Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pandav Sthan

2026-05-08T14:54:43Z

Yaxisdelhi: new a data!

{{Short description|Archaeological sites in Mithila region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Pandav Sthan
| native_name = पाण्डव स्थान
| native_name_lang = mai
| alternate_name = Panr (Pāṇḍavasthāna)
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.6866718|N|85.8008610|E}}
| location = Panr, Dalsinghsarai block
| region = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]
| type = Archaeological sites
| part_of = Mahabharata
| area = 22 acres
| cultures = *[[Hinduism]]
*[[Chalcolithic|copper age civilization]]
*[[Kushan Empire|Kushan civilization]]
}}

'''Pandav Sthan''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: पांडव स्थान, [[Romanization|Romanised]]: ''Pāṇḍavasthāna'') also known as ''Panr'' is an ancient [[Archaeology|archaeological]] site in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=महाभारतकालीन पांडव स्थान उपेक्षित, खोदाई स्थल पर लोग कर रहे खेती Samastipur News - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-people-doing-farming-at-excavation-site-of-pandava-place-of-mahabharat-epochal-19666303.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is related to the epic [[Mahabharata]]. It is located at Panr village of the [[Dalsinghsarai|Dalsingsarai]] block in the [[Samastipur district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-03-21 |title=जहां पांडवों ने लिया था आश्रय, उस पांडव स्थान को अब भी है उद्धार का इंतजार |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/samastipur-pandav-sthan-that-is-related-to-mahabharat-kaal-archaeological-department-found-many-rare-articles-brs24032005413 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=राजपूत |first=श्री |date=2020-08-28 |title=महाभारत युग में पांडवों ने बिहार के इस जगह बनाया था सुरंग, आज वहां स्थानीय लोग करते हैं खेती |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/cultivation-takes-place-in-the-pandava-place-of-samastipur-which-contains-many-secrets-of-mahabharata-era-ann-1542820 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Presently there is a temple known as ''Pandava Krishna Dham Mandir'' near the site in which the statues of [[Krishna]] and the five [[Pandava|Pandavas]] are installed.<ref name=":2" /> In historical records, Panr has been mentioned as an ancient and historical city on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Ganges plains]] of the Mithila region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Satyendra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj9bfwN2ercC |title=Rājagṛha: The City of Eminence |date=2011 |publisher=K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute |isbn=978-81-89785-00-0 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of the Cultural History of Mithila: The Janaka Dynasty, the Karnātas & the Oinwāras |date=2005 |publisher=University Department of History and A.I.H.C. & Archaeology, T.M. Bhagalpur University |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shiva Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWcAAAAMAAJ |title=Educational Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1206 A.D. with Special Reference to Mithilā |date=1998 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=978-81-85205-71-7 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
According to the director ''Vijay Kumar Chaudhary'' of the [[Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute]] in [[Patna]], the [[radiocarbon dating]] proves that the antiquities found here are about 3600 years old. Similarly a 400-years-old civilization was also found here. It became an important trading center from time to time until the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] period. During the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan period]], the entire area was developed as a city.<ref name=":1" />

The [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Nitish Kumar]], and other political leaders also inspected the excavations. They also said that this archaeological site should be given the status of a tourist spot but later the excavations were stopped and neglected. Nowadays the local residents are making the lands of the site as fertile soil for agriculture purposes.<ref name=":1" />

== Excavations ==
In the year 2002, archaeological excavations were conducted in which evidence of the ''[[Kushan Empire|Kushan civilization]]'' was found there.<ref name=":0" /> Till the year 2020, eight archaeological excavations were conducted at the site. The excavations were conducted in the supervision of the [[Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute]] in Patna. The archaeologists were deputed to this site by the research institute to supervise the excavations. According to these excavations, the entire area is divided into three cultural phases. They are 2000 BCE Copper Age, 300 BCE black polished pottery and 100 BCE pre-Kushana period.<ref name=":1" /> It is spread over about 22 acres of land. In the excavations, some walls of thickness ranged from 45 cm to one meter wide as well as 15 pillers were found at the site.<ref name=":0" />

An inscription in [[Brahmi script]] was found on a piece of pottery. After reading the inscriptions of the Brahmi script on the piece of the clay pottery, some information about the ruler and the governance system was obtained.<ref name=":1" /> Similarly some idols which are related to [[Natha Sampradaya|Nath]] Puja were excavated from the archeological site. According to the archaeological remains found, the site is identified as a 350 to 4000 years old [[Chalcolithic|copper age civilization]].<ref name=":0" />

The archaeologists have also excavated the antiquities of copper coins with portraits of kings, copper bowls, tools, seals, pottery, sculptures, onyx stones, beads, black lustrous pottery, ivory and [[Kushan coinage|Kushan coins]], etc. According to the [[Radiocarbon dating]] examination conducted for these antiquities at the [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences|Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeontology]] in [[Lucknow]] revealed that all these items were about 3600 years old.<ref name=":0" />

== Legends ==
According to legend, it is believed that the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] during their exile came here.<ref name=":0" /> The Pandava Sthan is associated with the legends of the [[Mahabharata]] period.<ref name=":1" /> It is said that when the [[Kaurava|Kuru]] prince [[Duryodhana]] tried to kill the Pandavas by setting fire to the [[Lakshagriha]] in the epic Mahabharata, then all the Pandavas came to this place through a tunnel and stayed here for several days. It was built as their shelter during the exile.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Places in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mithila]]
[[Category:Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]

Cleo Odzer

2026-05-07T17:57:13Z

Yaxisdelhi: adding basic stub added tags

{{Short description|American author (1950–2001)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleo_Odzer&diff=1268504068&oldid=1261194146 this 2025 rewrite]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2025 LLMs etc}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Cleo Odzer
| image = Cleo Odzer.jpg
| birth_name = Sheila Lynne Odzer
| caption = Odzer in 1969
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|04|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = New York City, US
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|03|26|1950|04|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|anthropologist}}
| language = English
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[New School for Social Research]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| partner = [[Keith Emerson]] (1960s)
| parents =
| website = {{URL|https://www.echonyc.com/~cleo/index.html}}
}}

'''Cleo Odzer''' (born '''Sheila Lynne Odzer''';<ref>''New York Times,'' [https://www.nytimes.com/1950/04/16/archives/birth-notice-2-no-title.html?searchResultPosition=2 Birth Notices (April 16, 1950, p. 105)]</ref> April 6, 1950 – March 26, 2001<ref>[[Social Security Death Index]] entry for Cleo S. Odzer</ref>{{bsn|date=May 2026}}) was an American author and [[anthropologist]] known for her works exploring subcultures, including [[prostitution in Thailand]], the [[hippie|hippie culture]] of [[Goa]], and the emerging phenomenon of [[cybersex]]. Her works provided unique perspectives on subcultures often marginalized or misunderstood, blending personal experience with anthropological insight.

==Early life==
Cleo Odzer grew up in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. She was the daughter of Rena Abelson Odzer and Harry Odzer. Her father, president of a textile company, died when she was 16 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/03/27/archives/harry-odzer-is-dead-at-62-president-of-textile-firm.html|title=Harry Odzer Is Dead at 62; President of Textile Firm|last=|first=|date=March 27, 1966|website=The New York Times|accessdate=25 September 2018}}</ref> She attended Franklin School in Manhattan (now [[Dwight School]]) and Quintano's School for Young Professionals, graduating from the latter in 1968.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==Time as a groupie==
In 1968, Odzer began writing about the music scene for a small [[Greenwich Village]] newspaper. During this time, she met English keyboardist [[Keith Emerson]], then member of the rock band [[the Nice]] and later of [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]], at [[The Scene (performance venue)|The Scene]] nightclub. Later that year, after receiving a Christmas gift from Emerson in 1968, she publicly announced their engagement. However, in his 2003 autobiography, ''Pictures of an Exhibitionist,'' Emerson stated that there was no actual engagement.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pictures of an exhibitionist|last=Emerson, Keith, 1944-2016.|date=2004|publisher=John Blake|isbn=1844540537|location=London|pages=121, 132|oclc=55104781}}</ref> He only learned about the alleged "engagement" from a February 1969 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, which included her photo and described her as a "Super [[Groupie]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081214153245/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900693,00.html "The Groupies"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. February 28, 1969.</ref> Odzer later claimed that the article led to the breakup of the 'engagement'.<ref name=":0">[https://archive.today/20120711055752/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/105 Interview by Marcus Robbin] (January 2000, Goa, India)</ref>

Shortly thereafter in 1969, Odzer recorded an album called ''The Groupies'', produced by [[Alan Lorber]], which essentially consisted of interviews with Odzer and some friends describing their adventures meeting (and sleeping with) rock musicians.<ref name=":0" />

==Hippie years in Goa==
In the early 1970s, Odzer left New York and embarked on a journey through Europe and the Middle East, where she worked as a model. She eventually settled in [[Anjuna]], [[Goa]] in India, immersing herself in the vibrant hippie culture of the region. Her time in Goa was characterized by wild parties, heavy drug use—including cocaine and heroin—and international drug smuggling to finance her stay. These experiences, along with a subsequent two-week incarceration, were later chronicled in her memoir, ''Goa Freaks: My Hippie Years in India'' (1995, {{ISBN|1-56201-059-X}}). During this period, she also followed the teachings of Indian [[Godman (India)|godman]] [[Rajneesh]] for a time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma Prem Madhumaya |url=https://www.echonyc.com/~cleo/prem.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.echonyc.com}}</ref>

==Return to U.S.; academic pursuits and research in Thailand==
After returning to the United States in the late 1970s, Odzer underwent drug treatment at [[Daytop]] in New York. She attended college and then graduate school, obtaining a [[Ph.D.]] in [[anthropology]] from the [[New School for Social Research]] in New York City in 1990, with a thesis on [[prostitution in Thailand]]. Starting in 1987, she spent three years in Thailand researching this topic. In her dissertation, she presented case studies of 17 individuals connected to the sex industry in [[Patpong]]. She concludes that the economic opportunities provided by sex work do not translate into a higher status of women, because of persistent stigma and ideas about [[gender inequality in Thailand|gender inequality in Thai society]].<ref>Cleo Odzer, ''[https://www.proquest.com/openview/333081187bbeef3cc4ce68042cd3a555/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y Patpong Prostitution. Its Relationship to, and Effect on, The Position of Women in Thai Society].'' Dissertation, New School for Social Research, April 1990. </ref> Her experiences in Thailand were described in her first book, ''Patpong Sisters: An American Woman's View of the Bangkok Sex World'' (1994, {{ISBN|1-55970-281-8}}). In this work she describes the Thai prostitutes she got to know as quick-witted entrepreneurs rather than exploited victims, sometimes revered in their poor home villages. She also relates her own problematic affair with a Thai pimp boyfriend.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

Following publication of the book, Odzer worked at [[Daytop]] in New York,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://desires.com/1.1/Contributors/contributors.html#odzer |title=Urban Desire contributors |access-date=2006-12-22 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152230/http://desires.com/1.1/Contributors/contributors.html#odzer |url-status=dead }}</ref> the drug rehabilitation organization she herself had attended earlier.

==Pioneering cybersex research and media ventures==
In the 1990s, Odzer explored the emerging digital frontier with a focus on [[cybersex]]. Her third book, ''Virtual Spaces: Sex and the Cyber Citizen'' (1997, {{ISBN|0-425-15986-8}}), examined the then-nascent phenomenon, delving into the social and psychological dynamics of virtual intimacy. From 1995 to 1998, she produced several dozen episodes of her public-access television series, ''Cleo's Adventures'' for [[Manhattan Neighborhood Network]] [[public-access television]]. The show documented her explorations of unconventional lifestyles and subcultures, further establishing her as a chronicler of the fringe.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

Odzer's expertise in cybersex led to her appearance in episode 1.21 of ''[[SexTV]]'' in 1999, where she contributed to a segment on the subject. Her work during this period positioned her as a pioneer in understanding the intersection of technology and human relationships.

==Return to Goa, and death==
In 1999, disillusioned with life in New York, Odzer returned to Goa. Some of the remaining old-time hippies reportedly resented her for the attention her book had brought to their scene.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Saldanha |first=Arun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5FgUMJP87IC&q=Arun+Saldanha&pg=PA86 |title=Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-4529-1307-0 |language=en|date=|pages=83–84, 86|publication-date=2007}}</ref> She died in Goa on March 26, 2001, at the age of 50. According to "Cookie," a close friend and collaborator who had been corresponding with Odzer during her final stay in India, Odzer's doctor suggested that her death was likely caused by a [[stroke]] related to very [[high cholesterol]] and severe circulatory issues for which she had been receiving treatment during her final year. Following her death, her body was cremated after a small service.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

Arun Saldanha, a researcher who interviewed members of the Goa community about Odzer, recounts a different account. He was informed by a psychiatrist at the [[Goa Medical College]] that her body had remained unclaimed in a morgue in [[Mapusa]] for over a month before being buried without a funeral. The psychiatrist also claimed that Odzer had [[HIV/AIDS]]. Saldanha reported witnessing Odzer use cocaine during an interview sometime prior to her death.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
The 2002 documentary ''[[Last Hippie Standing]]'', directed by [[Marcus Robbin]], explored the Goa scene and included some of Odzer's [[super 8 mm film|Super 8]] footage from the 1970s. Shortly before her death, Odzer participated in an interview with Robbin for the film, sharing her candid reflections on the [[Culture of Goa|Goa community]], the culture she had embraced, and her hopes for humanity:

{{blockquote|I don't know what the future brings, but I know what I don't want: New York is what I don't want, that culture is what I don't want; it's not right. I don't know what is right. I don't think our old life was right. I don't see a new culture that is right, but we have to continue trying, that's the best we can do, that's the best any of us can do, to keep trying. To make something that is peaceful for everybody, that makes people happy, that is fair to everybody. And that's all I want.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130209170546/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/114 Interview with Cleo Odzer Part Nine: Return to Goa]</ref>}}

The film was dedicated to her memory, marking her as a pivotal voice of the hippie era and its legacy.

Odzer's works offered insights into the intricacies of subcultures, ranging from the hippie communes of Goa to the vibrant and controversial sex industry of Thailand. Her books, such as ''Goa Freaks: My Hippie Years in India'' and ''Patpong Sisters: An American Woman's View of the Bangkok Sex World'', document her experiences but also challenge stereotypes, presenting perspectives on people often misunderstood or marginalized by mainstream society.

As one of the first writers to explore the emerging phenomenon of cybersex in ''Virtual Spaces: Sex and the Cyber Citizen'', Odzer was known as a forward-thinking chronicler of human behavior. Through her exploration of taboo topics and unconventional worlds, her work has inspired anthropologists, sociologists, and readers curious about the complexities of human culture. In Odzer's own words: “I didn’t just write about the world—I lived it.”{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==Selected works==

*''Patpong Sisters: An American Woman's View of the Bangkok Sex World'' (1994, {{ISBN|1-55970-281-8}})
* ''Goa Freaks: My Hippie Years in India'' (1995, {{ISBN|1-56201-059-X}})
* ''Virtual Spaces: Sex and the Cyber Citizen'' (1997, {{ISBN|0-425-15986-8}})

Her contributions continue to be referenced in studies related to [[anthropology]], sociology, and cultural studies, shedding light on the intricacies of human behavior within various subcultures.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.echonyc.com/~cleo/ Cleo Odzer's website]
* [https://archive.today/20130210065858/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/ Yahoo discussion group about Cleo Odzer]
* Marcus Robbin, Interview with Cleo Odzer, January 2000, Goa, India. [https://archive.today/20130209211335/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/104 Overview], [https://archive.today/20120711055752/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/105 Part 1], [https://archive.today/20130209170059/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/107 Part 2], [https://archive.today/20130210053534/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/108 Part 3], [https://archive.today/20130209203641/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/109 Part 4], [https://archive.today/20130210091106/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/110 Part 5], [https://archive.today/20130209172744/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/111 Part 6], [https://archive.today/20130209194303/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/112 Part 7], [https://archive.today/20130210014154/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/113 Part 8], [https://archive.today/20130209170546/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Cleo_Odzer/message/114 Part 9]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152239/http://desires.com/1.1/Features/patpong.html Excerpts from ''Patpong Sisters'']. ''Urban Desires'', Volume 1, Issue 1, December 1994
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820205602/http://www.desires.com/2.2/Sex/Untrue/untrue.html Cleo Odzer: Culture Shock]. ''Urban Desires'', Volume 2, Issue 2, June/July 1996. Interview about infidelity, especially in Thai society.
* ''[http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xq5cq6_goa-trance-documentary-last-hippie-standing-2001-marcus-robbin_lifestyle Last Hippie Standing]'', complete documentary with interviews with Cleo
* [http://babylonfalling.tumblr.com/post/7572696874/the-groupies-was-an-lp-released-in-1969-featuring Her album ''The Groupies'']
* Episodes from Odzer's TV show "Cleo's Adventures": {{YouTube|CIw2eCZTig4|As a Groupie, Part 1}}, {{YouTube|lvfCeKY7GOM|As a Groupie, Part 2}}, {{YouTube|PCH0nr5BI3c|Photo Album #4}}
* Theme music from "Cleo's Adventure's" https://sansoniamusic.com/audio/CableShow.mp3
*[http://vimeo.com/19937497 Cleo Odzer's 50th birthday party in Anjuna/ Goa]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Odzer, Cleo}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:Dwight School alumni]]
[[Category:Groupies]]
[[Category:Hippies]]
[[Category:The New School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American anthropologists]]

Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T21:22:14Z

Yaxisdelhi: made a stub

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sreerampur {{Small|WB-27}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Sreerampur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sreerampur Lok Sabha Constituency
| incumbent_image =
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]] [[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]] [[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]] [[Sreerampur Assembly constituency|Sreerampur]] [[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]] [[Chanditala Assembly constituency|Chanditala]] [[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]]
| electors = 1,624,038<ref name=turnout>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title = Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency'''<ref>{{cite web|title= Srerampur, Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) Constituency {{!}} Summary Results of Parliament (Lok Sabha) Elections - 2009 in Srerampur |url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/35/srerampur/yearwisepcdata.aspx|website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> (previously known as Serampore-26 and changed to Sreerampur-27 in the 2009 election) is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Serampore]] in [[West Bengal]]. Five assembly segments of the constituency are in [[Hooghly district]] and two are in [[Howrah district]].

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 33.33
| value2 = 33.33
| value3 = 22.22
| value4 = 11.11
| label1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (6 times)]]
| label2 = [[Trinamool Congress |''' Trinamool Congress ''' (6 times)]]
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress| Indian National Congress (4 times)]]
| label4 = [[Communist Party of India| Communist Party of India (2 times)]]
| color1 = Dark red
| color2 = Light green
| color3 = Blue
| color4 = Red
| caption = Most Successful parties from Sreerampur Lok Sabha Constituency Since 1951
}}

==Overview==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. '''Serampore''', 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

Srerampur is basically an industrial constituency with an agricultural hinterland. The Howrah-Hooghly industrial belt on the west bank of the Hooghly river covers the [[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]], [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]] and Srerampur constituency.

According to ''The Hindu'', [[Serampore]] and [[Howrah]] constituencies have more than 25% non-Bengali voters with their roots in [[Rajasthan]], [[Bihar]] or [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/nonbengali-voters-could-prove-crucial-in-final-phase/article5997251.ece |title = Non-Bengali voters could prove crucial in final phase| newspaper=The Hindu | date=10 May 2014 | publisher =The Hindu, 11 May 2014 |access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in West Bengal, parliamentary constituency No. 27 Sreerampur is composed of the following segments:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|183
|[[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|Anupam Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|184
|[[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]]
|Tapas Maity
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|185
|[[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]]
|rowspan="5" |[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|Dipanjan Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|186
|[[Sreerampur Assembly constituency|Sreerampur]]
|Bhaskar Bhattacharya
|-
|187
|[[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]]
|Dilip Singh
|-
|194
|[[Chanditala Assembly constituency|Chanditala]]
|[[Swati Khandoker]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|195
|[[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]]
|Prosenjit Bag
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==

Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!rowspan=2|Year
|-
!Candidate
!colspan=2 |Party
|-
|1951
|Tushar Kanti Chattopadhyaya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name="loksabha1952">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1957
|Jitendra Nath Lahiri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="loksabha1957">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1962
|[[Dinendra Nath Bhattacharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name="loksabha1962">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1967
|[[Bimal Kanti Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="loksabha1967">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|rowspan=3|[[Dinendra Nath Bhattacharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name="loksabha1971">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref name="loksabha1977">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|-
|1980<ref name="loksabha1980">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1981^
|Ajit Bag
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|1984
|[[Bimal Kanti Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="loksabha1984">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|rowspan=2|Sudarsan Roy Chowdhury
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name="loksabha1989">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|-
|1996
|[[Pradip Bhattacharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="loksabha1996">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="loksabha1998">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="loksabha1999">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|rowspan=2|[[Akbar Ali Khondkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|1999
|-
|2004
|[[Santasri Chatterjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name="loksabha2004">{{cite web|title=General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|access-date=25 May 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|2009
| rowspan="4" |[[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|2014
|-
|2019
|-
|2024<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |date= |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 27 - Srerampur (West Bengal) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2527.htm}}</ref>
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Sreerampur<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2527.html | title=Unknown Title | website=results.eci.gov.in}}{{Dead link | date=December 2024 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=6,73,970|percentage=45.65|change={{increase}}0.15}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kabir Shankar Bose|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,99,140|percentage=33.80|change={{decrease}}4.67}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dipsita Dhar]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=2,39,160|percentage=16.20|change={{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shahriar Mullick|party=Indian Secular Front|votes=25,677|percentage=1.74|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=15,034|percentage=1.02|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=1,74,830|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,476,532|percentage=76.44|change=-2.10}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Sreerampur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=637,707|percentage=45.50|change={{increase}}5.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Debjit Sarkar
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=539,171
|percentage=38.47
|change={{increase}}16.08
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tirthankar Roy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=152,281|percentage=10.80|change={{decrease}}17.22}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Debabrata Biswas|party=Indian National Congress|votes=32,509|percentage=2.32|change={{decrease}}4.35}}

{{Election box majority|votes=98,536|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,402,259|percentage=78.54|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sreerampur|Sreerampur]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]|votes=514,933|percentage=39.90|change=-12.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tirthankar Roy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=362,407|percentage=28.08|change=-11.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bappi Lahiri]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=287,712|percentage=22.29|change=+18.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Abdul Mannan (West Bengal politician)|Abdul Mannan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=86,099|percentage=6.67|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Somnath Ghosh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,613|percentage=0.51|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju Dey Sarkar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,277|percentage=0.33|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Nasiruddin Mir
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|votes = 4,240
|percentage = 0.32
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manasa Sen|party=Welfare Party of India|votes=3,406|percentage=0.26|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Md. Shahnawaz|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=2,698|percentage=0.20|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kailash Naskar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,674|percentage=0.20|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,52,526|percentage=11.81|change=-0.87}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,90,433|percentage=79.46|change=+1.97}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -12.78
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Sreerampur<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]|votes=569,725|percentage=53.48|change=+17.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Santasri Chatterjee]]|votes=432,535|percentage=39.99|change=+2.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Debabrata Chowdhury|votes=38,476|percentage=3.55|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sekh Soleman
|votes = 14,252
|percentage = 1.31
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Pradip Ghosh|votes=11,803|percentage=1.09|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rakesh Kumar Gautam|votes=7,245|percentage=0.66|change=+0.08}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Amitava Bhattacharya
|votes = 3,758
|percentage = 0.34
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Chiranjit Naskar
|votes = 3,648
|percentage = 0.33
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=137,190|percentage=12.68|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,81,442|percentage=77.51|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Santasri Chatterjee]]|votes=404,082|percentage=37.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Akbar Ali Khondkar|Akbar Ali Khandoker]]|votes=384,395|percentage=35.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kesto Mukherjee|votes=125,020|percentage=11.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sukumar Malik
|votes = 9,808
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sabitri Das|votes=6,370|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party of India (Athvale)|candidate=Dilip Bhattacharya|votes=5,400|percentage=0.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Avash Munshi
|votes = 3,664
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bidyut Raut
|votes = 3,021
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Indradeo Ray|votes=2,845|percentage=0.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=Suresh Nayek|votes=1,640|percentage=0.15|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,687|percentage=1.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,81,402|percentage=77.49|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha1999/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Akbar Ali Khondkar|Akbar Ali Khandoker]]|votes=411,406|percentage=45.10 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sudarsan Roy Chowdhury|votes=384,642|percentage=39.90 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Bhattacharya]]|votes=133,155|percentage=14.60 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Goutam Pyne
|votes = 1,609
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Harun Rashid Mullick|votes=1,494|percentage=0.20 |change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=27,764|percentage=5.2|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,25,995|percentage=69.9|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Akbar Ali Khondkar|Akbar Ali Khandoker]]|votes=439,269|percentage=44.70 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sudarsan Roy Chowdhury|votes=394,658|percentage=40.10 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Bhattacharya]]|votes=143,999|percentage=14.70 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Lok Shakti
|candidate = Ashoke Roy
|votes = 4,064
|percentage = 0.40%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Gopal Sarkar|votes=1,252|percentage=0.10 %|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=44,611|percentage=4.5%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,98,052|percentage=76.3%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Nationalist Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha1996/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Bhattacharya]]|votes=449,205|percentage=45.30 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sudarsan Roy Chowdhury|votes=443,745|percentage=44.80 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Debabrata Chowdhary|votes=60,122|percentage=6.10 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = AIIC(T)
|candidate = Swaraj Gopal Mukherjee
|votes = 9,600
|percentage = 1.00%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sharad Goutam|votes=2,673|percentage=0.30%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Gopal Sarkar|votes=1,199|percentage=0.10 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Asit Kumar Mukhopadhyay
|votes = 807
|percentage = 0.10 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=5,463|percentage=0.6 %|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,90,773|percentage=79.3%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha1991/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sudarsan Roy Chowdhury|votes=366,535|percentage=46.20 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bimal Kanti Ghosh|votes=322,038|percentage=40.60 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dwarka Prasad Thirani|votes=91,289|percentage=11.50 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prasantasankar Ghatak
|votes = 3,285
|percentage = 0.40 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Gautam Banerjee|votes=2,831|percentage=0.30 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Samir Kumar Mitra|votes=2,795|percentage=0.30 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Milan Mookherjee
|votes = 1,491
|percentage = 0.20 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Prem Nath Thakur
|votes = 1,149
|percentage = 0.10 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Deb Kumar Dutta
|votes = 1,024
|percentage = 0.10 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Indrajit Seal
|votes = 801
|percentage = 0.10 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=44,497|percentage=5.5%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=8,10,618|percentage=72.3%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha1989/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sudarsan Roy Chowdhury|votes=426,994|percentage=52.69 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bimal Kanti Ghosh|votes=360,536|percentage=44.80 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dwarka Prasad Thirani|votes=11,530|percentage=1.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kairi Bisarjan
|votes = 2,967
|percentage = 0.40 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Amar Chowdhury|votes=1,928|percentage=0.20 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Doordarshi Party|candidate=Bharshi Sharma|votes=1,336|percentage=0.20 %|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=66,458|percentage=8.1%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=8,20,770|percentage=77.0%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|General Election, 1984]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha1984/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bimal Kanti Ghosh|votes=338,152|percentage=51.50 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ajit Bag|votes=307,921|percentage=46.90 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Amar Chowdhury|votes=2,960|percentage=0.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Dwarka Thirani
|votes = 2,936
|percentage = 0.40 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Bisarjan Prasad Koiri|votes=2,689|percentage=0.40 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Prem Nath Thakur|votes=1,906|percentage=0.30 %|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=30,231|percentage=4.5%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,71,287|percentage=76.7%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== By-election 1981 ===
A by-election was held in this constituency in 1981 which was necessitated by the Death of sitting MP Dinen Bhattacharya.In the by-election, Ajit Bag of CPIM defeated his nearest rival S.M Roy of Congress by 96,549 votes.

{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 1981: Serampore constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Ajit Bag|votes=265,372|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress (Indira)|candidate=S.M.Roy|votes=168,823|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A.N.Chowdhury|votes=2,980|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=S.C.Mahato|votes=1,594|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=96,549|percentage=7.25|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election|General Election, 1980]]: [[Serampore]]<ref name=loksabha1980/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Dinen Bhattacharya|votes=292,993|percentage=59.90 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress (Indira)|candidate=Gopal Das Nag|votes=186,886|percentage=38.20 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Amar Chowdhury|votes=2,960|percentage=0.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Partha Sarathi Ghosh
|votes = 3,076
|percentage = 0.60 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Dwarka Prasad Thirani|votes=2,254|percentage=0.40%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Brajnandan Prasad|votes=1,876|percentage=0.40 %|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|IND|candidate=Biswasnath Mondol|votes=1,769|percentage=0.40 %|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=106,107|percentage=21.2%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,01,575|percentage=64.8%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/sreerampur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Sreerampur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

{{coord|22.7500|N|88.3400|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]

Sunitha Veerappa Gowda

2026-05-01T09:15:54Z

Yaxisdelhi: made a data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Sunitha Veerappa Gowda''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-01-26 |title=Woman legislators furious |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/woman-legislators-furious/articleshow/1461875.cms |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is a former Member of the Legislative Assembly from Bannur Assembly constituency in Mysore district representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Bannur 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/karnataka/bannur/43/26329/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/karnataka/bannur/43/26329/175 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-30 |title=Elections 2004 - Constituency Wise Results - Karnataka Assembly |url=https://www.karnataka.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2004-results/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sunitha is from Somanathapura, Mysore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=High political drama brings JD(S)-BJP together |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/136950/high-political-drama-brings-jds.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Sunitha became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bannur Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She polled 33,522 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Chikkamada Nayaka of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 5,663 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Winner Candidates of BJP for 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/www.indiavotes.com/ac/detailwrank?stateac=43&emid=175&party=143 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2004 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2004-election-results.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> She later shifted to the Janata Dal (S) in January 2023 joined the Indian National Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Gururaj |date=2023-01-20 |title=Breaking; ಜೆಡಿಎಸ್‌ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ ಸೇರಿದ ಮಾಜಿ ಶಾಸಕಿ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/karnataka/former-mla-sunitha-veerappa-gowda-quits-jds-joins-congress-281729.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Kannada One India |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=T Narsipura: Former MLA Sunitha Verappa Gowda finally joins Congress |url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/mysuru/t-naraseepur-former-mla-sunita-veerappa-gowda-finally-joined-hands-some-more-jds-party-leaders-joined-congress-krn-au62-504985.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Shiva |date=2023-05-07 |title=No easy waters at this confluence of rivers as top three fight it out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/May/06/no-easy-waters-at-this-confluence-of-rivers-as-top-three-fight-it-out-2572796.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2011, she was elected as the president of the Mysuru Zilla Parishad for the second time following an alliance between JD (S) and BJP.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-10 |title=ZP members give suggestions on how to prevent farm suicides |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/zp-members-give-suggestions-on-how-to-prevent-farm-suicides/article7635705.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veerappa Gowda, Sunitha}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]

Gangapur City Junction

2026-04-26T00:12:48Z

Yaxisdelhi: adding a place more to come

{{Short description|Railway Station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Gangapur City Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[Junction station]], [[Express trains in India|express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = GangapurCityJn.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Gurudwara Circle, Railway Colony, [[Gangapur City]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.47171|N|76.71594|E|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone]]
| line = [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]],
[[Dausa-Gangapur City Railway Line]]
| other = Auto Rickshaw, Taxi
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 3
| elevation = {{convert|245.3|m|ft}}
| levels =
| tracks = 4 [[Broad Gauge]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|1912}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GGC
| zone = [[West Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{abbrlink|Kota|Kota railway division}}
}}
| former =
| map_locator =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=13|type=point|marker=rail}}
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_dot_label = Gangapur City Junction
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Gangapur City Junction''' (Station Code: '''GGC''') is an important railway station located on the [[Mathura–Gangapur City–Kota section]] of the [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]]. It comes under Kota Railway Division of West Central Railway Zone. It is best source of transportation for nearby minor cities and villages. Gangapur City is directly connected to major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, [[Jaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Agra]], [[Indore]], [[Mathura]], Patna, [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]] & [[Udaipur]]. Nearest railway stations are [[Sawai Madhopur Junction railway station]] & [[Bharatpur Junction railway station]], [[Kota Junction railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railway: गंगापुर सिटी जंक्शन को रेलवे ने दी सौगात, 24 करोड़ की लागत से बन रहा स्मार्ट स्टेशन, मिलेंगी आधुनिक सुविधाएं |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/indian-railway-gives-gift-gangapur-24-crores-cost-made-station-smart-available-modern-facilities-7033710 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

The station is being upgraded and modernised under railway redevelopment works.<ref>{{cite web |title=WCR Stations List |url=https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1768910443833-WCR%20Stations.pdf |publisher=West Central Railway |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gangapur City railway station redevelopment |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur/gangapur/news/the-appearance-of-gangapur-city-railway-station-is-being-changed-at-a-cost-of-rs-245-crore-134750556.html |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

== Administration ==
This station falling under [[Kota railway division]] of [[West Central Railway zone]] has been classified under 'NSG-3' category.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Ggcgallery4.jpg
File:Ggcgallery2.jpg
File:Ggcgallery1.jpg
File:Ggcgallery3.jpg
File:Ggcgallery7.jpg
File:Ggcgallery6.jpg
File:Ggcgallery5.jpg|Gangapur City Junction Railway Station
</gallery>

== Further extension ==
'''Dholpur–Sarmathura–Gangapur City Railway Line''' is a proposed broad-gauge railway project in the state of Rajasthan, India. The line aims to connect '''[[Dholpur]]''', '''[[Sarmathura]]''', and '''[[Gangapur City]]''' to improve regional connectivity between eastern Rajasthan and major trunk routes.

The existing [[Dholpur–Sarmathura Railway]] is a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge line built during the [[Dholpur state|Dholpur princely state]] era. Train operations on this narrow-gauge route were discontinued in March 2023.

Indian Railways proposed extending the line from Sarmathura to Gangapur City to improve connectivity toward [[Karauli]], [[Jhansi]], [[Gwalior]] and [[Gangapur City]].

== Lines ==
The main lines passing through [[Gangapur City]] are:

* [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|Mumbai–New Delhi]] line via [[Kota Junction|Kota]] (Electrified Triple Broad-Gauge Line) :- Trunk Route 3 of Indian Railways, runs for 1,389 kilometres (863 mi) from [[New Delhi]] to [[Mumbai]] via [[Mathura Junction|Mathura]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[Kota Junction|Kota]], [[Nagda Junction|Nagda]], [[Ratlam Junction|Ratlam]], [[Vadodara]], [[Surat]], [[Valsad]], [[Vapi]] & [[Vasai]].
* [[Dausa–Gangapur City Railway Line|Dausa-Gangapur City]] line (single broad-gauge line) :- Covering 97 kilometres (60 mi) and currently under electrification, this line connects Gangapur City to [[Delhi–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor|Delhi-Ahmedabad]] line and [[Dausa]] to [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|New Delhi-Mumbai main line]].

== Important Trains ==
A few Important trains stopping at [[Gangapur City]] are:

* [[Golden Temple Mail]]
* [[Parasnath Express]]
* [[Nanda Devi AC Superfast Express|Nanda Devi Express]]
* [[Paschim Express]]
* [[Swaraj Express]]
* [[Dwarka Express]]
* [[Kota–Hazrat Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express|Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Azimabad Express]]
* [[Avadh Express]]
* [[Mewar Express]]
* [[Indore–New Delhi Intercity Superfast Express|New Delhi Intercity Express]]

and so on.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1952]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:Kota railway division]]

Thaggedele

2026-04-26T00:01:02Z

Yaxisdelhi: made a details

{{short description|Indian suspense thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaggedele
| image = Thaggedele.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Srinivas Raju]]
| writer = Srinivas Raju
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Prem Kumar Pandey N Akhilesh Reddy P V Subba Reddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Naveen Chandra]]
*[[Divya Pillai]]
*Ananya Raj
*[[P. Ravi Shankar]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Venkat Rama Prasad
| editing = [[Garry BH]]
| music = Charan Arjun Chinna (BGM)
| studio = Bhadra Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thaggedele''''' ({{Translation|I won't back down}}) is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language suspense thriller film directed by [[Srinivas Raju]] and starring [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Divya Pillai]], Ananya Raj and [[P. Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandras-thaggedele-trailer-crosses-1-million-views/articleshow/95159466.cms|title=Naveen Chandra's 'Thaggedele' trailer crosses 1 million views|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528095901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandras-thaggedele-trailer-crosses-1-million-views/articleshow/95159466.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-twists-turns-in-thaggedele-will-keep-viewers-guessing-naveen-chandra/articleshow/95270275.cms|title=The twists & turns in Thaggedele will keep viewers guessing: Naveen Chandra|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528095904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-twists-turns-in-thaggedele-will-keep-viewers-guessing-naveen-chandra/articleshow/95270275.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's title is based on a popular dialogue from ''[[Pushpa (film)|Pushpa]]'' (2021). P. Ravi Shankar, [[Pooja Gandhi]], [[Makarand Deshpande]] and [[Ravi Kale]] reprise their roles from the Kannada-language ''[[Dandupalya (franchise)|Dandupalya]]'' franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hubli-dhaba-offers-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-experience-says-srinivas-raju/articleshow/95177901.cms|title=Hubli Dhaba offers an edge-of-the-seat thriller experience, says Srinivas Raju|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528095902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hubli-dhaba-offers-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-experience-says-srinivas-raju/articleshow/95177901.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Kannada as ''Hubli Dhaba''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hubli-dhaba/movie-review/95455229.cms|title=Hubli Dhaba Movie Review : A crime thriller with romantic elements hits the right notes|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528095901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hubli-dhaba/movie-review/95455229.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/nov/16/hubli-dhaba-movie-reviewdandupalya-gang-gets-a-brutal-end-in-typical-srinivas-rajustyle-36683.html|title=Hubli Dhaba Movie Review: Dandupalya gang gets a brutal end in typical Srinivas Raju style|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528095901/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/nov/16/hubli-dhaba-movie-reviewdandupalya-gang-gets-a-brutal-end-in-typical-srinivas-rajustyle-36683.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Inspector Chellappa is on the verge of busting the drug mafia in the city and waits for the right moment. Meanwhile, a corporate man gets entangled with the world of drugs and later becomes a suspect in a murder case. Simultaneously, the D-gang from Dandupalyam returns with a vengeance. Who committed the murder? Did the gang get their revenge forms the crux of the story

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Naveen Chandra]] as Eshwar
*[[Divya Pillai]] as Devi
*Ananya Raj as Liza
*[[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Chalapathy
*[[Naina Ganguly]]
*[[Raja Ravindra]]
*[[Nagendra Babu|Naga Babu]]
*[[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]
*[[Pooja Gandhi]] as Lakshmi
*[[Makarand Deshpande]] as Krishna
*[[Ravi Kale]] as Chander
*[[Rupa Lakshmi]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Charan Arjun.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
#"Thaggede Le"
#"Idhe Idhe"
#"Ninnu Kalaganna"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "High on intense violence, strong language and bold romance, the film manages to entertain and thrill in parts. However, it is not for the faint-hearted".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thaggedele/movie-review/95287126.cms|title=Thaggedele Movie Review : This thriller is not for the faint-hearted|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thaggedele/movie-review/95287126.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' wrote that "Thaggede Le is a thriller movie that works to an extent. There is plenty of violence and also adult content. Watch it if you don't mind those elements".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/thaggedele-review-rating-164084|title=Thaggedele Movie Review|work=[[Sakshi Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104120835/https://english.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/thaggedele-review-rating-164084|archive-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]

Kalyan Mukherjea

2026-04-21T12:00:01Z

Yaxisdelhi: made new data

{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Dr. Kalyan Mukherjea
| image =
| caption =
| image_size = 
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Kalyan Kumar Mukherjea
| alias =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 1943
| death_place =
| death_date = 2010 (aged 67)
| origin = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| instrument = [[Sarod]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = Composer, [[Sarod|Sarod player]]
| years_active = 1956–1995
| label = India Archive Music
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Kalyan Kumar Mukherjea''' (1943–2010) was an authority on Indian classical music, particularly the [[Senia Gharana|Senia]] [[Shahjahanpur]] [[Gharana]] (school) of [[Sarod]]. He was also a mathematician.

