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Heggunda

2026-05-08T13:21:15Z

Yeashrahman: Created The Entry First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Heggunda
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| unit_pref = Metric
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 562111
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2779064|N|77.2584755|E|display=inline,title}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| government_type =
| native_name =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s
| parts = Nelamangala
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Heggunda''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624723}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Heggunda · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Heggunda,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2778034,77.2538156,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d447d4b76a6d:0xc673351c7d314dc0!8m2!3d13.2779064!4d77.2584755?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Heggunda · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Heggunda had population of 2,079 of which 1,049 are males while 1,030 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=Census75>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref>

== Geography ==
The total geographical area of village is 490.72 hectares.<ref name=Census75 />

== Bus Route from Bengaluru City ==
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - Darasahalli - [[Nelamangala]]

== See also ==

* [[Dasenahalli]]
* [[Bengaluru North district]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka | City of Silk production | India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]

{{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}

Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India

2026-05-08T05:13:12Z

Yeashrahman: Created The Stub And Citations.

{{Short description|Pakistani military intelligence in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Disputed|date=December 2023}}
{{POV|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox operational plan
| name = Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India
| image =
| caption = Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India include activities like [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], [[insurgency in Northeast India]] and [[Khalistan movement]].
| scope =
| location = India
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| planned =
| planned_by = Inter-Services Intelligence
| objective = Operational
| target = India
| date = 1948—present
| time =
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone =
| executed_by =
| outcome =
| casualties =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
}}

The [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), intelligence agency of [[Pakistan]] has been involved in running [[military intelligence]] programs in India, with one of the subsections of its Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) department devoted to perform various operations in India.<ref name="FAS">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |author=Pike, John |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=25 June 2012 |author-link=John E. Pike |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225124202/https://fas.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) department has also been involved in providing communications support to Pakistani agents operating in [[Indian Administered Kashmir|Indian-administered Kashmir]].<ref name="FAS"/> The Joint Intelligence North section of the Joint Counter-Intelligence Bureau (JCIB) wing deals particularly with India.<ref name="Daily">{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/india.html |title=Daily Describes Activities of ISI in India |work=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=30 June 1999 |access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref> In the 1950s the ISI's Covert Action Division was alleged for supplied arms to [[Insurgency in Northeast India|insurgents in Northeast India]].<ref name="FAS"/><ref name="South Asia Analysis Group">{{cite web|url=http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|title=PAKISTAN'S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI)|access-date=25 June 2012|first=B|last=Raman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913194009/http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>

India has also accused the ISI of reinvigorating separatism and insurgencies in the country via support to [[pro-Khalistan]] militant groups such as the [[International Sikh Youth Federation]] (ISYF), in order to destabilize India.<ref name=SATPISYF>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/ISYF.htm|title=International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article|publisher=The Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Shah1997">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC|author=Mehtab Ali Shah|title=The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994|year=1997|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5|page=149}}</ref> A report by India's [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) indicated that ISI was "desperately trying to revive Sikh" militant activity in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10vicky.htm|title=200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB|last=Nanjappa|first=Vicky|date=10 June 2008|work=Rediff.com|language=en|access-date= 25 June 2012}}</ref> The ISI is also allegedly active in printing and supplying [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit]] [[Indian rupee]] notes.<ref name="Chitkara2003">{{cite book|author=M. G. Chitkara|title=Combating Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3A0DG8caV6AC&pg=PA296|year=2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-415-2|page=296}}</ref>

==History==
The ISI was created after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], due to the [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan]]'s (MI) weak performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm|title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |access-date=28 June 2012|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref> When [[General Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] [[Operation Fair Play|seized power]] in July 1977, he started his K2 (Kashmir and Khalistan) strategy, initiating [[Operation Tupac]].<ref name=ghosh3>Ghosh 2000 pg.3</ref> He gave ISI the duty to make Jammu and Kashmir a part of Pakistan, and to send insurgents to Punjab.<ref name=ghosh3/> The intelligence agency's aims are to confound [[Indian Muslims]] using [[Kashmiri Muslims]], extend the ISI network in India, cultivate insurgents and insurgent groups, cause attacks similar to the [[1993 Bombay bombings]] in other cities, and create a state of insurgency in Muslim-dominated regions.<ref name=ghosh8>Ghosh 2000 pg.8</ref> The ISI has allegedly set up bases in [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]], which are used for operations in North-East India.<ref name=ghosh8/>

==Operations in Jammu and Kashmir==
About 24 million [[Pakistani rupee|ruppes]] are paid out per month by the ISI, in order to fund its activities in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="FAS"/> [[Pro-Pakistani]] groups were reportedly favored over other militant groups.<ref name=FAS/> Creation of six militant groups in Kashmir, which included [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT), was aided by the ISI.<ref name=Salon>[http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215102510/http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2008/12/12/pakistan/index.html |date=15 February 2009 }}, [[Salon.com]], 2008-12-12</ref><ref name=NYT1>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says], [[The New York Times]], 2009-01-01</ref> According to American Intelligence officials, ISI is still providing protection and help to LeT.<ref name=NYT1/> The [[Pakistan Army]] and ISI also LeT volunteers surreptitiously penetrate from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan Administrated Kashmir]] to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="tellis2010">{{Cite news|title=Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Islamist Militancy in Pakistan |url=http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/tel031110.pdf |date=11 March 2010 |author=Ashley J. Tellis |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516081400/http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/tel031110.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> As of 2010, the degree of control that ISI retains over LeT's operations is not known.<ref name='lisacurtis2010'>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |first=Lisa |last=Curtis |contribution=Bad Company: Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Islamist Militancy in Pakistan |title=Testimony to US Congress Committee on Foreign Affairs |location=Washington, DC |date=11 March 2010}}</ref> The LeT was also reported to have been directed by the ISI to widen its network in the Jammu region where a considerable section of the populace comprised Punjabis.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120212222910/http://www.eyespymag.com/terrorgroupsL-M.htm Lashkar-e-Taiba]}}, ''Eyespymag''</ref>

==Involvement in terrorist attacks==
{{main|Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism}}

===1993 Mumbai blasts===
The [[1993 Mumbai bombings]] were a series of 13 bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), Maharashtra, India on Friday, 12 March 1993. The coordinated attacks were the most destructive bomb explosions in Indian history. The single-day attacks resulted in over 250 fatalities and 1,200 injuries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=Thomas |year=2001 |title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Mumbai |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-08840-2 |page=125 }}</ref>

The attacks were coordinated by [[Dawood Ibrahim]],<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/22sheela.htm TADA court accepts Dawood's role in 1993 blasts]</ref> don of the Mumbai-based international [[organised crime]] syndicate named [[D-Company]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Mumbai Blasts |author=James S. Robbins |work=[[National Review]] |date=12 July 2006 |url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MDc5MGNjYmEyYWQ1MmE1Y2NiYzY5ZTBhZmNmZDZmNmU= |access-date=15 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810085125/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MDc5MGNjYmEyYWQ1MmE1Y2NiYzY5ZTBhZmNmZDZmNmU= |archive-date=10 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ISI"/>

Ibrahim is believed to have ordered and helped organise the bombings in Mumbai, through one of his subordinates, [[Tiger Memon]]. The bombings are also believed to have been financially assisted by the expatriate Indian smugglers, Hajji Ahmed, Hajji Umar and Taufiq Jaliawala, as well as the Pakistani smugglers, Aslam Bhatti and Dawood Jatt. The Indian authorities have also alleged the involvement of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, in the blasts.<ref name="ISI">''[[Black Friday – The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts]]'', S. Hussain Zaidi, Penguin Books, 2002, p. 30</ref> On 16 June 2017 giving its verdict in the 1993 Mumbai bomb-blast case, a Special Terrorism and Disruptive Activities Act court pronounced gangster Mustafa Dossa and Firoz Khan guilty of conspiracy. The charges can draw the punishment of the death penalty. Accused Abu Salem also got convicted under charges of conspiracy and terror activities.

===Mumbai train blasts===
ISI was accused of planning the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]] and the Indian government said that the ISI, LeT and [[Students' Islamic Movement of India|SIMI]] plan the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world#|title=Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings|date=30 September 2006|access-date=30 September 2006|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

===26/11 attacks===
[[Zabiuddin Ansari]], a Lashkar-e-Taiba militant accused for his involvement in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], said that ISI and [[Pakistani army]] officials were involved in planning the attacks and had attended the meetings.<ref name="TOI_Saudi_help">{{cite news |date=25 June 2012 |title=Saudis helped India nab 26/11 handler Abu Jundal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saudi-Arabia-helped-India-nab-26/11-handler-Abu-Jundal/articleshow/14396009.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626015411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saudis-helped-India-nab-26/11-handler-Abu-Jundal/articleshow/14396009.cms |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from India's interrogation of [[David Headley]],<ref name="ap-20101019">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2010 |title=Indian gov't: Pakistan spies tied to Mumbai siege |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101019/ap_on_re_as/as_india_mumbai_attack |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021114840/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101019/ap_on_re_as/as_india_mumbai_attack |archive-date=21 October 2010 |access-date=20 October 2010 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> alleged that ISI had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai.<ref name="fox-20101019">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2010 |title=Report: Pakistan Spies Tied to Mumbai Siege |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/report-pakistan-spies-tied-to-mumbai-siege/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122010702/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/10/19/indian-report-pakistan-spies-tied-mumbai-siege/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+foxnews%2Fworld+%28Internal+-+World+Latest+-+Text%29 |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=20 October 2010 |publisher=Fox News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The report included Headley's claim that Lashkar-e-Taiba's chief military commander, [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi|Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi]], had close ties to the ISI.<ref name="ap-20101019" /> He alleged that "every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with [the] ISI."<ref name="fox-20101019" />

In 2012 Pakistani civilian security agencies told Pakistan courts that "suspects in the Mumbai attacks case got training at various centres of the banned Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) militant organisation, including navigational training in Karachi" & "suspects, who allegedly participated in the attacks, were trained at the LeT training centres at Yousaf Goth in Karachi, Buttle in Mansehra, Mirpur Sakro in Thatta and Muzaffarabad"<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2012 |title=Mumbai case suspects trained at LeT camps |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/763139/mumbai-case-suspects-trained-at-let-camps}}</ref>

==Financial and Material Support ==
{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}

=== Counterfeit Indian rupee notes ===
The ISI has been printing counterfeit [[Indian rupee]] notes, which are believed to be printed in [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref name=ghosh101>Ghosh 2000 pg.101</ref> In January 2000, the Nepal police raided Wasim Saboor's house, who was an official of the [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistani embassy]] of [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=ghosh102>Ghosh 2000 pg.102</ref> They found fifty thousand Indian rupee notes, each of ₹50 denomination.<ref name=ghosh102/>

On 29 January 2014, a special court of the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) convicted six individuals in a case related to the printing and distribution of fake Indian currency notes, marking the first court ruling to officially attribute involvement to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-29 |title=NIA nails Pakistan in court for pushing fake currency into India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nia-nails-pakistan-in-court-for-pushing-fake-currency-into-india/articleshow/29563967.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Funding of terror groups ===
According to Indian intelligence sources in 2025, ISI was allegedly complicit in facilitating the financial operations of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) by enabling the group’s shift from traditional banking channels to digital wallet platforms such as EasyPaisa and SadaPay. While Pakistan presented measures to curb JeM’s funding to the [[Financial Action Task Force]] (FATF), including the freezing of bank accounts and restrictions on cash donations, reports suggested that ISI allowed JeM to continue fundraising through a parallel system of mobile wallets that remained outside formal financial oversight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Jaish's Fintech Terror: Inside Masood Azhar's Digital Fundraising Empire - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/asia/jaishs-fintech-terror-inside-masood-azhars-digital-fundraising-empire-exclusive-article-152498957 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-21 |title=From grey list to digital hawala: Pakistan's dirty trick to keep Jaish alive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/from-grey-list-to-digital-hawala-pakistans-dirty-trick-to-keep-jaish-alive-glbs-2774388-2025-08-21 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Support for criminal organizations ===
Pakistan-based gangsters like Shahzad Bhatti have allegedly received support from the ISI to fuel terror activities in Indian Punjab. According to Indian agencies, Bhatti has been involved in a range of activities including masterminding a grenade attack on a police station in [[Gurdaspur]], directing weapons and explosive consignments, recruiting vulnerable youth through online offers of money and promises of being settled in the United States, and coordinating operations with associates abroad, with multiple arrests in Delhi and Punjab in 2025 linking his network to additional planned strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pak gangster fuelling terror in Punjab: Intel |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pak-gangster-fuelling-terror-in-punjab-intel/ |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In May 2026, two suspects were arrested by the Uttar Pradesh Police Anti-Terror squad who were allegedly recruited by an ISI module headed by Bhatti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-06 |title=UP ATS arrests two men ‘recruited by Pakistani ISI agents to plan terror attacks’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-ats-terror-module-arrest-shahzad-bhatti-isi-link-pakistani-10676536/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Espionage Activities ==

=== Notable incidents ===

==== 2020s ====
In 2023, Labhshankar Duryodhan Maheshwari, a 53-year-old man of Pakistani origin who had been residing in India as a citizen for 17 years, was arrested on charges of espionage. He was accused of assisting Pakistani agents in obtaining an Indian SIM card, which was allegedly used to hack the mobile phones of children of Indian defense personnel studying in army schools, according to local media reports.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=‘Pakistan spy’ working at Indian embassy in Moscow arrested |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/moscow-embassy-india-arrest-pakistan-spy-b2490195.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=17 years after getting Indian citizenship, Pak-origin man arrested in Gujarat for ‘spying’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistani-spy-asrreted-gujarat-indian-citizenship-8992935/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 February 2024, Satendra Siwal, an employee at the Indian embassy in Moscow, was arrested in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, on charges of espionage for allegedly providing classified information to Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). According to the Uttar Pradesh Anti-Terrorist Squad, Siwal had been sharing confidential military information in exchange for financial incentives and was booked under the Official Secrets Act.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2025, the Amritsar Rural Police apprehended two individuals named Gurpreet Singh alias Gopy Foji and Sahil Masih alias Shali on suspicion of involvement in espionage activities linked to ISI. According to [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], preliminary investigations revealed that Gurpreet Singh had been in direct contact with ISI operatives and was suspected of transmitting sensitive and confidential information using pen drives. The key ISI handler in the case was identified as Rana Javed. Authorities seized two mobile phones reportedly used to communicate with ISI contacts. The arrests were part of a broader effort to dismantle an espionage and terror network with cross-border links.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2025-06-22 |title=Amritsar rural police apprehend 2 suspects in espionage linked to Pakistan's ISI |url=https://theprint.in/india/amritsar-rural-police-apprehend-2-suspects-in-espionage-linked-to-pakistans-isi/2666375/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2025, [[Itanagar]] police arrested two men from Jammu and Kashmir’s [[Kupwara district]], Nazir Ahmad Malik and Sabir Ahmed Mir, after discovering that they had repeatedly traveled through [[Arunachal Pradesh]] posing as clothes sellers while allegedly collecting and transmitting information on Army movements and military installations to Pakistani handlers via a Telegram channel named "Al-Aqsa."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Yuvraj MehtaAshraf |date=2025-12-11 |title=Two Kashmiri men, accused of spying for Pakistan, arrested from Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/two-kashmiri-men-accused-of-spying-for-pakistan-arrested-from-arunachal-pradesh-2834319-2025-12-11 |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kupwara Spying: Two Men Arrested for Espionage in Arunachal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-pradesh/two-from-jks-kupwara-arrested-in-arunachal-pradesh-on-charges-of-spying-3828083 |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2026, authorities arrested a contractor from Ambala in Haryana for allegedly attempting to pass on defence-related information to Pakistani handlers. He was allegedly honey-trapped and kept contact with the Pakistan-based module for nearly seven months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambala man held for sharing sensitive info with Pak-based handlers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/ambala-man-held-for-sharing-sensitive-info-with-pakistan-handlers/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Alisha |date=2026-01-06 |title=Man arrested for espionage at Ambala air force station, sent to custody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana-police-arrest-man-for-spying-on-ambala-air-force-station/article70478061.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In March 2026, a tip-off at [[Ghaziabad]]'s Kaushambi police station uncovered a Pakistan-linked espionage network recruiting vulnerable youths to film military sites and railway stations. Led by handlers Suhail Malik, Naushad Ali, and Sameer alias Shooter, the group used social media to coordinate reconnaissance for potential terror attacks and install surveillance cameras along the Delhi-Jammu railway corridor. Over 22 arrests were made, and the operation's scope extended to 50 planned surveillance targets, with connections to foreign training and over 450 files traced to Pakistan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Massive Pak-Linked Spy Network Conducted Pre-Attack Recon, Busted In UP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/massive-pakistan-linked-spy-network-conducted-pre-attack-recon-busted-in-up-ghaziabad-11254630 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

In May 2026, there were two consecutive blasts in [[Amritsar]] and [[Jalandhar]]. The Punjab Director General of Police stated that it was Pakistan's "ISI design."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-06 |title=Punjab DGP suspects Pakistan's "ISI-design" role in Amritsar, Jalandhar blasts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/punjab-dgp-suspects-pakistans-isi-design-role-in-amritsar-jalandhar-blasts-explosion-bsf-army-camp/articleshow/130848559.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Use of Influencers ===
On 13 May 2025, India declared Mohammad Ehsan Ur Rahim, a staff member at the Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi, persona non grata for allegedly engaging in activities inconsistent with his diplomatic status, specifically espionage-related conduct.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2025-05-13 |title=Pakistan High Commissioner staffer declared persona non grata for 'espionage' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pakistan-high-commissioner-staffer-declared-persona-non-grata-for-espionage/articleshow/121145884.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistani official declared persona non grata |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39494/Pakistani_official_declared_persona_non_grata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514085254/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39494/Pakistani_official_declared_persona_non_grata |archive-date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref> Additional details regarding the expulsion emerged after 17 May, following the arrest of an Indian YouTuber, identified as Jyoti Malhotra, who was allegedly involved in the case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Haryana-based YouTuber among 6 arrested for spying for Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-based-youtuber-among-arrested-for-spying-for-pakistan-2726271-2025-05-17 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Rahim had reportedly established contact with Malhotra in 2023 and maintained communication during the brief [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan conflict]]. Over time, Rahim is alleged to have cultivated Malhotra as an asset by introducing her to individuals linked to Pakistani intelligence and facilitating her visit to Pakistan, where she reportedly met intelligence officials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Jyoti Malhotra: Indian YouTuber arrested for allegedly spying for Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2e7xv8v80o |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cops Say Haryana YouTuber Was Groomed As A Pak Asset. How She Was Lured |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/youtuber-jyoti-malhotra-operation-sindoor-from-likes-to-lock-up-how-haryana-youtuber-went-from-vlogging-to-spying-8450903 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=How YouTuber Jyoti Malhotra used social media apps to pass secrets to Pakistan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/how-youtuber-jyoti-malhotra-used-social-media-apps-to-pass-secrets-to-pakistan/articleshow/121245520.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Later in June, it was revealed that a former Pakistani sub-inspector turned YouTuber Nasir, and a female accomplice by the name of Naushaba, were specifically tasked by the ISI to cultivate Indian influencers. Nasir would target Indian YouTubers visiting Pakistan and connect them with a high commission official who would them inivite them to the Pakistan high commission and subsequently give them espionage tasks. A YouTuber by the name of Jasbir Singh, who was also connected to the spying ring, too pointed at Nasir as a key figure behind the operation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-07 |title=Espionage network exposed: Ex-Pakistani sub-inspector-turned-YouTuber Nasir acts as key ISI handler, grooming Indian influencers for spying and propaganda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/spy-ring-ex-pak-cop-a-youtuber-a-key-handler/articleshow/121683491.cms |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Use of Minors ===
Officials suggest that ISI has a deliberate strategy to target young and impressionable individuals, especially minors who'd be a soft target for digital grooming before turning them into a state asset. The narco-terror groups targeted vulnerable individuals along the border via social media chat rooms. For example, in January 2026, Punjab Police arrested a minor from Pathankot for allegedly leaking defence-related and national security information to Pakistan. The juvenile was contacted through social media by handlers linked to Pakistan’s ISI and associated groups and was emotionally manipulated into sharing details about sensitive security installations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=15-year-old arrested for leaking defence-related information to Pakistan |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/15-year-old-arrested-for-leaking-defence-related-information-to-pakistan-1767709287054 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-07 |title=Groomed for terror: 14-yr-old spy mapped Army posts for ISI; detained for ‘sharing sensitive info with Pak’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/groomed-for-terror-14-yr-old-spy-mapped-army-posts-for-isi/articleshow/126380256.cms |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathankot Arrest Of 15-Year-Old Spy Exposes Strategy Of Pakistan ISI Targeting Minors Against India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/pathankot-arrest-of-15-year-old-spy-exposes-strategy-of-pakistan-isi-targeting-minors-against-india/videoshow/126366503.cms |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Around this time, about 37 minors were under scanner over this kind of exploitation. According to officials, "unconventional apps" are used for brainwashing and target devices are cloned via malicious links for extracting information.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Behind Pakistan's Teen Spy Network, A Design To Brainwash Minors |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pakistan-teen-spy-network-in-india-isi-trapping-brainwashing-minors-10446694 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

In March 2026, an operation uncovered a racket supplying Indian OTPs and SIM cards to foreign actors for running social media accounts. Payments ranged from Rs 500 to Rs 5,000, with SIMs acquired through snatching, phishing, and forged IDs. On March 20, nine people, including five minors, were arrested across multiple states and Nepal. On March 22, Naushad Ali alias Lalu and Meera, an e-rickshaw driver with ties to Pakistani handler Sarfaraz alias Sardar, were detained. The operation primarily targeted vulnerable minors for recruitment and logistics.<ref name=":1" />

=== Cyber warfare and espionage ===
One of the key methods involve employment of fake [[Facebook]] accounts for "honey-trapping" and VoIP calls that help concealing the country code. Countries like Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia have been used as intermediaries for such calls. The Anti-Terror Squad of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] once caught 125 fake profiles of women incorporated for such an endeavor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-17 |title=Pakistan's ISI honey traps get hyperactive on Indian social media |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistans-isi-honey-traps-get-hyperactive-on-indian-social-media/articleshow/111063967.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[Meta Platforms|Meta]], in its May 2023 adversarial threat report, indicated a Pakistan-linked hacking group, active since 2015 and associated with GravityRAT spyware, targeted military personnel in India through extensive social engineering, using fake personas such as women, recruiters, journalists and military staff to trick victims into clicking malicious links or installing seemingly benign apps; Meta noted that this approach enabled the group to use low-sophistication malware effectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Alexander |title=Cyber-espionage campaigns targeting military personnel in South Asia, Meta warns |url=https://therecord.media/pakistan-india-cyber-espionage-meta-bahamut-patchwork |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=therecord.media |language=en}}</ref>

[[Instagram]] too has been exploited for espionage and terror activities. The platform was being misused to recruit youth as foot soldiers and sleeper cells to carry out terrorist attacks in India. The Shahzad Bhatti terror module employed such techniques. In some notable cases, Shahzad Bhatti was directly in contact with potential individuals on the platform. Youth from Rajasthan's border areas were also being recruited.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-27 |title=Rajasthan border youth arrested for terror links via Instagram, WhatsApp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-border-youth-arrested-for-terror-links-via-instagram-whatsapp/articleshow/129845130.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Similarly, in April 2026, a woman named Sayeeda Begum with 38,000 Instagram followers was caught spreading ISIS and [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent|AQIS]] propaganda and recruiting individuals as young as sixteen while encouraging them to visit Pakistan for arms training.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=Single mother with modest Instagram following is now an accused in Vijayawada police’s probe into terror module |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/instagram-influencer-vijayawada-terror-module-arrest-isis-10627485/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Hacking groups are also central to such operations. [[Advanced persistent threat|APT]] 36, also known as Transparent Tribe and "SideCopy," a Pakistan-linked APT group, is alleged to have conducted cyber espionage in India and Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=2025-10-07 |title=India-Pakistan Cyber Skirmishes and the Challenge of Attribution • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2025/india-pakistan-cyber-skirmishes-and-the-challenge-of-attribution/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref> An advanced spyware called DeskRAT was utilized for attempts made on Indian government and military networks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-11-07 |title=Pak-linked hacker group targets Indian government, military networks with advanced spyware: Report |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/07/pak-linked-hacker-group-targets-indian-government-military-networks-with-advanced-spyware-report |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan conflict]], it was reported by Maharashtra Cyber that 7 APT groups from Pakistan attempted 1.5 million cyberattacks on Indian critical infrastructure but only about 150 succeeded roughly translating to a failure rate above 99%. APT 36 among other groups such as "Pakistan Cyber Force", Team Insane PK, Mysterious Bangladesh, Indo Hacks Sec, Cyber Group HOAX 1337, and National Cyber Crew were held collectively responsible for these attempts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-13 |title=Pakistani hackers attacked 1.5 million-plus Indian websites after Operation Sindoor: Failure rate, names of 7 Pakistani hacker groups; techniques used and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/pakistani-hackers-attacked-1-5-million-plus-indian-websites-after-operation-sindoor-failure-rate-names-of-7-pakistani-hacker-groups-techniques-used-and-more/articleshow/121128592.cms |access-date=2025-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In November 2025, Pakistan-based intelligence operatives reportedly attempted to lure CAPF officers by impersonating senior officials, technical staff, or acquaintances on [[WhatsApp]], engaging them in conversation for several days before sharing a fraudulent group-joining link presented as an official or personal channel; once an officer joined, the link enabled the installation of Trojan-type malware that provided remote access to the device and its WhatsApp groups, allowing the infiltrators to covertly add unknown numbers to multiple communication channels and harvest sensitive information.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ankur |date=2025-11-26 |title=Pakistan's New WhatsApp-Based Spy Tactic Targets CAPF Officers After Red Fort Blast {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pakistans-new-whatsapp-based-spy-tactic-targets-capf-officers-after-red-fort-blast-exclusive-ws-ekl-9731679.html |work=News18}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan]]
*[[Criticism of Pakistan]]
*[[Jihad|Islamic Jihad]]
*[[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
*{{cite book|author=Srikanta Ghosh|title=Pakistan's ISI: Network of Terror in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1dGQBDrGxYC&pg=PA121|year=2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-178-6}}

{{Inter-Services Intelligence}}

[[Category:Inter-Services Intelligence|India]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Intelligence operations]]
[[Category:Inter-Services Intelligence operations|India]]
[[Category:Activities of foreign intelligence agencies in India]]

Palani Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T13:49:14Z

Yeashrahman: Put Up First Pg Needs Work

{{Short description|State assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{coord|10.45|N|77.52|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 127
| map_image = Constitution-Palani.svg

| established = 1951
| district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = K. Ravi Manoharan
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Palani
| electors = 239,795
| reservation = None
}}

'''Palani''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Dindigul district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 127. It comes under [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| M. P. Mangala Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju|Lakshmipathiraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Venkidasamy Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Krishnamoorthy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| C. Palanisamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[N. Palanivel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[A. S. Ponnammal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| N. Palanivel
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| A. Subburathinam
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[T. Poovendhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[M. Chinnasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| M. Anbalakan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. S. N. Venugopalu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=2|[[I. P. Senthil Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| K. Ravi Manoharan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|33.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|66.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|53.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|34.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|46.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|60.55}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ravi Manoharan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N Pandi|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murukeshwari|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. Praveenkumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =237359 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web|title=palani Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a127|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. P. Senthil Kumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=108,566 |percentage=52.86% |change=+2.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ravi Manoharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,510 |percentage=38.23% |change=+0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vinoth Rajasekaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,656 |percentage=3.73% |change=+3.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Poovendhan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,732 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Veerakumar |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,255 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,110 |percentage=0.54% |change=-0.2 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,056 |percentage=14.63% |change=1.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=205,384 |percentage=74.09% |change= -2.70% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=117|percentage=0.06% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 277,214 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. P. Senthil Kumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=100,045 |percentage=50.66% |change=+3.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kumarasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,459 |percentage=37.71% |change=-10.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajamanickam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,687 |percentage=4.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Kanagaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,092 |percentage=2.07% |change=+1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,460 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kyzer |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=1,370 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,586 |percentage=12.96% |change=11.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=197,474 |percentage=76.79% |change= -4.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,151 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. N. Venugopalu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,051 |percentage=48.30% |change=+9.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. P. Senthil Kumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,297 |percentage=47.27% |change=-0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Deenadayalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,745 |percentage=1.03% |change=-0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vengudusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,442 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,066 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayachandheran |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=884 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,754 |percentage=1.03% |change=-8.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=209,823 |percentage=80.97% |change= 6.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,884 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Anbalakan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,181 |percentage=47.50% |change=+9.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prema |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,272 |percentage=38.44% |change=-17.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Sundaram |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,369 |percentage=9.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnappan @ Rajendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,651 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,580 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijayakumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=849 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,909 |percentage=9.06% |change=-8.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=120,386 |percentage=74.84% |change= 13.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,854 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,611 |percentage=55.65% |change=+28.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Poovendhan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,124 |percentage=37.73% |change=-20.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Marimuthu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,985 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Renganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,916 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,487 |percentage=17.92% |change=-13.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,311 |percentage=60.86% |change= -7.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,939 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Poovendhan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,246 |percentage=57.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karuppuchamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,586 |percentage=26.79% |change=-41.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Nagarajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,849 |percentage=8.35% |change=-21.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Eswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=3,582 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Baskaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,261 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chinnaraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=677 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,660 |percentage=31.09% |change=-7.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=117,924 |percentage=68.05% |change= 8.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,735 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Subburathinam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,404 |percentage=68.14% |change=+41.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Balasekar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=30,591 |percentage=29.61% |change=-3.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Dhayalan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,011 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,813 |percentage=38.53% |change=35.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,326 |percentage=59.84% |change= -10.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,002 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 34.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Palanivel]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=34,379 |percentage=33.21% |change=+0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Panneerselvam Alias Pannirukaiselvan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,524 |percentage=30.45% |change=-35.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Rajaravivarma |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,490 |percentage=26.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=8,249 |percentage=7.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,855 |percentage=2.76% |change=-30.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,520 |percentage=70.09% |change= -3.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,829 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -33.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,344 |percentage=66.27% |change=+21.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Palanivel]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=30,794 |percentage=32.73% |change=-20.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Umathurai |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=942 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,550 |percentage=33.54% |change=25.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,080 |percentage=73.62% |change= 12.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,723 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 13.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Palanivel]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=41,874 |percentage=53.12% |change=+18.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. P. Mani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,646 |percentage=45.22% |change=+16.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chandran |party=Janata Party |votes=1,310 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,228 |percentage=7.90% |change= 2.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,830 |percentage=61.57% |change= 5.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,839 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 18.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Palanivel]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,810 |percentage=34.53% |change=+25.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. P. Mani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,966 |percentage=28.96% |change=-6.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Krishna Moorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,012 |percentage=24.67% |change=-31.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Bathrakali |party=Janata Party |votes=7,662 |percentage=11.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Poonamanial |party=Independent politician |votes=504 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,844 |percentage=5.57% |change= -14.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,954 |percentage=55.92% |change= -13.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,061 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Palanisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,919 |percentage=55.79% |change=-10.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,589 |percentage=35.25% |change=+1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Palanivel]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,256 |percentage=8.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,330 |percentage=20.54% |change= -11.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,764 |percentage=69.34% |change= -7.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,497 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamoorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,671 |percentage=65.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,780 |percentage=34.20% |change=-0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,891 |percentage=31.60% |change= 19.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,451 |percentage=76.74% |change= -0.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,821 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 19.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Venkidusamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=29,908 |percentage=46.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju|Lakshmipathi Raju]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=22,174|percentage=34.34%|change=-18.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rama Raj|party=Communist Party of India|votes=11,868|percentage=18.38%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thannasi Alias Palaniappa Gounder|party=Independent politician|votes=620|percentage=0.96%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,734 |percentage=11.98% |change= 6.82% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=64,570|percentage=77.72%|change=22.54%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,709 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,772 |percentage=52.58% |change=+27.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkitasami Gounder|party=Independent politician|votes=22,342|percentage=47.42%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,430 |percentage=5.16% |change= -29.89% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=47,114|percentage=55.18%|change=-9.39%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,382 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -7.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palani<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Mangala Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=25,700 |percentage=60.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. K. Lakshmipathy Raju|P. S. K. Lakshmipathi Raju]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=10,823|percentage=25.50%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramaraj|party=Communist Party of India|votes=5,922|percentage=13.95%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,877 |percentage=35.05% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=42,445|percentage=64.57%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,739 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Saharsa Amrit Bharat Express

2026-04-29T20:26:56Z

Yeashrahman:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Amrit Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Mumbai LTT - Saharsa ''Amrit Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Saharsa LTT AB Express.jpg
| image_width = 290px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = SHC-LTT Amrit Bharat Express train board.
| type = [[Amrit Bharat Express]], [[Express trains in India#Superfast|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]]
| first = {{start date|2025|04|24|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|May 2025|df=yes}} (Commercial) '''''(TBC)'''''
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways (CR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] '''(LTT)'''
| stops = 23
| end = {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}} '''(SHC)'''
| distance = {{convert|1950|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32h 15m
| frequency = Weekly services {{efn|''11015 - Fridays {{pipe}} 11016 - Sundays''}}
| trainnumber = 11015/11016
| line_used = *[[Bhusawal–Kalyan section|Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kalyan–Bhusaval line]]
*[[Jabalpur–Bhusaval section|Bhusaval–Jabalpur line]]
*[[Prayagraj–Jabalpur section|Jabalpur–Prayagraj Chheoki line]]
*[[Howrah–Delhi main line|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya–Ara line]]
*[[Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section|Danapur–Hajipur line]]
*[[Samastipur–Muzaffarpur section|Muzaffarpur–Samastipur line]]
*[[Samastipur–Khagaria line]]
*[[Barauni–Guwahati line|Khagria–Saharsa line]]
| class = Sleeper Class Coach '''(SL)''' General Unreserved Coach '''(GS)'''
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering =
| observation = Saffron-Grey livery
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric Outlets]]|Reading lights|Bottle Holder}}
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-Vacuum Toilets]]|[[Tap water|Foot-Operated Water Taps]]|[[Passenger information system]]}}
| stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Modified LHB Coaches]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{Cvt|23.54|m}} (each) and 22 coaches
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Central Railway zone|Mumbai LTT (LTT)]]
| map = {{Mumbai LTT–Saharsa AB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 11015 / 11016 '''Mumbai LTT - Saharsa ''Amrit Bharat Express''''' is [[India]]'s 3rd Non-AC [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Amrit Bharat Express|Amrit Bharat Express train]], which runs across the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] by connecting the Gateway of India and capital city of Maharashtra [[Mumbai]], with the municipal corporative city [[Saharsa]] in the eastern part of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Zainab |date=2025-04-21 |title=Amrit Bharat Express Train Launches New Route: Saharsa To Mumbai In Just 34 Hours |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mumbai/amrit-bharat-express-train-launches-new-route-saharsa-to-mumbai-in-just-34-hours-4129557.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-20 |title=Saharsa to Mumbai 90 Minutes Faster: Bihar's Second Amrit Bharat Express to Cut Travel Time |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/bihar-to-mumbai-travel-time-cut-second-amrit-bharat-express-to-cut-travel-time-article-151457065 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=Saharsa to Mumbai Amrit Bharat Express Train: Check route, distance, travel time, speed, ticket price, time table, stoppages |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/saharsa-to-mumbai-amrit-bharat-express-train-check-route-distance-travel-time-speed-ticket-price-time-table-stoppages-article-151459093?frmapp=yes |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on 24 April 2025 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via virtual conferencing from [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], a municipal city in the eastern state of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Zainab |date=2025-04-24 |title=Amrit Bharat Express Mumbai To Saharsa: PM Modi Flags Off New Train Service; Check Schedule And Route Inside |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mumbai/amrit-bharat-express-mumbai-to-saharsa-pm-modi-flags-off-new-train-service-check-schedule-and-rout-4133163.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=PM Modi flags off 4 trains including Amrit Bharat Express, Namo Bharat Rapid Rail in Bihar |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/pm-modi-bihar-visit-today-big-boost-to-infra-rs-13480-crore-projects-to-be-launched-article-151482086 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=Mumbai To Get First Amrit Bharat Express Train Service {{!}} Check Route, Features |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/mumbai-to-get-first-amrit-bharat-express-train-ltt-saharasa-bihar-service-check-route-features-10231865 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] and [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 11015/11016 on Weekly services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrit Bharat Express: आरा के लोगों का सफर होगा आसान, सहरसा-मुंबई के रूप में मिली पहली अमृत भारत की सौगात - Saharsa Mumbai Amrit Bharat Express via Ara Route time and Launch Update |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-saharsa-mumbai-amrit-bharat-express-via-ara-route-time-and-launch-update-23922857.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the first [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Amrit Bharat 2.0 Express train]] in which the locomotives were designed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)]] at [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]] and the coaches were designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.

== Service ==
The 11015/11016 Mumbai LTT - Saharsa Amrit Bharat Express currently operates '''Weekly''', covering a distance of {{convert|1950|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 32hrs 15mins with average speed of 54 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) for this train service is {{Cvt|130|km/h}}. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=11015/Mumbai LTT - Saharsa Amrit Bharat Express - Mumbai LTT to Saharsa CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-saharsa-amrit-bharat-express-11015/259122/466/1841 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== Train halts ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Route of '''11015/11016 Mumbai LTT ↔ Saharsa Amrit Bharat Express'''
|-
! style="background:#007FFF;" | 11015 Mumbai LTT → Saharsa
! style="background:#007FFF;" | 11016 Saharsa → Mumbai LTT
|-
| [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] || {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Thane}} || {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} || Salauna
|-
| {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}} || Hasanpur Road
|-
| {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}
|-
| Jabalpur || {{stnlnk|Sonpur Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Satna}} || {{stnlnk|Patliputra}}
|-
| Manikpur || {{stnlnk|Danapur}}
|-
|Prayagraj Cheoki || {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Mirzapur}} || {{stnlnk|Buxar}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Buxar}} || {{stnlnk|Mirzapur}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}} ||Prayagraj Cheoki
|-
| {{stnlnk|Danapur}} || Manikpur
|-
| {{stnlnk|Patliputra}} || {{stnlnk|Satna}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Sonpur Junction}} || Jabalpur
|-
| {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}
|-
| Hasanpur Road || {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}
|-
| Salauna || {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}} || {{stnlnk|Thane}}
|-
| {{stnlnk|Saharsa Junction}} || [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* [[Saharsa Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Amrit Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Amrit Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Saharsa]]

Wagoo

2026-04-28T14:51:43Z

Yeashrahman: created basic info w/ sources

{{Short description|Traditional art of the Kashmir Valley, India}}
[[File:A Woman weaving Wagoo.jpg|thumb|A Woman weaving Wagoo]]
'''Wagoo''' ({{lit|reed mat}}), also spelled as '''waguv''', and known by the variant name '''patig''', is a [[Kashmiri culture|Kashmiri traditional]] mat crafted from [[Reed (plant)|reed]] and [[rice straw]], predominantly using ''[[Typha angustifolia]]'', a grass commonly found near water bodies such as ponds, lakes, and [[drainage channel]]s. Artisans who craft wagoo are referred to as "wagoo weavers". This practice is one of the oldest traditions of the [[Kashmir Valley]] and has been a part of [[culture of Kashmir|its culture]] for nearly 300 years.<ref name="o159"/><ref name="o542"/>

Wagoo serve as insulation during [[Chillai Kalan|chillai kalan]] (winter) and as a cooling surface in summer. They are typically lightweight. The Typha angustifolia grass is harvested when it reaches a height of 4 to 6 feet and is woven into traditional structures. Being [[biodegradable]], these mats are believed to contribute to [[Health benefit (medicine)|health benefit]]s, such as supporting [[low back pain]] and improving [[blood circulation|circulation]]. However, these claims are not supported by scientific evidence and thus remained uncertain.<ref name="o159"/><ref name="o542"/>

== Design ==
The design of a waguv typically involves 2 to 3 artisans. The process begins by twisting long [[rope]]s, which are then used to [[interlock]] the reed, creating the mat's structure. This technique contributes to the functional mat preferable for traditional use.<ref name="p988">{{cite web | last=Ganaie | first=Jahangeer | title=The dying art: Kashmir's traditional mat Wagoo | website=Kashmir News Observer | date=27 Aug 2020 | url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/the-dying-art-kashmir-s-traditional-mat-wagoo-kno-175800 | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref> However, before twisting ropes, the grass stacks are thoroughly soaked to soften the material. This process makes the grass easier to twist and braid into ropes.<ref name="e454">{{cite web | last=Akash | first=Manzoor | title=Tradition Woven in Grass | website=Rising Kashmir | date=9 Mar 2024 | url=https://risingkashmir.com/tradition-woven-in-grass/ | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref>

== Usage ==
Waguv, the traditional reed mat, was the primary flooring material in Kashmiri homes. People would first apply a layer of [[clay]] to their [[floor]]s and then cover them with these mats. However, waguvs lose their quality when exposed to [[moisture]], making them almost unusable.<ref name="z162">{{cite web | last=Bashir | first=Aliya | title=Kashmiri Weaver Keeps Reed Mat Tradition Alive Despite Drop in Profits | website=Global Press Journal | date=16 Apr 2014 | url=https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/indian-administered_kashmir/kashmiri-weaver-keeps-reed-mat-tradition-alive-despite-drop-in-profits/ | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref>

== Decline ==
{{See also|Economic history of India|Poverty in India}}
The decline in the use of waguv is largely attributed to the adoption of modern [[flooring]] and the growing preference for synthetic alternatives, which are viewed as more durable and contemporary.<ref name="o159">{{cite web | last=Mushtaq | first=Mehroob | title=From every hearth to oblivion, the slow fade of Waguv | website=Greaterkashmir | date=15 Jan 2024 | url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/from-every-hearth-to-oblivion-the-slow-fade-of-waguv/270592 | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref><ref name="o542">{{cite web | last=Ahmad | first=Iqbal | title=The abysmal state of traditional Mat manufacturing in Kashmir | website=Kashmir Images - Latest News Update | date=2 Dec 2018 | url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2018/12/02/the-abysmal-state-of-traditional-mat-manufacturing-in-kashmir/ | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref> As a result, demand for waguv decreased significantly, leading many [[artisan]]s to abandon the craft. In the modern-day, waguv is occasionally used by a small number of people in rural areas, primarily due to [[poverty|limited financial resource]]s.<ref name="d307">{{cite web | last=Life | first=Kashmir | title=A Lost Mat | website=Kashmir Life | date=8 Nov 2009 | url=https://kashmirlife.net/a-lost-mat-1045/ | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref>

== In literature ==
Wagoo has been the subject of a book titled ''Floor Coverings from Kashmir: Kaleen Carpets, Namdah, Gabba, Ari Rugs, and Wagoo Mats'' by Promil Pande. The book traces its origin and cultural traditions.<ref name="w296">{{cite web | title=Read an exclusive excerpt from the book Floor Coverings from Kashmir | website=Hindustan Times | date=20 Jan 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/read-an-exclusive-excerpt-from-the-book-floor-coverings-from-kashmir-101705744482675.html | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref> The book traces the origins of traditional carpets, including wagoo, linking them to the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] and continuing through to the 15th century during the reign of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great]]. This historical narrative is similar to the one followed for [[pashmina shawl]]s.<ref name="o609">{{cite web | title=Book highlights handcrafted carpets, rugs and mats of Kashmir | website=ThePrint | date=18 Nov 2023 | url=https://theprint.in/india/book-highlights-handcrafted-carpets-rugs-and-mats-of-kashmir/1850061/ | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}</ref>

== Later development ==
In 2020, the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]] launched Karkhandar Scheme to revive traditional crafts, including waguv, by merging the Department of Handicrafts and the Department of Handlooms into the Directorate of Handicrafts and Handlooms. As part of the scheme, the Waguv Karkhandar Centre was established to provide training and support for artisans. The initiative was focused on to preserve the craft and improve the [[socio-economic]] conditions of the artisans. However, the current status of the initiative remains uncertain.<ref name="o159"/>

== Books ==
* {{cite book | last=Pande | first=P. | title=Floor Coverings from Kashmir: Kaleen Carpets, Namdah, Gabba, Ari Rugs and Wagoo Mats | publisher=Niyogi Books | year=2024 | isbn=978-81-964053-4-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgMp0AEACAAJ | access-date=19 Dec 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmiri culture]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]

Lok Bhavan, Srinagar

2026-04-28T14:22:59Z

Yeashrahman: new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}{{Short description|Residence of the Jammu & Kashmir Lieutenant Governor}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan (Srinagar)
|image =
|caption =
|building_type = summer residence
|coordinates = {{coord|34.086274|74.884477|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|current_tenants =
|owner = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|operator =
|references =
}}
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') is the [[official residence|official summer residence]] of the [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir | Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] Manoj Sinha. It is located in the summer capital city [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Lok Bhavan, Srinagar (Summer Capital City)==

The Lok Bhavan is a small two-storey building mostly made of wood; it has lush green lawns having different varieties of roses and other beautiful flowers.

The [[President of India]] and the [[Prime Minister of India]] usually stay in the Lok Bhavan on their visits to [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]].

