Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Noniya

2023-09-17T11:21:33Z

Yogfrontdev: Added rd

#REDIRECT [[Lonia]]

Vikram Rathour

2023-09-10T16:24:34Z

Yogfrontdev: add rd note

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{redirect|Vikram Rathore|character played by Akshay Kumar|Rowdy Rathore|character played by Shah Rukh Khan|Jawan (film)}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Vikram Rathour
| image = Cricket_no_pic.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|03|26}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = [[Wicket-keeper]]–batsman

| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan = 1996–1998
| testdebutdate = 6 June
| testdebutyear = 1996
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 205
| lasttestdate = 16 January
| lasttestyear = 1997
| lasttestagainst = South Africa
| odidebutdate = 15 April
| odidebutyear = 1996
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 96
| lastodidate = 15 February
| lastodiyear = 1997
| lastodiagainst = Zimbabwe
| odishirt =

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Tests]]
| matches1 = 6
| runs1 = 131
| bat avg1 = 13. 10
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 44

| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 22/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODIs]]
| matches2 = 7
| runs2 = 197
| bat avg2 = 27.57
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 54
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 7/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 146
| runs3 = 11,473
| bat avg3 = 49.66
| 100s/50s3 = 33/49
| top score3 = 254
| deliveries3 = 30
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 187/3
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 99
| runs4 = 3,161
| bat avg4 = 33.98
| 100s/50s4 = 7/14
| top score4 = 146
| deliveries4 = 1
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 61/0
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33120.html
}}

'''Vikram Rathour''' {{Audio|Vikram_Rathour.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 26 March 1969, [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]) is a former [[Indian people|Indian]] [[cricket]]er & Cricket Coach, who played in 6 [[Test cricket|Tests]] and 7 [[One Day International|ODI]]s from 1996 to 1997. He was a right-handed opening batsman. Rathour was a prolific run scorer at the first class level, scoring 11,473 runs at an average of 49.66 in 146 matches. This included several fluent, stroke-filled centuries. His List A career was more modest, with him scoring just over 3000 runs in 99 matches. He is the current batting coach of the Indian cricket team.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-vikram-rathour-indias-former batting-coach-who-boasted-of-an-impressive-form-during-the-90s/articleshow/70814852.cms?from=mdr</ref>

==BCCI National Selector from North Zone==

On 27 September 2012 Vikram Rathour was appointed as the national selector from the North Zone.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/binny-to-head-selection-panel-amarnath-leaves/27694| title= Patil is Chief Selector, Amarnath exits | publisher = Wisden India | date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

==International career==
Vikram Rathour officially announced his retirement from first-class cricket in November 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/06/stories/2003110607011800.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150422015946/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/06/stories/2003110607011800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2015|title=Vikram Rathour retires|date=5 November 2003|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> In his test career, he scored 131 runs in 10 innings and six matches with a highest of 44 in his appearance against South Africa at The Wanderers. Rathour was the member of the team that won the Ranji Trophy under the direction of coach [[Bishan Singh Bedi]].

==Coaching career==
He was appointed as batting coach for [[Indian cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/vikram-rathour-tipped-to-be-indias-new-batting-coach-1.65861478|title=Vikram Rathour tipped to be India's new batting coach|website=Gulf News|date=17 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref>
In November 2021, he was reappointed as batting coach of the Indian national cricket team based on his success with the team.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathour, Vikram}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab, India cricketers]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:India national cricket team selectors]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

Baby (2023 film)

2023-07-20T09:35:22Z

Yogfrontdev:

{{short description|2023 Telugu film directed by Sai Rajesh Neelam}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baby
| image = Baby theatrical poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| native_name =
| director = Sai Rajesh Neelam
| writer = Sai Rajesh Neelam
| based_on =
| producer = Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu (SKN)
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Anand Devarakonda]]|Vaishnavi Chaitanya|Viraj Ashwin}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = M. N. Balreddy
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| music = Vijay Bulganin
| studio = Mass Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|7|14}}
| runtime = 175 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baby Runtime|url= https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/baby-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0nzuz|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|39.70|c}} (6 days worldwide)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baby (2023) Box Office Collection|url= https://baapofmovies.com/baby-day-6-box-office-collection-report-massive-tickets-sold-even-on-the-normal-day/ |website=Baap of Movies|access-date=2023-07-19}}</ref>
}}
'''''Baby''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[coming of age]] [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by Sai Rajesh Neelam, who wrote and directed ''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]'' (2014), ''[[Kobbari Matta]]'' (2019) and produced ''[[Colour Photo]]'' (2020). It was produced by Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu (SKN), under Mass Movie Makers. It stars [[Anand Devarakonda]], Vaishnavi Chaitanya, and Viraj Ashwin in the lead roles.

It released on 14 July 2023 to generally met with divided acclaim from both the critics and audience, alike. The performances of the lead cast (particularly Anand and Chaitanya's), dialogue soundtrack, cinematography, and production design were highly praised. However, the uneven screenplay, profanity in few dialogues, vulgarity, pace, and lengthy runtime were criticised.

The film emerged as ''Blockbuster'' at the box office grossing {{INR}}39.70 crores worldwide.

== Plot ==
Anand and Vaishnavi are children born in middle class families. Vaishnavi likes Anand watching everything Anand does with an impression at school. Anand comes to know about that through Anand's friends and Anand also accepts Vaishnavi's love. They fall in love. After the exams, Vaishnavi joins college. There, Vaishnavi meets Ashwin, a wealthy boy. Being a girl born in a middle class family, Vaishnavi likes Ashwin's lifestyle and hangs out with him. Taking it as an opportunity, Ashwin loves Vaishnavi. One day, in an unexpected situation, Vaishnavi kisses Ashwin. Seeing that, Anand's mind suddenly collapses. A distance develops between Anand and Vaishnavi. Why did Vaishnavi have to do that? The rest of the story revolves around how the lives of Anand, Vaishnavi & Ashwin change forever and with whom Vaishnavi ends up loving forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
*[[Anand Devarakonda]] as Anand
*Vaishnavi Chaitanya as Vaishnavi "Vaishu"
*Viraj Ashwin as Viraj Ashwin
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Vaishnavi's father
*Lirisha Kunapareddy as Vaishnavi's mother
*[[Harsha Chemudu]] as Harsha, Anand’s friend
*Sathvik Anand as Sathvik, Anand’s friend
*Kusuma Degalamari as Kusuma, Vaishnavi’s friend
*Prabhavati Varma as Anand’s mother
*Kirrak Seetha as Seetha, Vaishnavi’s college mate
*Vadlamani Srinivas as Viraj’s father

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Baby
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2023|7|13}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=36|s=25}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Sony Music South]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The music was composed by Vijai Bulganin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southmp3.org/baby-songs-1/|title=Baby Songs Download 2023 | Baby Mp3 Songs Telugu}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = O Rendu Prema Meghaalila
| lyrics1 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra1 = [[Sreerama Chandra]]
| length1 = 5:14
| title2 = DevaRaaja
| lyrics2 = Kalyan Chakravarthi
| extra2 = Arya Dhayal
| length2 = 5:37
| title3 = Premisthunna
| lyrics3 = Suresh Banisetti
| extra3 = P V N S Rohit
| length3 = 6:36
| title4 = Ribapappa
| lyrics4 = Suresh Banisetti
| extra4 = Sri Krishna
| length4 = 5:05
| title5 = O Rendu Prema Meghaalila (Reprise)
| lyrics5 = Ananta Sriram
| extra5 = Sreerama Chandra
| length5 = 5:08
| title6 = Chanti Pillala
| lyrics6 = Suresh Banisetti
| extra6 = [[Anudeep Dev]]
| length6 = 5:08
| title7 = Kalakalame
| lyrics7 = Suresh Banisetti
| extra7 = Sahithi Chaganti
| length7 = 3:27
| total_length = 36:15
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]'' wrote that "On the whole, Baby sheds light on modern-day relationships in a neat manner, and the climax is unconventional. The performances of Anand Deverakonda, Vaishnavi Chaitanya, and Viraj Ashwin are simply superb".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/anand-deverakonda-baby-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Baby Telugu Movie Review|work=123telugu}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Baby is a must watch this season".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-film-is-impressive-divisive-8836053/|title=Baby movie review: Anand Deverakonda film is impressive, divisive|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Baby might leave you with mixed feelings, but it’s also the kind of film that’ll incite conversations – for better or worse. And maybe that’s the point of it all!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/baby/movie-review/101739286.cms|title=Baby Movie Review : A pathos-laden love story that'll leave you with mixed feelings|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Helmed by Sai Rajesh, Anand Deverakonda’s latest reads like a moral story with the protagonist actually spelling out the moral three-fourths into the movie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-star-in-an-exceptionally-long-silly-romantic-feature/article67079900.ece|title=‘Baby’ movie review: Anand Deverakonda, Vaishnavi Chaitanya star in an exceptionally long, silly romantic feature|work=The Hindu}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "Director wanted to engage the audience riding on confusions in youngsters in dealing with relationships, but falls flat barring some moments".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140723/baby-movie-review-vaishnavi-shines-in-male-chauvinism-laden-triangula.html|title=Baby Movie Review: Vaishnavi Shines in Male-chauvinism-laden Triangular Love|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|16118524|Baby}}

All India Tennis Association

2023-05-04T15:23:48Z

Yogfrontdev: case and hyphen fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name= All India Tennis Association
|logo= AITA official logo.png
|logosize=150px
|sport= [[Tennis]]
|abbrev = (AITA)
|founded = March, 1920<ref name="aita.tennis.histroy">{{cite web|url=http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html |title=History of AITA |access-date=2011-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122071350/http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html |archive-date=2011-11-22 }}</ref>
|aff =[[International Tennis Federation]]
|affdate =
|region =[[Asian Tennis Federation]]
|regionyear =
|headquarters = [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]]
|location = African Avenue, [[Delhi]]
|president = Anil Jain <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/article3536738.ece|title=Anil Khanna|access-date=2012-06-17}}</ref>
|chairman =
|chiefexec =
|coach =
|womenscoach =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =
|url = www.aitatennis.com
|countryflag= India
|jurisdiction=|membership=}}

The '''All India Tennis Association (AITA)''' ({{lang-hi|अखिल भारतीय टेनिस संघ}}), is the governing body of [[tennis]] in India. It was established in 1920 and affiliated by [[International Tennis Federation]] and [[Asian Tennis Federation]].

All India Tennis Association operates all of the Indian national representative tennis sides, including the [[India Davis Cup team]], the [[India Fed Cup team]] and youth sides as well. AITA is also responsible for organising and hosting tennis tournaments within India and scheduling the home international fixtures.

== History ==
Tennis was introduced in India in the 1880s by British Army and Civilian Officers. Soon after, regular tournaments like the 'Punjab Lawn tennis Championship' at [[Lahore]] (Now in Pakistan) (1885); 'Bengal Lawn Tennis Championship' at [[Calcutta]] (1887) and the All India Tennis Championships at [[Allahabad]] in (1910) were organised. Initially the British like TD Berrington and LC Ogbourne won these championships, however slowly Indians started picking up the game. Mohd Saleem of Lahore won the Punjab Championship in 1915 and thereafter consecutively from 1919 to 1926. In 1917 NS Iyer lifted the Bengal Championship. In 1919 Mr. Nagu picked up the prestigious singles crown at the All India Tennis Championship at City's Gymkhana Club at Allahabad. Henceforth the Indians started playing the game with greater distinction.

In March 1920, the All India Lawn Tennis Association was formed at Lahore. At this meeting the constitution and by laws were framed on the lines of the constitution of Lawn Tennis Association of Britain. In November 1920, the first AGM of AILTA was held at the Town Hall at Delhi. Samuel Perry O'Donnell, a British member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) was elected as the first president. In this meeting, it was decided to hold the annual 'All India National Championships' at Allahabad and to participate in Davis Cup competition. In its debut, Indian team consisting of SM Jacob, Mohd Saleem, LS Deane and AA Fayzee upset a stronger French team to reach the semi-finals. With AITA at the helm of affairs, different Provinces formed Provincial Associations (now known as State Associations and were affiliated to parent organisation. An Inter Provincial Tournament was organised with effect from 1922. Punjab LTA led by Mohd. Saleem became the first champions. This yearly competition continued till the eve of the [[Second World War]] (1939).

Around the early 1980s the name of the association was changed to the 'All India Tennis Association'. From the beginning of the 1990s tennis in India has started getting a new look. The financial position of the association has improved considerably. The association constructed a full-fledged modern National Stadium at Delhi with a seating capacity of 5000 spectators in 1996.<ref>[http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html AITA History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122071350/http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html |date=2011-11-22 }}. All India Tennis Association. Retrieved on 2008-06-07.</ref>

==Headquarters==
The AITA organisation has its headquarters in Delhi's [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]]. Until 1996, the organisation was functioning from temporary places like [[Calcutta]] now [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]] and [[Madras]].

==London Olympics==
On 15 June 2012, the All India Tennis Association on Friday chose Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi for the men's doubles event of the London Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/AITA-refuses-to-budge-chooses-Paes-Bhupathi-as-pair-for-London-Olympics/articleshow/14149580.cms |title=AITA refuses to budge, chooses Paes-Bhupathi as pair for London Olympics |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=2013-05-26 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> However Mahesh Bhupathi showed his reluctance to play alongside Paes.
AITA has decided to send two teams for Olympics, [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] and [[Rohan Bopanna]] as one team and the other team consisting of [[Leander Paes]] and [[Vishnu Vardhan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-tennis-row-vishnu-vardhan-excited-to-play-with-leander-paes-1704978 | title=Tennis row: Vishnu Vardhan excited to play with Leander Paes |date=20 June 2012 | publisher=DNA | location=India | author=IANS |access-date=13 July 2018 }}</ref>

==Format of tournaments==
AITA conducts the following types of tournaments:

*Talent Series
*Championship Series
*Super Series
*National Series
*Two Nationals - Hard Court and Clay

==Former tournaments==
Listed below are tournaments that were part of the world wide tour at some point.
===National===
* [[All India Covered Court Championships]]
* [[All India Hard Court Championships]]
* [[All India Lawn Tennis Championships]]
* [[India International Championships]]
* [[India National and Northern India Championships]]
* [[India Professional Championships]]
* [[National Lawn Tennis Championships of India]]

===Regional===
* [[Central India Championships]]
* East India and All Assam Hardcourts
* [[East India Championships]]
* [[Northern India Championships]]
* [[North West India Championships]]
* [[Southern India Championships]]
* [[South West India Championships]]
* [[Upper India Championships]]
* [[Western India Championships]]

===State===
* [[Andhra Pradesh State Championships]]
* [[Bengal Championships]]
* [[Hyderabad State Championships]]
* [[Kerala State Championships]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh State Championships]]
* [[Madras State Championships]]
* [[Mysore State Championships]]
* [[Punjab Lawn Tennis Championships]]
* [[Punjab State Championships]]
* [[Rajasthan Championships]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Championships]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.aitatennis.com All India Tennis Association website]

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National Members of the International Tennis Federation}}

[[Category:Tennis in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|T]]
[[Category:National members of the Asian Tennis Federation|India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1920]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in British India]]

Hungary

2023-01-15T20:53:40Z

Yogfrontdev: Added a new release to the platform.

{{short description|Country in Central Europe}}
{{about|the country|other uses|Hungary (disambiguation)}}

{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{too long}}

{{Infobox country

| conventional_long_name = Hungary
| common_name = Hungary
| native_name = {{native name|hu|Magyarország}}
| image_flag = Flag of Hungary.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Hungary.svg
| symbol_width = 50px
| national_motto =
| national_anthem = {{native name|hu|"[[Himnusz]]"|italics=no}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magyarnews.org/news.php?viewStory=619|title=The Story Behind the Hungarian National Anthem|publisher=Jules S. Vállay|access-date=8 May 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075407/http://magyarnews.org/news.php?viewStory=619|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{Lang-en|"Hymn"}}) <div style="display:inline-block;padding-top:0.4em;">[[File:Hungarian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band (1997 arrangement).mp3]]</div>
| image_map = EU-Hungary.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Hungary.svg}}
| capital = [[Budapest]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|47|26|N|19|15|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]<ref name="Flaw" />
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 98.3% [[Hungarians]]
| 3.2% [[Romani people in Hungary|Romani]]
| 1.8% [[Germans of Hungary|Germans]]
| 0.4% [[Romanians in Hungary|Romanians]]
| 1% undeclared<ref group="note">In Hungary people can declare multiple ethnic identities, hence the sum exceeds 100%.</ref><ref name="census 2016">{{cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|work=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=10 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9}}</ref>
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = census 2022
| religion_year = census 2011
| religion_ref = <ref name="Census2011det" />
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |54.3% [[Christianity]] |—39.0% [[Catholic Church in Hungary|Catholicism]] |—11.8% [[Protestantism]] |—3.5% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |18.2% [[Irreligion|no religion]] |0.3% [[Religion in Hungary|other]] |27.2% unanswered}}
| demonym = [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Hungary|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Katalin Novák]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Viktor Orbán]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)|Speaker of the National Assembly]]
| leader_name3 = [[László Kövér]]
| legislature = [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Hungary|Foundation]]
| established_event1 = [[Principality of Hungary]]
| established_date1 = 895<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana: Heart to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igzYAAAAMAAJ|volume=1|year=2006|publisher=Scholastic Library Pub.|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=581}}</ref>
| established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Hungary|Christian Kingdom]]
| established_date2 = 25 December 1000<ref>University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xV7xAAAAMAAJ Studies in medieval and renaissance history], Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159</ref>
| established_event3 = [[Golden Bull of 1222]]
| established_date3 = 24 April 1222
| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Battle of Mohács]]}}
| established_date4 = 29 August 1526
| established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Siege of Buda (1686)|Liberation of Buda]]}}
| established_date5 = 2 September 1686
| established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Revolution of 1848]]}}
| established_date6 = 15 March 1848
| established_event7 = [[Austria-Hungary]]
| established_date7 = 30 March 1867
| established_event8 = [[Treaty of Trianon]]
| established_date8 = 4 June 1920
| established_event9 = [[History of Hungary#Third Republic (since 1989)|Third Republic]]
| established_date9 = 23 October 1989
| established_event10 = [[Enlargement of NATO#Vilnius Group|Joined]] [[NATO]]
| established_date10 = 12 March 1999
| established_event11 = [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]
| established_date11 = 1 May 2004
| area_km2 = 93,030<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/|title=Hungary |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref>
| area_rank = 108th
| area_sq_mi = 35,919 
| percent_water = 3.7<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/ |title=CIA World Factbook weboldal |access-date=3 June 2009 }}</ref>
| population_estimate = 9,678,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/nep/en/nep0001.html|title=22.1.1.1. Main indicators of population and vital events|publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH)|website=www.ksh.hu|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>||
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 92nd
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr:9769526/93030 round 0}}
| population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr:9769526/35919 round 0}} 
| population_density_rank = 78th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $427 billion<ref name="IMFWEOHU">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=944,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 54th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $43,907<ref name="IMFWEOHU"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 42nd
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $188 billion<ref name="IMFWEOHU"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 58th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $19,385<ref name="IMFWEOHU"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 57th
| Gini = 28.3 
| Gini_year = 2020
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.846 
| HDI_year = 2021
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 46th
| currency = [[Hungarian forint|Forint]]
| currency_code = HUF
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| date_format = yyyy.mm.dd.
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Hungary|+36]]
| patron_saint = [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen]]
| cctld = [[.hu]]{{ref label|aaa|a}}
| footnote_a = {{note|aaa}} The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
| today =
}}

'''Hungary''' ({{lang-hu|Magyarország}} {{IPA-hu|ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ||hu-Magyarország.ogg}}) is a [[landlocked country]] in [[Central Europe]].<ref name="Flaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf|title=The Fundamental Law of Hungary|publisher=Hungarian State|access-date=8 May 2017|archive-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629205136/http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Spanning {{convert|93030|km2|sqmi}} of the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]], it is bordered by [[Slovakia]] to the north, [[Ukraine]] to the northeast, [[Romania]] to the east and southeast, [[Serbia]] to the south, [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]] to the southwest, and [[Austria]] to the west. Hungary has a population of 9.7 million, mostly ethnic [[Hungarians]] and a significant [[Romani people in Hungary|Romani minority]]. [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], the [[Languages of Hungary|official language]], is the world's most widely spoken [[Uralic languages|Uralic language]] and among the few non-[[Indo-European languages]] widely spoken in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html |title=Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages, Classification of the Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages, with present numbers of speakers and areas of distribution (last updated 24 September 201)|publisher=helsinki.fi|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> [[Budapest]] is the country's capital and [[List of cities and towns of Hungary|largest city]]; other major urban areas include [[Debrecen]], [[Szeged]], [[Miskolc]], [[Pécs]], and [[Győr]].