==Early life==
Mukherjea was born in Calcutta in 1943. His father, A K Mukherjea, was a barrister who rose to become a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="list">{{Citation
|title = List of Judges of the Supreme Court of India
|publisher = Ministry of Law, Government of India
|url = http://lawinc.in/SupremeCourt/SupremeCourtJudges.htm
|access-date = 22 May 2008
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Justice Mukherjea was also a scholar of Indian philosophy, and had made significant contributions to [[Navya-Nyāya]] literature.<ref name="navya">
{{Citation
| last = Mukherjea
| first = A K
| title = The Definition of Pervasion (Vyāpti) in Navya-Nyāya
| journal = Journal of Indian Philosophy
| volume = 4
| issue = 1–2
| pages = 1–50
| year = 1976
| doi = 10.1007/BF00211106| s2cid = 189827234
}}
</ref> Kalyan thus grew up in a milieu that placed considerable significance on erudition and culture.

Justice Mukherjea's close friends included musicians like the sarod maestro [[Radhika Mohan Maitra]]. Young Kalyan began training under Maitra in 1956. He also studied with the sitarist, vocalist and composer [[Dhruvatara Joshi]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Mukherjea's musical education continued uninterrupted throughout his performing career, but there were periods during which he was not under the direct tutelage of a master (1962–1965 and 1967–1976). These years spent in relative isolation from the Indian music scene, Mukherjea believes, contributed as much to his growth as a musician as did his formal training. Mukherjea has had a unique experience, doubling as a mathematician and an uncompromising classicist on the [[sarod]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==As a mathematician==
Mukherjea obtained his undergraduate degree from [[Cambridge University]], followed by a doctorate in mathematics from [[Cornell]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Radhika Mohan Maitra: His Life and Times|author1= Kalyan Mukherjea |author2=Peter Manuel|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/382336|year=2010|journal= Asian Music|volume=41|issue=2|pages=193|url-access=subscription |via=[[Project MUSE]]}}</ref> In 1968, he joined the mathematics faculty of [[UCLA]]. He remained at UCLA until 1976, when he returned to India to take up a professorship at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]]s in Delhi and Calcutta.

His research interests primarily concerned [[topology]]. He had to his credit authoritative publications in Fredholm manifolds<ref name="manifolds">{{Citation
| last = Mukherjea
| first = Kalyan K
| title = The Homotopy Type of Fredholm Manifolds
| journal = Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
| volume = 149
| issue = 2
| pages = 653–663
| year = 1970
| jstor = 1995419
| doi = 10.2307/1995419| doi-access = free
}}
</ref> and [[coincidence theory]].<ref name="coincidence">
{{Citation
| last = Mukherjea
| first = Kalyan K
| title = New Methods in Coincidence Theory
| journal = [[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]]
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| pages = 615–20
| year = 1972
| jstor = 2038417
| doi = 10.2307/2038417| doi-access = free
}}
</ref> In collaboration with his erstwhile research student [[Rajendra Bhatia]], he had also contributed to [[matrix analysis]].<ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Bhatia
| first1 = Rajendra
| last2 = Mukherjea
| first2 = Kalyan K
| title = Variation of the Unitary Part of a Matrix
| journal = SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications
| volume = 15
| issue = 3
| pages = 1007–14
| year = 1994
| url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=181246.181269
| doi = 10.1137/S0895479892243237| url-access = subscription
}}
</ref>

His work had spawned a significant body of further research, by his erstwhile students as well as colleagues and contemporaries.<ref name="Harris">{{Citation
| last1 = Harris
| first1 = Gary
| last2 = Martin
| first2 = Clyde
| title = Large Roots Yield Large Coefficients: An Addendum to 'The Roots of a Polynomial Vary Continuously as a Function of the Coefficients'
| journal = Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
| volume = 102
| issue = 4
| pages = 993–94
| year = 1988
| jstor = 2047347
| doi = 10.2307/2047347}}
</ref><ref name="Sankaran">{{Cite journal
|last = Sankaran
|first = Parameswaran
|title = A Coincidence Theorem for Holomorphic Maps to G/P
|journal = [[Canadian Mathematical Bulletin]]
|volume = 46
|issue = 2
|pages = 291–98
|year = 2003
|doi = 10.4153/CMB-2003-029-4 | doi-access=free
|arxiv = math/0208062
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> He had also mentored several significant contributors to the field, including [[Rajendra Bhatia]] and [[Mahan Mitra]].<ref>
{{Citation
| title = Mathematics Genealogy Project: Kalyan Kumar Mukherjea
| publisher = American Mathematical Society
| url = http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=22366
| access-date = 22 May 2008}}
</ref>

==As a musician==
While at UCLA, Mukherjea served as an instructor of Hindustani instrumental music in the newly formed [[ethnomusicology]] department, and collaborated closely with [[Nazir Jairazbhoy]] in the early days of the program. His students include Peter Manuel, Professor of Music at [[Hunter College]], [[CUNY]], who has acknowledged his debt to Mukherjea in several publications.<ref name="Manuel1">
{{Citation
| last = Manuel
| first = Peter
| publication-date = 1989
| title = Ṭhumrī in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives
| publication-place = Varanasi
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| pages = vii, 176
| isbn = 81-208-0673-5
| year = 1989}}
</ref><ref name="Manuel2">
{{Citation
| last = Manuel
| first = Peter
| publication-date = 1993
| title = Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India
| publication-place = Chicago
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| page = xviii
| isbn = 0-226-50401-8
| year = 1999
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu
}}
</ref>

Mukherjea performances have been limited. His 25-year span as a performing artist saw him play about fifty concerts in all. It was entirely by chance that he encountered Lyle Wachovsky of India Archive Music, New York, who gave his music a global audience by publishing a full-length CD of Ragas [[Shuddha Kalyan]] and [[Shukla Bilawal]]. Additionally, from 1983 to 1990, Mukherjea was a regular broadcaster on All India Radio, Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Mukherjea's music is rooted in tradition but does not rigidly adhere to convention. His approach values logic and aesthetic sensitivity above other considerations. A good example of this is his approach to interpreting the controversial Raga Shuddha Kalyan, which finds mention in an article by Deepak Raja on the issue.<ref>
{{Citation
|last = Raja
|first = Deepak
|title = Raga Shuddha Kalyan: How and why it is changing
|url = http://kavitachhibber.mmaweb.net/main/main.jsp?id=arts-May2007#deepakraja
|access-date = 24 May 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723211032/http://kavitachhibber.mmaweb.net/main/main.jsp?id=arts-May2007#deepakraja
|archive-date = 23 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>

==Death==
Mukherjea died on 31 March 2010, after suffering a heart attack a few weeks before.<ref>{{Citation
|last = Chakarbarty
|first = Arnab
|title = My Mentor
|url = http://www.arnabchakrabarty.com/about/my-mentor
|access-date = 1 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110304121129/http://www.arnabchakrabarty.com/about/my-mentor
|archive-date = 4 March 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Publications==

===Journal articles: mathematics===

{{Citation
| last1 = Bhatia
| first1 = Rajendra
| last2 = Mukherjea
| first2 = Kalyan K
| title = Variation of the Unitary Part of a Matrix
| journal = SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications
| volume = 15
| issue = 3
| pages = 1007–14
| year = 1994
| url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=181246.181269
| doi = 10.1137/S0895479892243237| url-access = subscription
}}

{{Citation
| last = Mukherjea
| first = Kalyan K
| title = The Homotopy Type of Fredholm Manifolds
| journal = Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
| volume = 149
| issue = 2
| pages = 653–663
| year = 1970
| jstor = 1995419
| doi = 10.2307/1995419| doi-access = free
}}

{{Citation
| last = Mukherjea
| first = Kalyan K
| title = New Methods in Coincidence Theory
| journal = Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| pages = 615–20
| year = 1972
| jstor = 2038417
| doi = 10.2307/2038417| doi-access = free
}}

{{Citation
| last1 = Mukherjea
| first1 = Kalyan K
| last2 = Sankaran
| first2 = Parameswaran
| title = Invariant points of maps between Grassmannians
| journal = Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society
| volume = 124
| issue = 2
| pages = 649–53
| year = 1996
| url = https://www.ams.org/proc/1996-124-02/S0002-9939-96-03152-8/S0002-9939-96-03152-8.pdf
| doi = 10.1090/S0002-9939-96-03152-8| doi-access = free
}}

=== Books: mathematics ===
1. Mukherjea, Kalyan:''Differential Calculus In Normed Linear Spaces'', American Mathematical Society, 2003 ({{ISBN|8185931437}}, Hardcover)

=== Writings: music ===
[https://debatesangeet.blogspot.com/2008/05/radhika-mohan-maitra-i.html Radhika Mohan Maitra – His Life and Times]

=== Discography: music ===
[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00008L3PL Raga Shuddha Kalyan, India Archive Music, 2003]

== Legacy ==
In 2010, The National Law School of India University named the Best Speaker trophy at the National Law School Debate, South Asia's largest Asians Parliamentary debate, after him.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://debatesangeet.blogspot.com/2008/05/announcement-prof-kalyan-mukherjea.html An Introduction by Abhik Majumdar]
* [https://swaratala.blogspot.com/2007/04/prof-kalyan-mukherjea-maestro.html An Autobiographical Article by Prof. Kalyan Mukherjea written as letter to the eminent musicologist Deepak Raja]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723211032/http://kavitachhibber.mmaweb.net/main/main.jsp?id=arts-May2007 Deepak Raja:''Raga Shuddha Kalyan: How and why it is changing'']

An All India Radio Recording (1984)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191024114951/https://www.arnabchakrabarty.com/Kalyanda/jaunpuri.mp3 Raga Jaunpuri]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjea, Kalyan}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Sarod players]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Cornell University faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian topologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]

Arithang Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:20Z

Yaxisdelhi: created article

{{Short description|Human settlement in West Sikkim state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =26
|name = Arithang
|type= SLA
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Sikkim]]
|district = [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
|established = 2008
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Arithang Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]], a north east state of [[India]]. This constituency falls under [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/arithang.html Arithang Assembly constituency Elections]</ref><ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf The Delimitation Act, 2002]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Narendra Kumar Pradhan || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Shyam Pradhan || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2|[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
|-
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Election Results 2024 Sikkim: Full list of winners on all 32 Legislative Assembly seats of Sikkim2">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Sikkim: Full list of winners on all 32 Legislative Assembly seats of Sikkim |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-sikkim-full-list-of-winners-on-all-32-legislative-assembly-seats-of-sikkim-9366829/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081356/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-sikkim-full-list-of-winners-on-all-32-legislative-assembly-seats-of-sikkim-9366829/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sikkim Assembly Election 2024 Winners List2">{{cite news |last1=Financialexpress |date=2 June 2024 |title=Sikkim Assembly Election 2024 Winners List |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-winners-list/3509765/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081540/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-winners-list/3509765/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Arithang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arun Kumar Upreti]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,356 |percentage=61.48% |change={{increase}}21.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashis Rai |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,627 |percentage=30.15% |change={{increase}}10.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Gurung |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=541 |percentage=6.21% |change={{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rikesh Pradhan |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=93 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=49 |percentage=0.56% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,729 |percentage=31.32% |change= {{increase}}25.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,712 |percentage=69.13% |change= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,602 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{increase}}21.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Arithang<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arun Kumar Upreti]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,150 |percentage=40.02% |change={{decrease}}17.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashis Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,676 |percentage=33.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Pradhan |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,545 |percentage=19.63% |change={{decrease}}15.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Bahadur Chettri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=393 |percentage=4.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=66 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=474 |percentage=6.02% |change= {{decrease}}17.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,872 |percentage=69.00% |change= {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,408 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}17.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Arithang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Pradhan |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,026 |percentage=57.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Lama |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,420 |percentage=34.82% |change={{decrease}}26.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sherap Dorjee Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyalpo Tamang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=105 |percentage=1.51% |change={{decrease}}32.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeney Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=71 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,606 |percentage=23.10% |change= {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,951 |percentage=73.22% |change= {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,493 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Arithang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Kumar Pradhan |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,320 |percentage=60.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Basnett |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,865 |percentage=34.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Subba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=141 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atal Bahadur Tamang |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=48 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amit Kumar Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,455 |percentage=26.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,447 |percentage=73.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,396 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Gangtok district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coords|27.33|88.61|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gangtok district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Saintala Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:36Z

Yaxisdelhi: made new pg

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saintala
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Balangir district|Balangir]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Saintala''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Balangir district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> It was established in 1961 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref>

== Elected members ==
Between 1961 & 2008, 11 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Saintala constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| [[Ainthu Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | Ramesh Chandra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Krushna Chandra Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Subash Chandra Bag
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Ramesh Chandra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Radhakanta Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Jagneswar Babu
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" | Surendra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balangir district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Balangir district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Bolangir-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Bheemunipatnam Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:41Z

Yaxisdelhi: created new page

{{short description|Defunct assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bheemunipatnam
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Bheemunipatnam Assembly constituency''' was a constituency in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elected representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It was one of six assembly segments in [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].

The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)'' and abolished in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of parliamentary Assembly constituencies, 2008}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="MadrasECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>
| Kaligotla Suryanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<ref name=election1955>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1955 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
| Gottumukkala Jagannadha Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 1960 by-election
| rowspan=3 |[[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Raja Sagi Soma Sundara Suryanarayana Raju
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Datla Jagannadha Raju
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=4 |Raja Sagi Devi Prasanna Appala Narasimha Raju
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
| Karri Seetharamu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Bheemunipatnam<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaligotla Suryanarayana |party=Independent politician |votes=11,194 |percentage=31.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. V. K. Vallabha Rao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,200 |percentage=28.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Botcha Adinarayanna |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=8,156 |percentage=23.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poosapati Madhava Varma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,769 |percentage=16.33% |change=16.33% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=994 |percentage=2.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,319 |percentage=53.00% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,642 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.89|83.45|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Bangalore Political Action Committee

2026-04-13T09:53:42Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{Short description|Indian non-profit}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = 
| formation = {{start date and age|2013}}
| founders = [[Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|Kiran Mazumdar Shaw]] [[T. V. Mohandas Pai]]
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Non-profit]]
| purpose = 
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| location = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|bpac.in/}}
| abbreviation = B.PAC
}}

'''Bangalore Political Action Committee''' (stylised as '''B.PAC''') is a [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]-based [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organisation]], founded by the citizens of Bengaluru, to help improve [[Urban area|urban]] infrastructure, municipal governance, and the overall quality of life.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 24 March 2023 |title=Bangalore Political Action Committee: How it is building citizen participation in politics, policy |work=The South First |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/bangalore-political-action-committee-how-it-is-building-citizen-participation-in-politics-policy/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BPAC agenda for better city governance unveiled |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/feb/04/bpac-agenda-for-better-city-governance-unveiled-447260.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Right time for action plan to fulfil dreams: Narayana Murthy |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/right-time-for-action-plan-to-fulfil-dreams-narayana-murthy/articleshow/18322188.cms}}</ref> The organisation advocates [[good governance]] practices and [[Public participation|citizen participation]] for [[sustainable development]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2023 |title=Bangalore Political Action Committee: How it is building citizen participation in politics, policy |work=The South First |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/bangalore-political-action-committee-how-it-is-building-citizen-participation-in-politics-policy/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=B.PAC to crowdsource ideas for sustainability manifesto for Bengaluru |work=Livemint |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/b-pac-to-crowdsource-ideas-for-sustainability-manifesto-for-bengaluru-11598351005456.html}}</ref> It is primarily a think-tank that carries out research and recommends policy amendments to assist the local and state level governments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=South |title=B.PAC and WRI India launch Personal2Public campaign to promote public transport use |work=The South First |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/b-pac-and-wri-india-launch-personal2public-campaign-to-promote-public-transport-use/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2016 |title=B-PAC's Bengaluru MLA assessments: Here's how to read, understand these ratings |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/b-pac-s-bengaluru-mla-assessments-here-s-how-read-understand-these-ratings-79651}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why more vehicle owners don't use metro? B.PAC to find out |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/jul/14/why-more-vehicle-owners-dont-use-metro-bpac-to-find-out-2594608.html}}</ref>

B.PAC works with the [[government of Karnataka]] and other [[Politics of Karnataka|government]] and [[Non-governmental organization|non-government organisations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 Sep 2022 |title=B.PAC survey: 57% in Bengaluru say 'not satisfied' with governance |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bpac-survey-57-in-bengaluru-say-not-satisfied-with-governance-101663820991190.html}}</ref> It is not affiliated with any political party or government organisation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore Political Action Committee launches sixth Civic Leadership Incubator Program batch |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bangalore-political-action-committee-launches-sixth-civic-leadership-incubator-program-batch/articleshow/65924094.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B.PAC, DULT release findings from cyclists' survey |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bpac-dult-survey-of-cyclists-livelihood-challenges-68224 |website=Citizen Matters|date=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kassam |first=Meenaz |title=Philanthropy in India |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2016 |isbn=9789351507512 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2ElDAAAQBAJ |pages=195 |language=English}}</ref> B.PAC's extent of work also includes supporting women and children welfare, political [[leadership]], and urban [[traffic management]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2019 |title=Uber and B.PAC partner to work on sustainable mobility initiatives for Bengaluru |work=The Hindu Business Line |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/uber-and-bpac-partner-to-work-on-sustainable-mobility-initiatives-for-bengaluru/article28335715.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BBMP polls: B.PAC trains 43 members in civic leadership programme |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bbmp-polls-bpac-trains-43-members-in-civic-leadership-programme/article65776674.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Uber, B.PAC's 'Sustainable Mobility' report suggests ways to tackle congestion in Bengaluru |work=The Hindu Businessline |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/uber-bpacs-sustainable-mobility-report-suggests-ways-to-tackle-congestion-in-bengaluru/article31041687.ece}}</ref>

== Programs and initiatives ==
'''B.ENGAGED''', a program by B.PAC, was started in 2019 to engage with corporators, government institutions, and citizen groups to advance good governance practices.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fathima |first1=Iffath |title=Fellowship takes public policy to classrooms |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/fellowship-takes-public-policy-to-classrooms/articleshow/104897336.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

'''B.CLIP''', which stands for B.PAC Civic Leadership Incubator Program, is an initiative by B.PAC in collaboration with [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-philanthropic-money-into-think-tanks-silencing-foreign-funding-question/articleshow/45029590.cms?from=mdr Takshashila Institution].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devadiga |first=Deeksha |date=2023-03-24 |title=Bangalore Political Action Committee: How it is building citizen participation in politics, policy |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/bangalore-political-action-committee-how-it-is-building-citizen-participation-in-politics-policy/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-11 |title=School for Politicians |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/school-for-politicians/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> This program serves as a learning platform for aspiring [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]] [[Councillor|corporators]], providing them with knowledge and skills to broaden their impact.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-08-16 |title=BBMP polls: BPAC trains 43 members in civic leadership programme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bbmp-polls-bpac-trains-43-members-in-civic-leadership-programme/article65776674.ece |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore: BBMP? We should call it 'BB empty' instead |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bangalore-bbmp-we-should-call-it-bb-empty-instead-1946231 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-20 |title=Bangalore Political Action Committee (B.PAC), a citizen's group that works towards better governance in Bangalore announced the launch of B.CLIP, a civic leadership incubator programme. B.CLIP seeks to encourage citizens to enter public service with a view to create a new cadre of civic leaders who will successfully drive and scale civic initiatives at the grass roots and create transformative change in our communities through good governance. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-political-action-committee-b-pac-a-citizens-group-that-works-towards-better-governance-in-bangalore-announced-the-launch-of-b-clip-a-civic-leadership-incubator-programme-b-clip-seeks-to-encourage-citizens-to-enter-public-service-with-a-view-to-create-a-new-cadre-of-civic-leaders-who-will-successfully-drive-and-scale-civic-initiatives-at-the-grass-roots-and-create-transformative-change-in-our-communities-through-good-governance-/articleshow/22813570.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Since its inception in 2013, nine batches have been conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fathima |first1=Iffath |title=Toolkit for better civic leadership |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/toolkit-for-better-civic-leadership/articleshow/106784789.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Notable individuals, including [[politician]]s and [[Activism|civic activists]] such as [[Sowmya Reddy]] and [https://thelogicalindian.com/my-social-responsibility/sampath-ramanujam/ Sampath Ramanujam], have participated in the B.CLIP program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2022-03-10 |title=Think India Needs Cleaner Politics? This Team Trains Future Civic Leaders & Politicians |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/278729/think-india-needs-cleaner-politics-this-team-trains-future-civic-leaders-politicians/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2015-01-11 |title=BCLIP Shows the Way to Waste Management |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/Jan/11/bclip-shows-the-way-to-waste-management-703948.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Sayantani Nath |date=2019-10-11 |title=This WhatsApp Group Has Resolved 500+ Civic Issues Across Bengaluru - From Bumpy Roads To Faulty Drainage |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/my-social-responsibility/bumpy-roads-civic-issues-across-bengaluru/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref>

'''B.SAFE''', one of the programs by B.PAC, works towards enhancing safety and empowerment for women and children in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kappan |first=Rasheed |title=Public safety in Bengaluru: A reality check |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/public-safety-in-bengaluru-a-reality-check-1103142.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="xDqe8">{{Cite web |last=Devadiga |first=Deeksha |date=2024-01-23 |title=Advocating for equal access: A decade in making Bengaluru a safe and empowered space for women |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/advocating-for-equal-access-a-decade-in-making-bengaluru-a-safe-and-empowered-space-for-women/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> The B.SAFE Constituency initiative, a part of B.SAFE, works with B.SAFE Ambassadors to conduct [[audit]]s of public spaces in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-28 |title=Poorly-lit Bengaluru streets a major concern for women's safety, says report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/poorly-lit-bengaluru-streets-a-major-concern-for-womens-safety-says-report/articleshow/104784021.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> These assessments focus on evaluating the presence of adequate safety infrastructure for women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-10-29 |title=Fix streetlights, make bus stops more accessible, recommends B.PAC report |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/bengaluru/2023/Oct/29/fix-streetlights-make-bus-stops-more-accessible-recommends-bpac-report-2628000.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> So far, B.SAFE Constituency Initiative has been conducted in 4 Bengaluru [[Assembly constituency|assembly constituencies]] - [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency|Mahadevapura]], [[Malleshwaram Assembly constituency|Malleshawaram]], [[Dasarahalli Assembly constituency|Dasarahalli]], and [[Hebbal Assembly constituency|Hebbal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fathima |first1=Iffath |date=18 November 2023 |title=Women's safety audit |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/womens-safety-audit/articleshow/105299132.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref name="xDqe8" />

== Founders and members ==
B.PAC was founded in 2013 by [[Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw|Kiran Mazumdar Shaw]] and T. V. Mohandas Pai to tackle the garbage crisis in Bengaluru, and is currently headed by Revathy Ashok as its Managing Trustee and CEO.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karnataka polls: B.PAC submits suggestions to Chief Electoral Officer to improve voter registration |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-polls-b-pac-submits-suggestions-to-chief-electoral-officer-to-improve-voter-registration/articleshow/66167404.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Disconnect of Bengaluru's Corporates More Worrisome Than Cauvery |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/disconnect-of-bengaluru-corporates-more-worrisome-than-cauvery-tendersure-karnataka#read-more}}</ref>

[[Harish Bijoor]], [[R.K. Misra]], and [[Prasad Bidapa]], are members of B.PAC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore biz group makes political debut, backed 14 candidates for clean administration |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/bangalore-political-action-committee-bpac-clean-administration-karnataka-polls-162438-2013-05-09 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=5 February 2022 |title=The Click In The Ballot |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-click-in-the-ballot/285606 |journal=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Devina |date=2012-12-08 |title=Top corporate heads in Bangalore form an ad hoc team to work with government bodies |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/top-corporate-heads-in-bangalore-form-an-ad-hoc-team-to-work-with-government-bodies/articleshow/17496119.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[Ashwin Mahesh]] has also been associated with B.PAC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalal |first=Mihir |date=2013-02-03 |title=Narayana Murthy-backed panel to seek clean governance in Bangalore |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/bAYjVv7FM7F2SsPVJSkY9L/Narayana-Murthybacked-panel-to-seek-clean-governance-in-Ban.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
On [[National Voters' Day]] 2020, B.PAC was recognised as "The best Not for Profit" by the [[Election Commission of India]] for electoral awareness initiatives during [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha Elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third batch of B.CLIP: B.PAC Civic Leadership Incubator Programme concludes |url=https://old.takshashila.org.in/b-clip-b-pac-civic-leadership-incubator-programme-concludes/ |website=Takshashila Institution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 2019 |title=Do you know your corporator? B.PAC begins awareness campaign across Bengaluru! |url=https://www.residentswatch.in/do-you-know-your-corporator-b-pac-begins-awareness-campaign-across-bengaluru/ |website=Residents Watch}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Think tanks established in 2013]]

Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India

2026-04-10T22:32:39Z

Yaxisdelhi: new new stub!

{{Short description|Permits reservations for Other Backward Classes in education}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = The Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|image =
|imagesize = 150px
|imagealt =
|caption =
|long_title = An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.
|citation = [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621112914/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend93.htm 93rd Amendment]
|territorial_extent = [[India]]
|passed_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
|passed_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|date_assented = 20 January 2006
|date_commenced = 20 January 2006
|date_repealed =
|administered_by =
|white_paper =
|amendments =
|repeals =
|related_legislation =
|summary =
|keywords =
|status = In Force
}}

The '''Ninety-third Amendment''' of the [[Constitution of India]], officially known as '''The Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005''' enabled the provision of reservation (27%) for [[Other Backward Class]](OBCs) in government as well as private educational institutions.

As a result of this law, [[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Article 15]] of the Indian Constitution includes Clause (5), which offers the State the power to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens, which are officially known as [[Other Backward Classes]], as well as for the [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Scheduled Tribes]], with regards to admissions to educational institutions, including private unaided institutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ninety-third Constitution Amendment in India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/amend93.pdf?fbclid%E2%80%89=%E2%80%89IwAR33t3LPSmFiiOrPTReOneb3PHKjjx2aDmuny7DuBcptSGA7U3i-asQKAV0|date=July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The act was enforced in India from 20 January 2006, after it was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] and received presidential assent. After passage of the Amendment act, the Parliament passed the Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006<ref name=:0>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2091/1/A2007-05.pdf|title= The Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006|publisher=indiacode.nic.in|access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>{{Efn|The Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 provides for the reservation of students belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) of citizens to the extent of 27%, in Central Educational Institutions (CEIs) established, maintained or aided by the Central Government subject to exceptions provided under Section 4 of the Act}}. This led to [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]].

The [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the reservations in its landmark judgement. On 10 April 2008, in the [[Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India]] case, the Supreme Court upheld the 93rd Constitutional Amendment and Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006,<ref name=":0" /> for the provision of 27% quota for candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes in [[AIIMS|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs), [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) and other central educational institutions.<ref name=:1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-allows-27-quota-for-OBCs/articleshow/2942977.cms |first1=Dhananjay |last1=Mahapatra |title=SC allows 27% quota for OBCs |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412004605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/SC_allows_27_quota_for_OBCs/articleshow/2942977.cms |archive-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=:2>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2942622.cms | work=The Times of India | title=SC okays 27% quota for OBCs in higher studies- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times | date=11 April 2008| access-date= 12 April 2008 }}</ref><ref name=:3>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080046498|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411150638/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080046498|url-status=dead|title=NDTV.com: SC upholds 27 per cent OBC quota in educational institutions|archive-date=11 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=:4>{{Cite web|url=http://breakingnewsonline.net/home/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414231448/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/2008/04/breaking-news-supreme-court-upholds-obc.html|url-status=dead|title=Breaking News Online: Breaking News! Supreme Court upholds OBC Quota in Educational Institutions|archive-date=14 April 2008|website=Breaking News Online}}</ref><ref name=:5>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/supreme-court-upholds-governments-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions_10036360.html|title=Supreme Court upholds Governments OBC quota in higher educational institutions|access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=13 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413234721/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/supreme-court-upholds-governments-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions_10036360.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=:6>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/11/stories/2008041161220100.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Supreme Court upholds law for 27% OBC quota |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414204404/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/11/stories/2008041161220100.htm |archive-date=14 April 2008 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=:7>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freshnews.in/supreme-court-upholds-government%E2%80%99s-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions-24625 |title=Supreme Court upholds Government's OBC quota in higher educational institutions | Latest News |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526053112/http://www.freshnews.in/supreme-court-upholds-government%E2%80%99s-obc-quota-in-higher-educational-institutions-24625 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Background==
India is divided into many [[endogamous group]]s i.e. [[castes]] and sub-castes, as a result of social stratification and presence of untouchability. During the [[British Raj]], some methods for upliftment of these depressed classes were introduced by the British, progressive thinkers and [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformer]]s. These included reservations in the legislature and in government jobs.<ref name=britishraj>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |title=Tamil Nadu swims against the tide |publisher=The Statesman |date=31 August 2006 |access-date=27 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090135/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=155652&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> After independence, the [[Indian constitution]] introduced provisions for reservations for the [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] (SC/ST) in government institutions, to give a fair representation to the weakest sections of society i.e. Dalits and Adivasis. 22.5% of the seats (SC- 15%, ST- 7.5%) in higher education institutes and [[Government-owned corporation|public sector undertakings]] at both state and central level were set-aside for them. Uplifting the SC/ST's representation par with the upper castes has not yet been achieved.

In 1989, the then-[[Prime Minister of India]] [[V. P. Singh]] accepted and implemented nationwide the proposals of the [[Mandal Commission]], which had been established by the [[Morarji Desai]]-led [[Janata Party]] government in 1979. The proposals of this commission recommended 27% reservation for [[Other Backward Classes]] (OBCs) in public sector undertakings and state-level educational institutions. OBC's were a group of castes which fell in-between the upper castes and Dalits; they were historically not oppressed and socially boycotted as the Dalits and Adivasis, but were still socially, educationally and economically backward compared to the upper castes.

After the [[State Assembly elections in India, 2006|State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Assam and West Bengal]], the Union Minister of Human Resource Development, [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]] promised to reserve 27% seats for [[Other Backward Classes]] in [[AIIMS|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs), [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs), [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) and other central institutions of higher education. The Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act 2005 that was introduced by the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]], granted a 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes in all Central Government institutions.

==Text of 93 Amendment==

The text of the 93rd amendment reads-

{{quotation|

(1) This Act may be called the
Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005.

(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government
may, by notification in the Official Gazette.

In article 15 of the Constitution, after
clause (4), the following clause shall be inserted, namely:-
"(5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of
article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision,
by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of
citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special
provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private
educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the
minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080621112914/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend93.htm Text of 93 Amendment]</ref>

}}

==2006 Indian anti-reservation protests==
The [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]] were a series of protests that took place in India in 2006 in opposition to the decision of the Union Government of India, led by the [[Indian National Congress]]-headed multiparty coalition [[United Progressive Alliance]], to implement reservations for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central and private institutes of higher education by 93rd Amendment 2005 and Central Educational Institutions(Reservation in Admission) Act 2006. These protests were one of the two major protests against the Indian reservation system, the other one being the [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|1990 anti-Mandal protests]].

This move led to widespread opposition from students, as the proposal would reduce seats for the general category from the existing 77.5% to less than 51% (since members of OBCs are also allowed to contest in the General category), despite assurance from the government that the number of seats in these educational institutes will be increased so that effectively there will be no reduction in the number of seats available for the general category. The opposing students also felt that the government's move was merely to placate and consolidate the OBC vote bank. The private sector organisations too opposed the move, saying it would impede merit and reduce the competitiveness of the students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reservation-shadowlines/2066/0|title=Reservation shadowlines - Indian Express|website=The Indian Express|date=8 April 2006}}</ref>

Medical students in Delhi took the lead and drew support from their counterparts in other cities, such as Mumbai, and [[IIT Roorkee]] students. The protesters organised themselves under the banner of [[Youth For Equality]] and demanded a rollback of the quota, a white paper on the reservation policy and alternative ways of [[affirmative action]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/students-and-doctors-protest-reservationaffirmative-action-system-india-2006-2008|title=Students and doctors protest reservation/affirmative-action system in India, 2006-2008|access-date=27 August 2012|work=Global Nonviolent Action Database}}</ref>

==Supreme Court Judgement==
On 10 April 2008, in the [[Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India]] case, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the 93rd Constitutional Amendment and Central Educational Institutions(CEIs) (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006,<ref name=":0" /> for the provision of 27% quota for candidates belonging to the [[Other Backward Classes]] in IITs, NITs, IIMs, AIIMS, IISc and other premier educational institutions. But it directed the government to exclude the "creamy layer", families whose annual salary in more than ₹4,50,000, among the OBCs while implementing the law. However, the "creamy layer" exclusion would not be applied to the SC/STs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

==See also==
*[[Forward Castes]]
*[[Other Backward Class]]
*[[Reservation in India]]
*[[Mandal Commission]]
*[[Mandal Commission protests of 1990]]
*[[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]]
*[[V. P. Singh]]
*[[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
*[[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India|093]]
[[Category:India law-related lists]]

Marathi Christians

2026-04-09T20:29:59Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Marathi Christian
| image = Crucession in CNI Church.jpg
| caption = Crucession of Marathi Christian in Mumbai
| langs = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Protestant]] ([[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[Methodism|Methodist]], [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]]),
[[Catholic Church|Catholic]] (minority)
| region1 = India ([[Maharashtra]])
| pop1 =
}}

'''Marathi Christians''' are an [[ethnoreligious group]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] who accepted Christianity during the 18th and 19th centuries during the [[East India Company]], and later, the [[British Raj]]. Conversions to [[Protestantism]] were a result of [[Mission (Christianity)|Christian missions]] such as the American Marathi Mission, [[Church Mission Society]] and the [[Church of England]]'s [[United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]].<ref name=RGNP>{{cite web |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352520003 |title= A Study of Christian Magazine 'Dnyanodaya' |last= Pawar |first= Nisha |date= 9 January 2019 |website= Research Gate |publisher= |access-date= 22 October 2025 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hume, Robert Allen (1847-1929) {{!}} History of Missiology|url=https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/g-h/hume-robert-allen-1847-1929/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Christ Church Ahmednagar, Famous Churches in Ahmednagar|url=https://www.ahmednagarlive.in/city-guide/christ-church-ahmednagar|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.ahmednagarlive.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Willington|first=Dr Andrew|title=Memorial Papers of American Marathi MIssion|url=https://www.academia.edu/47783454}}</ref>

[[File:MIRI church.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Church in [[Miri-Maka]]]]

==History==
[[File:Hume Memorial church Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra India. 20151226 054619.jpg|thumb|right|Hume Memorial church Ahmadnagar, the church built by American Marathi mission in 1902<ref>{{cite book|title=B.T.B.S. and mangaldham masikachi yashasvi vatchal,2021|date=February 2022}}</ref>]]
In the 18th Century Missionaries reached to the untouchables and poor sections of society, imparting western education and raising awareness of human rights and sharing the gospel, teaching the bible inspired many.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adu-Gyamfi |first1=Samuel |last2=Kuusaana |first2=Mariama Marciana |last3=Darkwa |first3=Benjamin Dompreh |last4=Tomdi |first4=Lucky |date=2020-12-21 |title=The changing landscape of mission medicine and hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Christian Journal for Global Health |language=en-US |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=65–81 |doi=10.15566/cjgh.v7i5.417 |issn=2167-2415|doi-access=free }}</ref> Education, healthcare, social reform, and the active efforts of missionaries have played a significant role in the spread of Christianity.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-05-31 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |volume=5 |issue=ICETDA24 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.iicetda24.2024 |issn=2582-7472|doi-access=free }}</ref> Around the turn of the 18th century, [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Baptists|Baptist]] [[missionary]] [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] was instrumental in translating the [[Bible]] into the [[Marathi language]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95736/William-Carey |title= William Carey British missionary |last= |first= |date= |website= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> Most of the converts were lower-caste [[Hindus]] with some upper-caste Hindus and [[Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dandekar |first=Deepra |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914042.001.0001 |title=The Subhedar's Son |date=2019-01-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190914042.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-091404-2}}</ref>

===Ahmednagar===

[[File:Ahmadnagar Church.JPG|thumb|right|300px| Church in Vadule village]]

[[File:Nevasa_Church_20231101_222933_Gallery.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Church In [[Nevasa]], Ahmednagar]]

The [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]] established their first foreign mission with the American Marathi mission in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] on 21 December 1813, it was the first [[List of Protestant missionary societies|Protestant Mission]] in [[Western India]] and spread into hundreds of villages.<ref name=":0" /> The mission center moved from Bombay to [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]] in 1831 because it was closer to the center of Marathi country. Schools, Boardings, Colleges and theological institutions were created by Marathi mission in late 1800, aiding famine and reaching untouchables increased Christian Converts in area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=American Marathi Mission Records, 1813-1962|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_4492549/#:~:text=The%20American%20Board%20of%20Commissioners,spread%20into%20hundreds%20of%20villages.|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Columbia University}}</ref>

Christians of [[Ahmednagar district]] account for nearly 10% of district's population, a significant number of whom are located in the eastern part of the district in places such as [[Nevasa]], [[Pathardi]], [[Shevgaon]], [[Rahuri]] and [[Ahmednagar]] itself.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&pg=PA309|isbn = 9780802846808|last1 = Anderson|first1 = Gerald H.|year = 1999 |location=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan Reference USA]]}}</ref>

===Palghar===

European and American missionaries established missions in [[Palghar]] and [[Dahanu]] in [[Palghar district]]. Most of the converted Christian community from these areas are local native belong to the Second District of the Church of the Brethren (F-257 Bom).<ref>MRL3 BOMBAY 1813-1962 - “Bombay, circa 1813–1962, Box 1, Folder 3” - belongs to the American Marathi Mission Records housed at the Burke Library, Union Theological Seminary, Columbia University.</ref>

===Aurangabad===
Aurangabad is home to The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aurangabad|Diocese of Aurangabad]] which has its [[Cathedral]] and Bishop's House located in the Cantonment Area. The [[Diocese]] covers the whole of [[Marathwada]] and works mainly in field of [[Education]], [[Health]], and [[social work]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PA190|title = Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724-1948|isbn = 9788170990178|last1 = Kate|first1 = P. V. |location=Delhi, India |publisher=[[Mittal Publications]]|year = 1987}}</ref>

===Yavatmal===

The American Free Methodist Church maintains missions at [[Yavatmal]], [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]], [[Umri, Nanded|Umri]], [[Rajur]] and Darwah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/.../people_marriage%20morals.html |title=स्थिति - महाराष्ट्र शासन, भारत |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120425161618/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/.../people_marriage%20morals.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Pune===
The city of Pune is home to the headquarters of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pune|Diocese of Pune]]. The Diocese has a significant Marathi Catholic population.<ref name=Best>{{Cite web |url= https://wanderlog.com/list/geoCategory/120630/-best-churches-in-pune |title=Top 50 Best Churches in Pune |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=www.wanderlog.com}}</ref>

There are several Marathi Methodist, Anglican, Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Church of the Nazarene, Pentecostal and Church of Christ missions across the city.<ref name=Best />

=== Kolhapur ===
The roots of Christianity in Kolhapur were laid by the [[Reverend Royal Gould Wilder]], an [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission]] missionary. He started the mission in Kolhapur in 1853 and later established the first church in Kolhapur which now stands as Wilder Memorial Church.<ref name=":0" />

The mission eventually became independent and then came under the American Presbyterian mission which established further churches in Sangli, Islampur, Panhala and other towns. These together continue under the Kolhapur Church Council.