On 2 December 2025, "Raj Bhavan" in Srinagar as well as in Jammu was renamed to "Lok Bhavan" as per the directions of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2025 |title=J&K Raj Bhavan Renamed as Lok Bhavan |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/12/02/raj-bhavan-in-jk-renamed-as-lok-bhavan/ |work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of official residences of India]]
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Raj Bhavan (Srinagar)}}
*[http://www.jkrajbhawan.nic.in The official website of Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Srinagar]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Jhalawar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-26T23:47:52Z

Yeashrahman: Created The Stub V1

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jhalawar
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Rajasthan
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Jhalawar''' ({{IPA|hi|d͡ʒʱaːlaːʋaːɽ}}) was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]] till 2008. In 2008 re-organization, it morphed into [[Jhalawar-Baran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Assembly segments==
Jhalawar Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha|publisher=The Election Commission of India}}</ref>
# [[Kishanganj, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
# [[Baran-Atru Assembly constituency|Atru]]
# [[Chhabra Assembly constituency|Chhabra]]
# [[Khanpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Khanpur]]
# [[Manohar Thana Assembly constituency|Manohar Thana]]
# [[Jhalrapatan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhalrapatan]]
# Pirawa
# [[Dag Assembly constituency|Dag]]

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Lok Sabha
!Duration
!Member
!Party
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha|First]]||1952-57
|rowspan=2|[[Nemi Chandra Kasliwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]||1957-62
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-67
|rowspan=3|[[Brijraj Singh]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-71
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]||1971-77
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80
|rowspan=2|[[Chaturbhuj (politician)|Chaturbhuj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89||Jujhar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91
|rowspan=5|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-2009
|[[Dushyant Singh]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''2008: Constituency Abolished''
Succeeded by -[[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency]]
|}
==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: Jhalawar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dushyant Singh]]
|votes = 3,03,845
|percentage = 53.53
|change = -6.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sanjay Gurjar]]
|votes = 2,22,266
|percentage = 39.16
|change = +1.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jakir Husen
|votes = 25,164
|percentage = 4.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ratan Lal
|votes = 16,336
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 81,579
|percentage = 14.37
|change = -8.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,67,611
|percentage = 47.81
|change = -16.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -6.90
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1999 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Jhalawar (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Jhalawar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
|votes = 4,09,574
|percentage = 60.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abrar Ahmed (INC politician)|Dr. Abrar Ahmed]]
|votes = 257,159
|percentage = 37.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jakir Husen
|votes = 3,720
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shri Puri Lal
|votes = 3,311
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 152,415
|percentage = 22.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 688,049
|percentage = 64.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +6.92
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Jhalawar<ref name="eci1998">{{cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=232 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
|votes = 3,33,746
|percentage = 52.77
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bharat Singh
|votes = 2,70,179
|percentage = 42.72
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Meena
|votes = 8,843
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohan Lal
|votes = 6,408
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Bheru Singh
|votes = 6,147
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramesh Chand
|votes = 3,647
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhawani Singh
|votes = 3,486
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 63,567
|percentage = 10.05
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,32,456
|percentage = 62.31
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Jhalawar<ref name="eci1996">{{cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1996 to the 11th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |
volume=1 |page=379 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
|votes = 2,34360
|percentage = 49.89
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mansingh
|votes = 1,85,476
|percentage = 39.48
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Nafis Ahamed Khan
|votes = 5684
|percentage = 1.21
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ghanshyam Acharya
|votes = 5364
|percentage = 1.14
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,884
|percentage = 10.41
|change=
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,69,788
|percentage = 45.59
|change=
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Jhalawar<ref name="eci1991">{{cite book
|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1991 to the 10th Lok Sabha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|volume=1
|page=253
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/
}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
|votes = 245956
|percentage = 58.72
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Man Singh
|votes = 1,54,796
|percentage = 36.96
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Het Ram Gurjar
|votes = 6,302
|percentage = 1.50
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Desh Dal
|candidate = Satya Narayan Rao
|votes = 1,113
|percentage = 0.27
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 91,160
|percentage = 21.76
|change=
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,18,845
|percentage = 47.19
|change=
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Jhalawar<ref name="eci1989">{{cite book
|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the 9th Lok Sabha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|volume=1
|page=241
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/
}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
|votes = 304728
|percentage = 60.96
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shiv Narain
|votes = 1,58,187
|percentage = 31.64
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Desh Dal
|candidate = Satya Narain (s/o Madan Lal)
|votes = 11,078
|percentage = 2.22
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,46,541
|percentage = 29.32
|change=
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,99,900
|percentage = 57.74
|change=
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing=
}}

{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.6|76.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Jhalawar district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T06:10:50Z

Yeashrahman: New...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gajapathinagaram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (16-Gajapathinagaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kondapalli Srinivas]]
| incumbent_image = Kondapalli Srinivas.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 197,474
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 16
}}

'''Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Vizianagaram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kondapalli Srinivas]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 197,474 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
The five [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Gajapathinagaram]]
|-
| [[Bondapalli]]
|-
| [[Gantyada]]
|-
| [[Dattirajeru]]
|-
| [[Jami, Vizianagaram district|Jami]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Member
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Kusum Gajapathiraju
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 1959 by-election
| rowspan=2 |Taddi Sanayasi Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Vangapandu Narayanappala Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Jampana Satyanarayana Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Vangapandu Narayanappala Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Padala Aruna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Taddi Sanyasi Appala Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Padala Aruna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Botcha Appalanarasayya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Kondapalli Appala Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Botcha Appalanarasayya
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kondapalli Srinivas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
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}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
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{{Election box majority|
|votes =
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{{Election box gain with party link|
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}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
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{{Election box registered electors
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{{Election box majority|
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{{Election box gain with party link|
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{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
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|votes =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
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|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
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|change =
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{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change =
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{{Election box majority|
|votes =
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{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
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|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Kusum Gajapathiraju
|votes = 42,241
|percentage = 39.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Gantlana Surayanarayana
|votes = 39,226
|percentage = 36.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gudivada Swamy
|votes = 8,677
|percentage = 8.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pemmeraju Rao
|votes = 6,025
|percentage = 5.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dasari Kanakayya
|votes = 4,968
|percentage = 4.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Chalamuri Naidu
|votes = 3,106
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Akkivarappu Swamy
|votes = 2,450
|percentage = 2.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,790
|percentage = 68.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 106,693
|percentage = 106.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Praja Socialist Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Taddi Sanayasi Naidu
|votes = 20,182
|percentage = 67.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Stripirapu Naidu
|votes = 9,709
|percentage = 32.48
|change = {{increase}}18.70
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,473
|percentage = 35.03
|change = {{decrease}}33.20
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 29,891
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju]]
|votes = 32,002
|percentage = 65.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Taddi Sanayasi Naidu
|votes = 16,847
|percentage = 34.49
|change = {{decrease}}33.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,155
|percentage = 31.02
|change = {{decrease}}4.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 48,849
|percentage = 76.62
|change = {{increase}}1.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Vangapandu Naidu
|votes = 27,091
|percentage = 37.1
|change = {{increase}}10.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narkedamilli Venkata
|votes = 23,945
|percentage = 32.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Taddi Naidu
|votes = 17,693
|percentage = 24.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Madhuri Vijayarama Gajapatiraju Pusapati
|votes = 3,700
|percentage = 5.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samantula Adinarayana
|votes = 567
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,146
|percentage = 4.2
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 75,600
|percentage = 83.9
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Jampana Raju
|votes = 23,223
|percentage = 33.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Taddi Sanyasinayudu
|votes = 23,037
|percentage = 33.3
|change = {{increase}}9.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vangapandu Naidu
|votes = 20,771
|percentage = 30.0
|change = {{decrease}}7.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pothala Ramulu
|votes = 1,085
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Duvvapu Thavudu
|votes = 749
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jagannadham Kolla
|votes = 413
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 186
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{decrease}}3.9
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 71,196
|percentage = 77.6
|change = {{decrease}}6.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vangapandu Naidu
|votes = 38,119
|percentage = 50.8
|change = {{increase}}20.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Jampana Raju
|votes = 36,260
|percentage = 48.3
|change = {{increase}}14.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gandhi Naidu
|votes = 642
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,859
|percentage = 2.4
|change = {{increase}}2.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 76,374
|percentage = 78.8
|change = {{increase}}1.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Padala Aruna]]
|votes = 34,321
|percentage = 40.6
|change = {{decrease}}7.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Taddi Sanyasappalanaidu|votes=26,735|percentage=31.7|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vangapandu Narayanappalanaidu|votes=21,526|percentage=25.5|change={{decrease}}25.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Boddu Rajabhushanam|votes=1,893|percentage=2.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,586|percentage=8.5|change={{increase}}6.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=89,702|percentage=77.3|change={{decrease}}1.5}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Padala Aruna]]
|votes = 46,455
|percentage = 51.1
|change = {{increase}}10.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Taddi Sanyasinayudu|votes=39,636|percentage=43.6|change={{increase}}18.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Pydisetty Kolla|votes=3,433|percentage=3.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Adinarayana Naru|votes=1,018|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Lenka Madhavarao|votes=240|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Rajeti Ramarao|votes=167|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,819|percentage=7.3|change={{decrease}}1.2}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,305|percentage=78.5|change={{increase}}1.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Taddi Naidu
|votes = 36,180
|percentage = 39.9
|change = {{decrease}}3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Gedda Rao
|votes = 31,233
|percentage = 34.4
|change = {{decrease}}16.7
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narayanappala Naidu
|votes = 22,945
|percentage = 25.3

|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vakkalagadda Rao
|votes = 366
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,947
|percentage = 5.2
|change = {{decrease}}2.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 94,736
|percentage = 79.7
|change = {{increase}}1.2
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Padala Aruna]]
|votes = 45,530
|percentage = 47.80
|change = +13.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Narayana Appala Naidu Vangapandu|votes=35,168|percentage=36.92|change=-2.96}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,362|percentage=10.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,251|percentage=78.73|change=+2.38}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajapathinagaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Botcha Appalanarasayya]]
|votes = 66,670
|percentage = 44.31
|change = -3.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Padala Aruna]]|votes=38,996|percentage=25.92|change=-11.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kadubandi Srinivasarao|votes=35,537|percentage=23.62|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,674|percentage=18.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=150,465|percentage=83.71|change=+4.98}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.28|83.33|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Setong Sena

2026-04-21T11:45:43Z

Yeashrahman: created basic details w/ refs

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Setong Sena
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1964
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2015
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Nampong Assembly constituency|Nampong]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Late Nintu Sena
| education = B.A.
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| profession = Political Leader
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Setong Sena''' (1964-2015), was an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He was elected to the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nampong Assembly constituency]] in 1995, 1999, 2004 and [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]].Sena has also served as the Speaker and Cabinet Minister in Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Setong Sena |url=https://myneta.info/arunachal2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=105 |website=My Neta |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nampong Assembly constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nampong-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Speaker dies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-arunachal-speaker-setong-sena-dies/articleshow/46018521.cms |website=Economic times |date=26 January 2015 |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="19 Newcomers Win Arunachal Assembly Poll">{{cite news |date=17 May 2014 |title=19 Newcomers Win Arunachal Assembly Poll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/2014/May/17/19-newcomers-win-arunachal-assembly-poll-613969.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He lost in [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls">{{cite news |title=16 Arunachal ministers, Parliamentary secretaries lose in assembly polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520164113/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/16-arunachal-ministers-parliamentary-secretaries-lose-in-assembly-polls/articleshow/35253733.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]

Beltara Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:17Z

Yeashrahman: put up new stub.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Beltara
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 31
| mla = Sushant Shukla
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:248729}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image= Beltara Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Beltara''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] district. The constituency was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It had its first election in 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |''Before 2008: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Badridhar Deewan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| Rajnish Kumar Singh
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 Bharatiya Janata Party (Chhattisgarh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S26.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214160245/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S26.htm |archive-date=14 December 2023 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Sushant Shukla]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Beltara<ref name=election2023/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sushant Shukla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,528
|percentage = 48.28
|change = +13.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajendra Sahu|party=Indian National Congress|votes=62,565|percentage=37.98|change=+7.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramkumar Suryavanshi|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=15,118|percentage=9.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=587|percentage=0.36|change=-1.15}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,963|percentage=10.30|change=+5.95}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=164,718|percentage=66.22|change=-1.80}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Beltara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajnish Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 49,601
|percentage = 34.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendra Sahu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,342
|percentage = 30.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anil Tah
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 38,308
|percentage = 26.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sohit Yadav
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,576
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shital Soni
|party = Akhil Bhartiya Sarvadharma Samaj Party
|votes = 1,663
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjay Singh
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,458
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,176
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,259
|percentage = 4.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 143,799
|percentage = 68.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.28|82.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Doiwala Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:01Z

Yeashrahman: Page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Doiwala
| mla = [[Brij Bhushan Gairola]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Dehradun]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 165,776 (2022)
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| constituency_no = 23
| map_image = Doiwala Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Doiwala Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].

Doiwala Legislative Assembly constituency, currently is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar]] parliamentary constituency as per the delimitation in 2008. Prior to the delimitation in 2008, it was a part of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri]] parliamentary constituency. The constituency also covers 10 wards each of the [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation|Dehradun]] and [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation|Rishikesh]] municipal corporations.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=2| [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan=7 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal|Ramesh Pokhriyal 'Nishank']]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2014^]]
| [[Hira Singh Bisht]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Brij Bhushan Gairola]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/doiwala-assembly-elections-uk-23/|title = Doiwala Election Result 2022 LIVE: Doiwala MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia}}</ref>
|}

^By poll

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Doiwala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brij Bhushan Gairola]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,946 |percentage=57.22% |change={{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gaurav (Ginni)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=35,925|percentage=31.65%|change={{decrease}}3.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jitendra Singh Negi|party=Independent politician|votes=4,785|percentage=4.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raju Maurya 'Ketan'|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=3,387|percentage=2.98%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shiv Prasad Semwal|party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|votes=1,873|percentage=1.65%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=992|percentage=0.87%|change={{decrease}}0.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vinod Kumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=601|percentage=0.53%|change={{decrease}}1.09}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,021 |percentage=25.57% |change= {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,13,500|percentage=67.85%|change={{increase}}0.01}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,67,288 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Doiwala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,502 |percentage=60.45% |change={{increase}}17.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hira Singh Bisht]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,633 |percentage=34.75% |change={{decrease}}17.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Hameed |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,569 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=994 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,869 |percentage=25.70% |change= {{increase}}16.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,779 |percentage=67.84% |change= {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,660 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2014 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Doiwala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hira Singh Bisht]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,980 |percentage=52.49% |change={{increase}}23.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,468 |percentage=42.99% |change={{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Furkan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,508 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=Indian National Congress |votes=542 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}28.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=William Akbhar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=363 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=348 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,512 |percentage=9.50% |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,550 |percentage=53.55% |change= {{decrease}}18.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,032 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}21.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Doiwala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramesh Pokhriyal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,448 |percentage=30.63% |change={{decrease}}8.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hira Singh Bisht]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,176 |percentage=28.97% |change={{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,241 |percentage=14.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaideep Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=8,589 |percentage=11.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,872 |percentage=7.67% |change={{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Mohan Sharma |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=674 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Chandra |party=Moolniwasi Samaj Party |votes=594 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhargav Chandola |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=506 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Dutt Petwal |party=Independent politician |votes=445 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,272 |percentage=1.66% |change= {{decrease}}13.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,541 |percentage=71.52% |change= {{increase}}15.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,015 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}37.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Doiwala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,629 |percentage=39.24% |change={{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Mohan Uniyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,502 |percentage=24.51% |change={{decrease}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Barthwal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=9,452 |percentage=9.86% |change={{decrease}}5.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh Rawat |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=6,600 |percentage=6.88% |change={{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Sharma (Kau) |party=Independent politician |votes=6,216 |percentage=6.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,683 |percentage=4.88% |change={{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Thapa |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,016 |percentage=2.10% |change={{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Kumar Nagpal |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=1,184 |percentage=1.23% |change={{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Dhobal |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=1,039 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ran Bahadur Nepali |party=Gorkha Democratic Front |votes=667 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kapil |party=Independent politician |votes=569 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,127 |percentage=14.73% |change= {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,884 |percentage=56.02% |change= {{increase}}9.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,169 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Doiwala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,926 |percentage=31.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Mohan Uniyal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,390 |percentage=28.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Barthwal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=9,494 |percentage=15.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,339 |percentage=7.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Prasad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,177 |percentage=3.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikram Singh Kshetri |party=Independent politician |votes=2,102 |percentage=3.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahipal Singh Kandari |party=Independent politician |votes=726 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Lal Bahuguna |party=Independent politician |votes=715 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. D. Raturi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=679 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Singh Bisht |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=502 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leela |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=444 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,536 |percentage=2.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,100 |percentage=46.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,289 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
*http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf. The Election Commission of India. p. 509.
*http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf
*https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064401/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx
*https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021552/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|30.18|78.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T10:43:18Z

Yeashrahman: new new data!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Mumbai South Central.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]] [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]] [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]] [[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]] [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Anil Desai]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| electors = 14,74,405(2024)
| preceded_by = [[Rahul Shewale]]
}}
'''Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency''' (formerly, '''Bombay South Central Lok Sabha constituency''') is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaivoice.com/mumbai-south-central-lok-sabha-election-2014 |title=Mumbai South Central |publisher=Mumbai Voice}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The South Central Lok Sabha constituency is quiet unique as it has voters from various communities, classes, sects & groups. The constituency has around 2.5 lakh [[South Indian]] voters. There around 5 lakh voters from [[North Indian]] mostly from [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] & [[Bihar]], 3.2 lakh [[Muslims]] and about 4.2 lakh marathi voters in total. South Indian voters are concentrated in [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] & [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]. Migrants from [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]]/[[Bihar]] are concentrated around [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]], [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]], [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] & up to some extent in [[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]. [[Muslims]] are concentrated in [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]], [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] & [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]. [[Christian]] population are scattered evenly but is seen mostly in [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]] also have one of the oldest [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai|St. Michael's Church]]. [[Buddhist]] are seen predominantly in [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]] & [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on delimitation on 19 February 2008, Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are
{|class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|172
|[[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|[[Sana Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|173
|[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]
|[[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate|Tukaram Kate]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|178
|[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| [[Jyoti Gaikwad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|179
|[[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]
|[[R. Tamil Selvan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|180
|[[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]
|[[Kalidas Kolambkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|181
|[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]
|[[Mahesh Sawant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[Jayashri Raiji]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi|Vithal Gandhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Abdul Kader Salebhoy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[B. C. Kamble]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[R. R. Bhole]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Datta Samant]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Wamanrao Mahadik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Mohan Rawale]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Eknath Gaikwad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Rahul Shewale]]
|rowspan="2"style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Anil Desai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|}

==Election results==
===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Mumbai South Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Mohan Rawale]]
|votes = 1,76,323
|percentage = 47.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Majeed Memon]]
|votes = 97,287
|percentage = 26.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
|candidate = Dada Samant
|votes = 77,747
|percentage = 21.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = P K Gaikwad
|votes = 16,248
|percentage = 4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 79,036
|percentage = 21.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,69,130
|percentage = 45.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai South Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Mohan Rawale]]
|votes = 1,28,536
|percentage = 36.94
|change = -11.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Sachin Ahir]]
|votes = 1,06,348
|percentage = 30.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena
|candidate = [[Arun Gawli]]
|votes = 92,210
|percentage = 26.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[T.K. Choudhary]]
|votes = 10,104
|percentage = 2.90
|change = -23.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abdul Malik Choudhary
|votes = 4,690
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pukhraj Chunnilal Jain
|votes = 2,677
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Ansari Husain Ahmed
|votes = 1921
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh |candidate = Yashwant (Prakash) Shinde
|votes = 1,486
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,188
|percentage = 6.38
|change = -15.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,47,980
|percentage = 49.40
|change = +3.97
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|swing = -11.03
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai South Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Eknath Gaikwad|Eknath Mahadeo Gaikwad]]
|votes = 2,57,523
|percentage = 43.00
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Suresh Anant Gambhir
|votes = 1,81,817
|percentage = 30.36
|change = -6.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
|candidate = Shweta Vivek Parulkar
|votes = 1,08,341
|percentage = 18.09
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Pravin Ramchandra Barve
| votes = 18,427
| percentage = 3.08
| change = +1.73
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Prabuddha Republican Party|PRCP]]
| candidate = Rajendra Ganpat Jadhav
| votes = 5,986
| percentage = 1.00
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 75,706
|percentage = 12.64
|change = +6.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,98,845
|percentage = 39.50
|change = -9.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing = +6.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai South Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Rahul Ramesh Shewale]]
|votes = 3,81,008
|percentage = 49.57
|change = +19.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Eknath Gaikwad|Eknath Mahadeo Gaikwad]]
|votes = 2,42,828
|percentage = 31.59
|change = -11.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
|candidate = Aditya Rajan Shirodkar
|votes = 73,096
|percentage = 9.51
|change = -8.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Sundar Balakrishnan
|votes = 27,687
|percentage = 3.60
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ganesh Aiyyar
|votes = 14,762
|percentage = 1.92
|change = -1.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 9,571
|percentage = 1.25
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,38,180
|percentage = 17.98
|change = +5.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,68,627
|percentage = 53.09
|change = +13.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +15.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Mumbai South Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=[[Rahul Ramesh Shewale]]|votes=4,24,913|percentage=53.30|change=+3.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Eknath Gaikwad|Eknath Mahadeo Gaikwad]]|votes=272,774|percentage=34.21|change=+2.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|candidate=Sanjay Sushil Bhosale|votes=63,412|percentage=7.95|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ahmedshakil Sagirahmed Shaikh|votes=8,635|percentage=1.08|change=-0.84}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Godfrey Noble
|party = [[Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi|DMSK]]
|votes = 2,199
|percentage = 0.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=13,834|percentage=1.74|change=+0.49}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,52,139|percentage=19.09|change=+1.11}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,97,903|percentage=55.40|change=+2.31}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|swing = +3.73
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Mumbai South Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|candidate=[[Anil Desai]]|votes=3,95,138|percentage=49.73|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=[[Rahul Ramesh Shewale]]|votes=3,41,754|percentage=43.01|change={{down}}10.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi|candidate=Abul Hasan Ali Hasan Khan|votes=23,867|percentage=3.00|change={{down}}4.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =13,423
|percentage =1.69
|change ={{down}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=53,384|percentage=6.75|change={{down}}12.34}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,94,872|percentage=53.90|change={{down}}1.50}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100119031436/http://myneta.info/mumbai_south_central Mumbai South Central Candidate Affidavits]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210929062059/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/mumbai_south_central/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Mumbai South-Central lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.0|72.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Mumbai]]

Chellagong Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:30:59Z

Yeashrahman: Done...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chellagong
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 12,967
| mla = Baju Ban Riyan
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Chellagong Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Baju Ban Riyan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chellagong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baju Ban Riyan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,032 |percentage=41.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panji Ham Reang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,989 |percentage=40.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padma Mohan Reang |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,104 |percentage=15.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goopi Devbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=225 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,350 |percentage=59.33% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,967 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|23.42|91.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Chandhara

2026-04-15T17:45:07Z

Yeashrahman: New...

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Chandhara''' or '''Chandhur''' or '''Tsandhor''' is a village in the Pampore town of district [[Pulwama]] in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The village is the native home of 16th-century poet and ascetic, [[Habba Khatoon]]. It is famous for its [[saffron]], so known as "Saffron Village of Kashmir". Chandhara village is one of the few places in the world where saffron, the world's most expensive spice, grows.

The area is about 20 km from [[Srinagar|Srinagar City]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Pulwama district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

IPS Business School

2026-04-07T08:43:39Z

Yeashrahman: Created Basic Post W/ Refs

{{Short description|Business school in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=April 2017}}
{{no footnotes|date=April 2017}}

}}

{{Infobox university
| name = IPS Business School
| image =
| motto = Where you can trust
| established = {{start date|2007}}
| city = [[Jaipur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| postalcode = 302019
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.88081|N|75.7531503|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|www.ipsedu.in}}
}}
'''IPS Business School''' is a management college established in 2007 in Nirman Nagar, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. The Institution is affiliated with [[University of Rajasthan|Rajasthan University]], Jaipur, and is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=MBA College in Rajasthan | BBA College in Rajasthan | B.Com College in Jaipur | MBA Colleges in Jaipur | |website=Ipsedu.in |date=2016-09-27 }}

[[Category:Business schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Rajasthan]]

D. C. Verma

2026-04-04T04:21:21Z

Yeashrahman: Put Up...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. C. Verma
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Meerganj Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| predecessor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Veterinary College, Mathura]]
}}
'''D. C. Verma''' (born 1977)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. D. C. Verma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MEERGANJ(BAREILLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=875 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Meerganj Assembly constituency in [[Bareilly district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Meerganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Dr. D. C. Verma wins Meerganj with 75749 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/meerganj-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923148-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Verma is from [[Bareilly]] city, Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of PL Verma. He completed his master's degree in veterinary science in 2001 at [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute|IVRI]], [[Izzatnagar]], Bareilly. Earlier, he did his bachelor's degree in 1996 at [[Veterinary College, Mathura]], which is affiliated with WW.<ref name=":0" /> His wife Namita Verma is a principal in the Government Mahila Polytechnic, CB Ganj, Bareilly.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Verma won from [[Meerganj Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 116,435 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Sultan Baig]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 32,840 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerganj Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dr. DC Verma of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/meerganj-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851011.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Meerganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Meerganj विधानसभा सीट पर BJP ने SP को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/meerganj-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425730-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24119.htm?ac=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925060333/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24119.htm?ac=119 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, D. C.}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]

Ghaath (2000 film)

2026-04-03T10:59:10Z

Yeashrahman: Put Up

{{short description|Indian Bollywood crime drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghaath
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Akashdeep Sabir
| producer = Kumar Mohan Atul Mohan {{small|(co-producer)}}
| writer = Akashdeep Sabir
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]|[[Om Puri]]|[[Arshad Warsi]]|[[Irrfan Khan]]|[[Sheeba Akashdeep|Sheeba]]}}
| music = {{Unbulleted list|[[Anu Malik]] (Songs)|[[Salim–Sulaiman]] (Background score)}}
| cinematography = Surendra M. Rao
| editing = Aseem Sinha
| studio = K. Bhagyalaxmi Pictures
| distributor = [[B4U Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|12|08|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ghaath''''' is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language [[crime drama]] film directed by Akashdeep Sabir and produced by Kumar Mohan. The film stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Om Puri]] in pivotal roles and [[Raveena Tandon]] in a special appearance.

==Plot==
Krishna Patil aspires to become a police officer and impresses Ajay Pandey of the Police Academy. However, a local gangster, Romesh Bhagwat Dogra, alias Maamu, does not want him to pass the academy and has him disqualified. Enraged by this, Patil drinks heavily and is arrested after a scuffle with Ishwar Mohanlal Godbole, a corrupt cop for whom "police" is an acronym for Power, Order, Liar, Income, Corrupt and Encounter. It is only when Patil's father bribes him does Godbole release him. Patil becomes disillusioned with the system in general. One day he meets Kavita Chaudhary, a young, beautiful, intelligent and successful lawyer who had recently lost her father and shares Patil's view of the system. Patil and Kavita enter into a relationship.

Godbole arrests Patil and tortures him in police lockup. Godbole is about to encounter Patil but Kavita saves him using her wit. Kavita brings a badly injured Patil to her home that night and helps him heal his wounds. Patil [[sexual intercourse|makes love]] to Kavita and impregnates her.

Patil's sister Mansi marries Divakar. Soon after their marriage, the couple dies when their building collapses. The building was constructed by Maamu, who had Municipal Officer Khairnar killed after he refused to hush up the inquiry. Patil learns of this and, together with Kavita and his friends, battles Maamu. In the end Patil dies fighting Maamu and his goons while pregnant Kavita goes ahead and decides to give birth his child.

==Cast==
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Krishna Patil
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Kavita Chaudhary
* [[Om Puri]] as Inspector Ajay Pandey
* Aparna Bhatnagar as Suman Ajay Pandey
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Ramakant Patil
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Divakar , Journalist and Mansi's husband and Krishna's sister
* [[Sheeba Akashdeep|Sheeba]] as Mansi Patil
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Ishwar Mohanlal Godbole
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Romesh Bhagwat Dogra alias Maamu
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Screwdriver
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Happy Singh
* [[Kamlesh Oza]] as Vipul
* [[Mehul Buch]] as Hiten
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Khairnar
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Vilas Rao
* [[Raveena Tandon]] in a special appearance in "Baba Meri Ye Jawani"
* [[Narayani Shastri]] as Varsha Khainar (Khainar's daughter)
* [[Raju Mavani]] as Salim Hatela
* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Maamu's Goon

==Production==
Akashdeep directed the film, produced under the banner of K. Bhagyalakshmi Pictures.<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |title=Ghaath (2000) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82c23e15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119095247/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82c23e15 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> This was the first film in which Khan and Kher appeared together.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakanksha |title="53 Is No Age": Irrfan Khan's Drama School Senior Anupam Kher's Emotional Tribute |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/53-is-no-age-irrfan-khans-drama-school-senior-anupam-khers-emotional-tribute-2220495 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=2 May 2020 |date=29 April 2020}}</ref> Initially, Akashdeep was not pleased with Khan's acting and was planning to replace him. It was on the insistence of Bajpayee that Akashdeep retained him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Mohini |title=For Irrfan Khan, the world is not enough |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/for-irrfan-khan-the-world-is-not-enough/41755/1 |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Bajpayee was acting with Khan for the first time, so was Tabu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parkar |first1=Shaheen |last2=KBR |first2=Upala |last3=Lulla |first3=Sonia |title=Manoj Bajpayee On Irrfan Khan: We Followed Each Other's Journey |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manoj-bajpayee-on-irrfan-khan-we-followed-each-others-journey/22757231 |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dedhia |first1=Sonil |title='Irrfan tries to do something different every time' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-interview-with-tabu-on-life-of-pi/20121122.htm#5 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=2 May 2020 |date=22 November 2012}}</ref> [[Raveena Tandon]] made a special appearance in the film.<ref name="BFI" />

==Soundtrack==
The music for the soundtrack is composed by [[Anu Malik]] excepting one instrumental track by [[Salim–Sulaiman]], who also provided the background score. Lyrics are written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghaath (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/ghaath |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Baba Meri Ye Jawani"
| [[Falguni Pathak]], [[Sapna Awasthi]]
|-
| 2
| "Hum Bhi Samajh Rahe Hain"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 3
| "Jo Dar Gaya Woh Mar Gaya"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Anu Malik]]
|-
| 4
| "Jhumka Chandi Da"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|-
| 5
| "Teri Aashiqui"
| [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 6
| "Teri Yeh Jawani"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sapna Awasthi]]
|-
| 7
| "Kisi Ne Sach Hi Kaha"
| [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Om Puri]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], Karsan Sagathiya
|-
| 8
| "The colors of Ghaath"
| [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|-
|}

Ronjita Das of [[Rediff.com]] opined that the film's music had "nothing to remember".<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Ronjita |title=A cop-out! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/09ghaath.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=1 May 2020 |date=9 December 2000}}</ref> ''[[Rashtriya Sahara]]'' called the soundtrack "excellent".<ref name="RS">{{cite book|title=Rashtriya Sahara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iRuAAAAMAAJ|volume=8|year=2000|publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication|page=96}}</ref> [[Sify]] found the music "grating".<ref name="Sify" />

==Reception==
In her review for [[Rediff.com]], Ronjita Das called the film a replay of ''[[Shool]]'' (1999), a previous film of Bajpayee, and noted that Johnny Lever had been totally wasted.<ref name="Rediff" /> [[Sify]] likened the film to a "routine commercial potboiler" and noted that the "production values aren't too high". It felt that Bajpayee had overacted in certain places and Tabu fell "prey to the mediocrity of the script".<ref name="Sify">{{cite web |title=Ghaath |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=6007667 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028081353/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=6007667 |archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> A review in ''[[Rashtriya Sahara]]'' noted that the film's cast was "represented by an impressive line-up of reputed actors".<ref name="RS" />

According to the Indian film trade website [[Box Office India]], the film was made at an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|3.75|c}} and had a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|3.92|c}}, earning the label "[[box-office bomb|disaster]]".<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Ghaath |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2108 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0213677}}

[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salim–Sulaiman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]

Kudrat Ka Kanoon

2026-03-31T10:52:48Z

Yeashrahman: Created Basic Page More To Come.

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language legal drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| writer = Shabd Kumar (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]''|S. A. Chandrasekhar}}
| producer = Suresh Bokadia [[K. C. Bokadia]] (presenter)
| starring = [[Hema Malini]] [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] [[Jackie Shroff]]
| cinematography = Indu Chakravarthy
| editing = Shyam Mukherjee
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| studio = BMB Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|10|23|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kudrat-ka-kanoon/movieshow/61336683.cms|title=Kudrat Ka Kanoon Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News|date=2026|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 February 2026|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905040548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kudrat-ka-kanoon/movieshow/61336683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kudrat Ka Kanoon''''' ({{Translation|Law of nature}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[legal drama]] film directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manglik |first=Reshu |date=22 March 2019 |title=Jackie Shroff joins the star cast of Thalapathy 63 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-jackie-shroff-joins-the-star-cast-of-thalapathy-63-510357 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522145928/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-jackie-shroff-joins-the-star-cast-of-thalapathy-63-510357 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[India TV]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Hema Malini]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Jackie Shroff]]. It is a remake of Chandrasekhar's [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' (1987)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Salil |last2=Venkatramani |first2=S. H. |date=15 June 1988 |title=Censorship: Wide disparities exist between censor boards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-censorship-wide-disparities-exist-between-censor-boards-797335-1988-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820061700/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-censorship-wide-disparities-exist-between-censor-boards-797335-1988-06-15 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and was a box office success.<ref name="Radhika">{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=30 March 2024 |title=When going south means a good thing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/30/when-going-south-means-a-good-thing |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/book-excerpt-1980s-hindi-cinema-111686202386532.html|title=Rumblings from the south in 1980s Hindi cinema|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date=8 June 2023|first=Avijit|last=Ghosh|access-date=27 February 2026|archive-date=4 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804092003/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/book-excerpt-1980s-hindi-cinema-111686202386532.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=February 2026}}
Dr. Vijay Verma saves a labourer from some henchman but finds himself framed in a murder case and is arrested. To make matters worse, his daughter is murdered and his wife is forced to abscond from the village. Advocate Bharti Mathur comes to Vijay’s rescue, vowing to find him and his family justice.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Hema Malini]] as Advocate Bharti Mathur<ref name="Cast" />
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Aarti Verma / Miss Julie Singh<ref name="Radhika" />
*[[Charan Raj]] as MP Charandas
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Raj Shekhar
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Dr. Vijay Verma<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=16 October 2024 |title=Jackie Shroff Sends Love To Kudrat Ka Kanoon Co-Star Hema Malini On Birthday |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jackie-shroff-sends-love-to-kudrat-ka-kanoon-co-star-hema-malini-on-birthday-9087624.html |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Inspector Gorakh Pandey
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Sarpanch Dharamraj
*[[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] as Khairatlal
*[[Shafi Inamdar]] as Chunnilal
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Justice Ram Mathur
*[[Raza Murad]] as Advocate Pravin Bhardwaj
*[[Shafi Inaamdar]] as Bharathi's Husband
*[[Ramesh Deo]] as Advocate Prakash
*[[C. S. Dubey]] as Ramu
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Court spectalor Narayan
*Raj Babu as Srivastav
*Surendar as Sinha
*Madhukar as Maqbool
*Ram Kumar as Niranjan
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Asha, Charandas' wife
*[[Kutty Padmini]] as Nirupa
*Baby Guddu as Munni Verma
}}

==Themes and influences==
According to psychologist Dona Singh, films such as ''[[Khamoshi (1969 film)|Khamoshi]]'' (1969) and ''Kudrat Ka Kanoon'' reinforced stereotypes of mental health instead of promoting understanding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisht |first=Neha |date=26 February 2025 |title=Bollywood’s portrayal of mental health: Have we covered the distance from stigma to sensitivity? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywoods-portrayal-of-mental-health-have-we-covered-the-distance-from-stigma-to-sensitivity/articleshow/118575994.cms |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203214740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywoods-portrayal-of-mental-health-have-we-covered-the-distance-from-stigma-to-sensitivity/articleshow/118575994.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudrat Ka Kanoon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kudrat-ka-kanoon-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1148151882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260227060242/https://music.apple.com/us/album/kudrat-ka-kanoon-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1148151882 |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[Apple Music]] }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tujhe Kitna Pyar Karen
| lyrics1 = [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| note1 = Sad Version
| length1 = 2:06
| title2 = Tujhe Kitna Pyar Karen
| lyrics2 = Sameer
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Shabbir Kumar]]
| length2 = 5:29
| title3 = Mukhda Chand Ka Tukda
| lyrics3 = [[Faruk Kaiser]]
| extra3 = [[Mohammed Aziz]]
| length3 = 6:14
| title4 = Kaisa Kudrat Ka Kanoon
| lyrics4 = Sameer
| extra4 = Mohammed Aziz
| length4 = 6:00
| title5 = Kaisa Kudrat Ka Kanoon
| lyrics5 = Sameer
| extra5 = Mohammed Aziz
| note5 = Reprise
| length5 = 3:21
| title6 = Abhi To Parhi Hai Umar Yeh Sari
| lyrics6 = Sameer
| extra6 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length6 = 6:04
| total_length = 29:14
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1980s legal drama films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]

Khetri Nagar

2026-03-27T18:35:36Z

Yeashrahman: Created Some Info Added Tags

{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khetri
| native_name = Mihot
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Copper City
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Side View of Khetri Mahal.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Khetri Fort
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.98|N|75.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[JHUNJHUNU]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Khetri Municipality and Gothra Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 484
| population_total = 18209(Khetri) + 16933(Khetri Nagar) as per 2011 census of india
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 333504/333503
| area_code = 01593
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = RJ53
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
}}

'''Khetri Nagar''' is a town and tehsil in the [[Jhunjhunu|Jhunjhunu district]] of [[Rajasthan]] in India. It is a part of the [[Shekhawati]] region. Khetri consists of two towns, "Khetri Town," founded by Raja Bhopal Singh Ji, and "Khetri Nagar," which is about 10 km away from Khetri.

== History==

Khetri was founded by Raja Bhopal Singh as a [[Shekhawati#Thikanas of Shekhawati|thikana]] of [[Shekhawati#Shekhawat rule|Shekhawat rajput ruler]] of [[Shekhawati]]. Raja [[Ajit Singh of Khetri|Ajit Singh Bahadur]] (16 October 1861 – 18 January 1901) was the ruler of the Shekhawat estate (thikana) of Khetri.

== Khetri fort ==
Khetri Fort was built in 1754 by the [[Shekhawat]] raja, Bhopal Singh (Raja Shri Bhopal Singh Shekhawat Ji Saheb Bahadur).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dundlod, Harnath Singh|year=1970|title=The Sheikhawats and Their Lands|location=Jaipur|publisher=Raj Educational Printers|page=122|oclc=309570}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Khetri is located at {{Coord|27.98|N|75.8|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Khetri.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Khetri |access-date=7 November 2006 |archive-date=18 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918064704/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Khetri.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 484 metres (1587 feet).
The name of the mountain in Khetri is Bhopalgarh.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India census, Khetri had a population of 18,209. Males constitute 51.9% of the population and females 48.1%. Khetri has an average literacy rate of 70.25%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 79.82%, and female literacy is 59.92%. In Khetri, 12.88% of the population is under six years of age. Khetri Population Religion Data:
Hindu 89.68%
Muslim 10.09%
Christian 0.08%
Sikh 0.04%
Buddhist 0.00%
Jain 0.08%
Others 0.01%
No Religion 0.02%

== Administration ==

Khetri is a tehsil in the Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan state in India. The total number of villages in this Tehsil is 106.

== Economy==
Khetri Nagar is under the control of [[Hindustan Copper Limited]], a public sector undertaking under the Government of India. There are many attached villages near Khetri Nagar, such as Manota Khurd; the people of this village were employed in mines.

== See also==

* [[Dhundhar]]
* [[History of Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/k/khetri.html Genealogy of Khetri Rulers]
{{Jhunjhunu district}}

Khetri mines are owned by Hindustan Copper Ltd. This mine was started over 2000 years ago. Khetri copper complex mines Rajasthan India. The region is highly contaminated by copper with higher values in the soil near overburden material and tailings.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Copper mines in India]]
[[Category:Mining in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jhunjhunu district]]

AMASR Act

2026-03-26T00:38:42Z

Yeashrahman: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Khalistan Zindabad Force

2026-03-20T00:57:17Z

Yeashrahman: further enhanced citations for accuracy and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Indian Sikh militant group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Khalistan Zindabad Force
| caption = Logo of the Khalistan Zindabad Force
| logo = Logo of the Sikh militancy organization 'Khalistan Zindabad Force'.webp
| leader = Ranjit Singh Neeta
| motives =
| dates = 1988 – present
| area = [[India]], [[Canada]], [[European Union]]
| status = Active<ref name="JammuKZF" />
| headquarters =
| ideology = [[Separatism]]
| position =
| crimes =
| attacks = [[Vienna temple attack]]
| size =
| financing = [[Sikh diaspora]]<ref name="HT_Funding" />
| flag = |
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{flag|India}} {{flag|European Union}}
}}

The '''Khalistan Zindabad Force''' (KZF) is a [[Sikh]] [[Khalistani]] militant organisation, that aims to create a sovereign [[Sikh state]] called [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]] by carving [[Punjab, India|State of Punjab]] and some [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-speaking]] parts of neighbouring states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]] out of the Republic of India.<ref name="MHA_BanList"/>

==Organisation and activities==
The Khalistan Zindabad Force is headed by Ranjit Singh Neeta, a native of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="JammuKZF">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ranjit-singh-neeta-khalistan-zindabad-force/394239/|title=Ranjit Singh Neeta (Khalistan Zindabad Force)|date=December 4, 2008|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2009-06-18|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225102812/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ranjit-singh-neeta-khalistan-zindabad-force/394239|url-status=live}}</ref> He was listed among India's 20 most wanted persons in 2008.<ref name="IndiaMostWanted">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/24slide10.htm|title=10) Ranjit Singh Neeta|date=June 24, 2008|work=rediff.com|access-date=2009-06-19|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225102813/https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/24slide10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It largely compromises of Jammu based Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalistan Zindabad Force (KZF) Terrorist Group, Punjab |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-profile/india-punjab/khalistan-zindabad-force-kzf |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.satp.org |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223945/https://www.satp.org/terrorist-profile/india-punjab/khalistan-zindabad-force-kzf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The strength and striking capabilities of the Khalistan Zindabad Force are currently unknown, but it is reported that attempts have been made for the Khalistan Zindabad Force and other militant groups from [[Kashmir]] to co-ordinate their efforts.<ref name="JammuKZF"/> Funding of the organisation comes from [[United Kingdom]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Spain]].<ref name="HT_Funding">{{cite news |title=Pro-Khalistan terrorist group received funds from UK, Malaysia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pro-khalistan-terrorist-group-received-funds-from-uk-malaysia/story-SiSQ7qo53olDOlmCkRJTcN.html |access-date=31 January 2019 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=19 August 2014 |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013140/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pro-khalistan-terrorist-group-received-funds-from-uk-malaysia/story-SiSQ7qo53olDOlmCkRJTcN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable attacks==
Claims<ref name="ATemails">{{cite news|url=http://austriantimes.at/index.php?id=13609|title=KZF takes responsibility for Vienna temple massacre|date=29 May 2009|publisher=Austriantimes.at|access-date=2009-05-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603054811/http://www.austriantimes.at/index.php?id=13609|archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref><ref name=diepresse>{{cite news|url=http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/oesterreich/483019/index.do?_vl_backlink=/home/panorama/oesterreich/index.do|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120515220427/http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/oesterreich/483019/index.do?_vl_backlink=/home/panorama/oesterreich/index.do|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2012|title=Sikh: Alarm vor Tag der offenen Tür in Wien|trans-title=Sikh: Alarm before "Open Day" in Vienna|date=2009-05-28|publisher=Die Presse|language=de|access-date=2009-06-02}}</ref>
and denials<ref name="ATemails"/><ref name="KZFdenial">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090529/punjab.htm#6|title=KZF denies involvement in attack|author=Sanjeev Singh Bariana|date=May 28, 2009|work=The Tribune|access-date=2009-05-31|quote=Anti-Sikh are being misled in the name of the KZF. The incident has taught the entire Sant Ravidass brotherhood a lesson. The KZF approves the killing of the Sant Ravidass brotherhood.|archive-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702000953/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090529/punjab.htm#6|url-status=live}}</ref>
of responsibility have been reported in the name of the Khalistan Zindabad Force for a May 2009 [[Vienna temple attack|attack at the Gurdwara Ravidass]] in [[Vienna]], Austria, which killed [[Rama Nand]], a leader of the [[Dera Sach Khand]], injured 17 people,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://austriantimes.at/index.php?id=13609 |title=KZF takes responsibility for Vienna temple massacre – General News – Austrian Times |publisher=Austriantimes.at |access-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603054811/http://www.austriantimes.at/index.php?id=13609 |archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 May 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suspects-in-Sikh-temple-attack-identified-Austria/articleshow/4591397.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024005816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-29/india/28171391_1_sikh-temple-michael-takacs-asylum |url-status=live |archive-date=24 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Suspects in Sikh temple attack identified: Austria - India - NEWS|access-date=2009-08-09}}</ref>
and sparked riots across northern India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8066783.stm |title=South Asia | Punjab riots after Vienna killing |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-05-25 |access-date=2009-08-09 |archive-date=28 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528104039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8066783.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20090525&fname=punjab&sid=1 |title=From Vienna To Jalandhar |publisher=www.outlookindia.com |access-date=2009-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529115325/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20090525&fname=punjab&sid=1 |archive-date=29 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6359288.ece |access-date=May 30, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211013335/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6359288.ece |archive-date= 11 December 2011 |title=Riots after Sikh guru Sant Rama Nand shot dead in Vienna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8066005.stm |title=Europe | Preacher dies after Vienna clash |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-05-25 |access-date=2009-08-09 |archive-date=28 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528191045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8066005.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/27/stories/2009052760101300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601153833/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/27/stories/2009052760101300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 June 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=KZF claims responsibility for Vienna attack; Babbar Khalsa condemns killing|date=2009-05-27|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

==Status==
In December 2005 the [[European Union]] classified the Khalistan Zindabad Force as a terrorist organisation, freezing its monetary assets throughout its 25 member countries.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 January 2007 |archive-date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205010122/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The KZF remains [[List of terrorist organisations in India|banned in India]]<ref name="MHA_BanList">{{cite web|title=List of Banned Organisations|url=https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233101/https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations |archive-date= 3 May 2018}}</ref> and the [[European Union]]. The Khalistan Zindabad Force was reported to still be active in 2008.<ref name="JammuKZF"/> In 2019, a letter purporting to be from the KZF threatened Indian agencies and the Chief Minister of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=ਖਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਾਬਾਦ ਫੋਰਸ ਨੇ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਧਮਕੀ.... |trans-title=Khalistan Zindabad Force threatened... |url=https://punjab.news18.com/news/punjab/khalistan-zindabad-force-threatens-102729.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=News18 Punjab |language=pa |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304131729/https://punjab.news18.com/news/punjab/khalistan-zindabad-force-threatens-102729.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On February 12, 2020, the special court of [[National Investigation Agency|the National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) India in Mohali, Punjab issued non-bailable warrants against Pakistan-based KZF chairperson Ranjeet Singh Neeta and Germany-based Gurmeet Singh Bagga.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-issues-non-bailable-warrants-against-khalistanis-involved-in-dropping-of-arms/story-9EtBwMFfeTImfovtgOPz9M.html|title=NIA issues non-bailable warrants against Khalistanis involved in dropping of arms|date=2020-02-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228063822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-issues-non-bailable-warrants-against-khalistanis-involved-in-dropping-of-arms/story-9EtBwMFfeTImfovtgOPz9M.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The court issued warrants against Neeta and Bagga during an investigation related to the delivery of arms, ammunition, explosives, communication devices, and fake currency notes from the other side of the border with the help of a drone.<ref name="HT"/> This is the second time in the past five months that legal action was taken against Bagga. Earlier in October, Bagga was amongst the eight Khalistani operatives against whom [[Interpol]] issued a [[Red corner notice|Red Corner Notice]]. Speaking about the verdict, NIA spokesperson said that their investigation revealed that both Neeta and Bagga were involved in the illegal transfer of arms, ammunition, explosives, and other products from across the border. He said, "Investigation has revealed that they have been able to recruit certain individuals from Punjab for carrying out terrorist activities."<ref name="HT"/>

On March 17, 2020, [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) files charge sheet against nine [[Khalistani]] terrorists for their alleged involvement in Punjab drone arms drop case.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-03-19|title=Punjab drones case: NIA files chargesheet against 9 Khalistan Zindabad Force terrorists|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/punjab-drones-case-nia-files-chargesheet-against-9-khalistan-zindabad-force-terrorists-2270264.html|date=18 March 2020|website=Zee News|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319062650/https://zeenews.india.com/india/punjab-drones-case-nia-files-chargesheet-against-9-khalistan-zindabad-force-terrorists-2270264.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All the accused have been charged with [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] relevant provisions, [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act and Explosives Substances Act]] and [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].

