glory. Medchal was once a resort for Nizams, who constructed a beautiful mansion here.
The Jain temple of Vardhaman Mahavir, which is India's third most famous temple for Jains, is located in Medchal. There are many [[dhaba]]s, grape gardens, and beautiful villas on the Medchal highway.

Medchal Municipality constituted vide G.O.Ms.No.106 MA & UD (Elec-I) Dept. dated 22-03-2013 duly merging two Gram Panchayats viz., Medchal and Athvelly. The Nagar Panchayat administration is functioning w.e.f. 16.09.2013. The area of the Nagar Panchayat is 26.95 Sq. Kms.
Medchal town is located at 17.6297 N 78.4814 E. It has an average elevation of
577 meters (1896 feet).

== Geography ==
Medchal is located at {{coord|17.6297|N|78.4814|E}}.

== Government and politics ==
The Medchal municipality is the local self government of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=C&DMA|url=http://www.cdma.telangana.gov.in/|website=www.cdma.telangana.gov.in|access-date=30 March 2017|language=en|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219140250/https://www.cdma.telangana.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Public transport ==
There is a [[railway station]] in Medchal under [[South Central Railway]], [[Indian Railways]].
Medchal also has a bus station, which is the second richest in Telangana in terms of revenue, according to 2016 report.

== Important Places ==
[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] runs a temple of [[Krishna]] and his older brother [[Balarama]] in the Dabilpur village, near Medchal which is visited annually by thousands of devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISKCON Temple and Goshala {{!}} Hyderabad |url=http://iskconmedchal.org/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=ISKCON Medchal |language=en-US |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601165707/https://iskconmedchal.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2022 |title=Governor Tamilisai Soundararajan participated in Narasimha Homa at ISKCON Temple |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/governor-tamilisai-soundararajan-participated-narasimha-homa-iskcon-temple |website=Sakshi |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224012932/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/governor-tamilisai-soundararajan-participated-narasimha-homa-iskcon-temple |url-status=live }}</ref>

The campus also has a Goshala with 150 cows along with a practice of organic farming.

There is a newly built Jain Temple near Medchal Railway Station. It is called 72 Jinalaya. Lord Tribhuvan Parswanth is Presiding Deity along. A Dadawadi is also built. The temple have residential and food facility for Jain Pilgrims. It is gaining popularity among the jain pilgrims from across the country.

== Notable people ==

* Sandeep Reddy - Telangana state first MBC Corporation chairman

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]

Loanwords in Sri Lankan Tamil

2025-06-14T08:25:57Z

YourPritam7: Starting Basic Post W/ Refs

{{short description|none}}
'''Loan words in [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects|Sri Lankan Tamil]]''' came about mostly due contact between [[Colonialism|colonial]] powers and the native population. Linguists study a language's lexicon for a number of reasons. Languages such as Tamil with centuries of [[Tamil literature|literature]] and multi-cultural contact offer the chance to compare the various processes of lexical change. The words of foreign origin or [[loanword]]s illustrate those processes: [[calque]]s, [[loanword]]s, the distinction between [[function word]]s and content words.

''Note: For information on the transcription used, see [[National Library at Calcutta romanization]] and [[Tamil script]].''

==European contribution==
[[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects]] are distinct from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dialects used in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. They are used in Sri Lanka and in the [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]]. Linguistic borrowings from European colonizers such as the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[England|English]] and the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] have also contributed to a unique vocabulary that is distinct from the colloquial usage of Tamil in the Indian mainland. Furthermore, a form of Tamil spoken exclusively by [[Sri Lankan Moors]] has been strongly influenced by [[Arabic]]. Words that are peculiar to [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialect]]s are marked with an asterisk (*).

===Portuguese===
Most Portuguese loan words are for items the native population lacked when the encounter happened c. 1505. Some are administrative terms, others are personal usage terms as well as items directly introduced from [[South America]] via the Portuguese traders. Most of these words are also shared with [[Sinhalese language]] users.

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|alumāri||cupboard||armário
|-
|annāsi||[[pineapple]]||ananás
|-
|alavangu|| iron lever|| alavanca
|-
|alupunethi|| safety pin|| alfinete
|-
|alugosu|| executioner || algoz
|-
|baila|| dance|| baile or bailar
|-
|chuppu|| suck|| chupar or chupo
|-
|rothai|| wheel|| roda
|-
|savei|| key|| chave
|-
|jaṉṉal||window||janela
|-
|kathirai|| chair|| cadeira
|-
|kaju||cashew||caju
|-
|kalusan* || trousers || calção
|-
|kamicai*|| shirt|| camisa
|-
|kaṭatāsi*||paper||carta
|-
|koiappalam|| guava || goiaba
|-
|kōppai|| drinking glass || copo
|-
|kusini*||kitchen||cozinha
|-
|mēcai||table||mesa
|-
|pān*||bread||pão
|-
|pappāḷi/papā paḻam||[[papaya]]||papaia
|-
|pēnā||pen||pena (old type)
|-
|piṅkāṉ*||plate|| palangana
|-
|pīppa||wooden cask, barrel|| pipa
|-
|sapāttu||shoe||sapato
|-
|selvam||wood||silva
|-
|thavaranai|| tavern|| taverna
|-
|tācci*||metal pan||tacho
|-
|tompu*||title||[[Tombo (Registry)|tombo]]
|-
|tuvāy*||towel||toalha
|-
|vaṅki||bench||banco
|-
|veethuru|| glass|| vidro
|-
|veranta||verandah||varanda
|-
|viskottu||biscuit||biscoito
|-
|}<ref name=Smith>Smith, H. S.''Reinterpreting Indian Ocean Worlds'', p. 152-153</ref><ref name=Dalgado>Dalgado, S. ''Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages'', p. 502-504</ref>