The territory of present-day Hungary has for centuries been a crossroads for various peoples, including [[Celts]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]], [[Huns]], [[West Slavs]] and the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]]. The foundation of the Hungarian state was established in the late 9th century AD with the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] by Hungarian grand prince [[Árpád]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf |title=Hungary in the Carpathian Basin|publisher=Lajos Gubcsi, PhD|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae">{{cite book|title=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNkTAQAAMAAJ|volume=36|year=1982|publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)|page=419}}</ref> His great-grandson [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] ascended the throne in 1000, converting his realm to a [[Kingdom of Hungary|Christian kingdom]]. By the 12th century, Hungary became a regional power, reaching its [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|cultural and political height in the 15th century]].<ref>Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, {{ISBN|963-9252-56-5}}, p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált"/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European constituent, became a middle power", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország ... /Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644</ref> Following the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, it was partially [[Ottoman Hungary|occupied by the Ottoman Empire]] (1541–1699). Hungary came under [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg rule]] at the turn of the 18th century, [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|later joining with]] the [[Austrian Empire]] to form [[Austria-Hungary]], a [[Great power|major power]] into the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria-Hungary |title=Austria-Hungary, HISTORICAL EMPIRE, EUROPE|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

Austria-Hungary collapsed after [[World War I]], and the subsequent [[Treaty of Trianon]] established Hungary's current borders, resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, and [[Hungarian diaspora|32% of ethnic Hungarians]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Richard C. Frucht| title = Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C| date = 31 December 2004| publisher = ABC-CLIO| isbn = 978-1-57607-800-6| page = 360 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Trianon, Treaty of|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html|encyclopedia=The [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Text of the Treaty, Treaty of Peace Between The Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary And Protocol and Declaration, Signed at Trianon June 4, 1920| url= http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon|access-date=10 June 2009}}</ref> Following the tumultuous [[Hungary between the World Wars|interwar period]], Hungary joined the [[Axis powers]] in [[World War II]], suffering significant damage and casualties.<ref name="Montgomery">[http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&pre=1 ''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216070442/http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&pre=1 }} [http://kapos.hu/hirek/kis_szines/2018-06-16/megerkezett_az_idei_balaton_sound_himnusza.html John F. Montgomery, ''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite''.] Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1947. Reprint: Simon Publications, 2002.</ref><ref name="Thomas, pg. 11">Thomas, ''The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II'', pg. 11</ref> Postwar Hungary became a [[satellite state]] of the [[Soviet Union]], leading to the establishment of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]]. Following the failed [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 revolution]], Hungary became a [[Goulash Communism|comparatively freer]], though still repressed, member of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. The [[removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria]] accelerated the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|subsequently the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Hanrahan
| first = Brian
| author-link = Brian Hanrahan
| title = Hungary's Role in the 1989 Revolutions
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8036685.stm
| work = [[BBC News]]
| date = 9 May 2009
}}</ref> On 23 October 1989, Hungary again became a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[parliamentary republic]].<ref>{{Cite journal | title = 1989. évi XXXI. törvény az Alkotmány módosításáról | trans-title = Act XXXI of 1989 on the Amendment of the Constitution | journal = Magyar Közlöny | publisher = Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat | location = Budapest | volume = 44 | issue = 74 | page = 1219 | language = hu | date = 23 October 1989}}</ref> Hungary joined the [[European Union]] in 2004 and has been part of the [[Schengen Area]] since 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Benefits of EU Membership|url=http://www.mkik.hu/en/magyar-kereskedelmi-es-iparkamara/benefits-of-eu-membership-2630|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608120246/http://www.mkik.hu/en/magyar-kereskedelmi-es-iparkamara/benefits-of-eu-membership-2630|archive-date=8 June 2017|access-date=6 June 2017|publisher=Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Under [[Viktor Orbán]] and the [[Fidesz]] party since 2010, Hungary has undergone [[democratic backsliding]] along with a gradual shift towards [[authoritarianism]].<ref> {{Cite web |title=MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy {{!}} News {{!}} European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220909IPR40137/meps-hungary-can-no-longer-be-considered-a-full-democracy |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=Hungary’s authoritarian leader is no gift to US conservatives |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/08/04/hungarys-authoritarian-leader-no-gift-us-conservatives |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>

Hungary is a [[middle power]] in international affairs, owing mostly to its [[Culture of Hungary|cultural]] and economic influence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Higgott|first1=Richard A.|last2=Cooper|first2=Andrew Fenton|title=Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706854|journal=International Organization|volume=44|issue=4|pages=589–632|doi=10.1017/S0020818300035414|jstor=2706854|s2cid=153563278 |issn=0020-8183}}</ref> It is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] with [[Healthcare in Hungary|universal health care]] and tuition-free [[List of universities and colleges in Hungary|secondary education]].<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|author=OECD|title=OECD Health Data: Social protection|journal=OECD Health Statistics (Database)|doi=10.1787/data-00544-en|url= http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-health-statistics/oecd-health-data-social-protection_data-00544-en|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="europa">{{cite web | url=http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20131106181321/http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/compulsory_education_EN.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 November 2013 | title=Compulsory Education in Europe 2013/2014 | publisher=European commission | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=Eurydice }}</ref> Hungary has a long history of significant contributions to [[Hungarian art|arts]], [[Music of Hungary|music]], [[Hungarian literature|literature]], [[Hungary at the Olympics|sports]], [[Science and technology in Hungary|science and technology]].<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://mta.hu/english/hungarys-nobel-prize-winners-106018
| work = [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]
| title = Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners, 13 Hungarian win Nobel Prize yet
| access-date = 2 April 2022
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Population per Gold Medal. Hungary has the second highest gold medal per capita in the world. All together it has 175 gold medal until 2016.
| url = http://www.medalspercapita.com/#golds-per-capita:all-time
| work = medalspercapita.com
}}</ref><ref name="Britannic .=">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276684/Hungarian-literature ''Hungarian literature – ”Popular poetry is the only real poetry was the opinion of Sándor Petőfi, one of the greatest Hungarian poets, whose best poems rank among the masterpieces of world literature”''.], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2012 edition</ref><ref>Szalipszki, pg.12 Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music".</ref> It is a [[World Tourism rankings|popular]] [[Tourism in Hungary|tourist destination]] in Europe, drawing 24.5 million international tourists in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STADAT – 4.5.3. The number of inbound trips to Hungary and the related expenditures by motivation (2009–) |url=https://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_ogt004c.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Hungarian Central Statistical Office}}</ref> It is a member of numerous international organisations, including the [[Council of Europe]], [[NATO]], [[United Nations]], [[World Health Organization]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[World Bank]], [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]], and the [[Visegrád Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true |title=International organizations in Hungary |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115736/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Name of Hungary}}
The "H" in the name of Hungary (and Latin ''Hungaria'') is most likely derived from historical associations with the [[Huns]], who had settled Hungary prior to the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]]. The rest of the word comes from the Latinised form of [[Medieval Greek|Byzantine Greek]] ''Oungroi'' (Οὔγγροι). The Greek name might be borrowed from [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Bulgarian]] ''ągrinŭ'', in turn borrowed from [[Oghuric languages|Oghur-Turkic]] ''[[Onogurs|Onogur]]'' ('ten [tribes of the] Ogurs'), perhaps entering Slavic through a dialectal *Ongur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benjamin Golden |first=Peter |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319966 |journal=Editura Academiei Române |pages=23}}</ref> ''[[Onogurs|Onogur]]'' was the collective name for the tribes who later joined the [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars.<ref name="Király">{{cite book | last = Király | first = Péter | title = A magyarok elnevezése a korai európai forrásokban ''(The Names of the Magyars in Early European Sources)'' /In: Honfoglalás és nyelvészet ("The Occupation of Our county" and Linguistics)/ | publisher = Balassi Kiadó | date = 1997 | location = Budapest | url = http://webshop.animare.hu/honfoglalas+es+nyelveszet+83813.html | isbn = 978-963-506-108-2 | page = 266 | access-date = 7 October 2015 | archive-date = 13 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130130/http://webshop.animare.hu/honfoglalas+es+nyelveszet+83813.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Hungary|editor=Peter F. Sugar|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-20867-5|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA9}}</ref> [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter B. Golden]] also considers Árpád Berta's theory, who has suggested that the name derives from [[Khazar language|Khazar Turkic]] ongar (oŋ "right," oŋar- "to make something better, to put (it) right," oŋgar-  "to make something better, to put (it) right," oŋaru "towards the right") "right wing". This points to the idea that the Magyar Union before the Conquest formed the "right wing" (= western wing) of the [[Khazars|Khazar]] military forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berta |first=Árpad |title=Die chasarische Benennung der Ungarn}}</ref>

The Hungarian [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] is ''Magyarország'', composed of ''magyar'' ('Hungarian') and ''ország'' ('country'). The name "Magyar", which refers to the people of the country, more accurately reflects the name of the country in some other languages such as [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and other languages as ''Magyaristan'' or ''Land of Magyars'' or similar. The word ''magyar'' is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, ''magyeri''.<ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ The Magyars: the birth of a European nation], Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA358 Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration], Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063], Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref> The first element ''magy'' is likely from Proto-Ugric *''mäńć-'' 'man, person', also found in the name of the [[Mansi people]] (''mäńćī, mańśi, måńś''). The second element ''eri'', 'man, men, lineage', survives in Hungarian ''férj'' 'husband', and is cognate with [[Mari language|Mari]] ''erge'' 'son', [[Finnish language|Finnish]] archaic ''yrkä'' 'young man'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Curalic%5Curalet&first=1&text_proto=&method_proto=substring&ic_proto=on&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_germmean=&method_germmean=substring&ic_germmean=on&text_fin=&method_fin=substring&ic_fin=on&text_est=&method_est=substring&ic_est=on&text_saa=&method_saa=substring&ic_saa=on&text_mrd=&method_mrd=substring&ic_mrd=on&text_mar=&method_mar=substring&ic_mar=on&text_udm=&method_udm=substring&ic_udm=on&text_kom=&method_kom=substring&ic_kom=on&text_khn=&method_khn=substring&ic_khn=on&text_man=&method_man=substring&ic_man=on&text_ugr=magyar&method_ugr=substring&ic_ugr=on&text_smd=&method_smd=substring&ic_smd=on&text_nen=&method_nen=substring&ic_nen=on&text_enc=&method_enc=substring&ic_enc=on&text_nga=&method_nga=substring&ic_nga=on&text_slk=&method_slk=substring&ic_slk=on&text_kam=&method_kam=substring&ic_kam=on&text_janh=&method_janh=substring&ic_janh=on&text_samm2=&method_samm2=substring&ic_samm2=on&text_redei=&method_redei=substring&ic_redei=on&text_add=&method_add=substring&ic_add=on&text_reshet=&method_reshet=substring&ic_reshet=on&text_yuk=&method_yuk=substring&ic_yuk=on&text_lit=&method_lit=substring&ic_lit=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=number&ic_any=on|title=Uralic etymology : Query result|website=starling.rinet.ru}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hungary}}

=== Before 895 ===
{{Main|Hungarian prehistory|Hungarian mythology}}
[[File:Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|Roman provinces: Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia, Thracia]]
The [[Roman Empire]] conquered the territory between the [[Alps]] and the area west of the [[Danube]] River from 16 to 15 BC, the Danube being the frontier of the empire.<ref name="Kershaw">Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013). ''A Brief History of The Roman Empire: Rise and Fall. London.'' Constable & Robinson Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-78033-048-8}}.</ref> In 14 BC, Pannonia, the western part of the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]], which includes today's west of Hungary, was recognised by emperor [[Augustus]] in the ''[[Res Gestae Divi Augusti]]'' as part of the Roman Empire.<ref name="Kershaw"/> The area south-east of [[Pannonia]] was organised as the Roman province [[Moesia]] in 6 BC.<ref name="Kershaw"/> An area east of the river [[Tisza]] became the Roman province of [[Dacia]] in 106 AD, which included today's east Hungary. It remained under Roman rule until 271.<ref name="Scarre">Scarre, Chris (2012). ''Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome.'' London. Thames & Hudson Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-500-28989-1}}.</ref> From 235, the Roman Empire went through troubled times, caused by revolts, rivalry and rapid succession of emperors. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century under the stress of the migration of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] and [[Carpi people|Carpian]] pressure.<ref name="Scarre" />

This period brought many invaders into Central Europe, beginning with the [[Huns|Hunnic Empire]] (c. 370–469). The most powerful ruler of the Hunnic Empire was [[Attila]] the Hun (434–453), who later became a central figure in Hungarian mythology.<ref name="Kelly">Kelly, Christopher (2008). ''Attila The Hun: Barbarian Terror and The Fall of The Roman Empire.'' London. The Bodley Head. {{ISBN|978-0-224-07676-0}}.</ref> After the disintegration of the Hunnic Empire, the [[Gepids]], an Eastern Germanic tribe, who had been vassalised by the Huns, established their own kingdom in the Carpathian Basin.<ref name="Bona_The_Gepids_during_and_after_the_Hun_Period">{{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Makkai |editor3-first=László |editor4-last=Mócsy |editor4-first=András |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Hungarian Research Institute of Canada (Distributed by Columbia University Press) |year=2001 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Kingdom of the Gepids; The Gepids during and after the Hun Period |chapter-url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/34.html |isbn=0-88033-479-7}}</ref> Other groups which reached the Carpathian Basin during the Migration Period were the [[Goths]], [[Vandals]], [[Lombards]], and [[Early Slavs|Slavs]].<ref name="Scarre" />

In the 560s, the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] founded the Avar Khaganate, a state that maintained supremacy in the region for more than two centuries. The [[Franks]] under [[Charlemagne]] defeated the Avars in a series of campaigns during the 790s.<ref name="Gubcsi">Lajos Gubcsi, [http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf Hungary in the Carpathian Basin], MoD Zrínyi Media Ltd, 2011</ref> Between 804 and 829, the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] conquered the lands east of the Danube and took over the rule of the local Slavic tribes and remnants of the Avars.<ref name="Skutsch">Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities.'' New York: Routledge. p. 158. {{ISBN|1-57958-468-3}}.</ref> By the mid-9th century, the [[Slavs in Lower Pannonia#Principality|Balaton Principality]], also known as Lower Pannonia, was established west of the Danube as part of the Frankish [[March of Pannonia]].<ref name="Luthar">Luthar, Oto, ed. (2008). ''The Land Between: A History of Slovenia.'' Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH. {{ISBN|9783631570111}}.</ref>

===Middle Ages (895–1526)===
{{Main|Principality of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Kalandozasok.jpg|thumb|[[Hungarian invasions of Europe|Hungarian raids in the 10th century]]]]

The freshly unified [[Magyar tribes|Hungarians]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Grolier Incorporated |page=370|year=2000|volume=24}}</ref> led by [[Árpád]] (by tradition a descendant of Attila), [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|settled in the Carpathian Basin]] starting in 895.<ref name="A Country Study: Hungary">{{Cite book|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0013)|title=A Country Study: Hungary|publisher=Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=6 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Eliznik.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/migration-map/hungarian-migration.htm |title=Magyar (Hungarian) migration, 9th century |publisher=Eliznik.org.uk |access-date=20 September 2009 |archive-date=6 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006210045/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/migration-map/hungarian-migration.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugrian theory]], they originated from an ancient [[Uralic languages|Uralic]]-speaking population that formerly inhabited the forested area between the [[Volga]] River and the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/hungary/49.htm Origins and Language]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress''.</ref> As a federation of united tribes, [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungary was established in 895]], some 50 years after the division of the [[Carolingian Empire]] at the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843, before the unification of the [[Kingdom of England|Anglo-Saxon kingdoms]].

Initially, the rising [[Principality of Hungary]] ("Western Tourkia" in medieval Greek sources)<ref>Peter B. Golden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs], Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia'". Carter Vaughn Findley, [http://www.fatih.edu/~ayasar/HIST388/The%20Turks%20in%20World%20History.pdf The Turks in the World History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205130351/http://www.fatih.edu/~ayasar/HIST388/The%20Turks%20in%20World%20History.pdf }}, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'' 2 (1982), 37–76. {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ |title= Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe |isbn= 9780860788850 |last1= Golden |first1= Peter B. }}</ref> was a state created by a semi-nomadic people. It accomplished an enormous transformation into a Christian realm during the 10th century.<ref name="Stephen Wyley">{{cite web|author=Stephen Wyley |url=http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html |title=The Magyars of Hungary |publisher=Geocities.com |access-date=20 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021171416/http://geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html |archive-date=21 October 2009 |url-status=dead}} </ref> This state was well-functioning, and the nation's military power allowed the Hungarians to conduct successful [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|fierce campaigns and raids]], from [[Constantinople]] to as far as today's Spain.<ref name="Stephen Wyley" /> The Hungarians defeated [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|three major East Frankish imperial armies]] between 907 and 910.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Heather|title=Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX_QNvxR4K0C&pg=PT227|year=2010|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-54021-6|page=227}}</ref> A defeat at the [[Battle of Lechfeld]] in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the west.

====Age of Árpádian kings====
{{Main|Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Árpád dynasty}}
[[File:Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Stephen I of Hungary|King Saint Stephen]], the first [[King of Hungary]], converted the nation to Christianity.]]

In 972, the ruling prince ({{lang-hu|fejedelem}}) [[Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Géza]] of the [[Árpád dynasty]] officially started to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe.<ref>Attila Zsoldos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IgoiAQAAIAAJ Saint Stephen and his country: a newborn kingdom in Central Europe: Hungary], Lucidus, 2001, p. 40</ref> His first-born son, [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen I]], became the first [[King of Hungary]] after defeating his [[paganism|pagan]] uncle [[Koppány]], who also claimed the throne. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognised as a Catholic [[Apostolic Majesty|Apostolic Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Asia Travel Europe |url=http://www.asiatravel.com/europe/hungaria/travelinfo.html |title=Hungaria Travel Information | Asia Travel Europe |publisher=Asiatravel.com |access-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905161209/http://asiatravel.com/europe/hungaria/travelinfo.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Applying to [[Pope Sylvester II]], Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]], currently kept in the [[Hungarian Parliament Building|Hungarian Parliament]]) from the papacy.

By 1006, Stephen consolidated his power and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western [[Feudalism|feudal state]]. The country switched to using Latin for administration purposes, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of administration. Around this time, Hungary began to become a powerful kingdom.{{citation needed}} [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Ladislaus I]] extended Hungary's frontier in [[Transylvania]] and invaded [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] in 1091.<ref>{{cite book|author=Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc|title=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIVUAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-787-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/byzant.htm|title=Marko Marelic: The Byzantine and Slavic worlds|website=Korcula.net|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075636/http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/byzant.htm|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu02.htm|title=Hungary in American History Textbooks|website=Hungarian-history.hu|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206114100/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu02.htm|archive-date=6 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://erwin.bernhardt.net.nz/hungary/hungaryfacts.html|title=Hungary, facts and history in brief|website=Erwin.bernhardt.net.nz|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> The Croatian campaign culminated in the [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain]] in 1097 and a [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union of Croatia and Hungary]] in 1102, ruled by [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]].<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|title= Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|author= Ladislav Heka|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–173|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>
[[File:A Szent Korona elölről 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Holy Crown]] (''Szent Korona''), one of the key symbols of Hungary]]
The most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla III]], who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of silver per year, according to a contemporary [[Income register of Béla III of Hungary|income register]]. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.<ref>{{cite book|author=Miklós Molnár|title=A Concise History of Hungary|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66736-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln/page/46 46]}}</ref> [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]] issued the ''[[Diploma Andreanum]]'' which secured the special privileges of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]] and is considered the first [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomy]] law in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/autonomy/komlossy.pdf |title=Hungarianhistory.com |access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> He led the [[Fifth Crusade]] to the [[Holy Land]] in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His [[Golden Bull of 1222]] was the first constitution in [[Continental Europe]]. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (''parlamentum publicum'').

In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the [[Mongolian invasion of Hungary|Mongol (Tatar) invasion]]. Up to half of Hungary's population of 2 million were victims of the invasion.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34789/Hungary The Mongol invasion: the last Arpad kings], Encyclopædia Britannica – "The country lost about half its population, the incidence ranging from 60 percent in the Alföld (100 percent in parts of it) to 20 percent in Transdanubia; only parts of Transylvania and the northwest came off fairly lightly."</ref> King Béla IV let [[Cumans]] and [[Jasz people|Jassic people]] into the country, who were fleeing the Mongols.<ref>[http://hungarianhistory.com/lib/hevizi/hevizi.pdf Autonomies in Europe and Hungary]. By Józsa Hévizi.</ref> Over the centuries, they were fully assimilated into the Hungarian population.<ref>{{cite web |author=cs |url=http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml |title=National and historical symbols of Hungary |publisher=Nemzetijelkepek.hu |access-date=20 September 2009 |archive-date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729054659/http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The [[Second Mongol invasion of Hungary|Mongols returned to Hungary]] in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated<ref>{{cite book|author=Pál Engel|title=Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA109|year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-977-6|page=109}}</ref> near Pest by the royal army of King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force.

==== Age of elected kings ====
{{Main|Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Ottoman–Hungarian Wars}}
[[File:Nagy lajos.jpg|left|thumb|229x229px|A map of the lands ruled by [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]] in Pallas's Great Encyclopedia]]
The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] reached one of its greatest extents during the Árpádian kings, yet royal power was weakened at the end of their rule in 1301. After a destructive period of [[interregnum]] (1301–1308), the first [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[Charles I of Hungary]] – a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty – successfully restored royal power and defeated oligarch rivals, the so-called "little kings". The second Angevin Hungarian king, [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]] (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to southern Italy ([[Kingdom of Naples]]) and was also [[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]] from 1370. After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilised only when [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxembourg]] (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Sigismund was also (in several ways) a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty.
[[File:Matthiascorvinusmap01.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Map of the lands ruled by [[Matthias Corvinus]]. Designed by Dr. Lajos Baróti.]]
The first Hungarian [[Bible translations|Bible translation]] was completed in 1439. For half a year in 1437, there was an antifeudal and anticlerical [[Transylvanian peasant revolt|peasant revolt in Transylvania]] which was strongly influenced by [[Hussite]] ideas.

From a small noble family in Transylvania, [[John Hunyadi]] grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his outstanding capabilities as a mercenary commander. He was elected governor, then regent. He was a successful crusader against the [[Ottoman Turks]], one of his greatest victories being the [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|siege of Belgrade]] in 1456.

The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the [[Renaissance]] king [[Matthias Corvinus]] (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi. His election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted to the Hungarian royal throne without dynastic background. He was a successful military leader and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Hungary%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia |title=Hungary – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> His library, the [[Bibliotheca Corviniana]], was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the [[Vatican Library]]. Items from the Bibliotheca Corviniana were inscribed on [[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15976&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Hungary – The Bibliotheca Corviniana Collection: UNESCO-CI |publisher=Portal.unesco.org |access-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080318044516/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15976&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=18 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands and other abuses by the magnates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/hungary/9.htm |title=Hungary – Renaissance And Reformation |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref> Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the [[Battle of Breadfield]]. Abroad he defeated the Polish and German imperial armies of Frederick at Breslau ([[Wrocław]]). Matthias' mercenary standing army, the [[Black Army of Hungary]], was an unusually large army for its time, and it conquered [[Vienna]] as well as parts of Austria and [[Bohemia]].

==== Decline (1490–1526) ====
King Matthias died without lawful sons, and the Hungarian magnates procured the accession of the Pole [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] (1490–1516), supposedly because of his weak influence on Hungarian aristocracy.<ref name="britannica1" /> Hungary's international role declined, its political stability was shaken, and social progress was deadlocked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708070759/http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=A Country Study: Hungary |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=20 September 2009 }}</ref> In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by [[György Dózsa]], which was ruthlessly crushed by the [[Hungarian nobility|nobles]], led by [[John Zápolya]]. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman preeminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (today's [[Belgrade]], Serbia), [[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|fell to the Turks]]. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the country.

=== Ottoman wars (1526–1699) ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Ottoman Hungary|Eastern Hungarian Kingdom}}
{{See also|Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Ottoman–Habsburg wars}}
[[File:Székely, Bertalan - The Women of Eger - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting commemorating the [[Siege of Eger (1552)|siege of Eger]], a major victory against the Ottomans]]

After some [[Ottoman wars in Europe|150 years of wars]] with the Hungarians and other states, the Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, where King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]] died while fleeing. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, [[John Zápolya]] and [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]]. With the conquest of [[Buda]] by the Turks in 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. The north-western part, termed as [[Royal Hungary]], was annexed by the Habsburgs who ruled as kings of Hungary. The eastern part of the kingdom became independent as the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]], under Ottoman (and later Habsburg) [[suzerainty]]. The remaining central area, including the capital Buda, was known as the Pashalik of Buda.