February 2021, it is reported through official sources and internal elements of KZF that Ranjeet Singh is no longer alive. His death cause reported was heart attack during first week of February 2021. Officially neither KZF nor the Indian government has spoken about it but there are foreign and independent media news agencies that reported his death news is confirmed.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== See also ==

* [[Kharku]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Khalistan movement}}
{{India separatist movements}}
{{Terror outfits}}

[[Category:Sikh organisations designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Pro-Khalistan rebel groups]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Shaan (singer)

2026-03-15T00:20:02Z

Yeashrahman: edit

{{short description|Indian singer (b. 1972)}}
{{About-distinguish-text|Indian playback singer|[[Shan (disambiguation)]]}}
{{redirect-multi|1|Shantanu Mukherjee||Shaan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaan
| image = Shaan at Music Mania 2013.jpg
| caption = Shaan at Music Mania in 2013
| birth_name = Shantanu Mukherjee
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|09|30}}<ref name="hind_Jeet">{{Cite web | title = Jeetey hai Shaan Se! | last = Sen | first = Torsha | work = Hindustan Times | date = 21 November 2013 | access-date = 2 September 2016 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/jeetey-hai-shaan-se/story-slpKzReaT0NGQiO0s7FRRI.html }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name="birthplace"/>
| father = [[Manas Mukherjee]]
| mother =
| spouse = {{marriage|Radhika Mukherjee|2000}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Sagarika]] (sister)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Playback singer|composer|actor|television presenter}}
| years_active = 1995–present
| awards = [[#Awards|See below]]
| honours =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
| label = [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]], [[Times Music]], [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]], [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]], [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]], [[Tips Industries|Tips]], [[Saregama]], [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus]], [[YRF Music]], [[Oriental Star Agencies|OSA]], [[Magnasound]], [[Virgin EMI Records|EMI Virgin Records]]
}}
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shantanu Mukherjee''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃantonu mukʰardʒi}}; born 30 September 1972), professionally known as '''Shaan''', is an Indian playback singer, [[composer]], actor, and television host. He records songs primarily in [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language. Known as the "Golden Voice of India",<ref name="Golden Voice" /> Shaan is considered among the greatest playback singers of India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2021 |title=Shaan says he struggled to sing for Sanjay Dutt and Aamir Khan, 2 songs that changed his life |quote=Shaan's momentous three-decade-long journey makes him an icon today. |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shaan-exclusive-birthday-interview-singing-90s-indie-pop-tanha-dil-musu-musu-chand-sifarish-best-film-songs-7539323/ |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> He is also noted for his songs in the romantic genre, mainly during the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2023 |title=The songs that made Shaan the romantic voice of India |work=India TV |language=Hindi |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/shaan-is-king-of-romantic-songs-see-these-superhit-songs-list-of-the-singer-on-his-birthday-2023-09-30-991610 |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref> Shaan is a recipient of two [[Filmfare Awards]] and three [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]].<ref name="Golden Voice">{{Cite news |date=1 October 2020 |title=On Shaan's birthday, some of his iconic songs |quote=Shaan is also known as the Golden Voice of India and Magician of Melody. |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/on-shaan-s-birthday-some-of-his-iconic-songs-1726832-2020-09-30 |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

His most popular songs include — "Musu Musu Haasi Deu" from ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (1999), "[[Woh Ladki Hai Kahan]]" and "Koi Kahe Kehta Rahe" from ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001), "Ghanan Ghanan" from ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), "Mere Samnewali Khidki Mein" from ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]'' (2002), "O Humdum Suniyo Re" from ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'' (2002), "Jaadu Hai Nasha Hai" from ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'' (2003), "Kuch To Hua Hai" from ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), "O Jaana" from ''[[Tere Naam]]'' (2003), "Ladki Kyun" from ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' (2004), "[[Main Aisa Kyun Hoon]]" from ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), "[[Dus Bahane]]" from ''[[Dus]]'' (2005), "My Dil Goes Mmmm" from ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005), "Main Hoon Don" from ''[[Don - The Chase Begins Again]]'' (2006), "Chaand Sifarish" from ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006), "Rock And Roll Soniye" and "Where's The Party Tonight" from ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), "Let's Rock Soniye" from ''[[Bhool Bhulaiya]]'' (2007), "Aao Milo Chale" from ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007), "You're My Love" from ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'' (2007), "Deewangi Deewangi" from ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), "Jab Se Tere Naina" from ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007), "Hey Shona" from ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007) and "Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh" from ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009).

==Early life and family==
[[File:Shaan radhika.jpg|thumb|upright|Shaan with his wife Radhika]]

Shaan was born on 30 September 1972 in [[Bombay]] in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family.<ref name="hind_Jeet" /><ref name="birthplace">{{cite tweet |user=singer_shaan |number=773809612369891328 |title=I have never been to Khandwa... Born and brought up in Mumbai. But My Inspiration was born in Khandwa:) |date=8 September 2016 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Vijayakar |first1=Rajiv |title=Death of the Bollywood Playback Singer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/death-of-the-bollywood-playback-singer/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 May 2012}}</ref> His grandfather was Jahar Mukherjee, a well known lyricist, his father [[Manas Mukherjee]], was a music director and his sister [[Sagarika Mukherjee|Sagarika]] is a singer as well.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032300800200.htm |title=Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram / Interview : Attuned to the lines of destiny|date=23 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044344/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032300800200.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007|url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref> He grew up in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Shaan is married to Radhika Mukherjee, with whom he has two sons.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ganguly |first1=Srijani |date=17 May 2017 |title=Giving talents their due exposure; that's what Shaan's wife, Radhika Mukherjee's music company is about |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/shaan-radhika-mukherjee-music-bollywood-happydemic-talent-lifest-977532-2017-05-17 |magazine=India Today |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vajpayee |first1=Soumya |date=18 June 2022 |title=Father's Day Special: Shaan: Both my boys found their calling in music very early |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/shaan-both-my-boys-found-their-calling-in-music-very-early-101655558969366.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early years in musical career===
Shaan began his career singing jingles for advertisements. Along with jingles, began to sing remixes and cover versions.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Ria |title=World Music Day 2021: Shaan opens up on remixes, says 'songs with good melody, lyrics should be recreated' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/world-music-day-2021-shaan-opens-up-on-remixes-says-songs-with-good-melody-lyrics-should-be-recreated |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=Free Press Journal |date=21 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Shaan and his sister signed up with [[Magnasound]] recording company and recorded a few successful albums, including the hit album ''Naujawan'' followed by ''[[Q-Funk]]''.<ref>{{citation|title=Shaan and Sagarika make their debut in Hindi pop with 'Naujawan'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19960515-shaan-and-sagarika-make-their-debut-in-hindi-pop-with-naujawan-833202-1996-05-15|website=India Today|date=15 May 1996|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Shaan se, Sagarika|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/mar/03/shaan-se-sagarika-30089.html|date= 3 March 2009|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> Later, Shaan launched ''[[Love-Ology]]'' after this. In 2000, he sang a superhit song [[Tanha Dil|"Tanha Dil" (transl. Lonely heart)]] from his album Tanha Dil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=As Shaan's son leaves for college, singer says 'Tanha Dil has come full circle' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/as-shaan-s-son-leaves-for-college-singer-says-tanha-dil-has-come-full-circle-101630306298155.html |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 August 2021}}</ref> In the same year, he also sang his first Assamese song "Hatore Aanguli" that appears on the album ''Mann''.

In 2002, he won the [[MTV Asia Award for Favorite Artist India]] for best solo album for his album ''Tanha Dil''. One year later, Shaan launched his album ''Aksar'', which was successful and contained songs featuring international stars such as [[Blue (boy band)|Blue]], [[Melanie C]] and [[Samira Said]]. For both the albums ''Tanha Dil'' and ''Aksar'', all the songs were sung by Shaan, composed by Ram Sampath and written by both Shaan and Ram Sampath.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zaman |first=Rana Siddique |date=23 April 2010 |title=Sing me those days |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Sing-me-those-days/article16372004.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>

He released ''Tomar Aakash'' in 2004, a Bengali album, along with his sister and featuring his father's unreleased songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music is in our blood – Sagarika |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2009/sagarika-interview-060309.html |date=6 March 2009 |website=Oneindia |via=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> In 2006, he released a song with [[Michael Learns to Rock|MLTR]], "Take me to your heart". The song appears on his album ''Tishnagi'', which is produced by [[Ranjit Barot]] and engineered by Ashish Manchanda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Interview of the Week- Shaan, Musician |url=https://www.musicplus.in/interview-of-the-week-shaan-musician/ |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Musicplus}}</ref>

===Career in playback singing===
Shaan made his playback singing debut in 1999 in the movie [[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]] where he sung two songs in the film. The song "Musu Musu Hasi" instantly struck a chord among the viewers and was very relatable to the youth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww.smashits.com/news/bollywood/movie-talk/3194/shaan-is-teenyboppers-delight.html |title=Shaan is Teenyboppers' Delight – Bollywood Articles |publisher=Ww.smashits.com |access-date=28 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028032234/http://ww.smashits.com/news/bollywood/movie-talk/3194/shaan-is-teenyboppers-delight.html |archive-date=28 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Ananya |date=30 September 2022 |title=On Shaan's birthday, we list down his 10 best tracks: From Musu Musu Hasi to Tanha Dil |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/on-shaan-s-birthday-we-list-down-his-10-best-tracks-from-musu-musu-hasi-to-tanha-dil-101664500571336.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, Shan performed at a musical concert in Boston, organised by the Jay-Ho! The concert highlighted how music can bring people together, creating a joyful and entertaining atmosphere. It also demonstrated the strong affection and loyalty that Boston residents have for Shaan and his music.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaan live concert in Boston. As revealed in a recent talk show, The Jay Kumar Show |url=https://jay-ho.com/shaan-as-a-guest-on-the-popular-talk-show-jay-ho-the-jay-kumar-show/ |work=Jai Ho |date=14 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

He has recently recorded a playback for an upcoming [[Bengali language|Bengali]] feature film ''Network'' which is composed by [[Dabbu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2017/03/19/upcoming-bengali-film-network-announced-film-to-begin-shooting-soon/|title=Upcoming Bengali Film Network Announced | Sholoanabangaliana Portal|first=Sholoana|last=Bangaliana|date=February 2023|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320073305/http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2017/03/19/upcoming-bengali-film-network-announced-film-to-begin-shooting-soon|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2023, Shaan recorded a romantic song composed by [[Pritam]] for [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]''.

===Work as host and judge===
Shaan hosted the television show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' on [[Zee TV]] between the years 2000–2006.<ref name=":2" />

Shaan has been a judge on many talent shows.<ref>{{cite news|first=Priyanka |last=Srivastava |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/City_Supplements/Delhi_Times/I_love_winning_awards/rssarticleshow/2065723.cms |title='I love winning awards' |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref> Shaan is a team captain, judge and mentor on [[STAR Plus]]'s ''[[Music Ka Maha Muqqabla]]'' for the team [[Music Ka Maha Muqqabla#Amul Shaan's Strikers.5B7.5D|Shaan's Strikers]].<ref>{{cite web |last= Nagpal|first=Anju |title=Amul Music Ka Maha Muqqabla winner is Shankar's rockstar |url=http://news-live.net/amul-music-ka-maha-muqqabla-winner-is-shankars-rockstar-313.html|date=20 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823045748/http://news-live.net/amul-music-ka-maha-muqqabla-winner-is-shankars-rockstar-313.html |archive-date=23 August 2011 |website=news-live.net |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> Shaan appeared as a judge in [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs'' 2014–2015]]<ref name=":0" /> and ''[[The Voice India Kids]]'' 2016.<ref name=":1" /> In 2015 and 2016, Shaan was the winning coach in each of the first two seasons of The Voice. He appeared as a judge in Bengali reality show '[[Super_Singer (Bengali TV series)#Season 2|Super Singer Season 2]]' (2020) and '[[Super_Singer (Bengali TV series)#Season 4Super Singer Season 4]]' (2023).

==Discography==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Shaan}}

==Filmography==

===Films===
Along with singing, Shaan has acted in the film ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]'', also starring [[Raveena Tandon]]. His songs have appeared in the films, ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]'' and ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
|-
|2000
|''[[Tarkieb]]''
|Special appearance in the song "Dil Mera Tarse"
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]''
| Kaushik Nath
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Aśoka (film)|Asoka]]''
|Special appearance in the song "O Re Kaanchi"
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
|Special appearance in the song "Chain Aapko Mila"
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]''
| As himself
|Hindi
|-
|2006
|''[[The Bong Connection]]''
|Special appearance in the song "Majhi Re"
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|2007
|''[[Loins of Punjab Presents]]''
| As himself
|English
|-
|2008
|''[[Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors]]''
| As Himself
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Balwinder Singh Famous Ho Gaya]]''<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{cite web |title=Balwinder Singh... Famous Ho Gaya |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/564192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829001709/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/564192 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2012 |date=January 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
| Balwinder Singh
|Hindi
|-
| ''Teen Patti'' || As himself || Bengali
|-
|2017 || ''[[Secret Superstar]]'' || Cameo || Hindi
|-
|2018
|''[[Helicopter Eela]]''
|Cameo
|Hindi
|-
|2023
|''[[Music School (film)|Music School]]''
|Albert
|Hindi, Telugu, Tamil
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Year
! Show
! Language
! Role
|-
|2002–2005
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/shaandar-singer-speaks-his-heart-out/cid/1556130|title=Shaandar singer speaks his heart out|work=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2005–2006
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]''<ref name="auto"/>
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2006
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu]]''
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2006
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]''
| Hindi
|Host
|-
|2007
|''[[Amul STAR Voice of India]]''
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2008
|''[[STAR Voice of India 2]]''
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2009
|''1st [[Mirchi Music Awards]]''{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Music Ka Maha Muqqabla]]''
|Hindi
|Superstar captain of Shaan's Strikers
|-
|2010
|''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]''
|Hindi
|Himself<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k10/june/junerel52.php|title=Disney channel brings singing sensation shaan on popular tween show ishaan|date=22 June 2010|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''3rd [[Mirchi Music Awards]]''{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|25 March 2012
|''4th [[Mirchi Music Awards]]''
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2013
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa – Season 6]]''
|Hindi
|Contestant<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/i-ve-pushed-myself-more-in-dance-than-music-shaan/story-oVuE1ps6NIzYRkzauXJBcL.html|title=I've pushed myself more in dance than music: Shaan|date=24 May 2013|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|2014–2015
|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014–2015''
|Hindi
|Judge
|-
| 2015–2017
|''[[The Voice India]]''
|Hindi
| Coach/Judge
|-
|2016
|''[[The Voice India Kids]]''
|Hindi
|Coach
|-
|2017
|''[[The Voice India Kids]]''
|Hindi
|Judge/Coach
|-
|2018
|ARRived (A R Rahman Youtube Show)
|Hindi
|Judge
|-
|2019
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2019]]''
|Hindi
|Judge
|-
|2020
|''[[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)|Super Singer]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Super Singer welcomes new judges Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Shaan and Kaushiki Chakraborty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/super-singer-welcomes-new-judges-abhijeet-bhattacharya-shaan-and-kaushiki-chakraborty/articleshow/76979413.cms |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2020}}</ref>
|Bengali
|Judge
|-
|2021
|''[[Indian Pro Music League]]''
|Hindi
|Captain of Bengal Tigers
|-
|2022
|''[[Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti]]''
|Hindi
|Host
|-
|2023
|[[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)|''Super Singer'']]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Super Singer Season 4 to welcome Monali Thakur, Shaan and Rupam Islam as judges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/super-singer-season-4-to-welcome-monali-thakur-shaan-and-rupam-islam-as-judges/articleshow/96445111.cms |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=28 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|Bengali
|Judge
|-
|2024
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein]]''
|Hindi
|Guest in Rajat and Savi's wedding
|-
|2025
|[[India's Got Talent season 11]]
|Hindi
|Judge
|}
== Popularity and public image ==
[[File:Shaan12.jpg|thumb|upright|Shaan at an event in 2012]]

Shaan is described in the media as one of the most popular singers of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chand Sifarish to Jab Se Tere Naina: Shaan's songs that dominated bollywood |work=Times of India |access-date=10 September 2023 |date=30 September 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-shaan-chand-sifarish-to-jab-se-tere-naina-songs-that-dominated-bollywood-6065695.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaan's best 10 best tracks: From Musu Musu Hasi to Tanha Dil |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 September 2023 |date=30 September 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/on-shaan-s-birthday-we-list-down-his-10-best-tracks-from-musu-musu-hasi-to-tanha-dil-101664500571336-amp.html}}</ref> Shaan is also among the highest-paid singers in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Concerts for crores! |work=Times of India |date=23 May 2006 |accessdate=10 November 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/concerts-for-crores/articleshow/1549130.cms |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921143404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/concerts-for-crores/articleshow/1549130.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India TV]]'' placed him in its "Top 10 Bollywood Singers" of all time list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 singers of Bollywood of all time |work=India TV |date=24 November 2018 |accessdate=16 November 2021 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-top-10-singers-of-bollywood-of-all-time-486118 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914143404/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/celebrities-top-10-singers-of-bollywood-of-all-time-486118 |url-status=live }}</ref> A total of six songs of his were placed in [[BBC]]'s "Top 40 Bollywood Soundtracks of all time" list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/vote/top-songs/ |title=100 Greatest Bollywood Song of All Time |date=27 May 2014 |website=BBC |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025538/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/vote/top-songs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shaan is a member of the [[Advisory board|Board of Advisors]] of [[I.I.M.U.N.]], since 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I.I.M.U.N. {{!}}{{!}} Board of Advisors|url=https://new.iimun.in/pages/BoA.html|access-date=17 July 2021|website=new.iimun.in|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717042250/https://new.iimun.in/pages/BoA.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
Shaan's song "Chand Sifarish" (from the movie ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'') and "[[Jab Se Tere Naina]]" (from ''[[Saawariya]]'') won the [[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award]] and the [[Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer - Male]], in addition to receiving several other nominations. In 2002, he won the MTV Asia Music Award for best solo album for his album ''Tanha Dil.''<ref name="TanhaDil"/> Following are the list of awards and nominations in different categories.

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ebf5ff;"
!Year
!Category
!Song
!Result
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[MTV Asia Awards|MTV Asia Music Awards]]'''
|-
|[[MTV Asia Awards 2002|2002]]
|Best Solo Album
|"Tanha Dil"
|{{won}}<ref name="TanhaDil">{{cite news |title=I'm content with my achievements: Shaan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/i-m-content-with-my-achievements-shaan/story-gASjxEsn2hyHmcS4BRTNOI.html |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer- Male|Zee Cine Award]]'''
|-
|2004
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|"Suno Na" from ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2007
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|"Chand Sifarish" from ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2008
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|"Jab Se Tere Naina" from ''[[Saawariya]]''
|{{won}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Playback Singer Male|Bollywood Movie Awards]]'''
|-
|2007
|Best Male Playback
|"Chand Sifarish" from ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
|{{won}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Star Screen Award Best Male Playback|Star Screen Awards]]'''
|-
|2007
|Best Male Playback
|"Chand Sifarish" from ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
|{{won}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award|Filmfare]]'''
|-
|2002
|Best Playback Singer – Male
|"Koi Kahein Kehta Raahein" from ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2003
|Best Male Playback Award
|"Nikamma" from ''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa|Kya Dil Ne Kahan]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2006
|Best Male Playback Award
|"[[Dus Bahane]]" from ''[[Dus]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2007
|Best Male Playback Award
|"Chand Sifarish" from ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2008
|Best Male Playback Award
|"Jab Se Tere Naina" from ''[[Saawariya]]''
|{{won}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare – South]]'''
|-
|2014
|Kannada cinema: Best Playback Singer – Male
|"Kannalle Kannittu" from ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]''
|{{nom}}
|- style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[IIFA Best Male Playback Award|IIFA]]'''
|-
|2007
|Best Male Playback Award
|"Chand Sifarish" from ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2008
|Best Male Playback Award
|"Jab Se Tere Naina" from ''[[Saawariya]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2010
|Best Male Playback Award
|"Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh" from ''[[3 Idiots]]''
|{{won}}
|-style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[GiMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|GIMA]]'''
|-
|2010
|Best Male Playback Singer Award
|"Behti Hawa Sa Tha Woh" from ''[[3 Idiots]]''
|{{won}}
|-style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Annual Central European Bollywood Awards'''
|-
|2008
|Best Song Award
|"Dastaan-E-Om Shanti Om" from ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|{{won}}
|-style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'''
|-
|2018
|Best Title Music Song Award
|"Tu Kahe Toh" from ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]''
|{{won}}
|-style="background:#bfd7ff;"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]'''
|-
|2006
|Best Male Playback Singer Award
|"Main Aisa Kyon Hoon" from ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''
|{{nominated}}
|-
|2008
|Best Male Playback Singer Award
|"Jab Se Tere Naina" from ''[[Saawariya]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|2015
|Best Male Playback Singer Award
|"[[Chaar Kadam]]" from ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''
|{{nominated}}
|}
*
*
*
*
*

==See also==
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1034805|name=Shaan}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleSinger}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackMale}}
{{BollywoodMovieAwardBestPlaybackMale}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Anchor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaan}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language playback singers]]

Privateer

2026-03-14T20:42:01Z

Yeashrahman: edit

{{other uses}}
{{short description|Person or ship engaging in maritime warfare under commission}}
[[File:Confiance Kent fight.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[East Indiaman]] {{ship||Kent|1799 ship|2}} (left) battling {{ship||Confiance|1797 ship|2}}, a privateer commanded by [[French corsairs|French corsair]] [[Robert Surcouf]] in October 1800, as depicted in a painting by [[Ambroise Louis Garneray]].]]
{{war}}

A '''privateer''' is a private person or vessel which engages in [[commerce raiding]] under a commission of war.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mercenaries, pirates and sovereigns|url=https://archive.org/details/mercenariespirat0000thom|url-access=registration|last=Thomson|first=Janice E|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|location=New Jersey, United States|pages=310/3153|isbn=9780691086583}}</ref> Since [[Piracy|robbery under arms]] was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early [[19th century]] all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or delegated authority issued commissions, also referred to as [[Letter of marque|letters of marque]], during wartime. The commission empowered the holder to carry on all forms of hostility permissible at sea by the usages of war. This included attacking foreign vessels and taking them as prizes and taking crews prisoner for exchange. Captured ships were subject to condemnation and sale under [[prize (law)|prize law]], with the proceeds divided by percentage between the privateer's sponsors, shipowners, captains and crew. A percentage share usually went to the issuer of the commission (i.e. the sovereign). Most colonial powers, as well as other countries, engaged in privateering.

Privateering allowed sovereigns to augment their naval forces at relatively low cost by mobilizing privately owned armed ships and sailors to supplement state power. For participants, privateering provided the potential for a greater income and profit than obtainable as a merchant seafarer or fisher while avoiding the dangers associated with outright [[piracy]]. However, the line between privateers and pirates was not always clear.

The commission usually protected privateers from accusations of piracy, but in practice the historical legality and status of privateers could be vague. Depending on the specific sovereign and the time period, commissions might be issued hastily; privateers might take actions beyond what was authorized in the commission, including after its expiry. A privateer who continued raiding after the expiration of a commission or the signing of a peace treaty could face accusations of piracy. The risk of piracy and the emergence of the modern state system of centralised military control caused the decline of privateering by the end of the 19th century.

==Legal framework and relation to piracy==
{{main|Prize law|Piracy}}
The commission was the proof the privateer was not a [[pirate]]. It usually limited activity to one particular ship, and specified officers, for a specific period of time. Typically, the owners or captain would be required to post a [[performance bond]]. The commission also dictated the expected nationality of potential prize ships under the terms of the war. At sea, the privateer captain was obliged to produce the commission to a potential prize ship's captain as evidence of the legitimacy of their prize claim. If the nationality of a prize was not the enemy of the commissioning sovereign, the privateer could not claim the ship as a prize. Doing so would be an act of piracy.

In British law, under the [[Offences at Sea Act 1536]], piracy, or raiding a ship without a valid commission, was an act of [[treason]]. By the late 17th century, the prosecution of privateers loyal to the usurped [[King James II]] for piracy began to shift the legal framework of piracy away from treason towards crime against property.<ref name="Craze, Sarah 2016">{{cite journal |last=Craze |first=Sarah |title=Prosecuting Privateers for Piracy: How Piracy Law Transitioned from Treason to a Crime against Property |journal=The International Journal of Maritime History |volume=28 |number=4 |date=2016 |pages=654–670|doi=10.1177/0843871416663987 |s2cid=159998526 }}</ref> As a result, privateering commissions became a matter of national discretion. By the passing of the [[Piracy Act 1717]], a privateer's allegiance to Britain overrode any allegiance to a sovereign providing the commission. This helped bring privateers under the legal jurisdiction of their home country in the event the privateer turned pirate. Other European countries followed suit. The shift from treason to property also justified the criminalisation of traditional sea-raiding activities of people Europeans wished to colonise.
[[File:Witte de With's Action with Dunkirkers off Nieuwpoort, 1640 RMG BHC0272.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch States Navy|Dutch warships]] under [[Witte de With]] fighting against [[Dunkirkers|Dunkirk Privateers]] off [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]] in 1640]]
The legal framework around authorised sea-raiding was considerably murkier outside of Europe. Unfamiliarity with local forms of authority created difficulty determining who was legitimately sovereign on land and at sea, whether to accept their authority, or whether the opposing parties were, in fact, pirates. Mediterranean [[Barbary pirates|corsairs]] operated with a style of patriotic-religious authority that Europeans, and later Americans, found difficult to understand and accept.{{citation-needed|date=October 2020}} It did not help that many European privateers happily accepted commissions from the [[dey]]s of [[Algiers]], [[Tangiers]] and [[Tunis]]. {{citation-needed|date=October 2020}} The sultans of the [[Sulu archipelago]] (now present-day [[Philippines]]) held only a tenuous authority over the local [[Iranun]] communities of slave-raiders. The sultans created a carefully spun web of marital and political alliances in an attempt to control unauthorised raiding that would provoke war against them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Warren |first=James Francis |title=The Sulu Zone 1768–1898 |location=Singapore |publisher=Singapore University Press |date=1981}}</ref> In Malay political systems, the legitimacy and strength of their Sultan's management of trade determined the extent he exerted control over the sea-raiding of his coastal people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Dian H. |title=Pirates of the South China Coast |location=California |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1987}}</ref>

Privateers were implicated in piracy for a number of complex reasons. For colonial authorities, successful privateers were skilled seafarers who brought in much-needed revenue, especially in newly settled colonial outposts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zahedieh |first=Nuala |author-link=Nuala Zahedieh |title=Naval History 1500–1680 |date=2005 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |editor-last=Glete |editor-first=Jan |series=The International Library of Essays on Military History |location=Hants, England |pages=145–168 |chapter=A Frugal Prudential and Hopeful Trade': Privateering in Jamaica, 1644–89}}</ref> These skills and benefits often caused local authorities to overlook a privateer's shift into piracy when a war ended. The French Governor of [[Petit-Goave]] gave buccaneer [[Francois Grogniet]] blank privateering commissions, which Grogniet traded to [[Edward Davis (buccaneer)|Edward Davis]] for a spare ship so the two could continue raiding Spanish cities under a guise of legitimacy.<ref name="Marley-Pirates of the Americas">{{cite book |last1=Marley |first1=David |title=Pirates of the Americas |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=9781598842012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bU6ML_VnXTwC|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> New York Governors [[Jacob Leisler]] and [[Benjamin Fletcher]] were removed from office in part for their dealings with pirates such as [[Thomas Tew]], to whom Fletcher had granted commissions to sail against the French, but who ignored his commission to raid [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] shipping in the [[Red Sea]] instead.<ref name="Burgess">{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Douglas R Jr. |title=The Politics of Piracy: Crime and Civil Disobedience in Colonial America |date=2014 |publisher=ForeEdge from University Press of New England |location=Lebanon, New Hampshire |isbn=9781611685275 |pages=44–46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdiPBQAAQBAJ |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

Some privateers faced prosecution for piracy. [[William Kidd]] accepted a commission from King [[William III of England]] to hunt pirates but was later [[Hanging|hanged]] for piracy. He had been unable to produce the papers of the prizes he had captured to prove his innocence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ritchie |first=Robert C. |title=Captain Kidd and the War against the Pirates |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=1986}}</ref>

Privateering commissions were easy to obtain during wartime but when the war ended and sovereigns recalled the privateers, many refused to give up the lucrative business and turned to piracy.<ref name="Arnold">{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Samuel Greene |title=History of the State of Rhode Island, Volume I: 1636–1700 |date=1859 |publisher=Appleton |location=New York |pages=540–541 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUJg2uqb7LgC |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Boston minister [[Cotton Mather]] lamented after the execution of pirate [[John Quelch (pirate)|John Quelch]]:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mather |first1=Cotton |title=Faithful warnings to prevent fearful judgments. Uttered in a brief discourse, occasioned, by a tragical spectacle, in a number of miserables under a sentence of death for piracy. At Boston in N.E. Jun. 22. 1704.: [Five lines of quotations] |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=main;view=text;idno=N00981.0001.001 |access-date=31 January 2019 |date=October 2007}}</ref> {{Blockquote |text=Yea, since the privateering stroke so easily degenerates into the piratical and the privateering trade is usually carried on with so un-Christian a temper and proves an inlet unto so much debauchery and iniquity and confusion, I believe I shall have good men concur with me in wishing that privateering may no more be practised except there may appear more hopeful circumstances to encourage it.}}

==Noted privateers==
[[File:Thomas Cavendish (1560-92), Sir Francis Drake (1540?-96) and Sir John Hawkins (1532-95) RMG BHC2603.tiff|thumb|[[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] (left) with [[Francis Drake]] (centre) and [[Thomas Cavendish]]]]
Privateers who were considered legitimate by their governments include:
* [[Miguel Enríquez (privateer)|Miguel Enríquez]] ([[Spanish Empire]])
* [[Pieter van der Does]] ([[Dutch Empire]])
* [[Amaro Pargo]] ([[Spanish Empire]])
* [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] ([[Ottoman Empire]])
* [[Robert Surcouf]] ([[France]])
* [[Lars Gathenhielm]] ([[Sweden]])
* [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]] ([[England]])
* [[Jonathan Barnet]] ([[England]])
* [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|Sir John Hawkins]] ([[England]])
* [[Juana Larando]] ([[Spanish Empire]])
* [[Jean Bart]] (France)

==Ships==
Entrepreneurs converted many different types of vessels into privateers, including obsolete warships and refitted merchant ships. The investors would arm the vessels and recruit large crews, much larger than a merchantman or a naval vessel would carry, in order to crew the prizes they captured. Privateers generally cruised independently, but it was not unknown for them to form squadrons, or to co-operate with the regular navy. A number of privateers were part of the English fleet that opposed the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588. Privateers generally avoided encounters with warships, as such encounters would be at best unprofitable. Still, such encounters did occur. For instance, in 1815 ''[[Chasseur (1812 clipper)|Chasseur]]'' encountered [[HMS St Lawrence (1813)|HMS ''St Lawrence'']], herself a former American privateer, mistaking her for a merchantman until too late; in this instance, however, the privateer prevailed.

The United States used mixed [[squadron (naval)|squadrons]] of [[frigate]]s and privateers in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Following the [[French Revolution]], French privateers became a menace to British and American shipping in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean, resulting in the [[Quasi-War]], a brief conflict between France and the United States, fought largely at sea, and to the Royal Navy's procuring [[Bermuda sloop]]s to combat the French privateers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070951/http://www.geocities.com/mhicgherri/rn23.html Bermuda Gazette and Weekly Advertiser] August 15, 1795</ref>

==Overall history==
[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|upright=2.5|16th-century trade routes prey to privateering: [[Spanish treasure fleet]]s linking the Caribbean to [[Seville]], [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleons]] started in 1568 (white) and rival [[Portuguese India Armadas]] of 1498–1640 (blue)]]

In Europe, the practice of authorising sea-raiding dated to at least the 13th century but the word 'privateer' was coined sometime in the mid-17th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rodger|first=N.A.M|year=2014|title=The law and language of private naval warfare|journal=The Mariner's Mirror|volume=100|issue=1|pages=5–16|doi=10.1080/00253359.2014.866371|s2cid=146428782}}</ref> Seamen who served on naval vessels were paid wages and given victuals, whereas mariners on merchantmen and privateers received a share of the takings.<ref name="Loades, D. M. 2009. p. 53"/> Privateering thus offered otherwise working-class enterprises (merchant ships) with the chance at substantial wealth (prize money from captures). The opportunity mobilized local seamen as [[auxiliary (military)|auxiliaries]] in an era when [[state capacity]] limited the ability of a nation to fund a professional navy via taxation.<ref name="bean">{{cite web|website=Naval Gazing|author=bean|title=Letters of Marque Today|date=6 March 2022|url=https://www.navalgazing.net/Letters-of-Marque-Today|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

Privateers were a large part of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the [[first Anglo-Dutch War]], English privateers attacked the trade on which the United Provinces entirely depended, capturing over 1,000 Dutch merchant ships. During the subsequent [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|war with Spain]], Spanish and Flemish privateers in the service of the Spanish Crown, including the [[Dunkirkers]], captured 1,500 English merchant ships, helping to restore Dutch international trade.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} British trade, whether coastal, Atlantic, or Mediterranean, was also attacked by Dutch privateers and others in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars. [[Piet Pieterszoon Hein]] was a brilliantly successful Dutch privateer who captured a Spanish treasure fleet. [[Magnus Heinason]] was another privateer who served the Dutch against the Spanish. While their and others' attacks brought home a great deal of money, they hardly dented the flow of gold and silver from Mexico to Spain.
[[File:KATSIONIS.jpg|thumb|Greek privateer [[Lambros Katsonis]] raided Ottoman shipping in the 18th century]]
As the [[Industrial Revolution]] proceeded, privateering became increasingly incompatible with modern states' [[monopoly on violence]]. Modern [[warship]]s could easily outrace [[merchantmen]], and tight controls on naval armaments led to fewer [[private-purchase naval weapons]].<ref name=bean /> Privateering continued until the 1856 [[Declaration of Paris]], in which all major European powers stated that "Privateering is and remains abolished". The United States did not sign the Declaration over stronger language that protects all private property from capture at sea, but has not issued letters of marque in any subsequent conflicts. In the 19th century, many nations passed laws forbidding their nationals from accepting commissions as privateers for other nations. The last major power to flirt with privateering was [[Prussia]] in the 1870 [[Franco-Prussian War]], when Prussia announced the creation of a 'volunteer navy' of ships privately owned and -manned, but eligible for prize money. (Prussia argued that the Declaration did not forbid such a force, because the ships were subject to naval discipline.)

===England/Britain===
In [[Kingdom of England|England]], and later the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|United Kingdom]], the ubiquity of wars and the island nation's reliance on maritime trade enabled the use of privateers to great effect. England also suffered much from other nations' privateering. During the 15th century, the country "lacked an institutional structure and coordinated finance".<ref name="Loades, D. M. 2009. p. 53">{{cite book |last=Loades |first=D. M. |title=The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada |location=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell |date=2009 |pages=1, 53}}</ref> When piracy became an increasing problem, merchant communities such as Bristol began to resort to self-help, arming and equipping ships at their own expense to protect commerce.<ref>{{cite book |last=Loades |first=D. M. |title=The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada |location=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell |date=2009 |page=3}}</ref> The licensing of these privately owned merchant ships by the Crown enabled them to legitimately capture vessels that were deemed pirates. This constituted a "revolution in naval strategy" and helped fill the need for protection that the Crown was unable to provide.

During the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] (1558–1603), she "encouraged the development of this supplementary navy".<ref>{{cite book |last=Loades |first=D. M. |title=The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada |location=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell |date=2009 |page=121}}</ref> Over the course of her rule, the increase of Spanish prosperity through their explorations in the [[New World]] and the discovery of gold contributed to the deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Loades |first=D. M. |title=The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada |location=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell |date=2009 |page=113}}</ref> Elizabeth's authorisation of sea-raiders (known as [[Elizabethan Sea Dogs|Sea Dogs]]) such as [[Francis Drake]] and [[Walter Raleigh]] allowed her to officially distance herself from their raiding activities while enjoying the gold gained from these raids. English ships cruised in the Caribbean and off the coast of Spain, trying to intercept [[Spanish treasure fleet|treasure fleets]] from the [[Spanish Main]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Kenneth R. |title=Trade, Plunder and Settlement 1480-1630 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |publication-date=1984}}</ref> During the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604)]] England continued to rely on private ships-of-war to attack Iberian shipping because the Queen had insufficient finance to fund this herself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Kenneth R. |title=Trade, Plunder and Settlement 1480-1630 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |publication-date=1984}}</ref> After the war ended many unemployed English privateers turned to piracy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Senior |first=Clive M. |url=https://archive.org/details/a-nation-of-pirates-clive-senior |title=A Nation of Pirates: English Piracy in its Heyday |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot, UK |publication-date=1976}}</ref>

Elizabeth was succeeded by the first Stuart monarchs, [[James I of England|James I]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], who did not permit privateering. Desperate to fund the expensive [[War of Spanish Succession]], [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] restarted privateering and even removed the need for a sovereign's percentage as an incentive.<ref name="Craze, Sarah 2016"/> Sovereigns continued to license British privateers throughout the century, although there were a number of unilateral and bilateral declarations limiting privateering between 1785 and 1823. This helped establish the privateer's persona as heroic patriots. British privateers last appeared ''en masse'' in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Matthew |title=Privateering, Piracy and British Policy in Spanish America 1810–1830 |location=Woodbridge, UK |publisher=Boydell Press |date=2013}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Privateer Captain Woodes Rogers.jpg|thumb|[[Woodes Rogers]]' men search Spanish ladies for their jewels in [[Guayaquil]], 1709]]
[[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] practiced privateering both separately and together after they [[Acts of Union 1707|united]] to create the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707. It was a way to gain for themselves some of the wealth the Spanish and Portuguese were taking from the [[New World]] before beginning their own trans-Atlantic settlement, and a way to assert naval power before a strong [[Royal Navy]] emerged.

Sir [[Andrew Barton (privateer)|Andrew Barton]], [[Lord High Admiral of Scotland]], followed the example of his father, who had been issued with letters of marque by [[James III of Scotland]] to prey upon English and Portuguese shipping in 1485; the letters in due course were reissued to the son. Barton was killed following an encounter with the English in 1511.

Sir [[Francis Drake]], who had close contact with the sovereign, was responsible for some damage to Spanish shipping, as well as attacks on Spanish settlements in the Americas in the 16th century. He participated in the successful English defence against the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588, though he was also partly responsible for the failure of the [[English Armada]] against Spain in 1589.

Sir [[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland]], was a successful privateer against Spanish shipping in the [[Caribbean]]. He is also famous for his [[Battle of San Juan (1598)|short-lived 1598 capture]] of ''[[Fort San Felipe del Morro]]'', the citadel protecting [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. He arrived in Puerto Rico on June 15, 1598, but by November of that year, Clifford and his men had fled the island due to fierce civilian resistance. He gained sufficient prestige from his naval exploits to be named the official [[Queen's Champion|Champion]] of Queen Elizabeth I. Clifford became extremely wealthy through his buccaneering but lost most of his money gambling on horse races.
[[File:Willem van de Velde de Jonge - Een actie van een Engels schip en schepen van de Barbarijse zeerovers.jpg|thumb|An action between an English ship and vessels of the [[Barbary corsairs]]]]

Captain [[Christopher Newport]] led more attacks on Spanish shipping and settlements than any other English privateer. As a young man, Newport sailed with Sir [[Francis Drake]] in the attack on the Spanish fleet at Cadiz and participated in England's defeat of the Spanish Armada. During the war with Spain, Newport seized fortunes of Spanish and Portuguese treasure in fierce sea battles in the [[West Indies]] as a privateer for Queen Elizabeth I. He lost an arm whilst capturing a Spanish ship during [[Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition|an expedition]] in 1590, but despite this, he continued on privateering, successfully [[Blockade of Western Cuba|blockading Western Cuba]] the following year. In 1592, Newport [[Battle of Flores (1592)|captured]] the Portuguese carrack ''[[Madre de Deus]]'' (Mother of God), valued at £500,000.