The [[Church of North India]] has a number of churches in Kolhapur under the Diocese of Kolhapur.

==Culture==

There are similarities of customs and culture between Hindus and Marathi Christians, such as dress, food and cuisine. The Hindu custom of wearing [[Saree]], [[Mangalsutra]] and placing [[Bindi (decoration)|Bindis]] is still prominent among native Christians. Marathi Christian highly retain their Marathi culture, and they have kept their Pre-Christian surnames.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=Through personal memories, a journey into Maharashtra's forgotten Brahmin Christians |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/through-personal-memories-a-journey-into-maharashtras-forgotten-brahmin-christians/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In Maharashtra, great Marathi poet [[Narayan Wamanrao Tilak]] realised that a Hindu-Christian synthesis was simply not possible, unless the Christian religion had deep roots in the Indian culture. He trained the Marathi Christians to worship and sing [[Bhajan]] and [[Kirtan]].<ref name=SAC>{{cite web |url= https://southasianchristians.com/articles/my-story/bhajans-kirtans-and-other-riches-of-hindu-heritage-into-the-church-narayan-wamanrao-tilak-marathi-poet-from-maharashtra-lakshmibai-tilak-marathi-christians/ |title= Bhajans, Kirtans And Other Riches Of Hindu Heritage Into The Church |author= |date= 22 August 2022|website= South Asian Christians |publisher= |access-date= September 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

The Indian Constitution [[Scheduled Castes]] Order, 1950, currently stipulates that only individuals professing Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism can be deemed members of a Scheduled Caste and hence reservation benefits are not given to Christians who converted from schedule caste, however The "[[Bombay East Indians]] non dalit community" was granted Other Backward Class (OBC) status by the Government of Maharashtra in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversions for Quota Benefits Violate Constitution |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/conversions-for-quota-benefits-violate-constitution/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Central List of OBCs for the State of Maharashtra |url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/maharashtra.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720212438/https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=ncbc.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[File:Narayan Vaman Tilak.jpg|thumb|right|250px| [[Narayan Waman Tilak]]]]
* [[Pandita Ramabai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/03/28/pandita-ramabai-essay/|title = Pandita Ramabai: Championing Women's Education and Social Reform | #IndianWomenInHistory|date = 27 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramabai, Dongre Medhavi [Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati] (1858-1922) {{!}} History of Missiology|url=http://www.bu.edu/missiology/ramabai-dongre-medhavi/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref>
* [[Narayan Waman Tilak]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tilak, Narayan Vaman (1862?-1919) {{!}} History of Missiology|url=https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/t-u-v/tilak-narayan-vaman-1862-1919/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macnicol|first=N.|date=1924|title=Narayan Vaman Tilak|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1758-6631.1924.tb03897.x|journal=International Review of Mission|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=373–382|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6631.1924.tb03897.x|issn=1758-6631|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*[[Rajeshwari Kharat]] Marathi Actress. famous for movie [[Fandry]]
*[[Shahu Modak]], a Marathi/Hindi movie actor from Ahmednagar. He primarily acted as Lord [[Krishna]] in 29 mythological films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Seta|first=Keyur|title=Shahu Modak through the eyes of his spiritual partner and wife Pratibha Modak|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/may/11/5741|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090814/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/may/11/5741/|url-status=live|archive-date=20 October 2020|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
[[file:VEER GHATOTKACH (1949).jpg|thumb|right|250px| Actor [[Shahu Modak]]]]
* [[Archana Taide]], actress
*[[Baba Padmanji]]i, a Brahmin and a Christian convert. An author of over 100 books, his ''Yamunaparyatan'' is considered the first novel of [[Marathi literature]].
* [[Harish Salve]], renowned Jurist.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Walk The Talk', With Harish Salve: Full Transcript|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/walk-the-talk-with-harish-salve-full-transcript-759892|access-date=2022-01-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[N. K. P. Salve]], former Union Minister and Congress Leader from Vidarbha.
* [[Rajanikant Arole]], Magasayse award winner and Padmabhushan.
*[[Chandu Borde]], a former cricket player from the Pune district. He played for the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] in 83 matches between 1958 and 1969. His younger brother Ramesh was also a noteworthy cricket player.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandu Borde, Chandu Borde Profile, Chandu Borde Photos, Chandu Borde Cricinfo, Chandu Borde Coach|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/games/cricket/coach-chandu-borde.html|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Indian Mirror}}</ref>
*[[Vijay Hazare]], a [[cricket]] player from the Solapur district. He captained the Indian cricket team in fourteen matches between 1951 and 1953. He also [[Captain (cricket)|captained]] [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]], with whom he won the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 1959. Hazare is considered by many to be one of the best [[Batting order (cricket)|middle-order bats]] to play for India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay Samuel Hazare, Vijay Hazare, Profile Vijay Samuel Hazare, Vijay Samuel Hazare Achievements, Indian Cricket Player|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/games/cricket/former-player-vijay.html|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Indian Mirror}}</ref>
* [[Vinod Kambli]], a former Indian international Cricketer, who played for India as a left-handed middle order batsman, as well as for Mumbai and [[Boland, Western Cape|Boland]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/profiles/3893/vinod-kambli|title=Vinod Kambli Profile|access-date=2023-09-28|website=www.cricbuzz.com}}</ref> Kambli converted to Catholicism after his second marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-vinod-kambli-embraces-christianity-1435521/|title=Vinod Kambli embraces Christianity|date=Sep 28, 2017|website=www.dna.com }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Christianity in Maharashtra]]
* [[Kupari]]
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[List of Indian Christians]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Protestant ethnoreligious groups]]
[[Category:Religion in Maharashtra]]

Imagicaa

2026-04-09T12:42:07Z

Yaxisdelhi: creating info!

{{Short description|Theme park in Khopoli, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{travel guide|date=June 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Advert|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox amusement park
| name = Imagicaa
| slogan = ''Badi Interesting Jagah Hai''
| location = [[Khopoli, Maharashtra]]
| location2 = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.768|N|73.279|E|region:SE_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operating 
| opening_date = {{Start date|2013|04|18}}
| closing_date =
| owner = Imagicaa World Entertainment Ltd.
| operator =
| general_manager =
| previous_names =
| season = Year-round
| area = {{ubl|132 acres (theme park)|72 acres (water park)}}
| rides = 38
| coasters = 4
| water_rides = 16
| other_rides = 24
| homepage = {{official website}}
}}

'''Imagicaa''' is a {{cvt|130|acre|adj=on}} [[theme park]] in [[Khopoli]], [[Raigad district|Raigad District]], Maharashtra, India. It is owned by Imagicaa World Entertainment Ltd.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/adlabs-imagica-inside-indias-first-disney-style-theme-park-1200011|title=Adlabs Imagica: Inside India's First Disney-Style Theme Park|author=|date=18 April 2013|work=International Business Times}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/imagica-adds-a-snow-park-this-summer/235098/|title=Imagica adds a Snow Park this summer|work=The Financial Express|author=|date=11 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adlabs-imagica-to-open-water-park-hotel-this-year-114071300170_1.html|title=Adlabs Imagica to open water park, hotel this year|agency=Press Trust of India|date=|work=Business Standard}}</ref> Imagicaa is listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imagicaaworld Share Price, Imagicaaworld Stock Price, Imagicaaworld Entertainment Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Imagicaaworld Entertainment Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Imagicaaworld Entertainment Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/amusement-parksrecreationclub/imagicaaworldentertainment/AE01 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.moneycontrol.com |language=en}}</ref> Imagicaa has a hotel, water park, and snow park. It is India's largest snow park with edible snow. The parks have an estimated daily capacity of 15,000 visitors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Sanghamitra |date=4 June 2018 |title=Imagica partners with Vh1 Supersonic to bring the biggest bash this summer |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Imagica-partners-with-Vh1-Supersonic-to-bring-the-biggest-bash-this-summer/04-06-2018-151008/ |accessdate=19 February 2021 |website=Everything Experiential}}</ref> The park has hosted over 10.5 million visitors.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebello |first=Joel |date=15 Jun 2023 |title=Banks sitting on huge gains as Imagicaa rides a turnaround |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/banks-sitting-on-huge-gains-as-imagicaa-rides-a-turnaround/articleshow/101005266.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== History ==
This adventure park opened in April 2013.<ref name=":0" />

The park was temporarily closed in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-16 |title=Coronavirus outbreak: Imagicaa, EsselWorld shut till March 31 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/coronavirus-outbreak-imagicaa-esselworld-shut-till-march-31-22675216 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Following a second [[lockdown]] due to the pandemic, Imagicaa reopened on 22 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=Imagicaa to welcome back guests from 22nd October |work=Hotelier India |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/business/17762-imagicaa-to-welcome-back-guests-from-22nd-october |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref>

== Parks ==

=== Central park ===
The central park was 110 acres in size at its opening.<ref name=":0" /> This space is split into six zones: Viva Europa, Americana, Jambo Africa, Asiana, Arabia, and [[India]].<ref name=":0" />[[File:Adlabs Imagica 2013 (10364145606).jpg|thumb|Nitro roller coaster]]The park has three [[Roller coaster|roller coasters]]. [[File:Theme Park.jpg|thumb|The Scream Machine at Imagicaa Theme Park]]The park also has many other rides. One of the rides, "[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]", is based on the 1987 Bollywood film “[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]" starring [[Anil Kapoor]], while another ride is based on the animated character [[Chhota Bheem]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Bindu D |date=23 March 2018 |title=Ride the Chhota Bheem wave at Imagica |language=en |work=businessline |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ride-the-chhota-bheem-wave-at-imagica/article23336493.ece |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>

The central park also features a comedy show, an evening lights show, and "the first official Bollywood Hall of Fame".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=After Chhota Bheem, Imagica to offer House of Stars rides |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/after-chhota-bheem-imagica-to-offer-house-of-stars-rides-118050700748_1.html |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Aquamagica ===
The water park opened in 2014, and includes assorted water rides.

=== Snow park ===
In 2016 the Imagicaa Snow Park, an indoor [[snow]]-based theme park, was opened.<ref name=":1" /> The park is spread across an area of {{cvt|15,000|sqft}}.

The park holds a special parade and carnival to celebrate [[Christmas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhangiani |first=Anjali |date=15 December 2022 |title=Fun-filled Christmas-themed Events To Be Hosted In City For Kids, Parents {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/fun-filled-christmas-themed-events-to-be-hosted-in-city-for-kids-parents/articleshow/96240469.cms |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |title=Jingle your way to a 'Magical and Snowy Christmas' at Imagicaa! |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Jingle-your-way-to-a-Magical-and-Snowy-Christmas-at-Imagicaa-/13-12-2019-180359 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Everything Experiential |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Adlabs Imagica}}
{{Amusement Parks in India}}

[[Category:Amusement parks in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Amusement parks opened in 2013]]

Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala

2026-04-05T15:04:32Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{short description|2018 film by Vignesh Karthick}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vignesh Karthick]]
| writer = Vignesh Karthick
| producer = [[A. R. Reihana]] Subha Thambi Pillai Indran Asirwatham
| starring = [[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]] [[Sanchita Shetty]] [[Eden Kuriakose]]
| cinematography = Vamshidharan Mukundhan
| editing = C. S. Prem
| music = A. R. Reihana
| studio = Yogi and Partners
| released = {{Film date|2018|02|23|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala''''' ({{translation|Why didn't you oil your hair?}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by [[Vignesh Karthick]] in his directorial debut and produced by [[A. R. Reihana]]. The film stars [[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]], [[Sanchita Shetty]] and [[Eden Kuriakose]]. It was shot between 2015 and 2016, and released on 23 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=18 August 2016 |title=TV actor now turns film director |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/TV-actor-now-turns-film-director/articleshow/53739549.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008002513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/TV-actor-now-turns-film-director/articleshow/53739549.cms |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=22 April 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
Pravin([[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]]), a young engineering graduate, lives with his family and tries to get placed in an IT company. He often attends interviews with his friend Sattai at top IT companies, but to no avail. One day, Pravin comes across a girl named Ramya([[Sanchita Shetty]]) and falls in love with her. After some comic conversations and personal meetings, she accepts his proposal, and the marriage is also fixed. Meanwhile, Pravin notices something strange happening around him. One night, Pravin hears a strange voice stating that he would die in four days. To survive, he ordered Pravin to complete four tasks and asked him not to confess about this to anyone. The four tasks are, get a slap from an old lady without informing her about the task, save a girl from committing suicide, stop a couple from divorce, and shoot his girlfriend Ramya with a pistol, respectively. How Pravin completes all four tasks and manages to survive with Ramya is the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]] as Praveen
*[[Sanchita Shetty]] as Ramya
*Singapore Deepan as Sattaiyappan
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Aadhi
*Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Praveen's father
*[[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Praveen's mother
*[[Maya S. Krishnan]] as Dora
*[[Archana Chandhoke]] as Thaara
*[[Dr. Sharmila]] as TV show host
*Sumathi G. as Aadhi's wife
*[[Eden Kuriakose]] as Deenavyashini
*Lokesh Pop Aady as Ad agent
*KPY Ramar as Singer
*[[Vignesh Karthick]] in a special appearance as Praveen's friend
*Amir as dancer
*[[Manusangada|Sasikumar Sivalingam]] as one of the interviewer in the panel
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[A. R. Reihana]] announced that she would debut as a producer with a fantasy comedy film during July 2015 and revealed that newcomer [[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]] and [[Sanchita Shetty]] would play the lead roles. Reihana picked [[Vignesh Karthick]] to direct the film, and revealed that she was motivated to become a producer in order to make sure her music is better picturised on screen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2016 |title=AR Reihana turns producer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280716/ar-reihana-turns-producer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430041250/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280716/ar-reihana-turns-producer.html |archive-date=30 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Vignesh Karthick had previously worked in different professions on television serials, while Azhar had worked as a radio jockey. The film was shot throughout late 2015 and 2016, with the title ''Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala'' announced after production was completed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=26 July 2015 |title=Sanchita, Azhar in AR Raihanah's debut production |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanchita-Azhar-in-AR-Raihanahs-debut-production/articleshow/48215034.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730130011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sanchita-Azhar-in-AR-Raihanahs-debut-production/articleshow/48215034.cms |archive-date=30 July 2015 |access-date=22 April 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by the film's producer A. R. Reihana. The soundtrack album was released on 29 April 2017 through [[Divo (record label)|Divo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala (2017) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/yenda-thalaiyila-yenna-vekkala-songs-T0004507 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124064438/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/yenda-thalaiyila-yenna-vekkala-songs-T0004507 |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=11|s=40}}
| title1 = Imaikkamal Kangal
| extra1 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics1 = Thava
| length1 = 3:47
| title2 = Manathil
| extra2 = Deepika Thyagarajan
| lyrics2 = Thyagarajan
| length2 = 1:30
| title3 = Vechi Seiraan
| extra3 = [[A. R. Reihana]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]], Deepika Thyagarajan
| lyrics3 = S. Madhan
| length3 = 3:38
| title4 = Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala
| extra4 = [[A. R. Reihana]], Sajesan Vivekji
| lyrics4 = Dharma
| length4 = 3:02
}}

== Critical reception ==
Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "the film shows no traces of fantasy or comedy till the halfway point, and though there are some laughs post interval, it's not enough to redeem it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=23 February 2018 |title=Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala Review: May make you tear your hair out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/feb/23/yenda-thalaiyila-yenna-vekkala-review-a-hilarious-one-line-destroyed-4706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528171116/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/feb/23/yenda-thalaiyila-yenna-vekkala-review-a-hilarious-one-line-destroyed-4706.html |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Samayam]]'' gave the film a more positive review, rating it 3 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2018 |title='ஏண்டா தலையில எண்ண வெக்கல' - திரை விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/yenda-thalaiyila-yenna-vekkala-tamil-movie-review/moviereview/63056552.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/oNYx3 |archive-date=4 April 2026 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote that, had the screenplay been well crafted and avoided the usual Tamil clichés, it would have been more entertaining.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2018 |title='பிக்பாஸை மிஞ்சும் எமதர்மனின் டாஸ்க்!' – 'ஏண்டா தலையில எண்ண வெக்கல' விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/117489-movie-review-of-yenda-thalaiyila-yenna-vekkala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104060454/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/117489-movie-review-of-yenda-thalaiyila-yenna-vekkala |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vignesh Karthick}}

[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vignesh Karthick]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Reihana]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Abdallah Siraj

2026-04-01T02:27:20Z

Yaxisdelhi: creating post

{{Short description|Arab politician and Islamic scholar}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Abdullah Siraj
| native_name = عبد الله سراج
| native_name_lang = Arabic
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Abdullah Siraj.jpg
| image_size =
| office = 5th [[List of Prime Ministers of Jordan|Prime Minister of Transjordan]]
| order =
| term_start = 22 February 1931
| term_end = 18 October 1933
| successor = [[Ibrahim Hashem]]
| predecessor = [[Hasan Khalid Abu al-Huda]]
| monarch = [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abd Allah I]]
| office3 = [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Prime Minister of Hejaz]]
| term_start3 = October 1924
| term_end3 = November 1925
| predecessor3 = [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali]]
| successor3 = Muhammad at-Tawil
| monarch3 = [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali]]
| office4 = [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Deputy Prime Minister of Hejaz]]
| term_start4 = October 1916
| term_end4 = October 1924
| prime_minister4 = [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali]]
| monarch4 = [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Husayn]]
| office6 = Hanafi Mufti of Mecca
| term_start6 = {{circa|8 November 1907}}
| term_end6 = October 1924
| appointer6 = Ali Abd Allah Pasha
| predecessor6 = [[Abd Allah ibn Abbas ibn Siddiq|Abd Allah ibn Abbas]]
| successor6 =
| birth_date = c. 1876 or c. 1879
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = c. May 1949
| death_place = [[Kingdom of Jordan]]
| resting_place =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Madrasah as-Sawlatiyah]] [[al-Azhar University]]
| awards =
}}

'''Abdullah ibn Abdur-Rahman Siraj''' ({{langx|ar|عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن سراج}};{{lrm}} 1876 – May 1949{{fact|date=October 2025}}) was a Jordanian politician and [[Islamic scholar]] who held various posts in the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] and later the [[Emirate of Transjordan]], including the office of [[Prime Minister]] of both countries (including being the 5th Prime Minister of Jordan).

Born in [[Mecca]], he graduated from [[Madrasah as-Sawlatiyah]] and later [[al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]]. In 1907 he was appointed Mufti of the [[Hanafi]]s in Mecca by [[Ali Pasha ibn Abd Allah|Sharif Ali Abd Allah]]. He was elected to represent Mecca in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman parliament]] in 1908, though he resigned before he ever served. After [[Sharif Husayn]] declared independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1916, he appointed Siraj as Chief Justice and Deputy Prime Minister of the Hejaz government.

Siraj served as acting Prime Minister in lieu of [[Ali of Hejaz|Emir Ali]] until 1918. After Husayn abdicated the throne in 1924, Siraj held the office of Prime Minister during most of Ali's short reign, which ended with the Kingdom's surrender to the [[House of Saud|Saudi]] [[Sultanate of Nejd]] in 1925. He then migrated to the [[Jordan]], where under [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Emir Abd Allah]] he served as Prime Minister from 1931 to 1933 while simultaneously holding the portfolios of [[Minister of Finance of Jordan|Finance]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mof.gov.jo/PressCenter/Photos/tabid/217/AlbumID/7/CurrentPage/1/selectedmoduleid/784/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Financial Ministers|website=mof.gov.jo}}</ref> and the [[Interior Ministry]], as well as the office of Chief Justice.<ref name="ifta">{{cite web|last1=Abū Sulaymān|first1=‘Abd al-Wahhāb|title=الإفتاء في مكة المكرمة والمدينة المنورة ما قبل الحكم السعودي|trans-title=The office of ''ifta'' in Mecca and Medina before Saudi rule|url=http://alhejaz.org/torath/0712601.htm|website=alhejaz.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wahīm|first1=Ṭālīb Muḥammad|title=مملكة الحجاز 1916-1925 : دراسة في الاوضاع السياسية / Mamlakat al-Ḥijāz (1916-1925): dirāsah fī al-awḍāʻ al-sīyāsīyah|trans-title=Kingdom of Hejaz (1916-1925): A study in the political situation|date=1990|publisher=Markaz Dirāsāt al-Khalīj al-ʻArabī bī-Jāmiʻat al-Baṣrah|location=al-Baṣrah [Basra, Iraq]|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sabbagh|first1=Mahmoud Abdul-Ghani|title=Modernity in Makkah: History at a glance|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/338655|newspaper=Arab News|date=4 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=al-‘Ajrash |first=Ḥaydar Ḥātim Fāliḥ |date=6 May 2011 |title=الملك علي بن الشريف حسين / al-Malik 'Alī ibn ash-Sharīf Ḥusayn |url=http://repository.uobabylon.edu.iq/papers/publication.aspx?pubid=1640 |publisher=University of Babylon Repository of Open Access Papers}}</ref><ref name="rida">{{cite journal|last1=Rida|first1=Muhammad Rashid|authorlink1=Rashid Rida|title=الحالة السياسية في الحجاز في أواخر سنة 1334|trans-title=The political situation in the Hejaz at the end of the year 1334 AH|journal=Al-Manār|date=11 February 1918|volume=20|issue=6|pages=278–279|url=http://islamport.com/w/amm/Web/1306/3049.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023033/http://islamport.com/w/amm/Web/1306/3049.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="alsiraj">{{cite web |title=آل سراج / Āl Sirāj |url=http://www.alhejaz.org/aalam/113701.htm |website=alhejaz.org}}</ref><ref name="shubayli">{{cite news|last1=ash-Shubaylī|first1=‘Abd ar-Raḥman|title=مجلس الوكلاء في مكة المكرمة نواة السلطة التنفيذية (مجلس الوزراء) في عهد الملك عبدالعزيز|trans-title=The Council of Ministers in Mecca, nucleus of the executive branch, in the time of King Abd al-Aziz|url=http://www.al-jazirah.com/2011/20110929/cu19.htm|publisher=Al-Jazirah|date=29 September 2011}} Translation: {{cite news|title=The nucleus of the executive branch|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/398381|newspaper=Arab News|date=18 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="maghribi">{{cite book|last1=Maghribī|first1=Muḥammad ‘Alī|title=أعلام الحجاز في القرن الرابع عشر للهجرة / A'lām al-Ḥijāz fi qarn ar-rābi' 'ashr lil-hijrah|trans-title=Luminaries of the Hejaz in the 14th century AH|chapter=عبد الله عبد الرحمن سراج / ‘Abd Allāh ‘Abd ar-Raḥman Sirāj|date=1990|publisher=Maṭba‘at al-Madanī|location=al-Qāhirah [Cairo]|pages=375–393|edition=1st|volume=3}}</ref><ref>PRO. FO 195/2286. Monahan to Lowther. Jidda, 15 December 1908. "He is Mufti at Mecca of the Hanafi sect, as his father was before him. His family is of Indian origin but has been residing in Mecca for more than 200 years. His father died in exile in [[Egypt]] about 12 years ago, having incurred the displeasure of Grand Sharif Aun ar-Rafik, which would be a fact in his favor, and he himself (he is now about 35) was living in Constantinople in fear of the Grand Sharif for more than ten years until he returned two years ago to Mecca. He appears to have a good reputation, intellectually, and morally, and knows Turkish well..." Quoted in {{cite book|last1=Kayalı|first1=Hasan|title=Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918|date=1997|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7n39p1dn&chunk.id=d0e9263&anchor.id=bn05.40|chapter=A Case Study in Centralization: The Hijaz under Young Turk Rule, 1908–1914}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siraj, Abdullah ibn Abdur-Rahman}}
[[Category:1870s births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:People from Mecca]]
[[Category:Madrasah as-Sawlatiyah alumni]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Jordan]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Jordan]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Jordan]]
[[Category:Jordanian judges]]
[[Category:Muftis of Mecca]]

Madhu Sharma

2026-03-30T06:04:46Z

Yaxisdelhi: put up basic biography initial version

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{notability|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhu Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername = Dipu
| yearsactive = 1998-present
| spouse = unmarried
| parents = Laxmiram Sharma and Premlata Sharma
| website =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}
}}

'''Madhu Sharma''' is an Indian cinema actress and producer. She has produced two [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and four [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] movies. She basically known for [[Bhojpuri cinema]]. She worked with all top actors of [[Bhojiwood|Bhojpuri]] such as ''Ghulami'' with [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], ''Chhapara Ke Prem Kahani'' with [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Khiladi (2016 film)|''Khiladi'']] with [[Khesari Lal Yadav]] and [[Maa Tujhe Salaam (2018 film)|''Maa Tujhe Salaam'']] with [[Pawan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Vadhdivsachya-Hardik-Shubhechha-Ankush-Chaudhari-Madhu-Sharma-Jarab-Duniyadari/articleshow/38548449.cms |title=Madhu Sharma Make Her Marathi Debut |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arrechintu.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-actress-madhu-sharma-received-best-actress-sabrang-award-2016/ |title=Bhojpuri Actress Madhu Sharma Received Best Actress Award in Sabrang Award 2016 |work=arrechintu.com |author=Arrechintu |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210633/https://www.arrechintu.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-actress-madhu-sharma-received-best-actress-sabrang-award-2016/ |archivedate=15 July 2018 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-bhojpuri-actress-madhu-sharma-in-sabrang-award-news-hindi-5412658-PHO.html |title=Bhojpuri Actress Madhu Sharma in Sabrang Award |work=bhaskar.com |author=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/rashami-desai-vijay-anand-and-madhu-sharma-big-memsaab-season-6-press-conference-pics |title=Rashami Desai, Vinay Anand and Madhu Sharma at 'Big Memsaab Season 6' Press conference! (PICS) |work=pinkvilla.com |author=Pinkvilla |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719020357/http://www.pinkvilla.com/rashami-desai-vijay-anand-and-madhu-sharma-big-memsaab-season-6-press-conference-pics |archivedate=19 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sharma was born in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]] and resides in [[Mumbai]] as of 2025. {{Cite web |title=करोड़ों दिलों पर राज करने वाली मधु शर्मा कहां की रहने वाली हैं? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/photo-gallery-where-is-from-bhojpuri-actress-madhu-sharma/2323143/amp |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Zee News India}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film Name
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Guru Paarvai]]''
| Sonali
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Anbulla Kadhalukku]]'' || Geetha || Tamil ||
|-
| 2003
| ''Hum Hain Pyaar Mein''
|
| [[Hindi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005
| ''[[That is Pandu]]''
| Sundari
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]''
|
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''Slokam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gowtam SSC]]''
|Brahmaramba
|
|-
| ''Ugra Narasimha''
|
| [[Kannada]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| ''[[Party (2006 film)|Party]]''
| Madhu
| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]''
| Mohini
|
|-
| ''Hanumanthu''
| Sathyavathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''
|
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Thavam]]''
|
| Tamil
| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Brahma – The Creator]]''
|
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Yuvah]]''
|
| Kannada
|
|-
| ''[[Sindhanai Sei]]''
| Gayathri
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Pravarakhyudu]]'' || || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''Ek Duje Ke Liye''
|
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|Bhojpuri debut
|-
| ''Dulhe Raja''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| ''Chhapara Ke Prem Kahani''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vaadhdivsachya Haardik Shubhechcha]]''
| Medha Kudmude
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| ''Yodhha''
|
| rowspan="6" | Bhojpuri
| rowspan="4" | Also producer
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Ghulami (2015 film)|Ghulami]]''
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Khiladi (2016 film)|Khiladi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Bhojpuri-Blockbuster-Khiladi-all-set-to-release-in-Mumbai/articleshow/53207482.cms |title=Bhojpuri Blockbuster Khiladi All Set To Release in Mumbai |work=The Times of India |author=The Times f India}}</ref>''
|Kajal
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Challenge (2017 film)|Challenge]]''
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Maa Tujhe Salaam (2018 film)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]]''
| Pooja/Ayat Khan
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Jai Hind (2019 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|Radha/Ruksad
|
|-
|2020
|''Bhaybheet''
|Dr Kavya
|Marathi
|
|-
|2020
|''Balamuwa Kaise Tejab''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| rowspan="3" |Bhojpuri
|Post-production<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooting of Khesari Lal Yada and Madhu Sharma starrer 'Balamuwa Kaise Tejab' underway in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bhojpuri/shooting-of-khesari-lal-yada-and-madhu-sharma-starrer-balamuwa-kaise-tejab-underway-in-london/videoshow/71598027.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''[[Hum Hai Dulha Hindustani]]''
| Madhu
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/jai-hind-pawan-singh-shares-the-new-poster-of-his-upcoming-film/articleshow/70364202.cms |title='Jai Hind': Pawan Singh shares the new poster of his upcoming film |last=TNN |date=24 June 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Power Star
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2025-05-22 |title=भोजपुरी सुपरस्टार पवन सिंह की 'पावर स्टार' की रिलीज डेट आई, इस दिन सिनेमाघरों में दस्तक देगी फिल्म |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-pawan-singh-upcoming-movie-power-star-release-date-know-more-details-3302525.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1290438|Madhu Sharma}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|madhu-sharma}}
* {{Instagram|madhhuis}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Madhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Film producers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Jaipur]]

Pawan Singh

2026-03-29T02:29:36Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{Short description|Indian playback singer and actor (born 1986)}}
{{otherpeople}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Copy edit|date=September 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
{{Peacock|date=September 2025}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}


{{Infobox person
| name = Power Star
| image = Pawan Singh in a concert.jpg
| caption = Pawan Singh in 2023
| image_upright = yes
| native_name = Pawan Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|01|05}}
| birth_place = [[Arrah]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<ref name="Jagran1" />
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Playback singer|Actor|Composer|Politician}}
| works =
| years_active = 1992–present
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* Neelam Singh (m. 2014; died 2015)
* Jyoti Singh (m. 2018–present)
}}
| children =
| relatives =
| honours =
| awards =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* Wave Music
* [[Zee Music Company]]
* Worldwide Records Bhojpuri
}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Bhojpuri music]]
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Folk music|Folk]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]}}
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = @PawanSinghOfficial009
| youtube_display_name = Pawan Singh Official

| youtube_years_active = 2009 –present
| youtube_genre = Music
| youtube_subscribers = 6.30 million
| youtube_views = 2.031 billion 
| stats_update = 17 March 2026
}}
}}
'''Pawan Singh''' (born 5 January 1986) is an Indian politician, [[Playback singer|playback]] singer, and actor, primarily associated with the [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri film industry]]. He is known by the nickname 'Power Star'.