The vast majority of the seventeen and nineteen thousand Ottoman soldiers in service in the Ottoman fortresses in the territory of Hungary were Orthodox and Muslim Balkan Slavs rather than ethnic Turkish people.<ref>Laszlo Kontler, "A History of Hungary" p. 145</ref> Orthodox Southern Slavs were also acting as [[akinji]]s and other light troops intended for pillaging in the territory of present-day Hungary.<ref>Inalcik Halil: "The Ottoman Empire"</ref> In 1686, the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League's]] army, containing over 74,000 men from various nations, [[Siege of Buda (1686)|reconquered Buda]] from the Turks. After some more crushing [[Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)|defeats of the Ottomans]] in the next few years, the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule by 1718. The last raid into Hungary by the Ottoman vassals [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]] from [[Crimea]] took place in 1717.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Géza Dávid|author2=Pál Fodor|title=Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders: (Early Fifteenth – Early Eighteenth Centuries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00ZuXUdx2GgC|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15704-0|page=203}}</ref> The constrained Habsburg Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. The ethnic composition of Hungary was fundamentally changed as a consequence of the prolonged warfare with the Turks. A large part of the country became devastated, population growth was stunted, and many smaller settlements perished.<ref>{{cite news
| first = Gyorgy
| last = Csepeli
| title = The changing facets of Hungarian nationalism – Nationalism Reexamined | Social Research | Find Articles at BNET
| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_n1_v63/ai_18501094/
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120709161536/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_n1_v63/ai_18501094/
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 9 July 2012
| publisher = Findarticles.com
| date = 2 June 2009
| access-date = 20 September 2009
}}</ref> The Austrian-Habsburg government settled large groups of [[Serbs]] and other Slavs in the depopulated south, and settled [[Germans of Hungary|Germans]] (called [[Danube Swabians]]) in various areas, but Hungarians were not allowed to settle or re-settle in the south of the Carpathian Basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/unmaking/part1-7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204132452/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/unmaking/part1-7.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2011 |title=Ch7 A Short Demographic History of Hungary |access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref>

=== From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918) ===
{{Main|Rákóczi's War of Independence|Hungarian Reform Era|Hungarian Revolution of 1848|4 = Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|5 = Hungary in World War I}}
[[File:Mányoki, Ádam - Portrait of Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Francis II Rákóczi]], leader of the war of independence against Habsburg rule in 1703–1711]]
[[File:Gróf Széchenyi István.jpg|thumb|upright|Count [[István Széchenyi]] offered one year's income to establish the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]].]]
[[File:Jakobey Buda ostroma 2.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The [[Siege of Buda (1849)|siege of Buda]] in May 1849]]
[[File:Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties.png|left|thumb|Ethnic and political situation in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the 1910 census]]
[[File:E. Poulton Portrait of Lajos Kossuth 1860s.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lajos Kossuth]], Regent-President during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]]]
[[File:Austria-Hungary map.svg|thumb|upright|The [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen]] consisted of the territories of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (16) and the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] (17).]]
Between 1703 and 1711, there was a large-scale [[Rákóczi's War of Independence|war of independence]] led by [[Francis II Rákóczi]], who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of [[Ónod]], took power provisionally as the ruling prince for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian crown and the title "king". The uprisings lasted for years. The Hungarian [[Kuruc]] army, although taking over most of the country, lost the main [[Battle of Trenčín|battle at Trencsén]] (1708). Three years later, because of the growing desertion, defeatism, and low morale, the Kuruc forces finally surrendered.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Lendvai|title=The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA152|year=2003|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-673-9|page=152}}</ref>

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and afterward, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades.<ref>Peter N Stearns, The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world, Volume 4, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 64</ref> In the 1820s, the emperor was forced to convene the Diet, which marked the beginning of a Reform Period (1825–1848, {{lang-hu|reformkor}}). Count [[István Széchenyi]], one of the most prominent statesmen of the country, recognised the urgent need for modernisation and his message got through. The Hungarian Parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged and focused on providing for the peasantry. [[Lajos Kossuth]]—a famous journalist at that time—emerged as a leader of the lower [[gentry]] in the Parliament. A remarkable upswing started as the nation concentrated its forces on modernisation even though the Habsburg monarchs obstructed all important liberal laws relating to [[civil and political rights]] and economic reforms. Many reformers ([[Lajos Kossuth]], [[Mihály Táncsics]]) were imprisoned by the authorities.

On 15 March 1848, mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda enabled Hungarian reformists to push through a list of [[12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848|12 demands]]. Under Governor and President [[Lajos Kossuth]] and Prime Minister [[Lajos Batthyány]], the House of Habsburg was dethroned. The Habsburg ruler and his advisors skillfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, and induced them to rebel against the Hungarian government, though the Hungarians were supported by the vast majority of the Slovak, German and [[Rusyns|Rusyn]] nationalities and by all the Jews of the kingdom, as well as by a large number of Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers.<ref>[http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/jeszenszky/ethnic.pdf Géza Jeszenszky: From "Eastern Switzerland" to Ethnic Cleansing], address at Duquesne History Forum, 17 November 2000, The author is former Ambassador of Hungary to the United States and was Foreign Minister in 1990{{spaced ndash}}1994.</ref> In July 1849 the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws of ethnic and [[minority rights]] in the world.<ref>Laszlo Peter, Martyn C. Rady, Peter A. Sherwood: Lajos Kossuth sas word...: papers delivered on the occasion of the bicentenary of Kossuth's birth (page 101)</ref> Many members of the nationalities gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army, like General [[János Damjanich]], an ethnic Serb who became a Hungarian national hero through his command of the 3rd Hungarian Army Corps or [[Józef Bem]], who was Polish and also became a national hero in Hungary. The Hungarian forces (''[[Royal Hungarian Landwehr|Honvédség]]'') defeated Austrian armies. To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Habsburg Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] asked for help from the "Gendarme of Europe", Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]], whose Russian armies invaded Hungary. This made [[Artúr Görgei|Artúr Görgey]] surrender in August 1849. The leader of the Austrian army, [[Julius Jacob von Haynau]], became governor of Hungary for a few months and ordered the execution of [[the 13 Martyrs of Arad]], leaders of the Hungarian army, and Prime Minister Batthyány in October 1849. Kossuth escaped into exile. Following the war of 1848–1849, the whole country was in "passive resistance".

[[File:Ferenc József koronázása Budán.jpg|thumb|left|[[Coronation of the Hungarian monarch|Coronation]] of [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Francis Joseph I]] and [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Elisabeth Amalie]] at [[Matthias Church]], [[Buda]], 8 June 1867]]

Because of external and internal problems, reforms seemed inevitable, and major military defeats of Austria forced the Habsburgs to negotiate the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], by which the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] was formed. This empire had the second largest area in Europe (after the [[Russian Empire]]), and it was the third most populous (after Russia and the [[German Empire]]). The two realms were governed separately by two parliaments from two capital cities, with a common monarch and common external and military policies. Economically, the empire was a customs union. The old Hungarian Constitution was restored, and Franz Joseph I was crowned as [[King of Hungary]]. The era witnessed impressive economic development. The formerly backward Hungarian economy became relatively modern and industrialised by the turn of the 20th century, although agriculture remained dominant until 1890. In 1873, the old capital Buda and [[Óbuda]] were officially united with [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Kinga Frojimovics|title=Jewish Budapest: Monuments, Rites, History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wUg6rlWS2kC&pg=PA67|year=1999|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9116-37-5|page=67}}</ref> thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period.

After the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] in Sarajevo, Prime Minister [[István Tisza]] and his cabinet tried to avoid the outbreak and escalating of a war in Europe, but their diplomatic efforts were unsuccessful. Austria-Hungary drafted 9 million (fighting forces: 7.8 million) soldiers in World War I (over 4 million from the Kingdom of Hungary) on the side of Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The troops raised in the Kingdom of Hungary spent little time defending the actual territory of Hungary, with the exceptions of the [[Brusilov offensive]] in June 1916 and a few months later when the Romanian army made an attack into Transylvania,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwar2.ro/arme/?language=ro&article=114|title=WorldWar2.ro – Ofensiva Armatei 2 romane in Transilvania|website=Worldwar2.ro|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>{{sps}} both of which were repelled. The [[Central Powers]] conquered Serbia. Romania declared war. The Central Powers conquered southern Romania and the Romanian capital [[Bucharest]]. In 1916 Emperor Joseph died, and the new monarch [[Charles I of Austria|Charles IV]] sympathised with the pacifists. With great difficulty, the Central Powers stopped and repelled the attacks of the Russian Empire.

The [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] of the Allied ([[Allies of World War I|Entente]]) Powers completely collapsed. The Austro-Hungarian Empire then withdrew from all defeated countries. On the Italian front, the Austro-Hungarian army made no progress against Italy after January 1918. Despite great success on the Eastern Front, Germany suffered complete defeat on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated (strikes in factories were organised by leftist and pacifist movements) and uprisings in the army had become commonplace. In the capital cities, the Austrian and Hungarian leftist liberal movements (the maverick parties) and their leaders supported the separatism of ethnic minorities. Austria-Hungary signed a general armistice in [[Padua]] on 3 November 1918.<ref>{{cite book|author=François Bugnion|title=The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War Victims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6K9IAAAAYAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Macmillan Education|isbn=978-0-333-74771-1}}</ref> In October 1918, Hungary's union with Austria was dissolved.

=== Between the World Wars (1918–1941) ===
{{Main|Hungary between the World Wars|Hungarian interwar economy|Treaty of Trianon}}
[[File:Trianon consequences.png|left|thumb|With the [[Treaty of Trianon]], Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea ports, and 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Miklós Molnár|title=A Concise History of Hungary|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66736-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln/page/262 262]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Western Europe: Challenge and Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=RA1-PA360|year=1990|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|pages=359–360}}</ref>{{legend|#cd3318|Majority Hungarian areas (according to the 1910 census) detached from Hungary}}]]

Following the First World War, Hungary underwent a period of profound political upheaval, beginning with the [[Aster Revolution]] in 1918, which brought the social-democratic [[Mihály Károlyi]] to power as prime minister. The [[Royal Hungarian Honvéd|Hungarian Royal Honvéd army]] still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Kitchen|author-link=Martin Kitchen|title=Europe Between the Wars|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2014|page=190|isbn=9781317867531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36WsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ignác Romsics|title=Dismantling of Historic Hungary: The Peace Treaty of Trianon, 1920 Issue 3 of CHSP Hungarian authors series East European monographs|publisher=Social Science Monographs|year=2002|page=62|isbn=9780880335058}}</ref> when Károlyi was installed. Károlyi yielded to U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s demand for [[pacifism]] by ordering the disarmament of the Hungarian army. This happened under the direction of [[Béla Linder]], minister of war in the Károlyi government.<ref name="Dixon 1986">Dixon J. C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OKDRvNHdraoC&pg=PA34 ''Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922'']. Associated University Presses 1986. p. 34.</ref><ref name="Sharp 2008">Sharp A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NQodBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 ''The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923'']{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Palgrave Macmillan 2008. p. 156. {{ISBN|9781137069689}}</ref> Disarmament of its army meant that Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost control over approximately 75% of its former pre-WW1 territories ({{Convert|325411|km2|sqmi}}) without a fight and was subject to foreign occupation. The [[Little Entente]], sensing an opportunity, invaded the country from three sides—[[Hungarian-Romanian War|Romania invaded Transylvania]], Czechoslovakia annexed [[Upper Hungary]] (today's Slovakia), and a joint [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serb]]-[[French Army|French]] coalition annexed [[Vojvodina]] and other southern regions. In March 1919, communists led by [[Béla Kun]] ousted the Károlyi government and proclaimed the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] (''Tanácsköztársaság''), followed by a thorough [[Red Terror (Hungary)|Red Terror]] campaign. Despite some successes on the Czechoslovak front, Kun's forces were ultimately unable to resist the Romanian invasion; by August 1919, Romanian troops occupied Budapest and ousted Kun.

[[File:Portraits de Miklós Horthy.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Miklós Horthy]], Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)]]

In November 1919, rightist forces led by former Austro-Hungarian admiral [[Miklós Horthy]] entered Budapest; exhausted by the war and its aftermath, the populace accepted Horthy's leadership. In January 1920, parliamentary elections were held, and Horthy was proclaimed regent of the reestablished [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]], inaugurating the so-called "Horthy era" (''Horthy-kor''). The new government worked quickly to normalise foreign relations while turning a blind eye to a [[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]] that swept through the countryside; extrajudicial killings of suspected communists and Jews lasted well into 1920. On 4 June 1920, the [[Treaty of Trianon]] established new borders for Hungary. The country lost 71% of its territory and 66% of its pre-war population, as well as many sources of raw materials and its sole port at [[Rijeka|Fiume]].<ref name="Macartney37">{{cite book| last=Macartney| first =C. A.| title=Hungary and her successors: The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences 1919–1937| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| first = Richard
| last = Bernstein
| title = East on the Danube: Hungary's Tragic Century
| work = The New York Times
| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E3D91531F93AA3575BC0A9659C8B63&pagewanted=2
| date = 9 August 2003
| access-date = 15 March 2008
}}</ref> Though the revision of the treaty quickly rose to the top of the national political agenda, the Horthy government was not willing to resort to military intervention to do so.

The initial years of the Horthy regime were preoccupied with putsch attempts by [[Charles IV of Hungary|Charles IV]], the Austro-Hungarian [[pretender]]; continued suppression of communists; and a migration crisis triggered by the Trianon territorial changes. Though free elections continued, Horthy's personality and those of his personally selected prime ministers dominated the political scene. The government's actions continued to drift right with the passage of [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] laws and, because of the continued isolation of the Little Entente, economic and then political gravitation towards [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. The [[Great Depression]] further exacerbated the situation, and the popularity of fascist politicians increased, such as [[Gyula Gömbös]] and [[Ferenc Szálasi]], promising economic and social recovery.

Horthy's nationalist agenda reached its apogee in 1938 and 1940, when the Nazis rewarded Hungary's staunchly pro-Germany foreign policy in the [[First Vienna Award|First]] and [[Second Vienna Award]]s, peacefully restoring ethnic-Hungarian-majority areas lost after Trianon. In 1939, Hungary regained further territory from Czechoslovakia [[Slovak–Hungarian War|through force]]. Hungary [[Tripartite Pact|formally joined]] the [[Axis powers]] on 20 November 1940 and in 1941 participated in the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]], gaining some of its former territories in the south.

=== World War II (1941–1945) ===
{{Main|Hungary during World War II|Holocaust in Hungary|Soviet occupation of Hungary}}
[[File:Hungary 1941-44 Administrative Map.png|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Kingdom of Hungary, 1941–1944]]

Hungary formally entered World War II as an Axis power on 26 June 1941, declaring war on the Soviet Union after unidentified planes bombed [[Košice|Kassa]], [[Munkacheve|Munkács]], and [[Rakhiv|Rahó]]. Hungarian troops fought on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] for two years. Despite early success at the [[Battle of Uman]],<ref name="J. Lee Ready 1995 page 130">J. Lee Ready (1995), ''World War Two. Nation by Nation'', London, Cassell, page 130. {{ISBN|1-85409-290-1}}</ref> the government began seeking a secret peace pact with [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]] after the [[Second Army (Hungary)|Second Army]] suffered catastrophic losses [[Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive|at the River Don]] in January 1943. Learning of the planned defection, German troops [[Operation Margarethe|occupied Hungary]] on 19 March 1944 to guarantee Horthy's compliance. In October, as the Soviet front approached, and the government made further efforts to disengage from the war, German troops ousted Horthy and installed a puppet government under Szálasi's fascist [[Arrow Cross Party]].<ref name="J. Lee Ready 1995 page 130" /> Szálasi pledged all the country's capabilities in service of the German war machine. By October 1944, the Soviets had reached the river Tisza, and despite [[Battle of Debrecen|some losses]], succeeded in encircling and [[Siege of Budapest|besieging Budapest]] in December.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-680-8285A-08, Budapest, Festnahme von Juden.jpg|thumb|[[Jewish]] women being arrested on Wesselényi Street in [[Budapest]] during [[the Holocaust]], {{circa}} 20–22 October 1944]]

After German occupation, Hungary participated in [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="bbc-no-warning-to-hungary-jews">{{cite web|title=Could the BBC have done more to help Hungarian Jews?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20267659|publisher=BBC (British broadcasting service)|author=Mike Thomson|quote=the BBC broadcast every day, giving updates on the war, general news and opinion pieces on Hungarian politics. But among all these broadcasts, there were crucial things that were not being said, things that might have warned thousands of Hungarian Jews of the horrors to come in the event of German occupation. A memo setting out policy for the BBC Hungarian Service in 1942 states: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all". By 1943, the BBC Polish Service was broadcasting the exterminations. And yet his policy of silence on the Jews was followed until the German invasion in March 1944. After the tanks rolled in, the Hungarian Service did then broadcast warnings. But by then it was too late "Many Hungarian Jews who survived the deportations claimed that they had not been informed by their leaders, that no one had told them. But there's plenty of evidence that they could have known," said David Cesarani, professor of history at Royal Holloway, University of London.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007259 |title=Auschwitz: Chronology |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> During the German occupation in May–June 1944, the Arrow Cross and Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews, mainly to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]. Nearly all of them were murdered.<ref>Herczl, Moshe Y. ''Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry'' (1993) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg6vj?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22%3A+Christianity+and+the+Holocaust+of+Hungarian+Jewry%22&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522%253A%2BChristianity%2Band%2Bthe%2BHolocaust%2Bof%2BHungarian%2BJewry%2522%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=search%3A4c10eb461bf299248303b912e3bb43db online]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-features/special-focus/the-holocaust-in-hungary |title=The Holocaust in Hungary |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref> The Swedish Diplomat [[Raoul Wallenberg]] managed to save a considerable number of Hungarian Jews by giving them Swedish passports.<ref>Alfred de Zayas "Raoul Wallenberg" in Dinah Shelton Encyclopedia of Genocide (Macmillan Reference 2005, vol. 3)</ref> [[Rezső Kasztner]], one of the leaders of the Hungarian [[Aid and Rescue Committee]], bribed senior [[Schutzstaffel|SS officers]] such as [[Adolf Eichmann]] to allow some Jews to escape.<ref>Braham, Randolph (2004): Rescue Operations in Hungary: Myths and Realities, ''East European Quarterly'' 38(2): 173–203.</ref><ref>Bauer, Yehuda (1994): Jews for Sale?, Yale University Press.</ref><ref>Bilsky, Leora (2004): Transformative Justice: Israeli Identity on Trial (Law, Meaning, and Violence), University of Michigan Press.</ref> The Horthy government's complicity in the Holocaust remains a point of controversy and contention.

The war left Hungary devastated, destroying over 60% of the economy and causing significant [[World War II casualties#endnote Hungary|loss of life]]. In addition to the over 600,000 Hungarian Jews killed,<ref name="ind09/96">{{cite news
| last = Bridge
| first = Adrian
| title = Hungary's Jews Marvel at Their Golden Future
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/hungarys-jews-marvel-at-their-golden-future-1361842.html
| date = 5 September 1996
| newspaper = [[The Independent]]
| access-date = 20 April 2009
}}</ref> as many as 280,000<ref name=EU38>{{cite web |url=http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf |title=The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War |last1=Prauser |first1=Steffen |last2=Rees |first2=Arfon |series=EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 |publisher=European University Institute |location=San Domenico, Florence |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022039/http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/cseres/|title=www.hungarian-history.hu|website=Hungarian-history.hu|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528161847/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/cseres/|archive-date=28 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> other Hungarians were raped, murdered and executed or deported for slave labour by Czechoslovaks,<ref>University of Chicago. Division of the Social Sciences, Human Relations Area Files, inc, A study of contemporary Czechoslovakia, University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files, inc., 1955, Citation 'In January 1947 the Hungarians complained that Magyars were being carried off from Slovakia to Czech lands for forced labor.'</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Istvan S. Pogany|title=Righting Wrongs in Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BB4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA202|year=1997|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3042-0|page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alfred J. Rieber|title=Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it0-Zi2nEX0C&pg=PA90|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-5132-3|page=50|quote=A presidential decree imposing an obligation on individuals not engaged in useful work to accept jobs served as the basis for this action. As a result, according to documentation in the ministry of foreign affairs of the USSR, approximately 50,000 Hungarians were sent to work in factories and agricultural enterprises in the Czech Republic.}}</ref><ref>Canadian Association of Slavists, Revue canadienne des slavistes, Volume 25, Canadian Association of Slavists., 1983</ref><ref>S. J. Magyarody, The East-central European Syndrome: Unsolved conflict in the Carpathian Basin, Matthias Corvinus Pub., 2002</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Anna Fenyvesi|title=Hungarian Language Contact Outside Hungary: Studies on Hungarian as a Minority Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3JYwHGYn7MC&pg=PA50|year=2005|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-1858-2|page=50}}</ref> Soviet [[Red Army]] troops,<ref>{{cite book|author=Norman M. Naimark|title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVSjHNKUKoEC&pg=PA70|year=1995|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-78405-5|page=70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=László Borhi|title=Hungary in the Cold War, 1945–1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IO-4TxlTaMAC&pg=PA57|year=2004|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9241-80-0|page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Bessel| author1-link = Richard Bessel |author2=Dirk Schumann|title=Life After Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NilW70Yol74C&pg=PA133|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00922-5|page=142}}</ref> and Yugoslavs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tibor Cseres|title=Titoist Atrocities in Vojvodina, 1944–1945: Serbian Vendetta in Bácska|url=https://archive.org/details/titoistatrocitie0000cser|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Hunyadi Pub.|isbn=978-1-882785-01-8}}</ref>

On 13 February 1945, Budapest surrendered; by April, German troops left the country under Soviet military occupation. 200,000 Hungarians were expelled from Czechoslovakia in exchange for 70,000 Slovaks living in Hungary. 202,000 ethnic Germans were expelled to Germany,<ref>Alfred de Zayas "A Terrible Revenge" (Palgrave/Macmillan 2006)</ref> and through the 1947 [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaties]], Hungary was again reduced to its immediate post-Trianon borders.

=== Communism (1945–1989) ===
{{Main|Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)|Hungarian People's Republic|Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}

Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, Hungary became a [[satellite state]] of the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership selected [[Mátyás Rákosi]] to front the [[Stalinism|Stalinisation]] of the country, and Rákosi ''de facto'' ruled Hungary from 1949 to 1956. His government's policies of militarisation, industrialisation, collectivisation, and war compensation led to a severe decline in living standards. In imitation of Stalin's [[KGB]], the Rákosi government established a secret political police, the [[State Protection Authority|ÁVH]], to enforce the regime. In the ensuing purges, approximately 350,000 officials and intellectuals were imprisoned or executed from 1948 to 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamupress.com/product/First-Domino,4091.aspx |title=Granville/ frm |format=PDF |access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref> Many freethinkers, democrats, and Horthy-era dignitaries were secretly arrested and extrajudicially interned in domestic and foreign [[gulag]]s. Some 600,000 Hungarians were deported to Soviet labour camps, where at least 200,000 died.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8347146.stm
| title = Hungary's 'forgotten' war victims
| work = [[BBC News]]
| date = 7 November 2009
| access-date = 4 February 2010
}}</ref>

[[File:Szétlőtt harckocsi a Móricz Zsigmond körtéren.jpg|thumb|left|A destroyed Soviet tank in Budapest during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Revolution of 1956]]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s [[Time Magazine Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] for 1956 was the Hungarian freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite magazine| title = Man of the Year, The Land and the People| magazine = Time | date = 7 January 1957| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808898-1,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808898-1,00.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 17 October 2007| access-date = 9 October 2006}}</ref>]]

After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union pursued a programme of [[De-Stalinization|de-Stalinisation]] that was inimical to Rákosi, leading to his deposition. The following political cooling saw the ascent of [[Imre Nagy]] to the premiership and the growing interest of students and intellectuals in political life. Nagy promised market liberalisation and political openness, while Rákosi opposed both vigorously. Rákosi eventually managed to discredit Nagy and replace him with the more hard-line [[Ernő Gerő]]. Hungary joined the [[Warsaw Pact]] in May 1955, as societal dissatisfaction with the regime swelled. Following the firing on peaceful demonstrations by Soviet soldiers and secret police, and rallies throughout the country on 23 October 1956, protesters took to the streets in Budapest, initiating the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Revolution]]. In an effort to quell the chaos, Nagy returned as premier, promised free elections, and took Hungary out of the Warsaw Pact.