Sir [[Henry Morgan]] was a successful privateer. Operating out of Jamaica, he carried on a war against Spanish interests in the region, often using cunning tactics. His operation was prone to cruelty against those he captured, including torture to gain information about booty, and in one case using priests as [[human shield]]s. Despite reproaches for some of his excesses, he was generally protected by Sir [[Thomas Modyford]], the governor of Jamaica. He took an enormous amount of booty, as well as landing his privateers ashore and attacking land fortifications, including the [[Henry Morgan's Panama expedition|sack of the city of Panama]] with only 1,400 crew.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/captain-morgan-and-sack-of-panama-2136368|title=The Legendary Captain Morgan Raids Panama!|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>

Other British privateers of note include [[Fortunatus Wright]], [[Edward Collier (buccaneer)|Edward Collier]], Sir [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]], his son Sir [[Richard Hawkins]], [[Michael Geare]], and Sir [[Christopher Myngs]]. Notable British colonial privateers in [[Nova Scotia]] include [[Alexander Godfrey]] of the brig {{ship||Rover|privateering ship|2}} and [[Joseph Barss (privateer)|Joseph Barss]] of the schooner {{ship||Liverpool Packet}}. The latter schooner captured over 50 American vessels during the [[War of 1812]].

=== Bermudians ===
The English colony of [[Bermuda]] (or the ''Somers Isles''), settled accidentally in 1609, was used as a base for English privateers from the time it officially became part of the territory of the [[London Company|Virginia Company]] in 1612, especially by ships belonging to [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick|Robert Rich]], the [[Earl of Warwick]], for whom Bermuda's [[Warwick Parish, Bermuda|Warwick Parish]] is named (the Warwick name had long been associated with commerce raiding, as exampled by the [[Newport Ship]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newportpast.com/early/port/ship.htm |title=The Newport Ship |website=Newport Past |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> thought to have been taken from the Spanish by [[Warwick the Kingmaker]] in the 15th century).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://core.tdar.org/document/436943/the-wreck-of-the-warwick-bermuda-1619 |title=The Wreck of the Warwick, Bermuda 1619 |last=Bojakowski |first=Katie |date=2014 |website=tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record) |publisher=Center for Digital Antiquity, a collaborative organization and university Center at Arizona State University |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://warwick1619.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/1619-unrecoverably-lost-in-castle-harbour/comment-page-1 |title=1619: Unrecoverably lost in Castle Harbour |last=Inglis |first=Doug |date=2012-06-05 |website=Warwick, 1619: Shipwreck Excavation |publisher=The Warwick Excavation is a National Museum of Bermuda (NMB) project in partnership with Texas A&M and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), in association with The Global Exploration and Oceanographic Society (G-EOS) and Department of Archaeology at the University of Southampton. |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref> Many Bermudians were employed as crew aboard privateers throughout the century, although the colony was primarily devoted to farming cash crops until turning from its failed agricultural economy to the sea after the 1684 dissolution of the [[Somers Isles Company]] (a spin-off of the Virginia Company, which had overseen the colony since 1615). With a total area of {{convert|21|sqmi|km2|order=flip}} and lacking any natural resources other than the [[Bermuda cedar]], the colonists applied themselves fully to the maritime trades, developing the speedy [[Bermuda sloop]], which was well suited both to commerce and to commerce raiding. Bermudian merchant vessels turned to privateering at every opportunity in the 18th century, preying on the shipping of Spain, France, and other nations during a series of wars, including the 1688 to 1697 [[Nine Years' War]] ([[King William's War]]); the 1702 to 1713 [[Queen Anne's War]];<ref>[http://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstream/handle/10342/1112/Southerly_James.pdf "Cedar on the Reef", ScholarShip. East Carolina University (PDF)]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?id=6156|title=Cedar on the reef: archaeological and historical assessments of the Eighteenth-Century Bermuda Sloop, exemplified by the wreck of the Hunter Galley|first=James Christopher Welliver|last=Southerly|website=libres.uncg.edu|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> the 1739 to 1748 [[War of Jenkins' Ear]]; the 1740 to 1748 [[War of the Austrian Succession]] ([[King George's War]]); the 1754 to 1763 [[Seven Years' War]] (known in the United States as the [[French and Indian War]], this conflict was devastating for the colony's merchant fleet. Fifteen privateers operated from Bermuda during the war, but losses exceeded captures); the 1775 to 1783 [[American War of Independence]]; and the 1796 to 1808 [[Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)|Anglo-Spanish War]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=In the Eye of All Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680–1783 |first=Michael |last=Jarvis |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |date=2010}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Bermuda's Sailors of Fortune" |first=Sister Jean de Chantal |last=Kennedy |publisher=Bermuda Historical Society |date=1963 |asin=B0007J8WMW}}</ref> By the middle of the 18th century, Bermuda was sending twice as many privateers to sea as any of the continental colonies. They typically left Bermuda with very large crews. This advantage in manpower was vital in overpowering the crews of larger vessels, which themselves often lacked sufficient crewmembers to put up a strong defence. The extra crewmen were also useful as [[prize crew]]s for returning captured vessels.

The Bahamas, which had been depopulated of its indigenous inhabitants by the Spanish, had been settled by England, beginning with the [[Eleutheran Adventurers]], dissident [[Puritans]] driven out of Bermuda during the [[English Civil War]]. Spanish and French attacks destroyed [[New Providence]] in 1703, creating a [[Republic of Pirates|stronghold for pirates]] (many having been privateers before refusing to give up their livelihoods in peacetime), and it became a thorn in the side of British merchant trade through the area. In 1718, Britain appointed [[Woodes Rogers]] as [[Governor of the Bahamas]], and sent him at the head of a force to reclaim the settlement. Before his arrival, however, the pirates had been forced to surrender by a force of Bermudian privateers who had been issued letters of marque by the [[Governor of Bermuda]].

[[File:Bermuda Gazette - 12 November 1796.jpg|thumb|upright|Bermuda Gazette of 12 November 1796, calling for privateering against Spain and its allies during the 1796 to 1808 [[Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)|Anglo-Spanish War]], and with advertisements for crew for two privateer vessels.]]

Bermuda was in de facto control of the [[Turks Islands]], with their lucrative salt industry, from the late 17th century to the early 19th. The Bahamas made perpetual attempts to claim the Turks for itself. On several occasions, this involved seizing the vessels of Bermudian salt traders. A virtual state of war was said to exist between Bermudian and Bahamian vessels for much of the 18th century. When the Bermudian sloop ''Seaflower'' was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of the Governor of Bermuda, Captain [[Benjamin Bennett (governor)|Benjamin Bennett]], was to issue letters of marque to Bermudian vessels. In 1706, Spanish and French forces ousted the Bermudians but were driven out themselves three years later by the Bermudian privateer Captain [[Lewis Middleton]]. His ship, the ''Rose'', attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the ''Rose'' then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Maritimes: The Magazine of the Bermuda Maritime Museum |date=2002 |volume=15 |number=2 |title=Foreign Interlopers at Bermuda's Turks Islands |first=Bill |last=Cooke}}</ref>

Despite strong sentiments in support of the rebels, especially in the early stages, Bermudian privateers turned as aggressively on American shipping during the [[American War of Independence]]. The importance of privateering to the Bermudian economy had been increased not only by the loss of most of Bermuda's continental trade but also by the [[Hugh Palliser#Governor of Newfoundland|Palliser Act]], which forbade Bermudian vessels from fishing the [[Grand Banks]]. Bermudian trade with the rebellious American colonies actually carried on throughout the war. Some historians credit the large number of Bermuda sloops (reckoned at over a thousand) built-in Bermuda as privateers and sold illegally to the Americans as enabling the rebellious colonies to win their independence.<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=The Bermudian |title=Bermuda in the Privateering Business |first=Lieutenant-Colonel A. Gavin |last=Shorto |date=2018-04-05 |access-date=2023-11-26 |url=https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/bermuda-in-the-privateering-business |location=City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda |publisher=The Bermudian |archive-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217122822/https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/bermuda-in-the-privateering-business/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also, the Americans were dependent on Turks salt, and one hundred barrels of gunpowder were stolen from a Bermudian magazine and supplied to the rebels as orchestrated by Colonel [[Henry Tucker (of The Grove)|Henry Tucker]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]], and as requested by [[George Washington]], in exchange for which the [[Continental Congress]] authorised the sale of supplies to Bermuda, which was dependent on American produce. The realities of this interdependence did nothing to dampen the enthusiasm with which Bermudian privateers turned on their erstwhile countrymen.

An American naval captain, ordered to take his ship out of [[Boston Harbor]] to eliminate a pair of Bermudian privateering vessels that had been picking off vessels missed by the Royal Navy, returned frustrated, saying, "the Bermudians sailed their ships two feet for every one of ours".<ref>{{cite book |title=Bermudiana |first=Ronald John |last=Williams |publisher= Rinehart & Company, Inc. |date=1946}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> Around 10,000 Bermudians emigrated in the years prior to American independence, mostly to the American colonies. Many Bermudians occupied prominent positions in American seaports, from where they continued their maritime trades (Bermudian merchants controlled much of the trade through ports like [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and Bermudian shipbuilders influenced the development of American vessels, like the [[Baltimore Clipper|Chesapeake Bay schooner]]),<ref name= "ReferenceA"/><ref>[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~fassitt/footner.html "Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner", by Geoffrey Footner. Schiffer Publishing. 1998.] {{ISBN|978-0870335112}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Exodus |first=Michael |last=Jarvis |magazine=The Bermudian magazine |date=June 2001}}</ref> and in the Revolution they used their knowledge of Bermudians and of Bermuda, as well as their vessels, for the rebels' cause. In the 1777 Battle of Wreck Hill, brothers Charles and Francis Morgan, members of a large Bermudian enclave that had dominated Charleston, South Carolina and its environs since settlement,<ref name = bermuda>{{cite book |title= Bermuda From Sail To Steam: The History Of The Island From 1784 to 1901 |first=Henry |last=Wilkinson |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 |first=Edward C. |last=Harris |year=1997 |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |via=The Bermuda Maritime Museum |isbn=0-921560-11-7}}</ref> captaining two sloops (the ''Fair American'' and the ''Experiment'', respectively), carried out the only attack on Bermuda during the war. The target was a fort that guarded a little used passage through the encompassing reef line. After the soldiers manning the fort were forced to abandon it, they spiked its guns and fled themselves before reinforcements could arrive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bernews.com/2012/04/1777-the-battle-of-wreck-hill/|title=1777: The US Navy & The Battle Of Wreck Hill|date=8 April 2012|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Bermuda sloop - privateer.jpg|thumb|A [[Bermuda sloop]] engaged as a privateer.]]
When the Americans captured the Bermudian privateer ''Regulator'', they discovered that virtually all of her crew were black slaves. Authorities in Boston offered these men their freedom, but all 70 elected to be treated as [[Prisoner of War|prisoners of war]]. Sent as such to New York on the sloop ''Duxbury'', they seized the vessel and sailed it back to Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jefferson.library.millersville.edu/reserve/ANTH458_Trussel_MaritimeMasters.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120130185639/http://jefferson.library.millersville.edu/reserve/ANTH458_Trussel_MaritimeMasters.pdf|archive-date=30 January 2012|title=''Maritime Masters and Seafaring Slaves in Bermuda, 1680–1783'' |first=Michael J. |last=Jarvis |via=The Jefferson Library|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref> One-hundred and thirty prizes were brought to Bermuda in the year between 4th day of April 1782 and the 4th day of April 1783 alone, including three by Royal Naval vessels and the remainder by privateers.<ref>{{cite web |author=John Lenis |date=1783-04-04 |title=A list of 130 prizes (ships) captured and brought into the port of Bermuda between 4... |id=CO 37/39/14 |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9163914 |website=National Archives of the British Government |access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref>

The War of 1812 saw an encore of Bermudian privateering, which had died out after the 1790s. The decline of Bermudian privateering was due partly to the buildup of the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|naval base in Bermuda]], which reduced the Admiralty's reliance on privateers in the western Atlantic, and partly to successful American legal suits and claims for damages pressed against British privateers, a large portion of which were aimed squarely at the Bermudians.<ref name = bermuda/> During the course of the War of 1812, Bermudian privateers captured 298 ships, some 19% of the 1,593 vessels captured by British naval and privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Andrew and the Onions: The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda, 1795–1975 |first=Ian |last=Strannack |year=1990 |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |via=The [[Bermuda Maritime Museum]] |location=Mangrove Bay, Bermuda |isbn=0-921560-03-6}}.</ref>

Among the better known (native-born and immigrant) Bermudian privateers were [[Hezekiah Frith]], Bridger Goodrich,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Prince of Privateers: Bridger Goodrich and His Family in America, Bermuda and Britain: 1775–1825 |first=Nick |last=Hartley |publisher=M.& M. Baldwin |date=2012 |isbn=978-0947712518}}</ref> [[Henry Jennings]], Thomas Hewetson,<ref name = url>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thebermudian.com/past-issues/265 |work=The Bermudian |title=Bermuda in the Privateering Business |first=Gavin |last=Shorto |access-date=2011-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716222600/http://www.thebermudian.com/past-issues/265 |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> and [[Thomas Tew]].

=== Providence Island colony ===
{{Main|Providence Island colony}}
Bermudians were also involved in privateering from the short-lived English colony on [[Providence Island colony#Origin of the colony|Isla de Providencia]], off the coast of Nicaragua. This colony was initially settled largely via Bermuda, with about eighty Bermudians moved to Providence in 1631. Although it was intended that the colony be used to grow cash crops, its location in the heart of the Spanish controlled territory ensured that it quickly became a base for privateering.

Bermuda-based privateer [[Daniel Elfrith]], while on a privateering expedition with Captain [[Sussex Camock]] of the bark ''Somer Ilands'' (a rendering of "''Somers Isles''", the alternate name of the Islands of Bermuda commemorating Admiral Sir [[George Somers]]) in 1625, discovered two islands off the coast of Nicaragua, {{convert|50|mi|km|order=flip}} apart from each other. Camock stayed with 30 of his men to explore one of the islands, San Andrés, while Elfrith took the Warwicke back to Bermuda bringing news of Providence Island. Bermuda Governor Bell wrote on behalf of Elfrith to Sir Nathaniel Rich, a businessman and cousin of the Earl of Warwick (the namesake of [[Warwick Parish, Bermuda|Warwick Parish]]), who presented a proposal for colonizing the island noting its strategic location "lying in the heart of the Indies & the mouth of the Spaniards". Elfrith was appointed admiral of the colony's military forces in 1631, remaining the overall military commander for over seven years. During this time, Elfrith served as a guide to other privateers and sea captains arriving in the Caribbean. Elfrith invited the well-known privateer Diego el Mulato to the island. Samuel Axe, one of the military leaders, also accepted letters of marque from the Dutch authorizing privateering.

The Spanish did not hear of the Providence Island colony until 1635 when they captured some Englishmen in [[Portobelo, Colón|Portobelo]], on the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. [[Francisco de Murga]], Governor and Captain-General of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], dispatched Captain [[Gregorio de Castellar y Mantilla]] and engineer Juan de Somovilla Texada to destroy the colony.{{Sfn|Offen|2011}} The Spanish were repelled and forced to retreat "in haste and disorder".{{sfn|Latimer|2009|pp=85–86}} After the attack, King [[Charles I of England]] issued [[letters of marque]] to the Providence Island Company on 21 December 1635 authorizing raids on the Spanish in retaliation for [[1635 Capture of Tortuga|a raid that had destroyed the English colony]] on [[Tortuga (Haiti)|Tortuga]] earlier in 1635 ([[Tortuga (Haiti)|Tortuga]] had come under the protection of the Providence Island Company. In 1635 a Spanish fleet raided Tortuga. 195 colonists were hung and 39 prisoners and 30 slaves were captured). The company could in turn issue letters of marque to subcontracting privateers who used the island as a base, for a fee. This soon became an important source of profit. Thus the company made an agreement with the merchant Maurice Thompson under which Thompson could use the island as a base in return for 20% of the booty.{{sfn|Latimer|2009|p=86}}

In March 1636 the Company dispatched Captain [[Robert Hunt (governor)|Robert Hunt]] on the ''Blessing'' to assume the governorship of what was now viewed as a base for privateering.{{sfn|Latimer|2009|p=83}} Depredations continued, leading to growing tension between England and Spain, which were still technically at peace.

On 11 July 1640, the Spanish Ambassador in London complained again, saying he
{{blockquote|understands that there is lately brought in at the Isle of Wight by one, Captain James Reskinner [[[James Reiskimmer]]], a ship very richly laden with silver, gold, diamonds, pearls, jewels, and many other precious commodities taken by him in virtue of a commission of the said Earl [of Warwick] from the subjects of his Catholic Majesty ... to the infinite wrong and dishonour of his Catholic Majesty, to find himself thus injured and violated, and his subjects thus spoiled, robbed, impoverished and murdered in the highest time of peace, league and amity with your Majesty.{{sfn|Latimer|2009|pp=89–90}}}}

[[Nathaniel Butler]], formerly Governor of Bermuda, was the last full governor of Providence Island, replacing Robert Hunt in 1638. Butler returned to England in 1640, satisfied that the fortifications were adequate, deputizing the governorship to Captain Andrew Carter.{{sfn|Kupperman|1993|pp=242–243}}

In 1640, don [[Melchor de Aguilera]], Governor and Captain-General of Cartagena, resolved to remove the intolerable infestation of pirates on the island. Taking advantage of having infantry from Castile and Portugal wintering in his port, he dispatched six hundred armed Spaniards from the fleet and the presidio, and two hundred black and mulatto militiamen under the leadership of don [[Antonio Maldonado y Tejada]], his Sergeant Major, in six small frigates and a galleon.{{sfn|Conquista de la Isla de Santa Catalina}} The troops were landed on the island, and a fierce fight ensued. The Spanish were forced to withdraw when a gale blew up and threatened their ships. Carter had the Spanish prisoners executed. When the Puritan leaders protested against this brutality, Carter sent four of them home in chains.{{sfn|Hamshere|1972|pp=48–49}}

{{main|Spanish capture of Providencia}}
The Spanish acted decisively to avenge their defeat. General [[Francisco Díaz Pimienta]] was given orders by King [[Philip IV of Spain]], and sailed from Cartagena to Providence with seven large ships, four [[Pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnaces]], 1,400 soldiers and 600 seamen, arriving on 19 May 1641. At first, Pimienta planned to attack the poorly defended east side, and the English rushed there to improvise defenses. With the winds against him, Pimienta changed plans and made for the main New Westminster harbor and launched his attack on 24 May. He held back his large ships to avoid damage, and used the pinnaces to attack the forts. The Spanish troops quickly gained control, and once the forts saw the Spanish flag flying over the governor's house, they began negotiations for surrender.{{sfn|Latimer|2009|p=90}}

On 25 May 1641, Pimienta formally took possession and celebrated mass in the church. The Spanish took sixty guns, and captured the 350 settlers who remained on the island – others had escaped to the Mosquito Coast. They took the prisoners to Cartagena.{{sfn|Latimer|2009|pp=90–91}} The women and children were given a passage back to England. The Spanish found gold, indigo, cochineal and six hundred black slaves on the island, worth a total of 500,000 ducats, some of the accumulated booty from the raids on Spanish ships.{{sfn|Hamshere|1972|p=49}} Rather than destroy the defenses, as instructed, Pimienta left a small garrison of 150 men to hold the island and prevent occupation by the Dutch.{{sfn|Latimer|2009|pp=90–91}} Later that year, Captain [[John Humphrey (Massachusetts colonist)|John Humphrey]], who had been chosen to succeed Captain Butler as governor, arrived with a large group of dissatisfied settlers from New England. He found the Spanish occupying the islands, and sailed away.{{sfn|Kupperman|1993|p=250}} Pimienta's decision to occupy the island was approved in 1643 and he was made a knight of the [[Order of Santiago]].{{sfn|Latimer|2009|pp=90–91}}

===Spain and its colonies===
{{Main|Dunkirkers|Guarda costa}}
[[File:Amaro Pargo.jpg|thumb|left|The Spanish [[Amaro Rodríguez Felipe|Amaro Pargo]] was one of the most famous corsairs of the [[Golden Age of Piracy]].]]
[[File:Miguel Enriquez.jpg|thumb|[[Miguel Enríquez (privateer)|Miguel Enríquez]].]]
When Spain issued a decree blocking foreign countries from trading, selling or buying merchandise in its Caribbean colonies, the entire region became engulfed in a power struggle among the naval superpowers.<ref name="banderas">{{cite news |url=http://www.adendi.com/archivo.asp?num=39187&year=1991&month=1&keyword= |title=En busca de Cofresí |author=Carmen Dolores Trelles |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |language=es |date=1991-01-09 |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131205174316/http://www.adendi.com/archivo.asp?num=39187&year=1991&month=1&keyword= |archive-date=2013-12-05}}</ref> The newly independent United States later became involved in this scenario, complicating the conflict.<ref name="banderas"/> As a consequence, Spain increased the issuing of privateering contracts.<ref name="banderas"/> These contracts allowed an income option to the inhabitants of these colonies that were not related to the Spanish conquistadores. The most well-known privateer corsairs of the eighteenth century in the Spanish colonies were [[Miguel Enríquez (privateer)|Miguel Enríquez]] of Puerto Rico and [[Campuzano-Polanco family#Jose Campuzano Polanco (1689-1760)|José Campuzano-Polanco]] of [[Captaincy General of Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDoTAQAAIAAJ&q=Campuzano |title=La defensa marítima en la Capitanía General de Venezuela, 1783–1813 |last=Bracho Palma |first=Jairo |publisher=Instituto Nacional de los Espacios Acuáticos e Insulares |year=2005 |page=87}}</ref> Miguel Enríquez was a Puerto Rican [[mulatto]] who abandoned his work as a shoemaker to work as a privateer. Such was the success of Enríquez, that he became one of the wealthiest men in the New World. His fleet was composed of approx. 300 different ships during a career that spanned 35 years, becoming a military asset and reportedly outperforming the efficiency of the [[Armada de Barlovento]]. Enríquez was knighted and received the title of [[Don (honorific)|Don]] from [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], something unheard of due to his ethnic and social background. One of the most famous privateers from Spain was [[Amaro Rodríguez Felipe|Amaro Pargo]].

=== France ===
[[File:Privateer prize auction.jpg|thumb|upright|Advertising for the auction of the prize ''Chelmers of London'', brig captured by the French privateer ''Junon'' in 1810.]]
{{Main|French corsairs}}
''Corsairs'' (French: corsaire) were privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with France, on behalf of the French Crown. Seized vessels and cargo were sold at auction, with the corsair captain entitled to a portion of the proceeds. Although not [[French Navy]] personnel, corsairs were considered legitimate combatants in France (and allied nations), provided the commanding officer of the vessel was in possession of a valid Letter of Marque (fr. ''Lettre de Marque'' or ''Lettre de Course''), and the officers and crew conducted themselves according to contemporary [[admiralty law]]. By acting on behalf of the French Crown, if captured by the enemy, they could claim treatment as [[prisoners of war]], instead of being considered pirates. Because corsairs gained a [[swashbuckling]] reputation, the word "corsair" is also used generically as a more romantic or flamboyant way of referring to privateers, or even to pirates. The [[Barbary pirate]]s of North Africa as well as [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] were sometimes called "Turkish corsairs".

=== Malta ===
Corsairing ({{langx|it|corso}}) was an important aspect of Malta's economy when the island was [[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|ruled]] by the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]], although the practice had begun earlier. Corsairs sailed on privately owned ships on behalf of the [[List of Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Grand Master]] of the Order, and were authorized to attack Muslim ships, usually merchant ships from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The corsairs included knights of the Order, native Maltese people, as well as foreigners. When they captured a ship, the goods were sold and the crew and passengers were ransomed or enslaved, and the Order took a percentage of the value of the booty.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cassar|first1=Paul|title=The Maltese Corsairs and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem|journal=Scientia|date=January–March 1963|volume=29|issue=1|pages=26–41|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2029(1963)1(Jan.-Mar.)/03.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203150721/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2029(1963)1(Jan.-Mar.)/03.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> Corsairing remained common until the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carabott|first1=Sarah|title=A history of plundering on high seas|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20160202/local/a-history-of-plundering-on-high-seas.600981|work=[[The Times (Malta)|The Times]]|date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203091225/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20160202/local/a-history-of-plundering-on-high-seas.600981 |archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

=== United States ===
====British Colonial period====
[[File:Chasseur vs St Lawrence.jpg|thumb|''[[Chasseur (1812 clipper)|Chasseur]]'', one of the most famous American privateers of the War of 1812, capturing {{HMS|St Lawrence|1813|6}}]]

During [[King George's War]], approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another.<ref name=Privateer/> During the [[Nine Years War]], the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers, including the famous [[Jean Bart]], to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war.<ref name=Privateer>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031211221516/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n1/cj11n1-8.pdf Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power], ''Gary M. Anderson and Adam Gifford Jr.''</ref> In the following [[War of Spanish Succession]], privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships.<ref>Brewer, John. ''The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783.'' New York.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. p. 197</ref>

In the subsequent conflict, the [[War of Austrian Succession]], the Royal Navy was able to concentrate more on defending British ships. Britain lost 3,238 merchantmen, a smaller fraction of her merchant marine than the enemy losses of 3,434.<ref name=Privateer/> While French losses were proportionally severe, the smaller but better protected Spanish trade suffered the least and it was Spanish privateers who enjoyed much of the best-allied plunder of British trade, particularly in the West Indies.

==== American Revolutionary War ====

Privateering saw a rise within the American Revolutionary War and played a crucial role. What distinguishes privateers from piracy is the act of being commissioned. Unlike privateers, pirates act outside any government authority, seizing ships and violating international law. By contrast, Privateers operate under a legally binding framework. Congress issues privateering licenses, which authorizes "legal piracy", to merchant captains in an effort to target British merchant shipping and to a lesser extent warships, supply ships and privateers. These commissions gave permission "to attack, seize and take the ships and other vessels belonging to the inhabitants of Great Britain, or any of them, with their tackle, apparel, furniture, and ladings, on the high seas”.<ref>Kylie A Hulbert, The Untold War at Sea: America's Revolutionary Privateer (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2022), Chapter 1, para 25.</ref>

Congress adopted privateering in 1776, but opinions were indecisive. While recruitment for privateers proved highly successful, even to the frustration of Continental Navy officers. On Friday, March 1st, 1776, the petition from the citizens of Philadelphia for the right of privateers reached Continental Congress. However, the delegates took no immediate action.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 15.</ref> This was because certain members of Congress were still in favor of trying to keep order and maintain a relationship with Britain. This led Congress to continue to debate and postpone privateering, which eventually led the colonists to continue to outfit their own privateers to protect their ports, homes and products. This brought immediate success as Major Joseph Ward shared good news with John Adams in a letter dated March 14, 1776. Notifying Adams about how "our privateers continue successful".<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 18.</ref> After countless debates and disagreements, Oliver Wolcott was one of the main advocates for privateering stating, “the Colonies are entirely cast out of the King’s protection” and the colonies need to protect themselves.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 19.</ref> On the other hand, John Jay mentions the concern of how privateers would determine “friend from foe” and Benjemin Franklin concern on how their “first step should be a declaration of war”, as privateering without a formal war declaration was legally and politically dangerous.<ref> Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 19.</ref> Finally, the declaration on privateering was finalized on Saturday, March 23, 1776.<ref> Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 21.</ref>

During the Revolutionary War, American privateers were privately financed.<ref> Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 29.</ref> With the slave trade being temporarily closed, many prominent families took a risk with financing privateering in trying to keep their business running, with the Brown family of Providence being one of the biggest ones. These financers would provide crews, ships and supplies in which these privateers would then capture ships, quickly sell their prizes, and divide their profits with the financier (persons or company) and the state (colony). Long Island Sound became a hornets' nest of privateering activity during the American Revolution (1775–1783), as most transports to and from New York went through the Sound. New London, Connecticut was a chief privateering port for the American colonies, leading to the Royal Navy to blockade between 1778 and 1779. Chief financiers of privateering included Thomas & Nathaniel Shaw of New London and John McCurdy of Lyme.

Privateers were heavily armed, and conflict occurred often with the battles ending in either death or surrender.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 31.</ref> A tactic that privateer vessels used was to wear false colors and flags to deceive enemy vessels prior to engagement.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 29.</ref> Allowing them to have an upper hand. American privateer did not only engage at sea but also on the beach, as privateers ranged along the shorelines of the Atlantic. Privateers fought land engagements, however small, on foreign soil.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 33.</ref> America weren‘t alone either as Adams wrote to James Warren on March 31, 1777, "We have this day received Letters from Europe, of an interesting Nature... that all the Ports of France, Spain, and Italy, and all the Ports in the Mediterranean, excepting Portugal, are open to our Privateers and Merchant Ships." Stating the collective effort of other nations to aid American privateers.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 12.</ref>

Many Americans signed up to be a privateer, with about 55,000 American seamen serving aboard the privateers.<ref>"Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War". www.usmm.org. Retrieved 6 February 2019.</ref> However, motivation varies from person to person. Some, such as one privateer from Connecticut, sought opportunity and money in privateering. In a letter from Martinique, the privateer states how “I do not propose coming home until I get some cash”. Some like this privateer chose privateering as a way of earning income.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 44.</ref> This was especially the case when Britain created a naval blockade, and exports dropped by 80%, meaning there weren't any other shipboard jobs other than privateering. Whereas others were motivated by a desire for revenge against Britain’s long-standing practice of impressment, which robbed them of personal freedom and prevented them from pursuing work on other ships.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 51.</ref> One of the most prominent privateers was Gustavus Conyngham, who achieved countless successes all throughout Europe and the Atlantic. Conyngham was backed by Jefferson and commanded several cruises in the waters of Britain, France, Spain, and the Caribbean.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 1. </ref> He even has been called "the most successful of all Continental Navy captains".<ref>Tim McGrath. Give Me a Fast Ship. NAL Caliber, 2014. Picture caption between pp. 274 & 275. ISBN 9781101591574</ref>

Privateers earned a lot throughout their travels during the Revolutionary War. Early years of the conflict, when success in any form was of utmost importance for the ongoing war effort news of dashing privateers filled out colonel letters, especially about Gustavus Conyngham and his successes. One major success story was on the 20th of December 1778, in which Gustavus Conyngham carried in two prizes to Carogne, one of which sold for 6,000 and the other for 4,500.<ref> Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 56.</ref> These prizes brought up morale, generated revenue within port towns and damaged Britain’s economy. It is estimated that privateering earned Rhode Island ”£300,000 sterling in the year 1776 alone”.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 30.</ref> Furthermore, In the months before the British raids on New London and Groton, a New London privateer took Hannah in what is regarded as the largest prize taken by any American privateer during the war. Retribution was likely part of Gov. Clinton's (NY) motivation for Arnold's Raid, as the Hannah had carried many of his most cherished possessions.

While prizes were lucrative, many privateers also faced the consequences. Many of these privateers were classed as pirates. For example, Conyngham was classed as the “Dunkirk Pirate” even though these privateers were legal combatants and not pirates.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 55.</ref> Privateers held out little hope of a prisoner's exchange because Great Britain labeled them as pirates, a foe unworthy and undeserving of such consideration.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 4.</ref> Countless privateers faced terrible prison conditions since they were considered rebels, pirates and especially were considered unworthy for prisoner exchange. Christopher Vail reported that he and 109 crewmen from the privateer Deane were imprisoned aboard the British prison ship Jersey in extremely harsh conditions. Over 1,100 prisoners were confined below decks in filth, extreme temperatures, and severely restricted movement. Disease, especially dysentery, spread rapidly, and the lack of sanitation forced many to relieve themselves where they stood. Deaths were frequent, and bodies were left on the forecastle until the following morning.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 3, para 78.</ref>

Even on their own ships, men who boarded and served aboard privateers also looked unfavorably towards privateering. The Reverend Henry Alline spent one day on a privateer and at the end of his experience warned, “Let them that wish well to their souls flee from privateers as they would from the jaws of hell, for methinks a privateer may be called a floating hell”.<ref> Hulbert, Chapter 1, para 51.</ref> The reason for this is that the conditions on a privateer ship were horrendous. They were overcrowded, unsanitary, chaotic, and unpredictable when it comes to danger from both the ocean and other ships.

We can see the effect on war that these privateers had from Alderman Wooldridge, who testified in parliament that American privateers had captured or destroyed 733 British ships since the war began, and even after accounting for those recovered, 559 vessels were still lost. He estimated that the total financial damage including ships and cargo at about £1.8 million (£282,005,711.84 in 2025). Privateers devastated British trade, forcing merchants to reroute cargo through neutral ships and raising insurance rates to unsustainable levels, as he added that insurance rates for voyages to America, Africa, and the West Indies had more than doubled, rising to 15 percent without convoy protection. Prices for goods like sugar, tobacco, pitch, and tar had also climbed due to privateer activity. William Creighton similarly claimed that merchant losses from American privateer captures had reached at least £2 million (£313,339,679.82 in 2025) by the previous October.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 5, para 85.</ref>

The shady reputations privateers had gained as the colonies' most effective form of waterborne warfare came with a price as in the eyes of Great Britain, “privateers were the worst of the rebels”.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 5, para 66.</ref> This was because they were everywhere, constantly thwarting British plans, whether that is in Africa, Europe or on the coast of America, privateers were always there combating against the British. Due to this disruption, privateers forced British trade to be on foreign ship and not their own. Alongside this, British newspapers constantly kept up with privateer actions towards British ships and the British public very much disliked American privateers. For example, one article states their actions as ”deceit not befitting private gentlemen” or how another article states they are determined to treat the privateers as pirates.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 5, para 32-33.</ref> Britain’s obsession towards money and the constant rebuttal that the privateers offered, caused the British to lose millions in trade made these privateers the worst of the rebels in their mind.

Privateering was viewed as undiplomatic and disorderly in an era where the US sought foreign legitimacy with foreign trade and relations. Privateers were deemed unfit to stand alongside celebrated leaders like Washington, John Paul Jones, Jefferson, and Adams, as well as the Continental Army and Navy.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 5, para 6.</ref> As the British viewed privateers as pirates, American leaders avoided celebrating privateers in their national story because they needed British trade but also fearing it would damage the nation’s reputation and their own. As the new republic crafted a polished narrative of independence, privateers were intentionally excluded from the dominant national narrative, completely forgotten throughout history.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 5, para 6.</ref>

Overall, privateering conflicted with the moral identity of the new United States. The opportunistic, profit-driven nature of privateering did not fit the image that the US founders wanted as the Founders wanted to shape an image of a noble, law-abiding, and internationally respected nation. For example, Gustavus Conyngham postwar petitions to Congress for compensation and recognition were repeatedly delayed or ignored, despite Conyngham proven contributions and his earlier reputation being a patriot hero.<ref>Hulbert, Chapter 5, para 89-92.</ref> The privateer piece of the puzzle simply did not fit the commemorative picture the Founders had in mind and was completely erased from the foundation that they helped create towards independence.

==== War of 1812 ====

During the [[War of 1812]], both the British and the American governments used privateers, and the established system was very similar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_11_04_06_tabarrok.pdf|author=Tabarrok, Alexander |date=Winter 2007 |title=The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Privateers |magazine=The Independent Review |volume=XI |issue=3 |pages=565–577 |issn=1086-1653}}</ref> U.S. Congress declared <blockquote>that war be and the same is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their Territories; and that the President of the United States is herby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United States to carry the same into effect, and to issue to private armed vessels of the United States commissions of marque and general reprisal, in such forms as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the Government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwac.html|title=Annals of Congress Home Page: U.S. Congressional Documents|website=American Memory - Library of Congress }}</ref></blockquote>[[James Madison|President Madison]] issued 500 [[Letter of marque|letters of marque]] authorizing privateers. Overall some 200 of the ships took prizes. The cost of buying and fitting of a large privateer was about $40,000 and prizes could net $100,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_EXH.WR.21|title=12 at Midnight; the Hibernia attempting to run the Comet down|website=npg.si.edu|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427090411/https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_EXH.WR.21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Captain [[Thomas Boyle]] was one of the famous and successful American privateers. He commanded the Baltimore schooner [[Comet (1810 clipper)|''Comet'']] and then later in the war the Baltimore clipper [[Chasseur (1812 clipper)|''Chasseur'']]. He captured over 50 British merchant ships during the war. One source<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the American privateers, and letters-of-marque during our war with England in the years 1812, '13 and '14 interspersed with several naval battles between American and British ships of war|last=Coggeshall, George|date=1861|publisher=G. Coggeshall|isbn=0665443757|oclc=1084236819}}</ref> estimated a total damage to the British merchant navy from ''Chasseur''<nowiki/>'s 1813-1815 activities at one and a half million dollars. In total, the Baltimore privateer fleet of 122 ships sunk or seized 500 British ships with an estimated value of $16 million, which accounts about one-third of all the value of all prizes taken over the course of the whole war.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maryland privateers, War of 1812|last=Huntsberry, Thomas Vincent|date=1983|publisher=J. Mart|oclc=16870651}}</ref>

[[File:Hon. James De Wolf 1764 - 1837.jpg|thumb|left|[[James De Wolf]]]]

On April 8, 1814, the British [[Essex, Connecticut#The Great Attack|attacked Essex, Connecticut, and burned the ships in the harbor]], due to the construction there of a number of privateers. This was the greatest financial loss of the entire War of 1812 suffered by the Americans. However, the private fleet of [[James De Wolf]], which sailed under the flag of the American government in 1812, was most likely a key factor in the naval campaign of the war. De Wolf's ship, the ''Yankee'', was possibly the most financially successful ship of the war. Privateers proved to be far more successful than their US Navy counterparts, claiming three-quarters of the 1600 British merchant ships taken during the war (although a third of these were recaptured prior to making landfall). One of the more successful of these ships was the ''[[Prince de Neufchatel]]'', which once captured nine British prizes in swift succession in the [[English Channel]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

[[Jean Lafitte]] and his privateers aided US General [[Andrew Jackson]] in the defeat of the British in the [[Battle of New Orleans]] in order to receive full pardons for their previous crimes.<ref name="ramsay62">Ramsay (1996), p. 62.</ref><ref name="ramsay69">Ramsay (1996), p. 69.</ref><ref name="ramsay70">Ramsay (1996), p. 70.</ref><ref name="ramsay71">Ramsay (1996), p. 71.</ref><ref name="ramsay77">Ramsay (1996), p. 77.</ref> Jackson formally requested clemency for Lafitte and the men who had served under him, and the US government granted them all a full pardon on February 6, 1815.<ref name="ramsay82">Ramsay (1996), p. 82.</ref><ref>Ingersoll (1852) pp. 82–83</ref>

However, many of the ships captured by the Americans were recaptured by the Royal Navy. British convoy systems honed during the Napoleonic Wars limited losses to singleton ships, and the effective blockade of American and continental ports prevented captured ships being taken in for sale. This ultimately led to orders forbidding US privateers from attempting to bring their prizes in to port, with captured ships instead having to be burnt. Over 200 American privateers, roughly half of those which went out to sea during the war, were captured by the British and many were turned on their former owners and used by British blockaders. Meanwhile, for every 14 American merchantmen active before the war began, only one dared to leave port during the war despite the Americans' effort to double their maritime trade. Of those that left port, 1,400 were captured by the British, who had virtually extinguished American maritime trade by 1815.<ref name="autogenerated1">Lambert, Andrew. ''The Challenge: Britain against America in The War of 1812''. Kindle ed.</ref>

==== 1856 Declaration of Paris ====
The US was not one of the initial signatories of the 1856 [[Declaration of Paris]] which outlawed privateering, and the [[Constitution of the Confederate States|Confederate Constitution]] authorized use of privateers. However, the US did offer to adopt the terms of the Declaration during the [[American Civil War]], when the [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] sent several [[Confederate privateer|privateers]] to sea before putting their main effort in the more effective commissioned raiders.

==== American Civil War ====
[[File:Privateer Savannah.jpg|thumb|CSS ''Savannah'', a [[Confederate privateer]].]]

During the [[American Civil War]], privateering took on several forms including [[Blockade runners of the American Civil War|blockade running]], while privateering generally occurred in the interests of both the North and the South. [[Letters of marque]] would often be issued to private shipping companies and other private owners of ships, authorizing them to engage vessels deemed to be unfriendly to the issuing government. Crews of ships were awarded the cargo and other prizes aboard any captured vessel as an incentive to search far and wide for ships attempting to supply the Confederacy, or aid the Union, as the case may be.

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]] issued letters of marque to anyone who would employ their ship to either attack Union shipping or bring badly needed supplies through the Union blockade into southern ports.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Brainerd | last = Dyer | title = Confederate Naval and Privateering Activities in the Pacific | journal = Pacific Historical Review | volume = 3 | number = 4 | date = 1934 | pages = 433–443 | jstor = 3633146 | doi = 10.2307/3633146}}</ref>

Most of the supplies brought into the Confederacy were carried aboard privately owned vessels. When word came about that the Confederacy was willing to pay almost any price for military supplies, various interested parties designed and built specially designed lightweight seagoing steamers, [[Blockade runners of the American Civil War|blockade runners]] specifically designed and built to outrun Union ships on [[Union blockade|blockade]] patrol.<ref>Hamilton Cochran, ''Blockade Runners of the Confederacy'' (U of Alabama Press, 2005).</ref>

Neither the United States nor Spain authorized privateers in their war in 1898.<ref>Scott D. Wagner, "Why there was no privateering in the Spanish-American War." ''International Journal of Naval History'' 14.1 (2018).</ref>

===Latin America===
{{main|Insurgent Privateer}}
[[File:014Corsario.jpg|thumb|"Corsario" (Privateer) by Mexican artist [[Mauricio García Vega]].]]
Warships were recruited by the insurgent governments during [[Spanish American wars of independence]] to destroy Spanish trade, and capture Spanish Merchant vessels. The private armed vessels came largely from the United States. Seamen from Britain, the United States, and France often manned these ships.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Armed merchantman]]
* [[Louis-Michel Aury]]
* [[Auxiliary cruiser]]
* "[[Barrett's Privateers]]"
* [[Samuel Bellamy]]
* [[Buccaneer]]
* [[Renato Beluche]]
* [[Paul Beneke]]
* [[Commerce raiding]]
* [[Filibuster (military)]]
* [[Foreign Enlistment Act 1870]] (UK)
* [[Violent non-state actors at sea]]
* [[Mercenary]]
* [[Merchant raider]]
* [[Neutrality Act of 1794]] (US)
* [[Pindari]]
* [[Private maritime security companies]]
* [[Private military company]]
* [[Reprisal]]
* [[State-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[William Walker (filibuster)]]
* [[Dominique You]]
* [[List of obsolete occupations]]
{{div col end}}
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Conquista de la Isla de Santa Catalina}}|title=Varias relaciones del Perú y Chile: y conquista de la isla de Santa Catalina, 1535 á 1658|url=https://archive.org/details/variasrelacione00unkngoog|access-date=12 September 2012|year=1879|publisher=Impr. de M. Ginesta|page=[https://archive.org/details/variasrelacione00unkngoog/page/n354 331]|chapter=Conquista de la Isla de Santa Catalina}}
* {{cite book |last=Cochran |first=Hamilton |title=Blockade Runners of the Confederacy |publisher=University of Alabama Press |date=2005}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dyer |first=Brainerd |title=Confederate Naval and Privateering Activities in the Pacific |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |date=1934 |pages=433–443|doi=10.2307/3633146 |jstor=3633146 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hamshere|first=Cyril|title=The British in the Caribbean|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/97482076/Hamshere-Cyril-Providence-The-British-in-the-Caribbean|access-date=2012-09-10|publisher=Harvard University Press|chapter=Providence|year=1972|page=46}}
* {{cite book |last=Ingersoll |first=Charles Jared |title=History of the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain: declared by act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and concluded by peace, the 15th of February, 1815 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsecondw04inge |author-link=Charles Jared Ingersoll |publisher=Lippincott, Grambo & Co. |year=1852}}
* {{cite book|last=Kupperman|first=Karen Ordahl|author-link=Karen Ordahl Kupperman|title=Settlements in the Americas: Cross-Cultural Perspectives|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-9m2UTFCGkC&pg=PA242|access-date=2012-09-09|year=1993|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-411-7|chapter=A Puritan Colony in the Tropics: Providence Island, 1630–1641}}
* {{cite book|last=Latimer|first=Jon|title=Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_ouD5zPZL8C&pg=PA84|access-date=2012-09-07|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03403-7|page=84}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=2582|title=La cartografía colonial de Centroamérica y el topónimo 'mosquito'|publisher=Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios Históricos en Centroamérica|last=Offen|first=Karl|date=March 2011|access-date=2012-09-06|archive-date=2018-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619100254/http://afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=2582|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramsay |first=Jack C. |title=Jean Laffite: Prince of Pirates |ref=Ramsay |publisher=Eakin Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-57168-029-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Scott D. |title=Why there was no privateering in the Spanish-American War |journal=International Journal of Naval History |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=2018}}

==Further reading==
* Alberto, Edite Maria Conceição Martins. (2019) "A Pious Business: the ransoming of captives in Early Modern Portugal." ''E-Journal of Portuguese History'' 17.2 (2019).
* Beattie, Tim. (2015). ''British Privateering Voyages of the Early Eighteenth Century'' (Boydell. 2015).
* Colás, A. (2016). "Barbary Coast in the expansion of international society: Piracy, privateering, and corsairing as primary institutions." ''Review of International Studies'', 42#5: 840–857.
* Espersen, Ryan. (2019) "Fifty Shades of Trade: Privateering, Piracy, and Illegal Slave Trading in St. Thomas, Early Nineteenth Century." ''New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids'' 93.1–2 (2019): 41–68. [https://brill.com/view/journals/nwig/93/1-2/article-p41_3.xml online]
* Faye, Kert (1997) ''Prize and Prejudice Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812''. (Research in maritime history, no. 11. St. John's, Nfld: International Maritime Economic History Association).
* Haggerty, Sheryllynne. (2018) "Risk, networks and privateering in Liverpool during the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763." ''International Journal of Maritime History'' 30.1 (2018): 30–51 [https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/909147/Risk%20networks%20and%20privateering%20in%20Liverpool%20during%20the%20Seven%20Years%27%20War%201756-63%20Accepted%20for%20Uni%20Repository.pdf online]
* Head, David (2015) ''Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic.'' (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press). 2015.
* Kert, Faye Margaret. (2017) ''Prize and Prejudice: Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812'' (Oxford University Press, 2017).
* Krasner, Barbara. (2016) ''Sir Francis Drake: Privateering Sea Captain and Circumnavigator of the Globe'' (Rosen, 2016).
* Lemnitzer, Jan (2014) ''Power, Law and the End of Privateering''.
* Nichols, A. Bryant Jr. (2007) ''Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia''. (Sea Venture).
* Rommelse, Gijs. "Privateering as a language of international politics: English and French privateering against the Dutch Republic, 1655–1665." ''Journal for Maritime Research'' 17.2 (2015): 183–194.
* Ross, Nicholas (2011) "The Provision of Naval Defense in the Early American Republic: A Comparison of the U.S. Navy and Privateers, 1789–1815." ''The Independent Review'' 16, no. 3 (Winter).
* Smith, Joshua M. (2011) ''Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812.'' (Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions).
* van Nieuwenhuize, Hielke. (2017) "Prize law, international diplomacy and the treatment of foreign prizes in the seventeenth century: a case study." ''Comparative legal history'' 5.1 (2017): 142–161.
* Wold, Atle L. (2020) "After the Closure of the Ports in 1799." in Privateering and Diplomacy, 1793–1807. (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 213–228.
===Primary sources===
* Andrews, K.R. ed. (2017). ''English Privateering Voyages to the West Indies, 1588–1595: Documents relating to English voyages to the West Indies, from the defeat of the Armada to the last voyage of Sir Francis Drake, including Spanish documents contributed by Irene A. Wright'' (Taylor & Francis).
* {{gutenberg|no=24882|name=Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents}} ed. by Jameson, John Franklin.