== Early life and education==

Pawan Singh was born in [[Arrah]], [[Bihar]], India, in 1986.<ref name="Jagran1" /> He attended primary school in [[Kolkata]] before returning to [[Arrah]], where he completed his intermediate education at [[H.N.K. High School, Nawada, Ara|H.N.K. High School]]. He graduated from [[Maharaja College, Arrah]].<ref name="Jagran1">{{Cite web |title=Pawan Singh: अपनी फिल्मों से ज्यादा निजी जिंदगी को लेकर चर्चा में रहते हैं पवन सिंह, गानों से भी जमाई धाक – Bhojpuri Actor And Singer Pawan Singh Know About His Personal Life Professional Life |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-bhojpuri-actor-and-singer-pawan-singh-know-about-his-personal-life-professional-life-23274587.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Jagran}}</ref>

==Music career==
Singh's first album was ''Odhaniya Wali,'' released in 2000. He made his acting debut in the 2006 film ''[[Rangli Chunariya Tohre Naam]]''. In 2008, Singh released the album ''Lollipop Lageli,'' which included the song "Lollipop Lagelu".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOVt49tksec |title=Lolly Pop Lageli |date=2023-02-24 |last=Pawan Singh - Topic |access-date=2026-03-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> That same year, he released another album, ''Don't Touch My Body'', featuring the song "Saniya Mirza Cut Nathuniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sania Mirza की नथ ने Pawan Singh को बनाया ऐसा दीवाना, गा दिया था ऐसा गाना |trans-title=Sania Mirza's nose ring drove Pawan Singh crazy, he sang such a song |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/video/pawan-singh-bojpuri-song-saniya-mirja-cut-nathuniya-went-viral-on-social-media/1411661 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Zee-Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2020, he made his [[Bollywood]] debut with the song "Kamariya Hila Rahi Hai" featuring American dancer and actress [[Lauren Gottlieb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/lollipop-lagelu-singer-pawan-singh-to-make-hindi-debut-under-jackky-bhagnani-s-label/story-CnSHwzh3xduhhelx3ypX2I_amp.html|title=Lollipop Lagelu singer Pawan Singh to make Hindi debut under Jackky Bhagnani's label|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623043417/https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/lollipop-lagelu-singer-pawan-singh-to-make-hindi-debut-under-jackky-bhagnani-s-label/story-CnSHwzh3xduhhelx3ypX2I_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His second Bollywood single was "Babuni Tere Rang Me", a [[Holi]] song featuring [[Tridha Choudhury]], followed by "Current" featuring [[Payal Dev]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Pawan Singh, Sharvi Yadav: Babuni Tere Rang Mein |date=2021-03-15 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14294666/ |access-date=2025-11-21}}</ref> In 2021, he recorded a [[Chhath]] song with [[Sonu Nigam]] and released [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] cover versions of popular [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] songs like "Lut Gaye (Bhojpuri)", originally sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]], and "Barish Ban Jana". He later released a remake of the Hindi song "Tumsa Koi Pyara" from the film ''[[Khuddar]]'' (1994) in Bhojpuri.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGClflI6UE8 |title=Tumsa Koi Pyaara – Official Video {{!}} PAWAN SINGH & PRIYANKA SINGH {{!}} Latest Pawan Singh Video |date=2021-12-09 |last=Tips Bhojpuri |access-date=2025-11-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> His next Bhojpuri single, "Zindagi", was a collaboration with Haryanvi singer Renuka Panwar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2_CXeDalMo |title=Pawan Singh – Zindagi (Official Video) {{!}} Renuka Panwar {{!}} Vinay Vinayak {{!}} Deepesh Goyal{{!}} VYRLBhojpuri |date=2021-12-14 |last=VYRL Bhojpuri |access-date=2025-11-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

He lent his voice as a singer in several [[Hindi films]], such as the tracks "Aayi Nai" from ''[[Stree 2]],'' and the track "Chumma" from ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video |date=2024-10-11 |url=https://www.imdb.com/hi/title/tt29330913/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |publisher=Balaji Telefilms, T-Series Films, Thinkink Picturez}}</ref> Singh was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for his rendition of "Aayi Nai"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> and won the [[Times of India Film Awards|TOIFA 2025]] Song of the Year award. [[Pawan Singh]] is set to feature in the high-profile pan-India film [[Dacoit: A Love Story]], starring [[Adivi Sesh]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]]. The film's most anticipated track, "Touchbuddy" (known as "Chicchubuddi" in Telugu), is a collaboration between [[Pawan Singh]] and [[Jonita Gandhi]], featuring music by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]].He received the Best Male Singer Award at the [[International Bhojpuri Film Awards]], in 2016.<ref name="International Bhojpuri Film Awards">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhojpurixp.com/ibfa-awards-winners-list-2016/|title=winners list|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514092233/http://www.bhojpurixp.com/ibfa-awards-winners-list-2016/|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Pawan Singh entered politics ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election]], where he was chosen as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate for the [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[West Bengal]]. Within days of the announcement, he withdrew his candidacy, citing personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2024-03-03 |title=BJP Asansol candidate Pawan Singh steps aside from Lok Sabha contest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-asansol-candidate-pawan-singh-steps-aside-from-lok-sabha-contest/article67909885.ece |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In May 2024, he was subsequently expelled from the BJP after announcing his candidacy as an independent candidate for the [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency]] in Bihar, opposing the party's official nominee, [[Upendra Kushwaha]]. The BJP cited his actions as failing to comply with party discipline.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP expels Bhojpuri film star Pawan Singh for contesting against NDA candidate from Bihar's Karakat seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/bjp-expels-bhojpuri-film-star-pawan-singh-for-contesting-against-nda-candidate-from-bihars-karakat-seat/article68203114.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=May 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

His campaign in [[Kārākāt|Karakat]] included public rallies with musical performances. His candidacy received mixed responses. Supporters described him as representing the youth and the Bhojpuri-speaking population, while critics expressed concerns about his lack of political experience and the potential for vote splitting. He did not win the election, but commentators noted that the campaign raised his political profile in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karakat Lok Sabha Election Result 2024: Pawan Singh vs Upendra Kushwaha vote counting, winning/losing candidates, reactions & visuals |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-karakat-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-pawan-singh-vs-upendra-kushwaha-vote-counting-winning-losing-candidates-reactions-visuals-bihar-latest-updates-2024-06-04-934086 |newspaper=IndiaTV News |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Khabar.ndtv.com">{{cite web |title=भोजपुरी स्टार पवन सिंह ने थामा बीजेपी का दामन, 'लॉलीपॉप लागेलू' गाने से हुए थे मशहूर |trans-title=Bhojpuri star Pawan Singh joined the BJP; he became famous for the song 'Lollipop Lagelu' |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/bhojpuri-star-singer-pawan-singh-join-bjp-1745962 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904181511/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/bhojpuri-star-singer-pawan-singh-join-bjp-1745962 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=NDTVIndia |publisher=Khabar.ndtv.com}}</ref>

On 1 October 2025, Singh rejoined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in the presence of Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], BJP president [[J. P. Nadda]], BJP Bihar in-charge [[Vinod Tawde]] and [[Upendra Kushwaha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=As Pawan Singh, BJP hit the same note again, NDA eyes gains in Bihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/as-pawan-singh-bjp-hit-the-same-note-again-nda-eyes-gains-in-bihar-10281368/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
==Personal life==

Pawan Singh married Neelam Singh in 2014; she committed suicide in March 2015.<ref name="wife">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Wife-of-Bhojpuri-singer-Pawan-Singh-ends-life-at-Andheri/articleshow/46494037.cms|title=Wife of Bhojpuri singer Pawan Singh ends life at Andheri|access-date=9 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 March 2015 }}</ref>

In 2019, actress [[Akshara Singh]] filed a [[first information report]] (FIR) against Pawan Singh. According to the complaint, she alleged threats and inappropriate social media posts following their separation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-12 |title=Pawan Singh Breaks Silence On Relationship With Akshara Singh: 'I Never Said I Love You..' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/pawan-singh-breaks-silence-on-relationship-with-akshara-singh-says-i-never-said-i-love-you-to-anyone-1716826 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, he married Jyoti Singh, a resident of [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In October 2021, Jyoti filed for divorce, alleging domestic abuse and marital disputes. She also claimed that he forced her to undergo abortions after their marriage. The divorce case included disputes over alimony and property settlement, with reports suggesting Jyoti demanded financial compensation and a residence, while Pawan offered a smaller settlement.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 2025 |title=पवन सिंह की पत्नी ज्योति सिंह का पति को खुला पत्र: कहा- आत्महत्या की धमकी, परित्याग |trans-title=Open letter from Pawan Singh's wife Jyoti Singh to her husband: says – threats of suicide, abandonment |url=https://ndtv.in/bihar-news/pawan-singh-wife-jyoti-singh-open-letter-to-husband-said-threaten-suicide-abandonment-9183895 |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=NDTV |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Pawan Singh appears in court for divorce case with second wife Jyoti, who asked for Rs 5 crore alimony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pawan-singh-appears-in-court-for-divorce-case-with-second-wife-jyoti-who-asked-for-rs-5-crore-alimony/articleshow/105993827.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/masala/bhojpuri-actor-pawan-singh-files-for-divorce-from-second-wife-jyoti-first-committed-suicide-akshara-singh-2022-04-28-772914|title=Bhojpuri actor Pawan Singh files for divorce from second wife|publisher=[[India TV]]|date=29 April 2022}}</ref>

In September 2025, Singh faced legal issues in [[Varanasi]] after a complaint was filed alleging that he had cheated a hotelier out of ₹15.7 [[million]] in connection with investments in the 2018 Bhojpuri film, ''Boss''. The court directed the police to register a case under multiple sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{cite news |title=FIR filed against Bhojpuri actor Pawan Singh in Rs 1.57 crore fraud case amidst Anjali Raghav controversy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/fir-filed-against-bhojpuri-actor-pawan-singh-in-rs-1-57-crore-fraud-case-amidst-anjali-raghav-controversy-report/articleshow/123673043.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

On Pawan Singh's 40th birthday, a controversial video surfaced allegedly showing the Bhojpuri star appearing to be intoxicated and making controversial remarks. The video, which quickly went viral, sparked widespread criticism and drew attention from his fans and critics alike. Despite the backlash, he has yet to publicly comment on the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-05 |title=पवन सिंह बर्थडे पर लड़खड़ाते हुए केक काटते आए नजर, पत्नी ज्योति ने शेयर किया वीडियो, लोग बोले- पियक्कड़ सिंह |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/pawan-singh-birthday-drunk-video-2025/4344070/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

==Filmography==
In Bhojpuri cinema, Singh has appeared in films such as ''[[Pratigya (2008 film)|Pratigya]]'' (2008), ''Bajrang'', ''[[Satya (2017 film)|Satya]]'' (2017), ''[[Crack Fighter]]'' (2019), ''[[Raja (2019 film)|Raja]]'' (2019), ''[[Sher Singh (film)|Sher Singh]]'' (2019), ''[[Maa Tujhe Salaam (2018 film)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]]'' (2018), ''[[Jai Hind (2019 film)|Jai Hind]]'', ''[[Maine Unko Sajan Chun Liya]]'', ''[[Tabadala]]'', ''[[Dhadkan (2017 film)|Dhadkan]]'', ''Powerstar'', ''Mera Bharat Mahaan'' (2022), ''Pawan Raja'', ''Sarkar Raj, and'' ''[[Har Har Gange (2023 film)|Har Har Gange]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Singh {{!}} Actor, Music Department, Soundtrack |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6378385/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
|-
| 2007
| ''Rangilee Chunariya Tohre Naam''
|-
| 2008
| ''Bhojpuriya Daroga''
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Pratigya (2008 film)|Pratigya]]''
|-
| 2009
| ''Saiya ke Sath Madaiya Mai''
|-
| 2009
| ''Jogiji Dhire Dhire''
|-
| 2009
| ''Tu Jaan Hau Hamaar''
|-
| 2009
| ''Umariya Kaili Tohre Naam''
|-
| 2009
| ''Pyar Bina Chain Kaha''
|-
| 2009
| ''Odhaniya Kamal Kare''
|-
| 2010
| ''Pawan Purwaiya''
|-
| 2010
| ''Daraar''
|-
| 2011
| ''Ladai La Akhiya Ye Launde Raja''
|-
| 2011
| ''Doli Chadhake Dulhin Sasural Chali''
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Devra Bada Satawela]]''
|-
| 2011
| ''Rangbaj Daroga''
|-
| 2011
| ''Kanoon Hamara Muththi Me''
|-
| 2011
| ''Bhagjogani''
|-
| 2011
| ''Chorwa Banal Damad''
|-
| 2011
| ''Dewar Bhabhi''
|-
| 2011
| ''Hamara Mati Mai Dum Ba''
|-
| 2011
| ''Gundai Raj''
|-
| 2012
| ''Sindur Dan''
|-
| 2012
| ''Jab Kehu Dil Me Sama Jala''
|-
| 2012
| ''Saugandh Ganga Maiya Ke''
|-
| 2012
| ''Rangbaz Raja''
|-
| 2012
| ''Jung''
|-
| 2012
| ''Bhaiya Ke Sali Odhaniya Wali''
|-
| 2012
| ''Ek Duje Ke Liye''
|-
| 2013
| ''Banaras Wali''
|-
| 2013
| ''Ziddi Aashiq''
|-
| 2013
| ''Bajrang''
|-
| 2013
| ''Truck Driver''
|-
| 2013
| ''Katta Tanal Duppta Par''
|-
| 2013
| ''Dakait''
|-
| 2013
| ''Desh Pradesh''
|-
| 2013
| ''Khoon Pashina''
|-
| 2013
| ''Lawarish''
|-
| 2013
| ''Veer Balwan''
|-
| 2013
| ''Andhi Tufaan''
|-
| 2013
| ''Ek Aur Kuruksheta''
|-
| 2014
| ''Karele Kamal Dharti ke Lal''
|-
| 2014
| ''Saiyaji Dilwa Mangale''
|-
| 2014
| ''Yodhaa''
|-
| 2014
| ''Pratigya 2''
|-
| 2014
| ''Baazigar''
|-
| 2014
| ''Pyar Mohabbat Zindabad''
|-
| 2014
| ''Insaaf''
|-
| 2014
| ''Lebu Ka Jaan''
|-
| 2014
| ''Thok Deb''
|-
| 2015
| ''Nahale Pe Dahala''
|-
| 2015
| ''Bin Bajaye Sapera''
|-
| 2015
| ''Karz Virasat Ke''
|-
| 2015
| ''Band Baja Leke Aaja Pawan Raja''
|-
| 2015
| ''Lagi Chhute Na Rama''
|-
| 2015
| ''Sangram''
|-
| 2015
| ''Gangaputra''
|-
| 2015
| ''Hukumat''
|-
| 2015
| ''Suhaag''
|-
| 2015
| ''Baaj Gail Danka''
|-
| 2015
| ''Mukabala''
|-
| 2015
| ''Khoon Ka Ilzaam''
|-
| 2016
| ''Bhojpuriya Raja''
|-
| 2016
| ''Gadar''
|-
| 2016
| ''Tridev''
|-
| 2016
| ''Ziddi''
|-
| 2017
| ''Sarkar Raj''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Satya (2017 film)|Satya]]''
|-
| 2017
| ''Tere Jaisa Yaar Kahan''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tabadala]]''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dhadkan (2017 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|-
| 2017
| ''Challenge''
|-
| 2017
| ''Yodhaa Arjun Pandit''
|-
| 2018
| ''Saiya Super Star''
|-
| 2018
| ''Wanted''
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Maa Tujhe Salaam (2018 film)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]]''
|-
| 2018
| ''Balmua Tohre Khatir''
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Loha Pahalwan]]''
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Raja (2018 film)|Raja]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Crack Fighter]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Maine Unko Sajan Chun Liya]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Jai Hind (2019 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Sher Singh (2019 film)|Sher Singh]]''
|-
| 2021
| ''Ghatak''
|-
| 2021
| ''Boss''
|-
| 2021
| ''Hum Hai Raahi Pyar ke''
|-
| 2022
| ''Mera Bharat Mahaan''
|-
| 2022
| ''Pyari Chandani''
|-
| 2022
| ''Kaise Ho Jala Pyar''
|-
| 2022
| ''Dharma''
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Har Har Gange (2023 film)|Har Har Gange]]''
|-
| 2024
| ''Jio Meri Jaan''
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
!Show
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Ref
|-
|2017
|[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]
|Special Guest
|With [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Guru Randhawa]] and [[Sargun Mehta]]
|
|-
|2019
|[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]
|Special Appearance
|With [[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav "Nirahua"]], [[Kajal Raghwani]], [[Amrapali Dubey]] and [[Nidhi Jha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 26, 2019 |title=The Kapil Sharma Show: Bhojpuri playback singer Pawan Singh reveals the story behind recreating 'Lagawe jab lipstick' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-kapil-sharma-show-bhojpuri-playback-singer-pawan-singh-reveals-the-story-behind-recreating-lagawe-jab-lipstick/articleshow/72979433.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
| {{Nowrap|[[Rise and Fall (Indian reality series)|Rise and Fall]]}}
| Guest Appearance
|Walked out for [[Bihar Assembly Election 2020|Bihar Assembly Elections]] and [[Navaratri|Navratri Song]]
|
|-
|I-Popstar
|Guest Appearance
|Pawan Singh had gone as a super judge.
|
|-
|[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|Laughter Chefs Session 03]]
|Celebrity Guest
|
|
|-
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]
|Celebrity Guest<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lawrence Bishnoi gang warns Pawan Singh against sharing stage with Salman Khan ahead of Bigg Boss 19 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/bigg-boss-19-finale-pawan-singh-threatened-by-lawrence-bishnoi-gang-23606673 |work=mid-day}}</ref>
|Pawan Singh went to the Grand Finale as a celebrity guest.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Pawan Singh Bigg Boss 19 |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-19-finale-pawan-singh-receives-threat-from-lawrence-bishnoi-gang-for-working-with-salman-khan/4301406/ |work=Jansatta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 19 Grand Finale With Powerstar |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-19-finale-live-pawan-singh-gets-threat-call-from-asked-to-avoid-salman-khan-during-3292588/ |work=Bollywoodlife}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|[[The Great Indian Kapil Show|Great Indian Kapil Sharma Show]]
|With [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]] and [[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav "Nirahua"]]
|Talk show on [[Netflix]]
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''Prapanch''
| Upendra
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title= Pollywood: From Punjabi to Bhojpuri, Chaupal OTT expands portfolio with 'Prapanch' release|date=19 May 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjabi-bhojpuri-chaupal-ott-expands-portfolio-with-prapanch-release-7925668/}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==

=== Non-film Bhojpuri songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Album/Single
!Song
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
|1997
|''Odhaniya Wali''
|"Odhaniya Wali"
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
| ''Lollipop Lageli''
|"Lollipo Lagelu"
|
|
|
|-
|''Dont Touch My Body''
|"Saniya Mirza Cut Nathuniya"
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''Hamar Wala Dance''
|"Hamar Wala Dance"
|Vinay Vinayak
|Anupam Pandey
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|''Barish Ban Jana''
([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])
|"Barish Ban Jana"
|[[Payal Dev]]
|Kunal Verma
|
|-
|''Lut Gaye''
(Bhojpuri)
|"Lut Gaye"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|Chhotu Yadav
|
|-
|''Pudina''
(Bhojpuri)

|"Pudina A Haseena"

|Priyanshu Singh

|Kundan Pandey & Arjun Akela
|
|-
|Jai Chhathi Maiya
|"Chala Bhauji Hali Hali"
|Chhote Baba "Bashi"
|Arun Bihari
|[[Sonu Nigam]] & Khushboo Jain
|-
|''Tumsa Koi Pyara''
|"Tumsa Koi Pyara"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Raushan Singh Vishwas
|
|-
|''Jindagi''
|"Jindagi"
|Vinay Vinayak
|Pinku Baba
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''Jindagi 2.O''
|"Jindagi 2.O"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Renuka
|
|-
|''Lal Ghagra''
|"Lal Ghagra"
|Subham Raj
|Vijay Chauhan
|
|-
|''Hari Hari Odhani''
|"Hari Hari Odhani"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Ashutosh Singh
|
|-
|''Kamariya Patre''
|"Kamariya Patre Patre"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Raushan Singh Vishwas
|
|-
|''Saree se Tadi''
|"Saree Se Tadi"
|Arya Sharma
|Vijay Chauhan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''Teri Laal Chunariya''
|"Teri Laal Chunariya"
|Javed Mohsin
|Rashmi Virag
|-
|''Pasrat Pyaar''
|"Pasrat Pyaar"
|Rajnish Mishra
|Santosh Utpati
|-
|''Sitlahari''
|"Sitlahari"
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''Salwarwa Lale Lal''
|"Salwarwa Lale Lal"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Raushan Singh
|-
|''Lahangwa Rangab''
|"Lahangwa Rangab"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Ashutosh Tiwari
|-
|''Kala Odhani''
|"Kala Odhani"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Prince Priyadarshi
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sitlahari – सितलहरी #Pawan Singh New Song {{!}} Bhojpuri New Song 2024 | date=28 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNpOSEHQPMw |access-date=2024-02-09 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Kamariya Pe Saree
|"Kamariya Pe Saree"
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|
|-
|Kawana Kalamawa Se Likhal Karamwa
|"Kawana Kalamawa Se Likhal Karamwa"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Arun Bihari
|[[Priyanka Singh]]
|
|-
|Dhamaka
|"Dhamaka"
|Shubham SBR
|Prince Shaan Dubey
|Shilpi Raj
|Feat. Trishakar Madhu
|}

====Hindi====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Album/Single
!Song
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
|2020
|Kamariya Hila Rahi Hai
|"Kamariya Hila Rahi Hai"
|[[Payal Dev]]
|[[Mohsin Shaikh]] & [[Payal Dev]]
|[[Payal Dev]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|Babuni Tere Rang Me
|"Babuni Tere Rang Me"
|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|Dr. Sagar
|Sharvi Yadav
|
|-
|Current
|"Current"
|[[Payal Dev]]
|[[Mohsin Shaikh]] & [[Payal Dev]]
|[[Mohsin Shaikh]] & [[Payal Dev]]
|
|-
|2022
|Yaad Aati Nahi
|"Yaad Aati Nahi"
|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|Shradha Pandit
|
|
|-
|2023
|Tumhare Siva
|"Tumhare Siva"
|[[Nikhil–Vinay]] & Chhote Baba (Basahi)
|[[Faaiz Anwar]] & [[Sameer Anjaan]]
|Khusboo Jain
|Remake of Tumhare Siva (Film [[Tum Bin]])
|-
|2024
|Teri Laal Chunariya
|"Teri Laal Chunariya"
|[[Javed–Mohsin|Javed-Mohsin]]
|Rashmi Virag
|[[Jyotica Tangri]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|Pyaar Mein Hain Hum
|"Pyaar Mein Hain Hum"
|Aditya Dev & Payal Dev
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|[[Payal Dev]]
|
|-
|Shankara
|"Shankara"
|Ullumanati
|Ullumanati
|
|Directed By [[Ganesh Acharya]]
|-
|Le Jayenge Tere Sajna
|"Le Jayenge Tere Sajna"
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|[[Palak Muchhal]]
|
|}

===Hindi film songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Film
!scope="col"| Song
!scope="col"| Composer
!scope="col"| Lyricist(s)
!scope="col"| Co-artist(s)

|-
| 2024
| ''[[Stree 2]]''
| "Aayi Nai"
| Pawan Singh & [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| Divya Kumar, [[Simran Choudhary]]
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
| "Chumma"
| [[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin-Jigar]]
| [[Vayu]]
| Pawan Singh & Rupali Jagga & Rupesh Mishra & Mansa
|}

===Telgu film song===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Film
!scope="col"| Song
!scope="col"| Singer
!scope="col"| Lyricist(s)
!scope="col"| Music
!scope="col"| Featuring
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| [[2026]]
| [[Dacoit: A Love Story]]
| "Touch Buddy"
| [[Pawan Singh]]&[[Jonita Gandhi]]
| [[Vayu Shrivastav]]
| [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|[[Pawan Singh|Power Star Pawan Singh]],[[Adivi Sesh]] &[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|known as "Chicchubuddi" in Telugu
|}

====Political Songs ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Album/Single
!Song
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
|2014
|Aaeel Jaunpur Ke Beta
|Jaunpur Se Delhi
|Madhukar Anand
|Pyarelal Yadav "Kavi Ji"
|
|For [[Member of the European Parliament|MP]] Candidate [[Ravi Kishan]] From [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur Lok Sabha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|Vote Mange Betwa Tohar
|"Vote Mange Betwa Tohar"
|Avinash Jha " Ghunghuru Ji "
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|
|For [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA Candidate [[Vinay Bihari]]
|-
|Ago Vote Mangatani
|"Ago Vote Mangatani"
|Chhote Baba "Basahi"
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|
|For BJP MLA Candidate [[Vinay Bihari]]
|-
|2018
|Dhaile Narendra Modi Mathe Daurwa
|"Dhaile Narendra Modi Mathe Daurwa"
|Om Jha
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|Bharat Maa Ka Beta Hai
|"Bharat Maa Ka Beta Hai"
|Chhotu Rawat
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|
|Celebrating the election victory of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].
|-
|Vijai Bhaile Mor Lalanawa
|"Vijai Bhaile Mor Lalanawa"
|Chhotu Rawat
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|Sona Singh
|Celebrating the election victory of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].
|-
|2023
|Hai Desh Diwana Modi Ka
|"Hai Desh Diwana Modi Ka"
|Priyanshu Singh & Shubham SBR
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|
|To mark [[Narendra Modi]]'s birthday.
|-
|2024
|Aashirwad Mange Pawanva
|"Aashirwad Mange Pawanva"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Deepak Singh
|Shivani Singh
|Pawan Singh had rebelled against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and contested the election as an [[independent candidate]] from [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]].
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|Ghate Chalale Modi Nitish
|"Ghate Chalale Modi Nitish"
|Ratnesh Singh
|Ashok Shivpuri
|
|
|-
|Jodi Modi Nitish Ke Hit Hoi
|"Jodi Modi Nitish Ke Hit Hoi"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Ashok Shivpuri
|Shivani Singh
|
|-
|Jodi Modi Nitish Ke Hit Ho Gail
|"Jodi Modi Nitish Ke Hit Ho Gail"
|Priyanshu Singh
|Ashok Shivpuri
|Shivani Singh
|In celebration of the massive victory of NDA government in Bihar.
|}

====Government Schemes Songs ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Album/Single
!Song
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
|2020
|Aatmnirbhar Hum Bola Vande Matram
|"Aatmnirbhar Bharat"
|Team Powerstar
|Team Powerstar
|
|For [[Atmanirbhar Bharat|Aatmnirbhar Bharat]] Scheme ([[Mankind Pharma]])
|-
|2021
|Mera Rozgaar
|"Mera Rozgaar"
|Chhotu Rawat
|Chhotu Yadav
|
|With Sanjay Rai Sherpuria For Government Schemes Youth Rural.
|-
|2025
|Sindoor
|"Sindoor"
|Sargam Akash
|Chhotu Yadav
|
|On [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Opration Sindoor]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pawan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Arrah]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Singers from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]

Ashnoor Kaur

2026-03-28T11:14:18Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 2004)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashnoor Kaur
| image = Ashnoor Kaur at Boogle Bollywood Ballistic Awards 2023 (cropped 2).jpg
| caption = Kaur in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|5|3}}
| birth_place =
| education = [[Jai Hind College]]
| alma_mater = [[Ryan International School]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''|''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''|''[[Patiala Babes]]''|''[[Suman Indori]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]''}}
}}

'''Ashnoor Kaur''' (born 3 May 2004) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. Kaur made her acting debut in 2009 with ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''. She is best known for her portrayal of Panna in ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'',Navika Vyas Bhatnagar in ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'', [[Naira Singhania Goenka|Naira Singhania]] in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', Mini Babita in ''[[Patiala Babes]]'' and Suman Sharma Mittal in ''[[Suman Indori]]''. She is the recipient of an [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] along with nominations for two [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishtas-naira-aka-ashnoor-kaur-roped-in-to-play-the-lead-role-in-patiala-babes/articleshow/65707237.cms |title=Yeh Rishta's Naira aka Ashnoor Kaur roped in to play the lead role in Patiala Babes |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-siddharth-nigam-jannat-zubair-rehmani-to-avneet-kaur-young-brigade-take-over-tv/photostory/66639384.cms |title=From Siddharth Nigam, Jannat Zubair Rehmani to Avneet Kaur: Young brigade take over TV |date=15 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> In 2025, She participated as a contestant on Color's reality show [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|''Bigg Boss 19'']].

== Early life ==
Kaur was born on 3 May 2004 to Gurmeet Singh and Avneet Kaur.<ref name="birthday 1">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/patiala-babes-star-ashnoor-kaur-kicks-off-15th-birthday-celebrations-see-pics-1516159-2019-05-03 |title=Patiala Babes star Ashnoor Kaur kicks off 15th birthday celebrations. See pics |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=3 May 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="birthday 2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/exclusive-ashnoor-kaur-celebrates-her-birthday-with-reel-and-real-moms-patiala-babes/videoshow/69155062.cms |title=Exclusive: Ashnoor Kaur celebrates her birthday with reel and real moms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 May 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Kaur scored 93% in her class 10 CBSE board exams,<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=10 May 2019 |title=Students of Ryan International Schools Dominate the City, State and National Toppers list |newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/students-of-ryan-international-schools-dominate-the-city-state-and-national-toppers-list-119051000423_1.html |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Riya |date=7 May 2019 |title=Ashnoor Kaur scores 93% in Class X Boards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/patiala-babes-actor-ashnoor-kaur-scores-93-in-cbse-class-x-results/articleshow/69204903.cms |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> followed by 94% in her class 12 exams in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2021 |title=Ashnoor Kaur on Scoring 94% in CBSE: Wanted to Set an Example That Actors are Intelligent Too |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ashnoor-kaur-on-scoring-94-in-cbse-wanted-to-set-an-example-that-actors-are-intelligent-too-4032785.html |access-date=3 August 2021 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Sukarna |date=31 July 2021 |title=Exclusive: Patiala Babes fame Ashnoor Kaur scores 94 % in CBSE Class XII results; shares 'I feel good and accomplished' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-patiala-babes-fame-ashnoor-kaur-scores-94-in-cbse-class-xii-results-shares-i-feel-good-and-accomplished/articleshow/84888831.cms |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, she graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Mass Media (BMM) from Jai Hind College. <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2025 |title=Ashnoor Kaur opens up about taking a 3-year break from television for studies as she completes her graduation; says, "This is the first time I took a break" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashnoor-kaur-opens-up-about-taking-a-3-year-break-from-television-for-studies-as-she-completes-her-graduation-says-this-is-the-first-time-i-took-a-break/articleshow/122943758.cms |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashnoor Kaur on taking a 3-year break to lead a normal college student life |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/ashnoor-kaur-on-taking-a-3-year-break-to-lead-a-normal-college-student-life_225308 |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kaur began her career at the age of five, portraying Prachi in the 2009 series ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''.<ref name=bbb>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/I-enjoy-the-media-attention-Ashnoor-Kaur/articleshow/8833947.cms |author=Amrita Mulchandani |title=I enjoy the media attention: Ashnoor Kaur |date=10 June 2011 |access-date=9 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707200407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-10/tv/29653065_1_show-grades-study |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ashnoor Kaur and Anirudh Dave complete a decade in the Industry - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashnoor-kaur-and-anirudh-dave-complete-a-decade-in-the-industry/articleshow/68116271.cms? |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=22 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, she played Panna in ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Ashnoor Kaur injured on the set of TV show |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/actress-ashnoor-kaur-injured-on-the-set-of-tv-show/1613261 |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=Outlook |date=6 September 2019}}</ref> She later portrayed Navika Vyas Bhatnagar in the television series ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'' and ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha 2]]''.

She then played the role of young Mayra Kapoor in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'', appeared in ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|CID]]'', and portrayed Ashok Sundari in the mythological series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.<ref name=ccc>{{cite news |title=Ashnoor Kaur to enter Mahadev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Ashnoor-Kaur-to-enter-Mahadev/articleshow/17018894.cms |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103100008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/tv/34816577_1_sonarika-bhadoria-ashnoor-kaur-devon-ke-dev-mahadev |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> Kaur portrayed the young [[Naira Singhania Goenka|Naira Singhania]] in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'',<ref name="eee">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Child-actor-Ashnoor-in-another-soap/articleshow/46598680.cms |title=Child actor Ashnoor in another soap |website=The Times of India |date=3 June 2015 |access-date=7 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104063413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Child-actor-Ashnoor-in-another-soap/articleshow/46598680.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> [[Dushala]] in ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', and Princess Vilas in ''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi|Prithvi Vallabh]]''.

Kaur appeared in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s film ''[[Manmarziyaan]]'' as [[Taapsee Pannu]] 's sister.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/remember-these-famous-child-actors-they-have-grown-up-to-be-hotties/chidiya-ghar-child-actor-pratham-shetty-is-all-grown-up-this-is-how-he-looks-now/photostory/66069357.cms |title=Chidiya Ghar child actor Pratham Shetty is all grown up; this is how he looks now - Remember these famous child actors? They have grown-up to be hotties |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=azz>{{cite news |url=https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/ashnoor-kaur-to-play-taapsee-pannus-sister-in-manmarziyan/19131168 |title=Ashnoor Kaur to play Taapsee Pannu's sister in Manmarziyan |work=Mid Day |access-date=6 April 2018 |date=March 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116002657/https://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/ashnoor-kaur-to-play-taapsee-pannus-sister-in-manmarziyan/19131168 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

From 2018 to 2020, she portrayed Mini Babita/Khurana in [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Patiala Babes]]'' after which she took a break.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sourabh-raaj-jain-on-why-patiala-babes-ended-abruptly/articleshow/75375846.cms |title=Sourabh Raaj Jain on why 'Patiala Babes' ended abruptly - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=25 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> From 2024 to April 2025, she portrayed Suman Sharma in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Suman Indori]]'', opposite [[Zain Imam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rony |date=5 May 2025 |title=Zain Imam and Ashnoor Kaur: A Friendship Beyond Suman Indori? |url=https://www.justshowbiz.net/zain-imam-and-ashnoor-kaur-a-friendship-beyond-suman-indori/ |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=JustShowBiz |language=en-US}}</ref> The show concluded on 27 April 2025, and Kaur expressed that saying goodbye to the character was “heart-wrenching” after playing the role for over a year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=Exclusive! Ashnoor Kaur on Suman Indori going off air: It is heart-wrenching to rip off a part of you because I was playing this character for a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ashnoor-kaur-on-suman-indori-going-off-air-it-is-heart-wrenching-to-rip-off-a-part-of-you-because-i-was-playing-this-character-for-a-year/articleshow/120403397.cms |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=yes}}

She participated as a contestant on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]'' in August 2025 and was evicted in November 2025, finishing in eighth place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 19: Ashnoor Kaur finishes in eighth place |work=The Times of India |date=29 November 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-19-promo-ashnoor-kaur-eliminated-from-the-show-due-to-violence-against-tanya-mittal-during-the-ticket-to-finale-task/articleshow/125646709.cms|access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Other ventures===
In 2026, Kaur launched an online initiative titled "Gentle On Me," a social media space aimed at promoting kindness, self‑love, and mental well‑being for her followers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-19s-ashnoor-kaur-creates-a-safe-space-for-fans-with-her-initiative-gentle-on-me-says-its-a-space-where-people-can-breathe-and-feel-less-alone/articleshow/126456261.cms |title=Bigg Boss 19’s Ashnoor Kaur creates a ‘safe space’ for fans |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2026 |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In early 2025, Kaur underwent LASIK eye surgery to correct her vision.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2025 |title=Suman Indori actress Ashnoor Kaur undergoes LASIK eye surgery; reveals she's currently recovering from it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/suman-indori-actress-ashnoor-kaur-undergoes-lasik-eye-surgery-reveals-shes-currently-recovering-from-it/articleshow/121271573.cms |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=yes}}

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''[[Sanju]]''
| Young [[Priya Dutt]]
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2018 |title=Sanju: Who's playing who in Sanjay Dutt biopic? |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanju-whos-playing-sanjay-dutt-biopic-1502654481.html |access-date=25 June 2021 |work=The Statesman}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
| Kiran Bagga
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2019 |title=When Ashnoor Kaur proved Anurag Kashyap wrong |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ashnoor-kaur-proved-anurag-kashyap-wrong-1502801248.html |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=The Statesman |agency=IANS}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Kisko Tha Pata''
| Shreya
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Vishakha |date=25 December 2024 |title=Ashnoor Kaur On Shooting With Akshay Oberoi And Aadil Khan For Kisko Tha Pata |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/ashnoor-kaur-on-shooting-with-akshay-oberoi-and-aadil-khan-for-kisko-tha-pata-article-116659650 |work=Times Now |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
| Prachi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaheer Sheikh shares adorable throwback pic with Ashnoor Kaur to wish her a happy birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shaheer-sheikh-shares-adorable-throwback-pic-with-ashnoor-kaur-to-wish-her-a-happy-birthday-1674040-2020-05-04 |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=India Today |date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504083342/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/shaheer-sheikh-shares-adorable-throwback-pic-with-ashnoor-kaur-to-wish-her-a-happy-birthday-1674040-2020-05-04 |archive-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|Panna
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=From Jannat Zubair to Ashnoor Kaur; here's how these teenage sensations are rocking the internet with their sass and style |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-jannat-zubair-to-ashnoor-kaur-heres-how-these-teenage-sensations-are-rocking-the-internet-with-their-sass-and-style/photostory/72227001.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2011-2012
| ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]''
| Young Princess Shobha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barua |first=Richa |date=2 June 2011 |title=A new historical drama on TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/a-new-historical-drama-on-tv/articleshow/8692502.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Ashnoor Kaur scores 94 per cent in Class 12, feels accomplished |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/ashnoor-kaur-scores-94-per-cent-in-12th-board-exams-feels-accomplished-1835088-2021-07-31 |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=India Today |date=31 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''
| Young Navika "Nanhi" Vyas Bhatnagar
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Famous television child actors, who have all grown-up! |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/famous-television-child-actors-who-have-all-grown-up/articleshow/85036150.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date= 4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=26 September 2012 |title=Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha Season 2 to return in 3 months |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Na-Bole-Tum-Na--to-return-in-three-months/articleshow/16542010.cms |url-status=live |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926031853/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Na-Bole-Tum-Na--to-return-in-three-months/articleshow/16542010.cms |archive-date=26 September 2012 |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Sia Khanna
|Episode: "Abhijit Ka Inteqaam"
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bopatkar |first=Tejashree |date=8 October 2012 |title=Ashoor Kaur aka Nanhi of Na Bole Tum in Sony TV's CID |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashoor-kaur-aka-nanhi-of-na-bole-in-cid/articleshow/16721677.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Young Ashokasundari
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Vijaya |date=30 October 2012 |title=Ashnoor Kaur to enter Mahadev - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashnoor-kaur-to-enter-mahadev/articleshow/17018894.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
| Young Mayra Kapoor
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2013 |title=Ashnoor & Zaynah to play Sakshi's twins in Bade Achhe.. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashnoor-zaynah-to-play-sakshis-twins-in-bade-achhe-/articleshow/21777119.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| ''Jai Jag Janani Maa Durga''
| Young [[Katyayani]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2013 |title=एग्जाम्स में बिजी टीवी के छोटे स्टार्स |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/television-news/young-stars-of-tv-busy-in-exams/articleshow/18933534.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| Young [[Dushala]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2020 |title=महाभारत की इस चाइल्ड आर्टिस्ट की कमाई कर देगी हैरान, एक एपिसोड के लिए लेती हैं मोटी फीस |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/mahabharat-and-patiala-babes-actress-ashnoor-kaur-income-fees-read-details-here/289859 |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2014
| ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''
| Maya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne]]''
| Najma Baig Siddiqui
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bopatkar |first=Tejashree |date=7 August 2014 |title=Ashnoor Kaur and Asif Sheikh in Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashnoor-kaur-and-asif-sheikh-in-tum-saath-ho-jab-apne/articleshow/39827236.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhoot Raja Aur Ronnie''
| Sheena
| Season 2
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Siyaasat]]''
| [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2015 |title=A genuinely interesting TV serial at last? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-a-genuinely-interesting-tv-serial-at-last-2109656 |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803071842/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-a-genuinely-interesting-tv-serial-at-last-2109656 |archive-date=3 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Young [[Naira Singhania Goenka|Naira Singhania]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's little Naira-Ashnoor Kaur meets grown up Naira-Shivangi Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-little-naira-ashnoor-kaur-meets-grown-up-naira-shivangi-joshi/articleshow/67542234.cms |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai]]''
|Young Geetanjali Shekhari
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi|Prithvi Vallabh]]''
| Princess Vilasvati
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prithvi Vallabh's team had a gala time at the screening of the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/videos/television/video/prithvi-vallabh-s-team-had-a-gala-time-at-the-screening-of-the-show-1150918-2018-01-21 |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=India Today |date=21 January 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001144035/https://www.indiatoday.in/videos/television/video/prithvi-vallabh-s-team-had-a-gala-time-at-the-screening-of-the-show-1150918-2018-01-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2020
| ''[[Patiala Babes]]''
| Mini Babita
| Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyhadh 2 and Patiala Babes go off air due to coronavirus crisis. Fans trend #DontAxeBeyhadh2 online |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/beyhadh-2-patiala-babes-go-off-air-due-to-coronavirus-crisis-fans-trend-dontaxebeyhadh2-online-1669501-2020-04-21 |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2021 |website=India Today |date=21 April 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421225130/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/beyhadh-2-patiala-babes-go-off-air-due-to-coronavirus-crisis-fans-trend-dontaxebeyhadh2-online-1669501-2020-04-21 |archive-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Suman Indori]]''
| Suman Sharma Mittal
| Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraverty |first=Unmana |date=16 August 2024 |title=Ashnoor Kaur and Anita Hassanandani star in new show Suman Indori; Watch PROMO |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ashnoor-kaur-watch-promo-1339595 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|''Bigg Boss 19'']]
|Contestant
| 8th place
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 19: Ashnoor Kaur evicted from show|work=NDTV |date=29 November 2025 |url=https://ndtv.in/television/salman-khan-eliminated-ashnoor-kaur-for-breaking-bigg-boss-19-rules-of-violence-on-last-weekend-ka-vaar-9719270 |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''Pari Hun Main''
| Pari
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashnoor Kaur and Delnaaz Irani starer Pari Hu Mein all set to release on this date! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/ashnoor-kaur-and-delnaaz-irani-starer-pari-hu-mein-releases/articleshow/81990712.cms |access-date=25 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Butterflies''
| Mini
| Episode: "To Rishi, from Mini and Ishaan"
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Butterflies Season 5, Episode 3: To Rishi, from Mini and Ishaan, ft. Ashnoor Kaur, Harsh Gandhi and Arjun Deswal |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PzwnLcGBo-w |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=Terribly Tiny Tales - YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[School Friends (TV series)|School Friends]]''
| Yashika Malhotra
| Season 3
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's Ashnoor Kaur returns to showbiz with School Friends season 3 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-ashnoor-kaur-returns-to-showbiz-with-school-friends-season-3-1308067 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''Jabb Zodiacs Met''
| Vineeta "Vini" Desai
| Episode 5 - Virgo
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Episode 5 - Virgo, Jabb Zodiacs Met| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POuYK8XqO2g| access-date=24 January 2026|work=Directors Kut Productions - YouTube}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
| ''Koi Nahi''
|[[Lisa Mishra]] and Rupinn
|
|-
| ''Meri Galti''
| Ambili Menon
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=अशनूर कौर-हसनैन पर फिल्माया गया सिंगर एंबिली मेनन का नया सिंगल 'मेरी गलती आपका दिल छू लेगा |url=https://mayapuri.com/singer-ambili-menons-new-single-meri-galti-featuring-hasnain-ashnoor-kaur-melts-the-heart/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513204346/https://mayapuri.com/singer-ambili-menons-new-single-meri-galti-featuring-hasnain-ashnoor-kaur-melts-the-heart/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Mayapuri |language=en-US }}</ref>
|-
| ''Swag Salamat''
| Shobhana Gudage
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashnoor Kaur aka Minie's new music album launch {{!}} Rohan Mehra {{!}} Full Coverage {{!}} Uncut |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/telly-talk/ashnoor-kaur-aka-minies-new-music-album-launch-rohan-mehra-full-coverage-uncut/45182 |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=Times Now |date=1 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
| ''Red Yellow Suit''
| Karan Singh Arora and S Mukhtiar
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Red Yellow Suit' Sung By Karan Singh Arora, S Mukhtiar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-red-yellow-suit-sung-by-karan-singh-arora-s-mukhtiar/videoshow/74302179.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kya Karu''
| [[Millind Gaba]] and [[Parampara Thakur]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashnoor Kaur hits back at man who called Kya Karu 'vulgar song': 'Is it the vulgarity of your vision?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/ashnoor-kaur-hits-back-at-man-who-called-kya-karu-vulgar-song-is-it-the-vulgarity-of-your-vision-101624430131647.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 June 2021 |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Khidki''
| [[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Khidki' Sung By Papon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-khidki-sung-by-papon/videoshow/78802656.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=22 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mana Sakda Hai''
| Harish Moyal
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Randeep Rai and Ashnoor Kaur on their new song 'Mana Sakda Hai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/randeep-rai-and-ashnoor-kaur-on-their-new-song-mana-sakda-hai/videoshow/79267341.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Akhiyaan Tadpegi''
| Aishwarya Pandit
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Akhiyaan Tadpegi' Sung By Aishwarya Pandit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-akhiyaan-tadpegi-sung-by-aishwarya-pandit/videoshow/79856825.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
| ''Yaara''
| Indeep Bakshi and Sumit Goswami
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2021 |title=Haryanvi Song:यूट्यूब पर लगातार ट्रेंड हो रहा सुमित गोस्वामी का नया गाना यारा, देखे वायरल वीडियो |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/haryanvi/video/sumit-goswami-indeep-bakshi-and-ashnoor-kaur-superhit-haryanvi-song-yaara-video-viral/342139 |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=Times Now |language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420112125/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/haryanvi/video/sumit-goswami-indeep-bakshi-and-ashnoor-kaur-superhit-haryanvi-song-yaara-video-viral/342139 |archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tu Kya Jaane''
| [[Jyotica Tangri]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out New Punjabi Trending Song Music Video - 'Tu Kya Jaane' Sung By Jyotica Tangri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/check-out-new-punjabi-trending-song-music-video-tu-kya-jaane-sung-by-jyotica-tangri/videoshow/82351625.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ignore''
| Ayush Talniya and Indeep Bakshi
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Singer Ayush Talniya says tricity is a fertile ground to nurture musicians |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/singer-ayush-talniya-says-tricity-is-a-fertile-ground-to-nurture-musicians-286179 |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=Tribune |date=21 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tere Noor Se''
| Revaansh Kohli
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Tere Noor Se' Sung By Revaansh Kohli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-tere-noor-se-sung-by-revaansh-kohli/videoshow/86833497.cms |access-date=8 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''Yaar Ki Mehfil''
| rowspan="2" |[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=अशनूर कौर ने बालकनी में बिखेरे हुस्न के जलवे, सिर्फ 17 की उम्र में उड़ाए होश |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/ashnoor-kaur-gives-bold-pose-in-balcony-photos-goes-viral/1158245 |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Zee News Hindi |date=19 April 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tutt Gaya''
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Shantanu Maheshwari, Ashnoor Kaur come together for love ballad 'Tutt Gaya' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/shantanu-maheshwari-ashnoor-kaur-come-together-for-love-ballad-tutt-gaya/articleshow/91467222.cms |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''Jaana Hai Toh Jaa''
|Raas, Sheetal
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jaana Hai Toh Jaa {{!}} Siddharth Nigam {{!}} Ashnoor Kaur |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I04QL_p_xX4 |website=YouTube | date=6 October 2023 |publisher=Saregama |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Next Generation Star
| rowspan="3"|[[Patiala Babes]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=21 March 2019 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2020
| [[Lions Gold Awards]]
| Rising Star
| {{won}}
|-
| International Iconic Awards
| Style Icon of India
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2021
| [[Iconic Gold Awards]]
| Youngest Star of the Year
|
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/web-stories/celebrities/hina-khan-shaheer-sheikh-and-others-grace-iconic-gold-awards-2021/|title=Hina Khan, Shaheer Sheikh and others win the Iconic Gold Awards...|website=The Indian Express|date=26 September 2021 |access-date= 26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| Real Estate & Business Excellence Awards
| Style Diva of the Year
| Herself
| {{won}}
|-
| 2023
| Boogle Bollywood Ballistic Awards
| Inspiring Comeback
| Herself
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2025
| Lions Gold Awards
| Youth Inspiration Award
| Herself
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Whos Next Influencer Awards
| Youth Icon of the Year
| Herself
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whosthat360.com/influencer-award-2025/nominee?fbclid=PAT01DUAOt6oBleHRuA2FlbQIxMABzcnRjBmFwcF9pZA81NjcwNjczNDMzNTI0MjcAAadOtzEGw-uol27hI0EW50rubNhv_VupJiU262cqN6uNvvu_S82UYr8R8n4Ozw_aem_BklsUObXZmc746l9QQlbTA|title=Whos Next 2025 Influencer Awards|work=Whos That 360|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Bright Entertainment Awards
| Most Graceful Actress
| Herself
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Perfect Style Icon Awards
| Audience's Favorite Actress
| Herself
| {{won}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|5092725}}
*{{Instagram|ashnoorkaur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Ashnoor}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]