The violence nonetheless continued as revolutionary militias sprung up against the Soviet Army and the ÁVH; the roughly 3,000-strong resistance fought Soviet tanks using [[Molotov cocktail]]s and machine-pistols. Though the preponderance of the Soviets was immense, they suffered heavy losses, and by 30 October 1956, most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrison the countryside. For a time, the Soviet leadership was unsure how to respond but eventually decided to intervene to prevent a destabilisation of the Soviet bloc. On 4 November, reinforcements of more than 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks entered the country from the Soviet Union.<ref>Findley, Carter V., and John Rothney. ''Twentieth Century World''. sixth ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. 278.</ref> Nearly 20,000 Hungarians were killed resisting the intervention, while an additional 21,600 were imprisoned afterward for political reasons. Some 13,000 were interned and 230 brought to trial and executed. Nagy was secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging in June 1958. Because borders were briefly opened, nearly a quarter of a million people fled the country by the time the revolution was suppressed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6065398.stm "Hungary's 1956 brain drain"], BBC News, 23 October 2006</ref>

==== Kádár era (1956–1988) ====
{{See also|Goulash Communism}}
[[File:János Kádár 1962.jpg|thumb|upright|[[János Kádár]], General Secretary of the [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]] (1956–1988)]]

After a second, briefer period of Soviet military occupation, [[János Kádár]], Nagy's former minister of state, was chosen by the Soviet leadership to head the new government and chair the new ruling [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party|Socialist Workers' Party]]. Kádár quickly normalised the situation. In 1963, the government granted a general amnesty and released the majority of those imprisoned for their active participation in the uprising. Kádár proclaimed a new policy line, according to which the people were no longer compelled to profess loyalty to the party if they tacitly accepted the socialist regime as a fact of life. In many speeches, he described this as, "Those who are not against us are with us." Kádár introduced new planning priorities in the economy, such as allowing farmers significant plots of private land within the collective farm system (''háztáji gazdálkodás''). The living standard rose as consumer goods and food production took precedence over military production, which was reduced to one-tenth of prerevolutionary levels.

In 1968, the [[New Economic Mechanism]] introduced free-market elements into the socialist command economy. From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc. During the latter part of the Cold War Hungary's [[Lists of countries by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]] was fourth only to [[East Germany]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], and the Soviet Union.<ref name="madison185">*{{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus |title=The world economy|publisher=OECD Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-92-64-02261-4|page=185}}</ref> As a result of this relatively high [[standard of living]], a more liberalised economy, a less censored press, and less restricted travel rights, Hungary was generally considered one of the more liberal countries in which to live in Central Europe during communism. In 1980, Hungary sent a [[Cosmonaut]] into space as part of the [[Interkosmos]]. The first Hungarian astronaut was [[Bertalan Farkas]]. Hungary became [[Timeline of space travel by nationality|the seventh nation to be represented in space]] by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qubit.hu/2018/05/06/hogyan-lettunk-a-vilag-hetedik-urhajos-nemzete-nyolc-magyar-aki-nelkul-nem-tortenhetett-volna-meg|title=Hogyan lettünk a világ hetedik űrhajós nemzete? – Nyolc magyar, aki nélkül nem történhetett volna meg|last=Béres|first=Attila|website=Qubit|language=hu|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> In the 1980s, however, living standards steeply declined again because of [[Early 1980s recession|a worldwide recession]] to which communism was unable to respond.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Watkins|first1=Theyer|title=Economic History and the Economy of Hungary|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hungary.htm|website=sjsu.edu|publisher=San José State University Department of Economics|access-date=6 August 2014|archive-date=7 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207184439/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hungary.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the time Kádár died in 1989, the Soviet Union was in steep decline and a younger generation of reformists saw liberalisation as the solution to economic and social issues.

=== Third Republic (1989–present) ===
{{See also|Revolutions of 1989|2006 protests in Hungary|2015 European migrant crisis|COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary}}
[[File:Foundation of the Visegrád Group.tiff|thumb|The [[Visegrád Group]] signing ceremony in February 1991]]

Hungary's transition from communism to capitalism (''rendszerváltás'', "regime change") was peaceful and prompted by economic stagnation, domestic political pressure, and changing relations with other Warsaw Pact countries. Although the [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]] began [[Hungarian Round Table Talks|Round Table Talks]] with various opposition groups in March 1989, the reburial of Imre Nagy as a revolutionary martyr that June is widely considered the symbolic end of communism in Hungary. Over 100,000 people attended the Budapest ceremony without any significant government interference, and many speakers openly called for Soviet troops to leave the country. Free elections were held [[1990 Hungarian parliamentary election|in May 1990]], and the [[Hungarian Democratic Forum]], a major conservative opposition group, was elected to the head of a coalition government. [[József Antall]] became the first democratically elected prime minister since World War II.

With the removal of state subsidies and rapid privatisation in 1991, Hungary was affected by a severe economic recession. The Antall government's austerity measures proved unpopular, and the Communist Party's legal and political heir, the [[Hungarian Socialist Party|Socialist Party]], won the subsequent [[1994 Hungarian parliamentary election|1994 elections]]. This abrupt shift in the political landscape was repeated in [[1998 Hungarian parliamentary election|1998]] and [[2002 Hungarian parliamentary election|2002]]; in each electoral cycle, the governing party was ousted and the erstwhile opposition elected. Like most other post-communist European states, however, Hungary broadly pursued an [[European integration|integrationist]] agenda, [[Enlargement of NATO|joining]] [[NATO]] in 1999 and the European Union [[2003 Hungarian European Union membership referendum|in 2004]]. As a NATO member, Hungary was involved in the [[Yugoslav Wars]].

====Under Viktor Orban (2010–present)====
In 2006, [[2006 protests in Hungary|major nationwide protests]] erupted after it was revealed that Prime Minister [[Ferenc Gyurcsány]] had claimed in [[Őszöd speech|a closed-door speech]] that his party "lied" to win the [[2006 Hungarian parliamentary election|recent elections]]. The popularity of left-wing parties plummeted in the ensuing political upheaval, and in 2010, [[Viktor Orbán]]'s [[national conservatism|national-conservative]] [[Fidesz]] party was [[2010 Hungarian parliamentary election|elected]] to a parliamentary [[supermajority]]. The legislature consequently approved a [[Constitution of Hungary|new constitution]], among other sweeping governmental and legal changes including the establishment of new parliamentary constituencies, decreasing the number of parliamentarians, and shifting to single-round parliamentary elections.

[[File:Police car at Hungary-Serbia border barrier.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Police car at Hungary-Serbia border barrier]]
During the [[2015 European migrant crisis|2015 migrant crisis]], the government built a [[border barrier]] on the [[Hungarian border barrier|Hungarian-Croatian]] and [[Hungarian border barrier|Hungarian-Serbian borders]] to prevent illegal migration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-immigration-idUSKBN0OX17I20150617 |title=Hungary to fence off border with Serbia to stop migrants |work=Reuters |access-date=28 August 2015 }}</ref> The Hungarian government also criticised the official [[European Union]] policy for not dissuading migrants from entering Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/04/world/europe/hungary-train-station-migrant-crisis.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=a-lede-package-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 |title=Hungary Defends Handling of Migrants Amid Chaos at Train Station |author1=Anemona Hartocollis |author2=Dan Bilefsky |author3=James Kanter |name-list-style=amp |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=3 September 2015 }}</ref> The barrier became successful, as from 17 October 2015 onward, thousands of migrants were diverted daily to Slovenia instead.<ref name=SloveniaCroatia2>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/world/europe/hungary-closes-border-changing-refugees-path.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news|title=Hungary Closes Border, Changing Refugees' Path|author1=Barbara Surk |author2=Stephen Castle |name-list-style=amp |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> Migration became a key issue in the [[2018 Hungarian parliamentary election|2018 parliamentary elections]]. Fidesz won the election again with a supermajority.<ref>Krekó, Péter and Juhász, Attila, ''The Hungarian Far Right: Social Demand, Political Supply, and International Context'' (Stuttgart: ibidem Verlag, 2017), {{ISBN|978-3-8382-1184-8}}. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=52361 online review]</ref>

In the late 2010s, Orbán's government came under increased international scrutiny over alleged rule-of-law violations. In 2018, the [[European Parliament]] voted to act against Hungary under the terms of [[Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union]]. Hungary has and continues to dispute these allegations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/12/eu-meps-vote-to-pursue-action-against-hungary-over-orban-crackdown|title=MEPs vote to pursue action against Hungary over Orbán crackdown|last=Rankin|first=Jennifer|website=The Guardian|language=en-GB|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]] significantly impacted Hungary. The first cases were announced in Hungary 4 March 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.feol.hu/orszag-vilag/megvan-az-elso-ket-fertozott-hazankat-is-elerte-a-jarvany-3860928/|title=Megvan az első két fertőzött, Magyarországot is elérte a járvány|access-date=5 March 2020|agency=MTI|last=Czeglédi|first=Zsolt|publisher=Mediaworks Hungary Zrt.|language=Hungarian|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305171854/https://www.feol.hu/orszag-vilag/megvan-az-elso-ket-fertozott-hazankat-is-elerte-a-jarvany-3860928/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the first death eleven days later.<ref name="elsőhalott">{{Cite web |url=https://koronavirus.gov.hu/cikkek/meghalt-az-elso-magyar-beteg |title=Meghalt az első magyar beteg |accessdate=17 March 2020 |work=koronavirus.gov.hu}}</ref> On March 18, 2020, [[surgeon general]] [[Cecília Müller]] announced that the virus had spread to every part of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://index.hu/belfold/2020/03/18/koronavirus_operativ_torzs_sajtotajekoztato/ |title=Az egész országban jelen van a koronavírus |accessdate=18 March 2020 |work=index.hu}}</ref> Following the approval of the first COVID-19 vaccines in the [[European Union]], free and voluntary vaccination against the disease began in Hungary on 26 December 2020. In February 2021, after Hungary became the first EU country and one of the first in the former [[Warsaw Pact]] to authorize [[Sputnik vaccine|Russian]] and [[CoronaVac|Chinese vaccines]], it briefly enjoyed one of the highest vaccination rates in Europe.

Hungary received criticism and accusation from several organizations to became a hybrid regime<ref name=VDem2020>''[https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/f0/5d/f05d46d8-626f-4b20-8e4e-53d4b134bfcb/democracy_report_2020_low.pdf Autocratization Surges–Resistance Grows: Democracy Report 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330123413/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/f0/5d/f05d46d8-626f-4b20-8e4e-53d4b134bfcb/democracy_report_2020_low.pdf }}'', V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (March 2020).</ref><ref name="KrekóEnyedi">{{Cite journal |last1=Krekó |first1=Péter |last2=Enyedi |first2=Zsolt |title=Orbán's Laboratory of Illiberalism |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/698916 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.1353/jod.2018.0043 |issn=1086-3214 |s2cid=158956718 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130211145/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/698916 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dropping the Democratic Facade |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2020/dropping-democratic-facade |website=Freedom House |access-date=23 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200510152015/https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2020/dropping-democratic-facade |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hungary Becomes First 'Partly Free' EU Nation in Democracy Gauge |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-05/hungary-becomes-first-partly-free-eu-nation-in-democracy-gauge |access-date=23 October 2020 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125025107/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-05/hungary-becomes-first-partly-free-eu-nation-in-democracy-gauge |url-status=live }}</ref>, as well were criticized regarding her view regarding [[LGBT rights in Hungary]], creating a bill similar to the [[Section 28]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hungary's parliament passes anti-LGBT law ahead of 2022 election|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/15/europe/hungary-protests-lgbtq-law-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=CNN|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702152849/http://www.cnn.com/2021/06/15/europe/hungary-protests-lgbtq-law-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Hungary|Climate of Hungary}}
{{See also|List of national parks of Hungary}}
[[File:Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Geographic map of Hungary]]
Hungary is a [[landlocked country]]. Its geography has traditionally been defined by its two main waterways, the [[Danube]] and [[Tisza]] rivers. The common tripartite division—''Dunántúl'' ("beyond the Danube", [[Transdanubia]]), ''[[Tiszántúl]]'' ("beyond the Tisza"), and ''Duna-Tisza kőze'' ("between the Danube and Tisza")—is a reflection of this. The Danube flows north–south through the centre of contemporary Hungary, and the entire country lies within its [[drainage basin]].

Transdanubia, which stretches westward from the centre of the country towards Austria, is a primarily hilly region with a terrain varied by low mountains. These include the very eastern stretch of the [[Alps]], ''[[Alpokalja]]'', in the west of the country, the [[Transdanubian Mountains]] in the central region of Transdanubia, and the [[Mecsek]] Mountains and [[Villány Mountains]] in the south. The highest point of the area is the Írott-kő in the Alps, at {{convert|882|m|0}}. The [[Little Hungarian Plain]] (''Kisalföld'') is found in northern Transdanubia. [[Lake Balaton]] and [[Lake Hévíz]], the largest lake in Central Europe and the largest thermal lake in the world, respectively, are in Transdanubia as well.
[[File:Balaton Hungary Landscape.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Balaton]]]]
The ''Duna-Tisza kőze'' and ''Tiszántúl'' are characterised mainly by the [[Great Hungarian Plain]] (''Alföld''), which stretches across most of the eastern and southeastern areas of the country. To the north of the plain are the foothills of the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] in a wide band near the [[Slovakia]]n border. The [[Kékes]] at {{convert|1014|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} is the tallest mountain in Hungary and is found there.

[[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Hungary belongs to the Central European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], the territory of Hungary belongs to the terrestrial ecoregion of [[Pannonian mixed forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> It had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 2.25/10, ranking it 156th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Hungary has 10 national parks, 145 minor nature reserves, and 35 landscape protection areas.

=== Climate ===
Hungary has a [[Temperate climate|temperate seasonal climate]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/hungary-20/|title=Hungary climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Hungary weather averages |publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Speedy |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Hungary/hungary.htm |title=Hungary |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=21 November 2008 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204115841/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Hungary/hungary.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> with generally warm summers with low overall humidity levels but frequent rain showers and cold snowy winters. Average annual temperature is {{convert|9.7|°C|°F}}. Temperature extremes are {{convert|41.9|°C|°F|1}} on 20 July 2007 at [[Kiskunhalas]] in the summer and {{convert|-35|°C|°F|1}} on 16 February 1940 at [[Miskolc]] in the winter. Average high temperature in the summer is {{convert|23|to|28|°C|°F}} and average low temperature in the winter is {{convert|-3|to|-7|°C|°F}}. The average yearly rainfall is approximately {{convert|600|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. 

Hungary is ranked sixth in an environmental protection index by ''GW''/''[[Climate Action Network|CAN]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/hungary_rank-1/ |title=Hungary ranked sixth in world for environmental protection |publisher=Caboodle.hu |access-date=29 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223144327/http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/hungary_rank-1/ |archive-date=23 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Hungary|Government of Hungary|Taxation in Hungary}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Katalin Novák, 2023 (cropped).jpg
| width1 = 136
| caption1 = [[Katalin Novák]], [[List of heads of state of Hungary|President]] since 2022
| image2 = Viktor Orban 2021 crop.jpg
| width2 = 145
| caption2 = [[Viktor Orbán]], [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister]] since 2010}}

Hungary is a [[Unitary state|unitary]], [[parliamentary republic]]. The Hungarian political system operates under a framework reformed in 2012; this constitutional document is the [[Constitution of Hungary|Fundamental Law of Hungary]]. Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution (as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the state structure, and the [[rule of law]]) are valid in perpetuity. 199 Members of Parliament (''országgyűlési képviselő'') are elected to the highest organ of state authority, the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] ''Országgyűlés'' ([[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]]), every four years in a single-round [[first-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] election with an [[Electoral threshold|election threshold]] of 5%.{{citation needed}}

[[File:Sándor-palota napsütésben.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sándor Palace, Budapest|Sándor Palace]] is the [[official residence]] of the [[President of Hungary]].]]
[[File:Budapest Hungarian Parliament (31363963556).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hungarian Parliament Building]] on the banks of the Danube in [[Budapest]]]]
The [[President of Hungary|President of the Republic]] (''köztársasági elnök'') serves as the [[head of state]] and is elected by the National Assembly every five years. The president is invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers: receiving foreign heads of state, formally nominating the prime minister at the recommendation of the National Assembly, and serving as [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Hungarian Ground Forces|armed forces]]. Importantly, the president is also invested with [[veto]] power and may send legislation to the 15-member [[Constitutional Court of Hungary|Constitutional Court]] for review. The third most significant governmental position in Hungary is the [[List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)|Speaker of the National Assembly]], who is elected by the National Assembly and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.{{citation needed}}

The [[Prime Minister of Hungary|prime minister]] (''miniszterelnök'') is elected by the National Assembly, serving as the [[head of government]] and exercising [[Executive (government)|executive power]]. Traditionally, the prime minister is the leader of the largest party in parliament. The prime minister selects [[Government of Hungary|Cabinet]] ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them, although cabinet nominees must appear before consultative open hearings before one or more parliamentary committees, survive a vote in the National Assembly, and be formally approved by the president. The Cabinet reports to Parliament.{{citation needed}}

=== Political parties ===
{{Main|Political parties in Hungary|Elections in Hungary|Electoral system of Hungary}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Current Structure of the National Assembly of Hungary
| members = 199
| structure1 = National Assembly of Hungary (as of 18.03.2022).svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt = Current Structure of the National Assembly of Hungary
| political_groups1 = '''[[Fourth Orbán Government|Government]] (135)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Fidesz}}|border=darkgray}} [[Fidesz]] (116)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]] (19)
'''Supported by (1)'''
*{{Color box|#0047AB|border=darkgray}} [[National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary|German minority]] ([[Imre Ritter|1]])
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (65)'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|United for Hungary}}|border=darkgray}} [[United for Hungary]] (57)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|DK]] (16)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Momentum Movement}}|border=darkgray}} [[Momentum Movement|Momentum]] (10)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]] (10)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Jobbik (2020)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Jobbik]] (8)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Dialogue for Hungary}}|border=darkgray}} [[Dialogue for Hungary|Dialogue]] (6)
**{{Color box|{{party color|LMP – Hungary's Green Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[LMP – Hungary's Green Party|LMP]] (5)
**{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Ind.]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Our Homeland Movement}}|border=darkgray}} [[Our Homeland Movement|MHM]] (6)
}}

Since the fall of communism, Hungary has a [[multi-party system]]. The [[2022 Hungarian parliamentary election|last Hungarian parliamentary election]] took place on 3 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=18 January 2014|url=http://www.politics.hu/20140118/ader-sets-date-of-2014-election-for-april-6/|title=Áder sets date of 2014 election for April 6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220541/http://www.politics.hu/20140118/ader-sets-date-of-2014-election-for-april-6/|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> This parliamentary election was the 8th since the [[1990 Hungarian parliamentary election|1990 first multi-party election]]. The result was a victory for Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority with Orbán remaining prime minister.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Hungary election: PM Viktor Orban heads for victory
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26908404
| work = [[BBC News]]
| date = 6 April 2014
}}</ref> It was the third election according to the new Constitution of Hungary which went into force on 1 January 2012. The [[Electoral system of Hungary|new electoral law]] also entered into force that day. The voters elected 199 MPs instead of previous 386 lawmakers.<ref>Az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról szóló 2011. évi CCIII. törvény. In.: Magyar Közlöny. 2011. évi, 165. sz., 41095-41099. p.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://mno.hu/belfold/eletbe-lep-az-uj-valasztojogi-torveny-1040139 |title= Életbe lép az új választójogi törvény |work= [[Magyar Nemzet]] |access-date= 2 January 2012 |language= hu |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120513052826/http://mno.hu/belfold/eletbe-lep-az-uj-valasztojogi-torveny-1040139 |archive-date= 13 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2014, voters of [[Demographics of Hungary|ethnic minorities in Hungary]] are able to vote on nationality lists. The minorities can obtain a preferential mandate if they reach the quarter of the ninety-third part of the list votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.valasztas.hu/web/national-election-office/parliamentary-elections-2018|title=2018 – Nemzeti Választási Iroda|work=National Election Office|access-date=2018-03-18|language=hu-HU}}</ref> Nationalities who did not get a mandate could send a nationality spokesman to the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]]. The current political landscape in Hungary is dominated by the conservative Fidesz, who have a near supermajority, and three medium-sized parties, the left-wing [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]] (DK), the far-right [[Our Homeland Movement]] and liberal [[Momentum Movement|Momentum]].

After the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of communist dictatorship in 1989, a democratic form of government was established. Today's parliament is still called ''Országgyűlés'' just like in royal times, but in order to differentiate between the historical royal diet is referred to as the "National Assembly" now. The [[Diet of Hungary]] was a legislative institution in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s,<ref>András Gergely, Gábor Máthé: The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe (published in 2000)</ref><ref>Elemér Hantos: The Magna Carta of the English And of the Hungarian Constitution (1904)</ref> and in its successor states, Royal Hungary and the Habsburg kingdom of Hungary throughout the [[early modern period]]. The articles of the 1790 diet set out that the diet should meet at least once every 3 years, but since the diet was called by the [[Habsburg monarchy]], this promise was not kept on several occasions thereafter. As a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, it was reconstituted in 1867. The Latin term ''Natio Hungarica'' ("Hungarian nation") was used to designate the political elite which had participation in the diet, consisting of the [[Hungarian nobility|nobility]], the Catholic clergy, and a few enfranchised burghers,<ref>John M. Merriman, J. M. Winter, Europe 1789 to 1914: encyclopedia of the age of industry and empire, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 140, {{ISBN|978-0-684-31359-7}}</ref><ref>Tadayuki Hayashi, Hiroshi Fukuda, Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: past and present, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2007, p. 158, {{ISBN|978-4-938637-43-9}}</ref> regardless of language or ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Katerina Zacharia|title=Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC|year=2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6525-0|page=237}}</ref>

=== Law and judicial system ===
{{Main|Law of Hungary|Law enforcement in Hungary}}
[[File:Kossuth Square 12, facade, 2015-05-12 Budapest - panoramio (45).jpg|thumb|left|The original and future seat of the [[Curia of Hungary|Curia]], Hungary's [[Supreme court|highest court]]]]

The judicial system of Hungary is a [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Hungarian law is codified and based on [[Law of Germany|German law]] and, in a wider sense, civil law or [[Roman law]]. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (''járásbíróság''), regional appellate courts (''ítélőtábla''), and the supreme court (''[[Curia of Hungary|Kúria]]''). Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birosag.hu/en/curia-hungary|title=Curia of Hungary|publisher=National Office for the Judiciary|access-date=12 May 2014}}</ref>

Law enforcement in Hungary is split among the police and the National Tax and Customs Administration. The [[Rendőrség|Hungarian Police]] is the main and largest state law enforcement agency in Hungary. It carries nearly all general police duties such as criminal investigation, patrol activity, traffic policing, border control. It is led by the national police commissioner under the control of the [[Ministry of Interior (Hungary)|Minister of the Interior]]. The body is divided into county police departments which are also divided into regional and town police departments. The National Police has subordinate agencies with nationwide jurisdiction, such as the "Nemzeti Nyomozó Iroda" (National Bureau of Investigation), a civilian police force specialised in investigating serious crimes, and the [[gendarmerie]]-like, militarised "Készenléti rendőrség" (Stand-by Police) mainly dealing with riots and often reinforcing local police forces. Because of Hungary's accession to the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen Treaty]], the police and border guards were merged into a single national corps, with the border guards (''Határőrség Magyarországon'') becoming police officers. This merger took place in January 2008. The Customs and Excise Authority remained subject to the [[Ministry of Finance (Hungary)|Ministry of Finance]] under the National Tax and Customs Administration.<ref>Interpol [https://web.archive.org/web/20040621161237/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Europe/pjsystems/Hungary.asp#21 entry] Retrieved 15 May 2007.</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Hungary}}
[[File:Necasmeeting.jpg|thumb|Meeting of the leaders of the [[Visegrád Group]], Germany and France in 2013]]
[[File:BIMUN 2012 opening 1.jpg|thumb|[[United Nations]] conference in the assembly hall of the [[House of Magnates]] in the [[Hungarian Parliament Building]]]]

The [[foreign policy]] is based on four basic commitments: to [[atlanticism|Atlantic co-operation]], to [[European integration]], to [[international development]] and to [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulate General of Hungary Los Angeles |url=https://losangeles.mfa.gov.hu/eng/page/hungary-and-the-world |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=losangeles.mfa.gov.hu |language=en}}</ref> Hungary has been a member of the [[United Nations]] since December 1955 and a member of the [[European Union]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[Visegrád Group]], the [[WTO]], the [[World Bank]], the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank|AIIB]] and the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]. Hungary took on the presidency of the [[Council of the European Union]] for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest OECD non-DAC donor of [[development aid]] in the world, which represents [[List of development aid country donors|0.13% of its Gross National Income]].