==External links==
{{commonscat|Privateers}}
*[http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6236/ Andrew Sherburne's Experiences on a Privateer During the Revolutionary War]
*[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo62154 Commerce Raiding: Historical Case Studies, 1755–2009] [[Naval War College]]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=zXxIAAAAYAAJ&dq=Weymourh+Packet+captured+by+privateer+General+Sullivan&pg=PA47 The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 49 1779 account of capture of "Weymouth" Packet by privateer General Sullivan; the "Weymouth" was later recaptured by The Rawlinson and the Clarendon, of Liverpool recaptured off the Land's End; see Willams, Gomer "History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account …]

{{Pirates}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Privateers| ]]
[[Category:Naval warfare]]
[[Category:Combat occupations]]
[[Category:Obsolete occupations]]

[[de:Kaperei]]

Saraswathi Sabatham

2026-03-04T05:12:34Z

Yeashrahman: created a info v1

{{short description|1966 film by A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{For|the 2013 film|Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saraswathi Sabatham
| image = Saraswathi Sabatham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| screenplay = A. P. Nagarajan
| based_on = {{based on|''Vakkum Vakkum''|[[Pudhumaipithan]]}}
| producer = A. P. Nagarajan{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=147}}
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Devika]] [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing = M. N. Rajan T. R. Natarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| released = {{film date|1966|09|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Saraswathi Sabatham''''' ({{translation|Saraswati's oath}}) is a 1966 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] written and directed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. Based on [[Pudhumaipithan]]'s novel ''Vakkum Vakkum'', it stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Devika]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. The film was released on 3 September 1966 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
There is a dispute between three goddesses about who is the most powerful of them all. [[Narada]], a sage and celestial troublemaker, begins the argument by visiting [[Saraswati]], the goddess of knowledge, and annoys her on purpose by saying that wealth is more important and abundant. Angered, Saraswati states she will prove that knowledge is more important. Narada then goes to [[Vaikuntha]] to see [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth and says that knowledge is more abundant. Lakshmi retorts she will prove that wealth is more important. Narada finally goes to [[Mount Kailash]], seeking [[Parvati]], the goddess of strength, and annoys her by saying that wealth and knowledge are more important. Parvati stresses the importance of strength.

Each of the three goddesses, having been turned against one another by Narada, decides to choose someone on earth and bless them with their respective powers so that each of them can prove their power is the most important and make the other two goddesses lose. Saraswati blesses a [[Muteness|mute]] person, Vidyapati, by imparting to him all the knowledge in the world and bestows upon him the gift of speech. The king of Vidyapati's kingdom, Selvapuram, is dying and does not have any children. He orders his minister to send the royal Elephant into the streets with a garland and the person whose neck the Elephant puts the garland on will be his successor. Lakshmi makes the royal Elephant put the garland on a beggar girl, Selvambigai, thus making her wealthy. Parvati blesses Veeravallan, a man who has been a coward his whole life, with the gift of strength.

Vidyapati and Selvambigai happen to meet one another at a temple and get into a heated argument about their respective qualities bestowed on them. Vidyapati finds her too arrogant because of her wealth while Selvambigai finds him egotistical due to his knowledge and both leave the temple in a huff. Selvambigai thinks about her argument with Vidyapati and loses control over her horses. Veeravallan spots her and saves her from a near-fatal accident. Impressed with his bravery, she makes him the commander-in-chief of the kingdom's army. Selvambigai is impressed by Vidyapati's knowledge as well and decides to make him the kingdom's head poet as she feels his knowledge could be useful for the reputation of Selvapuram.

Selvambigai spends too much of her time engaging in a battle of wits with Vidyapati, which makes Veeravallan believe that she is neglecting her royal duties. He instigates his soldiers into rebellion and puts Vidyapati in prison. Selvambigai secretly goes to the prison and asks him to sing in her praise so as to guarantee his freedom; Vidyapati rejects the offer and instead sings in a manner that insults her. Veeravallan learns of the meeting and puts Selvambigai in prison, orders the execution of both her and Vidyapati, and declares himself Selvapuram's ruler. The Gods of the Holy Trinity, [[Shiva]] (Haranath), [[Vishnu]] (Sivakumar) and [[Brahma]] (Sarangkapani) settle the dispute by explaining the importance of knowledge, wealth, and strength combined, and how dangerous it is if each of them is bestowed on human beings separately. Finally, the three Goddesses reconcile and Vidyapati, Selvambigai and Veeravallan realise the importance of wealth, knowledge and strength.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Vidyapathy and [[Narada]] (dual lead roles)
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Veeravallan<ref name="thenewsminute" />
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as [[Saraswati]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[Sage Publishing|Sage Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8 |pages=256}}</ref>
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as [[Parvati]]<ref name="IndianExpressReview" />
*[[Devika]] as [[Lakshmi]]<ref name="IndianExpressReview" />
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Selvambigai<ref name="thenewsminute" />
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Vidyapati's father
*[[E. R. Sahadevan]] as a soldier
*[[Nagesh]] as the prison warden
*[[Sivakumar]] as [[Vishnu]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 July 1979 |title=சிவகுமார் 101 {{!}} 1–10 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-07-01/kalki1979-07-01.pdf |access-date=16 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=6–8 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
*Raja as [[Shiva]]
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as [[Brahma]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Malli
}}

== Production ==
''Saraswathi Sabatham'' is based on ''Vakkum Vakkum'', a script by [[Pudhumaipithan]] that was not produced but instead published as a novel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=A.R. |author-link=A. R. Venkatachalapathy |date=4 September 2017 |title=Pudumaippithan |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/pudumaippithan-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722140545/https://www.sahapedia.org/pudumaippithan-0 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=Sahapedia}}</ref> Though director [[A. P. Nagarajan]] had not bought the film rights to the story, Pudhumaipithan's family decided not to file a lawsuit against him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=A. R. |author-link=A. R. Venkatachalapathy |date=30 July 2021 |title=Vetrimaaran and Suriya's 'Vaadivaasal' sets a new benchmark |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vetrimaaran-and-suriyas-vaadivaasal-sets-a-new-benchmark/article35622042.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611040309/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vetrimaaran-and-suriyas-vaadivaasal-sets-a-new-benchmark/article35622042.ece |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Journalists also noted the film's similarities to the Tamil film ''[[Kalavathi]]'' (1951).<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=கோடம்பாக்கத்தின் முதல் ஸ்டுடியோவில் உருவான படம் எது தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-kalavathy-movie-was-shoot-in-kodambakkams-first-studio-897243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402053004/https://www.storyltd.com/auction/item.aspx?eid=3891&lotno=52 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraswathi Sabatham (1966) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001245.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140615095923/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001245.html |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Komatha Engal Kulamatha" is set in [[Abheri]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2004 |title=Peace and prosperity with ragas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/peace-and-prosperity-with-ragas/article28577638.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200915162834/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/peace-and-prosperity-with-ragas/article28577638.ece |archive-date=15 September 2020 |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Agaramuthala" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:10
|-
| "Deivam Iruppathu Engey" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:32
|-
| "Kalviya Selvama Veerama" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:37
|-
| "Komatha Engal Kulamatha" || [[P. Susheela]] || 07:42
|-
| "Rani Maharani" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:12
|-
| "Thai Thantha" || P. Susheela || 03:29
|-
| "Uruvathaikattidum Kanaadi" || P. Susheela || 03:40
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Saraswathi Sabatham'' was released on 3 September 1966,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 1966 |title=Saraswathi Sabatham |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19660903&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 November 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and distributed by [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 1966 |title=Saraswathi Sabatham |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19660827&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 17 September, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Fortified with massive sets, trick photography and sincere attempt at retaining the spirit of the theme ''Saraswathi Sabatham'' has before it an assured long run."<ref name="IndianExpressReview" /> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Sivaji Ganesan and other actors while also praising the music, cinematography and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1966-09-25 |title=சரஸ்வதி சபதம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-09-25/page/24/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230418134133/https://archive.org/details/kalki1966-09-25/page/24/mode/2up |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=241}}

== Legacy ==
Director K. Chandru's ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (2013) was initially titled ''Saraswathi Sabatham'', but this was changed after negative reactions from Ganesan's fans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=28 November 2013 |title='Naveena Saraswati Sabatham,' inspired by 'The Hangover' |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/naveena-saraswati-sabatham-inspired-by-the-hangover-1.1260699 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422112913/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/naveena-saraswati-sabatham-inspired-by-the-hangover-1.1260699 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> The song "Kalviya Selvama Veerama" was also featured in the 2022 film ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=3 June 2022 |title='Vikram' movie review: Kamal Haasan steps back to watch Fahadh Faasil and Vijay Sethupathi have fun in Lokesh Cinematic Universe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-steps-back-to-watch-fahadh-faasil-and-vijay-sethupathi-have-fun-in-lokesh-cinematic-universe/article65490343.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608222221/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-steps-back-to-watch-fahadh-faasil-and-vijay-sethupathi-have-fun-in-lokesh-cinematic-universe/article65490343.ece |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite web |last=Aravind |first=CV |date=20 June 2017 |title=Revisiting AP Nagarajan, the man who gave us immortal films like 'Thiruvilayadal' and 'Saraswathi Sabatham' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-ap-nagarajan-man-who-gave-us-immortal-films-thiruvilayadal-and-saraswathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180116114012/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-ap-nagarajan-man-who-gave-us-immortal-films-thiruvilayadal-and-saraswathi |archive-date=16 January 2018 |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IndianExpressReview">{{Cite news |date=17 September 1966 |title=Saraswathi Sabatham |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19660917&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 March 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1966 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Maadi Veettu Mappilai

2026-03-04T05:11:16Z

Yeashrahman: new new details!

{{Short description|1967 film directed by S. K. A. Chari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maadi Veettu Mappilai
| image = Maadi Veettu Mappilai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. K. A. Chari
| screenplay = A. L. Narayanan (dialogues)<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
| story = [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam|Sadasivabrahmam]]
| based_on = [[Illarikam]] (1959)
| producer = A. V. Subba Rao
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = Annayya
| editing = J. Krishnaswamy
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| studio = [[Prasad Art Pictures]]
| distributor = Sri Vinayaka Movies
| released = {{Film date|1967|06|23|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 177 minutes{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=269}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maadi Veettu Mappillai''''' ({{translation|The Son-in-Law who stays on the top floor}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]], directed by S. K. A. Chari. A remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Illarikam]]'' (1959),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=24 September 2015 |title=Blast from the past: Illarikam (1959) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/starring-a-nageswara-rao-jamuna-girja-hemalatha-relangi-gummadi-ramana-reddy-csr-allu-ramalingaiah-r-nageswara-rao/article7685387.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209140112/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/starring-a-nageswara-rao-jamuna-girja-hemalatha-relangi-gummadi-ramana-reddy-csr-allu-ramalingaiah-r-nageswara-rao/article7685387.ece |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> it stars [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], with [[Nagesh]], [[Rama Prabha]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[K. Balaji|Balaji]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[T. S. Muthaiah]], [[Udaya Chandrika]] and P. K. Saraswathy in supporting roles. The film was released on 23 June 1967.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}
Somu studies with the help of his maternal uncle Dharmalingam. He falls in love with the daughter of a Sivagnanam i.e. Meena. He marries her and stays in their house as ''Veettu Mappilai''. Sivagnanam's wife does not like this and insults him indirectly. Her cousin plots to usurp the wealth, by his son Balu who secretly married Seetha. Somu spots Seetha, his presumed to be dead sister while she was performing on stage. Not knowing they are siblings, Meena suspects Somu's fidelity. Balu and his father creates problems between Somu and Meena. How Somu solves all the problems and paves way for a happy family reunion forms the rest of the film.

== Cast ==
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Somu<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Meena<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Shankaran<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Gowri<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Dharmalingam<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as Balu<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Sivagnanam<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Sadatcharam<ref name="Pesum Padam" />
* [[Udaya Chandrika]] as Seetha{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=269}}
* P. K. Saraswathy as Nagamma<ref name="Pesum Padam" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Paaladai Marainthu" || [[P. Susheela]], Vasantha, Jayadev || rowspan=7|[[Kannadasan]]
|-
| "Kettu Paar" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela
|-
| "Nenjukku Mugame Kannadi" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
|-
| "Pagalile Paarkavandadennu" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
|-
| "Ennai Manikkavendum" || P. Susheela
|-
| "Maadi Veettu Mappilai" || Darapuram Sundarrjan
|-
| "Giya Giya Massage" || T. M. Soundararajan
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Maadi Veettu Mappilai'' was released on 23 June 1967,<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=25 June 1967 |title=மாடி வீட்டு மாப்பிள்ளை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jun/25-06-1967/p1.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725055150/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jun/25-06-1967/p1.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=21 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/ஜெயலலிதா-நடித்த-திரைப்படங்களின்-பட்டியல்-2610816.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624160449/https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=24 June 2020 |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> and distributed by Sri Vinayaka Movies.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=269}} ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' noted that the film's various flaws were eclipsed by its comedy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=16 July 1967 |title=மாடி வீட்டு மாப்பிள்ளை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jul/16-07-1967/p35.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725055204/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jul/16-07-1967/p35.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=21 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=35 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Pesum Padam">{{Cite magazine |date=July 1967 |title=மாடி வீட்டு மாப்பிள்ளை |url=https://issuu.com/sudalai/docs/________________________________196_ecd1a7cba956d9 |access-date=11 April 2022 |magazine=Pesum Padam |page=119 |language=ta |via=[[Issuu]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=%22%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%22&pg=PA269 |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6 |editor-last=Cowie |editor-first=Peter |editor-link=Peter Cowie |editor-last2=Elley |editor-first2=Derek |editor-link2=Derek Elley}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2175779}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1966 comedy films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu

2026-03-03T22:20:48Z

Yeashrahman: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Siddalingaiah]]
| producer = [[N. Veeraswamy]] [[Chandulal Jain]] [[S. P. Varadappa]] Siddalingaiah
| based_on = {{based on|''Vayyaari''|[[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]]}}
| screenplay = Siddalingaiah
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Lokesh]] L. V. Sharada [[M. P. Shankar]] [[Rushyendramani]] Bhavani
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Jain Combines
| distributor = Eswari Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1974|02|02|df=yes}}
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}
'''''Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭೂತಯ್ಯನ ಮಗ ಅಯ್ಯು.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Bhootayya's son Ayyu}}) is 1974 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[S. Siddalingaiah|Siddalingaiah]], who also wrote the screenplay based on [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]]'s short story of the same name from his novel, ''Vayyari.'' The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Lokesh]]; with [[M. P. Shankar]], [[Jayamala (actress)|Jayamala]], [[Rushyendramani]] and [[T. N. Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] all acting in supporting roles. The film revolves around the enmity between two villagers, Ayyu and Gulla and how they mend their relationship.

''Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu'' was a 12 page short story in a compilation of stories by Gororu Ramaswamy. Ramaswamy had initially declined to give the rights to the story but eventually agreed. Though Siddalingaiah added new plot details and characters to increase the running time of the film, it retains the core premise of the original short story. D. V. Rajaram acted as the film's cinematographer. The film was shot extensively at Kalasapura, [[Dharmasthala]], and [[Talakadu]].<ref name=":1" /> The film was edited by P. Bhaktavatsalam and the music was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]], with lyrics written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]].

The film was released on 2 February 1974. The film ran for over 100 days in theatres, and later won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film]] at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards|7th Karnataka State Film Awards]]. The film also won three other Karnataka State Awards: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Lokesh, [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Bhavani and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Rushyendramani. The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Ellorum Nallavare]]'' (1975), in Hindi as ''Ek Gaon Ki Kahani'' (1975) and in Telugu as ''Andharoo Manchivaare'' (1976) - with Lokesh reprising his role in all three versions.<ref name="hi" />

== Plot ==
Bhootayya is a ruthless [[zamindar]] of a small village, who mercilessly occupies the land of the villagers to whom he had lent money, when they fail to repay their debts. He is very shrewd and talks the villagers into building a dam across the river in the outskirts of the village, that is prone to floods. He gets hold of the fertile land on the banks of the river and builds a house for his son Ayyu. A few days later, Bhootayya falls ill and eventually dies. The villagers rejoice at his death and hold such a grudge against him that nobody turn up to perform his last rites leaving his son Ayyu to do it all alone.

The villagers remain wary of Ayyu, and the most rebellious among them is Gulla. He is very outspoken and tries to restrict Ayyu from being mean and merciless towards the villagers like his father. Gulla's father previously given a surety to Bhootayya for another villager's debt and is unable to repay the money. Ayyu promptly goes with his men to confiscate Gulla's house. In an ensuing argument, Gulla smacks Ayyu. Ayyu takes it seriously and files a police complaint against Gulla, who is then arrested by the police, and in the process begins a prolonged enmity between the two. Gulla also hires a lawyer and ends up spending all his family's property on the court case that he eventually loses. Unable to bear the consequences, his father commits suicide. Gulla holds Ayyu responsible for his father's death, and when he swears to kill him, his wife goes to the latter to warn him and also pleads him to forgive her husband. However, Ayyu behaves ruthlessly with her and swears to kill Gulla.

Ayyu's wife reminds him about his father's attitude towards the villagers and their reaction to his death. This makes Ayyu give a thought about his behaviour. Gulla's wife tries to kill herself by drowning herself in the river as she gets convinced that Ayyu will not spare her husband. Ayyu sees a woman drowning and being a distinguished swimmer saves her only to find that she is his enemy's wife. This incident has a lasting effect on Ayyu, who tries to end the feud. Ayyu clears all of Gulla's debts asking him to work for him in return. Gulla agrees and works sincerely to pay off the debts, but resents Ayyu's friendship.

During the village festival, the villagers plot to ransack Ayyu's house and the person who leads the pack is Gulla. They attack Ayyu's house at midnight, and set his house on fire. Ayyu, who is a changed person now, simply states this as an accident when the district police come to investigate the case. This incident begins to make an impact on the villagers to change their perceptions about Ayyu. With his house burned down, Ayyu goes with his family to live in the house by the river. One day Ayyu goes to the town, leaving behind his family. The village is flooded from a downpour and Ayyu's house is in danger. Ayyu's wife and kids try to come out of the house as the dam collapses and the water enters the house, flooding it completely. Gulla takes a raft and single-handedly sets out to rescue Ayyu's family. With much difficulty, he saves Ayyu's family and brings them to safety. Ayyu reaches the village and is shocked to see its plight, but is relieved to see that Gulla has rescued them. Ayyu hugs Gulla thereby ending their years of hatred and enmity. The villagers return Ayyu's belongings and wealth that was looted. They all celebrate the festival.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Gulla
* [[Lokesh]] as Sambhayya "Ayyu", son of Bhootayya
* [[M. P. Shankar]] as Bhootayya
* L. V. Sharada as Girija, Ayyu's wife
* [[Bhavani (actress)]] as Mahadevi, Gulla's wife
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Singlayya a.k.a. Bundekyatha
* Venkatarao Talageri
* [[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]] as Chikka
* [[Loknath]] as villager
* Joker Shyam as villager
* B. M. Venkatesh
* [[Chandulal Jain]]
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] as Linga
* B. Hanumanthachar
* Narayan
* Comedian Guggu as villager
* Master Basavaraj
* Negro Babu as Byra
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] as Puttamma
* Sushila Naidu
* Asha
* Jayamala
* [[Rushyendramani]]
* Baby Sudha
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
''Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu'' was a 12-page short story in a compilation of stories by [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]]. Film director [[S. Siddalingaiah]] saw the potential of the story and wanted to adapt it into film. He went to Iyengar's house along with producer [[S. P. Varadappa]] to buy the rights to the story. When Siddalingiah put forward the proposal of making it a film, the author declined as he believed that there was no way one can make a film out of a 12-page short story. However, after another visit to the author's house he finally gave in and sold the rights to the story to them. Siddalingiah himself converted the story into a screenplay and asked his longtime friend [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] to write the dialogues.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=HP |first=Akarsh |date=2019-05-07 |title=Here's How A 12-Page Story Was Made Into A Landmark Kannada Movie Titled Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu |url=https://metrosaga.com/bhootayyana-maga-ayyu |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=MetroSaga |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823052859/https://metrosaga.com/bhootayyana-maga-ayyu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Future director [[H. R. Bhargava]] was an associate director on this film.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRJkkpOC12s |title=Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu-ಭೂತಯ್ಯನ ಮಗ ಅಯ್ಯು Kannada Full Movie {{!}} Vishnuvardhan {{!}} Bhavani {{!}} Lokesh {{!}} TVNXT |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/aRJkkpOC12s |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
From the beginning Siddalingah decided not to included any big stars in the cast. After his two successful films (''[[Doorada Betta]]'' and ''[[Bangaarada Manushya|Bangarada Manushya]]'') people around him attributed the success of his films to matinee idol [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], the star in both the films. He wanted to prove his ability as a director without the help of star value. He signed Lokesh, a popular theatre artist by then, as Ayya and pre-superstar Vishnuvardhan, as Gulla and MP Shankar as Bhootayya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HP |first=Akarsh |date=2019-05-07 |title=Here's How A 12-Page Story Was Made Into A Landmark Kannada Movie Titled Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu |url=https://metrosaga.com/bhootayyana-maga-ayyu/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=MetroSaga |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823052859/https://metrosaga.com/bhootayyana-maga-ayyu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Incidentally, this is the only film in which the grandmother and granddaughter duo of Bhavani and Rushyendramani ever shared screen space in.

=== Filming ===
The film was shot extensively at [[Kailasapuram, Tiruchirapalli|Kalasapur]], [[Dharmasthala]], and [[Talakadu]]. This film was shot in Kalasapura village, near Chikmagalur town. Siddalingaiah had a particular attachment with this location. His other landmark movie ''[[Bangarada Manushya]]'' was also shot (partly) in the same village. The twenty-minute climax was an adaptation of one paragraph from the novel. The climax was shot in Kalasapura, Madhava Manthri Dam, and [[Shivanasamudra Falls|Shivanasamudra falls]] for nearly 20 days.<ref name="hi" /> Initially a tank was constructed to allow water into the house but it broke as soon as the camera began to roll. Siddalingaiah got it reconstructed and shot the scene again. Similarly, ropes tied to the raft gave way and started drifting in the current. Expert divers immediately jumped in and got hold of it. The scene where villagers ransack Lokesh's house and set it on fire, Shivaiah had a fire engine stationed; wet gunny clothes were kept for exigencies, besides storing water in drums.<ref name="hi">{{cite news |date=17 November 2016 |title=The storm that hides down below |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/The-storm-that-hides-down-below/article16644600.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922222150/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/The-storm-that-hides-down-below/article16644600.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Famous actress Jayamala was one of the group artists in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070103070100.htm |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Bangalore : Thayi's gift for kids |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005080357/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070103070100.htm |archive-date=5 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=185&Date=MTEvMDYvMjAxNw==&Page=250535 {{Dead link|date=October 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">1974</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:09
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[G. K. Venkatesh]] composed the soundtrack, and lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]]. The album consists of four tracks.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=December 1974 |title=Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/bhootayyana-maga-ayyu-original/id915120107?l=en |accessdate=8 October 2014 |website=[[iTunes Store]] |publisher= |archive-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206201214/https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/bhootayyana-maga-ayyu-original/id915120107?l=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:09
| title1 = Virasavemba Vishake
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra1 = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| length1 = 3:22
| title2 = Sobaana Sobaana
| lyrics2 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 = 3:24
| title3 = Malenaada Henna
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra3 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 3:22
| title4 = Maariye Gathiyendu
| lyrics4 = Vijaya Naarasimha
| extra4 = G. K. Venkatesh, P. B. Sreenivas
| length4 = 3:01
| all_writing =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Release and reception==
The film, released on February 2, 1974, received a huge reception despite having a non-popular star cast. It went onto complete 100 days in three theatres in Bangalore alone. With a budget of 12 lakhs, it grossed over 45 lakhs at the box office. Film critics, [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]] in their book ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema,'' wrote, "the film is remembered for the tremendously popular performance of Shankar as the evil Boothayya."<ref>Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1998) [1994]. ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'' (PDF). [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 486. {{ISBN|0-19-563579-5}}.</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film was the first Kannada colour film to be completely shot in outdoors. In 2017, [[Kamal Haasan]] included the film in his list of 70 favorite movies, stating "Though this was a commercial film, it was done on a scale that only big Hollywood directors would think of. So much hard work went into the film." ''Malenada Henna Mai Banna'' is one of the evergreen songs in the history of Kannada films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713153725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also was the inspiration behind the title of the 2018 Kannada-language film named, ''[[Bhootayyana Mommaga Ayyu]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaraj Peenya's New Film Is Bhootayyana Mommaga Ayyu - chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/13901-nagaraj-peenya-s-new-film-is-bhootayyana-mommaga-ayyu.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.chitraloka.com |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022062120/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/13901-nagaraj-peenya-s-new-film-is-bhootayyana-mommaga-ayyu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0313312|Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu}}
* [https://archive.today/20130218030804/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/iif-bengalooru-211206.html]

{{Siddalingaiah}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu}}
[[Category:1974 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddalingaiah]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]

Vaadaka Gunda

2026-03-03T21:14:12Z

Yeashrahman: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaadaka Gunda
| image =
| caption =
| director = Gandhikuttan
| producer = Vaikkam Mani
| writer = M. P. Rajeevan
| screenplay = M. P. Rajeevan
| starring = [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Suresh Gopi]] Vaikkam Mani [[Captain Raju]]
| music = Perumbavoor G. Ravindranath
| cinematography = V. Karunakaran
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Ragapoornima
| distributor = Ragapoornima
| released = {{Film date|1989|03|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Vaadaka Gunda''''' is a 1989 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Gandhikuttan and produced by Vaikkam Mani. The film stars [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Suresh Gopi]], Vaikkam Mani and [[Captain Raju]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Perumbavoor G. Ravindranath.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2084|title=Vaadakagunda|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1833|title=Vaadakagunda|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/vaadaka-gunda-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044745/http://spicyonion.com/title/vaadaka-gunda-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Vaadaka Gunda|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[Suresh Gopi]]
*Vaikkam Mani
*[[Captain Raju]]
*Bindya
*[[Disco Shanti]]
*[[Kollam Ajith]]
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Poojappura Ravi]]
*Vembayam Thampi
* [[Jayalalita]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Perumbavoor G. Ravindranath and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aarum Paadaatha" || [[Minmini]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Channam Pinnam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Minmini || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Neyyaandi Melam" || Music Beats || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0354147|Vaadaka Gunda}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mega TV (India)

2026-03-02T12:41:00Z

Yeashrahman: new new stub

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox television channel
| name = Mega TV மெகா தொலைக்காட்சி
| logo = Mega_TV_India_Logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Mega TV
| logo_size = 320
| launch_date = {{start date|2007|11|19|df=y}}
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| sister_channels = [[Mega Musiq]] [[Mega 24]]
}}

'''Mega TV''' ({{langx|ta|மெகா டிவி}}) is a [[Tamil Language]] satellite television channel based in Chennai, India. It is the flagship channel of the Mega TV Network, launched on 19 November 2007. It is founded by Former Union minister of India [[K. V. Thangkabalu]]. The channel features a variety of infotainment shows, music programs, newscasts and classic films.

==History==
Mega TV was launched by [[All India Congress Committee]] President [[Sonia Gandhi]] in [[New Delhi]] on 19 November 2007.

==List of films==
*''[[Neeyum Naanum]]'' (2010)
*''[[Virunthali]]'' (2010)
*''[[Sattam Oru Iruttarai (2012 film)|Sattam Oru Iruttarai]]'' (2012)
*''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]'' (2015)
*''[[Thunai Mudhalvar]]'' (2015)

==References==
* http://megatv.in
* http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article394675.ece
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080710173725/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/08/stories/2008070857340100.htm ]

[[Category:Tamil-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2007]]
[[Category:Television stations in Chennai]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Hooghly Madrasah

2026-02-21T07:36:25Z

Yeashrahman: Created Basic Stub W/ Infobox

{{Infobox school
| name = Hooghly Madrasah
| native_name = হুগলি মাদ্রাসা
| image =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] & English
| established = 1817
| founder = [[Muhammad Mohsin|Haji Muhammad Mohsin]]
| schooltype = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
| grades = [[First grade|1]] - [[Tenth grade|10]]
| academic_affiliation =
| postal_code = 712102
| city = [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chuchura]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.888125| 88.401652|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Hooghly Madrasah''' is one of the oldest educational institute in [[West Bengal]]. It was established by a renowned philanthropist of Bengal, [[Muhammad Mohsin|Haji Muhammad Mohsin]].

== History ==
[[Muhammad Mohsin|Haji Muhammad Mohsin]] (1732–1812) a renowned philanthropist of Bengal, donated all his properties for the Muslim community in 1806 by establishing a waqf (charitable endowment). Five years after his death, ‘Madrasa-e-Mahsania’ was established on the bank of Ganges at Chinchura town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2010apr12/two_hundred_year_old_hooghly_madrasa_facing_closure.html|title = Two-hundred-year-old Hooghly Madrasa facing closure|date = 12 April 2010}}</ref> This madrasa was later came to be known as Hooghly Madrasa. Hooghly Mahsin College was established in 1836 by `Mohsin Endowment Fund’ and Hooghly Madrasa was administered by the college. In 1915, madrasa syllabus was revised by the British government and modern education was introduced. Since 1940 Hooghly Madrasa is also functioning as an intermediate college. After the independence and until 1962, West Bengal State Madrasa Board office was in the madrasa premises. Now it is only fully Govt. sponsored Madrasa and administered directly by the education department of West Bengal- Department of School Education.

== Alumni ==
Notable alumni include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2010apr12/two_hundred_year_old_hooghly_madrasa_facing_closure.html|title = Two-hundred-year-old Hooghly Madrasa facing closure|date = 12 April 2010}}</ref>
*Sir [[Syed Ameer Ali]] (1849–1928), jurist
*[[Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique]] (1845–1939), Islamic scholar
*[[Maniruzzaman Islamabadi]] (1875-1950), author and Islamic scholar
*[[Tajuddin Ahmad]] (1925–1975), former [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|prime minister of Bangladesh]]
*[[Abu Mohammed Habibullah]] (1911–1984), historian and educationist
*[[Shah Azizur Rahman]] (1925–1989), former prime minister of Bangladesh
*[[Abbas Ali Khan]], education minister of East Pakistan

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Madrasas in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Madrasas in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1817]]
[[Category:1817 establishments in British India]]

10th Meghalaya Assembly

2026-02-06T13:31:18Z

Yeashrahman: fixes

{{Short description|Legislature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}

The '''10th Meghalaya Legislative Assembly''' was constituted after the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya Legislative Assembly elections in 2018]]. The term of the assembly is for five years.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S No.
!Constituency
!Current MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
!Notes
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Jaintia Hills district|'''West Jaintia Hills District''']]
|-
|1
|[[Nartiang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nartiang]]
|[[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
| bgcolor="#DB7093" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Jowai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jowai]]
|[[Wailadmiki Shylla]]
| bgcolor="#DB7093" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Raliang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raliang]]
|[[Comingone Ymbon]]
| bgcolor="#DB7093" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Mowkaiaw (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mowkaiaw]]
|[[Nujorki Sungoh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[East Jaintia Hills district|'''East Jaintia Hills District''']]
|-
|5
|[[Sutnga Saipung (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sutnga Saipung]]
|[[Shitlang Pale]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-25|title=12 Cong MLAs led by Mukul join TMC|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/11/25/12-cong-mlas-led-by-mukul-join-tmc/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Shillong Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Khliehriat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khliehriat]]
|[[Kyrmen Shylla]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Jaintia Hills district|'''West Jaintia Hills District''']]
|-
|7
|[[Amlarem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amlarem]]
|[[Lahkmen Rymbui]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Ri Bhoi district|'''Ri Bhoi District''']]
|-
|8
|[[Mawhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawhati]]
|[[Dasakhiatbha Lamare]]
| bgcolor="#DB7093" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Nongpoh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongpoh]]
|[[Mayralborn Syiem]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Jirang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jirang]]
|[[Sosthenes Sohtun]]
| bgcolor="#DB7093" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Umsning (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umsning]]
|[[Jason Sawkmie Mawlong]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF342" |
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Umroi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umroi]]
|[[George Bankyntiewlang Lyngdoh]]
| bgcolor="20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[East Khasi Hills district|'''East Khasi Hills District''']]
|-
|13
|[[Mawryngkneng (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawryngkneng]]
|[[David A Nongrum]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Pynthorumkhrah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pynthorumkhrah]]
|[[Alexander Laloo Hek]]
| bgcolor="#FF9900" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Mawlai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawlai]]
|[[Process T. Sawkmie]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|16
|[[East Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|East Shillong]]
|[[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|17
|[[North Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|North Shillong]]
|[[Adelbert Nongrum]]
| bgcolor="red" |
|[[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement|KHNAM]]
|
|-
|18
|[[West Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|West Shillong]]
|[[Mohendro Rapsang]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|19
|[[South Shillong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Shillong]]
|[[Sanbor Shullai]]
| bgcolor="#FF9900" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Mylliem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mylliem]]
|[[Hamletson Dohling]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF342" |
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]]
|
|-
|21
|[[Nongthymmai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongthymmai]]
|[[Charles Pyngrope]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
|22
|[[Nongkrem (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongkrem]]
|[[Lambor Malngiang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Sohiong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohiong]]
|[[Samlin Malngiang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Mawphlang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawphlang]]
|[[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|Elected in bypolls in 2021
|-
|25
|[[Mawsynram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawsynram]]
|[[Himalaya Muktan Shangpliang]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
|26
|[[Shella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shella]]
|[[Balajied Kupar Synrem|Balajiedkupar Synrem]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Pynursla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pynursla]]
|[[Prestone Tynsong]]
| bgcolor="#DB7093" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|28
|[[Sohra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohra]]
|[[Gavin Miguel Mylliem]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF342" |
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]]
|
|-
|29
|[[Mawkynrew (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawkynrew]]
|[[Banteidor Lyngdoh]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF342" |
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Khasi Hills district|'''West Khasi Hills District''']]
|-
|30
|[[Mairang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mairang]]
|[[Metbah Lyngdoh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|
|-
|31
|[[Mawthadraishan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawthadraishan]]
|[[Brolding Nongsiej]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|
|-
|32
|[[Nongstoin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nongstoin]]
|[[Macmillan Byrsat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|32
|[[Rambrai-Jyrngam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rambrai-Jyrngam]]
|[[Kimfa Sidney Marbaniang]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|34
|[[Mawshynrut (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawshynrut]]
|[[Gigur Myrthong]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South West Khasi Hills district|'''South West Khasi Hills District''']]
|-
|35
|[[Ranikor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranikor]]
|[[Martin Danggo]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Mawkyrwat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawkyrwat]]
|[[Renikton Lyngdoh Tongkhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[North Garo Hills district|'''North Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|37
|[[Kharkutta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharkutta]]
|[[Rupert Momin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Mendipathar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mendipathar]]
|[[Marthon Sangma]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
|39
|[[Resubelpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Resubelpara]]
|[[Timothy Shira]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|40
|[[Bajengdoba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bajengdoba]]
|[[Pongseng Marak]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South West Garo Hills district|'''South West Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|41
|[[Songsak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Songsak]]
|[[Mukul Sangma]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[East Garo Hills district|'''East Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|42
|[[Rongjeng (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rongjeng]]
|[[Jim Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|43
|[[Williamnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Williamnagar]]
|[[Marcuise N. Marak]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Result Sheet - Election to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly from the 43-Williamnagar(ST) Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20/ac43.pdf|accessdate=31 January 2021|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Garo Hills district|'''West Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|44
|[[Raksamgre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raksamgre]]
|[[Benedic Marak]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|45
|[[Tikrikilla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikrikilla]]
|[[Jimmy Sangma]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
|46
|[[Phulbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phulbari]]
|[[S. G. Esmatur Mominin]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|47
|[[Rajabala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajabala]]
|[[Azad Zaman]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|48
|[[Selsella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Selsella]]
|[[Clement Marak]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|49
|[[Dadenggre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadenggre]]
|[[James Pangsang Kongkal Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|50
|[[North Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|North Tura]]
|[[Thomas Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|51
|[[South Tura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|South Tura]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South West Garo Hills district|'''South West Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|52
|[[Rangsakona (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangsakona]]
|[[Zenith Sangma]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
|53
|[[Ampati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ampati]]
|[[Miani D Shira|Miani D. Shira]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Garo Hills district|'''West Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|54
|[[Mahendraganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahendraganj]]
|[[Dikkanchi Shira]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South West Garo Hills district|'''South West Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|55
|[[Salmanpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Salmanpara]]
|[[Winnerson Sangma]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Garo Hills district|'''West Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|56
|[[Gambegre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gambegre]]
|[[Saleng Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|
|-
|57
|[[Dalu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dalu]]
|[[Brening Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South Garo Hills district|'''South Garo Hills District''']]
|-
|58
|[[Rongara Siju (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rongara Siju]]
|[[Rakkam Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|
|-
|59
|[[Chokpot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chokpot]]
|[[Lazarus Sangma]]
| bgcolor="#20C646" |
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|Defected from Congress in 2021<ref name=":0" />
|-
|60
|[[Baghmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]]
|[[Samuel Sangma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|
|}
''Source: News18''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/meghalaya-election-results-full-list-of-all-winning-candidates-mlas-1677537.html|title=Meghalaya Election Results: Full List of All Winning Candidates (MLAs)|date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Meghalaya elections}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:10th Meghalaya Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023| ]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Spastic Society of Gurgaon

2026-02-05T04:49:53Z

Yeashrahman: created new stub v1

{{short description|Organization based in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=February 2025}}
{{COI|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Spastic Society of Gurgaon
|image = Ssoglogo1.jpg
|abbreviation = SSOG
|status = Organization working in disability
|purpose = Care of persons with [[cerebral palsy]], [[intellectual disability]], [[autism]], [[multiple disabilities]]
|services = Occupational therapy, Counseling, Vocational training, Psychotherapy, Imparting counseling to guardians, Multiple single window services, Assistance in issuance of disability certificates, NIRAMAYA cashless insurance cards, Medical check ups, Distribution of medicines and medical aids, etc.
|membership = NGO Member, Local Level Committee (LLC) Gurgaon appointed by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, [[Government of India]].
|formation = 2007
|founder = [[Rajesh Bhola]]
|location = [[Gurgaon]]
|type = NGO
|headquarters = Sector 4, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
|website = http://ssog.in
}}
{{Disability}}
'''Spastic Society of Gurgaon''' covers within its scope the programs on occupational therapy, counseling, vocational training and psychotherapy<ref name="djnews"/> of the children with autism, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability and multiple disabilities in Haryana, India.<ref name="bless" /> It is India's first non-profit disability sector organization which was awarded ISO certification by [[United Kingdom Accreditation Service]]: United Registrar of Systems for quality of services rendered by it.
It also works in the field of imparting counseling and psychotherapy to the parents and guardians of the disabled children. Mass camps are conducted for welfare of children with disabilities.<ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Chikitsa Shivir Aayojit
| url=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ydjIdANs8J8/U7ThkAsVBuI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/I67YvgGchIk/s1600/Scanned+at+7-3-2014+10-07+AM+%25282%2529.jpg
| newspaper = Dainik Jagran
| location = India
| date = 3 May 2014
| accessdate =
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = कोई भी व्यक्ति परिपूर्ण नहीं : आशा हुड्डा
| url=http://dainiktribuneonline.com/2010/05/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%A8/
| newspaper = दैनिक ट्रिब्यून
| location = India
| date = 1 May 2010
| accessdate =
}}</ref> Multiple single window services like assistance in issuance of disability certificates, NIRAMAYA cashless insurance cards, medical check ups, distribution of medicines and medical aids are rendered to disabled people in such camps.<ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Camp for differently abled on Jan 14
| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090112/haryana.htm#6
| newspaper = The Tribune Chandigarh
| location = India
| date = 11 January 2009
| accessdate =
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Cashless insurance scheme for the challenged
| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090116/delhi.htm#4
| newspaper = The Tribune Chandigarh
| location = India
| date = 15 January 2009
| accessdate =
}}</ref><ref name="Disabledto"/> Being sponsored by Haryana Government it undertakes disability audits of organizations for assessing accessibility compliance by them.<ref>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Is Gurgaon disabled-friendly?
| url=http://www.speakingtree.in/public/spiritual-blogs/seekers/pilgrimage/the-times-of-india-article-on-is-gurgaon-disabledfriendly-by-dr-rajesh-bhola
| newspaper = The Times of India by Dr. Rajesh Bhola (President Spastic Society of Gurgaon)
| location =
| date = 22 February 2014
| accessdate =
}}</ref>

It was founded by [[Rajesh Bhola]]<ref name="dj201013" /><ref name="PRESIDENT" /> along with some eminent doctors and social workers<ref name="ssogad" /> drawn from different super specialty fields. Rajesh Bhola is working for the cause of persons with disabilities<ref name="dainikjagran16" /> since 1985 and was the main person behind formation of the Society and is serving as its president.<ref name="PRESIDENT" /> He completed his Post Graduation in English Literature with Linguistics from Punjab University Chandigarh. Later he completed his PhD in English Literature. He is an Indian spiritual writer known for his weekly spiritual column in Friday Gurgaon.<ref>[http://www.fridaygurgaon.com/search.aspx?freetxt=dr.%20rajesh%20bhola&Search=Search Weekly Spiritual Column in Friday Gurgaon]</ref> Also contributes articles to Hindustan Times Inner Voice and blogs to The Speaking Tree of The Times of India.<ref>[http://www.speakingtree.in/rajesh.bhola/blog The Speaking Tree Blog of The Times of India]</ref>

== History ==
Spastic Society of Gurgaon aims to address certain questions related to welfare of spastic children of Gurgaon, NCR and Haryana. People from various walks of life have joined hands to make efforts to arrange for long-term care of such children; and also to help their parents live life fully, purposefully and contentedly by bringing them closer to each other, by creating coordination between various agencies, social workers, professionals and infra-structure providers. Efforts are also being initiated to make environment of Gurgaon, the millennium city of India, more spastic friendly.