Eat Pray Love (book)

2026-03-27T01:56:07Z

Yaxisdelhi: adding the details and citations

{{Short description|2006 book by Elizabeth Gilbert}}
{{About|the memoir|the film adaptation|Eat Pray Love}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Eat Pray Love: One Woman's Search for Everything Across Italy, India, and Indonesia
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Eat, Pray, Love – Elizabeth Gilbert, 2007.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Elizabeth Gilbert]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| subject = {{hlist | [[Spirituality]] | [[Romance novel|romance]]}}
| genre = [[Memoir]]
| publisher=[[Penguin (publisher)|Penguin]]
| pub_date = February 16, 2006
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print (hardcover{{·}}paperback)
| pages = 352 (hardcover)
| isbn = 978-0-670-03471-0
| dewey = 910.4 B 22
| congress = G154.5.G55 A3 2006
}}

'''''Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman's Search for Everything Across Italy, India and Indonesia''''' is a 2006 memoir by American author [[Elizabeth Gilbert]]. The memoir chronicles the author's trip around the world after her divorce and what she discovered during her travels. She wrote and named the book while living at The Oliver Hotel on the downtown square in Knoxville, TN. The book remained on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] for 187 weeks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paperback Nonfiction |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 28, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/books/bestseller/bestpapernonfiction.html?ref=bestseller |access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> The [[Eat Pray Love|film version]], which stars [[Julia Roberts]] and [[Javier Bardem]], was released in theaters on August 13, 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090215041943/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/376450/Eat-Pray-Love/overview?scp=2&sq=Eat,%20Pray,%20Love&st=cse "Overview – Eat, Pray, Love (2008)"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved March 19, 2011.</ref>

Gilbert followed up this book with ''[[Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace with Marriage]]'', released through [[Viking Press|Viking]] in January 2010. It covered her life after ''Eat, Pray, Love'', plus an exploration of the concept of marriage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Callahan |first=Maureen |title=Committed: A skeptic makes peace with marriage |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/books/committed_skeptic_makes_peace_with_yAO64l1Nu4VnZKPaKnAnTP |work=[[New York Post]] |date=January 3, 2010}}</ref>

==Story==
At 34 years old, Elizabeth Gilbert was educated, had a home, a husband, and a successful career as a writer. She was, however, unhappy in her marriage and initiated a divorce. She then embarked on a rebound relationship that did not work out, leaving her devastated and alone. After finalizing her difficult divorce, Gilbert made the decision to spend the next year traveling the world.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/books/review/26egan.html |title=Eat, Pray, Love |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Egan |first=Jennifer |date=February 26, 2006 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> To gain funding she approached her publisher about writing a memoir about her travels,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Linda |date=2010-08-16 |title=The 'Eat Pray Love' Problem: How Movie Liz Ruined The Story Of Book Liz |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2010/08/16/129227754/the-eat-pray-love-problem-how-movie-liz-ruined-the-story-of-book-liz |access-date=2022-07-31}}</ref> something that she described as "a staggering personal miracle".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdCNeNx6LJUC&q=publishing |title=Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman's Search for Everything |date=2007-03-05 |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |isbn=978-0-7475-8566-4}}</ref>{{Rp|page=36}}

She spent four months in Italy, eating and enjoying life ("Eat"). She spent three months in India, finding her [[spirituality]] ("Pray").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluerectangle.com/book_reviews/view_one_review/2261|title=''Eat, Pray, Love'' (review)|access-date=2011-10-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207001706/http://bluerectangle.com/book_reviews/view_one_review/2261|archive-date=December 7, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She ended the year in [[Bali]], Indonesia, looking for "balance" of the two and fell in love with a Brazilian businessman ("Love"), whom she later married and divorced.<ref name="WPost">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/09/AR2006020901684.html |title=Heart and Soul |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Lichtenstein |first=Grace |date=February 12, 2006 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

==Film adaptation==
{{Main|Eat Pray Love}}

[[Columbia Pictures]] purchased [[film rights]] for the memoir and produced a film version [[Eat Pray Love|under the same title]]. It was released on August 13, 2010. American actress [[Julia Roberts]] starred in the film; [[Ryan Murphy (producer)|Ryan Murphy]] directed it. The film also stars [[Javier Bardem]], [[James Franco]], [[Richard Jenkins]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100501220634/http://thefastertimes.com/theatertalk/2009/07/17/five-questions-for-richard-jenkins/ "Five Questions for Richard Jenkins"]}}. ''TheFasterTimes.com''. Retrieved March 19, 2011.</ref> and [[Billy Crudup]].<ref name="NYTimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/movies/02roberts.html?ex=1288152000&en=35d056a3d4442f2d&ei=5087&WT.mc_id=MO-D-I-NYT-MOD-MOD-M147-ROS-0510-HDR&WT.mc_ev=click |last=Rozen |first=Leah |date=April 29, 2010 |work=The New York Times |title=Mother and Mega-Star, Happily Balanced}}</ref> [[Brad Pitt]] and Dede Gardner of [[Plan B Entertainment|Plan B]], Pitt's production company, produced the film.<ref name="Variety">{{cite news |url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117951656.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |title=Par setting table for adaptation |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Fleming |first=Michael |date=October 10, 2006 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

==Reviews==
Jennifer Egan of ''[[The New York Times]]'' described Gilbert's prose as "fueled by a mix of intelligence, wit and colloquial exuberance that is close to irresistible" but said that the book "drags" in the middle. She was more interested in "the awkward, unresolved stuff she must have chosen to leave out," noting that Gilbert omits the "confusion and unfinished business of real life" and that "we know how the story ends pretty much from the beginning."<ref name="NYTimes"/>

[[Oprah Winfrey]] enjoyed the book, and devoted two episodes of ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' to it.<ref name="NYPost">{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/12232007/postopinion/postopbooks/eat__pray__loathe_734479.htm?page=0 |title=Eat, Pray, Loathe: Latest Self-Help Best Seller Proves Faith Is Blind |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Callahan |first=Maureen |date=December 23, 2007 |work=[[New York Post]] |archive-date=December 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216140535/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/books/item_MUYRhQGmaswFSwbg6bVB0J;jsessionid=5D0D69192078B57AB5B8E4ABFD1D41E3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Katie Roiphe]] of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' agreed with Egan about the strength of Gilbert's writing. However, she described the journey as too fake: "too willed, too self-conscious." She stated that given the apparent artificiality of the journey, her "affection for ''Eat, Pray, Love'' is ... furtive" but that "it is a transcendently great beach book."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2007/07/summer_reading.html |title=Summer Reading: Should you read the best-selling memoir Eat, Pray, Love? |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Roiphe |first=Katie |date=July 3, 2007 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]''{{'s}} Grace Lichtenstein stated that "the only thing wrong with this readable, funny memoir of a magazine writer's yearlong travels across the world in search of pleasure and balance is that it seems so much like a [[Jennifer Aniston]] movie."<ref name="WPost"/>

[[Lev Grossman]] of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', however, praised the spiritual aspect of the book, stating that "to read about her struggles with a 182-verse [[Sanskrit]] chant, or her (successful) attempt to meditate while being feasted on by mosquitoes, is to come about as close as you can to enlightenment-by-proxy." He did, however, agree with Roiphe that her writing occasionally seems to be "trying too hard to be liked; one feels the belabored mechanism of her jokes."<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1161222,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519220635/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1161222,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 19, 2006 |title=The Year of Living Happily |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Grossman |first=Lev |date=February 19, 2006 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

Lori Leibovich of ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'' agreed with several other reviewers about the strength of Gilbert's storytelling. She agreed with Egan as well that Gilbert seems to have an unlimited amount of luck, saying, "Her good fortune seems limitless" and asking "Is it possible for one person to be this lucky?"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/books/review/2006/02/23/gilbert |title=Lost and found |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Leibovich |first=Lori |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]}}</ref>

''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'s}} Jessica Shaw said that "despite a few cringe-worthy turns ... Gilbert's journey is well worth taking."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1160265,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122174001/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1160265,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 22, 2013 |title=Eat, Pray, Love |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Shaw |first=Jessica |date=February 17, 2006 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> Don Lattin of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' agreed with Egan that the story was weakest while she was in India and questioned the complete veracity of the book.<ref name="SFGate.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/reviews/books/EAT,_PRAY,_LOVE.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609002806/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/reviews/books/EAT,_PRAY,_LOVE.DTL |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 9, 2008 |title=Pilgrim wants it all in Italy, India, Indonesia |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Lattin |first=Don |date=February 19, 2006 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> Barbara Fisher of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' also praised Gilbert's writing, stating that "she describes with intense visual, palpable detail. She is the epic poet of ecstasy."<ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2006/02/19/short_takes_boston_globe |title=Eat, Pray, Love |access-date=June 17, 2008 |last=Fisher |first=Barbara |date=February 19, 2006 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref>

In early 2010, the feminist magazine ''[[Bitch (magazine)|Bitch]]'' published a critical review and social commentary called "Eat, Pray, Spend". Authors Joshunda Sanders and Diana Barnes-Brown wrote that "''Eat, Pray, Love'' is not the first book of its kind, but it is a perfect example of the genre of priv-lit: literature or media whose expressed goal is one of spiritual, [[existential]], or philosophical enlightenment contingent upon women's hard work, commitment, and patience, but whose actual barriers to entry are primarily financial." The genre, they argued, positions women as inherently and deeply flawed and offers "no real solutions for the astronomically high tariffs—both financial and social—that exclude all but the most fortunate among us from participating."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanders |first=Joshunda |date= |title=Eat, Pray, Spend |url=http://bitchmagazine.org/article/eat-pray-spend |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130114557/https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/eat-pray-spend |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=2010-06-14 |website=Bitch Magazine |language= }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Yoga tourism]]
* [[Yoga and orientalism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Eat Pray Love}}
* {{Official website|https://www.elizabethgilbert.com/books/eat-pray-love/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American memoirs]]
[[Category:American travel books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2006 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Tourism in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Tourism in Italy]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Books about Indonesia]]
[[Category:Books about Italy]]
[[Category:Memoirs adapted into films]]
[[Category:Books by Elizabeth Gilbert]]

[[sv:Lyckan, kärleken och meningen med livet]]

M. A. Baby

2026-03-26T02:14:04Z

Yaxisdelhi: cleaned up formatting to improve readability and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. A. Baby
| spouse = [[Betty Louis]]
| honorific_suffix =
| image = MA Baby 2022 (cropped).jpg
| caption = M. A. Baby at Kollam on 23 April 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|4|5|df=y}}
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start = 6 April 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sitaram Yechury]]
| successor =
| office1= Member of the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start1= April 2012
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative assembly]]
| term_start2 = 11 May 2006
| term_end2 = 19 May 2016
| constituency2 = [[Kundara Assembly constituency|Kundara]]
| predecessor2 = [[Kadavoor Sivadasan]]
| successor2 = [[J. Mercykutty Amma]]
| office3 = Minister of Education, [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start3 = 18 May 2006
| term_end3 = 14 May 2011
| predecessor3 = [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
| successor3=[[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| website = http://www.cpim.org/leadership
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 1986
| term_end4 = 1998
| constituency4 = [[Kerala]]
}}

'''Marian Alexander Baby''' is an Indian [[Marxism|Marxist]] and education reformist politician who is currently serving as the General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He has served as a member of both the Rajya Sabha and the Kerala Legislative Assembly, and held the position of Minister for Education and Cultural Affairs in the Government of Kerala from 2006 to 2011. He was elected to the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Politburo of CPI(M)]] in the 20th Congress held at Kozhikode, Kerala, in 2012, and is currently the general secretary of the Politburo, the party's highest decision-making body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=20th CPIM Party Congress News Photo (L-R) Communist Par... |url=https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/news/20th-CPIM-Party-Congress/259286 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}</ref><ref name='Niyamasabha-Baby-0'>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/m_a_baby.php|title=KERALA NIYAMASABHA - M.A.BABY|website=State of Kerala|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218150812/http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/m_a_baby.php | archive-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Baby is known for his contributions to the public education system in Kerala.<ref name="M. A. Baby {{!}} Congenial comrade">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=M. A. Baby {{!}} Congenial comrade|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/m-a-baby-congenial-comrade/article69443879.ece|accessdate=13 April 2025|agency=The Hindu|date=12 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413162414/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/m-a-baby-congenial-comrade/article69443879.ece|archivedate=13 April 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Personal life==
M. A. Baby was born to [[Latin Church|Latin rite]] [[Christianity in Kerala|Christian]] parents P. M. Alexander and Lilly Alexander on 5 April 1954 at [[Prakkulam]] in [[Kollam]] district of [[Kerala]]. Baby did his schooling from Prakkulam Lower Primary School and Prakkulam NSS High School & also served as an [[Altar server|altar-boy]] at the local St. Elizabeth's Church in Prakkulam in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|diocese of Kollam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreejith |first=K. S. |date=2025-04-06 |title=M A Baby: From Altar boy to 'Pope' of Communist party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Apr/08/m-a-baby-from-altar-boy-to-pope-of-communist-party |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was during his high school days where he was first acquainted with politics. After completing basic schooling, Baby went to Sree Narayan College, Kollam for pre-degree. Later, Baby joined for BA in [[Political Science]] in SN College itself. However, he was unable to finish his bachelor's degree.<ref name='Niyamasabha-Baby-0' />

He is married to Betty Louis and has a son named Ashok Betty Nelson.<ref name='Niyamasabha-Baby-0' />

==Political life ==
M.A. Baby joined [[Kerala Students Federation]], the predecessor of [[Students Federation of India]], while he was studying at NSS high school, [[Prakkulam]] in [[Kollam district]]. He has held many responsible positions in the Students Federation of India, the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]], and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. Currently he is a [[Politburo]] member of CPI(M).<ref name='Niyamasabha-Baby-0' />

He served as a Member of Parliament from [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1986 to 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/members/m_a_baby.htm |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

He was the Minister of Education in Kerala from 2006 until 2011.

He unsuccessfully contested from [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]] against [[N. K. Premachandran]] of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] during the [[2014 Indian general election]]s. He was elected as the General Secretary of the CPI(M) from the 24th Party Congress at [[Madurai]] on 6 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-06 |title=MA Baby elected as General Secretary of CPI(M) at Madurai Party Congress|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/m-a-baby-elected-as-general-secretary-of-cpim-in-madurai-party-congress-3480493|access-date=2025-04-06 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandan |first=S. |date=2025-04-06 |title=M.A. Baby elected general secretary of CPI(M) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ma-baby-elected-general-secretary-of-cpim/article69419413.ece |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! |Election
! |Year
! colspan="2" |Party
! |Constituency
! |Result
! |Margin
!Vote Share(%)
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|rowspan=2|[[Kundara Assembly constituency|Kundara]]
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |14,869
|55.00%
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |14,703
|52.48%
|-
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[2014 Indian general election in Kerala|2014]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam]]
|style="background: #FFE3E3;" |Lost
|style="background: #FFE3E3;" |37,649
|42.2%
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|M. A. Baby}}
* [http://mababy.in Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110045222/http://mababy.in/ |date=10 January 2023 }}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baby, M. A.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Sree Narayana College, Kollam alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Students' Federation of India All India presidents]]
[[Category:DYFI All India presidents]]

Kalidasa

2026-03-21T20:16:48Z

Yaxisdelhi: added information for accuracy also and corrected details after review

{{short description|Classical Sanskrit poet, playwright and avatar of Brahma}}
{{about|the author|the insect genus|Kalidasa (planthopper)}}
{{redirect|Kalidas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Kalidasa inditing the cloud Messenger, A.D. 375.jpg
| caption = A 20th-century [[artist's impression]] of Kālidāsa composing the ''[[Meghadūta]]''
| period = {{circa|4th-5th century CE}}
| occupation = Poet, Dramatist
| nationality =
| language = [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]]
| genre = [[Sanskrit drama]], [[Classical literature]]
| subject = [[Epic poetry]], [[Puranas]]
| notableworks = ''[[Kumārasambhava]]m'', ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'', ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]'', ''[[Meghadūta]]'', ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'', ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]''
| name = Kalidasa
}}

'''Kālidāsa''' ({{langx|sa|कालिदास}}, "Servant of [[Kali]]"; 4th–5th century CE) was a [[Classical Sanskrit]] author who is often considered [[ancient India]]'s greatest poet and playwright.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="CR_2005" /> His plays and poetry are primarily based on Hindu [[Puranas]] and philosophy. His surviving works consist of three plays, two epic poems and two shorter poems.

Much about his life is unknown except what can be inferred from his poetry and plays.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kālidāsa|title=The Recognition of Sakuntala: A Play In Seven Acts|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=ix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6miC3HNB90oC|isbn=9780191606090|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174122/https://books.google.com/books?id=6miC3HNB90oC|url-status=live}}</ref> His works cannot be dated with precision, but they were most likely authored before the 5th century CE during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta era]]. Kalidas is mentioned as one of the seven [[Brahma]] avatars in [[Dasam Granth]], written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Dasam Granth|author=Kapoor, S.S.|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&pg=PA16|page=16|access-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Kalidasa was of shepherd or [[Gadaria people|Gadaria caste]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pai |first=Anant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGoooi-dvskC&dq=%22%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%22+++%22%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%22&pg=PA34 |title=Aatmvishwas Kaise Prapt Karien |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-597-4 |pages=35 |language=hi |trans-title=How to gain self-confidence |quote=Hindi: "कालिदास भेड़-बकरियां चराने वाले एक मामूली गड़रिया थे"। जब उनकी पत्नी ने उनका मजाक उड़ाया कि वे अंगूठाछाप हैं तो वे ज्ञान प्राप्ति के लिए निकल पड़े। और आज कौन नहीं जानता कि वे कितने बड़े विद्वान बने! उनकी प्रसिद्धि समय की सीमाओं से परे है। आज भी 'अभिज्ञान शाकुंतलम्' और 'मेघदूतम्' जैसी उनकी कृतियां पूरी दुनिया में प्रसिद्ध हैं। English: "Kalidasa was an ordinary Gadaria" who herded sheep and goats. When his wife mocked him for being illiterate, he set out in search of knowledge. And today, who doesn't know what a great scholar he became! His fame has transcended the limits of time. Even today, his works like Abhijnanashakuntalam and Meghadutam are celebrated across the world.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhushan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBDCDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%22+++%22gadaria%22&pg=PA174 |title=Samaajshastra (Hindi) |last2=Sachdeva |date=2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-93-5394-201-4 |pages=174 |language=hi |quote=Hindi: गड़रिया (Gadaria): गड़रिया गाय, भैंस, बकरी एवं भेड़ आदि पशुओं को पालता है। वे दूध बेचते हैं, तथा नकद भुगतान पाते हैं। कटाई के पश्चात् वे पशुओं को खेतों में ले जाते हैं, ताकि भूमि उर्वर हो सके। गड़रिये भूमि भी जोतते हैं। English: गड़रिया (Gadaria): The Gadaria rear animals such as cows, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. They sell milk and receive cash payments. After the harvest, they take their animals into the fields so that the land can become fertile. Gadarias also plough and cultivate land.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Walter Ruben |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.172451 |title=Kalidasa The Human Meaning Of His Works |date=1984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bBlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22kalidas%22+++%22a+shepherd%22 |title=Poet |date=2000 |publisher=K. Srinivas |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=K. P. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh8OAAAAIAAJ&q=%22kalidasa%22+++%22shepherd%22 |title=Puruṣārtha Śatakam |date=1999 |publisher=New Bharatiya Book Corporation |language=en}}</ref> Scholars have speculated that he may have lived near the [[Himalayas]], or in the vicinity of [[Ujjain]], or in [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. This hypothesis is based on Kālidāsa's detailed description of the Himalayas in his ''[[Kumārasambhava]]m'', the display of his love for [[Ujjain]] in ''[[Meghadūta]]'', and his highly eulogistic descriptions of Kalingan emperor [[Hemangada|Hemāngada]] in ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]m'' (sixth ''sarga''). He is also believed to be born in Kaviltha,<ref>{{Cite web|title='महाकवि कालिदास की जन्मभूमि कविल्ठा' लघु पुस्तक का लोकार्पण|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/rudraprayag/inauguration-of-short-book-kaviltha-janmabhoomi-of-mahakavi-kalidas/uttarakhand20210322111457248|website=ETV Bharat News|date=2021-03-22|access-date=2025-11-30|language=hi|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaviltha Village - Birthplace of Kalidasa|url=https://villageofkalidas.in/kalidasa|website=villageofkalidas.in|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> Rudraprayad, Uttarakhand based on the monument established in Kaviltha by the Uttarakhand Tourism Department of the Uttarakhand Government. In the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], the birthplace of Kalidasa is considered at the [[Kalidas Dih]] in the [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith]] village of the [[Benipatti]] block in the [[Madhubani district]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=कालिदास डीह की खुदाई के लिए पहल जरूरी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-kalidasa-s-birthplace-clarified-at-highait-festival-seminar-201734201489580.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>
[[File:Kalidas Dih.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Kalidas Dih]] at [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith]] village near [[Benipatti]] town of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in Bihar.]]

[[Lachhmi Dhar Kalla|Lakshmi Dhar Kalla]] (1891–1953), a Sanskrit scholar and a [[Kashmiri Pandit]], wrote a book titled ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.552063|The birth-place of Kalidasa]]'' (1926), which tries to trace the birthplace of Kālidāsa based on his writings. He concluded that Kālidāsa was born in [[Kashmir]], but moved southwards, and sought the patronage of local rulers to prosper. The evidence cited by him from Kālidāsa's writings includes:<ref>{{Harvnb|Gopal|1984|p=3}}.</ref><ref name="Bamzai1994">{{cite book|author=P. N. K. Bamzai|author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai|title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&pg=PR261|date=1 January 1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|pages=261–262|isbn=978-81-85880-31-0|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=15 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515214215/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&pg=PR261|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaw2004">{{cite book|author=M. K. Kaw|title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PR388|date=1 January 2004|publisher=APH Publishing|pages=388|isbn=978-81-7648-537-1|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520141906/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PR388|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Description of flora and fauna that is found in Kashmir, but not in Ujjain or Kalinga: the [[saffron]] plant, the [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]] trees, [[Kashmir musk deer|musk deer]] etc.
* Description of geographical features common to Kashmir, such as [[tarn (lake)|tarns]] and [[glade (geography)|glades]]
* Mention of some sites of minor importance that, according to Kalla, can be identified with places in Kashmir. These sites are not very famous outside Kashmir, and therefore, could not have been known to someone not in close touch with Kashmir.
* Reference to certain legends of Kashmiri origin, such as that of the [[Nikumbha]] (mentioned in the Kashmiri text ''[[Nilamata Purana|Nīlamata Purāṇa]]''); mention (in ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'') of the legend about Kashmir being created from a lake. This legend, mentioned in ''Nīlamata Purāṇa'', states that a tribal leader named Ananta drained a lake to kill a demon. Ananta named the site of the former lake (now land) as "Kashmir", after his father [[Kashyapa|Kaśyapa]].
* According to Kalla, ''Śakuntalā'' (protagonist character in ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'') is an allegorical dramatisation of [[Pratyabhijna]] philosophy (a branch of [[Kashmir Shaivism]]). Kalla further argues that this branch was not known outside of Kashmir at that time.

Another old legend recounts that Kālidāsa visits [[Kumaradasa|Kumāradāsa]], the king of [[Lanka]] and, because of treachery, is murdered there.<ref name=academi>{{cite web |title=About Kalidasa |url=http://www.kalidasaakademi.nic.in/About_Kalidasa/about_kalidasa.html |publisher=Kalidasa Academi |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728012216/http://www.kalidasaakademi.nic.in/About_Kalidasa/about_kalidasa.html |archive-date=28 July 2013 }}</ref>

== Period ==
Several ancient and medieval books state that Kālidāsa was a court poet of a king named [[Vikramāditya]]. A legendary king named [[Vikramāditya]] is said to have ruled from Ujjain around the 1st century BCE. A section of scholars believe that this legendary [[Vikramāditya]] is not a historical figure at all. There are other kings who ruled from Ujjain and adopted the title ''Vikramāditya'', the most notable ones being [[Chandragupta II]] (r. 380 CE – 415 CE) and [[Yasodharman|Yaśodharman]] (6th century CE).<ref name="CR_2005">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0RWnRKTWp0C&pg=PT267 |title=The Loom Of Time |author=Chandra Rajan |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2005 |pages=268–274 |isbn=9789351180104 }}</ref>

The most popular theory is that Kālidāsa flourished during the reign of Chandragupta II, and therefore lived around the 4th-5th century CE. Several Western scholars have supported this theory, since the days of [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] and [[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A. B. Keith]].<ref name="CR_2005"/> Modern western Indologists and scholars like [[Stanley Wolpert]] also support this theory.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=India|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-520-24696-6|pages=38|author-link=Stanley Wolpert}}</ref> Many Indian scholars, such as [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]] and Rāma Gupta, also place Kālidāsa in this period.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&pg=PA1 |title=Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works |author=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1969 |pages=1–35 |isbn=9788171544684 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Gopal|1984|p=14}}.</ref> According to this theory, his career might have extended to the reign of [[Kumaragupta I|Kumāragupta I]] (r. 414 – 455 CE), and possibly, to that of [[Skandagupta]] (r. 455 – 467 CE).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8fBQ5vH34gC&pg=PR7 |title=Works of Kālidāsa |volume=1 |author=C. R. Devadhar |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1999 |isbn=9788120800236 |pages=vii–viii }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sastri|1987|pp=77–78}}.</ref>

The earliest paleographical evidence of Kālidāsa is found in a Sanskrit inscription dated {{Circa|473 CE}}, found at [[Mandsaur]]'s Sun temple, with some verses that appear to imitate [[Meghaduta|Meghadūtam]] Purva, 66; and the [[Ritusamhara|Ṛtusaṃhāra]] V, 2–3, although Kālidāsa is not named.<ref name="Gopal1984p8">{{Harvnb|Gopal|1984|p=8}}.</ref> His name, along with that of the poet [[Bharavi|Bhāravi]], is first mentioned the 634 CE [[Aihole inscription]] found in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sastri|1987|p=80}}.</ref>

== Theory of multiple Kālidāsas ==

Some scholars, including M. Srinivasachariar and T. S. Narayana Sastri, believe that works attributed to "Kālidāsa" are not by a single person. According to Srinivasachariar, writers from 8th and 9th centuries hint at the existence of three noted literary figures who share the name Kālidāsa. These writers include Devendra (author of ''Kavi-Kalpa-Latā''), [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rājaśekhara]] and Abhinanda. Sastri lists the works of these three Kalidasas as follows:<ref name="MS_1974_multiple">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA112 |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |author=M. Srinivasachariar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |pages=112–114 }}</ref>

# Kālidāsa alias Mātṛgupta, author of ''Setu-Bandha'' and three plays (''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'', ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' and ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'').
# Kālidāsa alias Medharudra, author of ''[[Kumārasambhava]]m'', ''[[Meghadūta]]m'' and ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]m''.
# Kālidāsa alias Kotijit: author of ''[[Ṛtusaṃhāra]]m'', ''Śyāmala-Daṇḍakam'' and ''Śṛngāratilakam'' among other works.

Sastri goes on to mention six other literary figures known by the name "Kālidāsa": Parimala Kālidāsa alias Padmagupta (author of ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita|Navasāhasāṅka Carita]]''), Kālidāsa alias Yamakakavi (author of ''Nalodaya''), Nava Kālidāsa (author of ''Champu Bhāgavata''), [[Akbariya Kalidasa]] (author of several ''samasya''s or riddles), Kālidāsa VIII (author of ''Lambodara Prahasana''), and Abhinava Kālidāsa alias Mādhava (author of ''Saṅkṣepa-Śaṅkara-Vijayam'').<ref name="MS_1974_multiple"/>

According to K. Krishnamoorthy, "Vikramāditya" and "Kālidāsa" were used as common nouns to describe any patron king and any court poet, respectively.<ref name="KK_1994">{{cite book |author=K. Krishnamoorthy |title=Eng Kalindi Charan Panigrahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFThcivb1-oC&pg=PR9 |year=1994 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-688-3 |pages=9–10}}</ref>

==Works==

=== Epic poems (Mahākāvya) ===
Kālidāsa is the author of two [[mahakavya|mahākāvyas]], ''[[Kumārasambhava]]m'' (here 'Kumāra' meaning [[Kartikeya]], and 'Sambhavam' meaning possibility of an event taking place, in this context a birth. Kumārasambhavam thus means the birth of a Kartikeya) and ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]m'' ("Dynasty of Raghu").

*''Kumārasambhava'' describes the birth and adolescence of the goddess [[Parvati|Pārvatī]], her marriage to [[Shiva|Śiva]] and the subsequent birth of their son [[Kartikeya|Kumāra]] (Kārtikeya).
*''Raghuvaṃśa'' is an epic poem about the kings of the Raghu dynasty.

=== Minor poems (''Khaṇḍakāvya'') ===
Kālidāsa also wrote the ''[[Meghadūta]]m'' (''The Cloud Messenger''), a ''khaṇḍakāvya'' (minor poem).<ref name="J. M. Dent & sons, Limited">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbpfAAAAMAAJ |title=Kalidasa Translations of Shakuntala, and Other Works |date=1 January 1920 |publisher=J. M. Dent & sons, Limited |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211812/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbpfAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=13 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> It describes the story of a [[Yaksha|Yakṣa]] trying to send a message to his lover through a cloud. Kālidāsa set this poem to the [[Mandakranta metre|mandākrāntā]] metre, which is known for its lyrical sweetness. It is one of Kālidāsa's most popular poems and numerous commentaries on the work have been written.

Kalidasa also wrote the [[shyamala Dandakam]] descripting the beauty of Goddess [[Matangi]].

=== Plays ===
Kālidāsa wrote three plays. Among them, ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' ("Of the recognition of Śakuntalā") is generally regarded as a masterpiece. It was among the first Sanskrit works to be translated into English, and has since been translated into many languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalidas|url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/kalidas.html|access-date=7 April 2021|website=www.cs.colostate.edu|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413130714/https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/kalidas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Image:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg|thumb|175px|''Śakuntalā stops to look back at Duṣyanta'', by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1848–1906).]]

*''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' (''Pertaining to Mālavikā and Agnimitra'') tells the story of King [[Agnimitra]], who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for this girl, she becomes infuriated and has Mālavikā imprisoned, but as fate would have it, Mālavikā is in fact a true-born princess, thus legitimising the affair.
*''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' (''Of the recognition of Śakuntalā'') tells the story of King [[Dushyanta|Duṣyanta]] who, while on a hunting trip, meets [[Shakuntala|Śakuntalā]], the adopted daughter of the sage Kanha and real daughter of [[Vishwamitra]] and [[Menaka]] and marries her. A mishap befalls them when he is summoned back to court: Śakuntala, pregnant with their child, inadvertently offends a visiting [[Durvasa]] and incurs a curse, whereby Duṣyanta forgets her entirely until he sees the ring he has left with her. On her trip to Duṣyanta's court in an advanced state of [[pregnancy]], she loses the ring, and has to come away unrecognised by him. The ring is found by a fisherman who recognises the royal seal and returns it to Duṣyanta, who regains his memory of Śakuntala and sets out to find her. [[Goethe]] was fascinated by Kālidāsa's ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam'', which became known in Europe, after being translated from English to German.
*''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' (''Ūrvaśī Won by Valour'') tells the story of King [[Pururavas]] and celestial nymph [[Urvashi|Ūrvaśī]] who fall in love. As an immortal, she has to return to the heavens, where an unfortunate accident causes her to be sent back to the earth as a mortal with the curse that she will die (and thus return to heaven) the moment her lover lays his eyes on the child which she will bear him. After a series of mishaps, including Ūrvaśī's temporary transformation into a vine, the curse is lifted, and the lovers are allowed to remain together on the earth.