Budapest is home to more than 100 embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Embassies in Budapest |url=http://www.kulugyminiszterium.hu/dtwebe/Irodak.aspx |access-date=16 April 2020 |publisher=Kulugyminiszterium.hu}}</ref> Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organisations as well, including [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]], [[European Police College]], [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], [[International Centre for Democratic Transition]], [[Institute of International Education]], [[International Labour Organization]], [[International Organization for Migration]], [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Red Cross]], Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, [[Danube Commission (1948)|Danube Commission]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=International organizations in Hungary |url=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115736/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kum2005/Templates/alapsablon.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fkum%2Fen%2Fbal%2Fforeign_policy%2Fun_sc%2Finternational_organisations.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7B45550E06-66FE-4183-A899-EDF5BD040EB5%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest&printable=true |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

Since 1989, the top foreign policy goal has been achieving integration into Western economic and security organisations. Hungary joined the [[Partnership for Peace]] programme in 1994 and has actively supported the [[Implementation Force|IFOR]] and [[Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina|SFOR]] missions in Bosnia. Since 1989 Hungary has improved its often frosty neighbour relations by signing basic treaties with Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of [[Hungarian diaspora|ethnic Hungarian minority]] rights in Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia periodically cause bilateral tensions to flare up, although relations with Serbia have more recently become extremely close due to strong Hungarian advocacy for Serbian EU membership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/vucic-and-orban-formalise-their-special-relationship/|work=Euractiv|title=Vucic and Orban formalise their 'special relationship'}}</ref> Since 2017, the [[Hungary–Ukraine relations|relations with Ukraine]] rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the [[Hungarians in Ukraine|Hungarian minority in Ukraine]].<ref>"[https://www.neweurope.eu/article/hungary-ukraine-relations-hit-new-low-troop-deployment/ Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181346/https://www.neweurope.eu/article/hungary-ukraine-relations-hit-new-low-troop-deployment/ }}". ''New Europe''. 26 March 2018.</ref> Since 1989, Hungary has signed all of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Historically, Hungary has had particularly friendly [[Hungary–Poland relations|relations with Poland]]; this special relationship was recognised by the parliaments of both countries in 2007 with the joint declaration of 23 March as "The Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship".<ref>{{cite web |author=Quinn Hargitai |title=In a world of global tension and conflict, it's both endearing and unusual that two countries that don't even share a border have set aside a day solely to appreciate their friendship. |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170210-two-countries-as-close-as-brothers |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Hungarian Defence Forces|Military history of Hungary}}
{{See also|List of wars involving Hungary|List of equipment of the Hungarian Ground Forces}}
[[File:Hunspec.jpg|thumb|[[HDF 34th Bercsényi László Special Forces Battalion|HDF 34th Special Forces Battalion]]]]
[[File:JAS 39 pair HuAF Kecskemét 2007.JPG|thumb|[[JAS 39 Gripen]] [[multirole combat aircraft]]]]

The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces. The [[Minister of Defence (Hungary)|Ministry of Defence]] jointly with [[Commander of the Defence Forces (Hungary)|chief of staff]] administers the armed forces, including the [[Hungarian Ground Forces|Hungarian Ground Force]] (HDF) and the [[Hungarian Air Force]]. Since 2007, the Hungarian Armed Forces has been under a unified command structure. The Ministry of Defence maintains political and civil control over the army. A subordinate Joint Forces Command coordinates and commands the HDF. In 2016, the armed forces had 31,080 personnel on active duty, the operative reserve brought the total number of troops to fifty thousand. In 2016, it was planned that military spending the following year would be $1.21 billion, about 0.94% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2012, the government adopted a resolution in which it pledged to increase defence spending to 1.4% of GDP by 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Budget 2017: Hungary to spend €3.7 billion more than it should next year |url=http://hungarytoday.hu/news/budget-2017-hungary-spend-e3-7-billion-revenues-next-year-95159 |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=hungarytoday.hu}}</ref>

[[Military service]] is voluntary, though [[conscription]] may occur in wartime. In a significant move for modernisation, Hungary decided in 2001 to buy 14 [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] fighter aircraft for about 800 million EUR. Hungarian National Cyber Security Center was re-organised in 2016 in order to become more efficient through [[cyber security]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Revised Hungarian IT Security Policy |url=https://www.enisa.europa.eu/about-enisa/structure-organization/national-liaison-office/meetings/june-2016/revised-hungarian-it-security-policy |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=National Cyber Security Center}}</ref> In 2016, the Hungarian military had about 700 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including 100 HDF troops in the NATO-led [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] force in Afghanistan, 210 Hungarian soldiers in Kosovo under command of [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]], and 160 troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hungary sent a 300-strong logistics unit to Iraq in order to help the U.S. occupation with armed transport convoys, though public opinion opposed the country's participation in the war.{{citation needed}}

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Hungary}}

Hungary is divided into 19 [[Counties of Hungary|counties]] (''vármegye''). The [[List of historical capitals of Hungary|capital]] (''főváros'') [[Budapest]] is an independent entity. The counties and the capital are the 20 [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] third-level units of Hungary. The states are further subdivided into 174 [[Districts of Hungary|districts]] (''járás'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kozlonyok.hu/nkonline/MKPDF/hiteles/MK14170.pdf|title=Magyar Közlöny, Hungary's Official Journal|publisher=Magyar Közlöny|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> The districts are further divided into [[List of cities and towns of Hungary|towns and villages]], of which 25 are designated [[City with county rights|towns with county rights]] (''megyei jogú város''), sometimes known as "urban counties" in English. The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective district instead of being independent territorial units. County and district councils and municipalities have different roles and separate responsibilities relating to local government. The role of the counties are basically administrative and focus on strategic development, while preschools, public water utilities, garbage disposal, elderly care, and rescue services are administered by the municipalities.

Since 1996, the counties and city of Budapest have been grouped into [[List of regions of Hungary|seven regions]] for statistical and development purposes. These seven regions constitute NUTS' second-level units of Hungary. They are [[Central Hungary]], [[Central Transdanubia]], [[Northern Great Plain]], [[Northern Hungary]], [[Southern Transdanubia]], [[Southern Great Plain]], and [[Western Transdanubia]].

{{multiple image|perrow=2|align=right|total_width=500
|image1=Counties of Hungary 2020.png|caption1=Counties of Hungary
|image2=RegionsHungary.png|caption2=Regions of Hungary
|image3=Townships (districts) of Hungary.png|caption3=The districts of Hungary
|image4=Hungary local administration.png|caption4=Towns and villages in Hungary
}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[Counties of Hungary|County ''(vármegye)'']]
! scope="col" | Administrative centre
! scope="col" | [[Demographics of Hungary|Population]]
! scope="col" | [[Regions of Hungary|Region]]
|-
| [[File:Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg|25px]] [[Bács-Kiskun County|Bács-Kiskun]]
| [[Kecskemét]]
| 524,841
| [[Southern Great Plain]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Baranya megye COA.png|25px]] [[Baranya County|Baranya]]
| [[Pécs]]
| 391,455
| [[Southern Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:Békés departemento blazono.svg|25px]] [[Békés County|Békés]]
| [[Békéscsaba]]
| 361,802
| [[Southern Great Plain]]
|-
| [[File:Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén departemento blazono.svg|25px]] [[Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County|Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén]]
| [[Miskolc]]
| 684,793
| [[Northern Hungary]]
|-
| [[File:Coa Hungary Town Budapest big.svg|25px]] [[Budapest|Capital City of Budapest]]
| [[Budapest]]
| 1,744,665
| [[Central Hungary]]
|-
| [[File:HU Csongrád megye COA.svg|25px]] [[Csongrád-Csanád County|Csongrád-Csanád]]
| [[Szeged]]
| 421,827
| [[Southern Great Plain]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Fejér megye COA.png|25px]] [[Fejér County|Fejér]]
| [[Székesfehérvár]]
| 426,120
| [[Central Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Győr-Moson-Sopron megye COA.png|25px]] [[Győr-Moson-Sopron County|Győr-Moson-Sopron]]
| [[Győr]]
| 449,967
| [[Western Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Hajdú-Bihar COA.svg|25px]] [[Hajdú-Bihar County|Hajdú-Bihar]]
| [[Debrecen]]
| 565,674
| [[Northern Great Plain]]
|-
| [[File:Coa Hungary County Heves.svg|25px]] [[Heves County|Heves]]
| [[Eger]]
| 307,985
| [[Northern Hungary]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok megye COA.png|25px]] [[Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County|Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok]]
| [[Szolnok]]
| 386,752
| [[Northern Great Plain]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Komárom-Esztergom megye COA.png|25px]] [[Komárom-Esztergom County|Komárom-Esztergom]]
| [[Tatabánya]]
| 311,411
| [[Central Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:Coa Hungary County Nógrád.svg|25px]] [[Nógrád County|Nógrád]]
| [[Salgótarján]]
| 201,919
| [[Northern Hungary]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Pest megye COA.svg|25px]] [[Pest County|Pest]]
| [[Budapest]]
| 1,237,561
| [[Central Hungary]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Somogy megye COA.svg|25px]] [[Somogy County|Somogy]]
| [[Kaposvár]]
| 317,947
| [[Southern Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg megye COA.svg|25px]] [[Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County|Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg]]
| [[Nyíregyháza]]
| 552,000
| [[Northern Great Plain]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Tolna megye COA.png|25px]] [[Tolna County|Tolna]]
| [[Szekszárd]]
| 231,183
| [[Southern Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:HUN Vas megye COA.png|25px]] [[Vas County|Vas]]
| [[Szombathely]]
| 257,688
| [[Western Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:Coa Hungary County Veszprém.svg|25px]] [[Veszprém County|Veszprém]]
| [[Veszprém]]
| 353,068
| [[Central Transdanubia]]
|-
| [[File:Coa Hungary County Zala (2010-).svg|25px]] [[Zala County|Zala]]
| [[Zalaegerszeg]]
| 287,043
| [[Western Transdanubia]]
|}<references group="n" />

=== Cities and towns ===
{{Main|List of cities and towns of Hungary}}
[[File:Széchenyi Chain Bridge in Budapest at night.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Budapest]], the capital and most populous city of Hungary]]

Hungary has 3,152 [[municipalities]] as of 15 July 2013: 346 towns (Hungarian term: ''város'', plural: ''városok''; the terminology does not distinguish between [[city|cities]] and [[town]]s – the term town is used in official translations) and 2,806 villages (Hungarian: ''község'', plural: ''községek'') which fully cover the territory of the country. The number of towns can change, since villages can be elevated to town status by act of the president. Budapest has a special status and is not included in any county while 23 of the towns are so-called urban counties (''megyei jogú város'' – town with county rights). All county seats except Budapest are urban counties. Four of the cities (Budapest, Miskolc, [[Győr]], and [[Pécs]]) have agglomerations, and the Hungarian Statistical Office distinguishes seventeen other areas in earlier stages of agglomeration development.<ref name="portal">{{cite web |title=portal.ksh.hu/portal/page?_pageid=37,412178&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL#sett |url=http://portal.ksh.hu/portal/page?_pageid=37,412178&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL#sett |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319223706/http://portal.ksh.hu/portal/page?_pageid=37,412178&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL#sett |archive-date=19 March 2006 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=portal.ksh.hu}}</ref> The largest city is Budapest, while the smallest town is [[Pálháza]] with 1,038 inhabitants in 2010. The largest village is [[Solymár]] with a population of 10,123 as of 2010. There are more than 100 villages with fewer than 100 inhabitants while the smallest villages have fewer than 20 inhabitants.

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Hungary}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|align=left|total_width=320
|image1=Szabadság Square, Stock Exchange Palacve.jpg
|image2=Stock Exchange Palace by Ignác Alpár, detail, 2011 Budapešť 0799.jpg|footer=Hungarian Stock Exchange Palace on [[Liberty Square (Budapest)|Liberty Square]]
}}

Hungary is an OECD [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]] [[mixed economy]] with [[List of countries by Human Development Index|very high human development index]] and skilled labour force with the [[List of countries by income equality|16th lowest income inequality]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank Country Classification|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#High_income|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215837/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20421402~pagePK%3A64133150~piPK%3A64133175~theSitePK%3A239419%2C00.html|archive-date=24 May 2008|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, it is the [[List of countries by economic complexity|9th most complex economy]] according to the Economic Complexity Index.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardGrwthLab|url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings/|website=atlas.cid.harvard.edu}}</ref> The economy is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|57th-largest in the world]] (out of 188 countries measured by [[IMF]]) with $265.037 billion output<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=43&pr.y=13&sy=2017&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=944&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Hungary |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> and ranks [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|49th in the world in terms of GDP per capita]] measured by [[purchasing power parity]]. Hungary is an export-oriented [[market economy]] with a heavy emphasis on foreign trade, thus the country is the [[List of countries by exports|36th largest export economy]] in the world. The country has more than $100 billion export in 2015 with high, $9.003 billion [[Balance of trade|trade surplus]], of which 79% went to the EU and 21% was extra-EU trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksh.hu/gyorstajekoztatok/#/en/document/kul1512|title=External trade surplus was EUR 604 million in December|work=[[Hungarian Central Statistical Office]] |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> Hungary has a more than 80% [[Private sector|privately owned]] economy with [[List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio|39.1% overall taxation]], which provides the basis for the country's [[Welfare state|welfare economy]]. On the expenditure side, household consumption is the main component of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and accounts for 50% of its total use, followed by gross fixed [[capital formation]] with 22% and government expenditure with 20%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#hu|title=GDP – composition, by end use|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]|year=2016|access-date=11 March 2016|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083454/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#hu|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Hungary Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Hungary's exports, 2019]]
Hungary continues to be one of the leading nations for attracting [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in [[Central and Eastern Europe]], the inward FDI in the country was $119.8 billion in 2015, while investing more than $50 billion abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/|title=Hungary|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]|year=2016|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, the key trading partners were Germany, Austria, Romania, Slovakia, France, Italy, Poland and Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#hu|title=Export Partners of Hungary|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]|year=2016|access-date=11 March 2016|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083454/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#hu|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major industries include food processing, pharmaceuticals, motor vehicles, information technology, chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, and tourism (with 12.1 million international tourists in 2014).<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.18111/9789284416899|isbn = 9789284416899|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2015 Edition}}</ref> Hungary is the largest electronics producer in Central and Eastern Europe. Electronics manufacturing and research are among the main drivers of innovation and economic growth in the country. In the past 20 years Hungary has also grown into a major centre for [[mobile technology]], [[information security]], and related hardware research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hipa.hu/en/key-sectors/electronics/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023011250/http://hipa.hu/en/key-sectors/electronics/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2015|title=Electronics|publisher=HIPA|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Employment-to-population ratio|employment rate]] was 68.3% in 2017;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksh.hu/docs/eng/xftp/gyor/fog/efog1707.html|title=The employment rate of people aged 15–64 increased to 68.3%|publisher=KSH|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> the employment structure shows the characteristics of [[Post-industrial society|post-industrial economies]], 63.2% of employed workforce work in service sector, the industry contributed by 29.7%, while agriculture with 7.1%. Unemployment rate was 4.1% in 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/gyorstajekoztatok/#/en/document/mun1709|title=Unemployment rate decreased to 4.1%|publisher=[[Hungarian Central Statistical Office]]|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> down from 11% during the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]]. Hungary is part of the [[European single market]] which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union members and by EU legislation.

[[File:Magyar Nemzeti Bank.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hungarian National Bank]]'s building in [[Budapest]]|150px]]

Large [[List of companies of Hungary|Hungarian companies]] are included in the [[BUX]], the stock market index listed on [[Budapest Stock Exchange]]. Well-known companies include the [[Fortune Global 500]] firm [[MOL Group]], the [[OTP Bank]], [[Gedeon Richter Plc.]], [[Magyar Telekom]], [[CIG Pannonia]], [[FHB Mortgage Bank|FHB Bank]], [[Zwack liqueur|Zwack Unicum]] and more.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/Hungary.html?iid=smlrr |title=Global 500 – Countries: Hungary – Fortune |work=[[Money (magazine)|Money]] |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Besides this Hungary has a large portion of specialised [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|small and medium enterprise]], for example a significant number of automotive suppliers and technology [[Startup company|start ups]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startupranking.com/top/hungary|title=Top – Hungary|publisher=startupRANKING|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

Budapest is the financial and business capital, classified as an Alpha [[Global city|world city]] in the study by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=lboro.ac.uk| access-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> On the national level, Budapest is the [[primate city]] of Hungary regarding business and economy, accounting for 39% of the national income, the city has a [[gross metropolitan product]] more than $100 billion in 2015, making it one of the largest regional economies in the European Union.<ref>{{cite web|last=Istrate |first=Emilia |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global MetroMonitor | Brookings Institution |publisher=Brookings.edu |access-date=10 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portfolio.hu/users/elofizetes_info.php?t=cikk&i=167708 |title=Hungary's GDP (IMF, 2016 est.) is $265.037 billion x 39% = $103,36 billion|publisher=Portfolio online financial journal|access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Budapest is also among the Top 100 GDP performing cities in the world, measured by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |title=Benchmarking global city competitiveness |year=2012 |publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709133545/http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, Hungary's corporate tax rate is only 9%, which is relatively low for EU states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hngary.com/tips-doing-business-in-hungary/|title=hngary.com|publisher=[[hngary.com]]|year=2017|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>

Hungary maintains its own currency, the [[Hungarian forint]] (HUF), although the economy fulfills the [[Euro convergence criteria|Maastricht criteria]] with the exception of public debt, [[List of countries by public debt|but it is also significantly below the EU average]] with the level of 75.3% in 2015. The [[Hungarian National Bank]]—founded in 1924, after the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire—is currently focusing on price stability with an inflation target of 3%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnb.hu/en/monetary-policy|title=Monetary Policy|publisher=[[Hungarian National Bank]]|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Hungary|List of Hungarian Nobel laureates}}
[[File:Szentgyorgyi Albert es a c vitamin keplete 1937 okt 31 Pesti Naplo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his discovery of [[Vitamin C]]. The [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded to [[List of Hungarian Nobel laureates|13 Hungarians]].]]
[[File:Hungary-02046 - Budapest University of Technology and Economics (31670993764).jpg|thumb|right|Founded in 1782, the [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]] is the oldest [[institute of technology]] in the world.]]

Hungary's achievements in science and technology have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy. Hungary spent 1.61% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on civil research and development in 2020, which is the [[List of countries by research and development spending|25th highest ratio in the world]].<ref name="oecd">{{Cite web |last=Hungarian Central Statistical Office |title=R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP 2020 |url=https://www.ksh.hu/science-and-technology#:~:text=In%202017%2C%20HUF%20517%20billion,level%20of%20the%20national%20economy. |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=www.ksh.hu}}</ref> Hungary ranks 32nd among the most innovative countries in the [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg Innovation Index]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = The Bloomberg Innovation Index
| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-innovative-countries/
| work = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]
| access-date = 2 April 2022
}}</ref> Hungary was ranked 34th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, down from 33rd in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Global Innovation Index
| url = https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator
| work = [[Cornell University]], [[INSEAD]], and the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]
| access-date = 2 April 2022
}}</ref> In 2014, Hungary counted 2,651 full-time equivalent researchers per million inhabitants, steadily increasing from 2,131 in 2010 and compares with 3,984 in the U.S. or 4,380 in Germany.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6?locations=HU | work=[[World Bank]] | title=Researchers in R&D (per million people)}}</ref> Hungary's high technology industry has benefited from both the country's skilled workforce and the strong presence of foreign high-tech firms and research centres. Hungary also has one of the highest rates of filed patents, the sixth highest ratio of high-tech and medium high-tech output in the total industrial output, the 12th highest research FDI inflow, placed 14th in research talent in business enterprise and has the 17th best overall innovation efficiency ratio in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-economy | work=[[Cornell University]], [[INSEAD]], and the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] | title=Global Innovation Index – ANALYSIS – Hungary}}</ref>

The key actor of research and development in Hungary is the National Research, Development and Innovation (NRDI) Office, which is a national strategic and [[Funding of science|funding agency for scientific research, development and innovation]], the primary source of advice on RDI policy for the Hungarian government and the primary RDI funding agency. Its role is to develop RDI policy and ensure that Hungary adequately invest in RDI by funding excellent research and supporting innovation to increase competitiveness and to prepare the RDI strategy of the government, to handle the NRDI Fund and represents the government and RDI community in international organisations.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://nkfih.gov.hu/the-office | work=NRDI Office | title=The National Research, Development and Innovation Office}}</ref>

Scientific research is supported partly by industry and partly by the state, through universities and by scientific state-institutions such as [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://mta.hu/english/mta-and-science-106125| work=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] | title=MTA and Science (Infograpihcs)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://mta.hu/english/mtas-research-centres-and-institutes-106085| work=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] | title=MTA's Research Centres and Institutes}}</ref> Hungary has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. As of 2018, [[List of Hungarian Nobel laureates|thirteen Hungarian scientists]] have been recipients of a [[Nobel Prize]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://mta.hu/english/hungarys-nobel-prize-winners-106018| work=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] | title=Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners}}</ref> Until 2012 three individuals—Csoma, [[János Bolyai]] and Tihanyi—were included in the UNESCO [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World]] register as well as the collective contributions [[Tabula Hungariae]] and [[Bibliotheca Corviniana]]. Contemporary scientists include mathematician [[László Lovász]], physicist [[Albert-László Barabási]], physicist [[Ferenc Krausz]], and biochemist [[Árpád Pusztai]]. Hungary has excellent [[mathematics education]] which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father [[Farkas Bolyai]] and son [[János Bolyai]], who was one of the founders of [[non-Euclidean geometry]]; [[Paul Erdős]], famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose [[Erdős number]]s are still tracked, and [[John von Neumann]], a key contributor in the fields of [[quantum mechanics]] and [[game theory]], a pioneer of digital computing, and the chief mathematician in the [[Manhattan Project]]. Notable Hungarian inventions include the [[lead dioxide]] [[match]] ([[János Irinyi]]), a type of [[carburetor]] ([[Donát Bánki]], [[János Csonka]]), the electric (AC) train engine and generator ([[Kálmán Kandó]]), [[holography]] ([[Dennis Gabor]]), the [[Kalman filter]] ([[Rudolf E. Kálmán]]), and [[Rubik's Cube]] ([[Ernő Rubik]]).