[[File:Cerebral Palsy SSOG.jpg|130px|thumb|left|A cerebral palsy child being felicitated in a function]][[File:Asha Hooda wife of Bhupinder Singh Hooda at SSOG .jpg|200px|thumb|right| Asha Hooda wife of [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] at SSOG for inauguration ]]

== Activities ==
[[File:Ila Gokarn performing Bharatnatyam at SSOG .jpg |200px|thumb|right| Ila Gokarn performing Bharatnatyam at SSOG rehab centre]]
Services being rendered by SSOG through two separate delivery channels are the Center for Special Children and the Center for Physiotherapy for Senior Citizens. All the services rendered at the Center for Special Children are free of cost. It was established to expedite provision of disability certificates and as a single-window service to assist disabled persons in obtaining benefits from the state and central governments.<ref name="bless" /><ref name="Disabledto"/> SSOG has been appointed as NGO Member of Local Level Committee (LLC) Gurgaon by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India.<ref>[http://www.thenationaltrust.co.in/nt/images/stories/info@llc%2030.04.2012.pdf State Chairperson, LLC-NGO - National Trust (page 25)]</ref> As part of rehabilitation, the specially challenged persons are kept in the mainstream and looked after for their emotional needs as well. Music and entertainment is part of rehab. Many noted persons from music, art, craft and drama fields often meet such children during interactive sessions with guardians of such children. Ila Gokarn is one of the young Bharatnatyam exponents who performed at Spastic Society of Gurgaon.<ref name="dainikjagran23"/>

== Managing disability ==
[[File:Disability camp organized by SSOG at Civil Hospital .jpg|200px|thumb|right| Disability camp organized by SSOG at Civil Hospital, Gurgaon for mass coverage of the disabled]]
Each person with cerebral palsy has unique strengths and areas of difficulty. Most children with cerebral palsy need ongoing help with daily care to long-term care. While mastering specific skills is an important focus of treatment on day-to-day basis, the ultimate goal is to help children grow into adulthood with as much independence as possible. Depending on their physical and intellectual abilities, adults need help finding attendants to care for them, a place to live, a job, and a way to get to their place of employment. For parents to accept a child's disabilities and come to grips with the extent of their care giving responsibilities will take time and support from different professionals. SSOG is coordinating with these professionals and encourages partnerships between parents and these professionals.<ref>[http://ssog.in/special_care.html Need of Special Care]</ref> Although medical specialists may be the experts, it is parents who know their children best. SSOG makes the efforts to integrate these efforts aimed at making the life of the spastic child livable and comfortable to the best possible extent.<ref>[http://ssog.in/management.html Management]</ref> Government of India has been very helpful in giving shape to things for welfare of poor cerebral palsy children by jointly organizing disability camps for single window delivery of many facilities which included medical check ups, issue of disability camps, Niramaya health cards and exploring employment opportunities for such persons in view of their subjective types and severity of the disabilities. Such camps are organized with support of local deputy commissioner and chief medical officer of the concerned district.

==Spreading awareness about risk factors==
[[File:Deputy Commissioner and Chief Medical Officer of Gurgaon at SSOG.jpg |200px|thumb|right| Deputy Commissioner, Chief Medical Officer of Gurgaon and [[Rajesh Bhola]] at Disability Camp organized by SSOG ]]
Despite advancements made in the field of medicine and allied fields the exact cause of cerebral palsy remains unclear. About 50% of all children who develop cerebral palsy were born prematurely. Premature infants are at higher risk because their organs are not yet fully developed, increasing the risk of asphyxia and other injury to the brain. Some other causes of cerebral palsy are asphyxia, hypoxia of the brain, birth trauma, premature birth, multiple birth and certain infections in the mother during and before birth. Other major cause of cerebral palsy after birth in developing nations like India is [[medical neglect]]. Many signboards and other visual materials are displayed at prominent places for spreading awareness amongst people about precautions to be taken at prenatal, at time of delivery and at post natal levels to avoid incidence of deformities.

==Symptom management==
Cerebral Palsy was first identified by English surgeon William Little in 1860 who raised the possibility of asphyxia during birth as a chief cause of the disorder. In 1897 Sigmund Freud, the famous psychoanalyst, suggested that a difficult birth was not the cause but only a symptom of other effects on fetal development. All types of cerebral palsy are characterized by abnormal muscle tone, posture reflexes, motor development and coordination. The main symptoms are problem with balance, involuntary movements and scissor making. On the whole, cerebral palsy symptoms are very diverse and different in each case of cerebral palsy . The effects of cerebral palsy fall on a continuum of motor dysfunction which makes coordinated movement almost impossible. In case of delayed milestones the parents need to approach for medical guidance and complete medical diagnosis and analysis. Noninvasive rehabilitation procedures are the only methods for enabling persons with cerebral palsy to lead their lives to the best possible ways. SSOG is spreading this message through their medical specialists in the field to major hospitals for early diagnosis.

==Inclusive care==
[[File:Shekhar Vidyarathi, Deputy Commissioner, Gurgaon.jpg|120px|thumb|right| Shekhar Vidyarathi, Deputy Commissioner, Gurgaon]]
[[File:Ekta_Chopra,_City_Magistrate,_Gurgaon.jpg|120px|thumb|right| Ekta Chopra, City Magistrate, Gurgaon]]
A very sterling role has been played by Shekhar Vidyarathi, Deputy Commissioner, Gurgaon and his administration aide Ekta Chopra, City Magistrate, Gurgaon in genuinely understanding the needs of disabled people and empathizing with the physical constraints they confront in course of their daily lives. These two positive minded human beings proved instrumental in amelioration of the lot of disabled people. Shekhar Vidyarathi was clear in his objectives regarding managing disability when he said that "The overall goal for ongoing care of individuals with cerebral palsy is to help them reach their physical, mental and emotional potential. Generally this includes living as much as possible in the mainstream of their society and culture. People with cerebral palsy tend to be happiest when they go to school with, live with and work with their peers. They also love to be listened to and caressed."

Ekta Chopra, City Magistrate, Gurgaon feels the greatest pain when a child with disability is denied admission to a school in Gurgaon. The children with disability have the right to go to mainstream schools, where teachers can be imparted training regarding the different teaching techniques and adaptations which can be provided. Child centric teaching methods will help these children and promote inclusion.

Shekhar Vidyarathi strongly advocates that more and more people should volunteer for helping these people in their own interest because people closely associated with such spastic or severely disabled children are more spiritually inclined as their level of consciousness gets heightened and prayer and meditation comes naturally to them. They get closer to the inner core of their being. It is also observed that the persons connected with such children develop more emotional control and better understanding of human problems, shun trivia and focus on more useful issues facing society. It unfolds further dimensions of their heart and mind. Not only that, people associated with such children connect themselves better with others, communicate better and feel their intuitive powers continually being recharged and expanded. They feel they have found a sort of mission in life and it keeps them in better frame of mind – positive, healthy and holistic. Probably this is the key to angelic aura and saintly contentment that the visages of great social and other selfless workers so distinctly reflect.

==Welfare for the disabled==

A Local Level Committee (LLC) has been set up by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in every district in India, to monitor and govern issues related to disability. An LLC constituting the Deputy Commissioner of the district and an NGO working in the field of disability looks after matters related to welfare, rehabilitation, medical care, special education and legal guardianship of persons with disabilities. In Gurgaon, the LLC constitutes the Deputy Commissioner and the Spastic Society of Gurgaon. Some important decisions have recently been taken for the welfare of persons with disabilities - particularly those with mental disabilities, in Gurgaon - in an LLC meeting attended by Deputy Commissioner Shekhar Vidyarathi, Dr. Rajesh Bhola, President, Spastic Society of Gurgaon and City Magistrate Ms. Ekta Chopra.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

1. A basic criterion for the issuance of Guardianship Certificates has been relaxed. Now, even those parents (of disabled children) who have migrated to Gurgaon from other cities, and who have stayed in Gurgaon for less than 10 years, will be considered for issuance of Guardianship Certificates, provided the applicants produce the address and identity proofs to the satisfaction of the competent authorities.

2. A disability camp will shortly be organised at the premises of the Spastic Society of Gurgaon, Old Age Home, Sector 4, for the delivery of single window services to disabled people. Rajesh Bhola will co-ordinate for the same with the Chief Medical Officer, Primary Health Officer and the Disability Liaison Officer at the Civil Hospital.

3. All the major hospitals of Gurgaon have been advised to display an essential signboard (as per a specified content and design), which would help spread awareness on 'How to prevent Disability'. The signboard would be positioned near the gynecological departments and neonatal nurseries. The lack of knowledge on the part of women, at the stages of pregnancy, delivery and child rearing, contributes significantly to the problem of disability. Such signboards have already been displayed at the Civil Hospital, Bus Stand and Spastic Society of Gurgaon.

4. A camp for measles vaccination of disabled people, and for needy children, will be organised at the Spastic Society of Gurgaon premises before this{{when|date=July 2022}} month end.<ref name="Welfare"/>

== See also ==

* [[ADAPT – Able Disable All People Together]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="bless">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = A Blessed Society
| url=http://www.fridaygurgaon.com/news/908-A-Blessed-Society.html
| newspaper = Friday Gurgaon
| location = Gurgaon
| date = 27 January 2012
| accessdate =
}}</ref><ref name="ssogad">
{{Citation
| last =Spastic Society of Gurgaon
| title = Advisors on the Panel
| url=http://www.ssog.in/advisors.html
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
<ref name="dj201013">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Manasik rup se aksham bachche bane dusron ka sanbal
| url=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xDiWS9vr6MY/U7ThqxtthsI/AAAAAAAAAFY/ySq7tDKTtqE/s1600/Scanned+at+7-3-2014+10-07+AM.jpg
| newspaper = Danik Jagran
| location = Gurgaon
| date = 20 October 2013
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
<ref name="Disabledto">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Disabled to get certificates on Jan 14
| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090112/delhi.htm#9
| newspaper = The Tribune
| location = Delhi
| date = 12 January 2009
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
<ref name="PRESIDENT">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Spastic Society of Gurgaon PRESIDENT
| url=http://www.ssog.in/president.html
| newspaper =
| location =
| date =
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
<ref name="dainikjagran16">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Viklango ke punervas ki zimmedari uthaye sarkar
| url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/16-jun-2014-244-edition-Gurgaon-Page-15.html
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042559/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/16-jun-2014-244-edition-Gurgaon-Page-15.html
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=4 March 2016
| newspaper = Dainik Jagran
| location = Gurgaon
| date = 16 June 2014
| accessdate =
}}</ref><ref name="djnews">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Mandbuddhi Bachon ka Jeevan Sudhar Rahe Bhola
| url=http://rajeshbhola.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_29.html
| newspaper = Dainik Jagran
| location =
| date = 29 June 2014
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
<ref name="Welfare">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Welfare for the Disabled
| url=http://www.fridaygurgaon.com/news/5391-welfare-for-the-disabled.html
| newspaper = Friday Gurgaon
| location = Gurgaon
| date = 12 September 2014
| accessdate =
}}</ref><ref name="dainikjagran23">
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| title = Ek chat ke niche hogi viklango ke liye suvidha
| url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaperimages/23032015/delhi/22gur-pg21-0.png
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203507/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaperimages/23032015/delhi/22gur-pg21-0.png
| url-status=dead
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History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

2026-01-31T07:09:59Z

Yeashrahman: quick update formatting for accuracy and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|History of an Egyptian socio-political movement}}

The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] was founded in [[Ismailia]], [[Egypt]] by [[Hassan al-Banna]] in March 1928 as an [[Islamist]] religious, political, and social movement.<ref name="FAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/mb.htm|title=FAS Intelligence Resource Program}}</ref><ref name="MBMHome">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ummah.net/ikhwan/|title=Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage|access-date=2011-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228200457/http://ummah.net/ikhwan/|archive-date=2009-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The group spread to other Muslim countries, but had its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in Egypt, where for many years it was the biggest, best-organized, and most disciplined political opposition force.<ref>Bradley, John R. ''Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution'' by John R. Bradley, (Palgrave MacMillan, 2008), p.49</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/egypt/egypt-050905-voa01.htm Egypt] global security.org</ref><ref name=MBSharia/> This was despite government crackdowns in 1948, 1954, 1965, after plots, or alleged plots, of assassination and subversion were uncovered.

Following the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|2011 Revolution]] the group was legalized,<ref name=MBSharia/> and in April 2011 it launched a civic political party called the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)]]. Their party contested elections, including the 2012 presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first democratically elected president.<ref name=Ibish>{{cite web|last=Ibish|first=Hussein|title=Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?|url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131009001345/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 9, 2013|work=October 5, 2013|publisher=The National|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=wade>{{cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|title=Egypt: What poll results reveal about Brotherhood's popularity|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23846680|work=29 August 2013|publisher=BBC News|access-date=8 October 2013|quote=the Brotherhood won Egypt's five democratic votes,|date=30 August 2013}}</ref> One year later, however, following massive demonstrations, Morsi was [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|overthrown]] by the military and arrested. As of 2014, the organization has been declared a terrorist group by Russia, Egypt, UAE, Saudi Arabia and is once again experiencing a [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre|severe crackdown]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Lars Inge Staveland|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/Egypt-forbyr-all-aktivitet-fra-det-muslimske-brorskapA-7318826.html#.UkAwiMZ7IsA|title=Egypt forbyr all aktivitet fra det muslimske brorskap – Aftenposten|publisher=Aftenposten.no|date=23 September 2013|access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="EgyptGovtDeclaresTerrorist">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25515932|title=Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=25 December 2013|access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref>

==History==
===1928–1938===
{{main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)}}
The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1928 by [[Hassan al-Banna]], along with six workers of the [[Suez Canal]] Company. Al-Banna was a schoolteacher, promoting implementing traditional, religious, Islamic [[sharia]] law into government and a social regression based on an [[Islam]]ic ethos of altruism and civic duty, in opposition to what he saw as political and social injustice and to [[British Empire|British imperial rule]]. The organization initially focused on educational and charitable work, but quickly grew to become a major political force as well, by championing the cause of disenfranchised [[social class|classes]], playing a prominent role in the Egyptian [[nationalism|nationalist]] movement, and promoting a conception of Islam that attempted to restore broken links between tradition and [[modernity]].<ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2012 |title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–85 |doi= 10.1080/13569317.2012.644986|s2cid=144873457 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI }}</ref>

===1939–1954===
{{main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2025}}
On December 28, 1948, Egypt's prime minister, [[Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha]], was assassinated by Brotherhood member and veterinary student Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, in what is thought to have been retaliation for the government crackdown. A month and half later Al-Banna himself was killed in Cairo by men believed to be government agents and/or supporters of the murdered premier. Al-Banna was succeeded as head of the Brotherhood by Hassan Isma'il al-Hudaybi, a former judge.

In 1952, members of the Muslim Brotherhood were accused of taking part in arson that destroyed some "750 buildings" in downtown Cairo — mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners — "that marked the end of the liberal, progressive, cosmopolitan" Egypt.<ref name="RebellionWright">[https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all The Rebellion Within, An Al Qaeda mastermind questions terrorism. by Lawrence Wright. newyorker.com, June 2, 2008]</ref>

The Brotherhood supported the military coup that overthrew the monarchy in 1952, but the [[military dictatorship|junta]] was unwilling to share power or lift [[martial law]] and clashed with the Brotherhood.{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}

=== 1954–1982 ===
{{main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2025}}
After the attempted assassination of then-president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser]], in 1954, a member of the secret apparatus was accused by the authorities of being the perpetrator of the attempt. [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] then abolished the Brotherhood and imprisoned and punished thousands of its members.

Many members of the Brotherhood were held for years in prisons and [[concentration camp]]s, where they were sometimes tortured, during Nasser's rule. In 1964 there was a minor thaw when writer [[Sayyid Qutb]] was released from prison only to be arrested again along with his brother [[Muhammad Qutb|Muhammad]] in August 1965, when he was accused of being part of a plot to overthrow the state—to assassinate the President and other Egyptian officials and personalities<ref>(Sivan (1985) p. 93.; Fouad Ajami, "In the Pharaoh's Shadow: Religion and Authority in Egypt," ''Islam in the Political Process,'' editor James P. Piscatori, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 25–26.)</ref>—and subjected to what some consider a show trial.<ref name="ReferenceA">Hasan, S. Badrul, ''Syed Qutb Shaheed'', Islamic Publications International, 2nd ed. 1982</ref> The trial culminated in a death sentence for Qutb and six other members of the Muslim Brotherhood and on 29 August 1966, he was executed by hanging.

The CIA funnelled support to the Muslim Brotherhood throughout the Nasser era, the reason being “the Brotherhood’s commendable capability to overthrow Nasser.”<ref>Baer, 2003, pp. 99; Dreyfuss, 2005, pp. 101-108</ref>

Qutb became the Brotherhood's most influential thinker. He argued that Muslim society was no longer Islamic and must be transformed by an Islamic vanguard through violent revolution. To restore Islam from modern [[jahiliyya]], Muslim states must be overthrown. While Qutb's ideology became very popular elsewhere, in Egypt the Brotherhood's leadership distanced itself from his revolutionary ideology, adhering instead to a nonviolent [[reformist]] strategy, to which it has remained ever since.

Nasser's successor, [[Anwar Sadat]], became president of Egypt in 1970 and gradually released imprisoned Brothers and enlisted their help against leftist groups. The organisation was tolerated to an extent, but remained technically illegal and subject to periodic crackdowns. Eventually the Brotherhood was key in the assassination of Anwar Sadat.

In the 1970s, a large student Islamic activist movement took shape, independently from the Brotherhood. Sadat himself became the enemy of the Brotherhood and other Islamist groups after signing a peace agreement with [[Israel]] in 1979, and was assassinated by a violent Islamist group Tanzim al-Jihad on October 6, 1981.

===1982–2005===
In the 1980s, during [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s presidency, many of the student Islamist activists joined the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood dominated the professional and student associations of Egypt and was famous for its network of social services in neighborhoods and villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hir.harvard.edu/articles/1048/ |title=Harvard International Review: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood |access-date=2007-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403223047/http://hir.harvard.edu/articles/1048/ |archive-date=2007-04-03 }} John Walsh. Harvard International Review: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood. Perspectives on the United States, Vol. 24 (4) Winter 2003</ref> In order to quell the Brotherhood's renewed influence, the government again resorted to repressive measures starting in 1992.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Francis|title=The Islamic world in the age of western dominance|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-83826-9}}</ref> Despite mass arrests, police harassment and an essentially closed political system, Brotherhood candidates have made strong showings in several parliamentary elections.

Over the next ten years the Brotherhood made repeated calls for a more democratic political system. In 1997 Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide [[Mustafa Mashhur]] told journalist Khalid Daoud<ref>article printed in ''Al Ahram Weekly'' July 5–9, 1997, quoted in Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience by Caryle Murphy, pp. 241, 330.</ref> that he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians and Orthodox Jews should pay the long-abandoned [[jizya]] poll tax, levied on non-Muslims in exchange for protection from the state, rationalized by the fact that non-Muslims are exempt from military service while it is compulsory for Muslims. He went on to say, "we do not mind having Christians members in the [[People's Assembly of Egypt|People's Assembly]]...the top officials, especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country ... This is necessary because when a Christian country attacks the Muslim country and the army has Christian elements, they can facilitate our defeat by the enemy."<ref>''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience,'' by Caryle Murphy, Simon and Schuster, 2002, pp. 241, 330.</ref> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper, the proposal caused an "uproar" among Egypt's six million Coptic Christians and "the movement later backtracked."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered The Muslim Brotherhood uncovered]| ack Shenker in Cairo and Brian Whitaker| guardian.co.uk| 8 February 2011</ref>

In 2000, 15 MB deputies were elected to the Egyptian parliament. A book detailing the record of the MB deputies in the 2000-2005 Egyptian parliament (''The Brothers in the 2000-2005 Parliament'') found its parliamentary leader Hamdy Hassan working vigorously to fight cultural expression the Brotherhood felt was unIslamic and blasphemous, from literature to beauty contests. Hassan accused the Minister of Culture ([[Farouk Hosny]]) of leading what Hassan called the `current US-led war against Islamic culture and identity`. Another Brotherhood MP (Gamal Heshmat) took credit for forcing culture minister Hosni to ban the publication of three novels on the ground they promoted blasphemy and unacceptable sexual practices.<ref>Bradley, John R., ''Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution'' by John R. Bradley, Palgrave MacMillan, 2008, p.62</ref>

===2005–2010===

In 2005, the Brotherhood participated in pro-democracy demonstrations with the [[Kifaya]] movement. In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates could only stand as independents under the emergency law, but identified themselves by campaigning under the most famous of their slogans - 'Islam Is the Solution'.<ref>Bradley, John R. ''Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution'' by John R. Bradley, Palgrave MacMillan, 2008, p.56</ref> They won 88 seats (20% of the total) to form the largest opposition bloc despite many violations of the electoral process. Meanwhile, the legally approved opposition parties won only 14 seats.

<blockquote>More than 1,000 Brothers were arrested before the vote's second and third rounds, and police blocked Brotherhood supporters from entering the polls in some districts, according to independent organizations monitoring the election. Brotherhood leaders also accused the government of changing the final count to lead to a victory for the ruling party candidate in seven districts, a concern echoed by independent monitors. More than 100 Egyptian judges signed a statement condemning "aggression and acts of thuggery by supporters of the ruling party against the judges while...police forces stood idle.<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/egypt/muslim-brotherhood-egypts-parliamentary-elections/p9319 Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Parliamentary Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909205958/http://www.cfr.org/egypt/muslim-brotherhood-egypts-parliamentary-elections/p9319 |date=2013-09-09 }}| Sharon Otterman| 1 December 2005</ref></blockquote>

During and after the election the Brethren launched what some have called a "charm offensive." Its leadership talked about its `responsibility to lead reform and change in Egypt.` It addressed the `[[Persecution of Copts#Modern era|Coptic]] issue` stating that `conditions` for [[Copts|Coptic Christians]] (Copts) would be better `under the Brotherhood group`, and Copts would be "full citizens, not ahl-dhimma," and insinuated that the Brethren would do away with Egypt's decade's old church [[Persecution of Copts#Modern era|building-permit system]] that Coptic Christians felt was discriminatory.<ref name=Osman.p101>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'', (Yale University Press, 2010) p.101</ref> Internationally the Brethren launched an English-language website and some of the MB's leaders participated in an Initiative to `Re-Introduc[e] the Brotherhood to the West `, "listing and addressing many `Western misconceptions about the Brotherhood.`" An article was written for [[The Guardian]] newspaper under the title `No need to be afraid of us`; and another for American Jewish newspaper [[The Forward]].<ref name=Osman.p101/>

This campaign, however, was a direct threat to the Egyptian government and its position as an indispensable ally of the west in its fight against radical Islamist ideologues "bent on the Islamization of society and permanent conflict with the West." The government responded by not only continuing to arrest the Brotherhood's leaders and squeeze its finances, but introduced an amendment of Article 1 of the Egyptian constitution. The amendment would ("in theory") have had the effect of "allowing women, and Christians, to run for any position, including the presidency," by defining Egypt as `a state of citizenship` and remove the reference to Islam as `the religion of the state.` When challenged to vote for the new version of the article, the Brotherhood's members of parliament walked out of the legislative chamber.<ref name=Osman.p102>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'', (Yale University Press, 2010) p.102</ref>

The party has also reportedly been weakened by "missteps" that have alienated "many Egyptians" and reportedly played into the government's hands. In December 2006 masked Brotherhood students at Cairo's Al Azhar University staged a militia-style march, which included the "wearing of uniforms, displaying the phrase, 'We Will be Steadfast', and drills involving martial arts. This betrayed the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'", according to journalist Jameel Theyabi.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070304022915/http://english.daralhayat.com/opinion/OPED/12-2006/Article-20061218-95ae9eb8-c0a8-10ed-00b1-7119b3684228/story.html The Brotherhood's Power display (18 December 2006)]}} Jameel Theyabi| ''Dar Al-Hayat''</ref>
Others agreed it was reminiscent of the group's violent past and public outcry ensued.<ref name=wsj>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124225195098016929#printMode "Muslim Brotherhood Falters as Egypt Outflanks Islamists" By YAROSLAV TROFIMOV] MAY 15, 2009 wsj.com</ref><ref>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'' by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, 103</ref>

According to one observer: "after a number of conciliatory engagements and interactions with the West", the Brotherhood,

<blockquote>retreated into its comfort zone of inflammatory rhetoric intended for local consumption: all suicide bombers are `martyrs`; `Israel` regularly became the Jews`; even its theological discourse became more confrontational and oriented to [[social conservatism]].<ref name=Osman.p113>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'', (Yale University Press, 2010) p.113</ref></blockquote>

Two years later the Egyptian government amended the constitution, prohibiting independent candidates from running for Parliament, these being the only candidates the Brotherhood could field. It also arrested thousands of its members, many of whom were tried in military courts.<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/article/162970/fault-lines-egypts-muslim-brotherhood fault lines in egypts muslim brotherhood]</ref> The state delayed local council elections from 2006 to 2008, disqualifying most MB candidates. The MB boycotted the election. The government incarcerated thousands of rank-and-file MB members in a wave of arrests and military trials, the harshest such security clampdown on the Brotherhood "in decades."<ref name=wsj/>

All but one of the Brotherhood candidates lost their seats in the 2010 election marred by massive arrests of Brethren and polling place observers. The reaction of a Muslim Brotherhood spokesman to the election was: "We lost seats and a much deserved representation in the parliament. But we won people's love and support and a media battle that exposed [irregularities in] the elections."<ref>Essam Elerian quoted in [http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/11/2010112912557915300.html Egypt's winners and losers]| Alaa Bayoumi| aljazeera.net| 29 November 2010</ref>

===2011 Revolution and Morsi Presidency===
{{main|Muslim Brotherhood in current politics of Egypt}}
{{see also|Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under Mohamed Morsi (July–October 2012)}}
Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]] that overthrew [[Hosni Mubarak]], the Brotherhood was legalized<ref name=MBSharia>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8220shari8217a-law-in-egypt-is-enough-for-us8221-tells-a-muslim-brotherhood-leader-2011-05-23 "'Shariah in Egypt is enough for us,' Muslim Brotherhood leader says"]. ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 23 May 2011</ref> and emerged as "the most powerful group"<ref name=onislam>[http://www.onislam.net/english/news/africa/453802-brotherhood-denies-seeking-egypt-power.html Brotherhood Denies Seeking Egypt Power], 7 September 2011</ref> and the "most cohesive political movement" in Egypt with "an unparalleled ability to mobilize its followers". Its newly formed political party—the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]—won almost half the seats in the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|2011–12 parliamentary election]]<ref name=tops>{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|work=22 Jan 2012|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> (far more than any other party), and its presidential candidate [[Mohammed Morsi]] won the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|2012 presidential election]]. However within a year there were mass protests against his rule<ref>{{cite journal|last=El Rashidi|first=Yasmine|title=Egypt: The Rule of the Brotherhood|journal=New York Review of Books|date=February 7, 2013|volume=60 |issue=2 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/feb/07/egypt-rule-brotherhood/?pagination=false|access-date=26 September 2013|quote=["well-known businessman"] the reality is that they are creeping up, and want control of everything. It's not about Egypt, it's about their larger vision for an Islamic Caliphate. And the problem is that they don't know how to play politics. They make a deal, and then manipulate or break it, and then swear to God that you are the one in the wrong.}}</ref><ref name=misunderstood/> and he was overthrown by the military.<ref name=misunderstood/>

In the January–February 2011 uprising itself, the Brotherhood remained "on the sidelines", despite having much to gain from a freer political environment,<ref>Shenker, Jack; Whitaker, Brian (8 February 2011), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered The Muslim Brotherhood Uncovered], ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> and the breaking off of some activist splinter groups from the Brotherhood.<ref>Fadel, Leila (7 July 2011). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-could-be-unraveling/2011/07/06/gIQAdMZp1H_story.html Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood could be unraveling], ''The Washington Post''.</ref> (Sources in the Brotherhood maintain state security forces threatened to arrest supreme guide [[Mohammed Badie]] if any Brethren participated.)

On 30 April 2011, it launched a new party called the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13249434 Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood sets up new party], BBC, 30 April 2011</ref> The party rejected "the candidacy of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", although it did not oppose their taking cabinet positions.<ref>[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=28554 Freedom and Justice Party Open to Copt as Deputy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026160140/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=28554 |date=2011-10-26 }}, Ikhwan Web 11 May 2011</ref> The party won 235 (including 22 allies) out of 498 seats in the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election]],<ref name="tops"/> almost double the next biggest vote-getting party.

In the first couple of years after the revolution, there was both cooperation and tension between the Brotherhood and (secular oriented) military. The Brotherhood supported the [[2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] in March which was also supported by the Egyptian army and opposed by Egyptian liberals,<ref name=victorious>El Rashidi, Yasmine, "Egypt: The Victorious Islamists", ''New York Review of Books'', 4 July 2011</ref> causing some Egyptians to speculate about deal between the military and the MB.<ref>Egyptian-American intellectual [[Mamoun Fandy]] claimed that as early as February 2011, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) and the MB had struck a deal, orchestrated by former Egyptian intelligence chief '[[Omar Suleiman (politician)|Omar Suleiman]], to involve the MB in the government. According to Fandy, SCAF intends to ensure the MB's victory in the elections, in return for an MB effort to draft a constitution guaranteeing the military a central role in running the country, as in the [[National Security Council (Turkey)#The role of the military in Turkish politics|Turkish model]]. ''[[Al-Sharq Al-Awsat]]'' (London), 4 July 2011. quoted in [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5745.htm#_edn2 Muslim Brotherhood Prepares for Parliamentary, Presidential Elections] by L. Azuri. 25 October 2011</ref> The Brotherhood has denied reports of secret meetings with the ruling [[SCAF]] as "pure lies and imagination."<ref name=onislam/><ref name="Glain">{{cite news | url = http://www.thenation.com/article/162970/fault-lines-egypts-muslim-brotherhood | title= Fault Lines in Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood |first= Stephen | last= Glain|date= 24 August 2011 }}</ref> There was further criticism of the military after Brotherhood silence in the midst of violent clashes between revolutionaries and the military in late 2011.<ref name = "BePe 05May2012">{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/05/egypt-generals-wait-wing-revolution-messy |title= Egypt's generals wait in the wings as battle for democracy sours |last= Beaumont |first= Peter |date= 5 May 2012 |work= The Guardian |access-date= 7 May 2012 }}</ref> The refusal of the Muslim Brotherhood to join protests against military rule is said to have stopped the "second revolution".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/11/219973.html|last=Ajbaili|first=Mustapha|date=11 June 2012|title=Egyptians are as polarized today as they were under Mubarak|publisher=Al Arabiya News|access-date=22 June 2012}}</ref><ref name = "AAN 2012">{{cite web |url= http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/07/212579.html |title= Muslim Brotherhood siding with Egypt's army affected revolt: ex-deputy guide |date= 7 May 2012 |publisher= Al Arabiya News |access-date= 7 May 2012 |quote=Former MB deputy supreme guide Mohammed Habib ... explained that [the MB-military] alliance had a negative impact on the revolution and had the Brotherhood not sided with SCAF, the revolution would have achieved its goals.}}</ref> With regard to the continuance of thousands of secretive military trials, [[Human Rights Watch]] criticised the Brotherhood and other Islamists for only noticing what happened to their fellow Islamists, "and not to the thousands of civilians standing military trial or sent to military jails".<ref name = "AbSa 06May2012">{{cite web |url= http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/06/212539.html |title= Egyptian law allows army to keep trying civilians |last1= Abdelatti |first1= Ali |last2= Saleh |first2= Yasmine |date= 6 May 2012 |agency= Reuters |publisher= Al Arabiya News |quote=The parliament led by Islamists seem to only notice what has happened to them, and not to the thousands of civilians standing military trial or sent to military jails |access-date= 7 May 2012 }}</ref> Egyptian author Ezzedine C. Fishere wrote:

<blockquote>The Brotherhood, led by the old and the hardliners, has managed to alienate its revolutionary and democratic partners and to scare important segments of society, especially women and Christians. Neither the Brotherhood nor the generals showed willingness to share power and both were keen on marginalising the revolutionary and democratic forces. It is as if they were clearing the stage for their eventual showdown.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fishere|first=Ezzedine C.|date=18 June 2012|title=Egypt's soft coup is following my dispiriting script|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c2270c32-b86e-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231247/https://www.ft.com/content/c2270c32-b86e-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

In mid-June 2012, the SCAF dissolved the parliament dominated by the Brotherhood and other Islamists.<ref>{{cite web|last=Daragahi|first=Borzou|date=15 June 2012|title=Egypt court orders parliament dissolved|url=https://www.ft.com/content/02c5e588-b61c-11e1-a511-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231204/https://www.ft.com/content/02c5e588-b61c-11e1-a511-00144feabdc0|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=Financial Times|access-date=24 June 2012}}</ref>

Despite earlier remarks by Supreme Guide [[Mohammed Badie]] that the Brotherhood would not "field a candidate for presidency" as victory and the position of a member of the Brotherhood "at the helm of power" might give a foreign power (Israel or the US) a pretext to attack Egypt,<ref>[http://www.onislam.net/english/news/africa/453802-brotherhood-denies-seeking-egypt-power.html Brotherhood Denies Seeking Egypt Power]| onIslam.net| 07 September 2011</ref> a former high level Brotherhood official ran for president in [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|2012 presidential election]]. [[Mohammed Morsi]] defeated [[Ahmed Shafiq]], a former military officer and prime minister of Mubarak, in the run off.<ref>{{cite news |last= Spencer |first= Richard |date= 24 June 2012 |title= Egypt election result: Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi wins |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9352396/Egypt-election-result-Muslim-Brotherhoods-Mohammed-Morsi-wins.html |work= The Daily Telegraph |access-date= 24 June 2012}}</ref> Not waiting for the official result, the Brotherhood declared their candidate the victor and filled [[Tahrir Square]] with demonstrators both in opposition to broad powers issued by the military that preclude the latter's subordination to a civilian government, and in fear that SCAF would announce Shafiq the winner of the election and new president.<ref name = "rallies">{{cite web|last=Saleh|first=Heba|date=22 June 2012|title=Muslim Brotherhood rallies supporters|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0efdbbbc-bbb9-11e1-9aff-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231207/https://www.ft.com/content/0efdbbbc-bbb9-11e1-9aff-00144feabdc0|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Daragahi|first1=Borzou|last2=Saleh|first2=Heba|date=17 June 2012|title=Egypt military makes move as polls close|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6996a48c-b847-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231223/https://www.ft.com/content/6996a48c-b847-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saleh|first=Heba|date=22 June 2012|title=Egypt's military warns Muslim Brotherhood|url=https://www.ft.com/content/41689b2c-bc76-11e1-a836-00144feabdc0|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211231238/https://www.ft.com/content/41689b2c-bc76-11e1-a836-00144feabdc0|archive-date=11 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Tensions abated when Morsi was officially declared the election winner on 24 June.

During the one year Morsi served as president serious public opposition developed within months. In late November 2012 Morsi 'temporarily' granted himself unlimited powers on the ground that he would "protect" the nation from the power structure left over from the Mubarak-era<ref>{{cite news|last=Hendawi|first=Hamza|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|title=Egyptian courts suspend work to protest Morsi decrees|newspaper=Salon|date=28 November 2012|access-date=8 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209125608/http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|archive-date=9 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|title=Egyptian Labor between Morsi and Mubarak|author=Dina Bishara|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=28 November 2012|access-date=8 December 2012|archive-date=2 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023112/http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the power to [[legislate]] without judicial oversight or review of his acts. He also put a draft constitution to a referendum that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup."<ref name=rule>{{cite journal|last=El Rashidi|first=Yasmine|title=Egypt: The Rule of the Brotherhood|journal=New York Review|date=February 7, 2013|volume=60 |issue=2 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/feb/07/egypt-rule-brotherhood/?pagination=false|access-date=24 September 2013|quote=The Islamists' TV channels and press called the completion of the draft constitution an "achievement," "historic," "an occasion," "another step toward achieving the goals of the revolution." The independent and opposition press described it as "an Islamist coup."}}</ref> These issues<ref name="alarab912">{{cite news|title=Egypt's Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|access-date=9 December 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=9 December 2012|quote=The two issues – the decree and the referendum – were at the heart of anti-Mursi protests that have rocked Egypt in the past two weeks.}}</ref> brought hundreds of thousands of protesters to the streets in the [[2012 Egyptian protests]].<ref>{{cite news|author=David D. Kirkpatrick|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html?pagewanted=2|title=President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said to Prepare Martial Law Decree|location=Egypt|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 April 2012|access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html|last1=McCrumen|first1=Stephanie|last2=Hauslohner|first2=Abigail|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=5 December 2012|access-date=5 December 2012}}</ref>

Other complaints included the prosecutions of journalists, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators; the continuation of military trials; and new laws that permitted detention without judicial review for up to 30 days,<ref name=continue>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Daniel|title=Muslim Brotherhood abuses continue under Egypt's military|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/muslim-brotherhood-abuses-continue-under-egypts-military/2013/08/15/56582d5c-05e2-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html|access-date=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053305/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-15/opinions/41412548_1_muslim-brotherhood-human-rights-watch-military-trials|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> According to the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), an independent organization, under Morsi "the Muslim Brotherhood is laying the foundations for a new police state by exceeding the Mubarak regime's mechanisms to suppress civil society."<ref name=misunderstood/> Persecution of minorities by Islamic radicals was ignored by Morsi. Two cases being the April 2013 firing on a funeral of Coptic Christians who had themselves been killed in sectarian attacks in the days before, and the June 2013 lynching in public view of four Shiites by (Sunni) Islamists<ref name=misunderstood/>

By April 2013, according to the Associated Press,

<blockquote>Egypt has become increasingly divided between two camps, with President Mohammed Morsi and Islamist allies on one side and an opposition made up of moderate Muslims, Christians and liberals on the other, a schism essentially over the country's political future after decades of dictatorship. Opponents accuse Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition is trying to destabilize the country to derail the elected leadership.<ref name=fray>{{cite news|title=Coptic pope's criticism of president marks trend in Egypt, where no one is above the fray|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-coptic-pope-blasts-islamist-president-over-handling-of-recent-sectarian-violence/2013/04/09/ae39df50-a0f9-11e2-bd52-614156372695_story.html|access-date=9 April 2013|agency=Associated Press|date=9 April 2013}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref></blockquote>

Adding to the unrest were severe fuel shortages and electricity outages—which evidence suggests were orchestrated by Mubarak-era Egyptian elites.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/world/middleeast/improvements-in-egypt-suggest-a-campaign-that-undermined-morsi.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Sudden Improvements in Egypt Suggest a Campaign to Undermine Morsi]|
By BEN HUBBARD and DAVID D. KIRKPATRICK| nytimes.com| July 10, 2013</ref>

In late April, the [[Tamarod]] (rebellion) movement was founded to campaign to collect signatures calling for Morsi to step down. On 29 June, it announced it had collected more than 22 million signatures.<ref name="Al Arabiya, 30 June 2013">{{cite news|title=Tahrir Square protesters show President Mursi the 'red card'|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/06/30/Egypt-braces-for-June-30-rebellion-as-Mursi-marks-first-year-.html|access-date=1 July 2013|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|date=30 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC Tamarod profile">{{cite news|title=Profile: Egypt's Tamarod protest movement|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23131953|access-date=1 July 2013|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> A day later somewhere between [[July 2013 Egyptian protests#June 2013|17 and 33 million Egyptian protesters]] demonstrated across Egypt urging Morsi to step down<ref name=misunderstood>{{cite journal|last=El Rashidi|first=Yasmine|title=Egypt: The Misunderstood Agony|journal=New York Review|date=26 September 2013|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/sep/26/egypt-misunderstood-agony/?pagination=false|quote=... 17 or 33 million Egyptians (the counts vary according to whom you choose to believe) who had taken to the streets on June 30 as part of the Tamarod movement. This protest was a symbolic vote of "no confidence" in President Morsi, urging him to step down, to call early elections, and to hand power to the chief justice in the interim.|access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> A lesser number demonstrated in support of him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/heres-what-todays-massive-anti-morsi-protests-egypt-looked/66728/ |title=What Sunday's Massive Anti-Morsi Protests in Egypt Looked Like – Abby Ohlheiser |publisher=The Atlantic Wire |access-date=3 July 2013 |date=July 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702115324/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/heres-what-todays-massive-anti-morsi-protests-egypt-looked/66728/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===2013 Egyptian removal of Morsi===
On 3 July, the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], announced President Mohamed Morsi removal from power, suspension of the constitution, and new presidential and Shura Council elections. The crackdown that followed has been called more damaging to the Brotherhood's "core organization" than any "in eight decades".<ref name=run>{{cite news|last=Kirkpatrick|first=David|title=An Egypt Arrest, and a Brotherhood on the Run|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/21/world/middleeast/egypt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=25 September 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=20 August 2013|author2=Mayy El Sheikh}}</ref>

On 14 August, the government declared a month-long state of emergency beginning at 16:00, and the military commenced [[August 2013 Egyptian raids|raids]] to remove camps of Brotherhood supporters from sit-ins being held throughout the country. Violence escalated rapidly lasting several days and led to the deaths of 638 people—595 civilians and 43 police officers. Some 4000 were injured.<ref name="ahram1">{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79160/Egypt/Politics-/Death-toll-from-Egypt-violence-rises-to--Health-mi.aspx |title=Death toll from Egypt violence rises to 638: Health ministry |newspaper=Al-Ahram |date=15 August 2013 |access-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820045825/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79160/Egypt/Politics-/Death-toll-from-Egypt-violence-rises-to--Health-mi.aspx |archive-date=20 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/world/middleeast/egypt.html |title=Islamists Debate Their Next Move in Tense Cairo |author=Kirkpatrick, David D. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 August 2013 |access-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817231843/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/world/middleeast/egypt.html?_r=0 |archive-date=17 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In retaliation Brotherhood supporters looted and burned police stations and dozens of churches.<ref name=churches>{{cite web|last=Allam|first=Hisham|title=As Egypt Smoulders, Churches Burn|url=http://original.antiwar.com/hisham-allam/2013/08/20/as-egypt-smoulders-churches-burn/|date=21 August 2013|work=Inter Press Service|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> By 19 August, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|al Jazeera]] reported that "most" of the Brotherhood's leaders were in custody. On that day Supreme Leader (Mohammed Badie) was arrested,<ref>{{cite web|title=Egyptian military police arrest Brotherhood supreme guide|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-military-police-arrest-brotherhood-supreme-guide|publisher=Egypt Independent|access-date=4 July 2013|date=4 July 2013}}</ref> crossing a "red line", as even [[Hosni Mubarak]] had never arrested him.<ref name=badie>{{cite web|title=Egypt arrests Muslim Brotherhood's top leader|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013819235957279126.html|work=20 August 2013|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref> Other high-profile members of the Brotherhood (including [[Khairat El-Shater]],<ref>{{cite web|title=More top Brotherhood members arrested by Egypt prosecutors|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75681/Egypt/Politics-/More-top-Brotherhood-members-arrested-by-Egypt-pro.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|access-date=4 July 2013|date=4 July 2013}}</ref> and [[Saad al-Katatni]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt police arrest top Brotherhood leaders |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Egypt-police-arrest-top-Brotherhood-leaders-318651|work=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=4 July 2013|date=3 July 2013}}</ref>) were arrested or ordered arrested.

On 23 September, a court ordered the group outlawed and its assets seized.<ref name=shut/> Two days later security forces shuttered the main office of the newspaper of the Freedom and Justice Party, and confiscated its equipment.<ref name=shut>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/25/egypt-shuts-down-muslim-brotherhood-newspaper_n_3987152.html Egypt Shuts Down Muslim Brotherhood Newspaper]| AP |25 September 2013</ref>

===As of 2025===

As of early 2024, the movement was reportedly afflicted with both internal disputes and continued government repression. Its Supreme Guide, Mohamed Badie, his two deputies, Khairat Al-Shater and Mahmoud Ezzat, and thousands of cadres, parliamentary deputies and prominent members throughout Egypt had been arrested following the overthrow of Morsi<ref name="Hassan-memo-27-2-2024">{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Mahmoud |title=Opinion. The Muslim Brotherhood's future in Egypt following Sisi-Erdogan summit |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240227-the-muslim-brotherhoods-future-in-egypt-following-sisi-erdogan-summit/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Memo, Middle East Monitor |date=27 February 2024}}</ref> and remained in prison.