====Translations====
{{main|List of Sanskrit plays in English translation}}

Montgomery Schuyler, Jr. published a bibliography of the editions and translations of the drama ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Śakuntalā]]'' while preparing his work "Bibliography of the Sanskrit Drama".<ref name="Bibliography" group="N">It was later published as the third volume of the 13-volume [[Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series]], published by the [[Columbia University Press]] in 1901-32 and edited by [[A. V. Williams Jackson]].</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Schuyler|first=Montgomery Jr.|title=The Editions and Translations of Çakuntalā|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1901|volume=22|pages=237–248|jstor=592432|doi=10.2307/592432}}</ref> Schuyler later completed his bibliography series of the dramatic works of Kālidāsa by compiling bibliographies of the editions and translations of ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam]]'' and ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schuyler|first=Montgomery Jr.|title=Bibliography of Kālidāsa's Mālavikāgnimitra and Vikramorvaçī|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1902|volume=23|pages=93–101|jstor=592384|doi=10.2307/592384}}</ref> Sir William Jones published an English translation of ''Śakuntalā'' in 1791 CE and ''Ṛtusaṃhāra'' was published by him in original text during 1792 CE.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sastri|1987|p=2}}.</ref>

=== False attributions and false Kalidasas ===
According to Indologist [[Siegfried Lienhard]]:<blockquote>A large number of long and short poems have incorrectly been attributed to Kalidasa, for instance the Bhramarastaka, the Ghatakarpara, the Mangalastaka, the Nalodaya (a work by Ravideva), the Puspabanavilasa, which is sometimes also ascribed to [[Vararuci]] or Ravideva, the Raksasakavya, the Rtusamhara, the Sarasvatistotra, the Srngararasastaka, the Srngaratilaka, the Syamaladandaka and the short, didactic text on prosody, the Srutabodha, otherwise thought to be by Vararuci or the Jaina Ajitasena. In addition to the non-authentic works, there are also some "false" Kalidasas. Immensely proud of their poetic achievement, several later poets have either been barefaced enough to call themselves Kalidasa or have invented pseudonyms such as Nava-Kalidasa, "New Kalidasa", Akbariya-Kalidasa, "Akbar-Kalidasa", etc.<ref>Lienhard, Siegfried (1984). ''A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit'' (A History of Indian Literature Vol. III), p. 116. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</ref></blockquote>

==Influence==
Kālidāsa's influence extends to all later Sanskrit works that followed him, and on [[Indian literature]] broadly, becoming an archetype of Sanskrit literature.<ref name=":0">{{Britannica|title=Kalidasa|id=310169|author=Edwin Gerow}}.</ref><ref name="Gopal1984p8" />

Notably in modern Indian literature ''Meghadūta''<nowiki/>'s romanticism is found in [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poems on the monsoons.

== Critical reputation ==
[[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]], the 7th-century CE Sanskrit prose-writer and poet, has written: ''nirgatāsu na vā kasya kālidāsasya sūktiṣu, prītirmadhurasārdrāsu mañjarīṣviva jāyate''. ("When Kālidāsa's sweet sayings, charming with sweet sentiment, went forth, who did not feel delight in them as in honey-laden flowers?").{{sfn|Kale|1969|p=xxiv}}

[[Jayadeva]], a later poet, has called Kālidāsa a ''kavikulaguru'', 'the lord of poets' and the ''vilāsa'', 'graceful play' of the muse of poetry.{{sfn|Kale|1969|p=xxv}}

The Indologist Sir [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]] has written: "No composition of Kālidāsa displays more the richness of his poetical genius, the exuberance of his imagination, the warmth and play of his fancy, his profound knowledge of the human heart, his delicate appreciation of its most refined and tender emotions, his familiarity with the workings and counterworkings of its conflicting feelings - in short more entitles him to rank as the Shakespeare of India."{{sfn|Kale|1969|pp=xxvi-xxvii}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{blockquote
|''Willst du die Blüthe des frühen, die Früchte des späteren Jahres,'' 
''Willst du, was reizt und entzückt, willst du was sättigt und nährt,'' 
''Willst du den Himmel, die Erde, mit Einem Namen begreifen;'' 
''Nenn’ ich, Sakuntala, Dich, und so ist Alles gesagt.''
|Goethe}}
{{Col-2}}
{{blockquote
|Wouldst thou the young year's blossoms and the fruits of its decline 
And all by which the soul is charmed, enraptured, feasted, fed, 
Wouldst thou the earth and heaven itself in one sole name combine? 
I name thee, O Sakuntala! and all at once is said.
|translation by [[E. B. Eastwick]]}}
{{Col-end}}
{{blockquote|"Here the poet seems to be in the height of his talent in representation of the natural order, of the finest mode of life, of the purest moral endeavor, of the most worthy sovereign, and of the most sober divine meditation; still he remains in such a manner the lord and master of his creation."|Goethe, quoted in Winternitz<ref name="WinternitzWinternitz2008">{{cite book|author1=Maurice Winternitz|author2=Moriz Winternitz|title=History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA238|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0056-4|pages=238|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624202529/https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA238|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Philosopher and linguist [[Wilhelm von Humboldt|Humboldt]] writes, "Kālidāsa, the celebrated author of the Śākuntalā, is a masterly describer of the influence which Nature exercises upon the minds of lovers. Tenderness in the expression of feelings and richness of creative fancy have assigned to him his lofty place among the poets of all nations."{{sfn|Kale|1969|p=xxvii}}

==Later culture==
[[File:Kalidas Idol.jpg|thumb|Idol of Kalidasa at [[Kalidas Dih]] in [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith]] village near [[Benipatti]] town of the [[Madhubani district]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]]]]
Many scholars have written commentaries on the works of Kālidāsa. Among the most studied commentaries are those by [[Mallinātha Sūri|Kolāchala Mallinātha Suri]], which were written in the 15th century during the reign of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] king, [[Deva Raya II|Deva Rāya II]]. The earliest surviving commentaries appear to be those of the 10th-century Kashmirian scholar Vallabhadeva.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vallabhadeva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGUaAQAAIAAJ|last2=Goodall|first2=Dominic|last3=Isaacson|first3=H.| title=Modes of Philology in Medieval South India | chapter=Bibliography |date=2003| pages=173–188 |publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-138-4|language=en|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76wzr.11|access-date=2 August 2021|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612064345/https://books.google.com/books?id=VGUaAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Eminent Sanskrit poets like [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]], [[Jayadeva]] and [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]] have lavished praise on Kālidāsa in their tributes. A well-known Sanskrit verse ("Upamā Kālidāsasya...") praises his skill at ''upamā'', or [[simile]]s. [[Anandavardhana]], a highly revered critic, considered Kālidāsa to be one of the greatest Sanskrit poets. Of the hundreds of pre-modern Sanskrit commentaries on Kālidāsa's works, only a fraction have been contemporarily published. Such commentaries show signs of Kālidāsa's poetry being changed from its original state through centuries of manual copying, and possibly through competing oral traditions which ran alongside the written tradition.

Kālidāsa's ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' was one of the first works of Indian literature to become known in Europe. It was first translated into English and then from English into German, where it was received with wonder and fascination by a group of eminent poets, which included [[Johann Gottfried Herder|Herder]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haksar|first=A. N. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cytqBgAAQBAJ|title=Madhav & Kama: A Love Story from Ancient India|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-060-9|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cytqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 58]|language=en|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612064345/https://books.google.com/books?id=cytqBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kālidāsa's work continued to evoke inspiration among the artistic circles of Europe during the late 19th century and early 20th century, as evidenced by [[Camille Claudel]]'s sculpture ''[[Sakuntala (Claudel)|Shakuntala]]''.

[[Koodiyattam]] artist and [[Natya Shastra|Nāṭya Śāstra]] scholar [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]] (1899–1990) of Kerala choreographed and performed popular Kālidāsa plays including Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra.

In 1910, the English classical composer [[Gustav Holst]] based his large-scale choral work, ''[[The Cloud Messenger (music)|The Cloud Messenger]]'' upon Kalidasa's ''Meghadūta''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Head |first=Raymond |date=1988 |title=Holst and India (III) |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0040298200024293 |journal=Tempo |issue=166 |pages=35–40 |doi=10.1017/s0040298200024293 |issn=0040-2982|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Kannada]] films ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasa]]'' (1955), featuring [[Honnappa Bhagavatar]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] and later ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]'' (1983), featuring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Jaya Prada]], were based on the life of Kālidāsa. ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]'' also used Kālidāsa's [[Shakuntala]] as a sub-plot in the movie.[[V. Shantaram]] made the Hindi movie ''[[Stree (1961 film)|Stree]]'' (1961) based on Kālidāsa's [[Shakuntala]]. R.R. Chandran made the Tamil movie ''[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]'' (1966) based on Kālidāsa's life. [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Chevalier]] Nadigar Thilagam [[Sivaji Ganesan]] played the part of the poet himself. ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]'' (Telugu, 1960) featuring [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] was similarly based on Kālidāsa's life and work.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rao|first=Kamalakara Kameshwara|title=Mahakavi Kalidasu|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0261033/|type=Drama, History, Musical|others=Akkineni Nageshwara Rao, S. V. Ranga Rao, Sriranjani, Seeta Rama Anjaneyulu Chilakalapudi|publisher=Sarani Productions|access-date=7 April 2021|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208051453/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0261033/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]'s Bengali novel ''Kumarsambhaber Kobi'' is a fictional biography on Kalidasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=আহমেদ |first=ফরিদ |title=কুমারসম্ভবের কবি |url=https://blog.muktomona.com/2011/05/29/16589/ |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=মুক্তমনা বাংলা ব্লগ |language=bn-BD}}</ref>

[[Surendra Verma]]'s Hindi play ''Athavan Sarga'', published in 1976, is based on the legend that Kālidāsa could not complete his epic ''Kumārasambhava'' because he was cursed by the goddess [[Parvati|Pārvatī]], for obscene descriptions of her conjugal life with Śiva in the eighth canto. The play depicts Kālidāsa as a court poet of Chandragupta who faces a trial on the insistence of a priest and some other moralists of his time.

''Asti Kashchid Vagarthiyam'' is a five-act [[Sanskrit]] play written by Krishna Kumar in 1984. The story is a variation of the popular legend that Kālidāsa was mentally challenged at one time and that his wife was responsible for his transformation. Kālidāsa, a mentally challenged shepherd, is married to Vidyottamā, a learned princess, through a conspiracy. On discovering that she has been tricked, Vidyottamā banishes Kālidāsa, asking him to acquire scholarship and fame if he desires to continue their relationship. She further stipulates that on his return he will have to answer the question, ''Asti Kaścid Vāgarthaḥ''" ("Is there anything special in expression?"), to her satisfaction. In due course, Kālidāsa attains knowledge and fame as a poet. Kālidāsa begins Kumārsambhava, Raghuvaṃśa and Meghaduta with the words ''Asti'' ("there is"), ''Kaścit'' ("something") and ''Vāgarthaḥ'' ("spoken word and its meaning") respectively.

Bishnupada Bhattacharya's "Kalidas o Robindronath" is a comparative study of Kalidasa and the Bengali poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' is a Hindi play based on fictionalised elements of Kalidasa's life.

==See also==
* [[Sanskrit literature]]
* [[Sanskrit drama]]
* [[Bhāsa]]
* [[Bhavabhuti|Bhavabhūti]]
* [[Kalidas Dih]]

== References ==

=== Citation ===
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=N}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite journal|last=Raghavan|first=V.|author-link=V. Raghavan|title=A Bibliography of translations of Kalidasa's works in Indian Languages|url=|journal=Indian Literature|date=January–March 1968|volume=11|issue=1|pages=5–35|jstor=23329605}}
* {{cite book|author=Śāstrī|title=A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature|first=Gaurīnātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYxpvZLg4hAC|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0027-4|location=|pages=|ref={{SfnRef|Sastri|1987}}|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511232831/https://books.google.com/books?id=QYxpvZLg4hAC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Gopal|title=Kālidāsa: His Art and Culture|first=Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwHk-Y9S9UMC&pg=PR3|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=|location=|pages=|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528213419/https://books.google.com/books?id=HwHk-Y9S9UMC&pg=PR3|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Kale|first=M.R.|title=The Abhijñānaśākuntalam of Kālidāsa|year=1969|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120802834}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Kālidāsa|title=The Plays of Kālidāsa: Theater of Memory|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=1984|isbn=978-81-208-1681-7|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Barbara Stoler|publication-place=[[New York City|New York]]|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sethna|first=Kaikhushru Dhunjibhoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Problems+of+Ancient+India,+p.+79-120+(chapter:+%22The+Time+of+Kalidasa%22)|title=Problems of Ancient India|date=2000|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7742-026-5|pages=79–120|language=en|author-link=K. D. Sethna}}
* {{Cite book|last=Venkatachalam|first=V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UetjAAAAMAAJ&q=Fresh+light+on+Kalidasa's+historical+perspective+by+V.+Venkatachalam|title=Bhāsa|date=1986|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|pages=130–140|language=en|chapter=Kalidasa Special Number (X), The Vikram|author-link=V. Venkatachalam}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Kālidāsa | b=no | n=no | q=Kālidāsa | s=Author:Kālidāsa | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=y}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sha/index.htm ''Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works''] by [[Arthur W. Ryder]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100726/http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc60.html Biography of Kalidasa]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=4247}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=(Kalidasa)}}
* {{Librivox author|id=13871}}
* [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org Clay Sanskrit Library] publishes classical Indian literature, including the works of Kalidasa with Sanskrit facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427232044/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/AuthorBioPage.php?recordID=0140 Kalidasa] at ''The Online Library of Liberty''
* {{IMDb name|1359914}}
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56544 Epigraphical Echoes of Kalidasa]

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[[Category:5th-century deaths]]
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Vithoba

2026-03-21T14:28:14Z

Yaxisdelhi: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Hindu deity considered as a manifestation of Vishnu}}
{{redirect|Panduranga}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Syayambhuvithoba.jpg
| alt = A black-and-white image of an idol of an arms-akimbo bare-chested man, wearing a conical head-gear, a dhoti and ornaments. The idol is placed on a brick, and backed by a decorated halo.
| caption = The central image at [[Vithoba Temple]] in Pandharpur
| name = Vithoba
| Devanagari = विठोबा
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Viṭhobā}}
| affiliation = Form of [[Krishna]] as an [[Dashavatara|avatar of Vishnu]]
| venerated_in = {{ubl|[[Warkari|Warkari Vaishnavism]]| [[Haridasa|Haridasa Vaishnavism]]}}
| abode = [[Vaikuntha]]
| temple = [[Vithoba Temple|Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur]]
| mantra = Rama Krishna Hare
| weapon = {{hlist|Chakra|Shankha}}
| consort = {{hlist|[[Rakhumai]]|[[Rahi (goddess)|Rahi]]| [[Satyabhama]]}}
| day = [[Wednesday]]
| mount = [[Garuda]]
| region = [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]
| festivals = [[Pandharpur Wari]]
}}

'''Vithoba''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Viṭhobā''), also known as '''Vitthala''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Viṭṭhala''), and '''Panduranga''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Pāṇḍuraṅga''), is a [[deva (Hinduism)|Hindu deity]] predominantly worshipped in the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. He is a form of the Hindu deity [[Vishnu]] in his [[avatar]]: [[Krishna]]. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his consort [[Rakhumai]].

Vithoba is the focus of an essentially [[monotheism|monotheistic]], non-ritualistic [[bhakti]]-driven<ref>Zelliot and Berntsen (1988) p. xviii "Varkari cult is rural and non-[[Brahmin|Brahman]] in character"</ref><ref>Sand (1990), p. 33 "According to Raeside the Varkari tradition is essentially monotheistic and without ritual, and, for this tradition, Vithoba represents Hari Krsna, while for the badavas or hereditary priests "Vithoba is neither Visnu nor Siva. Vithoba is Vithoba (...)"; p. 34 "the more or less anti-ritualistic and anti-brahmanical attitudes of Varkari sampradaya."</ref> [[Varkari]] faith in Maharashtra and the [[Haridasa]] sect established in [[Dvaita Vedanta]] in Karnataka. [[Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur]] is his main temple. Vithoba legends revolve around his devotee [[Pundalik]] who is credited for bringing the deity to Pandharpur, and around Vithoba's role as a saviour to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. The Varkari poet-saints are known for their unique genre of devotional lyric, the [[abhang]], dedicated to Vithoba and composed in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Other devotional literature dedicated to Vithoba includes the [[Kannada]] hymns of the Haridasa and the Marathi versions of the generic [[aarti]] songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. The most important festivals of Vithoba are held on [[Devshayani Ekadashi|Shayani Ekadashi]] in the month of [[Ashadha]], and [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] in the month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartika]].

The historiography of Vithoba and his sect is an area of continuing debate, even regarding his name. Though the origins of both his sect and his main temple are likewise debated, there is clear evidence that they already existed by the 13th century.

== Etymology and other names ==
[[File:Tulshi Vrundavan, Pandharpur, Solapur.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A stone icon of an arms-akimbo man standing on a brick and wearing a dhoti, angarkha (shirt), ''uparna'' (cloth across the chest) and a crown.|A statue of the Vithoba icon of Pandharpur adorned with jewellery and clothes.]]

Vithoba ({{langx|mr|विठोबा}}, {{IAST3|Viṭhobā}}) is known by many names, including: Vitthala, Panduranga, Pandharinath, Hari, Ranga and Narayan.

There are several theories about the origins and meanings of these names. [[Varkari]] tradition suggests that the name Vitthala (also spelled as Vitthal, Viththal, Vittala and Vithal; {{langx|mr|विठ्ठल}}, {{langx|kn|ವಿಠ್ಠಲ}}, {{langx|te|విఠ్ఠల}} and {{langx|gu|વિઠ્ઠલ}}; all {{IAST3|Viṭṭhala}}) is composed of two Sanskrit-Marathi words: ''{{IAST|viṭ}}'', which means 'brick'; and ''thal'', which may have originated from the [[Sanskrit]] ''sthala'', meaning 'standing'. Thus, Vitthala would mean 'one standing on a brick'.<ref>Novetzke (2005) pp. 115–16</ref> [[William Crooke]], [[oriental studies|orientalist]], supported this explanation.<ref name="hastings">Crooke (2003) pp. 607–08</ref> The prescribed iconography of Vithoba stipulates that he be shown standing arms-akimbo upon a brick, which is associated with the legend of the devotee Pundalik. However, the Varkari poet-saint [[Tukaram]] proposed a different etymology—that Vitthala is composed of the words {{lang|sa|vittha}} (ignorance) and {{lang|sa|la}} (one who accepts), thus meaning 'one who accepts innocent people who are devoid of knowledge'.<ref>Pande (2008) p. 449</ref> Historian [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]] offers yet another possibility—that Vitthu ({{IAST|Viṭhu}}) is a Kannada corruption of the name Vishnu adopted in Marathi. The suffixes -''la'' and -''ba'' (meaning 'father' in Marathi) were appended for reverence, producing the names Vitthala and Vithoba.<ref name="Bhandarkar124">Bhandarkar (1995) p. 124</ref> This corruption of Vishnu to Vitthu could have been due to the tendency of Marathi and Kannada people to pronounce the Sanskrit ''{{IAST|ṣṇ}}'' ({{IPA|/ʃn/}}) as ''{{IAST|ṭṭh}}'' ({{IPA|/ʈʈʰ/}}), attested since the 8th century.<ref>Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvi</ref>

According to research scholar M. S. Mate of the [[Deccan College (Pune)|Deccan College]], Pundalik—who is assumed to be a historical figure—was instrumental in persuading the [[Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] alias Bittideva to build the Pandharpur temple dedicated to Vishnu. The deity was subsequently named as Vitthala, a derivative of Bittideva, by the builder-king.<ref name="Sand 1990 p. 38">Sand (1990) p. 38</ref> Other variants of the name include {{IAST|Viṭhurāyā}} (King Vitthala), and {{IAST|Viṭhāī}} (Mother Vitthala). The people of [[Gujarat]] add the suffix -''nath'' (Lord) to Vitthala, which yields the name Vitthal-nath.<ref name="mahagov">{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/places_Pandharpur.html |title=Pandharpur |publisher=The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1977) |author=Pathak, Arunchandra S. |year=2006 |access-date=2008-07-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330010558/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/places_Pandharpur.html |archive-date=March 30, 2010 }}</ref> The additional honorific suffix [[-ji]] may be added, giving the name Vitthalnathji. This name is generally used in the [[Pushtimarg]] sect.

Panduranga ({{langx|mr|पांडुरंग}}, {{langx|kn|ಪಾಂಡುರಂಗ}}, {{langx|te|పాండురంగ}}; all {{IAST3|Pāṇḍuraṅga}}), also spelt as Pandurang and Pandaranga, is another popular epithet for Vithoba, which means 'the white god' in Sanskrit. The Jain author-saint [[Hemachandra]] (1089–1172 AD) notes it is also used as an epithet for the god [[Rudra]]-Shiva. Even though Vithoba is depicted with dark complexion, he is called a "white god". Bhandarkar explains this paradox, proposing that Panduranga may be an epithet for the form of Shiva worshipped in Pandharpur, and whose temple still stands. Later, with the increasing popularity of Vithoba's cult, this was also transferred to Vithoba.<ref name="Bhandarkar125">Bhandarkar (1995) p. 125</ref> Another theory suggests that Vithoba may initially have been a [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] god (related to Shiva), only later identified with Vishnu, thus explaining the usage of Panduranga for Vithoba.<ref name="maxwell">Eaton (2005) pp. 139–40</ref> Crooke, however, proposed that Panduranga is a Sanskritised form of Pandaraga (belonging to Pandarga), referring to the old name of Pandharpur.<ref name="hastings" /> Another name, Pandharinath, also refers to Vithoba as the lord of Pandhari (yet another variant for Pandharpur).

Finally, Vithoba is also addressed by the names of Vishnu like [[Hari]] and [[Narayana]], in the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava sect]].<ref>Zelliot (1988) p. 170</ref>

== Origins and development ==

Reconstruction of the historical development of Vithoba worship has been much debated. In particular, several alternative theories have been proposed regarding the earliest stages as well as the point at which he came to be recognised as a distinct deity. The ''Pandurangashtakam stotra'', a hymn attributed to [[Adi Shankara]] of the 8th century, indicates that Vithoba worship had already existed at an early date.<ref name="Pande 2008 p. 508">Pande (2008) p. 508</ref>

According to Richard Maxwell Eaton, author of ''A Social History of the Deccan'',<ref name="maxwell" /> Vithoba was first worshiped as the pastoral god Krishna as early as the 6th century. Vithoba's arms-akimbo iconography is similar to [[Bir Kuar]], associated with Krishna, the cattle-god of the [[Ahirs]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>For Bir Kuar, Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv</ref> Vithoba was probably later assimilated into the Shaiva pantheon and identified with the god Shiva, like most other pastoral gods. This is backed by because of the facts that the temple at Pandharpur is surrounded by Shaiva temples (most notably of the devotee Pundalik himself), and that Vithoba is crowned with the [[Linga]], symbol of Shiva. However since the 13th century, the poet-saints like [[Namdev]], [[Eknath]] and Tukaram identified Vithoba with Vishnu.<ref name="maxwell" />

Christian Lee Novetzke of the [[University of Washington]] suggests that Vithoba's worship migrated from Karnataka to the formerly Shaiva city of Pandharpur some time before 1000 CE; but under the possible influence of a Krishna-worshipping [[Mahanubhava]] sect, the town was transformed into a Vaishnava center of pilgrimage. This proposal is consistent with contemporary remnants of Shaiva worship in the town.<ref name="Novetzke116">Novetzke (2005) p. 116</ref>

[[File:Pandharpur2013Ashad - panoramio (23).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pundalik's temple at [[Pandharpur]]]]
The religious historian [[R.C. Dhere]], winner of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book ''Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya'', opines that Vithoba worship may be even older—"[[Vedic period|Vedic]] or pre-Vedic", hence pre-dating the worship of Krishna.<ref>Dhere p. 62</ref> According to this theory, Vithoba is an amalgam of various local heroes, who gave their lives to save their cattle. He was first worshipped by the [[Dhangar]], the cattle-owning [[caste]] of Maharashtra. The rise of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava dynasty]], which had cowherd ancestry, could have led to the glorification of Vithoba as Krishna, who is often depicted as a cowherd. This Vaishnavization of Vithoba also led to conversion of the Shaiva Pundarika shrine to the Vaishnava shrine of the devotee Pundalik, who—according to legend—brought Vithoba to Pandharpur.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 40</ref> There may have been an attempt to assimilate Vithoba into [[Buddhism]]; today, both are viewed as [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|a form of Vishnu]] in Hinduism.<ref name="dhere">Kelkar (2001) p. 4179</ref>

Vithoba is associated more with "compassion, an infinite love and tenderness for his ''bhaktas'' (devotees) that can be compared to the love of the mother for her children pining for the presence of his devotees the way a cow pines for her far-away calf."<ref name="vaudeville">Vaudeville (1987) pp. 223–24</ref>

G. A. Deleury, author of ''The cult of Vithoba'', proposes that the image of Vithoba is a ''viragal'' ([[hero stone]]), which was later identified with Vishnu in his form as Krishna, and that Pundalik transformed the Puranic, ritualistic ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' worship into more idealised ''[[bhakti]]'' worship—"interiorized adoration prescinding caste distinction and institutional priesthood .."<ref>Deleury as quoted in Sand (1990) p. 38</ref> Indologist Dr. Tilak suggests that Vithoba emerged as "an alternative to the existing pantheon" of brahminical deities (related to classical, ritualistic Hinduism). The emergence of Vithoba was concurrent with the rise of a "new type of lay devotee", the Varkari. While Vishnu and Shiva were bound in rigid ritualistic worship and [[Brahmin]] (priestly) control, Vithoba, "the God of the subaltern, became increasingly human." Vithoba is often praised as the protector of the poor and needy.<ref>Tilak (2006) pp. 243–46</ref> Stevenson (1843) suggests that Vithoba could have been a Jain saint, as the Vithoba images were similar to Jain images.<ref>Stevenson (1843) pp. 5–6 "The want of suitable costume in the images (of Vithoba and Rakhumai) as originally carved, in this agreeing exactly with images the Jains at present worship."</ref>

=== Pandharpur temple and inscriptions ===
{{Main|Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur}}
[[File:Vithoba temple Pandharpur west gate.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Sikhara|shikhara]] of the Vithoba's chief temple at Pandharpur]]

Scholastic investigation of Vithoba's history often begins with consideration of the dating of the chief temple at Pandharpur, which is believed to be the earliest Vithoba temple.<ref name="karve">
Karve (1968) pp. 188–89</ref> The oldest part of the temple dates to the Yadava period of the 12th and 13th centuries. Most of the temple is believed to have been built in the 17th century, though addition to the temple has never ceased.<ref name="zelliot">Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 35</ref> The date the temple was first established is unclear to Bhandarkar, but he insists there is clear evidence to suggest it existed by the 13th century.<ref name="Bhandarkar124" /> According to S. G. Tulpule, the temple stood as early as 1189.<ref name="zelliot" /> In fact, a monument dated 1189 records establishment of a small Vithoba shrine at the present location of the temple; thus, Tulpule concludes, the worship of Vithoba predates 1189.<ref>Shima (1988) p. 184</ref>

A stone inscription dated 1237, found on an overhead beam of the present Vithoba temple, mentions that the Hoysala king [[Vira Someshwara|Someshvara]] donated a village for the expense of the ''bhoga'' (food offering) for "Vitthala".<ref name="mahagov" /><ref>Gokhale (1985) pp. 42–52</ref> An inscription on a copper plate, dated 1249, records the Yadava king Krishna granting to one of his generals the village Paundrikakshetra (''kshetra'' of Pundarik), on the river Bhimarathi, in the presence of the god Vishnu.<ref name="Bhandarkar124" /> Another stone inscription in Pandharpur narrates a sacrifice at Pandurangapura due to which "people and Vitthal along with the gods were gratified".<ref name="Bhandarkar125" /> Thus from the 13th century, the city is known as the city of Panduranga. Inside the temple, a stone inscription records gifts to the temple between 1272 and 1277 from various donors, notably the Yadava king Ramachandra's minister [[Hemadri]].<ref name="mahagov" />

Ranade believes that an inscription, found in [[Alandi]] and referring to Vitthala and Rakhumai, is the oldest related to Vithoba, and dates it to 1209.<ref>Ranade (1933) p. 183</ref>

=== Central image ===
[[File:Udaigiri Cave 6bb.jpg|thumb|upright|An arms-akimbo Vishnu from Udaygiri Caves.]]
The physical characteristics of the central ''[[murti]]'' (image) of Vithoba at Pandharpur, and various textual references to it, have inspired theories relating to Vithoba worship. Sand concludes, from a version of Pundalik's legend in the [[Skanda Purana]] (see '''[[#Legend|Legend]]''' below), that two distinct ''murtis'' must have existed at Pandharpur—one each of [[Tirtha and Kshetra|''tirtha'' and ''kshetra'']] type. The earlier one was a ''tirtha murti'', an image purposely sited near a holy body of water (''tirtha''), in this case facing west, on the [[Bhima River|Bhima]] riverbed, near the Pundalik shrine. The later murti, according to Sand, was a ''kshetra murti'', located at a place of holy power (''kshetra''), in this case facing east, on the hill where the current temple has stood since about 1189. Thus, Sand proposes that the worship of Vithoba may predate the temple itself.<ref>Sand (1990) pp. 43, 58</ref>

Deleury suggests that although the temple may have been built in the 13th century, given the [[Hemadpanthi]] style architecture, the statue of Vithoba is of an earlier style so may have been carved for an earlier, smaller shrine that existed in Pandharpur. The workmanship of the image is earlier than the style of the Yadava (1175–1318), the Anhivad [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] (943–1210) and even the Ajmer [[Chauhan dynasty|Chohans]] (685–1193) eras. Although no other existing Vishnu temple has iconography like Pandharpur's Vithoba, Deleury finds similarities between the Pandharpur image and the third-century, arms-akimbo Vishnu images at [[Udaygiri Caves]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] but declares that they are from different schools of sculpture.<ref name="mahagov" />

=== Pundalik ===

The devotee Pundalik, thrower of the brick (see [[#Legend|Legend]] below), is a major character in the legends of Vithoba. He is commonly perceived to be a historical figure, connected with the establishment and propagation of the Vithoba-centric Varkari sect.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 35</ref> Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar considers Pundalik to be the founder of the Varkari sect and the one who promulgated the sect in Maratha country.<ref name="Bhandarkar125126">Bhandarkar (1995) pp. 125–26</ref> Stevenson (1843) goes further, suggesting he might have been a Jain or a Buddhist, since Varkari tradition is a combination of Jain and Buddhist morals, and Vithoba is viewed as Vishnu in his form as Buddha.<ref>Stevenson (1843) p. 66</ref> Frazer, Edwards and P.R. Bhandarkar (1922) all suggest that Pundalik tried to unify Shiva and Vishnu, and that this sect originated in Karnataka.<ref name="Sand37">Sand (1990) p. 37</ref> Ranade (1933) thinks that Pundalik, a Kannada saint, was not only the founder of the Varkari sect but also the first great devotee or first high priest of the Pandharpur temple.<ref>Ranade (1933) pp. 183–84</ref> Upadhyaya supports the priest theory but declines the Kannada origin theory.<ref name="Sand37" /> According to M. S. Mate, Pundalik was instrumental in coaxing the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana to build the Pandharpur temple to Vishnu, placing him in the early 12th century.<ref name="Sand 1990 p. 38" /> Other scholars like Raeside (1965), Dhanpalvar (1972), and Vaudeville (1974) have questioned the historicity of Pundalik altogether, and dismissed him as a mythical figure.<ref>Sand (1990) pp. 39–40</ref>

=== Identifications ===

[[File:Dashaavathaaram ദശാവതാരം.jpg|thumb|alt=A silver door with ten panels in two columns. The panels depict from top left clockwise a lion-faced man, a man with a bow and axe, a man with a bow, a man playing a flute, a man on a horse, a man with one of his feet on the head of a kneeling man, an arms-akimbo man, a boar-faced man, a man whose body below the waist is a tortoise and a man whose body below the waist is a fish.|Vithoba (left, 4th from top) replaces Buddha in a depiction of the [[Daśāvatāra|Dashavatara]]—ten avatars (of Vishnu)—on the door of Sree Balaji Temple, [[Goa]].]]

Primarily, there are three Hindu deities associated with Vithoba: Vishnu, Krishna and Shiva. Gautama Buddha is also associated with Vithoba, consistent with Hindu deification of the Buddha as the ninth incarnation of Vishnu. However, Varkari consider Vithoba to be the ''svarupa'' (original)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1276-svadharman.jpg|page=1276|publisher=sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|first=Monier|last=Williams|edition=2008|title=mw1276-svadharman}}</ref>
Vishnu himself, not an ''[[Avatar]]'' (manifestation) of Vishnu like Krishna,<ref>Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 37</ref> despite legends and consorts linking Vithoba to Krishna. However, even the [[Mahanubhava]]s, who rose in the 13th century as a Krishna-worshipping sect, not only dismissed the notion that Vithoba is Krishna but also frequently vilified Vithoba.<ref>Novetzke p. 117</ref>

In some traditions though, Vithoba is also worshipped as a form of Shiva. The Dhangars still consider Vithoba to be a brother of the god [[Viroba]], and view Vithoba as a Shaiva god rather than a Vaishnava one.<ref>Zelliot (1988) p. 114</ref> Underhill proposes that the shrine of Pandharpur is a combined form of Vishnu-Shiva established by the [[Bhagavata]] sect that worships Vishnu-Shiva—the Lord, which is what ''bhagavata'' means.<ref name="U171">Underhill (1991) p. 171</ref> However, for the chief priests of the Pandharpur temple—Brahmins of the Badva family —"{{IAST|Viṭhobā}} is neither {{IAST|Viṣṇu}} nor {{IAST|Śiva}}. {{IAST|Viṭhobā}} is {{IAST|Viṭhobā}}" ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] original).<ref name="Raeside">Raeside, I. M. P. (1965) p. 82. Cited in Sand (1990) p. 33</ref> Despite this, some priests of the temple point to marks on the Vithoba image's chest as proof of Vithoba being Vishnu, in his form as Krishna.<ref name="mahagov" />

Vithoba's image replaces the traditional representation of [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], when depicted as the ninth avatar of Vishnu, in some temple sculptures and [[panchanga|Hindu astrological almanacs]] in Maharashtra. In the 17th century, [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] artists sculpted an image of Pandharpur's Vithoba in the Buddha's place on a panel showing Vishnu's avatars. This can be found in the [[Shivneri Caves]].<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html#| title = Junnar|publisher = The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1885)|author = Pathak, Arunchandra S.|year = 2006|access-date = 2008-11-03|archive-date=16 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016101200/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html}}</ref> Stevenson goes so far as to call devotees of Vithoba (''Vithal-bhaktas'') Buddhist Vaishnavas (''Bauddho-Vaishnavas''), since they consider Vithoba to be the ninth—namely Buddha—avatar of Vishnu.<ref>Stevenson (1843) p. 64</ref> Some of the poet-saints praised Vithoba as a form of Buddha.<ref>Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv</ref> [[B. R. Ambedkar]], an Indian political leader and Buddhist convert, suggested that the image of Vithoba at Pandharpur was in reality the image of the Buddha.<ref>Keer (2005) p. 482</ref>

== Iconography ==
[[File:Vithoba.JPG|thumb|left|upright|This bronze image from a home shrine inherits the traditional attributes of Vithoba's Pandharpur image like the conical headgear, the fish shaped earrings, the gem stubbed necklace, and the brick. This image shows Vithoba's right hand making a blessing gesture and his left hand holding a shankha.]]
All Vithoba images are generally modelled on his central image in Pandharpur. The Pandharpur image is a black basalt sculpture that is {{convert|3|ft|9|in|m|}} tall. Vithoba is depicted as dark young boy. The poet-saints have called him "[[Para Brahman|Para-brahman]] with a dark complexion".<ref name="Pande448" /> He wears high, conical headgear or a crown, interpreted as Shiva's symbol—the Linga. Thus, according to Zelliot, Vithoba represents Shiva as well as Vishnu.<ref>Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) pp. 35–36</ref> The first Varkari poet-saint, [[Dnyaneshwar]] (13th century), states that Vithoba (Vishnu) carries Shiva, who according to Vaishnavism is Vishnu's first and foremost devotee, on his own head.<ref>Ranade (1933) p. 41</ref>

Vithoba is shown standing arms-akimbo on the brick thrown by the devotee Pundalik. He wears a necklace of [[tulsi|tulasi]]-beads, embedded with the legendary ''[[kaustubha]]'' gem, and ''makara-kundala'' (fish-shaped earrings) that the poet-saint Tukaram relates to the iconography of Vishnu. Pandharpur's Vithoba holds a ''[[Panchajanya|shankha]]'' (conch) in his left hand and a ''[[Sudarshana Chakra|chakra]]'' (discus) or lotus flower in his right, all of which are symbols traditionally associated with Vishnu. Some images depict Vithoba's right hand making a gesture that has been traditionally misunderstood as a blessing; no gesture of blessing is present in the Pandharpur image.<ref name="hastings" /><ref name="mahagov" /> Though usually depicted two-armed, four-armed representations of the deity also exist.<ref name = "madhe"/>

The Pandharpur image, when not clothed by its attendant priest to receive devotees, provides Vithoba with the detailed features distinctive of a male body, visible in full relief. However, close inspection of the stonework reveals the outline of a [[loincloth]], supported by a ''kambarband'' (waist belt), traced by thin, light carvings.<ref name="hastings" /><ref name="mahagov" /> Other images and pictures depict Vithoba clothed, usually with ''pitambara'' – a yellow [[dhoti]] and various gold ornaments—the manner in which he is attired by the priests in the daily rites.

The Pandharpur image also bears, on the left breast, the mark known as the ''[[srivatsa]]lanchhana''—said to be a curl of white hair, usually found on the breast of Vishnu and Krishna images.<ref name="MW1100">{{cite web|author=Monier-Williams|date=2008|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1100-zrIraGga.jpg|page=1110|work=sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|title=Cologne Scan}}</ref> The image is also dignified with a ring-shaped mark called ''shriniketana'' on the right breast, ''mekhala'' (a three-stringed waist-belt), a long stick (''kathi'') embedded in the ground between the legs, and double ring and pearl bracelets on the elbows.<ref name="mahagov" /> 

== Consorts ==
[[File:Vitthal - Rakhumai.jpg|thumb|Vithoba (left) with his consort Rakhumai at the [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] Vitthal temple, [[Mumbai]], decorated with jewellery during the Hindu festival of [[Diwali]]]]

Vithoba is usually depicted with his main consort, [[Rakhumai]], on his left side. Rakhumai (or Rakhamai) literally means 'mother Rukmini'. Rukmini is traditionally viewed as the wife of Krishna. Hindus generally consider Krishna to be a form of Vishnu, hence his consort as a form of [[Lakshmi]]. Just like her consort, Rakhumai is also depicted in the arms-akimbo posture, standing on a brick. She has an independent [[cella]] in the Pandharpur temple complex. According to Ghurye, Rukmini—a princess of the [[Vidarbha]] region of Maharashtra—was elevated to the status of the main consort, because of her affiliation with the region.<ref name="pillai">Pillai (1997) pp. 366–67</ref> According to Dhangar tradition, Rakhumai is worshipped by the community as Padmavati or Padubai, a protector of the community and cattle in particular.<ref name="maxwell" /> Dhangar folklore explains the reason behind separate shrines for Vithoba and Padubai as the outcome of Vithoba invoking a curse on his consort, and his non-attachment to ''[[samsara]]'' (the householder's life).<ref>Pande (2008) p. 447</ref> Apart from Rakhumai, two other consorts [[Rahi (goddess)|Rahi]] and [[Satyabhama]] are worshipped too. The three consorts are considered the consorts of Krishna and incarnations of the goddess [[Lakshmi]] in Hinduism.<ref name="pillai" />

== Worship ==
[[File:Maulibg.jpg|thumb|A modern painting of Vithoba, adorned with fine clothes and jewelry, with a Varkari (left).]]