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Hungary}}
[[File:Esztergom.desiro.JPG|thumb|left|[[Siemens Desiro]] passenger trains on the [[Hungarian State Railways]] network, which is [[List of countries by rail transport network size|one of the densest in the world]]]]
Hungary has a highly developed road, railway, air, and water transport system. Budapest serves as an important hub for the [[Hungarian State Railways|Hungarian railway system]] (''MÁV''). The capital is served by three large train stations called ''[[Budapest Keleti station|Keleti]]'' (Eastern), ''[[Budapest Nyugati station|Nyugati]]'' (Western), and ''[[Budapest Déli station|Déli]]'' (Southern) ''pályaudvar''s (termii). [[Szolnok]] is the most important railway hub outside Budapest, while [[Miskolc Tiszai railway station|Tiszai Railway Station]] in Miskolc and the main stations of [[Szombathely]], [[Győr]], [[Szeged]], and [[Székesfehérvár]] are also key to the network.

Budapest, [[Debrecen]], Miskolc, and [[Szeged]] have tram networks. The [[Budapest Metro]] is the second-oldest underground [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the world; its [[Metro Line M1 (Budapest Metro)|Line 1]] dates from 1896. The system consists of four lines. A [[regional rail|commuter rail]] system, ''[[BHÉV|HÉV]]'', operates in the Budapest metropolitan area.
Hungary has a total length of approximately {{convert|1314|km|2|abbr=on}} motorways ({{lang-hu|autópálya}}). Motorway sections are being added to the existing network, which already connects many major economically important cities to the capital. Ports are located at Budapest, [[Dunaújváros]] and [[Baja, Hungary|Baja]].

There are five international airports: [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport|Budapest Ferenc Liszt]] (informally called "Ferihegy"), [[Debrecen International Airport|Debrecen]], [[Hévíz–Balaton Airport|Hévíz–Balaton]] (also called Sármellék Airport), [[Győr-Pér International Airport|Győr-Pér]], and [[Pécs-Pogány International Airport|Pécs-Pogány]], but only two of these (Budapest and Debrecen) receive scheduled flights. Low-budget airline [[Wizz Air]] is based at Ferihegy.

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Hungary|Renewable energy in Hungary}}
[[File:Atomerőmű főbejárat.JPG|thumb|right|[[Paks Nuclear Power Plant]] produced more than 50% of Hungary's electricity production.]]
Hungary's total energy supply is dominated by [[fossil fuel]]s, with [[natural gas]] occupying the largest share, followed by [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[coal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=International Energy Agency |author-link=International Energy Agency |title=Hungary – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/hungary |access-date=2022-05-24 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris}}</ref> In June 2020, Hungary passed a law binding itself to a target of [[Carbon neutrality|net-zero emissions]] by 2050. As part of a broader restructuring of the nation's energy and climate policies, Hungary also extended its National Energy Strategy 2030 to look even further, adding an outlook until 2040 that prioritizes carbon-neutral and cost-effective energy while focusing on reinforcing [[energy security]] and [[energy independence]].<ref name=":0" /> Key forces in the country's 2050 target include [[Renewable energy|renewables]], [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] electricity, and [[electrification]] of end-use sectors. Significant investments in the power sector are expected, including for the construction of two new nuclear energy generating units. Renewable energy capacity has increased significantly, but in recent years growth in the renewables sector has stagnated. What is more, certain policies that limit development of [[wind power]] are expected to negatively impact the renewables sector.<ref name=":0" />

Hungary's emission of greenhouse gases has dropped alongside the economy's decreasing use of carbon-based fuels. However, independent analysis has identified space for Hungary to set more ambitious emissions reduction targets.<ref name=":0" />

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Hungary|Hungarians|Women in Hungary}}

[[File:Population density in Hungary.png|upright=1.3|thumb|Population density in Hungary by [[Districts of Hungary|district]]]]
Hungary's population was 9,689,000 in 2021, according to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, making it the fifth most populous country in Central and Eastern Europe, and a [[Demographics of the European Union|medium-sized member state of the European Union]]. As in other former [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern bloc countries]], its population has decreased markedly since the fall of the Soviet Union, having peaked at 10.8 million in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Hungary 1800–2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1014468/total-population-hungary-1910-2020/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> [[Population density]] stands at 107 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is about two times higher than the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|world average]]. Around 70% of the population lives in cities and towns overall, which is well above the global rate of 56% but [[Urbanization by sovereign state|lower than most developed countries]]; one quarter of Hungarians live in the [[Budapest metropolitan area]] in north-central region.

Like most European countries, Hungary is experiencing [[sub-replacement fertility]]; its estimated [[total fertility rate]] of 1.43 children per woman is well below the replacement rate of 2.1,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/|title=The World Factbook|website=Cia.gov|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> and considerably lower than peak of 5.59 children born per woman in 1884.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=HUN|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|work=[[Our World In Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref> Consequently, its population has been gradually declining and rapidly aging; the average age is 42.7 years, among the highest in the world.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : HUNGARY|work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> This trend has been exacerbated by a high rate of emigration, particularly among young adults, and anti-immigration policies, which accelerated in the 1990s but have since somewhat abated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Hungary 1800–2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1014468/total-population-hungary-1910-2020/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, the conservative government began a programme to increase the birth rate among [[Hungarians|ethnic Magyars]] by reinstating three-year maternity leave and boosting the availability of part-time jobs; the fertility rate has since gradually increased from its nadir of 1.27 children per woman in 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/11/hungary-birth-rate-women-stolz|title=Hungarian government sends women home to make babies|first=Joëlle|last=Stolz|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> in some years rising as high as 1.5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leitner |first=Attila |title=Hungary population 9.6 million, census shows |url=https://www.budapesttimes.hu/hungary/hungary-population-9-6-million-census-shows/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=The Budapest Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, the population grew by 0.77% compared to the prior year, due mostly to an influx of immigrants from neighboring countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary Population 2023 (Live) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/hungary-population |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> In 2015, 47.9% of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018&plugin=1|title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> [[Life expectancy]] was 71.96 years for men and 79.62 years for women in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/|title=The World Factbook Life Expectancy|publisher=The World Factbook}}</ref> growing continuously since the fall of Communism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html|title=Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH)|publisher=[[Hungarian Central Statistical Office]]|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>

Hungary recognises two sizeable minority groups, designated as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries in Hungary: a [[Germans of Hungary|German community]] of about 130,000 that lives throughout the country, and a [[Romani people in Hungary|Romani minority]] that numbers around 300,000 and mainly resides in the northern part of the country. Some studies indicate a considerably larger number of Romani in Hungary (876,000 people – c. 9% of the population.).<ref>[http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/terstat/2018/01/ts580101.pdf A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades]. ksh.hu Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref><ref>[http://hvg.hu/itthon/20180222_Ennyi_roma_el_Magyarorszagon Ennyi roma él Magyarországon]. hvg.hu. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</ref> According to the 2011 census, there were 8,314,029 (83.7%) ethnic [[Hungarians]], 308,957 (3.1%) [[Romani people|Romani]], 131,951 (1.3%) [[Germans]], 29,647 (0.3%) [[Slovaks]], 26,345 (0.3%) [[Romanians]], and 23,561 (0.2%) [[Croats]] in Hungary; 1,455,883 people (14.7% of the total population) did not declare their ethnicity. Thus, Hungarians made up more than 90% of people who declared their ethnicity.<ref name="Census2011det" /> In Hungary, people can declare more than one ethnicity, so the sum of ethnicities is higher than the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_03_00_2011.pdf|title= Hungarian census 2011 – final data and methodology |language=hu|publisher=[[Hungarian Central Statistical Office]]}}</ref>

Approximately [[Hungarian diaspora|5 million Hungarians live outside Hungary]].

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Hungarian language|Languages of Hungary}}
[[File:MagyarsOutsideHungary.png|thumb|Regions of Central and Eastern Europe inhabited by Hungarian speakers today|upright=1.3]]
[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] is the [[official language|official]] and predominant spoken language. Hungarian is the [[Languages of Europe|13th most widely spoken first language in Europe]] with around 13 million native speakers and it is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/linguistic-diversity/official-languages-eu_en.htm |title=Official Languages |author=European Commission |access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> Outside Hungary, it is also spoken in neighbouring countries and by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide. According to the 2011 census, 9,896,333 people (99.6%) speak Hungarian in Hungary, of whom 9,827,875 people (99%) speak it as a [[first language]], while 68,458 people (0.7%) speak it as a [[second language]].<ref name="Census2011det">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/nepszamlalas/tablak_teruleti_00|title=Hungarian census 2011 / Országos adatok (National data) / 1.1.4.2. A népesség nyelvismeret és nemek szerint (population by spoken language), 1.1.6.1 A népesség anyanyelv, nemzetiség és nemek szerint (population by mother tongue and ethnicity), 2.1.7.1 A népesség vallás, felekezet, és fontosabb demográfiai ismérvek szerint (population by religion, denomination and main demographical indicators) (Hungarian)|website=Ksh.hu|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref> English (1,589,180 speakers, 16.0%), and German (1,111,997 speakers, 11.2%) are the most widely spoken foreign languages, while there are several recognised minority languages in Hungary ([[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]).<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_orsz_2011.pdf|title=2011 Hungary Census Report|publisher=ksh.hu}}</ref>

Hungarian is a member of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic language family]], unrelated to any neighbouring language and distantly related to [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Estonian language|Estonian]]. It is the largest of the Uralic languages in terms of the number of speakers and the only one spoken in Central Europe. There are sizeable populations of Hungarian speakers in Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the former Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Israel, and the U.S. Smaller groups of Hungarian speakers live in Canada, Slovenia, and Austria, but also in Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela, and Chile. Standard Hungarian is based on the variety spoken Budapest. Although the use of the standard dialect is enforced, Hungarian has several urban and rural [[dialect]]s.

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Hungary}}

Hungary is a historically [[Christianity|Christian]] country. Hungarian historiography identifies the foundation of the Hungarian state with Stephen I's [[baptism]] and coronation with the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Holy Crown]] in A.D. 1000. Stephen promulgated [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] as the state religion, and his successors were traditionally known as the [[Apostolic Majesty|Apostolic Kings]]. The [[Catholic Church in Hungary]] remained strong through the centuries, and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest|Archbishop of Esztergom]] was granted extraordinary temporal privileges as [[prince-primate]] (''hercegprímás'') of Hungary.

[[File:Benczúr - Painting of St Stephen in the Basilica of Budapest.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stephen I of Hungary|King Saint Stephen]] offering the Hungarian crown to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] – painting by Gyula Benczúr, in the St. Stephen's Basilica]]

Although contemporary Hungary has no [[State religion|official religion]] and recognises [[freedom of religion]] as a fundamental right, the constitution "recognises Christianity's nation-building role" in its preamble<ref>{{cite web|title=Magyarország Alaptörvénye|url=http://www.parlament.hu/irom39/02627/02627.pdf|website=Parlament.hu|publisher=Hungarian Parliament|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> and in Article VII affirms that "the state may cooperate with the churches for community goals."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2011.pdf|title=Hungary's Constitution of 2011}}</ref> The 2011 census showed that the majority of Hungarians were Christians (54.2%), with [[Catholic Church in Hungary|Roman Catholics]] (''római katolikusok'') (37.1%) and [[Reformed Church in Hungary|Hungarian Reformed]] [[Calvinism|Calvinists]] (''reformátusok'') (11.1%) making up the bulk of these alongside [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] (''evangélikusok'') (2.2%), [[Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]] (1.8%), and other Christians (1.3%). Jewish (0.1%), Buddhist (0.1%) and Muslim (0.06%) communities are in the minority. 27.2% of the population did not declare a religious affiliation while 16.7% declared themselves explicitly irreligious, another 1.5% atheist.<ref name="Census2011det" />

During the initial stages of the Protestant [[Reformation]], most Hungarians adopted first Lutheranism and then Calvinism in the form of the Hungarian Reformed Church. In the second half of the 16th century, the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] led a [[Counter-Reformation]] campaign, and the population once again became predominantly Catholic. This campaign was only partially successful, however, and the (mainly Reformed) Hungarian nobility were able to secure freedom of worship for Protestants. In practice, this meant ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]''; thus, most individual localities in Hungary are still identifiable as historically Catholic, Lutheran, or Reformed. The country's eastern regions, especially around Debrecen (the "Calvinist Rome"), remain almost completely Reformed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformatus.hu/mutat/6819/ |title=Facts and Statistics |publisher=Reformatus.hu |access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> a trait they share with historically contiguous ethnically Hungarian regions across the Romanian border. [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] in Hungary is associated with the country's ethnic minorities: Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Historically, Hungary was home to a [[History of the Jews in Hungary|significant Jewish community]] with a pre-World War II population of more than 800,000, but it is estimated that just over 564,000 Hungarian Jews were killed between 1941 and 1945 during the Holocaust in Hungary.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Braham |first1=Randolph L. |author-link1=Randolph L. Braham |title=The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary |volume=2 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |pages=1509 |isbn=978-0880337113 }}</ref> Between 15 May and 9 July 1944 alone, over 434,000 Jews were deported on 147 trains,{{sfn|Braham|2016|p=771, 774–775}} most of them to Auschwitz, where about 80% were gassed on arrival. Some Jews were able to escape, but most were either deported to concentration camps, or killed by [[Arrow Cross Party|Arrow Cross]] members. From over 800,000 Jews living within Hungary's borders in 1941–1944, about 255,500 are thought to have survived. There are about 120,000 Jews in Hungary today.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jdc.org/news/features/jewish-life-takes-to-the.html | title=Jewish Life Takes to the Streets at Hungary's Celebrated Judafest | publisher=Jewish Federation of North America | date=9 May 2012 | access-date=4 March 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016205357/http://www.jdc.org/news/features/jewish-life-takes-to-the.html | archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://digitaljournal.com/article/343168 | title=Hungary: A new synagogue for Budapest but anti-Semitism on rise | publisher=Digital Journal | date=9 February 2013 | access-date=4 March 2013 | author=Myles, Robert | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315122050/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/343168 | archive-date=15 March 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Hungary|List of universities and colleges in Hungary}}

Education is predominantly public, run by the [[Minister of Education (Hungary)|Ministry of Education]]. [[Preschool]]-[[kindergarten]] education is [[compulsory education|compulsory]] and provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is also compulsory until the age of sixteen.<ref name="europa" /> [[Primary education]] usually lasts for eight years. [[Secondary education]] includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] enrolls the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the secondary vocational schools for intermediate students lasts four years and the technical school prepares pupils for [[vocational education]] and the world of work. The system is partly flexible and bridges exist, graduates from a vocational school can achieve a two years programme to have access to vocational higher education for instance.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=HUN | title=Vocational Education in Hungary | date=October 2013 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=UNESCO-UNEVOC}}</ref> The [[Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study]] rated 13–14-year-old pupils in Hungary among the best in the world for maths and science.

{{multiple image
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| image1 = DE-foepulet.jpg
| caption1 = [[University of Debrecen]] is the oldest continuously operating institution of higher education in Hungary ever since [[1538]].
| image2 = Iskolaépület (527. számú műemlék).jpg
| caption2 = [[Budapest Business School]], the first public [[business school]] in the world, founded in [[1857]]
| image3 = Hungary Pecs 2005 June 076University.jpg
| caption3 = The [[University of Pécs]] is the oldest university in Hungary. It was founded in 1367 by [[Louis I of Hungary|King Louis the Great]].
| image4 = ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg
| caption4 = [[Eötvös Loránd University]] is one of the largest and most prestigious institutions.
}}

Most of the universities are [[public university|public institutions]], and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the [[Matura]]. The Hungarian public [[higher education]] system includes universities and other higher education institutes, that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities. Health insurance for students is free until the end of their studies. English and German language are important in Hungarian higher education, there are a number of degree programmes that are taught in these languages, which attracts thousands of [[Student exchange program|exchange students]] every year. Hungary's higher education and training has been ranked 44 out of 148 countries in the Global Competitiveness Report 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf |title=Global Competitiveness Record 2013/2014 |access-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>

Hungary has a long tradition of higher education reflecting the existence of established [[knowledge economy]]. The established universities include some of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest in the world]], the first was the [[University of Pécs]] founded in 1367 which is still functioning, although in 1276, the university of [[Veszprém]] was destroyed by the troops of [[Peter I Csák|Peter Csák]] but it was never rebuilt. [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] established [[Óbuda University]] in 1395. Another, [[Universitas Istropolitana]], was established 1465 in Pozsony by [[Matthias Corvinus]]. [[Nagyszombat]] University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777, and it is called [[Eötvös Loránd University]] today. The world's first [[institute of technology]] was founded in [[Selmecbánya]] in 1735; its legal successor is the [[University of Miskolc]]. The [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]] is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure, its legal predecessor the Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum was founded in 1782 by [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Joseph II]].

Hungary ranks fourth (above neighbour Romania, and after China, the United States and Russia) in the all-time medal count at the [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] with 336 total medals, dating back to 1959.

=== Health ===
{{Main|Healthcare in Hungary}}
[[Image:Szentistvankorhazcivertanlegi.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Szent István Hospital on [[Üllői Avenue]], [[Budapest]]. Together with Szent László Hospital, they form the largest hospital complex in Hungary, built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.]]
Hungary maintains a [[universal health care]] system largely financed by government [[national health insurance]]. According to the [[OECD]], 100% of the population is [[List of countries by health insurance coverage|covered by universal health insurance]],<ref name="auto" /> which is free for children, students, pensioners, people with low income, handicapped people, and church employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oep.hu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LAKOSSAG/OEPHULAK_EBELLAT/ELLATASMO/KIZAROLAG_EU_SZOLG_JOGOSULTAK_2013_01.PDF|title=List of the entitled people for free insurance, National Healthcare Fund, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://figyelo.hu/cikkek/376719_dozsolok_es_szukolkodok___mibol_gazdalkodnak_az_egyhazak|title=Dőzsölők és szűkölködők – Miből gazdálkodnak az egyházak?, Figyelő (financial status of the churches in Hungary, Hungarian)|website=Figyelo.hu|access-date=3 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417095046/http://figyelo.hu/cikkek/376719_dozsolok_es_szukolkodok___mibol_gazdalkodnak_az_egyhazak|archive-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Hungary spends 7.2% of GDP on healthcare, spending $2,045 per capita, of which $1,365 is provided by the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT|title=Health Status|website=stats.oecd.org|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>

Hungary is one of the main destinations of [[medical tourism]] in Europe, particularly for dentistry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.budapestagent.com/hungary-leading-dental-tourism.html|title=Hungary leading in Dental Tourism in Europe – BudapestAgent.com|website=Budapestagent.com|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075342/http://www.budapestagent.com/hungary-leading-dental-tourism.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBJ1" /> in which its share is 42% in Europe and 21% worldwide.<ref name="BBJ1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbj.hu/business/hungary-aims-at-bigger-bite-of-dental-tourism_63662|title=Hungary aims at bigger bite of dental tourism|website=Bbj.hu|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="BBJ2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbj.hu/business/dental-tourism-development-clinics-turnover-up-19percent_69020|title=Dental Tourism Development clinics turnover up 19%|website=Bbj.hu|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> [[Plastic surgery]] is also a key sector, with 30% of the clients coming from abroad. Hungary is well known for its spa culture and is home to [[Culture of Hungary#Spa culture|numerous medicinal spas]],<ref name="IMTJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=416494|title=Hungarian Tourism promotes medical tourism – IMTJ|website=Imtj.com|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> which attract "spa tourism".<ref name="BBJ3">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbj.hu/business/medical-tourism-in-good-health_63661|title=Medical tourism in good health|website=Imtj.com|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

In common with developed countries, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality, accounting for 49.4% (62,979) of all deaths in 2013.<ref name="KSH">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_hosszu/h_wdsd001a.html|title=STADAT – 1.1. Népesség, népmozgalom (1900–)|website=Ksh.hu|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> However, this number peaked in 1985 with 79,355 deaths, and has been declining continuously since the fall of communism.<ref name="KSH" /> The second leading cause of death is cancer with 33,274 (26.2%), which has been stagnant since the 1990s.<ref name="KSH" /> Deaths from accidents dropped from 8,760 in 1990 to 3,654 in 2013; the number of suicides has declined precipitously from 4,911 in 1983 to 2,093 in 2013 (21.1 per 100,000 people), the lowest since 1956.<ref name="KSH" /> There are considerable health disparities between the western and eastern parts of Hungary; heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and suicide is prevalent in the mostly agricultural and low-income Great Plain region in the east, but infrequent in the high-income, middle class areas of Western Transdanubia and Central Hungary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oefi.hu/olef/OLEF2003/Jelentesek/KronikusBbetegsegekOLEF2003.pdf|title=Egészségjelentés 2016|website=Oefi.hu|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404092802/http://www.oefi.hu/olef/OLEF2003/Jelentesek/KronikusBbetegsegekOLEF2003.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Smoking is a leading cause of death in the country, although it is in steep decline: The proportion of adult smokers declined to 19% in 2013 from 28% in 2012, owing to strict regulations such as a nationwide smoking ban in every indoor public place and the limiting of tobacco sales to state-controlled "National Tobacco Shops".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbj.hu/economy/govt-allocates-huf-450-mln-to-company-facilitating-tobacco-sales-monopoly_64136|title=Govt allocates HUF 450 mln to company facilitating tobacco sales monopoly|website=Bbj.hu|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

Hungary ranks as the [[Global Peace Index|17th safest country]] in the world, with a homicide rate of 1.3 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf |title=Global Peace Index |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429070743/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hungary|List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary|National symbols of Hungary}}
{{See also|Cinema of Hungary|List of films shot in Budapest|List of domesticated animals from Hungary}}

=== Architecture ===
{{sources needed}}
{{Main|Architecture of Hungary}}
[[File:Esterházy-kastély (4051. számú műemlék) 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Eszterháza|Eszterháza Palace]], the "Hungarian Versailles", in [[Fertőd]], [[Győr-Moson-Sopron County]]]]

Hungary is home to the [[Dohány Street Synagogue|largest synagogue in Europe]], built in 1859 in [[Moorish Revival architecture|Moorish Revival]] style with a capacity of 3,000 people; the [[Széchenyi thermal bath|largest medicinal bath in Europe]], completed in 1913 in Modern [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance style]] and located in the Budapest city park; one of the [[Esztergom Basilica|largest basilicas in Europe]]; the [[Pannonhalma Archabbey|second-largest territorial abbey]] in the world; and the largest [[Pécs|early Christian necropolis]] outside Italy. Notable architectural styles include [[Historicism]] and [[Art Nouveau]], or rather several variants of Art Nouveau. In contrast to Historicism, Hungarian Art Nouveau is based on national architectural characteristics. Taking the eastern origins of the Hungarians into account, [[Ödön Lechner]], the most important figure in Hungarian Art Nouveau, was initially inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture and later by traditional Hungarian decorative designs. In this way, he created an original synthesis of architectural styles. By applying them to three-dimensional architectural elements, he produced a version of Art Nouveau that was specific to Hungary. Turning away from the style of Lechner, yet taking inspiration from his approach, the group of "Young People" (''Fiatalok''), which included [[Károly Kós]] and Dezsö Zrumeczky, used the characteristic structures and forms of traditional Hungarian architecture to achieve the same end.