The Turkish government had offered the Brotherhood "refuge and a platform" following its repression in Egypt, but in 2022 began "scaling back" support for the group to repair relations with Arab countries as Turkey was suffering from an economic downturn. In July 2025, a leader of the Brotherhood, Mohamed Abdel Hafiz, was arrested in Turkey, allegedly for his part in planning/organizing terrorist plots in Egypt.<ref name="Tabikha-22-7-25">{{cite news |last1=Tabikha |first1=Kamal |title=Turkey's arrest of Muslim Brotherhood leader signals commitment to warming Egypt bond |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/07/22/turkeys-arrest-of-muslim-brotherhood-leader-signals-commitment-to-warming-egypt-bond/ |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The National (Abu Dhabi) |date=22 July 2025}}</ref>

== General leaders ==
Supreme guides or General leaders (G.L.) of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt have been:
[[File:Mohammed Badiea.jpg|thumb|[[Mohammed Badie]], the current leader]]
* Founder and first General Leader (G.L.): (1928–1949) [[Hassan al-Banna]] {{lang|ar|حسن البنا}}
* 2nd G.L.: (1949–1972) [[Hassan al-Hudaybi]] {{lang|ar|حسن الهضيبي}}
* 3rd G.L.: (1972–1986) [[Umar al-Tilmisani]] {{lang|ar|عمر التلمساني}}
* 4th G.L.: (1986–1996) [[Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr]] {{lang|ar|محمد حامد أبو النصر}}
* 5th G.L.: (1996–2002) [[Mustafa Mashhur]] {{lang|ar|مصطفى مشهور}}
* 6th G.L.: (2002–2004) [[Ma'mun al-Hudaybi]] {{lang|ar|مأمون الهضيبي}}
* 7th G.L.: (2004–2010) [[Mohammed Mahdi Akef]] {{lang|ar|محمد مهدي عاكف}}
* 8th G.L.: (16 January 2010) [[Mohammed Badie]] {{lang|ar|محمد بديع}}

== See also ==
*[[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Udo Ulfkotte: ''Der heilige Krieg in Europa - Wie die radikale Muslimbruderschaft unsere Gesellschaft bedroht.'' Eichborn Verlag 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-8218-5577-6}}
* Johannes Grundmann: ''Islamische Internationalisten - Strukturen und Aktivitäten der Muslimbruderschaft und der Islamischen Weltliga.'' Wiesbaden 2005, {{ISBN|3-89500-447-2}} [http://kuepeli.blogsport.de/images/kuepeli_islam_internationalisten_rezension.pdf (Review by I. Küpeli)]
* Gilles Kepel: ''Der Prophet und der Pharao. Das Beispiel Ägypten: Die Entwicklung des muslimischen Extremismus.'' München Zürich 1995.
* Matthias Küntzel: ''Djihad und Judenhass.'' Freiburg im Breisgau 2003 (2. Aufl.)
* Richard P. Mitchell: ''The Society of the Muslim Brothers.'' London 1969.
* Emmanuel Razavi : ''Frères musulmans : Dans l'ombre d'Al Qaeda'', Editions Jean Cyrille Godefroy, 2005
* Xavier Ternisien : ''Les Frères musulmans'', Fayard, 2005
* Latifa Ben Mansour : ''Frères musulmans, frères féroces : Voyages dans l'enfer du discours islamiste'', Editions Ramsay, 2002
* Paul Landau : ''Le Sabre et le Coran, Tariq Ramadan et les Frères Musulmans à la conquête de l'Europe'', Editions du Rocher, 2005.
*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2012 |title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–85 |doi= 10.1080/13569317.2012.644986|s2cid=144873457 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI }}
* Ted Wende : ''Alternative oder Irrweg? Religion als politischer Faktor in einem arabischen Land'', Marburg 2001
* Mehmet Ozkan : ''[http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1230&context=mehmetozkan Egypt's Foreign Policy under Mohamed Morsi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192324/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1230&context=mehmetozkan |date=2014-05-19 }}'', Middle Eastern Analysis, 5.51 (2013): 10–18.

== External links ==
* [http://www.ikhwanonline.com Ikhwan Online] (Arabic)
* [http://www.ikhwanweb.com Ikhwan Web] (English)
*[http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201126101349142168.html Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood], ''[[Al Jazeera English]]'', February 6, 2011
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered The Muslim Brotherhood Uncovered], Jack Shenker and [[Brian Whitaker]], ''[[The Guardian]]'', February 8, 2011
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405 Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood], ''[[BBC News]]'', 9 February 2011

{{Egypt topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Muslim Brotherhood In Egypt}}
[[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt| ]]
[[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood|*]]
[[Category:History by political party|Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian revolution of 2011]]

Anjali filmography

2026-01-30T21:22:56Z

Yeashrahman: put up bio

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. Anjali is recognised as one of the finest actors in Tamil cinema, known for her "performance-oriented roles".<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjali eyeing mass films? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anjali-eyeing-mass-films-news-tamil-lbyjrFcjfgb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125071057/http://www.sify.com/movies/anjali-eyeing-mass-films-news-tamil-lbyjrFcjfgb.html |archive-date=25 January 2011 |access-date=21 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |date=17 January 2011 |title=Anjali wants to do commercial cinema |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-17/news-interviews/28370956_1_thoonga-nagaram-anjali-madurai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916173338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-17/news-interviews/28370956_1_thoonga-nagaram-anjali-madurai |archive-date=16 September 2011 |access-date=21 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She debuted in the thriller ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' (2006). Her breakthrough film was again a thriller, ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' (2007). She had a continued success in [[Telugu cinema]] during 2013{{Ndash}}2014 for the films ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'', ''[[Balupu]]'', ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]'', ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]'' and ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]].'' After a brief setback, she got commercial success through ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' (2021) and received praised for ''[[Gangs of Godavari]]'' (2024).

== Films ==
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]''
| Swapna
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
! scope="row" | ''Premalekha Rasa''
| Sandya
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]''
| Anandhi
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Honganasu]]''
| Impana
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aayudham Seivom]]''
| Meenakshi
| rowspan="4" | Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Angadi Theru]]''
| Sermakkani
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rettaisuzhi]]''
| Susheela
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Magizhchi]]''
| Kuzhali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Payyans]]''
| Seema
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]''
| Kalaivani (Radha / Theru Trisha)
| rowspan="9" | Tamil
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Karungali (film)|Karungali]]''
| Amudhanila Gunasekharan
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Aga Naga"
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mankatha]]''
| Suchitra Sumanth
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''
| Manimegalai Ramasamy
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]''
| Lourd Mary
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maharaja (2011 film)|Maharaja]]''
| Priya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Aravaan]]''
| Vanchi
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalakalappu]]''
| Madhavi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
| Seetha
| Telugu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vathikuchi]]''
| Leena/Meena
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]''
| Shakthi
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Balupu]]''
| Dr. Anjali
| Telugu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Singam II]]''
| Herself
| Tamil
| Special appearance in the song "Vaale Vaale"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjali to do item number in Singham-2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anjali-to-do-item-number-in-singham-2-news-tamil-mlmklgedefe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114071821/http://www.sify.com/movies/Anjali-to-do-item-number-in-Singham-2-news-tamil-mlmklgedefe.html |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=12 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]''
|Sania / Sarita / Savitri (Portrait)
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
| Geethanjali / Ushaanjali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Rana Vikrama]]''
| Gowri
| Kannada
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
| Anjali
| Tamil
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sankarabharanam (2015 film)|Sankarabharanam]]''
| Dakhu Rani Munni
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''
| Kathyayini
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mapla Singam]]''
| Sailaja
| Tamil
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sarrainodu]]''
| Sinthamani
| Telugu
| Special appearance in the song "Blockbuster"
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Iraivi]]''
| Ponni
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''
| Sandhya
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]''
| Chitrangada
| Telugu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]''
| Soumya
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]''
| Jacqueline
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Rosapoo]]''
| Reshmi
| Malayalam
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaali (2018 film)|Kaali]]''
| Punithavalli
| rowspan="5" | Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
! scope="row" |''[[Peranbu]]''
| Vijaya Lakshmi "Viji"
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Lisaa]]''
|Lisaa
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sindhubaadh]]''
| Venba
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Naadodigal 2]]''
| Sengodi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-16 |title=Anjali, Athulya to play the female leads in Naadodigal 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anjali-athulya-to-play-the-female-leads-in-naadodigal-2/articleshow/62509809.cms |access-date=2023-05-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330043846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anjali-athulya-to-play-the-female-leads-in-naadodigal-2/articleshow/62509809.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Nishabdham]]''
| rowspan="2" |Maha Lakshmi "Maha"
| Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anjali-toughens-up-to-play-a-seattle-based-cop-in-nishabdham/article32701293.ece|title=Anjali toughens up for 'Nishabdham'|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=26 September 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212104500/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anjali-toughens-up-to-play-a-seattle-based-cop-in-nishabdham/article32701293.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Silence''
| Tamil
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
| Zareena Begum
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Bairagee]]''
| Music Teacher
| Kannada ||
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anjali teams up with Shivarajkumar in Vijay Milton's Kannada movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anjali-teams-up-with-shivarajkumar-in-vijay-miltons-kannada-movie/articleshow/79305456.cms |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=19 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119133850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anjali-teams-up-with-shivarajkumar-in-vijay-miltons-kannada-movie/articleshow/79305456.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjali and Umahsree join Shivarajkumar's Shivappa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/21/anjali-and-umahsree-join-shivarajkumars-shivappa-21396.html |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120191354/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/21/anjali-and-umahsree-join-shivarajkumars-shivappa-21396.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''
| Herself
| Telugu
| Special appearance in the song "Ra Ra Reddy I'm Ready"
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/ra-ra-reddy-i-m-ready-nithiin-anjali-s-macherla-niyojakavargam-trending-top-1-10 | title=Ra Ra Reddy. I'm Ready! From Nithiin, Anjali's Macherla Niyojakavargam Trending Top 1 with 10 Million Views | date=12 July 2022 | access-date=15 July 2022 | archive-date=15 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715065635/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/ra-ra-reddy-i-m-ready-nithiin-anjali-s-macherla-niyojakavargam-trending-top-1-10 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Iratta]]''
| Malini
| Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anjali to play Malini in Joju George's 'Iratta' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anjali-to-play-malini-in-joju-georges-iratta/articleshow/96958102.cms |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Times of India |date=13 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202101442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anjali-to-play-malini-in-joju-georges-iratta/articleshow/96958102.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
| Geethanjali / Ushaanjali
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-06 |title=Geethanjali Malli Vachindhi receives a U/A certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/06/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-receives-a-ua-certificate |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gangs of Godavari]]''
| Rathnamala
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-05-30 |title=Gangs of Godavari is a film for families: Vishwak Sen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/May/30/gangs-of-godavari-is-a-film-for-families-vishwak-sen |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''
| Parvathy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-07 |title=Parvati is a complex character with many shades: Anjali on her role in 'Game Changer' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/parvati-is-a-complex-character-with-many-shades-anjali-on-her-role-in-game-changer-935559 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]''
| Madhavi
| rowspan="5" | Tamil
| Delayed release; Shot in 2012
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/03/vishal-sundar-cs-madha-gaja-raja-finally-gets-a-release-date|title=Vishal-Sundar C's Madha Gaja Raja finally gets a release date|first=Akshay|last=Kumar|date=3 January 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Paranthu Po]]''
| Vanitha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-23 |title=Aju Varghese makes his Tamil debut with Ram's Paranthu Po |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/23/aju-varghese-makes-his-tamil-debut-with-rams-paranthu-po |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Eegai}}
| {{TBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjali's 50th film titled 'Eegai'; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anjalis-50th-film-titled-eegai-first-look-out/article66900952.ece/ |website=The Hindu |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Magudam}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-24 |title=Vishal 35 is now titled Magudam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/24/vishal-35-is-now-titled-magudam |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]}}
| TBA
| Completed
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nivin Pauly's Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai Opens To Positive Reviews At Rotterdam Film Festival|url=https://news18.com/movies/nivin-paulys-yezhu-kadal-yezhu-malai-opens-to-positive-reviews-at-rotterdam-film-festival-8761271.html|website=News18 |date=31 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Oru Perumgaliyattam}}
|Thanki
|Malayalam
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suresh Gopi's 'Oru Perumgaliyattam' is a tribute to Akira Kurosawa's 'Seven Samurai', says director Jayaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopis-oru-perumgaliyattam-is-a-tribute-to-akira-kurosawas-seven-samurai-says-director-jayaraj/articleshow/105751189.cms |access-date=21 January 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}


== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]''
| Jyothi Lakshmi / Aadhi Lakshmi
| rowspan="2" | [[Netflix]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Segment: ''Love Panna Uttranum''
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/981475/paava-kadhaigal-review-four-mini-films-are-united-by-honour-and-its-often-violent-self-defence | title='Paava Kadhaigal' review: Four mini-films are united by honour and its often violent self-defence | date=18 December 2020 | access-date=27 December 2021 | archive-date=27 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227071809/https://scroll.in/reel/981475/paava-kadhaigal-review-four-mini-films-are-united-by-honour-and-its-often-violent-self-defence | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]''
| Mutthulakshmi
| Segment: ''Thunintha Pin''
|
|-
| 2022{{ndash}}2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Jhansi (TV series)|Jhansi]]''
| Jhansi / Mahitha
| rowspan="2" | [[Disney+Hotstar]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2021|title=Anjali to Star in Telugu Web Series Jhansi|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anjali-to-star-in-telugu-web-series-jhansi-4608818.html|access-date=27 January 2022|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127175502/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anjali-to-star-in-telugu-web-series-jhansi-4608818.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Fall (web series)|Fall]]''
| Divya
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html|title=First look of Siddharth Ramaswamy's upcoming web series 'Fall' released|date=17 September 2022 |publisher=www.newindianexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125527/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Bahishkarana]]''
| Pushpa
| [[ZEE5]]
| Telugu
|
|<ref name="Bahishkarana makers release motion poster of Anjali">{{cite news|last1=Cinema Express|title=Bahishkarana makers release motion poster of Anjali|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/17/bahishkarana-makers-release-motion-poster-of-anjali|accessdate=8 July 2024|date=17 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708045433/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/17/bahishkarana-makers-release-motion-poster-of-anjali|archivedate=8 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Music videos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Artist
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" | "[[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam]]"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{Non-album single}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051660120100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519120624/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051660120100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2010 |title=Front Page : Theme song launched for world classical Tamil meet |location=India |date=16 May 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Shri Keshavraj Vidyalaya, Latur

2026-01-22T16:46:33Z

Yeashrahman: correct formatting also and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|School in Latur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{More references|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Shri Keshavraj Vidyalaya, Latur
| image =
| motto = {{Lang|mr|केल्याने होत आहे रे । आधी केलेचि पाहिजे।।}}
| motto_translation = It is happening by doing, It should be done first.
| principal = {{plainlist|
*Manjuldas Gavte (high school)
*Shivaji Hendage (primary school)
}}
| established = {{start date and age|1969}}
| educational_authority = [[Bhartiya Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha, Ambajogai]]
| address = Sham Nagar, [[Latur, Maharashtra]] 413531
| country = India
| language = {{Ubl | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | [[English language|English]]}}
| affiliations = [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
| website =
}}

'''Shri Keshavraj Vidyalaya, Latur''' is a primary and secondary school in the [[Latur]] district of South-Eastern [[Maharashtra, India]]. It was established in 1969 by [[Bhartiya Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha, Ambajogai|Bhartiya Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha]], [[Ambajogai]]. The School is a [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] syllabus-based school. The Primary teaching-language of school is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. School has also started its English school branch from 2017. School has completed its 50 years successfully in the year 2019. There are 23 schools and institutes under the same "[[Bhartiya Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha, Ambajogai|Bhartiya Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha]]" in different districts of Maharashtra.

== Recognition ==
The Keshavraj Vidyalya is considered as top most school of district Latur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latur: Toppers factory in Maharashtra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/jul/29/latur-toppers-factory-in-maharashtra-1849965.html|access-date=25 September 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Every year, About 200–300 students score above 90% in the SSC final board exams'''.''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Shashikant |date=9 June 2019 |title=Maharashtra SSC result 2019: 16 students from Latur get 100% |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-ssc-result-2019-16-students-from-latur-get-100-2758691|access-date=25 September 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Maha SSC results: 95.30 pass percentage, 242 students score 100% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/maha-ssc-results-95-30-pass-percentage-242-students-score-100/articleshow/77245385.cms |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> School is considered as one of the best schools in Maharashtra. Combining the total number of students and teachers of all branches, the school has over 25000+ students and 1000+ Teachers (As of 2020).

== Facilities ==
The school is most famous for its teaching methodologies, different experiments on students to teach them in a better way, sports and quality education. Each day of school begins with the prayer, national anthem and a bit of exercise. the School has libraries for books, Laboratories for science experiments, Computer Lab for Technology-education, Playground for playing. Various different activities are undertaken by school every year to make students better and to increase their ability to do analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. School also motives students to give National-level exams like BTS, [[Scholarship]], Junior IAS, [[International Mathematical Olympiad|Math]] & Science Olympiad, [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], etc.

== Timing ==
The timings of the schools are as follows:

* 7 a.m. to Noon – 1st to 4th std students and 8th to 10th standard students.
* Noon to 5 p.m. – 5th to 7th standard students.

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Latur district]]
[[Category:Schools in Maharashtra]]

RAF Dum Dum

2026-01-22T03:30:15Z

Yeashrahman: Put Up The Pg W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Former Royal Air Force station}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = RAF Dum Dum
| ensign = Ensign of the Royal Air Force.svg
| ensign_size = 90px
| native_name =
| partof = 
| location = [[Dum Dum]], [[Kolkata]]
| country = India
| image = 
| caption =
| image2 = 
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| type =
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|38|59|N|088|26|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| gridref =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_caption = Shown within India
| pushpin_label = RAF Dum Dum
| pushpin_label_position =
| ownership = [[Air Ministry]]
| operator = [[Royal Air Force]]
| controlledby = [[Far East Air Force (Royal Air Force)|Air Command, South East Asia]]
| open_to_public = 
| site_other_label = 
| site_other = 
| site_area = 
| code = 
| built = {{Start date|1941}}
| used = 1941 - {{End date|1946}}
| builder =
| fate =
| condition =
| battles = [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II]]
| events =
| past_commanders = 
| garrison = 
| occupants = 
| designations =
| website =
| footnotes = 

| IATA =
| ICAO =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| elevation = 
| r1-number =
| r1-length = 
| r1-surface =
| r2-number =
| r2-length = 
| r2-surface =
| r3-number =
| r3-length = 
| r3-surface =
| h1-number =
| h1-length = 
| h1-surface =
| airfield_other_label = 
| airfield_other = 

}}

'''Royal Air Force Dum Dum''' or more simply '''RAF Dum Dum''' is a former [[Royal Air Force]] [[List of former Royal Air Force stations|station]] located in [[Dum Dum]], [[Kolkata]], India.

== History ==
RAF Dum Dum was established as an airfield before the [[World War II|Second World War]] begun, and acted as a strategic base from 1941 onwards.<ref name="194Sqn">{{cite web | last=Moses | first=Ken | title=My RAF Service with 194 Squadron | website=Burma Star Memorial Archive | url=https://www.burmastar.org.uk/194-squadron | access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref>

In December 1941, RAF Dum Dum participated in the defense of Calcutta when the Japanese air-raids threatened the city. The station also became a key base for several RAF squadrons, which involved in airlift operations to China, famously known as “the Hump”. It also supported supply-dropping missions to support British and Allied troops, including the [[Chindits]] in [[Burma]].<ref name="RAFMuseum">
{{cite web | title=The RAF and China: A Forgotten Alliance | website=RAF Museum | url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/default/china-alliance.aspx | access-date=2024-10-12}}</ref><ref name="194Sqn"/>

=== Burma Campaign ===
In 1942, as the Japanese occupation of Burma intensified, RAF Dum Dum was an important location for supply and transport missions. Squadrons based here would ferry supplies to Allied forces across the region, often taking risky routes through mountainous terrain.<ref name="RAFMuseum"/>

During the 1943 [[Burma campaign|Burma Campaign]], RAF Dum Dum supplied troops and [[mule]]s to support the Chindits’ [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics deep in the jungle. On 14 January 1943, a Night fighter squadron was formed and attempted a raid on the next day, however, the raid was foiled. On February, the Night fighter squadron moved out. After the fall of Burma, the airfield engaged in re-establishing supply lines over routes in the Himalayan towards China.<ref name="RAFMuseum"/>

=== Squadrons ===
Units that were based here at some point:<ref name="RAFWeb">{{cite web | title=RAF Squadrons 176-180 | website=RAF Web | url=https://www.rafweb.org/Squadrons/Sqn176-180.htm | access-date=2024-10-12}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=146 Squadron RAF in World War II | website=History of War | url=http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/146_wwII.html | access-date=2024-10-12}}
</ref>
* [[No. 5 Squadron RAF]] between 15 December 1941 and 5 May 1942 with the [[Hawker Audax]] and the [[Curtiss P-36 Hawk|Curtiss Mohawk]] IV.{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=25}}
* Detachments from [[No. 28 Squadron RAF]] between 3 March 1939 and 31 January 1942 with Audax and between 7 April and 18 July 1942 with the [[Westland Lysander]] II{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=34}}
* [[No. 31 Squadron RAF]] between March and April 1942 with the [[Douglas DC-2]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=35}}
* [[No. 45 Squadron RAF]] between 30 April and 16 August 1942 with the [[Bristol Blenheim]] IV{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=40}}
* [[No. 52 Squadron RAF]] between 1 July 1944 and 30 October 1946 with the [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas Dakota]] and the [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|Consolidated Liberator]] I{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=41}}
* Detachments from [[No. 60 Squadron RAF]] between March 1930 and September 1940 with the [[Westland Wapiti]] and Blenheim I{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=44}}
* [[No. 62 Squadron RAF]] between 30 April and 14 June 1942 with the [[Lockheed Hudson]] III and as a detachment between September 1946 and March 1947 with the Dakota{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=44}}
* Detachment from [[No. 113 Squadron RAF]] between April and October 1942 with the Blenheim IV{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=56}}
* [[No. 135 Squadron RAF]] between 27 March 1942 and 23 January 1943 with [[Hawker Hurricane]] IIB{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=60}}
* [[No. 136 Squadron RAF]] between 26/27 February 1942 and between 6 September and 26 December 1942{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=60}}
* [[No. 139 Squadron RAF]] between March and April 1942 with the Hudson III{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=60}}
* [[No. 146 Squadron RAF]] between 26 November and 2 December 1941 with the Audax and between 5 May and 6 September 1942 with the Mohawk IV, [[Brewster F2A Buffalo|Brewster Buffalo]] I and Hurricane IIB{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=61}}
* [[No. 176 Squadron RAF]] between 15 January and 6 February 1943 with [[Bristol Beaufighter]] IF{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=65}}
* Detachment from [[No. 194 Squadron RAF]] between October 1942 and February 1943 with the Hudson VI{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=67}}
* Detachment from [[No. 215 Squadron RAF]] between April and August 1942 with the [[Vickers Wellington]] IC{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=71}}
* Detachment from [[No. 258 Squadron RAF]] between March 1942 and February 1943 with the Hurricane IIB{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=79}}
* [[No. 353 Squadron RAF]] between 1 June and 1 August 1942, then between August 1942 and February 1943 as a detachment with the Hudson III{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=88}}
* Detachments from [[No. 357 Squadron RAF]] during February 1944 with the Liberator III then again between October 1944 and January 1945 with the Dakota{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=89}}
* [[No. 681 Squadron RAF]] initially between 15 January and 9 December 1943 with the Hurricane IIC, [[North American B-25 Mitchell|North American Mitchell]] II, Spitfire IV/XI and [[de Havilland Mosquito]] II then again between 30 January and 5 May 1944 with the Spitfire IV & XI{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=105}}
* [[No. 684 Squadron RAF]] initially between 29 September and 9 December 1943 with the Mitchell II and Mosquito VI then again between 31 January and 5 May 1944{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=105}}

=== Re-development ===
After the Second World War, the airfield was redeveloped into [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]].{{citation needed|date= October 2024}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book |last1=Jefford |first1=C. G. |title= RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912 |year=1988 |publisher= Airlife Publishing |location= [[Shrewsbury]], UK |isbn= 1-85310-053-6 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dum Dum}}
[[Category:World War II airfields in India]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force stations in Asia]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1940]]
[[Category:Military airbases closed in 1947]]

List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly

2026-01-15T18:48:05Z

Yeashrahman:

{{primary sources|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Speakers and deputy speakers of the assan Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the Assam Legislative Assembly
| insignia = File:Seal of Assam.svg
| insigniacaption = Seal of Assam
| department = [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| member_of = [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| appointer = Members of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| incumbent = [[Biswajit Daimary]]
| inaugural =
| incumbentsince = 21 May 2021
| termlength = During the life of the Tripura Legislative Assembly (five years maximum)
| image = Jitendra Singh receiving a memorandum from a delegation of Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) led by the Member of Parliament, Shri Biswajit Daimary, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Speaker]] {{small|(informal)}}
| reports_to = [[Government of Assam]]
| residence =
| deputy = List of deputy speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly
}}

The following is a list of the Speakers of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Speakers since 1937|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/speaker-list.html|website=Assamassembly.gov.in|access-date=9 December 2010}}</ref> and their deputies.

==Speakers of the Assembly==

===Assam Province===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Name
!Portrait!! Took office !! Left office
!Party
|-
| 1 || [[Babu Basanta Kumar Das]]
| || 7 April 1937 || 11 March 1946
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Debeswar Sarmah]]
| || 12 March 1946 || 10 October 1947
|-
| 3 || Laksheswar Borooah
| || 5 November 1947 || 3 March 1952
|}

===Assam State===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Name
!Portrait !! Took office !! Left office !! Political Party
|-
| 1 || [[Kuladhar Chaliha]]
|[[File:Kuladhar_Chaliha_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg|frameless|238x238px]]|| 5 March 1952 || 7 June 1957 || rowspan="6" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Devakanta Barua]]
|[[File:Dev_Kant_Baruah.jpg|frameless|168x168px]]|| 8 June 1957 || 15 September 1959
|-
| 3 || [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhury]]
| [[File:Statue_of_Mahendra_Mohan_Choudhury.jpg|frameless|225x225px]]|| 9 December 1959 || 19 March 1967
|-
| 4 || Hareswar Goswami
| || 20 March 1967 || 10 May 1968
|-
| 5 || Mahi Kanta Das
| || 27 August 1968 || 21 March 1972
|-
| 6 || [[Ramesh Chandra Barooah]]
| || 22 March 1972 || 20 March 1978
|-
| 7 || [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]
| [[File:Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|frameless|204x204px]]|| 21 March 1978 || 4 September 1979 || [[Janata Party]]
|-
| 8 || [[Sheikh Chand Mohammad]]
| || 7 November 1979 || 7 January 1986 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 9 || [[Pulakesh Barua]]
| [[File:Pulakesh Barua politician assam (cropped).jpg|frameless|202x202px]]|| 9 January 1986 || 27 July 1991 || [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| 10 || [[Jiba Kanta Gogoi]]
| || 29 July 1991 || 9 December 1992 || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11 || Debesh Chandra Chakravorty
| || 21 December 1992 || 11 June 1996
|-
| 12 || [[Ganesh Kutum]]
| || 12 June 1996 || 24 May 2001 || [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| 13 || [[Prithibi Majhi]]
| [[File:The Minister for Labour and Employment, Revenue and Disaster Management, Assam, Shri Prithibi Majhi addressing at the Public Information Campaign on Bharat Nirman, organized by Press Information Bureau, Guwahati (cropped).jpg|frameless|202x202px]]|| 30 May 2001 || 19 May 2006 || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 14 || [[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]
|[[File:Tanka_Bahadur_Rai.jpg|frameless|209x209px]]|| 29 May 2006 || 19 May 2011
|-
| 15 || [[Pranab Kumar Gogoi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110607/jsp/frontpage/story_14080104.jsp|title=Members of 13th Assembly sworn in - Pranab Gogoi elected Assam Speaker|work=The Telegraph|access-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616143436/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110607/jsp/frontpage/story_14080104.jsp|archive-date=16 June 2011|date=7 June 2011}}</ref>
|[[File:Speaker_of_Assam_Legislative_Assembly,_Shri_Pranab_Kumar_Gogoi_at_the_Platinum_Jubilee_Celebrations_of_Assam_Legislative_Assembly,_in_Guwahati,_Assam._(cropped).jpg|frameless|182x182px]]|| 6 June 2011 || 19 May 2016 || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 16 || [[Ranjit Kumar Das]]
| || 1 June 2016 || 30 January 2017|| rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 17 || [[Hitendra Nath Goswami]]
| [[File:Hitendra Nath Goswami (cropped).jpg|frameless|163x163px]]|| 30 January 2017 || 20 May 2021
|-
| 18 || [[Biswajit Daimary]]
|[[File:Jitendra_Singh_receiving_a_memorandum_from_a_delegation_of_Bodoland_Territorial_Council_(BTC)_led_by_the_Member_of_Parliament,_Shri_Biswajit_Daimary,_in_New_Delhi_(cropped).jpg|frameless|213x213px]]|| 21 May 2021 || Present
|}

==Deputy speakers of the Assembly==
The following is a list of the deputy speakers of the assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=List of Deputy Speakers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/dyspeaker-list.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828212623/http://assamassembly.gov.in/dyspeaker-list.html |archive-date=28 August 2021 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Name !! Took office !! Left office
|-
| 1 ||[[Moulvi Muhammad Amiruddin]]
| 7 April 1937 || 1946
|-
| 2 || [[Bonily Khongmen]] || 14 March 1946 ||
|-
| 3 ||[[R.N. Baruah]]
| 6 March 1952 || 1 April 1957
|-
| 4 ||R.N. Baruah
| 10 June 1957 || 28 February 1962
|-
| 5 ||[[D. Hazarika]]
| 31 March 1962 || 28 February 1967
|-
| 6 ||[[M. K. Das]]
| 31 March 1967 || 26 August 1968
|-
| 7 ||[[A. Rahman]]
| 20 September 1968 || 9 November 1970
|-
| 8 ||[[J. Saikin]]
| 13 November 1970 || 9 June 1971
|-
| 9 ||[[R. N. Sen]]
| 24 May 1971 || 14 March 1972
|-
| 10 ||[[Golok Rajbanshi]]
| 6 April 1972 || 3 March 1978
|-
| 11 ||[[Sheikh Chand Mohammad]]
| 30 March 1978 || 6 November 1979
|-
| 12 ||[[G. Ahmed]]
| 13 November 1979 || 19 March 1982
|-
| 13 ||[[N. C. Kath Hazarika]]
| 25 March 1983 || 18 August 1985
|-
| 14 || [[Bhadreswar Buragohain]] || 1 April 1986 || 10 April 1990
|-
| 15 || [[Balobhadra Tamuli]] || 22 October 1990 || 8 January 1991
|-
| 16 || [[Debesh Chakraborty]] || 1 August 1991 || 20 December 1992
|-
| 17 || [[Prithibi Majhi|Prithibi Mahji]] || 23 March 1993 || 11 May 1996
|-
| 18 ||[[Nurul Hussain]]
| 13 June 1996 || 18 August 1998
|-
|19
|[[Renupoma Rajkhowa]]
|14 May 1991
|17 May 2001
|-
|20
|[[Tanka Bahadur Rai]]
|3 April 2002
|14 May 2006
|-
|21
|[[Pranati Phukan]]
|31 May 2006
|16 May 2011
|-
|22
|[[Bhimananda Tanti]]
|6 June 2011
|19 May 2016
|-
|23
|[[Dilip Kumar Paul]]
|3 June 2016
|8 May 2018
|-
|24
|[[Kripanath Mallah]]
|26 September 2018
|4 June 2019
|-
|25
|[[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
|31 July 2019
|2 May 2021
|-
|26
|[[Numal Momin]]
|21 May 2021
|Present
|}

== Pro tem Speaker ==

=== List of Pro tem Speakers ===
*[[Pranab Gogoi]] 2011
*[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]] 2016
*[[Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary]] 2021

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|Assam]]
[[Category:Assam politics-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Assam]]

Mansiya V. P.

2026-01-12T04:17:34Z

Yeashrahman: new a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian classical dancer (born 1995)}}
'''Mansiya V. P.''' (born 1995;)<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP leaders back dancer Mansiya Shyam Kalyan denied nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sangh-leaders-back-dancer-denied-nod/articleshow/90529057.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian [[dance]]r who specialises in the [[Bharatanatyam]] form of [[Indian classical dance]]. She has pursued her career in dancing, despite facing [[Social rejection|social ostracism]] by orthodox among Muslims on account of her dancing while being a non-Hindu. She has also faced exclusion from some Hindu temples.

In December 2022, Mansiya was elected as one of the 26 members of the council of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Dancer Mansiya, six others in Sangeeta Nataka Akademi council |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/dec/15/dancer-mansiya-six-others-in-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-council-2528232.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215072536/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/dec/15/dancer-mansiya-six-others-in-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-council-2528232.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Mansiya dances her way ignoring 'rules' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2022/dec/18/mansiya-dances-her-way-ignoring-rules-2529229.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mansiya was born in 1995 in [[Valluvambram Junction|Velluvampuram]], [[Malappuram]], to Syed Alavikutty and Amina V. P.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Haritha |date=19 January 2015 |title=Ostracised for being Muslim and performing dance, 20-year-old Mansiya's story |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ostracised-being-muslim-and-performing-dance-20-year-old-mansiyas-story-17001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105145/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ostracised-being-muslim-and-performing-dance-20-year-old-mansiyas-story-17001 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Varier |first=Megha |date=26 May 2017 |title=Once shunned for learning 'Hindu dance forms', read a Kerala Muslim woman's journey to success |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-shunned-learning-hindu-dance-forms-read-kerala-muslim-woman-s-journey-success-62654 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526124149/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-shunned-learning-hindu-dance-forms-read-kerala-muslim-woman-s-journey-success-62654 |archive-date=26 May 2017 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Hrishikesh |first=Sharanya |date=4 April 2022 |title=Mansiya VP: Kerala dancer who took on religious conservatives |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60952503 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> She has an elder sister, Rubiya, who is also a dancer.<ref name="Mary">{{cite news |last1=Mary |first1=John |date=9 March 2006 |title=Muslim girl dances social divide |work=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4746480.stm |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918021819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4746480.stm |archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> During her childhood, Mansiya's father worked abroad in [[Saudi Arabia]], but he supported his wife's interest in having his daughters study traditional dance. Alavikutty was not religious, though his wife was Muslim.<ref name=":5" /> When he returned to India, he worked in a travel agency.<ref name="Mary" /> They raised their daughters with a non-conformist, secular outlook and were open-minded in ensuring that their daughters would receive exposure to varied religious traditions. The daughters studied the Quran in a [[Madrasa]]h and were taught from both Hindu and Christian religious texts at home.<ref name=":2" />

Both sisters attended public school and Veeran Haji High School.<ref name="Mary" /><ref name="Soman" >{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Muslim woman dancer: The obstacles are what made me resolutely decide that dance will be my life: Bharatanatyam dancer Mansiya V P {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/the-obstacles-are-what-made-me-resolutely-decide-that-dance-will-be-my-life-bharatanatyam-dancer-mansiya-v-p/articleshow/62696114.cms |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=30 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Rubiya went on to earn a post graduate degree from [[Annamalai University]] of [[Chidambaram]] and became a dance teacher.<ref name=":0" /> Mansiya completed her under-graduate studies at [[N.S.S College, Manjeri]]<ref name=":0" /> and went on to get a first division [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Bharatnatyam]] from the [[University of Madras]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Boycotted for learning 'Hindu dance forms', the tale of two Muslim sisters will move you to tears |url=http://www.inuth.com/trends/social-virals/boycotted-for-learning-hindu-dance-forms-the-tale-of-two-muslim-sisters-will-move-you-to-tears/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=InUth |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Dance ==
{{Quote box
| class = letterhead
| title = 'My art is my God and the stage is my temple':
| width = 25%
| quote = "... I don't believe in any religion. But I believe in God... My strength is my art and practicing my art is my [[worship|puja]]... Just before we perform, we touch the stage in [[Salute|obeisance]]. That's because the stage is our temple and what we perform is our God.... in a temple, before every performance I pray to the deity from outside and [[Prostration|prostrate]] in front of Him. ..."
| source = ~ Mansiya V.P. in interview with Shobha Warrier on [[Rediff.com|Rediff]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=WARRIER |first=SHOBHA |date=2022-04-06 |title='My art is my God and the stage is my temple' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/why-mansiya-could-not-dance-in-a-temple/20220406.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406054952/https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/why-mansiya-could-not-dance-in-a-temple/20220406.htm |archive-date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Rediff |language=en |quote=I don't believe in any religion. But I believe in God. I am of the opinion that belief in God and belief in religion are two different things....My strength is my art and practicing my art is my puja...Just before we perform, we touch the stage in obeisance. That's because the stage is our temple and what we perform is our God....If I am going to dance in a temple, before every performance I pray to the deity from outside and prostrate in front of Him. }}</ref>
| border = none
| title_bg = none
| tstyle = text-align: left;
| qalign = left
}}
Despite difficult circumstances and acute social ostracism due to prevailing religious conservatism, both daughters were enrolled in Indian classical dance classes since age of three and encouraged to pursue and continue their dance career along with regular education.<ref name=":2" /> They studied various classical forms of Indian dances including Bharatnatyam, [[Kuchipudi]], Mohiniyattam, [[Kerala Natanam|Kerala Nadanam]] and [[Kathakali]].<ref name=":2" /> Their teachers included Sarojini in [[Manjeri]], RLV Anand, Bharatanjali Sasi, and Puthur Pramodh Das, among others.<ref name="Soman" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Mary" /> From 2005 to 2012, Mansiya regularly participated in the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam|Kerala state school festivals]] (class VIII to XII) and won prizes for her [[Mohiniyattam|Mohiniyattom]] performances.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She was twice awarded the "Kalathilakam", an award for the best female performer, at the annual youth festival of the [[University of Calicut]].<ref name=":0" /> She has experimented with choreographing a fusion of classical Bharatnatyam with traditional [[Sufi music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Elizabeth |date=11 September 2018 |title=Dancing against all obstacles |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/110918/dancing-against-all-obstacles.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911131300/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/110918/dancing-against-all-obstacles.html |archive-date=11 September 2018 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Social ostracism ==
According to a report by Haritha John in ''[[The News Minute]]'', the family was ostracized from the local community due to Islam being against public appearances by post [[puberty]] women. Stage performances are a taboo subject among conservative [[Islam in Kerala|Kerala Muslim community]] and even the application of [[Theatrical makeup|makeup]] for a dance performance is frowned upon.<ref name=":0" /> According to Megha Varier, the sister's father Alavikutty was already detested in their community for being a theatre artist and the family was shunned for not following [[Burqa|Burkha]].<ref name=":2" /> Varier says putting up with contesting questions by the daughters to Madrasah teachers exacerbated the situation.<ref name=":2" /> John says social ostracism in her Muslim community results in her and her family regularly being excluded from community public functions and events. Varier's report adds that there is a denial of social and financial help even during serious illness to any of their family members as the result of their secular lifestyle.<ref name=":2" /> John says the Mansiya and Rubiya sister duo have been attacked and faced abuses while walking on the road. Their own relatives and friends told them that they would end up in [[Jahannam|hell]] since they dance on the stage.<ref name=":0" /> The sisters faced neglect both at school and at the madrassa even from teachers who shunned them. As a result of all of this, the sisters had few friends.<ref name=":0" /> John adds that Mansiya even faced death threats while the community did not allow her mother Amina's burial because the sister duo perform Indian classical dances.<ref name=":0" />

According to Manoj Viswanathan, while Mansiya's own Islam community ostracized her family, some Hindu temples allowed her to perform at their premises even though she was not a Hindu and had declared herself to be [[Irreligion in India|irreligious]]..<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Kerala: who is Bharatanatyam dancer Mansiya VP and why is she barred from temple performance? |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/news/details/kerala-who-is-bharatanatyam-dancer-mansiya-vp-and-why-is-she-barred-from-temple-performance/0-0-newsauto_2adjvci64f50 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=zee5.com}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> A few temples, such as the [[Guruvayur Temple|Guravayoor Temple]] and [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] ([[Thrissur district]] Kerala), declined dance performance opportunities due to individual temple regulations on admittance of non-Hindus to temple grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanathan |first=Manoj |title=Atheist dancer denied stage at Kerala temple festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/28/atheist-dancer-denied-stage-at-kerala-temple-festival-2435121.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Non-Hindu' Bharatanatyam dancer stopped from performing in Kerala temple |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1020603/kerala-bharatanatyam-dancer-stopped-from-performing-at-temple-for-being-non-hindu |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=29 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Dancer denied temple performance: Tharoor expresses disappointment, says art overruled by religion |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dancer-denied-temple-performance-tharoor-expresses-disappointment-says-art-overruled-by-religion-1.7387062 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=29 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Some politicians and dancers expressed their disappointment over some Hindu temples not giving performance opportunities to non-Hindu dancers.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

According to Nikhila Henry, similar exclusionary practices were adopted by the church in the case of Soumya Sukumaran, another Bharatanatyam dancer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Nikhila |date=1 April 2022 |title='Discrimination Rampant': Christian Dancer Barred at Second Kerala Temple |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/padmanabha-swamy-kshetram-second-kerala-temple-bars-christian-dancer-from-performance |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Sukumaran's family's church shuns her for being a dancer.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India}}

[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]

Antoine Marie Tabard

2026-01-08T04:42:07Z

Yeashrahman:

[[File:Tabard 1899.jpg|thumb]]
Father '''Antoine Marie Tabard''' or '''Anthony Marie Tabard''' (15 October 1863 – 2 July 1926) was a French Roman Catholic priest who worked in India as a priest and as the head of several educational institutions. He was given the title Rajasabhabhusana by the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]] and was a founding member of the [[Mythic Society]]. He was also a scholar of Tamil and Kannada and wrote on a variety of topics related to India.

== Biography ==
Tabard was born in [[Torigni-sur-Vire]], Normandy, France. He was educated at home and then at [[Caen]] and received an MA from Paris in 1881. He was ordained priest in 1886 and went to India as part of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|Society of Foreign Missions of Paris]]. Tabard taught mathematics, physics and chemistry at [[St. Joseph's University, Bangalore|St. Joseph's College]] from 1891 to 1924. He studied Tamil under Father A. Reautearu. He was also chaplain at St. Patrick's church from 1891 and was involved in setting up an orphanage. He was awarded a [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaiser-i-Hind medal]] of the first class in 1914. In 1909 he was one of the founders of the Mythic Society along with F. J. Richards, [[Leslie Creery Miller|Leslie Miller]], J. S. Chakravarthy and others. He served as its president from 1912. He was made OBE in 1920 and shortly after was inducted into the Mysore durbar (royal court) with the title of "Rajasabhabhushana" (ornament of the royal court). He was involved in founding Mysore University. He was advised to go to Europe due to poor health and he visited France in 1925 and returned to India. He died in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite journal|title=In Memoriam. Anthony Marie Tabard.|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367507/page/n10/mode/1up|pages=10-13 |volume =17|year=1926|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|author=Venkatesha, Mallaly}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://whowaswho-indology.info/4924/tabard-antoine-marie/ Who's who of Indology]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tabard, Antoine Marie}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic clergy in India]]

Kasa Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:14:06Z

Yeashrahman: Created The Post Needs Work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kasa
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title=Archive Delimitation Orders |access-date=25 December 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| electors = 84,329
| mla = Sumada Rajaram Vithal
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Kasa Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Dhakatya Posha Sutar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. V. Sumada || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sumada Rajaram Vithal
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kasa<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sumada Rajaram Vithal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,453 |percentage = 44.28% |change={{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sutar Dhakat Posha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 12,496 |percentage = 28.44% |change={{increase}}6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaluram Kakadya Dhodade |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 9,172 |percentage = 20.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,957 |percentage = 15.84% |change= {{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,934 |percentage = 48.76% |change= {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,329 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kasa<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=R. V. Sumada |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,134 |percentage = 31.01% |change={{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. K. Dhodade |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,605 |percentage = 24.55% |change={{increase}}14.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=L. S. Kome |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 8,485 |percentage = 21.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. G. Padekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,684 |percentage = 11.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,529 |percentage = 6.46% |change= {{decrease}}20.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,131 |percentage = 49.45% |change= {{decrease}}12.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,591 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}23.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kasa<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhakatya Posha Sutar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 20,032 |percentage = 54.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadeo Gopal Kadu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,899 |percentage = 26.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahanu Ladakya Dhinde |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,818 |percentage = 10.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,133 |percentage = 27.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,088 |percentage = 61.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,504 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Wenlock District Hospital

2026-01-01T07:09:58Z

Yeashrahman: reworked structure for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| other_links = 
| name = Wenlock District Hospital
| org_group =
| image = Wenlock Hospital Mangalore India 20170524 113134.jpg
| caption = Wenlock Hospital
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| location =
| region = [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.83982|N|74.78996|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| healthcare =
| funding = [[Government of Karnataka]] [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
| Medical Superintendent =
| type = General, Government hospital
| speciality =
| standards = 
| emergency =
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network =
| beds = 1000<ref name='wenlock1'>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=621969|title=Mangaluru: Mother Mary Sodality donates wheelchairs to Wenlock Hospital|date=6 September 2019|accessdate=29 March 2020|newspaper=[[Daijiworld]]|author=Sushil Noronha}}</ref>
| founded = 1848
| website =
}}
'''Wenlock District Hospital''' is a hospital in [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/state-of-the-art-cancer-unit-to-be-set-up-at-wenlock-hospital/article28257926.ece|title=State-of-the-art cancer unit to be set up at Wenlock Hospital |date=2 July 2019|accessdate=29 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Established in 1848, it was acquired by the [[Madras Presidency|Madras government]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/610547/shortage-beds-wenlock-icu-hits.html|title= Shortage of beds in Wenlock ICU hits patients hard|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=29 March 2020|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> It contains more than 1000 beds {{as of|alt=as of 2021|2021}}.<ref name='wenlock1'/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dk.nic.in/other/wenlock.pdf |title=www.dk.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615132649/http://www.dk.nic.in/other/wenlock.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a teaching hospital of the [[Kasturba Medical College|Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-01|title=KMC asked to provide more staff to Wenlock and Goschen|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/kmc-asked-to-provide-more-staff-to-wenlock-and-goschen/article34209871.ece|access-date=2021-05-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The hospital named after the then governor, [[Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock]] was established in 1848 during the British Raj when Mangaluru was a part of the Madras Presidency. After India's independence, the hospital came under control of the Madras State. In 1955, [[T. M. A. Pai]], the founder of [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] established the Kasturba Medical College with Wenlock Hospital as the teaching hospital. Mangalore became a part of the Mysore state in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangalore: Lady Goschen, Wenlock hospitals to be renamed?|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=162132|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Teaching Hospital ==
The hospital is India's oldest example of a [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership]] in medical education. KMC Mangalore has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of Karnataka to use the hospital as a teaching hospital and the college provides healthcare staff and laboratory facilities. The state, through the Karnataka Examinations Authority is the counselling authority for 20% of the MBBS seats at KMC Mangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Mar 13, 2015|title=PPP is a win-win for all: Mangaluru's KMC {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ppp-is-a-win-win-for-all-mangalurus-kmc/articleshow/46548438.cms|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[Medical education in India|Medical Education in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1848 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Mangalore]]

Gajwel

2025-12-31T08:01:28Z

Yeashrahman:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025|reason=Edits made in mid-2023, such as [[Special:Diff/1162839050|this]] and others by the same user; see [[WP:AISIGNS]] such as didactic disclaimers (typical of 2023 LLM output), a variation on the "challenges and future initiatives" template, promotional tone in some of their other edits like [[Special:Diff/1161675050|this]], etc}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gajwel
| native_name_lang = telugu
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.8517|N|78.6828|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Gajwel–Pragnapur Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Urban Local Body Information|url=http://www.dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|website=Directorate of City and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615135503/http://dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 49.00
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 568
| population_total = 24961
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2804_PART_B_DCHB_MEDAK.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=11 June 2016|pages=12, 44}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Urdu]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 502278
| registration_plate = TG 36
| website = {{URL|https://gajwelmunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Gajwel–Pragnapur
| settlement_type = Town
| population_metro = 35000
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]],[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
}}
'''Gajwel,''' officially '''Gajwel–Pragnapur''', is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Siddipet district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gajwet-Pragnapur Municipatity, Siddipet District|url=https://cdma.telangana.gov.in/Ward%20Delimitation%20Gos/go%20323%20gajwel-pragnapur%20Mplty%20.pdf|access-date=2020-07-03|website=CDMA Telangana}}</ref><ref name="census" /> The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of {{convert|49.00|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="civicbody" /> Gajwel, located about 53 km from [[Hyderabad]] on the Rajiv highway, is one of the fastest-developing towns in Telangana. It serves as a major political center and is the home constituency of the former Chief Minister of Telangana,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana election results: KCR wins from Gajwel by over 50,000 votes, keeps record intact |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/telangana-election-results-kcr-wins-from-gajwel-by-over-50-000-votes-keeps-record-intact-1407118-2018-12-11 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]. Gajwel has seen development in various sectors, including infrastructure projects like the Outer [[Ring Road]] (ORR) construction. The ORR, spanning approximately 21.92 kilometers, connects Gajwel with cities such as [[Hyderabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], and [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], improving connectivity and facilitating smoother travel.<ref name=":0" />

== Geography ==
Gajwel is a town located in the Siddipet district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is situated approximately 53 kilometers northwest of the state capital, Hyderabad. Gajwel is positioned at a latitude of 17.8512° N and a longitude of 78.5902° E.