===Dutch===
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|kakkūs||Toilet||kakhuis
|-
|kāmara* (rarely used) || Room || kamer
|-
|kantōr*|| Office|| kantoor
|-
|Thapal|| Post|| Tapal
|-
|kokkis || Cookies || koekjes
|-
|piaskōpu (rarely used)|| Cinema||bioscoop
|-
|tē(ttaṇṇīr)*|| Tea || thee
|-
|}<ref name=Avram>Avram, A. ''The Dutch lexical contribution to three Asian Portuguese Creoles'', p. 16–548</ref><ref name=Thananjayarajasingham>Thananjayarajasingham, T. ''Some Dutch Loan-words in the Jaffna Dialect of Tamil'', p. 793-799</ref>

===English===
Sri Lankan Tamil dialects use countless number of English words; following are some of the unique ones.

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|kōfii*|| Coffee || coffee
|-
|pattīx*|| ''A kind of fried potato snack'' || patties
|-
| Piḷavus || Worn with [[Sari]]|| blouse
|-
|rōlls*|| ''A kind of fried meat snack'' || rolls
|-
| Iṭākuttar*|| Doctor ||doctor
|-
|}<ref name=Suntharesan>Suntharesan, V. ''Impact of borrowings from English on Jaffna Tamil (a text book for University students)'', p. 426</ref>

===Civil conflict terminology===
[[Black July]] induced civil conflict has introduced number of English and international words to the native population.

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|Kilēmōr*|| Land or aerial mine|| [[M18 Claymore mine|Claymore]]
|-
|Eli*|| Helicopter || Helicopter
|-
|Kapīr*|| Bomber || [[IAI Kfir|Kfir]] Bomber
|-
|Cel*|| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]] or [[artillery]] shells || Shell
|-
|}<ref name=Suntharesan/>

==Sinhalese==
Loanwords from the neighbouring [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] are quite sparse in Sri Lankan Tamil (as opposed to the large number of [[List of Sinhalese words of Tamil origin|Tamil loan words in Sinhala]]), which is most likely due to the relative isolation of the exclusively Tamil-speaking settlements in the North and East of the island.

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|kirāma cēvakaṉ* || Village Leader || grāma sēvakayā
|-
|(mālu) panis* || (fish) buns || (mālu) banis
|-
|mahattayā* || Sir, mister || mahattayā
|-
|piratēciya sapā* || Council || pradeśiya sabhāva
|-
| Tuvakku || [[Gun]] || Tuvakuva
|-
|vitānayar*|| Village headman || vidāna (muhandirama)
|-
|}

==Malay==
There are also a few words from the [[Malay language]]. Malay words for edible fruits were introduced during the colonial period by traders {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. The same terminology is shared with Sinhalese.

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|maṅkostīn*|| Type of Fruit || [[Mangosteen]]
|-
|ramputan*|| ''A type of fruit''|| [[Rambutan]]
|-
|rempa* (rarely used)|| Curry mix || Rempa
|-
|totol *|| ''A type of sweetmeat'' || dodol
|-
|tūriyan*|| Type of Fruit || [[Durian]]
|-
|kaccān *|| ''Peanuts'' || kacang
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cited literature ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Halikowski Smith|first=Stefan | title=Reinterpreting Indian Ocean Worlds| publisher= Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=2011|isbn=978-144-38-30-447}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalgado|first=Sebastiao Rodolfo | title=Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages| publisher= Asian Education Services |date=1988|isbn=978-81-20-604-131}}
* Avram, A.A., 2013. The Dutch lexical contribution to three Asian Portuguese Creoles//Contribuição lexical do holandês para três crioulos de base portuguesa da Ásia. PAPIA-Revista Brasileira de Estudos do Contato Linguístico, 23(1), pp.51-74.
* Hoogervorst, T. (2018) ‘Sailors, Tailors, Cooks, and Crooks: On Loanwords and Neglected Lives in Indian Ocean Ports’, Itinerario, 42(3), pp. 516–548. doi:10.1017/S0165115318000645.
* Thananjayarajasingham, Sabaratnasingham, "Some Dutch Loan-words in the Jaffna Dialect of Tamil", Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies - Volume Two : First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 16 - 23 April 1966. Edited by Thani Nayagam, Xavier S., International Association of Tamil Research, April 1969, 793-799.
* Suntharesan, V. "Impact of borrowings from English on Jaffna Tamil (a text book for University students)." Language In India, vol. 14, no. 6, June 2014, pp. 426
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361407248_Translation_of_Tamil_Dialects_in_Sri_Lankan_Context

{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}

[[Category:Tamil language-related lists|S]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil society]]
[[Category:Dutch language lists|Tamil]]
[[Category:Portuguese language lists|Tamil]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka-related lists|Words]]
[[Category:Lists of loanwords|Tamil Sri Lanka]]

Mina Rani Sarkar

2024-12-26T07:48:22Z

YourPritam7: Starting A Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Mina Rani Sarkar''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Legislative Assembly {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/members-legislative-assembly |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref> She is a Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Badharghat Assembly constituency]], which is a reserved constituency for the SC community in [[West Tripura district]]. She represented [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mina Rani Sarkar in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/mina-rani-sarkar-badharghat-candidate-s23a014c004/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sarkar is from [[Badharghat]], [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]. She completed her graduation in arts in 1987 from [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mina Rani Sarkar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BADHARGHAT (SC)(WEST TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6994 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sarkar won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Badharghat Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-06 |title=Mina Rani Sarkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/politics/mina-rani-sarkar/articleshow/97936222.cms |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She polled 27,427 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Partha Ranjan Sarkar of [[AIFB]], by a margin of 1,289 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Mina Rani}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from West Tripura district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]