Vithoba is a popular deity in Maharashtra and Karnataka; devotees also exist in [[Goa]], [[Telangana]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] but not in the same numbers.<ref name="dhere" /> Vithoba is worshipped and revered by most Marathis, but he is not popular as a ''[[kuldevta|kuladevata]]'' (family deity).<ref>Karve (1968) p. 183</ref> The main temple of Vithoba, which includes a distinct, additional shrine for his consort Rakhumai, is located at Pandharpur. In this context, Pandharpur is affectionately called "Bhu-[[Vaikuntha]]" (the place of residence of Vishnu on earth) by devotees.<ref>Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1987) p. xxxv</ref> Devotees, from across Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana, have visited Vithoba's central temple at Pandharpur, since the times of Dnyaneshwar (13th century).<ref name="Pande 2008 p. 508" />

Two distinct traditions revolve around the worship of Vithoba in Maharashtra: ritual worship inside the temple by the [[Brahmin]] priests of the Badva family; and spiritual worship by the Varkaris.<ref name="Engblom">Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) pp. 7–10, 15</ref> The ritual worship includes five daily rites. First, at about 3 am, is an ''arati'' to awaken the god, called {{IAST|kākaḍāratī}}. Next comes the {{IAST|pañcāmṛtapūjā}}, a ''puja'' that includes a bath with five (''pancha'') sweet substances called ''[[panchamrita]]''. The image is then dressed to receive morning devotions. The third rite is another ''puja'' involving re-dressing and lunch at noon. This is known as {{IAST|madhyāhṇapūjā}}. Afternoon devotions are followed by a fourth rite for dinner at sunset—the {{IAST|aparāhṇapūjā}}. The final rite is {{IAST|śejāratī}}, an ''arati'' for putting the god to sleep.<ref name="Shima188">Shima (1988) p. 188</ref> In addition to the rites at the main temple in Pandharpur, Haridasa traditions dedicated to Vitthala flourish in Karnataka.

=== Varkari sect ===

The [[Varkari]] Panth (Pilgrim Path) or Varkari [[Sampradaya]] (Pilgrim Tradition) is one of the most important Vaishnava sects in India.<ref>Flood (1996) p. 135</ref> According to Raeside, it is an essentially monotheistic, ''bhakti'' sect, focused on the worship of Vithoba and based on traditional Bhagavata ''[[dharma]]''.<ref name="Raeside" /> The sect, according to Vaudeville, is a "Shaiva-Vaishnava synthesis" and "nominal Vaishnavism, containing a free mix of other religions".<ref name="Novetzke116" /> It is believed to have originated in Karnataka and migrated to Maharashtra. This last theory is based on a reference to Vithoba as "Kānaḍā" (belonging to Karnataka) in the work of the first of the poet-saints, [[Dnyaneshwar]]. However, this word can also be interpreted as "difficult to understand".<ref name="Pande448" /> Varkaris and scholars who believe Pundalik to have been a historical figure also consider him to be founder of the cult of Vithoba. This is evidenced by the liturgical call—''Pundalikavarada Hari Vitthala!''—which means "O Hari Vitthala (Vithoba), who has given a boon to Pundalik!"<ref name="sahitya">anon. (1987) pp. 966–68</ref> However, according to Zelliot, the sect was founded by Dnyaneshwar (also spelled Jnaneshwar), who was a Brahmin poet and philosopher and flourished during the period 1275–1296.<ref>Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1990) p. 38</ref> Varkaris also give him credit with the saying—''Dnyanadev rachila paya''—which means "Dnyaneshwar laid the foundation stone".<ref>Pawar p. 350</ref>

[[File:Palkhi 2008.jpg|thumb|left|A Varkari journeys from Alandi to Pandharpur. He carries a [[tanpura|tambura]] (lute) with saffron flag attached, and [[cymbals]] tied to strings in his hands.]]
[[Namdev]] (''c''. 1270–1350), a [[Shudra]] tailor, wrote short [[Marathi literature|Marathi devotional poems]] in praise of Vithoba called ''abhangas'' (literally 'unbroken'), and used the call-and-response ''[[kirtan]]'' (literally 'repeating') form of singing to praise the glory of his Lord. Public performance of this musical devotion led to the spread of the Vithoba faith, which accepted women, Shudras and outcaste "[[Dalit|untouchables]]", something forbidden in classical brahminical Hinduism. In the times of Muslim rulers, the faith faced stagnation. However, after the decline of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], when wars erupted in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, the Muslim rulers had to accept the faiths of Maharashtra in order to gather the support of its people. In this period, [[Eknath]] (''c''. 1533–99) revived the Varkari tradition. With the foundation of the [[Maratha Empire]] under [[Shivaji]], [[Tukaram]] (''c''. 1568–1650), a Vaishya grocer, further propagated the Vithoba-centric tradition throughout the Maharashtra region.<ref>Shima (1988) pp. 184–86</ref>

All these poet-saints, and others like [[Janabai]], the maidservant of Namdev, wrote poetry dedicated to Vithoba. This Marathi poetry advocates pure devotion, referring to Vithoba mostly as a father, or in the case of the female saint Janabai's poetry, as a mother (Vithabai).<ref>Flood (1996) pp. 142–44</ref> Not only women, like Janabai, but also a wide variety of people from different castes and backgrounds wrote ''abhangas'' in praise of Vithoba: [[Visoba Khechara]] (who was an orthodox Shaiva and teacher of Namdev), [[Sena Nhavi|Sena the barber]], [[Narahari Sonar|Narhari the goldsmith]], [[Savata Mali|Savata the gardener]], [[Gora Kumbhar|Gora the potter]], [[Kanhopatra]] the dancing girl, [[Chokhamela]] the "untouchable" [[Mahar]], and even the [[Muslim]] [[Sheikh Muhammad]] (1560–1650).<ref>Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 40</ref><ref>see Pawar pp. 350–62 for a review of Varkari literature</ref> Anyone born Shaiva or Vaishnava who considers Vithoba his ''maya-baap'' (mother-father) and Pandharpur his ''maher'' (maternal house of a bride) is accepted as a Varkari by the sect irrespective of the barriers of [[caste]].<ref name="sahitya" /> Varkaris often practice Vithoba ''[[japa]]'' (meditative repetition of a divine name), and observe a fast on the ''ekadashi'' of each month.<ref>Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvii</ref>

=== Haridasa sect ===

[[File:Hampi, India, Vitthala Temple gopuram.jpg|thumb|The Vitthala temple in [[Hampi]], Karnataka, was built by [[Krishnadevaraya]], whose guru Vyasatirtha was a key Haridasa figure.]]
[[Haridasa]] means servant (''[[dasa]]'') of Vishnu (Hari). According to Haridasa tradition, their ''sampradaya'', also known as Haridasa-kuta, was founded by [[Achalananda Vitthala]] (''c''. 888). It is a distinct branch within Vaishnavism, centered on Vitthala (the Haridasa–Kannada name for Vithoba).<ref name="Flood">Flood (2003) pp. 252–53</ref> Where Varkari are normally associated with [[Maharashtra]], Haridasa are normally associated with Karnataka. The scholar Sharma considers Vithoba worship first emerged in Karnataka, only later moving to Maharashtra. He argues this on the basis of the reference by Dnyaneshwar, mentioned in section "Varkari sect" above.<ref>Sharma (2000) pp. 514–16</ref> Lutgendorf credits the movement to [[Vyasatirtha]] (1478–1539), the royal [[guru]] (''rajguru'') to king [[Krishnadevaraya]] of the Vijayanagara empire. Vitthala enjoyed royal patronage in this era. Krishnadevaraya is also credited with building [[Hampi#Vitthala temple and market complex|Vitthala's temple]] at the then capital city [[Vijayanagara]] (modern Hampi).<ref>Lutgendorf (2007) pp. 69, 70, 72</ref>

Haridasas consider the temple of Pandharpur to be sacred, as well that of Hampi, and worship Vitthala along with forms of Krishna.<ref>Rao (1966) pp. 7–8</ref> Haridasa literature generally deals with praise dedicated to Vitthala and Krishna. Haridasa poets like [[Vijaya Dasa|Vijaya Vitthala]], [[Gopala Dasa|Gopala Vitthala]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Vitthala]], Venugopala Vitthala and Mohana Vitthala assumed pen-names ending with "Vitthala", as an act of devotion.<ref>Rao (1966) p. 28</ref> The Haridasa poet [[Purandara Dasa]] or Purandara Vitthala (1484–1564), "father of [[Carnatic music]]", often ended his Kannada language compositions with a salutation to Vitthala.<ref name="father">Iyer (2006) p. 93</ref><ref>Kiehnle (1997) p. 39</ref>

=== Puṣṭimārga aka Vallabha Sampradāya ===

The hagiographical texts of the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Puṣṭimārga]] (the ''Vallabhākhyāna'', ''Nija Vārtā'', and ''Sampradāya Kalpadruma'') assert that its founder, [[Vallabha]] visited Paṁḍharapura between 1501 and 1503. While taking the ''darśana'' of Viṭṭhala, Vallabha was commanded by the deity to be married so that Viṭṭhala could be born as Vallabha's second son [[Vitthalanatha|Viṭṭhalanātha]] and to create a line of descendants to preserve and promote Vallabha's version of bhakti-mārga.{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=29}}{{Sfn|Entwistle|1987|p=163}}{{Sfn|Barz|2018}}{{Sfn|Barz|1992|p=38}}

One of the sect's Nidhi Swaroops is Vitthalnathji with his consort Yamunaji.


=== Festivals ===
{{Main|Pandharpur Vari}}
[[File:Alandi Palki 08.jpg|thumb|Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), holding the footwear of the saint, is carried with honour in a silver bullock cart from Alandi to Pandharpur.]]

The festivals associated with Vithoba primarily correspond to the bi-annual ''[[yatra]]s'' (pilgrimages) of the Varkaris. The pilgrims travel to the Pandharpur temple from Alandi and [[Dehu]], towns closely associated with poet-saints Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram respectively. Along the way, they sing ''abhangas'' (devotional songs) dedicated to Vithoba and repeat his name, carrying the ''[[palkhi]]s'' (palanquins) of the poet-saints. Varkaris do not engage in ritual worship but only practice ''[[Darśana|darshan]]'' (visual adoration) of the deity. The ritual worship by the priests is restricted to five days each around the Ashadha (June–July) and Kartik (October–November) [[Ekadashi]]s, when a large number of Varkaris participate in the ''yatras''. In smaller numbers, the Varkaris also visit the temple on two other Ekadashis—in the Hindu months of [[Maagha|Magha]] and [[Chaitra]].<ref name="Engblom"/>

More than 800,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/devotees-pour-in-to-temple-town-pandharpur-maharashtra/754121.html |title=Devotees pour in to temple town Pandharpur, Maharashtra |last=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date= July 11, 2011  |publisher=[[CNN IBN]] |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016123154/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/devotees-pour-in-to-temple-town-pandharpur-maharashtra/754121.html |archive-date=October 16, 2012 }}</ref> Varkaris travel to Pandharpur for the ''yatra'' on Shayani Ekadashi, the 11th day of the [[Lunar phase|waxing moon]] in the lunar month of Ashadha.<ref>Each of the [[Maasa|12 Hindu months]]—such as Ashadha, Chaitra, Magha, and Kartik—is divided into two fortnights of 15 days each. The moon waxes over the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha), from day 1 to day 15 ([[full moon]] day); and it wanes over the following dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) until [[new moon]] day.</ref><ref>Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) p. 2</ref> Both Shayani Ekadashi and [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] (in the waxing half of Kartik), are associated with Vishnu. Hindus believe that Vishnu falls asleep in [[Ksheersagar]] (a cosmic ocean of milk), while lying on the back of [[Shesha|Shesha-nāga]] (the cosmic serpent). His sleep begins on Shayani Ekadashi (literally the 'sleeping 11th') and he finally awakens from his slumber, four months later, on Prabodhini Ekadashi. The celebrations in Ashadha and Kartik continue until the full-moon in those months, concluding with torchlight processions.<ref name="mahagov" /><ref name="Shima188" /> Inscriptions dating to the 11th century mention the Ekadashi pilgrimages to Pandharpur.<ref name="karve" /> On Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi, the [[List of Chief Ministers of India|chief minister]] or a minister of Maharashtra state performs ritual components of worship on behalf of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. This form of worship is known as ''sarkari-mahapuja''.<ref name="mahagov" />

Apart from the four Ekadashis, a fair is held on [[Navrati|Dussera]] night at Pandharpur, when devotees dance on a large slab (''ranga-shila'') before Vithoba, accompanied with torchlight processions.<ref name="U171" /> Other observances at the Pandharpur temple include: [[Holi|Ranga-Panchami]], when ''[[gulal]]'' (red powder) is sprinkled on the god's feet; and [[Krishna Janmashtami]], Krishna's birthday, when devotees dance and sing in front of Vithoba for nine days.<ref>Shima (1988) p. 189</ref> Other sacred days include Wednesdays, Saturdays and all other Ekadashis, all of which are considered holy in Vaishnavism.<ref name="hastings" />

=== Devotional works ===
[[File:Panduranga.jpg|thumb|upright|A four-armed Vithoba, a 19th-century painting from [[Tiruchchirappalli]], Tamil Nadu. Here, Vithoba is depicted as an arms-akimbo Vishnu.]]

Devotional works dedicated to Vithoba can be categorised into the Varkari tradition, the Brahmin tradition and what Raeside calls a "third tradition", that includes both Varkari and Brahmin elements. The Varkari texts are written in Marathi, the Brahmin texts in Sanskrit, and the "third tradition" are Marathi texts written by Brahmins.

The Varkari texts are: ''[[Bhaktalilamrita]]'' and ''[[Bhaktavijaya]]'' by [[Mahipati]], ''Pundalika-Mahatmya'' by [[Bahinabai]], and a long ''abhanga'' by [[Namdev]]. All these texts describe the legend of Pundalik. The Brahmin texts include: two versions of ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' from the [[Skanda Purana]] (consisting of 900 verses); ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' from the [[Padma Purana]] (consisting of 1,200 verses); ''Bhima-Mahatmya'', also from the Padma Purana; and a third devotional work, yet again called ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'', which is found in the [[Vishnu Purana]].<ref name="Sand56">Sand (1990) p. 56</ref><ref>Sand (1990) p. 33</ref><ref>For the complete English translation of ''Bhaktavijaya'', which narrates the legend of Pundalik and also tells stories of reported interactions between the saints and Vithoba, see ''Stories of Indian Saints'' (1988) by Mahīpati, Justin Edwards Abbott, and Narhar R. Godbole.</ref> The "third tradition" is found in two works: ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' by the Brahmin Sridhara (consisting of 750 verses), and another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj (consisting of 181 verses).<ref>Sand (1990) p. 34</ref><ref name="sridhra">For a complete Marathi text and English translation of ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' by Sridhara see Raeside (1965) pp. 81–100</ref>

In addition to the above, there are many ''abhangas'', the short [[Marathi literature|Marathi]] devotional poems of the Varkaris, and many ''[[stuti]]s'' (songs of praise) and ''[[stotra]]s'' (hymns), some of them originating from the Haridasa tradition. The best known of these is "Pandurangastaka" or "Pandurangastrotra", attributed to [[Adi Shankara]], although this attribution is questioned.<ref name="Sand56" /> A text called "Tirthavali-Gatha", attributed to Namdev or Dnyaneshwar but possibly a collection of writings of many poet-saints, also centers on the propagation of Varkari faith and Vithoba worship.<ref name="vaudeville" /><ref>Novetzke (2005) p. 120</ref> Other devotional works include ''aratis'' like "Yuge atthavisa vitevari ubha" by Namdev and "Yei O Vitthala majhe mauli re". These ''aratis'' sing of Vithoba, who wears yellow garments (a characteristic of Vishnu) and is served by [[Garuda]] ([[vahana|mount]] of Vishnu) and [[Hanuman]] (the monkey god, devotee of [[Rama]]—an avatar of Vishnu). Finally, the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet [[Tenali Ramakrishna]] (16th century) refers to Vithoba, as Panduranga, in his poem ''Panduranga-Mahatmyamu'': "(O [[Parvati]]), accepting the services of Pundarika and Kshetrapala (Kala-[[bhairava]]), becoming [[Kalpataru|the wish fulfilling tree]] by assuming a subtle body for the sake of devotees, fulfilling their wishes, the deity Panduranga resides in that temple."<ref name="Pande448">Pande (2008) p. 448</ref>

=== Temples ===

[[File:Pandharpur Vithoba temple.jpg|thumb|alt=An elaborate, carved entrance to a Hindu temple whose canopy is visible at the top of the image. The entrance section is polygonal with arches and there is a stone staircase leading into the grey/cream coloured structure. Several pilgrims are seen in the foreground, as is a stall.|The chief gate of Vithoba's Pandharpur temple. The first step of the temple is regarded as saint [[Namdev]]'s memorial and the small blue temple in front of the gate is saint [[Chokhamela]]'s memorial.]]
There are many Vithoba temples in Maharashtra,<ref>Singh (2004) p. 13</ref> and some in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Goa and Andhra Pradesh. However, the main centre of worship is Vithoba's temple in Pandharpur. The temple's date of establishment is disputed, though it is clear that it was standing at the time of Dnyaneshwar in the 13th century. Along with Vithoba and his consorts—Rukmini, Satyabhama and Rahi—other Vaishnava deities are worshipped. These include: [[Venkateshwara]], a form of Vishnu; Mahalakshmi, a form of Vishnu's consort [[Lakshmi]]; Garuda and Hanuman (see previous section). Shaiva deities are also worshipped, such as: [[Ganesha]], the elephant-headed god of wisdom and beginnings; [[Khandoba]], a form of Shiva; and [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]], a form of Shiva's consort [[Parvati]]. The ''[[samadhi]]s'' (memorials) of saints like Namdev, [[Chokhamela]] and [[Janabai]], and of devotees such as Pundalik and [[Kanhopatra]], are in and around the temple.<ref>Shima (1988) pp. 189–96</ref><ref>Pande (2008) pp. 445–48</ref> Other significant temples in Maharashtra are located: at Dehu, the birthplace of Tukaram, which attracts visitors at all [[ekadashi]]s of the year; at Kole ([[Satara district]]), in memory of Ghadge Bova, which has a fair on the fifth day of the bright fortnight (waxing moon) in [[Maagha|Magha]] month; at [[Kolhapur]] and [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]], which host fairs on Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi;<ref name="U">Underhill (1991) pp. 165–66, 172</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Kole.html| title = Kole|publisher = The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1963)|author = Pathak, Arunchandra S.| year = 2006|access-date = 2008-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620001202/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Kole.html|archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> Madhe — a refuge of the Pandharpur image when it was moved to protect from Muslim invaders<ref name = "madhe">{{cite web|url=http://rcdhere.com/viththal_ek_mahasamanvaya/viththal_ek_mahasamanvaya_7.html|title=Chapter 6: In search of the original idol of Viththal.|last=Dhere|first=R C|year=2009|work=Shri Viththal ek mahasamanvaya (official site of author)|access-date=20 July 2010|archive-date=14 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214100931/http://rcdhere.com/viththal_ek_mahasamanvaya/viththal_ek_mahasamanvaya_7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and finally at the [[Birla Mandir, Shahad|Birla Mandir]] in [[Shahad]].

Several temples are found in Goa, the well-known ones being the temples at [[Sanquelim]], [[Sanguem]] and [[Gokarna Math]]. Similarly temple festivals celebrated in Vitthala temples in [[Margao]],<ref name="goa">{{cite book|last=Robert W. Bradnock|first=Roma Bradnock|title=Goa handbook 2, illustrated|year=2000|publisher=Footprint Handbooks|isbn=978-1-900949-45-3}}</ref> [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] attract a lot a pilgrims. Vitthal is also worshipped as ''Vitthalnath'' at the [[Nathdwara]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name = "vitthalnath">{{cite news|url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/05-06/features310.htm|title=The Artists of Nathadwar — Part 4 |date=May 29, 2005|work=The Sampradaya Sun|access-date=2009-07-03}}</ref>

[[File:Thennangur Panduranga temple panorama.jpg|thumb|left|Thennangur temple, Tamil Nadu]]
Vithoba was introduced to South India during the Vijayanagara and Maratha rule.<ref name="padmaja">T. Padmaja (2002) pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87</ref> In South India he is generally known as Vitthala. The Hampi temple (mentioned above) is a [[World Heritage Site]] and the most important of Vitthala's temples outside Maharashtra. Constructed in the 15th century, the temple is believed to have housed the central image from Pandharpur, which the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya took "to enhance his own status"<ref name="Mokashi42" /> or to save the image from plunder by [[Muslim]] invaders.<ref name="Ranade213" /> It was later returned to Pandharpur by Bhanudas (1448–1513), the great-grandfather of poet-saint Eknath. Today, the temple stands without a central image,<ref name="Mokashi42">Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 42</ref><ref name="Ranade213">Ranade (1933) p. 213</ref> though between 1516 and 1565, most important transactions, which would have been carried out previously in the presence of the original state deity [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha]] (a form of Shiva), were issued in presence of the central image of Vitthala.<ref>Eaton (2005) p. 83</ref> Three of [[Madhvacharya]]'s [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi|eight ''matha''s (monasteries)]] in Karnataka—[[Shiroor|Shirur]], [[Pejavara]] and [[Puthige, Dakshina Kannada|Puttige]]—have Vitthala as their presiding deity.<ref>Sharma (2000) p. 612</ref><ref>Rao (2002) pp. 54–55</ref> A ''Vitthaleshwara temple'' stands at [[Mulbagal]], Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, Vitthala shrines are found in [[Srirangam]], Vittalapuram near thiruporur and in [[Tirunelveli district]], and [[Thennangur]], [[Govindapuram, Thanjavur district|Govindapuram]] near [[Kumbakonam]] and sculptures are also found in [[Kanchi]].<ref name="padmaja" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/174994/abode-vittala-tn.html|title=New abode for Vittala in TN|author=M R Venkatesh|date=10 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref>

== Legend ==

[[File:Vithoba Punadalik Tukaram Dnyaneshwar.jpg|thumb|350px|Image of a [[gopuram]] of a Pandharpur temple near Vithoba's central temple. The leftmost panel depicts [[Tukaram]], the central panel depicts Vithoba (standing dark figure, left) waiting on the brick as Pundalik (centre) serves his parents, the right panel depicts [[Dnyaneshwar]].]]
{{Vaishnavism}}
Legends regarding Vithoba usually focus on his devotee Pundalik or on Vithoba's role as a savior to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. As discussed in the [[#Devotional works|devotional works]] section above, the Pundalik legend appears in the Sanskrit scriptures [[Skanda Purana]] and [[Padma Purana]]. It is also documented in Marathi texts: ''Panduranga-Mahatmya'' by a Brahmin called Sridhara; another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj; and also in the ''abhanga''s of various poet-saints.

There are three versions of the Pundalik legend, two of which are attested as textual variants of the Skanda Purana (1.34–67). According to the first, the ascetic Pundarika (Pundalik) is described as a devotee of god Vishnu and dedicated to the service of his parents. The god [[Gopala-Krishna]], a form of Vishnu, comes from [[Govardhan hill|Govardhana]] as a cowherd, accompanied by his grazing cows, to meet Pundarika. Krishna is described as in ''digambara'' form, wearing ''makara-kundala'', the ''srivatsa'' mark (described above),<ref name="MW1100" /> a head-dress of peacock feathers, resting his hands on his waist and keeping his cow-stick between his thighs. Pundarika asks Krishna to remain in this form on the banks of the river Bhima. He believes that Krishna's presence will make the site a [[Tirtha and Kshetra|''tirtha'' and a ''kshetra'']].<ref name="Sand41f">Sand (1990) pp. 41–42</ref> The location is identified with modern-day Pandharpur, which is situated on the banks of the Bhima. The description of Krishna resembles the characteristics of the Pandharpur image of Vithoba.<ref>Bakker (1990) p. 78</ref>

The second version of the legend depicts Vithoba appearing before Pundalik as the five-year-old [[Bala Krishna]] (infant Krishna). This version is found in manuscripts of both Puranas, Prahlada Maharaj, and the poet-saints, notably Tukaram.<ref>Sand (1990) p. 50</ref> The remaining version of the Pundalik legend appears in Sridhara and as a variant in the Padma Purana. Pundalik, a Brahmin madly in love with his wife, neglected his aged parents as a result. Later, on meeting sage Kukkuta, Pundalik underwent a transformation and devoted his life to the service of his aged parents. Meanwhile, Radha, the milkmaid-lover of Krishna, came to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], the kingdom of Krishna, and sat on his lap. Radha did not honour Rukmini, the chief queen of Krishna, nor did Krishna hold Radha accountable for the offence. Offended, Rukmini left Krishna and went to the forest of Dandivana near Pandharpur. Saddened by Rukmini's departure, Krishna searched for his queen and finally found her resting in Dandivana, near Pundalik's house. After some coaxing, Rukmini was pacified. Then Krishna visited Pundalik and found him serving his parents. Pundalik threw a brick outside for Krishna to rest on. Krishna stood on the brick and waited for Pundalik. After completing his services, Pundalik asked that Krishna, in the Vithoba form, remain on the brick with Rukmini, in her Rakhumai form, and bless his devotees forever.<ref name="Pande 2008 p. 508" /><ref name="Bhandarkar125126" /><ref name="sridhra" /><ref name="Sand41f" />

Other legends describe Vithoba coming to the rescue of his devotees in the form of a commoner, an outcast [[Mahar]] "untouchable" or a Brahmin beggar.<ref>Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 35</ref> [[Mahipati]], in his work ''Pandurangastrotra'', narrates how Vithoba helped female saints like Janabai in their daily chores, such as sweeping the house and pounding the rice.<ref>Tilak (2006) p. 247</ref> He narrates how Vithoba came to the aid of Sena the barber. The king of [[Bidar]] had ordered Sena to be arrested for not coming to the palace despite royal orders. As Sena was engrossed in his prayers to Vithoba, Vithoba went to the palace in the form of Sena to serve the king, and Sena was saved.<ref>For complete tale, see Mahipati pp. 22–27</ref> Another tale deals with a saint, [[Damaji]], the keeper of the royal grain store, who distributed grain to the people in famine. Vithoba came as an outcaste with a bag of gold to pay for the grain.<ref>For complete story, see Mahipati pp. 85–99</ref> Yet another story narrates how Vithoba resurrected the child of Gora Kumbhar (potter), who had been trampled into the clay by Gora while singing the name of Vithoba.<ref>For the complete legend, see Mahipati pp. 286–289</ref>

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==

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* {{cite book|title=Purandara and the Haridasa Movement|author= Rao, Mysore Venkata Krishna|publisher = Karnatak University|year = 1966}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-utNEpTZWUkC&q=Vitthala&pg=PA55|title=Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi|author= Rao, Vasudeva|pages= 54–5|publisher = Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-2297-8|year = 2002|access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite book|author= Sand, Erick Reenberg|chapter= The Legend of Puṇḍarīka: The Founder of Pandharpur|pages= 33–61|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgBdyxD5MkC&q=The+Legend+of+Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dar%C4%ABka:+the+Founder+of+Pandharpur&pg=PA33| title=The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature|editor = Bakker, Hans|isbn=90-04-09318-4|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]]|location=Leiden|year = 1990}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&q=Haridasa+Vithala&pg=PA514|title=History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature|author= Sharma, B.N.K.|pages= 514–16|publisher = Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-81-208-1575-9|year = 2000|access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite journal|url= http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |title= The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure| journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies|volume = 15| issue = 2–3| access-date= 2008-09-21 |author = Shima Iwao|date=June–September 1988| publisher= Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture|pages= 183–197|doi= 10.18874/jjrs.15.2-3.1988.183-197|issn = 0304-1042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062749/http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26|doi-access= free}}
* {{cite book|title=People of India: Maharashtra|author= Singh, Kumar Suresh|author2=Mehta, B.V. |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=2004| isbn=978-81-7991-100-6|pages = 11–3|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAlCTxJowUC&q=People+of+India}}
* {{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Vitthal&pg=PA64|title= On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the religion of the Hindus of the Dekhan| journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume = 7|issue = 13| access-date= 2008-11-04 |author = Stevenson, Rev. J| year= 1843|publisher = periodical [[Royal Asiatic Society]] of Great Britain and Ireland|pages= 1–8|issn = 1356-1863|location = London | doi=10.1017/s0035869x00155625|s2cid= 170083155}}
* {{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Vitthal&pg=PA64|title= An Account of Bauddho-Vaishnavas of Vithal-Bhaktas of Dakhan| journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume = 7|issue = 13| access-date= 2008-11-04 |author = Stevenson, Rev. J| year= 1843|publisher = periodical [[Royal Asiatic Society]] of Great Britain and Ireland|pages= 64–73|issn = 1356-1863|location = London | doi=10.1017/s0035869x00155674|s2cid= 164045611}}
* {{cite book|title=Understanding Karma: In Light of Paul Ricoeur's Philosophical Anthropology|last= Tilak| first= Dr. Shrinivas |chapter=Emergence of Vitthala:divine advocate of the subaltern|publisher=International Centre for Cultural Studies|year=2006|isbn=978-81-87420-20-0|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m1xXDHLlNYIC}}
* {{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VFkzKMzALrUC&q=Vittala&pg=PA121 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|author=T. Padmaja|pages= 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87|year = 2002|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|publisher = Abhinav Publications|access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite book|title=The Hindu Religious Year|author= Underhill, M.M.|year=1991|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0523-3 |orig-date=1921|edition=Originally published: Calcutta: Association Press|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC&q=The+Hindu+Religious+Year}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC&q=Vitthala&pg=PA223|author = Vaudeville, Charlotte|title = The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|editor1=Schomer, Karine |editor2=McLeod, W. H. |pages= 223–24|year= 1987|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn = 81-208-0277-2 |access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&q=Pandharinath+Vithoba&pg=PA170|title = The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra|author = Zelliot, Eleanor|author2=Berntsen, Maxine |year = 1988|isbn = 0-88706-662-3|publisher = SUNY Press|access-date=2008-09-20|page = 170}}

{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|author=Deleury, G. A.|title=The cult of Vithoba|publisher=Magis Books|edition=Pune: Deccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute (Original from the University of Michigan)|year=1960}}
* {{cite book|title=Aisa vitevara deva kothe!|language=mr|author=Dhond, M. V.|author-link=M. V. Dhond|publisher=Rajhans Prakashan|year=2001}}
* {{cite book|author=Tulpule, S. G.|year=1979|title=Classical Marathi Literature: A History of Indian Literature|volume= 9|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz}}

== External links ==

{{commons category|Vithoba}}
* [http://www.vitthalrukminiMandir.org/ Official site of Shri Vitthal Rukmini Temple, Pandharpur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712003954/http://www.vitthalrukminimandir.org/ |date=2018-07-12 }}
** [http://www.vitthalrukminimandir.org/gallery.html Images of the central image of Vithoba and Rukmini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116161642/http://www.vitthalrukminimandir.org/gallery.html |date=2010-11-16 }}
* [http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/showvideo/4682632.cms Video of the Pandharpur Vithoba's "Maha-puja" (worship), Maharashtra Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628132424/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/showvideo/4682632.cms |date=2009-06-28 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100330010558/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/places_Pandharpur.html Article on the Pandharpur temple]
* [http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/index.html The Haridasa movement]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218123913/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/index.html |date=2009-02-18 }}.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20071025.143818/public/03chapter5_6.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070137/http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20071025.143818/public/03chapter5_6.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-27 |title=The 'Palkhi' of Alandi to Pandharpur|author= Sane, Prajkta|publisher=University of New South Wales|date=March 2007}}

{{Krishna}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{featured article}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Krishna]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Titles and names of Krishna]]
[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:Haridasa]]

Parul Gulati

2026-03-20T18:57:19Z

Yaxisdelhi: added info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Fan POV|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{infobox person
| name = Parul Gulati
| image = Parul Gulati.jpg
| caption = Gulati in 2021
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], India
| occupation = Actress and Entrepreneur
| height =
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Parul Gulati''' is an Indian [[actress]], entrepreneur and model who has appeared in several TV shows and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/I-feel-like-Gods-special-child-Parul-Gulati/articleshow/35099226.cms |title=I feel like God's special child: Parul Gulati |author=Ananta Shrikhand |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> She is the CEO and founder of her hair extensions brand ‘Nish Hair’.

In (2017) Gulati appeared in the TV series ''[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]'',<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/star-plus-p-o-w-bandi-yuddh-ke-gets-3-new-faces/articleshow/56625506.cm |title=Star Plus P.O.W Bandhi Yudh Ke Gets 3 New Faces}}</ref> and ''[[Haq Se]]'' (2018) Web Series - An adaptation of ''[[Little Women ]]'', Gulati plays "Jo March".{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} In (2018), Gulati starred in [[Netflix]] production ''[[Selection Day]]'' is an Indian [[List of Netflix original programming|Netflix Original]] based on [[Aravind Adiga]]'s 2016 [[Selection Day|novel of the same name]] . ''Girls Hostel'' (2018–19)for ''[[The Viral Fever]]'' ''Girliyapa'' .

She debuted in TV serial, ''[[Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kam|Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kum]]'', in which she played the role of Bittan, the younger sister of Leher played by Bollywood actress [[Yami Gautam]]. She also appeared in ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2|Kis Kis Ko Pyaar Karoon 2]]'', alongside [[Kapil Sharma]].

In addition to acting in films, Gulati has endorsed multiple brands and products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/261018/allu-arjun-is-lightning-quick-parul-gulati.html |title=Allu Arjun is lightning quick: Parul Gulati |first=Sashidhar |last=Adivi |date=26 October 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She has her own line of Human Hair Extensions by the name of ''Nishhair''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/actress-parul-gulati-takes-home-rs-1-crore-investment-on-shark-tank-india-shares-picture-of-cheque-article-98564875 |title=Actress Parul Gulati takes home Rs 1 crore investment on Shark Tank India. Shares picture of cheque |date=11 March 2023 |website=TimesNow}}</ref>

==Career==
===2010–2016: Acting and film debut===
She was spotted by the makers of a TV show on Facebook. They invited her to Mumbai for an audition and was cast in a supporting role in ''Yeh Pyaar Na Hoga kam.'' Later in 2012, she acted in ''Burrraahh'', in which she played Rose. After ''Burrraahh'', Gulati took a year's break and finished her course at [[RADA]], a [[drama school]] in London and also did some theatre in Mumbai. Her second film was ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/parul-gulati-returns-with-rambo-ranjha/articleshow/26034050.cms |title=Parul Gulati returns with 'Rambo Ranjha' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

In 2016, she appeared in director Vinnil Markan's film ''[[Zorawar]]'', as Jasleen, opposite to [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action-packed 'Zorawar' makes an impact |work=The Times of India |date=9 May 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/Action-packed-Zorawar-makes-an-impact/articleshow/52174869.cms}}</ref>

===2017–present: Television debut===
After a decently successful stint in Punjabi films, Gulati made her television debut with TV series, ''[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]'' for [[Star Plus]] which was directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]]. She played the role of a Pakistani girl Afreen, who is married to a P.O.W, Parul got lot of praise and appreciation for her portrayal of the Pakistani Urdu speaking girl.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=16 October 2024 |title=Parul Gulati reveals gory looks from upcoming OTT series |url=https://ianslive.in/parul-gulati-reveals-gory-looks-from-upcoming-ott-series--20241016143606 |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she appeared in a web series ''[[Haq Se]]'', directed by [[Ken Ghosh]]. She played the role of journalist Jannat Mirza, who is fighting for justice and to uphold the dignity of women in the state of [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I want to play flawed characters, not be a quintessential heroine |work=The Indian Express |date=9 February 2018 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/haq-se-actor-parul-gulati-see-photos-5057466/}}</ref> This web series is based on the classic novel ''[[Little Women]]'' by [[Louisa May Alcott]] into modern day tale of Kashmir and Parul has played Jo March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haq Se Review: An Aching Nostalgia for Kashmir Makes It Worthwhile |work=The Quint |date=6 February 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/haq-se-review-altbalaji}}</ref>

In 2018, Gulati starred in [[Netflix]] series ''[[Selection Day]]'' based on [[Aravind Adiga]]'s 2016 [[Selection Day|novel of the same name]] and ''[[Girls Hostel]]'' for ''[[The Viral Fever]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=5 Dreams |title=Parul Gulati Is Coming Up With Her Next In The Web Series |url=http://www.elfaworld.com/post/parul-gulati-is-coming-up-with-her-next-in-the-web-series-selection-day-which-is-aired-on-netflix |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=www.elfaworld.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2025 |title=Actress-turned-CEO explains why she paid employees less. Internet calls out her 'entitlement.' Who is Parul Gulati? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rs-50-crore-startup-ceo-parul-gulati-explains-why-she-paid-employees-less-netizens-call-it-entitlement-who-is-she/articleshow/122855467.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2025, Gulati appeared in Hindi film ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]'' as Jenny, alongside [[Kapil Sharma]].