The town is located on the Deccan Plateau and is surrounded by agricultural lands. It lies at an average elevation of around 540 meters (1,770 feet) above sea level. The area is characterized by undulating terrain with scattered hills and valleys.

The region experiences a semi-arid climate, with hot summers and relatively mild winters. The summer season, which lasts from March to June, can be quite hot with temperatures often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit). The monsoon season occurs from June to September, bringing moderate to heavy rainfall to the region. The winter season, from November to February, is relatively pleasant with temperatures ranging from 15 to 25 degrees Celsius (59 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit).

Gajwel is primarily an agricultural town with farming being the main occupation of the local population. The region is known for cultivating various crops such as paddy, cotton, maize, and vegetables.

==Industries==
===Amul===
The mega Dairy Cooperative Society Amul has announced the setting up of their largest state-of-the-art plant at Wargal, Gajwel with an investment of Rs.500 crore<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-12-29 |title=Amul announces Rs 500 crore investment in Telangana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/amul-announces-rs-500-crore-investment-in-telangana |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-30 |title=Amul to set foot in Telangana with Rs 500 crore unit in Gajwel |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/amul-to-set-foot-in-t-with-500-crore-unit-in-gajwel/articleshow/88577399.cms |access-date=2023-06-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>.Amul selected Telangana to set up its largest plant in southern India with a capacity to process five lakh litres per day of milk expandable to 10 LLPD to manufacture packed milk and value-added dairy products such as curd, buttermilk, lassi, yogurt, paneer, sweets, among others.<ref name=":1" />

=== ITC ===
Government is setting up special food processing zones in 10,000 acres of land, adding that one such zone over 1,400 acres is coming up in Gajwel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=ITC commences Rs 450 cr food manufacturing facility in Telangana |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-itc-commences-rs-450-cr-food-manufacturing-facility-in-telangana-219489 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Gajwel's economy is primarily based on agriculture and allied activities. The region has fertile agricultural land, and farming is the main occupation of the local population. The town is known for cultivating crops such as paddy, cotton, maize, and vegetables.

In recent years, there has been a focus on modernizing agriculture and promoting agricultural practices that increase productivity and sustainability. The government has implemented various schemes and initiatives to support farmers, such as providing financial assistance, irrigation facilities, and access to technology and market linkages.

Apart from agriculture, there are also small-scale industries and businesses that contribute to Gajwel's economy. These include sectors like small-scale manufacturing, retail trade, and services. The town serves as a commercial center for the surrounding rural areas, providing goods and services to the local population.

As Gajwel is located in proximity to Hyderabad, the state capital, there is potential for economic development and growth through increased connectivity and infrastructure development. This could attract investments in industries, services, and tourism, further diversifying the local economy and creating employment opportunities.

It's worth noting that economic conditions and development can evolve over time, so for the most accurate and up-to-date information, it's recommended to consult official government sources or local business and economic development organizations.

==Administration==

Till 2012 Gajwel was a Panchayat and in the year 2012 it was upgraded as '''Nagara Panchayat''' vide G.O. No.34, dated: 251-01-2012, duly merging surrounding three (3) Gram panchayats i.e., 1. [[Pragnapur]], 2. Mutrajapally and 3. Kyasaram [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]] and 5 numbers of [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] namely Rajireddy Pally, Sangupally, Sangapur, Lingarajpet and Gundannapally in [[Medak district|Medak District]].
Gajwel-Pragnapur Nagara Panchayath is spread over an area of 49.26sq. km. out of which about 6.3Sq km is habituated area and remaining area is vacant land . town is divided into 20 wards and elected body is in place to govern ULB.

== Politics ==
Gajwel Assembly constituency is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. It is one of 10 constituencies in [[Siddipet district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140516/nation-politics/article/trs-likely-form-first-government-telangana |title=Live Telangana election results: TRS storms to power in the newly formed 29th state |date=16 May 2014 |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |access-date=2014-06-05}}</ref> It consists of 6 mandals: [[Toopran]], [[Kondapak]], Gajwel, [[Jagadevpur, Telangana|Jagadevpur]], [[wargal]], [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|Markook]] and [[Mulugu, Siddipet|Mulug]]. Pendam Vasudev was the first MLA and J. B. Muthyal Rao was the second MLA of Gajwel. Gajwel Saidaiah, Allam Sailu, Sanjeeva Rao, Geetha Reddy, Vijaya Rama Rao, Sanjeeva Rao, Narsa Reddy. Gajwel Saidaiah won 4 times from 1962-1978. EX-Telangana Chief Minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] is current MLA from Gajwel seat.

== Transport ==

===Road===
[[National Highway 161AA (India)|National Highway 161AA]] passes through Gajwel as well as [[State Highway 1 (Telangana)]]. Gajwel has an Outer Ring Road (ORR), spanning 21.92 kilometers around Gajwel. The government invested ₹233 crores to build this state-of-the-art ORR, which will soon be operational. R&B officials are currently making preparations to commence its operation. Once it is opened to the public, it will help alleviate traffic issues. Currently, heavy trucks and containers from Gajwel city are being diverted to Hyderabad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Nizamabad, Sangareddy, and other regions through the Gajwel Ring Road, making transportation easier.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2023-05-19 |title=Gajwel {{!}} కొత్తరూపు సంతరించుకున్న గజ్వేల్‌.. మణిహారంలా ఓఆర్‌ఆర్‌ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/medak/orr-roads-in-telangana-1089961 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te-IN}}</ref>

From Gajwel, along the Toopran route, a modern bus stand with model facilities and an estimated cost of ₹7.5 crores<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2022-05-24 |title=గజ్వేల్.. మోడల్ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/medak/gajwel-to-be-top-business-centre-in-siddipet-596476 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te-IN}}</ref> is being constructed by the government. Additionally, a railway station is being built at a kilometer's distance on the same route, and the concerned authorities are making efforts to expedite the functioning of the railway. This will enable the smooth operation of trains to major cities like Delhi, Bengaluru, Tirupati, and Chennai. Furthermore, there are ongoing efforts to construct additional tracks in this area to facilitate the implementation of more railway routes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Rama |date=2022-06-09 |title=సిద్ధిపేట, గజ్వేల్‌లో వినిపించనున్న రైలు కూత |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/telangana/railway-line-in-siddipet-district-82561 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Gajwel Rail.png|thumb|Railway station in Gajwel]]
Gajwel has a railway station and is a part of the [[Kothapalli–Manoharabad_line|Kothapalli-Manoharabad]] railway line. As of 2023, the construction is complete up until Siddipet, with the remaining work to Kothapalli to be completed by 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jun/16/age-old-wait-ends-siddipet-sircilla-gajwel-set-for-rail-connectivity-2466192.html#:~:text=The%20Manoharabad%2DKothapalli%20new%20railway,crossing%20stations%20and%20five%20halts) | title=Age-old wait ends; Siddipet, Sircilla & Gajwel set for rail connectivity }}</ref> Once complete, Gajwel will be connected with [[Karimnagar]], [[Sircilla]], [[Siddipet]], [[Manoharabad]], [[Secunderabad|Secundarabad]] etc.

The Manoharabad - Siddipet portion of the line was inaugurated on 3 October, 2023 with a regular [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad railway station]]-Siddipet [[DEMU]] train service.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/pm-to-commission-two-new-railway-lines-in-telangana/article67357830.ece/ | title=PM to commission two new railway lines in Telangana | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 September 2023 | last1=Geetanath | first1=V. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-siddipet-secunderabad-train-service-on-october-3 | title=PM Modi to inaugurate Siddipet-Secunderabad train service on October 3 | date=2 October 2023 }}</ref>

===Airway===
The nearest Airport is [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] at [[Shamshabad]]

[[Warangal Airport]] at Mamnoor along with [[Ramagundam Airport]] are the other two airports in the vicinity, however they are closed pending revivial plans via [[UDAN]] scheme

==Awards==
Gajwel has received the Pattana Pragathi award for best sanitation among towns with a population ranging from 25,000 to 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-05-13 |title=Siddipet, Gajwel Municipalities win Pattana Pragathi awards for best sanitation |url=https://telanganatoday.com/siddipet-gajwel-municipalities-win-pattana-pragathi-awards-for-best-sanitation |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Siddipet district}}

[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Siddipet district]]
[[Category:Villages in Siddipet district]]

List of Kannada-language radio stations

2025-12-29T02:55:32Z

Yeashrahman:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
This is a list of radio stations in [[Kannada]].

== Bengaluru ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Radio station
! scope="col" |Frequency
! Tagline
!Language
! Notes
! Ref
|-
|[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]
|91.1
|''′What a fun!′''
|Kannada
|Private FM in India
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiocity.in/bangalore |title=Radio City, Bangalore |publisher=radiocity.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407121621/http://www.radiocity.in/bangalore |archive-date=2018-04-07 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Radio Indigo]]
|91.9
|''′The color of music′''
|English
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/170609-radio-indigo-sets-record-being-the-only |title=Radio Indigo sets record for being the only station to have RJs form a band |publisher=radioandmusic.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823083536/http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/170609-radio-indigo-sets-record-being-the-only |archive-date=2017-08-23 }}</ref>
|-
|[[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]]
|92.7
|'''ಯೋಚನೆ ಯಾಕೆ ಚೇಂಜ್ ಓಕೆ′ (Why to think, change is OK)''
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://927bigfm.com/ |title=92.7 Big FM |publisher=927bigfm.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183020/http://927bigfm.com/ |archive-date=2018-04-07 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]]
|93.5
|Masth maja madi
|Kannada
|
|
|-
|[[Radio One (India)|Radio One]]
|94.3
|''′The station for the fatafat generation! (the station for the quick generation!)′''
|English
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioone.in/ |title=Radio One |publisher=radioone.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613183407/http://www.radioone.in/ |archive-date=2006-06-13 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Radio Mirchi]]
|95.0
|
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|[[Radio Mirchi]]
|98.3
|''′ಸಕ್ಕತ್ ಹಾಟ್ ಮಗಾ′ (Too hot, son)''
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/ |title=Radio Mirchi |publisher=radiomirchi.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228015219/http://www.radiomirchi.com/ |archive-date=2008-02-28 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Amruthavarshini]]
|100.1
|
|Kannada
|Hindustani and Carnatic Classical music
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airbengaluru.com/ |title=Air Bengaluru |publisher=airbengaluru.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201025830/http://www.airbengaluru.com/ |archive-date=2016-02-01 }}</ref>
|-
|[[FM Rainbow]]
|101.3
|'Kannada Kamanabillu' (Kannada rainbow)
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Services/FM/Pages/Default.aspx |title=FM RAINBOW |publisher=allindiaradio.gov.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029164706/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/services/fm/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2015-10-29 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Vividh Bharati|Vividha Bharathi]]
|102.9
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vividbharati.airbengaluru.com/ |title=Vividbharati |publisher=vividbharati.airbengaluru.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183031/http://vividbharati.airbengaluru.com/ |archive-date=2018-04-07 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Fever 104 FM|Fever]]
|104
|''′ಬೊಂಬಾಟ್ ಕನ್ನಡ, ಅಷ್ಟೇ!′ (Beautiful Kannada, Thats it!)''
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fever.fm/bengaluru/ |title=Fever 104 FM |publisher=fever.fm}}</ref>
|-
|[[Namm Radio]]
|
|''′ಯಾಕಂದ್ರೆ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕೇಳೋ ಮಜಾನೇ ಬೇರೆ!′ (Because enjoyment of listening to kannada is different!)''
|
|Kannada's first International digital radio
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nammradio.com/site/ |title=Namm Radio |publisher=nammradio.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120155/http://www.nammradio.com/site/ |archive-date=2018-04-07 }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[List of FM radio stations in Bangalore]]
* [[Media in Karnataka]]
* [[List of Kannada-language films|List of Kannada films]]
* [[List of Kannada-language magazines|List of Kannada magazines]]
* [[List of Kannada-language newspapers|List of Kannada newspapers]]
* [[List of Kannada-language television channels|List of Kannada television channels]]
* [[List of Indian-language radio stations|List of radio stations in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Lists of radio stations in India|Kannada-language radio stations]]
[[Category:Lists of radio stations by language|Kannada-language radio stations]]
[[Category:Kannada-language mass media|Radio stations]]

Sorath Rai Diyach

2025-12-26T06:13:14Z

Yeashrahman: created first post w/ sources

{{Short description|Folktale in Sindhi and Gujarati literature}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name=Sorath Rai Diyach
|image=Murals of the folktales of Sorath Rai Diyach (left) and Laila and Majnun (right) in the tomb of Rehan Khan Jamali in Sindh.jpg
|Region= [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]]
|caption=Murals of the folktales of Rai Dyach (Sorath Rai Diyach) on the left and [[Laila and Majnun]] on the right in the tomb of Rehan Khan Jamali in Sindh}}
{{Sindhi folktales}}
'''Sorath Rai Diyach''' is a romantic folktale in [[Sindhi folklore|Sindhi]] and [[Gujarati folklore]]. The story also appears in ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'' and forms part of seven popular tragic romances from [[Sindh]]. The other six tales are ''[[Umar Marvi]]'', ''[[Sassui Punnhun]]'', ''[[Sohni Mahiwal|Sohni Mehar]]'', ''[[Lilan Chanesar]]'', ''[[Noori Jam Tamachi]]'' and ''[[Momal Rano]]'' commonly known as [[the Seven Queens of Sindh]], or the Seven heroines of [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]].

==Story==
[[File:Sorath Rai Diyach miniature 18th century (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sorath Rai Diyach, miniature painting, circa 18th century]]
Sorath was the queen of king Rai Diyach of [[Girnar]], [[Junagadh]] now in [[Gujarat]] who sacrificed herself for the sake of the love for her husband. Diyach gave his head to wandering minstrel and followed him to the world of dead. Highly pleased with the songs of minstrel, Bijal, Diyach offered him to ask for anything he liked to have. As the intrigues of fate would have it, his son asked for his head. The kind and generous king gave it.

Now the song resounded in Sorath's head. She bid farewell to life and to the pain of separation from him.<ref>{{cite book| title=Popular Folk Stories:Sorath Rai Diyach|author= Dr.Nabi Bux Khan Baloach| publisher= Sindhi Adabi Board| place=Hyderabad,Sindh, Pakistan| year=1976 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=Menka Shivdasani| work=Institute of Sindhology,Jaipur| url=http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=39&id=2819| title=Sorath Rai Diyach}}</ref>

'''Sur Sorath''' is one of 30 surs (chapters) of ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'' in that touching points of the well-known tale of Rai Diyach and Sorath are given. The contents of this Sur, section by section, are described below:
# Bijal comes to Rai Diyach and asks for his head-he is offered different kinds of precious gifts but he is obstinate in his demand.
# Bijal sings for six nights successively-he is offered more gifts.
# The effects of Bijal's music.
# Rai Diyach cuts off his head and gives it to Bijal-mourning of members of his house-death of Sorath.

== In popular culture ==
''Rai Daich'', an adaptation of the folk tale, is a 1958 Indian [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] film directed by J.B. Lulla and produced by Atu Lalwani. It was written by [[Ram Punjwani|Ram Panjwani]] and starred Lalwani, Shanti Ramchandani and [[Bhudo Advani]]. The film's music, for which it is known, was composed by [[Bulo C Rani|Bulo C. Rani]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen20142">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|author2=Paul Willemen|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7}}</ref> Panjwani also wrote a play in Sindhi titled ''Bijal Rai Diyach''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drama - Professor Ram Panjwani|url=https://rampanjwani.com/Drama|access-date=2020-11-07|website=rampanjwani.com}}</ref> ''Sati Sorath'', an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language drama film based on the folktale released in 1978 starring Kamini Bhatia and [[Arvind Joshi]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen20142" />

==See also==
* [[Umar Marui]]
* [[Momal Rano]]
* [[Sohni Mehar]]
* [[Sassui Punhun]]
* [[Lilan Chanesar]]
* [[Noori Jam Tamachi]]
* [[Saang]], folk songs in India about Rai Diyach

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Folk_Litrature/Book40/Book_page1.html Popular Folk Stories: Sorath Rai Diyach]
*[http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=39&id=2819 Sorath Rai Diyach]

{{Sindh topics}}
{{Chudasama dynasty}}

[[Category:Sindhi folklore]]
[[Category:Sindhi culture]]
[[Category:Pakistani literature]]
[[Category:Pakistani folklore]]
[[Category:Shah Jo Risalo]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati literature]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]
{{story-stub}}

7th International Film Festival of India

2025-12-15T03:18:24Z

Yeashrahman: page fix

{{Short description|Indian film festival in 1979}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number =7
| award = International Film Festival of India
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema
| award_org =
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| announced_date =
| presented_date = 1979
| host =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffigoa.org/}}
| lifetime_achievement =
| best_feature = "[[Hungarian Rhapsody (1979 film)|Hungarian Rhapsody]]"
| last = 6th
| next = 8th
}}
The '''7th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held from 3–17 January 1979 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm7IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=7IIFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042443/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm7IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=7IIFA.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The festival opened with "[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]" by [[Shyam Benegal]] in the out of Competition world premiere. The festival was the only competitive and exclusive international film festival organised in the entire Third World during 1978–79. For the first time in the history of the Indian Competitive film festivals, the Jury was headed by a foreigner, Qusmane Sembene of Senegal. There were two women on the jury (Chantal Akerman – Belgium, and Marta Maszaves – Hungary) for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref>

==Winners==
*'''[[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock (Best Film)]]:''' "[[Hungarian Rhapsody (1979 film)|Hungarian Rhapsody]]" by [[Miklós Jancsó]] (Hungarian film)
*'''[[IFFI_Best_Film_Award#Golden_Peacock_Award_winners_(Short_Films)|Golden Peacock (Best Short Film)]]''' "An Encounter with Faces" (India) "Olympic Games" (Poland)
*[[IFFI Best Actor Award (Male)]] (Silver Peacock) [[Shankar Nag]] for "[[Ondanondu Kaladalli]]"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKo-DwAAQBAJ&q=iffi+girish+karnad+1979&pg=PT157|title=Conscience of The Race|first=Bibekananda|last=Ray|date=5 April 2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123026619|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1980 film festivals]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|07]]
[[Category:1980 in Indian cinema]]

List of villages in Sangamner taluka

2025-11-20T13:48:27Z

Yeashrahman: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|None}}
{{moresources|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

There are around 171 villages in [[Sangamner tehsil]] of [[Ahmednagar district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/GEO-Main.htm |title=Ahmednagar district – Information about tehsils |access-date=2010-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929211433/http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/GEO-Main.htm |archive-date=2011-09-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following is the list of village in [[Sangamner tehsil]].<ref>[http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=4103 Glorious India – Villages in Sangamner tehsil]</ref>

==A==
* Akalapur
* Ambhore
* Ambidumala
* Ambikhalsa
* Amlewadi
* Ashvi Bk
* Ashvi Kd
* Aurangpur

==B==
* Bhojdari
* Birewadi
* Borban
* Bota

==C==
* Chandanapuri
* Chanegoan
* Chikani
* Chikhali
* Chincholi Gurav
* Chinchpur Kd

==D==
* Darewadi
* Dawas
* Devgoan
* Devkavthe
* Dhad Khurd
* Dhandarphal Bk
* Dhandarphal Kd
* Digras
* Dolasane
* Devpur

==G==
* Ghargon
* Ghulewadi
* Gunjalwadi
* Ganeshwadi

==J==
* Jakhori
* Jambhul Wadi
* Jambut Bk
* Jawale Baleshwar
* Jawale Kadlag
* Jorvee

==K==
* Kanjapur
* Kankapur
* Kanoli
* Karjulepathar
* Karule
* Kasaradumala
* [[Kasare, Sangamner|Kasare]]
* Khali
* Khambe
* Khandarmalwadi
* [[Khandgoan]]
* [[Kharadi, Sangamner|Kharadi]]
* Khare
* [[Kharshinde]]
* Kokangoan
* Kolhewadi
* Kolwade
* [[Konchi, Sangamner|Konchi]]
* Khed
* Kothe Bk
* Kauthe Dhandarphal
* Kauthe Kamleshwar
* Kothe Kd
* Kouthe Malkapur
* [[Kuran (Sangamner)|Kuran]]
* Kurkundi
* Kurkutwadi
* Karule
* [[Kakadwadi]]

==L==
* Lohare

==M==

* Manchi
* [[Mahalwadi]]
* Maldad
* Malegoan Haveli
* Malegoan Pathar
* Malewadi
* Malunje
* Mandve Bk
* Manglapur
* Manoli
* Mendhawan
* Mhaswandi
* Mirpur
* Mirzapur

==N==
* Nanduri Dumala
* Nandurkhandrmal
* Nilwande
* Nimaj
* Nimbale
* Nimgoan Bhojapur
* Nimgoan Bk
* Nimgoan Kd
* Nimgaon Tembhi
* Nimgoanjali
* Nimon
* Nannaj Dumala

==O==
* Ozer BK
* Ozer Kd

==P==
* Palaskhede
* Panodi
* Paregaon Bk
* Paregoan Kd
* Pemgiri
* Pimpalgaon konzira
* Pimpalgaon Matha
* Pimpalgoan Depa
* Pimpalgaon Khand
* Pimparne
* Pimple
* Pimpri louki Azampur
* Pokhari Baleshwar
* Pokhari Haveli
* Pratappur

==R==
* Rahimpur(Mal)
* Rahimpur(Khale Gaon)
* Rajapur
* Rankhambwadi
* Rayate
* Rayatewadi

==S==
* Sadatpur
* Sakur
* Samnapur
* Sangamner Kd
* Sangvi
* Sarole Pathar
* Sawarchol
* Sawargoan Ghule
* Sawargoan Tal
* Saykhindi
* Shedgoan
* Shiblapur
* Shindodi
* Shirapur
* Shirasgoan Dhupe
* Shindewadi
* Sukewadi

==T==
* Talegoan
* Tisgoan
* Tigoan

==U==
* Umbri Balapur

==V==
* Velhale
* Vadzari

==W==
* Wadgoan Landga
* Wadgoanpan
* Wadzari Bk
* Wadzari Kd
* Waghapur
* Wankute
* Warudi Pathar
* Warvandi
* Wadzari Bk
* Wadgavpan

==Z==
* Zarekati
* Zole

==See also==
* [[Sangamner tehsil]]
* [[Tehsils in Ahmednagar]]
* [[Villages in Akole tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Jamkhed tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Karjat tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Kopargaon tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Nagar tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Nevasa tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Parner tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Pathardi tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Rahata tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Rahuri tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Shevgaon tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Shrigonda tehsil]]
* [[Villages in Shrirampur tehsil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district| ]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Maharashtra|Sangamner]]

Kanpur Cantonment

2025-11-12T21:31:42Z

Yeashrahman: adjusted references and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{One source|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanpur Cantonment
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Seal of Cantonment Board
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.44|N|80.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Kanpur Cantt Police Station
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 108,035
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] & [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 208004
| registration_plate = UP-78
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kanpur
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 847/1000 males [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 79.65%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Kanpur Cantts
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Kanpur Cantts(w),Kanpur Cantts(e), Kanpur Cantts - Rural
| blank6_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank6_info_sec1 = Cantt Police Station
| website = https://kanpur.cantt.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kanpur Cantonment''' (popularly referred to as '''Kanpur Cantt''') is a [[cantonment|military cantonment]] in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The Kanpur Cantonment was established in the year 1811 and is situated on the right bank of river Ganges and is bound by Kanpur city area on the remaining three sides. Kanpur Cantonment is the largest cantonment in India, by population and not by the area. The area of the Cantonment is approx. 4243.0084 acres (17 km2) out of which the Bungalow Area is 3899.1784 acres and the Civil Area is 334.83 acres. As per 2011 Census, the population of Cantonment is 108,035 which is 453rd largest city of India (See t
he point 2 on external links).

==History==

The historical reasons necessitating the formation of individual cantonments are different for different cantonments depending upon the prevailing political and military realities of the times.

For example, Secundrabad cantonment was established to assist the Nizam of Hyderabad, militarily against his local adversaries, whereas Lucknow Cantonment was established to maintain pressure on the Nawab of Oudh and to finally capture that state. Similarly, the need for cooler climate for the British troops and strategic importance of Doab dictated the setting up of hill cantonments and cantonments in modern-day Uttar Pradesh respectively.

However, irrespective of the local factors, the paramount consideration in setting up all these cantonments was the need for military camps in various strategic locations of India to establish, maintain and consolidate the rule of a foreign power.

Spread of diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, and venereal diseases among the troops necessitated the cantoning (insulation) of these military camps from the local population.

The records of 19th-century British India reveal that health and hygiene of the troops was one of the major areas of concern which the rulers of the day had to contend with. This consideration coupled with the desire of an alien ruling elite to distance itself from the native population led to the development of an insulated type of character in all these cantonments which continues today.

The Kanpur Cantonment played an important role in the 1857 uprising under the leadership of [[Nana Sahib]] and [[Tatya Tope]] (see [[Siege of Cawnpore]]). The uprising led to a massacre of the British at the [[Satichaura Ghat]] (also called Massacre Ghat). It is of historical significance symbolising the casualties during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Many religious/social functions are organized every year in the months of August and September to commemorate the events, which are attended by a large number of people.

==Demographics==

As per provisional reports of Census India, population of Kanpur Cantonment in 2011 is 108,035; of which male and female are 58,505 and 49,530 respectively. The sex ratio of Kanpur Cantonment city is 847 per 1000 males.

In education section, total literates in Kanpur Cantonment city are 77,484 of which 44,086 are males while 33,398 are females. Average literacy rate of Kanpur Cantonment city is 79.65 percent of which male and female literacy was 83.36 and 75.23 percent.

Total children (0-6) in Kanpur Cantonment city are 10,750 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There were 5,617 boys while 5,133 are girls. Child sex ratio of girls is 914 per 1000 boys.

Kanpur Cantonment city is governed by Municipal Corporation which comes under Kanpur Urban Agglomeration.

==Geography==

The high population, location of a large number of important defence installations and units and the strategic location of the cantonment itself within the highly industrialised city of Kanpur, places it in a predominant position among the various cantonments of the country. Cantonment consists of varieties of Trees. About half of the cantonment is a Tree grouped area.

==Government==

Presently, the cantonment is governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006 and various policy letters and instructions of the Government of India, (Ministry of Defence) issued from time to time. Though the Board functions as a local self -govt, yet it is under the administrative control of Director General, Defence Estates (Min of Defence ) at New Delhi and Principal Director, Defence Estates, Central Command, Lucknow. The GOC-in-C, Central Command functions as the local Govt for all purposes. The Cantonment Board consists of 16 Members headed by the President Cantonment Board, who is also the Station Commander, and Ex-Officio/Nominated Members apart from 8 Members, who are elected for five years by the local residents. The Vice-President is elected from amongst the elected members. Presently, the Board consists of the following members.

==Urban life==

Keeping with its tradition of dedicated service of the community, the Cantonment Board during the past years has accepted the challenges of the changing times and has provided high grade facilities in many spheres of the urban life by establishing many institutions to render essential standard services to the citizens. Primarily, the Board provides municipal services, community facilities and civic utilities including water supply, sanitation, street-lighting, roads, medical, educational, and recreational facilities. The Board also strives, as per the National Policy, for the environmental upgradation by planting trees, bushes, decorative plants, etc.

'''Building Plans'''

Any person who intends to construct/reconstruct, make alteration or additions should apply to the office of the Cantonment Board on the prescribed application form which can be purchased from the Cashier on any working day. Each form costs Rs.30/-. All inquiries including advice on deficiencies in applications/documents will be attended across the table by the staff of the Engineering section on all working days between 3.00 P.M to 5.00 P.M.

B. The applications for mutation of properties, conversion of old grant into free-hold and renewal of leases of properties are accepted by the Lands Clerk. The time period for processing the documents is as follows:

==Transport==

[[Kanpur Central]] is in the Kanpur Cantonment. [[Chandari Junction railway station]] is near the centre but has only EMU/Passenger train stops. [[Kanpur Civil Airport]] is in Kanpur Cantt and domestic flights are available here for cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, etc. It is also used for [[flight training]]. The nearest international airport is [[Lucknow Airport]].

==Tourist attractions==

*[[Massacre Ghat]]
*[[Kanpur Memorial Church]]
*[[Golf Club]]
*Lal Kurti Cemetery/Golf Course Road Cemetery
*OEF Stadium
*Saint Patrick's Church
*Saint Mary's Church
*General Wheeler's Entrenchment
*Presbyterian Church
*Cawnpore Club
*Status Club
*Mahatama Gandhi Park
*Circuit House (Old Mr. Christie's House)

==Parks==

*Mahatma Gandhi Park (Shantipath)
*Shaheed Park (Tagore Road)
*Abdul Hameed Park (Albert Road)
*Priyadarshini Park (Shanti Path)
*Harita Park (MG road)
*Ashoka Park (81-D Allahabad xing)
*Maitri Park (Elliot road)
*Sadbhawana park (Rani Chinamma Marg)
*Kranti Vatika (Jaipuria Rd)
*Lal Bhadur Shastri Park (Jaipuria road)
*Shantinagar Park (Shantinagar)
*Ekta Vatika (Tank Road)
*4 Rani Chinamma Vatika (Rani Chinamma Marg)
*2 Park Setu vatika (under Murray Flyover)
*Dr. Rajendra Prasad Park (Railbazar)
*Ullas Park (Tilak Marg)
*Safalta Park (C.C. Parao).

==Shopping==
The Cantonment Board maintains 2 open markets namely Faithfulganj and Country Cart (C.C.) Parao, and the rights to collect tehbazari are auctioned every year. Besides, there are 2 Shopping Complexes: namely the Paper Market and 10 No. Market consisting of 12 shops each, which are also maintained by the Board. Apart from this, there are 106 other shops located at various places. The rights of the usage of all the shops are disposed of for a term of 5 years on licence basis through open auction or tendering.

*Markets (Open)=2 Country Cart Parao, Faithfulganj
*(Shopping Complex)=2 Paper Market, 10 No. Market
*Shops= 106

==Electricity==
The Cantonment Board maintains about 4000 tubelight, 200 CFL and 800 sodium vapour lamp street-light points provided on roads, streets, and lanes under its management with the assistance of two maintenance gangs each having a truck with hydraulic ladder. High Mast lights introduced on important road crossings. The citizens can register the complaints relating to street lights in the office and the action as follows is taken to rectify the defects.

*Streetlighting = SVL Points-800
*Tubelight points - 4,000
*CFL Points - 200

==Education==

To contribute towards 100% literacy, the Cantonment Board is running 5 primary schools and 2 Junior High Schools for imparting education to the children primarily belonging to the weaker sections of society by charging nominal fees. The Schools are managed by 35 well-qualified and trained teachers with absolute devotion to the national cause, imparting education to about 1500 children. To improve the infrastructure and to provide better environment with proper ventilation, all school buildings have been repaired/renovated. All the Schools have facilities like drinking water, electricity, fans, lights, benches and toilets. To provide elementary education to the children, a computer education is also imparting from class IV onwards for the past 5 years. For the entertainment/overall development of personality of the students, game facilities like footballs, dumb-bells, band, carrom boards are provided in the schools. Public address system has been provided in 2 Schools. Particular emphasis is given to cultural activities. Medical check-up camps are organised to maintain the healthy environment and to check spread of any communicable disease in the students and to suggest remedial measures if any adverse report is reported. Mid-day meals, scholarships and free books are also provided in schools. Private security guards are also engaged in Cantt Board schools.

The Schools are located at different places in the area keeping in view the concentration of population.

==Water supply==

The piped water supply consisting of underground reservoir and pumping station in the cantonment was provided by the Kanpur Development Board in 1962, and no further extension or augmentation was taken since then to meet the demands of the rising population. This resulted in absolute water crisis in many areas of the cantonment. The Cantonment Board entrusted the work of preparation of an augmentation/reorganisation project to U.P. Jal Nigam in 1986, which was launched in July, 1989. The project was completed in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 3.53 crores.

The Cantonment Board is providing water supply through its underground reservoir at Zonal Pumping Station located at Mirpur, and two overhead tanks located at M.G. Park and near Navsheel Aptts., through a network of 35 km of pipelines. The Board buys water in bulk from Kanpur Jal Sansthan apart from the water drawn from the six tubewells maintained by the Board. Out of which 4 tubewells and 2 overheads are maintained by the contractor. About 650 India Mark-II Hand pumps have also been provided at various places to support the piped water supply system and to cater for the requirement of poor residents. All the hand pumps are maintained properly. To meet the water requirement of the residents for particular purposes and occasions like marriages, religious functions, social gatherings, cultural activities, the Board maintains 2 water tankers of 4000 litres capacity each, which are made available against payment of Rs.300/- each.

'''Public health'''

The Cantonment Board is providing conservancy services with the help of about 200 safaiwalas and a fleet of one JCB Excavator loader, 1 JCB loader and four rubbish dumper, one dumper placer with 40 iron dustbins. The cantonment is broadly divided into two areas for this purpose i.e. civil area and the bungalow area. Dustbins are provided at suitable central locations from where it is removed and disposed of at the trenching ground near Badey Purwa Village. Cleaning of ward no 1, 2 and 4 are done through contractors.

==See also==
*[[Cantonment#India]]
*[[Kanpur]]

==External links==
{{commons category|Kanpur}}
* [http://www.cbkanpur.org.in/ Kanpur Cantonment Board, Official website]
* [http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/132-kanpur-cantonment.html/ Kanpur Cantonment Population as of 2011 ranked as 453 largest city of India]

{{Kanpur}}

[[Category:Kanpur]]
[[Category:Cantonments of India]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:1778 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Cantonment towns in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1811]]

Amitav Banerji

2025-10-14T14:50:50Z

Yeashrahman: put up info.

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1926)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
'''Amitav Banerji''' (born 5 December 1926) is an Indian former judge who was Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court.

==Career==
Banerji was educated at A.B.I. College, [[Allahabad]] and got his [[law]] degree from the [[Allahabad University]]. He was enrolled as an advocate on 27 August 1951 and started practice in the [[Allahabad High Court]]. Banerji worked on Criminal matters as well as the Civil, Constitution and Company matters. In 1973 he was appointed additional judge of the Allahabad High Court and became permanent judge on 4 August 1975. Justice Banerji was elevated as the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court on 16 July 1987 and retired on 6 November 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/Judges/ex-judges/ABanerji.htm|title=HON'BLE MR. AMITAV BANERJI|last=|first=|date=|website=allahabadhighcourt.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hcbaallahabad.in/index.php/abouthighcourt/|title=About High Court|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerji, Amitav}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Kakusthavarma

2025-10-13T00:11:54Z

Yeashrahman: Page updated with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = '''Dharmamahārājadhirāja'''
| image =
| caption =
| succession = King of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba Kingdom]]
| reign = {{reign|{{circa|425}}|450 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Raghu (Kadamba king)|Raghu]]
| successor = {{plainlist|
* [[Santivarma]] (at [[Banavasi]])
* [[Krishnavarma I]] (at Triparvatha)
}}
| issue = [[Santivarma]] and [[Krishnavarma I]]
| spouse =
| house = [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]
| father = [[Bhageerath]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]
}}
{{Banavasi Kadamba Kings Infobox}}
'''Kakusthavarma''' ({{reign|{{circa|425}}|450 CE}}{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=369}}) or '''Kakusthavarman''' was a ruler of the [[Kadamba dynasty]] in [[South India]]. He succeeded his brother [[Raghu (Kadamba king)|Raghu]] as king. Under Kakusthavarma's rule the Kadamba kingdom attained the height of its power and influence, and the Kadambas enjoyed close diplomatic relations with the great royal houses of India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moraes |first1=George |title=The Kadamba Kula |date=1931 |publisher=B.X. Furtado & Sons |location=Bombay |pages=25–26}}</ref> The [[Talagunda pillar inscription|Talagunda]] and [[Halmidi inscription]]s praise Kakusthavarma as a formidable Kadamba warrior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep42005/sundayherald102257200592.asp|title=Bouncing off to Banavasi|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=2007-04-13|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070213125920/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep42005/sundayherald102257200592.asp  |archivedate = 2007-02-13}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kakusthavarma was born to King [[Bhageerath]], the third ruler of the Kadamba dynasty. Upon his father's death, Kakusthavarma's elder brother Raghu assumed the throne of the Kadamba kingdom, with Kakusthavarma as ''Yuvaraja'' or [[Crown Prince]]. Kakusthavarma held court as the heir apparent, perhaps at Palashika (present-day [[Halasi]]) from where he is known to have issued land grants.<ref name = "yuvaraja">{{cite book |author1=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 |page=220}}</ref> In due course, he succeeded his brother on the Kadamba throne.

==Reign==
Kakusthavarma's reign is notable for the marriage alliances that he contracted with other powerful dynasties. Most importantly, Kakusthavarma married one of his daughters into the imperial [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K.A. Nilakanta |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |date=1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=111 |edition=Third}}</ref> It is also likely that Kakusthavarma married another one of his daughters to the [[Vakataka]] prince [[Narendrasena]], as the Vakataka records describe Narendrasena's wife Ajjhitabhattarika as a princess of the [[Kuntala country]] which probably corresponds to the Kadamba kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |author1=D.C. Sircar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |title=The Classical Age |date=1997 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=184 |edition=Fifth}}</ref><ref>Sastri (1961), p. 109</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 |page=106}}</ref>

Kakusthavarma appears to have been a great builder and avid patron of secular architecture as well as of religious causes. He is described as possessing numerous palaces adorned with ''[[gopura]]s''.<ref name = "yuvaraja"/> Kakusthavarma's son and successor, [[Santivarma]], records in his [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] that his father had constructed a great water tank near a [[Shiva]] temple at which [[Satakarni]] and other kings of the past had worshipped.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kielhorn |first1=F. |title=Talagunda pillar inscription of Kakusthavarman |journal=Epigraphia Indica |date=1905–1906 |volume=VIII |page=28}}</ref> Kakusthavarma himself appears to have had [[Jain]] religious tendencies, as in his grant at Halasi he begins with an invocation to Jinendra, the lord of the [[Jinas]], and likely patronized a Jain temple at this place.{{sfn|Desai|1957|p=110}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=526}}

==Successors==
Upon Kakusthavarma's death, the Kadamba kingdom appears to have been divided between his progeny. One of Kakusthavarma's sons, Santivarma, succeeded his father at [[Banavasi]] and ruled over the northern part of the Kadamba realm. Another one of Kakusthavarma's sons, [[Krishnavarma I]], seems to have founded a [[cadet branch]] of the Kadamba dynasty at Triparvatha, in the southern part of the Kadamba realm.<ref>Sastri (1997), pp. 272–273</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Desai |first=P.B. |year=1957 |title=Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs |place=Sholapur |publisher=Jaina Samshodhana Sangha }}
* {{citation |last=Karashima |first=Noboru |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ }}
* {{citation |last=Moraes |first=George M. |authorlink=George M. Moraes |year=1931 |title=The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22295 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0595-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url={{Google books|Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kadamba kings]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]

Chandia, Madhya Pradesh

2025-09-01T21:17:51Z

Yeashrahman: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.65|N|80.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Umaria district|Umaria]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 398
| population_total = 15000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-54]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandia''' is a [[town]] and a [[nagar parishad]], near [[Umaria|Umaria town]] in [[Umaria district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Chandia is located at {{Coord|23.65|N|80.7|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Chandia.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chandia]</ref> It has an average elevation of 398&nbsp;metres (1,305&nbsp;feet).

==History==
Chandia was a Ilakedari (estate) ruled by Baghel Rajput under the flag of [[Rewa State]]. In 16th century, estate of Chandiya was granted to Kunwar Mangad Rai,He got the title of Lal Saheb. The illaka was spread over an area of 454 Square Miles which had 84 Villages. The illakedar Chandia had right to collect tax on behalf of Maharaja of [[Rewa State]].
The illakedar had to be present in the Dusshera Durbar and pay Nazarana to Maharaja of Rewa and be present in the service of Maharaja Rewa whenever required.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
APPOINTED TO ENQUIRE INTO THE NATURE OF THE PAWAI TENURES IN REWA STATE 1934 Page Number 13 states that Chandia. Major Barr also noted as follows in 1885:-
" I . added that the Rewa Durbar had shown great kindness to her (Thakurain of Chandia) by allowing her twice to adopt a successor.she must, therefore, leave the entire management to Lal Chatradharl Singh who had been appointed by me on behalf of His Highness the Maharaja of Rewa, the illakedar of Chandia, and the sovereign of all those who owed allegiance to the Durbar. He built a very beautiful Fort of Chandia and ruled from it. Currently the fort is situated in the middle of the town reside in the fort with family.

The Population of Chandia ( 1901 ) 3,469 ; males 1,636 , females 1,833 , comprising 2,576 Hindus and 530 Animists ; occupied houses 893 , Chandia is the seat of the Illakedar of Chandia constituting 84 villages together see The Central India State Gazetteer Series, Volume 4 year 1942.

The Illakedari (zamindari) system was abolished in independent India soon after its creation with the first amendment to the constitution of India which amended the right to property as shown in Articles 19 and 31

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Chandia had a population of 12,806. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Chandia has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 65% and female literacy of 40%. 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Umaria district}}
{{Shahdol Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Umaria district]]

Parandur

2025-08-14T17:11:07Z

Yeashrahman: Put Up Initial Stub W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parandur
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|56|00|N|79|44|25|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| leader_title1 = Village Panchayat President
| leader_name1 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code =
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-44]]
| registration_plate =
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank1_name = {{nowrap|[[Spoken languages]]}}
| blank1_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| website =
}}

'''Parandur''', is a village in [[Kanchipuram district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

It is the site of a proposed [[Chennai Greenfield Airport]].<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Parandur: Tamil Nadu government to acquire 67 hectares more for Chennai’s second airport
| newspaper = DT Next
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Dina Thanthi
| date = 10 June 2024
| url = https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/parandur-tamil-nadu-government-to-acquire-67-hectares-more-for-chennais-second-airport-789430
| access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]

{{india-geo-stub}}