[[File:Apátsági templom (8941. számú műemlék) 7.jpg|left|thumb|Romanesque [[Ják Abbey]], [[Vas County]], built between 1220 and 1256]]

Besides the two principal styles, Budapest also displays local versions of trends originating from other European countries. The Sezession from [[Vienna]], the German [[Jugendstil]], Art Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the 20th century. [[Béla Lajta]] initially adopted Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after developing an interest in the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. [[Aladár Árkay]] took almost the same route. [[István Medgyaszay]] developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional motifs to create decorative designs in concrete. In the sphere of applied arts, those chiefly responsible for promoting the spread of Art Nouveau were the School and Museum of Decorative Arts, which opened in 1896.

Foreigners have unexpectedly "discovered" that a significantly large portion of the citizens lives in old and architecturally valuable buildings. In the Budapest downtown area almost all the buildings are about one hundred years old, with thick walls, high ceilings, and motifs on the front walls.<ref name="Eliznik.org.uk" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information|title=General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest|publisher=Budapest Corner|access-date=11 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214123942/http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information|archive-date=14 December 2010}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Hungary}}
[[File:Budapest Opera 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Hungarian State Opera House]] on [[Andrássy út]] (a [[World Heritage Site]])]]
Hungarian music consists mainly of traditional [[Hungarian folk music]] and music by prominent composers such as [[Franz Liszt]] and [[Béla Bartók]], considered to be among the greatest Hungarian composers. Other renowned composers are [[Ernst von Dohnányi]], [[Franz Schmidt (composer)|Franz Schmidt]], [[Zoltán Kodály]], [[Gabriel von Wayditch]], [[Rudolf Wagner-Régeny]], [[László Lajtha]], [[Franz Lehár]], [[Emmerich Kálmán|Kálmán Imre]], [[Sándor Veress]] and [[Miklós Rózsa]]. Hungarian traditional music tends to have a strong [[dactyl (poetry)|dactylic]] rhythm, as the language is invariably stressed on the first syllable of each word.

Hungary has renowned composers of contemporary classical music, [[György Ligeti]], [[György Kurtág]], [[Péter Eötvös]], [[Zoltán Kodály]] and [[Zoltán Jeney]] among them. Bartók was among the most significant musicians of the 20th century. His music was invigorated by the themes, modes, and rhythmic patterns of the Hungarian and neighbouring folk music traditions he studied, which he synthesised with influences from his contemporaries into his own distinctive style.<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html Szabolcsi] Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style. For example, [[Béla Bartók]] and [[Zoltán Kodály]], two of Hungary's most famous composers, are known for using folk themes in their own music.</ref>
[[File:Liszt 1858.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Franz Liszt]], one of the greatest pianists of all time; a renowned composer and conductor]]
Folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and has been significant in former country parts that belong—since the 1920 Treaty of Trianon—to neighbouring countries such as Romania, Slovakia, Poland and especially in southern Slovakia and Transylvania. After the establishment of a music academy led by Liszt and [[Ferenc Erkel]], Hungary produced an important number of art musicians:
* Pianists: Ernő von Dohnányi, [[Ervin Nyiregyházi]], [[Andor Földes]], [[Tamás Vásáry]], [[György Sándor]], [[Géza Anda]], [[Annie Fischer]], [[György Cziffra]], [[Edward Kilenyi Jr.|Edward Kilényi]], [[Balint Vazsonyi|Bálint Vázsonyi]], [[András Schiff]], [[Zoltán Kocsis]], [[Dezső Ránki]], [[Jenő Jandó]] and others.
* Violinists: [[Joseph Joachim]], [[Leopold Auer]], [[Jenő Hubay]], [[Jelly d'Arányi]], [[Joseph Szigeti]], [[Sándor Végh]], [[Emil Telmanyi]], [[Zathurecky|Ede Zathurecky]], [[Zsigmondy]], [[Franz von Vecsey]], [[Zoltán Székely]], [[Tibor Varga (violinist)|Tibor Varga]] and newcomers [[Antal Szalai]], [[Vilmos Szabadi]], [[Kristóf Baráti]] and others.
* Opera singers: [[Astrid Varnay]], [[József Simándy]], [[Júlia Várady]], [[Julia Hamari|Júlia Hamari]], [[Kolos Kováts]] (Bluebeard in Bartók's Bluebeard)
* Conductors: [[Eugene Ormandy]], [[George Szell]], [[Antal Doráti]], [[János Ferencsik]], [[Fritz Reiner]], [[sir Georg Solti]], [[István Kertész (conductor)|István Kertész]], [[Ferenc Fricsay]], [[Zoltán Rozsnyai]], [[Sándor Végh]], [[Arpad Joo|Árpád Joó]], [[Ádám Fischer]], [[Iván Fischer]], [[Péter Eötvös]], [[Zoltán Kocsis]], [[Tamás Vásáry]], [[Gilbert Varga]] and others
* String Quartets: [[Budapest String Quartet|Budapest Quartet]], [[Hungarian Quartet]], [[Végh Quartet]], [[Takács Quartet]], [[Kodály Quartet]], [[Éder Quartet]], [[Festetics String Quartet|Festetics Quartet]],
[[File:Bartók Béla 1927.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Béla Bartók]], a composer of great influence in the early 20th century; one of the founders of [[ethnomusicology]]]]
Broughton claims that Hungary's "infectious sound has been surprisingly influential on neighboring countries (thanks perhaps to the common Austro-Hungarian history) and it's not uncommon to hear Hungarian-sounding tunes in Romania, Slovakia and Poland".<ref>Szalipszki, p. 12 Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music".</ref> It is also strong in the [[Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County|Szabolcs-Szatmár]] area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The [[Busójárás]] carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded [[Bogyiszló Orchestra]].<ref name="Broughton">Broughton, pp. 159–167</ref>

Hungarian classical music has long been an "experiment, made from Hungarian antecedents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture [using the] musical world of the folk song".<ref>Szabolcsi, ''The Specific Conditions of Hungarian Musical Development'' "Every experiment, made from Hungarian antecedents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture (music written by composers, as different from folk music), had instinctively or consciously striven to develop widely and universally the musical world of the folk song. Folk poetry and folk music were deeply embedded in the collective Hungarian people's culture, and this unity did not cease to be effective even when it was given from and expression by individual creative artists, performers and poets."</ref> Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th-century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style.<ref name="Szabolcsi">{{cite web|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html |title=Szabolcsi |publisher=Mek.oszk.hu |access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref> For example, Bartók collected folk songs from across Central and Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, while Kodály was more interested in creating a distinctively Hungarian musical style.

During the era of communist rule in Hungary (1944–1989), a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. Since then, however, the Hungarian music industry has begun to recover, producing successful performers in the fields of [[jazz]] such as trumpeter [[Rudolf Tomsits]], pianist-composer [[Károly Binder]] and, in a modernised form of Hungarian folk, [[Ferenc Sebő]] and [[Márta Sebestyén]]. The three giants of Hungarian rock, [[Illés (band)|Illés]], [[Metró (Hungarian band)|Metró]] and [[Omega (band)|Omega]], remain very popular, especially Omega, which has followings in Germany and beyond as well as in Hungary. Older veteran underground bands such as [[Beatrice (band)|Beatrice]], from the 1980s, also remain popular.

=== Literature ===
{{sources needed}}
{{Main|Hungarian literature}}
[[File:Szekely Hungarian Rovas alphabet Szekely magyar rovas ABC.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|The alphabet of the [[Old Hungarian script|Székely-Hungarian runiform]]. The country switched to the Latin alphabet during the reign of [[Stephen I of Hungary|King Saint Stephen]] (1000–1038).]]
In the earliest times, Hungarian language was written in a [[Old Hungarian script|runic-like script]] (although it was not used for literature purposes in the modern interpretation). The country switched to the [[Latin alphabet]] after being Christianised under the reign of Stephen I of Hungary in the 11th century. The oldest remained written record in Hungarian language is a fragment in the [[Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany]] (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words ''feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea'', "up the military road to [[Székesfehérvár|Fehérvár]]" The rest of the document was written in Latin. The oldest remaining complete text in Hungarian language is the [[Funeral Sermon and Prayer]] ''(Halotti beszéd és könyörgés)'' (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon. The oldest remaining poem in Hungarian is the Old Hungarian ''[[Lamentations of Mary]]'' ''(Ómagyar Mária-siralom)'', also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] poem. Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' (''Deeds of the Hungarians'') by the unknown author usually called [[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|Anonymus]], and ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]'' (''Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians'') by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the ''Képes krónika'' (''Illustrated Chronicle''), which was written for [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]].

[[Renaissance literature]] flourished under the reign of King Matthias. [[Janus Pannonius]], although he wrote in Latin, is considered one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by [[András Hess]] in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]''. The most important poets of the period were [[Bálint Balassi]] and [[Miklós Zrínyi]]. Balassi's poetry shows medieval influences, his poems can be divided into three sections: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic ''[[The Siege of Sziget|Szigeti veszedelem]]'' (''The'' ''Peril of Sziget'', written in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to the ''[[Iliad]]'' and recounts the heroic [[Siege of Szigetvár|battle of Szigetvár]], where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár. Among the religious literary works, the most important is the Bible translation by [[Gáspár Károlyi]] (the second [[Bible translations into Hungarian|Hungarian Bible translation]] in history), the Protestant pastor of [[Gönc]], in 1590. The translation is called the ''Bible of Vizsoly'', after the town where it was first published.[[File:Petofi.gif|thumb|left|[[Sándor Petőfi]], Hungarian poet and revolutionary]]

The Hungarian enlightenment took place about fifty years after the French [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. The first enlightened writers were [[Maria Theresa]]'s bodyguards ([[György Bessenyei]], [[János Batsányi]] and others). The greatest poets of the time were [[Mihály Csokonai]] and [[Dániel Berzsenyi]]. The greatest figure of the language reform was [[Ferenc Kazinczy]]. The Hungarian language became feasible for all type of scientific explanations from this time, and furthermore, many new words were coined for describing new inventions.

Hungarian literature has recently gained some renown outside the borders of Hungary (mostly through translations into German, French and English). Some modern Hungarian authors have become increasingly popular in Germany and Italy especially [[Sándor Márai]], [[Péter Esterházy]], [[Péter Nádas]] and [[Imre Kertész]]. The latter is a contemporary Jewish writer who survived the Holocaust and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 2002. The older classics of Hungarian literature and Hungarian poetry have remained almost totally unknown outside Hungary. [[János Arany]], a famous 19th-century Hungarian poet, is still much loved in Hungary (especially his collection of ballads), among several other "true classics" like [[Sándor Petőfi]], the poet of the Revolution of 1848, [[Endre Ady]], [[Mihály Babits]], [[Dezső Kosztolányi]], [[Attila József]], [[Miklós Radnóti]] and [[János Pilinszky]]. Other well-known Hungarian authors are [[Mór Jókai]]. [[Frigyes Karinthy]], [[László Krasznahorkai]], [[Ferenc Móra]], [[Géza Gárdonyi]], [[Zsigmond Móricz]], [[Ephraim Kishon]], [[Géza Gárdonyi]], [[Arthur Koestler]], [[Ferenc Molnár]], [[Elie Wiesel]], [[Kálmán Mikszáth]], [[Gyula Illyés]], [[Miklós Szentkuthy]], [[Magda Szabó]] and [[Stephen Vizinczey]].

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Hungarian cuisine}}
{{See also|Hungarian wine|Beer in Hungary}}
[[File:Hortobagy palacsinta.JPG|thumb|left|[[Hortobágyi palacsinta]] in [[Sopron]]]]
[[File:Dobos cake (Gerbeaud Confectionery Budapest Hungary).jpg|thumb|[[Dobos torte]]]]
Traditional dishes such as the world-famous [[goulash]] (''gulyás'' stew or ''gulyás'' soup) feature prominently in Hungarian cuisine. Dishes are often flavoured with [[paprika]] (ground red peppers), a Hungarian innovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1 |title=Sulinet: Magyar növény-e a paprika? |publisher=Sulinet.hu |access-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004145/http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1 |archive-date=20 June 2008 }}</ref> The paprika powder, obtained from a special type of pepper, is one of the most common spices used in typical Hungarian cuisine. Thick, heavy sour cream called ''[[tejföl]]'' is often used to soften the flavour of a dish. The famous Hungarian hot river fish soup called [[fisherman's soup]] or ''halászlé'' is usually a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish.<ref>{{cite book |first=Karoly |last=Gundel |title=Gundel's Hungarian cookbook |publisher=Corvina |location=Budapest |year=1992 |isbn=963-13-3600-X |oclc=32227400}}page 23</ref>

Other dishes are [[chicken paprikash]], [[foie gras]] made of goose liver, ''[[pörkölt]]'' stew, ''vadas'', (game stew with vegetable gravy and [[Spätzle|dumplings]]), trout with almonds and salty and sweet dumplings, like ''[[túrós csusza]]'', (dumplings with fresh [[Quark (dairy product)|quark]] cheese and thick sour cream). Desserts include the iconic [[Dobos torte]], [[strudel]]s (''rétes''), filled with apple, cherry, poppy seed or cheese, [[Palatschinke|Gundel pancake]], plum dumplings (''[[Knödel|szilvás gombóc]]''), ''somlói'' dumplings, dessert soups like chilled [[sour cherry soup]] and sweet chestnut puree, ''gesztenyepüré'' (cooked [[chestnut]]s mashed with sugar and rum and split into crumbs, topped with whipped cream). ''[[Pretzel|Perec]]'' and ''[[kifli]]'' are widely popular pastries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuM9b9dCG08C&q=kifli+bread&pg=PA157|title=Helen's Hungarian Heritage Recipes|last=Czégény|first=Clara Margaret|publisher=Dream Machine Publishing|isbn=978-0-9780254-0-3|language=en}}</ref>

The ''csárda'' is the most distinctive type of Hungarian inn, an old-style tavern offering traditional cuisine and beverages. ''Borozó'' usually denotes a cosy old-fashioned wine tavern, ''pince'' is a beer or wine cellar and a ''söröző'' is a [[pub]] offering draught beer and sometimes meals. The ''bisztró'' is an inexpensive restaurant often with self-service. The ''büfé'' is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at the confectionery called ''cukrászda'', while an ''eszpresszó'' is a café.

[[File:Tokaji 6p 1989.jpg|thumb|upright|The famous [[Tokaji]] wine. It was called ''Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum'' ("Wine of Kings, King of Wines") by [[Louis XIV|Louis XIV of France]].]]

[[Pálinka]] is a fruit brandy, distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (''barack'') and cherry (''cseresznye''). However, plum (''szilva'') is the most popular flavour. Beer goes well with many traditional Hungarian dishes. The five main Hungarian beer brands are: [[Borsod Brewery|Borsodi]], [[Soproni]], [[Arany Ászok]], [[Kõbányai]], and [[Dreher Brewery|Dreher]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaultmillau.hu/kalauz-2017/sorhelyzet-magyarorszag-2016|title=Sörhelyzet, Magyarország 2016 – Gault&Millau kalauz – Gault&Millau Magyarország|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304184347/http://www.gaultmillau.hu/kalauz-2017/sorhelyzet-magyarorszag-2016|archive-date=4 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> People traditionally do not clink their glasses or mugs when drinking beer. There is an urban legend in Hungarian culture that Austrian generals clinked their beer glasses to celebrate the execution of [[the 13 Martyrs of Arad]] in 1849. Many people still follow the tradition, although younger people often disavow it, citing that the vow was only meant to last 150 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Koccintás sörrel |url=http://www.urbanlegends.hu/2005/06/17/koccintas-sorrel/ |access-date=29 July 2011 |language=hu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309015613/http://www.urbanlegends.hu/2005/06/17/koccintas-sorrel/ |archive-date=9 March 2009 }}</ref>

[[Hungarian wine|Hungary is ideal for wine-making]], and the country can be divided into numerous regions.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2009-127-20-82
| title = 127/2009. (IX. 29.) FVM rendelet
| publisher = Nemzeti Jogszabálytár / National Legislation (Hungary)
| access-date = 2 April 2022
| language = hu
}}</ref> The Romans brought vines to Pannonia, and by the 5th century AD, there are records of extensive vineyards in what is now Hungary. The Hungarians brought their wine-making knowledge from the East. According to [[Ahmad ibn Rustah|Ibn Rustah]], the Hungarian tribes were familiar with wine-making long before their [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquest of the Carpathian Basin]].<ref>Ian Spencer Hornsey, The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007, p. 49, {{ISBN|9780854042661}}</ref> The different wine regions offer a great variety of styles: the main products of the country are elegant and full-bodied dry whites with good acidity, although complex sweet whites ([[Tokaj wine region|Tokaj]]), elegant ([[Eger wine region|Eger]]) and full-bodied robust reds ([[Villány]] and [[Szekszárd]]). The main varieties are: Olaszrizling, [[Hárslevelű]], [[Furmint]], [[Pinot gris]] or Szürkebarát, [[Chardonnay]] (whites), Kékfrankos (or [[Blaufränkisch|Blaufrankisch]] in German), [[Kadarka]], [[Blauer Portugieser|Portugieser]], [[Zweigelt]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Cabernet Franc]] and [[Merlot]]. The most famous wines from Hungary are [[Tokaji|Tokaji Aszú]] and [[Egri Bikavér]].<ref>This is the world-famous sweet, topaz-colored wine known throughout the English-speaking world as '''Tokay'''. "A rich, sweet, moderately strong wine of a topaz color, produced in the vicinity of Tokay, in Hungary; also, a similar wine produced elsewhere." ''Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language'' (Springfield, Mass.: G.&C. Merriam, 1913). See ''Tokay'' at page 2166.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://eger.hu/hu/hirek/vezeto-hirek/c/egri-bikaver-hungarikum-lett-a-voros-cuvee-16832|title= Egri Bikavér – Hungarikum Lett a Vörös Cuvée|publisher=Eger.hu}}</ref> [[Tokaji]], meaning "of Tokaj", or "from Tokaj" in Hungarian, is used to label wines from the wine region of Tokaj. Tokaji wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers including [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]; [[Joseph Haydn]]'s favourite wine was a Tokaji.<ref name="royal tokaji">{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-tokaji.com/wine_of_kings.php|title=True Heritage – Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum – Wine of Kings, King of Wines|publisher=The Royal Tokaji Wine Company, 2013}}</ref> [[Louis XV]] and [[Frederick the Great]] tried to outdo one another when they entertained guests with Tokaji. [[Napoleon III]] ordered 30–40 barrels of Tokaji at the French Royal Court every year. [[Gustav III]] of Sweden loved Tokaji.<ref name="royal tokaji" /> In Russia, customers included [[Peter the Great]] and [[Elizabeth of Russia|Empress Elizabeth]], while [[Catherine the Great]] actually established a Russian garrison in the town of Tokaj with the aim of assuring regular wine deliveries to [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="royal tokaji" />

For over 150 years, a blend of forty Hungarian herbs has been used to create the liqueur [[unicum]]. Unicum is a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal, thus helping digestion.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://zwackunicum.hu/en/markaink/unicum/|title= Unicum|publisher=[[Zwack]]}}</ref>

=== Folk art ===
[[File:Voivodina Hungarians national costume and dance 6.jpg|thumb|left|Hungarians in traditional garments / folk costumes dancing the [[csárdás]]]]

[[Ugrós]] (jumping dances) are old-style dances dating back to the [[Middle Ages]]. The ugrós can include solo or couple dances accompanied by old-style music, shepherd and other solo man's dances from Transylvania, and marching dances, along with remnants of medieval weapon dances. [[Karikázó]] is a circle dance performed by women accompanied by the singing of folk songs. [[Csárdás]] are newer style dances developed in the 18 and 19th centuries, which includes embroidered costumes and energetic music. From the men's intricate boot slapping dances to the ancient women's circle dances, Csárdás demonstrates the infectious exuberance of the Hungarian folk dancing still celebrated in the villages. [[Verbunkos]] is a solo man's dance evolved from the recruiting performances of the Austro-Hungarian army. The [[legényes]] is a men's solo dance done by the ethnic Hungarian people living in the [[Kalotaszeg]] region of Transylvania. Although usually danced by young men, it can be also danced by older men. The dance is generally performed freestyle by one dancer at a time in front of a band. Women participate in the dance by standing in lines to the side and singing or shouting verses while the men dance. Each man performs a number of points (dance phrases), typically four to eight without repetition. Each point consists of four parts, each lasting four counts. The first part is usually the same for everyone (there are only a few variations).

It was in the beginning of the 18th-century that the present style of Hungarian folk art took shape, incorporating both [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] elements, depending on the area, as well as Persian [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] influences. Flowers and leaves, sometimes a bird or a spiral ornament, are the principal decorative themes. The most frequent ornament is a flower with a centrepiece resembling the eye of a peacock's feather. Nearly all the manifestations of folk art practiced elsewhere in Europe also flourished among the Magyar peasantry at one time or another, their ceramics and textile being the most highly developed of all. The finest achievements in their textile arts are the embroideries which vary from region to region. Those of Kalotaszeg are charming products of Oriental design, sewn chiefly in a single colour—red, blue, or black. Soft in line, the embroideries are applied on altar cloths, pillowcases, and sheets.

The [[Tolna County|Sárköz]] and [[Mezőkövesd|Matyóföld]] regions produce the finest embroideries. The women's caps generally exhibit black and white designs as delicate as lace and give evidence of the people's wonderfully subtle artistic feeling. The embroidery motifs applied to women's wear have also been transposed to tablecloths and runners suitable for modern use as wall decorations.

=== Sport ===
[[File:Vaterpolo Hungary vs Italy semifinal game2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hungary men's national water polo team]] is considered among the best in the world, holding the world record for Olympic golds and overall medals.]]

[[Hungary at the Olympics|Hungarian athletes]] have been successful contenders in the [[Summer Olympic Games]]. Hungary ranks 9th with a total of 511 medals in the [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|all-time Summer Olympic Games medal count]]. Hungary has the third-highest number of [[Olympic medal]]s per capita and second-highest number of gold medals per capita in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medals Per Capita: All Summer Games |url=https://medalspercapita.com/#medals-per-capita:summer |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> Hungary has historically excelled in Olympic water sports. In [[water polo]] the men's Hungarian team is the [[Water polo at the Summer Olympics|leading medal winner by a significant margin]], and in swimming [[List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)|the men's]] and [[List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)|the women's]] teams are both rank fifth-most successful. Hungary leads the overall medal count in [[Canoeing at the Summer Olympics|canoeing and kayaking]]. Hungary won its first gold medal in Winter Olympics in 2018 in men's short track speed skating with a team of four: [[Csaba Burján]], [[Shaolin Sándor Liu]], [[Shaoang Liu]], and [[Viktor Knoch]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hungarianfreepress.com/2018/02/22/chinese-hungarian-brothers-win-gold-for-hungary-at-winter-olympics/|title=Chinese-Hungarian brothers win gold for Hungary at Winter Olympics|work=Hungarian Free Press|access-date=4 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Groupama Arena Budapest (17267881892).jpg|right|thumb|The [[Ferencváros Stadion|Groupama Aréna]], home of [[Ferencvárosi TC]], a [[UEFA stadium categories|UEFA Category 4 Stadium]]]]

Hungary hosted many global sports events, including the [[1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships]], [[2000 World Fencing Championships]], [[2001 World Allround Speed Skating Championships]], [[2008 World Interuniversity Games]], [[2008 World Modern Pentathlon Championships]], [[2010 ITU World Championship Series]], 2011 [[IIHF World Championship]], [[2013 World Fencing Championships]], [[2013 World Wrestling Championships]], 2014 [[World Masters Athletics Championships]], [[2017 World Aquatics Championships]] and [[2017 World Judo Championships]], only in the last two decade. Besides these, Hungary was the home of many European-level tournaments, like [[2006 European Aquatics Championships]], [[2010 European Aquatics Championships]], [[2013 European Judo Championships]], [[2013 European Karate Championships]], [[2017 European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships|2017 European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship]] and hosted 4 matches in the [[UEFA Euro 2020]], which were held in the 67,889-seat new [[Multi-purpose stadium|multi-purpose]] [[New Puskás Ferenc Stadium|Puskás Ferenc Stadium]].

The [[Hungarian Grand Prix]] in [[Formula One]] has been held at the [[Hungaroring]] just outside Budapest, which circuit has [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] Grade 1 license.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/tableaulicencescircuit.pdf|title=List of FIA Licensed Circuits|publisher=[[FIA]]|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Since 1986, the race has been a round of the [[Formula One]] World Championship. The track was completely resurfaced for the first time in early 2016, and it was announced the Grand Prix's deal was extended for a further five years, until 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aszfaltavató a Hungaroringen|language=hu|url=http://hungaroring.hu/hu/hirek/aszfaltavato-a-hungaroringen|publisher=[[Hungaroring]]|quote="A Magyar Nagydíj szerződését újabb öt évvel meghosszabbítottuk, ami azt jelenti, hogy a futamunknak 2026-ig helye van a Formula–1-es versenynaptárban." Translates as "We have extended the Hungarian Grand Prix's contract for a further 5 years, which means that our race has a place on the F1 calendar until 2026".|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>

[[Chess]] is a popular and successful sport, and the Hungarian players are the eighth most powerful overall on the ranking of [[FIDE|World Chess Federation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/topfed.phtml|title=Federations Ranking|publisher=[[FIDE]]|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> There are about 54 [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmasters]] and 118 [[FIDE titles|International Masters]], which is more than in [[France]] or [[United Kingdom]]. [[Judit Polgár]] generally considered the [[Glossary of chess#Strength|strongest]] female chess player of all time. Some of the world's best [[Sabre (fencing)|sabre]] athletes have historically also hailed from Hungary,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C |title=FIE 2009–2010 men's rankings |publisher=Fie.ch |access-date=22 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=F822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C |title=FIE 2009–2010 women's rankings |publisher=Fie.ch |access-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> and in 2009, the [[Hungary men's national ice hockey team]] qualified for their first [[Ice Hockey World Championships|IIHF World Championship]], in 2015, they qualified for their second world championship in the top division.

==== Football ====
{{See also|Football in Hungary}}
[[File:Ferenc Puskás.jpg|right|upright|thumb|[[Ferenc Puskás]], the greatest top division scorer of the 20th century. The [[FIFA Puskás Award]] is named in his honour.]]

Hungary has won three Olympic football titles, and the country finished as runners-up in the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] and [[1954 FIFA World Cup]]s, and third in [[1964 European Nations' Cup|Euro 1964]]. Hungary revolutionised the sport in the 1950s, laying the tactical fundamentals of [[Total Football|total football]] and dominating international football with the ''Aranycsapat'' ("[[Golden Team]]"), which included [[Ferenc Puskás]], top goal scorer of the 20th century,<ref name="FIFA benefit">{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0,4095,110412,00.html?articleid=110412 |title=FIFA President: FIFA to help the Galloping Major |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=17 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007122035/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0%2C4095%2C110412%2C00.html?articleid=110412 |archive-date=7 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Spanish obit">{{cite web|url=http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/|title=Coronel Puskas, el zurdo de oro|language=es|work=[[AS (newspaper)|AS]]|access-date=17 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Puskás auction">{{cite news|url = http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html|last = Mackay|first = Duncan|work=The Guardian |location=London |title = Lineker tees up another nice little earner|date = 13 October 2005|access-date =17 November 2006}}</ref> to whom FIFA dedicated<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=1120835.html |title=Blatter unveils FIFA Puskas Award |publisher=Fifa.com |access-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045505/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid%3D1120835.html |archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> its newest award, the [[FIFA Puskás Award|Puskás Award]]. The team of that era has the second [[World Football Elo Ratings#All-time highest ratings|all-time highest Football Elo Rating in the world]], with 2166, and one of the longest undefeated runs in football history, remaining unbeaten in 31 games spanning more than four years.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.eloratings.net/Hungary.htm|title = World Football Elo Ratings: Hungary|date =6 July 2017|access-date =6 July 2017}}</ref>

The post-golden age decades saw a gradually weakening Hungary, though recently there is renewal in all aspects. The Hungarian Children's Football Federation was founded in 2008, as youth development thrives. They hosted the [[2010 UEFA Futsal Championship]] in Budapest and Debrecen, the first time the [[Hungarian Football Federation|MLSZ]] staged a [[UEFA]] finals tournament. Also, the national teams have produced some surprise successes such as beating [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] winner [[Greece national football team|Greece]] 3–2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=238244&cc=5739 |title=Hungary 3–2 Greece: Euro champions stunned |work=ESPN |access-date=22 June 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001409/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=238244&cc=5739 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] winner [[Italy national football team|Italy]] 3–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=223003&cc=5739 |title=Hungary 3–1 Italy: World Champions stunned |work=ESPN |access-date=22 June 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001429/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=223003&cc=5739 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During [[UEFA Euro 2016]] Hungary won [[UEFA Euro 2016 Group F|Group F]] and were eventually defeated in the round of 16.

=== Media ===
{{Main|Mass media in Hungary}}
{{See also|Television in Hungary|List of newspapers in Hungary|List of magazines in Hungary}}
During the Communist era (1945–1989) the mass media in Hungary were mainly under [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] control.<ref>Miklós Sükösd, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/democracy-and-the-media/democratic-transformation-and-the-mass-media-in-hungary-from-stalinism-to-democratic-consolidation/394F79F05622EF8A728D7126EFDD2136 "4 – Democratic Transformation and the Mass Media in Hungary: From Stalinism to Democratic Consolidation"], in: Richard Gunther and Anthony Mughan, eds., ''Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective'', Cambridge University Press, 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2022.</ref> In the 2020s major television channels include [[TV2 (Hungarian TV channel)|TV2]] and [[RTL (Hungarian TV channel)|RTL]] and radio networks include Karc FM and Radio 1. Some daily newspapers, such as ''[[Magyar Hírlap]]'', no longer issue print versions but maintain just an online presence, and others have closed in recent years. Many media outlets have "merged to form a conglomerate", the [[Central European Press and Media Foundation]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17382824 Hungary profile – Media], bbc.com. Retrieved 2 december 2022.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hungary|Europe}}
* [[Outline of Hungary]]
* [[Index of Hungary-related articles]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Further reading ==
{{Wikisource portal|Hungary}}
* Kontler, László: ''Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary'', Atlantisz Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1999 (East-European Non-Fiction), {{ISBN|9789639165373}}.

== External links ==

; Government
* [https://kormany.hu/ Official site of the Hungarian Government]
* [https://www.miniszterelnok.hu/en/ Official site of the Hungarian Prime Minister]
* [https://www.sandorpalota.hu/ Official site of the President of Hungary]
* [https://visithungary.com/ Official Hungarian Tourism website]

; General information
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary "Hungary"] in the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [http://www.oecd.org/hungary/ Hungary] from the [[OECD]]
* [https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/hungary_en Hungary] at the [[European Union|EU]]
* {{Wikiatlas|Hungary}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HU Forecasts for Hungary] from [[International Futures]]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17380792 Hungary] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/ Hungary]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=106c Statistical Profile of Hungary at the Association of Religion Data Archives]
* {{curlie|Regional/Europe/Hungary}}
* [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=HUN FAO Country Profiles: Hungary]
* [https://dailynewshungary.com/ Daily News Hungary]
* [http://hungarytoday.hu/ Hungary Today – The latest news about Hungary]

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Criticism of Sikhism

2022-04-16T14:27:33Z

Yogfrontdev: Contributed a new addition.

{{Short description|Criticism of the religion}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Criticism of religion sidebar}}
[[Sikhism]] has often been criticised by non-Sikhs regarding its texts, practices, and societal norms, but Sikhs and other scholars argue that these criticisms are flawed and are based on a biased and poor understanding of the texts, especially of the multiple languages used in the Sikh scriptures. They also argue that most western scholars who attempted to interpret eastern religious texts were missionaries and could not overcome the bias they carried with them, irrespective of whether they were translating the Quran, Vedas, Puranas or the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. [[Guru Nanak]] rejected ritualistic worship and encouraged belief in one true God, Waheguru. The veneration and bowing to the Guru Granth Sahib, has often been interpreted by western scholars as akin to idolatry, as observed by the Hindu faith, which defeats the ideology of Guru Nanak. Other scholars dismiss Sikhism as, either consciously (according to [[John Hardon]]) or spontaneously (according to John B. Noss), a syncretism of the Hindu [[Bhakti]] and Muslim [[Sufi]] movements.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sunita Puri |title=Advent of Sikh Religion: A Socio-political Perspective |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Sikh Courier International |volume=43 |issue=93 |page=8}}</ref>

==Ernest Trumpp==
[[File:Baba Bakala Darbar Sahib.jpg|thumb|The Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib in a Gurdwara]]
[[Ernest Trumpp]], a colonial-era Christian missionary sponsored by the Ecclesiastical Mission Society, was sent to Sindh and later to Punjab, to study the languages of the sub-continent. In 1869, he was asked by the Secretary of State for India on behalf of the British government to translate the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] and [[Dasam Granth]]. He began studying and translating them,<ref name="Ballantyne2006p52">{{cite book|author=Tony Ballantyne|title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9PXaUmk-sAC|year=2006|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-3824-6|pages=52–54}}</ref> but opined that they were not worth translating in full, because "the same few ideas, were being endlessly repeated." Mandair argues that though Trumpp was a linguist, his lack of comprehension of the multiple languages used to compose the Granth and his interaction, which was limited to [[granthi]]s of the [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] sect, led to a flawed interpretation. The Nirmala Sikhs were Sanskrit scholars, who interpreted Sikh scripture from a Brahminical framework.<ref name=mandair83>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year= 2013|publisher= Bloomsburg Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–86}}</ref> He further adds that the Nirmalas and [[Udasi]]s rose to prominence at the expense of the mainstream Khalsa in the eighteenth century, which had been experiencing increased [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] persecution in the 1700s that forced it to cede control of Sikh shrines to sects without external identifying articles, and subsequently focused on political sovereignty.<ref name=mandair83/> Trumpp made no real effort to have a dialogue with established Sikh scholars of time such as Kahan singh Nabha. He stated that the Sikh granthis who recited the text in the early 1870s lacked comprehension and its sense of meaning, largely because of the vedic interpretation they attempted.<ref name="Ballantyne2006p52"/> He stated that "as a result of their warlike manner of life and the troubled times,"<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023913217/page/n11/mode/2up The Adi Granth], Ernest Trumpp (1877), WH Allen & Co., page vi</ref> that "Sikhs had lost all learning" and the granthis were misleading.<ref name="Ballantyne2006p52"/> However, Trumpp observed that the language of the Guru Granth Sahib is complex and hard to understand without an interpreter, especially in relation to important but complex ideas.<ref>{{cite book|author1=S. K. Rait|title=Sikh Women in England: Their Religious and Cultural Beliefs and Social Practices|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=9781858563534|page=39|edition=illustrated}}</ref> According to Tony Ballantyne, Ernest Trumpp's insensitive approach such as treating the Sikh scripture as a mere book and blowing cigar smoke over its pages while studying the text, did not endear him to the Sikh granthis who regarded it as an embodiment of the Gurus.<ref name="Ballantyne2006p52"/>

Trumpp's lack of understanding of the multiple languages used in the Granth and the subtle changes in meaning led to his observation that that Sikhism was "a reform movement in spirit", but "completely failed to achieve anything of real religious significance",<ref name="Ballantyne2006p52"/> He concluding that the Sikhs he worked with did not understand the metaphysical speculations of their scripture. The [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]]<ref name=mandair83/> Sikh intelligentsia he met during his years of study, stated Trumpp, only had a "partial understanding" of their own scripture. He considered most Sikhs had become more of a military brotherhood with a martial spirit, inspired by the Sikh sense of their history and identity.<ref name="Ballantyne2006p52"/> His lack of comprehension led him to describe the scripture as "incoherent and shallow in the extreme, and couched at the same time in dark and perplexing language, in order to cover these defects. It is for us Occidentals a most painful and almost stupefying task, to read only a single Rag".<ref name="Ballantyne2006p52"/> Trumpp criticized Adi Granth to be lacking systematic unity, unlike the Christian texts, which had limited linguistic variance.<ref>"Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed", by Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, p. 87</ref>

According to Indologist [[Mark Juergensmeyer]], setting aside Ernest Trumpp's nasty remarks, he was a German linguist and his years of scholarship, translations, as well as field notes and discussions have been used by contemporary scholars with caution.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|editor=John Stratton Hawley and Gurinder Singh Mann|title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC |year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2|pages=16–17}}</ref>

==Other sects==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi offering prayers at Shri Guru Ravidas Janmsthan Mandir, Seer Goverdhanpur, in Varanasi on February 22, 2016 (1).jpg|thumb|The idol of Ravidas in the sanctum of Shri Guru Ravidas Janmsthan Mandir in Varanasi, marking his birthplace. The Ravidassia group separated from Sikhism into a separate religion in 2009.]]

The political alignments since the independence of India in 1947 have led to political leaders wooing lower caste vote-banks that led to carving out a new sect called [[Ravidassia religion]] in 2009. The foundation of the Ravidassia religion worried Sikhs the most, as Sikhism itself emerged in 15th century to break caste and religious distinctions.<ref name=cnn1>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/03/india.new.religion/index.html | work=CNN | title=India's 'untouchables' declare own religion | date=2010-02-03}}</ref> The adherents of Ravidassia have continued to follow Guru Granth sahib while retaining some historical Sikh symbols such as the nishan sahib and langar.<ref name=paramjitjudge181>Paramjit Judge (2014), Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1107056091}}, pages 179-182</ref><ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2011">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3v3t9bjPAcC&pg=PA290|year= 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-1-4094-2434-5|pages=289–291}}</ref><ref>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2612/stories/20090619261203300.htm Inflamed passions], Ajoy A Mahaprashasta (2009), Frontline (The Hindu), Volume 26, Issue 12, Quote: "The violence can be understood only when we see the non-Sikh deras as independent sects and not as part of the mainstream Sikh religion. Most of such attacks happen when the mainstream religion thinks that the deras are not adhering to Sikh maryada. But if the dera followers do not identify themselves as Sikhs, where is the question of maryada?" [...] the discrimination that they see around provokes a strong reaction. Despite their population of around 50 per cent in the Doaba region, most Dalits are pushed to the western side of the villages and are robbed of all privileges. "As deras take up social issues such as infanticides, dowry, suicides and education, the backward castes are drawn towards them," he said.</ref>

Ravidassias believe that [[Ravidas]] is their [[Guru]] (saint) whereas Sikhs consider him one of ''[[bhagat]]s'' (holy person) who is revered in the Sikh faith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v16_1/articles/RonkiRam16_1.pdf |title=Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab |publisher=Panjab University, Chandigarh |author=Ronki Ram |access-date=2013-12-05}}</ref> Ravidassias have attempted to create a separate lineage by appointing head preachers of Ravidass Deras as ''Guru'' whereas the Sikhs do not, states Ronki Ram.<ref name="ravidassiareligion1">{{cite journal|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v16_1/articles/RonkiRam16_1.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies|year=2009 |volume=16 | issue=1 |title=Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab |publisher=Panjab University, Chandigarh |author=Ronki Ram |access-date=2013-12-05}}</ref> The Sikh sub-tradition decisively split from Sikhism following an assassination attack on their visiting living Guru Sant Niranjan Dass and his deputy [[Ramanand Dass]] in 2009 in Vienna, which was attributed to Sikhs.<ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2011"/><ref name=fl2009/> Ramanand Dass died from the attack, Niranjan Dass survived his injuries, while over a dozen attendees at the temple were also injured.<ref name=fl2009>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2612/stories/20090619261203300.htm Inflamed passions], Ajoy A Mahaprashasta (2009), Frontline (The Hindu), Volume 26, Issue 12, Quote: "The riots were sparked off by an attack on Sant Niranjan Dass, the head of the Jalandhar-based Dera Sachkhand, and his deputy Rama Nand on May 24 at the Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara in Vienna where they had gone to attend a religious function. A group of Sikhs armed with firearms and swords attacked them at the gurdwara, injuring both; Rama Nand later died. The Austrian police said the attack that left some 15 others injured “had clearly been planned”."</ref>

In the 1970s, Western heritage people – mainly North American Caucasians, Hispanics, African Americans and Europeans – led by [[Harbhajan Singh Khalsa]], also known as Yogi Bhajan, began converting to Sikhism. They called their movement Sikh Dharma Brotherhood or 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization).<ref name="Dusenberyp560"/> They accepted the Guru Granth Sahib as their scripture, underwent the rituals of Khalsa initiation, visited Amritsar, and adopted the dress (turban) and codes of Sikhs. [[Harbhajan Singh Khalsa]] was formally anointed the Religious leader (Jathedar) of Sikhism in the West by the Sikh religious body of Akal Takht in the 1980s. While it was embraced by some Sikh leaders, some Sikhs were suspicious of his methods. The criticism emanates from the yogic practices of the group as cited by Trilochan Singh, who has criticized it as "absurd and sacrilegious", citing the flamboyant titles Yogi claimed for himself, and incorporation of [[Neotantra|tantric]] yoga practices, as they were "never known in Sikh history, and were repulsive to the mind of every knowledgeable Sikh".<ref name="Dusenberyp560">{{cite book|author=Verne Dusenbery|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA567 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100411-7|pages=560–563}}</ref>

A similar [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clashes|conflict]] in the 1970s between the Sikhs and the Sant Nirankari sect, a 20th-century offshoot of the [[Nirankari]] tradition, led to accusations by some Sikhs that the Sant Nirankaris were heretical and sacrilegious.<ref name="Chima2008p55"/> Contrary to mainstream Sikhism, the Sant Nirankari leader had declared himself a guru with his own scripture in the presence of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], and added heretical variations of several Sikh rituals and symbols, including replacing the Sikh institution of the [[Panj Pyare]] council with the ''sat sitare'', and replacing ''amrit'', a mixture of mixed sugar and water [[Amrit Sanskar|administered]] to Khalsa initiates, with ''charan amrit'', water used to wash his feet.<ref name="Chima2008p55"/> They were also accused of unprovoked criticism of the Gurus and Sikh scripture, as the Sant Nirankari leader had written in his own scripture that he alone, of all religions' prophets, had agreed to go back to Earth to spread God's true message, with the understanding that God agreed that anyone who was blessed by him would go to heaven regardless of their deeds, and that analysis of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] had fruitless, using the metaphor of churning butter yielding no cream, and of being funded by the government and economic elites to undermine the community.<ref name="Chima2008p55">{{cite book|author=Jugdep S Chima|title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxpBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publishing|isbn=978-93-5150-953-0|pages=55–61}}</ref><ref name="Chadda1997">{{cite book|author=Maya Chadda|title=Ethnicity, Security, and Separatism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sVkpsid3lkC&pg=PA53|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10737-2|pages=53, 202, 254}}</ref>

While listing the daily duties of a Sikh, early ''rahitnamas'' in Sikhism warned that they must shun ''panj mel'' (five groups). These include the [[Ramraiya]]s, the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]], the [[Masand]]s (corrupted tithe collectors), the Dhirmalias, the Sir-gums (Sikhs who accept Amrit baptism but subsequently break it cut their hair).<ref name=deol37>{{cite book|author=Jeevan Deol| editor1=Arvind-Pal S. Mandair| editor2=Christopher Shackle|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-84634-2|pages=36–40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=SS Kohli |title=The Sikh and Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC&pg=PA2 |publisher=Atlantic | year=1993 |pages= 2–3}}</ref>

==Academia==
A few Sikh groups have put pressure on universities to stifle academic criticism of popular Sikh literature and theories of Sikh history.<ref name="HawleyMann1993p3">{{cite book|author1=John Stratton Hawley|author2=Gurinder Singh Mann|title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC |year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2|page=3}}</ref> In the early 1990s, [[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]], an academic of the [[W.H. McLeod|Macleodian school]], was campaigned against for challenging the authenticity of [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. Singh was pressured to withdraw sections of his thesis.<ref name="Singh2002fw">{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh|title=The Bhagats of the Guru Granth Sahib: Sikh Self-Definition and the Bhagat Bani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPQtDwAAQBAJ |year=2002| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-908772-3|pages=Foreword by WH McLeod}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19930915-professor-of-sikh-studies-pashaura-singh-refuses-to-honour-akal-takht-decree-811562-1993-09-15 Professor of Sikh Studies Pashaura Singh refuses to honour Akal Takht decree], India Today (15 September 1993), Viji Sundaram</ref><ref name="toips2019">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/clat-to-be-held-on-2020-changes-in-question-paper-format/articleshow/72171705.cms Sikh bodies object Punjabi University's call to controversial Sikh scholar at International Conference], The Times of India (22 November 2019)</ref> The Akal Takht issued a statement that Pashaura Singh was afforded due opportunity by the Akal Rakhta and other Sikh scholars on his comparative method (borrowed from Trumpp) and his hypothesis of the draft theory was rejected as forcibly injecting undated texts dated much beyond the timeline of the Adi Granth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19930915-professor-of-sikh-studies-pashaura-singh-refuses-to-honour-akal-takht-decree-811562-1993-09-15|title = Professor of Sikh Studies Pashaura Singh refuses to honour Akal Takht decree}}</ref> Another academic also praised by MacLeod, [[Harjot Oberoi]], was also campaigned against for his removal by parties which denounced his methodology towards the study of Sikhism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Norman Gerald Barrier|title=The transmission of Sikh heritage in the diaspora|year= 1996|publisher=Manohar Publishers|isbn=978-8-17304-1556|pages=281–282}}</ref>

According to the Indologist Mark Juergensmeyer, the largest group of scholars dedicated to Sikh Studies are based in and near Punjab, but these scholars project themselves as proud Sikhs and predominantly focus on showing distinctiveness of their faith rather than examine the connections and similarities of Sikhism to other religious traditions based on comparative studies of texts and manuscripts.<ref name="HawleyMann1993p12">{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmeyer|editor=John Stratton Hawley and Gurinder Singh Mann|title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC |year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2|pages=12–21}}</ref> Sikh writers criticize methodologies to "coldly dissect" their personal faith and Sikh history by "methods of social science" and by critical comparative textual or literary analysis.<ref name="HawleyMann1993p12"/> This, critiques Juergensmeyer, has set the stage for an "unhappy confrontation" between the academic scholars versus those motivated in defending the dignity of their faith, including publications by Sikh institutions that are hostile to [[W. H. McLeod]] and other scholars who are based outside India,<ref name="HawleyMann1993p12"/> and as Juergensmeyer states, some conservative Sikh scholars have made important contributions to the scholarship of Sikhism by discovering old Sikh manuscripts and publishing their analysis.<ref name="HawleyMann1993p12"/>

==See also==
*[[2015 Guru Granth Sahib desecration controversy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Criticism of religion}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Criticism of religion|Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related controversies]]