[[File:Parul Gulati snapped promoting web show Illegal season 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gulati in 2021]]

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="font-size: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="5" background: #f9f9f9;
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Character name
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|2013
| ''Burraahh''
| Rose
| rowspan="3" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi film]] debut
|-
|2014
| ''[[Romeo Ranjha]]''
| Preet
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Zorawar]]''
| Jasleen
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Nee Jathaleka]]''
| Shirley
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] debut
|-
|2024
|''[[Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout]]''
| Aarti
|rowspan="3"| [[Hindi]]
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] debut
|-
|2025
|''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]''
|Jenny
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Tu Yaa Main]]''
|Layla
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|2010
|''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2)]]''
|Gauri Ahluwalia
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Yeh Pyar Na Hoga Kam|Yeh Pyaar Na hoga Kam]]''
|Bittan
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
| Afreen
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Haq Se]]''
| Jannat Mirza
| rowspan="2" | [[Web series]]
|-
|2018–2022
|''[[Girls Hostel]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahsaas-channa-parul-gulati-on-girls-hostel-30-how-they-use-social-media-and-more/article66191046.ece |title=Ahsaas Channa, Parul Gulati on 'Girls Hostel 3.0', how they use social media, and more |first=Sindhu |last=Nagaraj |date=27 November 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|Zahira Ali
|-
|2018
|''[[Selection Day]]''
|Monica Tandon
|
|-
|2019–2021
|''[[Hey Prabhu!]]''
|Arunima
| Web series
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''Second Hand''
|Beauty
|Short film
|-
|''The Raikar Case''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-raikar-case-actor-parul-gulati-the-web-platform-has-given-work-to-everyone-6357899/ |title=The Raikar Case actor Parul Gulati: Web platform has given work to everyone |date=13 April 2020}}</ref>
|Etasha Naik Raikar
| rowspan="3" |Web series
|-
|''[[Illegal - Justice, Out of Order]]''
|Devika
|-
|''[[Your Honor (2020 Indian TV series)|Your Honor]]''
|Ruma Pathak
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Shark Tank India (season 2)]]''
|Herself
|To pitch her Hair Extension brand 'Nish Hair'
|-
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven (season 2)]]''
|Amber
|Web series
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|6369183}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulati, Parul}}
[[Category:Actresses from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

University of Dhaka

2026-03-16T17:22:31Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{Short description|Public university in Dhaka, Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Dhaka
| native_name = ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| image = Dhaka University logo.svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Crest (heraldry)|Crest]] of DU
| former_name = University of Dacca (1921–1982)
| latin_name =
| motto = শিক্ষাই আলো
| motto_lang = bn
| mottoeng = Education is light (Latin: {{lang|la|Educere Est Lux}})
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1921}}
| founder = [[Khwaja Salimullah|Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur]] [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury]]
| affiliation =
| accreditation = {{ubl|[[University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)|UGC]], [[Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh|PCB]], [[Bangladesh Bar Council|Bar Council]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]}}
| type = Public research university
| chancellor = [[President of Bangladesh]]
| vice_chancellor = [[A B M Obaidul Islam|A.B.M. Obaidul Islam]]
| academic_staff = 2,156+<ref name="ar2015p132">{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.gov.bd/uploads/2015/annualreport/Part-1-2.zip |title=Annual Report 2015 |page=132 |website=University of Dhaka |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312114322/http://www.ugc.gov.bd/uploads/2015/annualreport/Part-1-2.zip |url-status=live }}</ref>
| administrative_staff = 3,887<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.gov.bd/uploads/2015/annualreport/Part-1-2.zip |script-title=bn:৪১তম বার্ষিক প্রতিবেদন |trans-title=41st Annual Report |website=University Grants Commission |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103342/http://www.ugc.gov.bd/uploads/2015/annualreport/Part-1-2.zip |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>
| students = 44,895 (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title=102th Annual Report 2022-2023 University of Dhaka |url=https://www.du.ac.bd/fontView/assets/AR_2022_2023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128041508/http://www.du.ac.bd/fontView/assets/AR_2022_2023.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=du.ac.bd |page=593}}</ref>
| undergrad = 30,000+<ref name="ar2015p95">{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.gov.bd/uploads/2015/annualreport/Part-1-2.zip |title=Annual Report 2015 |page=95 |website=University of Dhaka |access-date=26 February 2016 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312114322/http://www.ugc.gov.bd/uploads/2015/annualreport/Part-1-2.zip |url-status=live }}</ref>
| budget = {{BDTConvert|1035.45|c|1k=yes}} (2025–26)
| postgrad = 9,362+<ref name="ar2015p95"/>
| doctoral = 974+<ref name="ar2015p95"/>
| other = 269+<ref name="ar2015p95"/>
| address = [[Shahbag]]
| city = [[Dhaka]]
| postalcode = [[Postal codes in Bangladesh|1000]]
| country = Bangladesh
| coordinates = {{coord|23|43|59|N|90|23|28|E|region:BD_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|275.083|acre}}
| colors = {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} Navy Blue and Red
| other_name = {{hlist|Dhaka University|DU}}
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo = University of Dhaka logo.png
| logo_size = 248px
}}
{{Infobox university rankings
| ARWU_W = | ARWU_W_year = | ARWU_W_ref =
| CWTS_W = | CWTS_W_year = | CWTS_W_ref =
| THE_W = 801-1000 | THE_W_year = 2026 | THE_W_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latest/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/BGD/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |title=University of Dhaka |website=Times Higher Education |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=19 January 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225171858/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref>
| USNWR_W = 604 | USNWR_W_year = 2025 | USNWR_W_ref = <ref name="usnews" />
| QS_W = =584 | QS_W_year = 2026 | QS_W_ref = <ref name=":QSW2026">{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings|title=QS World University Rankings}}</ref>
| QS_Asia = 132 | QS_Asia_year = 2026 | QS_Asia_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-dhaka|website=QS World University Rankings |access-date=4 November 2025|title=University of Dhaka}}</ref>
| THE_Asia = 401–500
| THE_Asia_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2025/regional-ranking|title=Asia University Rankings|date=16 April 2025|website=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref>
| THE_Asia_year = 2025
| THE_W_Business = 501–600
| THE_W_Business_ref = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka|title=University of Dhaka|date=27 November 2024|website=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref>
| THE_W_Business_year = 2026
| THE_W_Health = 301–400
| THE_W_Health_ref = <ref name="auto"/>
| THE_W_Health_year = 2026
| THE_W_CS = 601–800
| THE_W_CS_ref = <ref name="auto"/>
| THE_W_CS_year = 2026
| THE_W_Education_ref = <ref name="auto"/>
| THE_W_Education_year = 2026
| THE_W_Education = 301–400
| THE_W_Eng = 501–600
| THE_W_Eng_ref = <ref name="auto"/>
| THE_W_Eng_year = 2026
| THE_W_Life = 601–800
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The '''University of Dhaka''' ({{langx|bn|ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়}}), also known as '''Dhaka University''' ('''DU'''), is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] located in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh. Established in 1921, it is the oldest active university in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Dhaka University listed among 350 top universities of Asia |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/world-details/SA/14115/bangladesh-dhaka-university-listed-among-350-top-universities-of-asia.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529113700/https://www.indiablooms.com/world-details/SA/14115/bangladesh-dhaka-university-listed-among-350-top-universities-of-asia.html |url-status=live |author1=Indiablooms}}</ref><ref name="usnews">{{Cite web |title=University of Dhaka |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-dhaka-529474 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714173754/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-dhaka-529474 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The University of Dhaka was founded in 1921 under the Dacca University Act 1920 of the [[Indian Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dacca University Act |url=https://old.du.ac.bd/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=old.du.ac.bd |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529113707/https://old.du.ac.bd/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The establishment of the university in Dhaka began with 600 acres of land requisitioned by the British government in 1905 following the formation of the new province of [[East Bengal]] and [[Assam]] with Dhaka as its capital. Part of the land requisitioned belonged to the estate of [[Khwaja Salimullah|Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Salimullah]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=জান্নাতুল তানভী |script-title=bn:ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠায় যেভাবে জমি আর টাকার ব্যবস্থা হয়েছিল |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cpd9znnzr5go |website=BBC Bangla |date=July 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Worldh" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=হৃদয় |first=আমজাদ হোসেন |date=30 June 2024 |script-title=bn:নবাব স্যার খাজা সলিমুল্লাহর ৬০০ একর জমি দান নিয়ে বিতর্ক |trans-title=The controversy over Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah's donation of 600 acres of land. |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/519723/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87 |access-date=27 January 2025 |work=[[Desh Rupantor]] |language=bn}}</ref> It is modeled after [[British Universities|British universities]].<ref name="DU Day">{{cite news |title=DU Day |work=Banglanews24.com |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=0ce2ffd21fc958d9ef0ee9ba5336e357&nttl=010720101265 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023135/http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=0ce2ffd21fc958d9ef0ee9ba5336e357&nttl=010720101265 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is the largest [[public university|public research university]] in Bangladesh, with a student body of 46,150 and a faculty of 1,992.

It has made significant contributions to the modern history of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="DU Day" /><ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |title=Mukherjee 'emotional' while receiving degree in Dhaka |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/news/37437048_1_president-pranab-mukherjee-shuvra-narail |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205232/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/news/37437048_1_president-pranab-mukherjee-shuvra-narail |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="worldfolio.co.uk">{{cite web |title=In Loving Memory of Samson H. Chowdhury, one of the greatest entrepreneurs the world has ever known |url=http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/asia/bangladesh/samson-h-chowdhury-bangladesh-n1817 |access-date=4 January 2014 |website=Worldfolio – AFA PRESS |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107004737/http://www.theworldfolio.com/region/asia/bangladesh/samson-h-chowdhury-bangladesh-n1817%20?url=samson-h-chowdhury-bangladesh-n1817 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/?option=details&news_id=2350471&date=2013-07-11 |title=Nawab Ali Chowdhury National Award, 2013 |work=The News Today |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107004739/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/?option=details&news_id=2350471&date=2013-07-11%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Partition of India]], it became the focal point of [[Progressivism|progressive]] and [[democratic movement]]s in [[Pakistan]]. Its students and teachers played a central role in the rise of [[Bengali nationalism]] and the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alam |first=Fakrul |date=3 July 2021 |title=The University of Dhaka and the Birth of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/news/the-university-dhaka-and-the-birth-bangladesh-2122246 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Notable [[List of University of Dhaka alumni|alumni]] include physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], known for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and the theory of [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]; [[Muhammad Yunus]], winner of the 2006 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] and pioneer of [[microcredit]]; [[Muhammad Shahidullah]]; ''[[Natyaguru]]'' [[Nurul Momen]], pioneer of cultural, sports and theatrical activities of the university (he was both a student and later a teacher at the university); [[Serajul Islam Choudhury]]; physicist [[Mohammad Ataul Karim]]; 20th-century Bengali poet [[Buddhadeb Bose]]; and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], the country's founding president.

It is one of the highest-ranked university in Bangladesh according to QS World University Ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2025 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of the University of Dhaka}}
[[File:Curzon Hall old photo.jpg|thumb|[[Curzon Hall]], the first institute of the University of Dhaka in 1949]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Salimullah.jpg
| caption1 = [[Nawab|Nawab Bahadur]] Sir [[Khwaja Salimullah]] played a pioneering role in establishing the University of Dhaka and donated 600 acres of land from his estate for this purpose.
| width1 = 150
| image2 = Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury.JPG
| caption2 = After Nawab Salimullah's death, [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury]] continued efforts to set up the university, mortgaging a part of his zamindari estate, donating 35,000 takas for the University of Dhaka and 16,000 takas for scholarships for its students.
| width2 = 150
}}
[[File:Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Sir John Anderson , Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy, Sir A F Rahman.jpg|thumb |DU Convocation of 1936, (from left) Sir [[Jadunath Sarkar]] (historian), [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] (writer), Sir [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|John Anderson]] (Chancellor and Governor of Bengal), [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy]] (chemist), Sir [[Ahmad Fazlur Rahman|A F Rahman]] (Vice-Chancellor)]]
Before Dhaka University was established, near its grounds were the former buildings of [[Dhaka College]], affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. In 1873, the college was relocated to [[Bahadur Shah Park]]. Later it shifted to [[Curzon Hall]], which would become the first institute of the university.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |year=2012 |edition=Second |first=Sajahan |last=Miah |chapter=University of Dhaka |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=University_of_Dhaka |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=5 August 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701184400/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=University_of_Dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref>

The establishment of the university was compensation for the annulment of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|1905 Partition of Bengal]]. The partition had established the Muslim-majority [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] as a separate province, with Dhaka as its capital. The [[All-India Muslim League]], newly formed in Dhaka, wholeheartedly supported the move.

However, the partition was abolished in 1911 due to severe opposition from the [[Indian National Congress]] and Bengali Hindus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ফারহানা পারভীন |script-title=bn:ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠায় বিরোধিতা করেছিলেন যারা |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-44609891 |work=[[BBC Bangla]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823141748/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-44609891 |access-date=23 August 2024 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Deeply hurt by the decision of the annulment of the partition of Bengal, a Muslim delegation led by [[Khwaja Salimullah|Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur]], the then [[Nawab of Dhaka]], demanded a university be set up in Dhaka. To appease the majority [[Muslims|Muslim]] masses of [[East Bengal]], [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] agreed and declared that a university as a centre of excellence would be established in Dhaka. Nawab Sir Salimullah, who pioneered the university in Dhaka, 600 acres of land from his estate was acquired for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web |last1=জান্নাতুল তানভী |script-title=bn:ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠায় যেভাবে জমি আর টাকার ব্যবস্থা হয়েছিল |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cpd9znnzr5go |website=[[BBC Bangla]] |date=July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823142115/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cpd9znnzr5go |access-date=23 August 2024 |archive-date=23 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Worldh">{{cite web |url=http://www.bdlifeline.com/khwaja-salimullah/ |title=Khwaja Salimullah |publisher=World History |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818143223/http://hostinfo.cafe24.com/serviceExpire/servicestop.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1913, public opinion was invited before the university scheme was given its final shape. The Secretary of State approved it in December 1913.<ref name=Banglapedia/> The first vice-chancellor of the university, [[Philip Joseph Hartog]], formerly the academic registrar of the University of London for 17 years, was appointed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangla2000.com/education/study_in_bangladesh/universities/History_DU.shtm |title=History of the Formation of Dhaka University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731074803/http://www.bangla2000.com/Education/Study_in_Bangladesh/Universities/History_DU.shtm |archive-date=31 July 2015 |access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

Established in 1921 under the [[Dacca University]] Act 1920 of the [[Indian Legislative Council]], it is modelled after British universities.<ref name="jstor.online">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2025 |title=The University of Dhaka: Research Profile and Its Top Scientists - JSTOR ONLINE |url=https://jstor.online/university/the-university-of-dhaka-research-profile-and-its-top-scientists/ |access-date=28 June 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lord [[Lawrence John Lumley Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Ronaldshay]], [[Governor of Bengal]] between 1917 and 1922, was its first chancellor. He designated [[Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda]] a life member of the university. On Huda's recommendation, Lord Ronaldshay appointed [[Ahmad Fazlur Rahman]] as a provost.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Mojlum |author-link=Muhammad Mojlum Khan |year=2013 |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd. |page=252 |isbn=978-1-84774-059-5 |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818143221/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Academic activities started on 1 July 1921 with 847 students<ref>{{citation |url=http://epaper.thedailystar.net/index.php?opt=view&page=39&date=2017-07-06 |title=University Of Dhaka marks 96 years of glory |work=The Daily Star |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709134051/http://epaper.thedailystar.net/index.php?opt=view&page=39&date=2017-07-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> along with three faculties: Arts, Science and Law; 12 departments: [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, Education, History, [[Islamic Studies|Arabic and Islamic Studies]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]], Philosophy, Economics and [[Political science|Politics]], [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], Mathematics, and Law; and three dormitories for students: [[Salimullah Muslim Hall]], [[Dacca Hall]] and [[Jagannath Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.bd/DownLoads/DU-Prospectus-2008.pdf |title=Prospectus of University of Dhaka 2008 |website=University of Dhaka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084947/http://www.du.ac.bd/DownLoads/DU-Prospectus-2008.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>

In 1936, the university awarded honorary doctorate degrees to [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Jadunath Sarkar]], [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Allama Iqbal]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-199342 |title=Prof. Razzak: Anti-hero, mentor |date=20 August 2011 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=19 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113030/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-199342 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The university played a significant role in the [[Bengali language movement]] when Bengalis united to fight against Urdu being the sole official [[language]] in [[East Pakistan]].

Dhaka University was the main place where the movement started, with students joining and protesting against the [[Pakistan Government]]. Later, several students were killed at the site where the [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] stands today. After the incident, Bengali was restored as the official language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |title=Language Movement |encyclopedia=Banglapedia – The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |access-date=10 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-date=7 March 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Dacca University Order, 1973 (President's Order No. 11 of 1973), reconstituted and reorganised the University of Dhaka to improve its teaching, research, and administration following the 1971 War of Independence. Throughout this order, the word ''[[Dhaka]]'' was substituted for the word ''Dacca'' by section 2 of the University Laws (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Act No. XXXVI of 1987).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dhaka University Order, 1973 (President's Order). |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-447.html |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606180104/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-447.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 18 July 2024, authorities at the University of Dhaka announced an indefinite closure of the institution after [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|protests demanding reforms in]] [[Quota system of Bangladesh Civil Service|the quota system in government jobs]] turned violent, leaving at least six people, including three students, dead across the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhaka University closed indefinitely; students asked to vacate dorms amid violence over job quota |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/dhaka-university-closed-indefinitely-students-asked-to-vacate-dorms-amid-violence-over-job-quota/cid/2034313 |work=The Telegraph |date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dhaka University closed indefinitely; students asked to vacate dorms |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/dhaka-university-closed-indefinitely-students-asked-to-vacate-dorms-124071700405_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=17 July 2024}}</ref> However, the university reopened after the [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|resignation]] of Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] amidst a [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|mass uprising]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/world/how-dhaka-university-founded-when-bangladesh-was-part-of-india-played-a-part-in-sheikh-hasinas-resignation-8994241.html |title=How Dhaka University, Founded When Bangladesh Was Part of India, Played A Part In Sheikh Hasina's Resignation |date=8 August 2024 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

==Campus==

===Residential facilities===
There are 23 residence halls for students and dormitories for teachers and university officials.<ref name="halls">{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/10469 |title=Halls of Dhaka University |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh newspaper)]] |location=Dhaka |date=6 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009143644/http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/10469 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

==== Residential halls and hostels ====
The following list is based on the information provided on the official website of the University of Dhaka.<ref name="duHalls">{{cite web |url=https://www.du.ac.bd/students/HallsResidence |title=Halls of Residence |website="University of Dhaka" |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

'''Halls'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# [[Salimullah Muslim Hall]]
# [[Jagannath Hall]]
# [[Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah Hall]]
# [[Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall]]
# Shahid Sergeant Zahurul Haq Hall
# Ruquyyah Hall
# Masterda Surja Sen Hall
# Sir P. J Hartog International Hall
# Haji Muhammad Mohsin Hall
# Shamsun Nahar Hall
# Kabi Jasimuddin Hall
# Sir A. F Rahman Hall
# Muktijoddha Ziaur Rahman Hall
# Bangladesh-Kuwait Maitree Hall
# Amar Ekushey Hall
# Begum Fazilatun Nesa Mujib Hall
# Kabi Sufia Kamal Hall
# Bijoy Ekattor Hall
# Shahid Osman Hadi Hall
}}

'''Hostels'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# Nabab Foyzunnessa Chowdhurani Chhatrinibash
# IBA Hostel
# Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Hostel
# Shahid Athlete Sultana Kamal Hostel
}}

===Libraries===
{{main|Dhaka University Library}}

[[File:Dhaka University Central Library.jpg|thumb|Dhaka University Library]]
The University Library, housed in three separate buildings, is the largest in Bangladesh. The library holds a collection of more than 617,000 volumes, including bound volumes of periodicals. In addition, it has a collection of over 30,000 manuscripts in other languages and a large number of microfilms, microfiche, and CDs. It subscribes to over 300 foreign journals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wedgeworth |first1=Robert |author-link=Robert Wedgeworth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFu99FCJwQC&q=dhaka+university+central+library&pg=PA102 |title=World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services |publisher=American Library Association |year=1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217124457/https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFu99FCJwQC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=dhaka+university+central+library&source=bl&ots=SSBHPVMQAW&sig=JZEl0U1VZiWnv2N1lRKNPXz0ChA&hl=bn&sa=X&redir_esc=y |archive-date=17 February 2017 |page=102 |isbn=9780838906095 |access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

The Dhaka University Library comprises three buildings: the administrative building, the main library building, and the science library building. The administrative building has administrative offices, a book acquisition section, a book processing section, a reprographic section, a bookbinding section, a manuscript section, and a seminar section.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yogsutra.com/dhaka-university.html |title=Dhaka University a Top Educational Institution in Bangladesh |work=yogsutra |date=28 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210141904/http://www.yogsutra.com/dhaka-university.html |archive-date=10 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

Additionally, the Faculty of Business Studies has an e-library which is the largest of its kind in Asia.<ref name="tribune library">{{cite news |title=Asia's largest e-Library opens at Dhaka University |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/aug/11/asias-largest-e-library-opens-dhaka-university |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=11 August 2015 |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815002735/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/aug/11/asias-largest-e-library-opens-dhaka-university |url-status=live }}</ref> This advanced-level e-library is connected with 35 internationally renowned libraries and publication houses in the world. Teachers, students, and researchers can read all journals, books, research papers, and articles of these leading libraries, including the [[University of Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge]] libraries, by using the e-library facilities.<ref name="jstor.online"/>

This e-library was built in collaboration with Robi Axiata Limited in August 2015. It can accommodate around 1,400 students. The {{convert|12000|sqft}} library has three sections: a computer section, a silent zone, and a discussion zone. Some 7,000 students and 208 teachers of the faculty are directly benefiting from the facility.<ref name="tribune library" />

===Health services===
The Medical Centre of the University of Dhaka, near the Science Annex Building, offers free medical services and free pathological examinations to students, teachers, staff, and their family members. The centre provides service round-the-clock, seven days a week, with 30 doctors working in shifts. The centre has a dental unit, an eye unit, an X-ray department, and two ambulances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.bd/home/office_and_admin/mdc |title=Dhaka University Medical Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210143035/http://www.du.ac.bd/home/office_and_admin/mdc |archive-date=10 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

===Cafeteria===
There are cafeterias on campus, some of which hold historical and architectural interest. In 1971, Pakistani soldiers killed the owner of the [[Madhur Canteen]].<ref name="The Legacy of Madhu's Canteen">{{cite news |last1=Yusuf |first1=Ananta |title=The Legacy of Madhu's Canteen |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/the-legacy-of-madhus-canteen/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=12 July 2015 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128005334/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/the-legacy-of-madhus-canteen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Teacher-Student Centre, University of Dhaka|Teacher-Student Centre]] (TSC) has its own cafeteria, while another cafeteria stands on the Dhaka University Snacks (DUS) Chattar. The Science cafeteria was situated behind Curzon Hall but was demolished to construct a new 20-storey building. There is also another snack and lunch place named DU Hut in front of the Department of Sociology. The Faculty of Business Studies has a modern food court for its students.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mojo Establishes Food Court at Dhaka University |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/mojo-establishes-food-court-at-dhaka-university/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202135317/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/mojo-establishes-food-court-at-dhaka-university/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Fuller Road===
{{Infobox street
| name = Fuller Road
| marker_image =
| other_name = Sir Syed Ahmed Road
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| map_type =
| coordinates =
| map_caption =
| native_name =
| former_names =
| part_of =
| namesake = [[Bampfylde Fuller]]
| type = [[Street]]
| maint = [[Dhaka South City Corporation]]
| length_mi =
| length_km = 0.95
| country = Bangladesh
| location = [[Dhaka]]
| postal_code = 1000
| terminus_a = Nilkhet Road
| direction_a = North
| terminus_b = Shahid Minar Road
| direction_b = South
| known_for =
| website =
}}

Fuller Road is a road in [[Shahbag]], Dhaka. The road was named after [[Bampfylde Fuller]], the first lieutenant governor of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alam |first=Fakrul |author-link=Fakrul Alam |date=7 July 2018 |title=A Short, Winding and Legendary Dhaka Road |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/short-winding-and-legendary-dhaka-road-1601140 |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In 1967, Dhaka Municipality renamed it Sir Syed Ahmed Road, but it is still widely known as Fuller Road.<ref name="Ahmed2012">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ahmed |first=Sharif Uddin |year=2012 |script-title=bn:ফুলার রোড |trans-title=Fuller Road |script-encyclopedia=bn:ঢাকা কোষ |trans-encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Dhaka |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |isbn=978-9-84-512019-7 |pages=262–263}}</ref> The road starts from VC Square, where it junctions with Nilkhet Road, and ends at Shadhinota Sangram Monument Square, where it meets Shahid Minar Road.

Landmarks include:
* Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dhaka's residence<ref name="Ahmed2012" />
* [[British Council Bangladesh]]<ref name="Ahmed2012" />
* [[Udayan Higher Secondary School]]<ref name="Ahmed2012" />
* [[Salimullah Muslim Hall]]<ref name="Ahmed2012" />
* [[Jagannath Hall]]<ref name="Ahmed2012" />

==Faculties and departments==
The university consists of 13 faculties and 83 departments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/the_university/about |title=About University of Dhaka |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502030816/http://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/the_university/about |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Faculty of Arts ===
* Department of Bangla
* Department of English
* Department of Arabic
* Department of Persian Language and Literature
* Department of Urdu
* Department of Sanskrit
* Department of Pali
* Department of Buddhist Studies
* Department of Linguistics
* Department of Philosophy
* Department of History
* Department of Islamic Studies
* Department of Islamic History and Culture
* Department of Information Science and Library Management
* Department of World Religions and Culture
* Department of Theatre and Performance Studies
* Department of Music
* Department of Dance

=== Faculty of Social Sciences ===
* Economics
* Political Science
* [[International Relations]]
* [[Anthropology]]
* [[Public Administration]]
* [[Journalism Studies|Mass Communication and Journalism]]
* [[Communication disorder|Communication Disorders]]
* Printing and Publication Studies
* [[Media studies|Television, Film and Photography]]
* [[Sociology]]
* [[Development Studies]]
* [[Criminology]]
* [[Japanese Studies]]
* [[Women's studies|Women and Gender Studies]]
* [[Peace and Conflict Studies]]

=== Faculty of Law ===
* Department of Law

=== Faculty of Fine Arts ===
* [[Ceramics]]
* [[Craft]]
* [[Drawing|Drawing and Painting]]
* [[Graphic Design]]
* Oriental Art
* [[Printmaking]]
* [[Sculpture]]
* [[History of Art]]

=== Faculty of Business Studies ===
The Faculty of Business Studies (FBS) was established in 1970 as the [[Faculty (division)|Faculty]] of Commerce. It began its journey with two departments: the Department of Accounting and the Department of Management. Two more departments were created in 1974, and the authority introduced the semester system from the 1977–1978 session. The names of the [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] and [[Master of Commerce|M.Com]] degrees were changed to [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] and MBA, respectively, during the 1994–1995 session.<ref name="du.ac.bd">{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/academic/facbusns |title=Head of Office: Prof. Shibli Rubayat Ul Islam |date=15 April 2018 |website=University of Dhaka |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165235/http://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/academic/facbusns |url-status=live}}</ref> Following its rebranding as the Faculty of Business Studies, four other departments were added to this faculty over the course of the next 13 years. In 1995, the Faculty of Commerce took its current name and became the Faculty of Business Studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dumarketing.ac.bd/?p=67 |title=Faculty of Business Studies |date=10 November 2013 |website=Department of Marketing |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165434/http://www.dumarketing.ac.bd/?p=67 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Muhammad Abdul Moyeen became the acting dean of the Faculty of Business Studies in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Dhaka |url=https://www.du.ac.bd/latest_news/single_news/2690 |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=University of Dhaka |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613152027/https://www.du.ac.bd/latest_news/single_news/2690 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Currently, there are nearly 153 teachers, 10 officers, 58 employees, and nearly 6,100 students under the faculty. The departments are as follows:<ref name="du.ac.bd"/>
* Accounting and Information Systems
* Management
* Marketing
* Finance
* Banking and Insurance
* Management Information Systems
* Tourism and Hospitality Management
* International Business
* Organization Strategy and Leadership

=== Faculty of Science ===
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Applied mathematics|Applied Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Statistics]]
* [[Medical Physics|Biomedical Physics and Biomedical Technology]]
* [[Theoretical Physics]]
* [[Theoretical chemistry|Theoretical Chemistry]]
* [[Computational chemistry|Computational Chemistry]]

=== Faculty of Pharmacy ===
* [[Pharmacy]]
* [[Clinical Pharmacy]] and [[Pharmacology]]
* Pharmaceutical Chemistry
* Pharmaceutical Technology
[[File:Botanical Garden, Department of Botani, University of Dhaka..jpg|thumb|Botanical Garden, Department of Botany]]

=== Faculty of Biological Sciences ===
* [[Botany]]
* [[Zoology]]
* [[Biochemistry]] and [[Molecular biology|Molecular Biology]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Medical psychology|Clinical Psychology]]
* [[Educational psychology]]
* [[Genetic engineering|Genetic Engineering]] and [[Biotechnology]]
* [[Soil]], [[Water]] and Environment
* [[Fisheries]]

=== Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences ===
* [[Geography|Geography and Environment]]
* [[Geology]]
* [[Oceanography]]
* Disaster Science and Climate Resilience
* [[Meteorology]]

=== Faculty of Engineering and Technology ===
* [[Electrical and Electronic Engineering]]
* [[Chemical engineering|Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science & Engineering|Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Nuclear Engineering]]
* [[Robotics|Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering]]

=== Faculty of Education ===
* Department of Mechanical Engineering

=== Faculty of Medicine ===
* Department of [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Medicine and Surgery]]

=== Faculty of Postgraduate Medical Sciences and Research ===
* Department of [[Virology]]

== Research and development facilities ==

===Institutes of Dhaka University===
[[File:Institute of Statistical Research and Training (ISRT), University of Dhaka.jpg|thumb|right|Institute of Statistical Research and Training (ISRT)]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
# [[Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka|Education and Research]]
# [[Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka|Statistical Research and Training]]
# [[Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka|Business Administration]]
# [[Institute of Social Welfare and Research, University of Dhaka|Social Welfare and Research]]
# [[Institute of Modern Languages, University of Dhaka|Modern Languages]]
# [[Institute of Information Technology, University of Dhaka|Information Technology]]
# Energy
# Disaster Management and Vulnerability Studies
# Nutrition and Food Science
# Health Economics<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ihe.ac.bd/ |title=About IHE |website=Institute of Health Economics |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227133153/http://ihe.ac.bd/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
# [[Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka|Leather Engineering and Technology]]
}}

=== Research centres ===
# Bureau of Economic Research
# Bureau of Business Research
# Bose Centre for Advanced Study and Research in Natural Sciences
# [[Renewable Energy Research Centre]]
# [[Delta Research Centre]]
# Material Chemistry Research Lab

== ''Dhaka Viswavidyalay Patrika'' ==
{{Infobox magazine
| italic title = no
| title = Dhaka Viswavidyalay Patrika
| image_file =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| editor = [[Serajul Islam Choudhury]] (1973–1988)<ref name="nrk" />
| editor_title = Editor
| category = [[Research]]
| frequency = Quarterly
| circulation =
| publisher = University of Dhaka
| firstdate = December 1973
| company = Dhaka University Press
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| based = Dhaka
| language = [[Bengali language|Bangla]]
| website = [https://dujournal.org/ official website]
| issn = 2411-9059
| eissn = 3006-3078
}}
'''''Dhaka Viswavidyalay Patrika''''' ({{langx|bn|ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় পত্রিকা}}; alternate spelling: '''''Dhaka Bishwabiddyaloy Patrika''''') is an open-access peer-reviewed [[Academic journal|academic research journal]] published since 1973 and funded by the University of Dhaka. The scholarly journal publishes research articles written in Bengali on [[literature]], [[history]], [[religion]], [[philosophy]], [[fine art]]s, [[music]], [[business]], [[law]], [[science]], [[social science]], [[biology]], [[economics]], and [[politics]]. [[Serajul Islam Choudhury]] was the founding editor of this journal.<ref name="nrk">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Nurur Rahman |date=22 September 2021 |title=Dhaka Viswavidyalay Patrika |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka_Viswavidyalay_Patrika |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref>

=== Publication history ===
The first issue was published in December 1973. From 1973 to 1976, it was published once a year as an annual publication. From 1977 to 1983, it was published twice a year as a semi-annual. It was published twice in 1984, as June and October issues. Since 1985, the journal has been published regularly in February, June, and October.<ref name="nrk" />

=== Review system ===
Researchers are invited to submit two copies of [[manuscript]]s on different subjects. In addition to the chief editor, an editorial board selects manuscripts for publication. Selected articles are sent to relevant subject experts for review and, based on their opinion, are published. After its establishment, the paper used to publish the research articles of Dhaka University teachers, researchers, and affiliated college teachers; since 1997, the writings of researchers outside the university have been accepted and published.<ref name="nrk" />

==Student life==
[[File:Students Adda - Teacher-Student Center - University of Dhaka - Dhaka 2015-05-31 2446.JPG|thumb|Students gossiping at the [[Teacher-Student Centre, University of Dhaka|Teacher-Student Centre]] (TSC)]]
The University of Dhaka organises sports and other extracurricular and recreational activities. The Office of the Director of Physical Education provides three types of programmes:<ref>{{cite web |title=Physical-Education |url=https://web3.du.ac.bd/students/PhysicalEducation|website=web.du.ac.bd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827202953/https://web3.du.ac.bd/students/PhysicalEducation |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Compulsory Physical Education;
* Certificate course in coaching major games and sports; and
* Intramural and extramural programmes.

The University of Dhaka Ground is the official stadium of the University of Dhaka. It hosts many inter-collegiate and intra-collegiate sports tournaments at inter-city and national levels.

===Intramural and extramural programmes===
The directorate organises and conducts inter-departmental and inter-hall tournaments, individual hall athletics, Dhaka University athletics, and inter-university games and sports. Students participate in national championships in games and sports for which prior training and coaching are offered.

=== Dhaka University Central Students' Union ===
{{Main|Dhaka University Central Students' Union}}

[[File:Dhaka University Central Student's Union (DUCSU) building, University of Dhaka (2).jpg|thumb|DUCSU HQ]]
The Dhaka University Central Students' Union is the official [[students' union]] of the University of Dhaka. It is better known in Bangladesh as DUCSU. It exists to represent Dhaka University students in the university's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/perspective/the-ducsu-conundrum-1473472 |title=The DUCSU conundrum |date=9 October 2017 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion |language=en |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130001729/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/perspective/the-ducsu-conundrum-1473472 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/editorial/news/make-ducsu-centre-all-campus-activities-1687936 |title=Make Ducsu centre of all campus activities |date=16 January 2019 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000306/https://www.thedailystar.net/editorial/news/make-ducsu-centre-all-campus-activities-1687936 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/2016/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2|script-title=bn:পানি অপসারণে প্রধান অন্তরায় কচুরিপানা ও ভেসাল জাল|work=The Daily Ittefaq|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928141754/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/2016/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2|url-status=live}}</ref> It was established in the academic year of 1922–23 as the Dhaka University Student Union. Its first constitution was drafted in its general assembly on 30 October 1925. In 1953, its constitution was amended, and the union was renamed the Dhaka University Central Students' Union. In 2019, the last DUCSU election took place after 29 years. Since then, DUCSU has been working for the welfare of the students.

==Rankings==
===International rankings===
In 2011–12, the University of Dhaka was included in the list of 'Top World Universities' by QS World University Rankings. Out of over 30,000 universities around the world, DU was placed at 551.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.university-list.net/rank/univ-110025.html |title=QS World University Rankings 2011 (501–600) -Top Universities |website=University-list.net |access-date=8 October 2013 |archive-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912020945/http://www.university-list.net/rank/univ-110025.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014–15, the University of Dhaka was ranked 701st by [[QS World University Rankings]] (formerly [[Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings]]).<ref name="University of Dhaka">{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-dhaka/undergrad |title=University of Dhaka |publisher=University-list.net |access-date=28 July 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728094320/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-dhaka/undergrad |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015–16, [[Times Higher Education]] partnering with [[Elsevier]] ranked the university at 654th position among the top 800 globally reputed universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka?ranking-dataset=133819 |title=World University Rankings 2016:University of Dhaka |year=2016 |website=timeshighereducation.com |access-date=19 January 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129221839/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka?ranking-dataset=133819 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2015, QS World University Rankings published their 2015 edition of World University Rankings of 2015/16 and ranked DU at 126th position in Asia and in the 701–750 band in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-dhaka |title=QS Top University Rankings 2015/16:University of Dhaka |year=2016 |publisher=QS Intelligence Unit |access-date=21 January 2016 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127070653/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Times Higher Education 2018 Global University Ranking, the University of Dhaka was placed in the 1001+ position among world universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka#ranking-dataset/629337 |title=University of Dhaka |website=Times Higher Education |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915024208/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka#ranking-dataset/629337 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Asian level rankings===
In the 2026 [[QS Asia University Rankings]], the University of Dhaka was ranked 132nd in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=Where did Bangladeshi universities rank in the 2026 QS Asia University Rankings? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/campus/education/news/where-did-bangladeshi-universities-rank-the-2026-qs-asia-university-rankings-4027876 |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> ''Times Higher Education'' ranked the University of Dhaka in the 191–200 band in the 2016 Asia University Ranking.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka#ranking-dataset/583359 |title=University of Dhaka |publisher=The World University Rankings |access-date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818143220/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-dhaka#ranking-dataset/583359 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Best Asian (and Australian) Universities ranking, ''Asiaweek'' ranked the University of Dhaka 37th in 1999<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/universities/schools/rbc_bangladesh.html |title=ASIANOW | The Rankings – Bangladesh |date=15 April 1999 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217135119/http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/universities/schools/rbc_bangladesh.html |archive-date=17 February 2001 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> and 64th (overall and multi-disciplinary category) out of 77 ranked universities in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/schools/multi.overall.html |title=Asiaweek.com | Asia's Best Universities 2000 | Overall Ranking |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202135316/http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/schools/multi.overall.html |archive-date=2 February 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref>

In 2000, the university received a comparatively higher rank in student selectivity (23rd) while receiving lower rankings in academic reputation (74th), faculty resources (59th), research (65th), and financial resources (74th).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/multi/64.html |title=Asiaweek.com | Asia's Best Universities 2000 | University of Dhaka |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429220705/http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/multi/64.html |archive-date=29 April 2001 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>

According to the subject-specific ranking by the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2015 – English Language & Literature, only two South Asian universities, including the University of Dhaka (ranked 251–300), were included in the rankings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2015/english-language-literature |title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2015 – English Language & Literature |website=QS World University Rankings |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314070225/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2015/english-language-literature |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administration==

===Vice-chancellors===
{{main list|List of vice-chancellors of the University of Dhaka
}}
The first vice-chancellor of the university was [[Philip Hartog]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Hartog, Sir Philip Joseph |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hartog,_Sir_Philip_Joseph |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=5 August 2015 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113051508/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hartog,_Sir_Philip_Joseph |url-status=live }}</ref> There have been 30 vice-chancellors of the University of Dhaka. The current vice-chancellor is [[A B M Obaidul Islam]].<ref>{{Web citation |date=2026-03-16 |title=Obaidul Islam new VC of Dhaka University, Mamun Ahmed Chairman of UGC |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/education/higher-education/ctjzkam0kg |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref>

===Pro-vice-chancellors===
* [[Sayema Haque Bidisha]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2024 |script-title=bn:ঢাবিতে দুই প্রো ভিসি নিয়োগ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/campus-online/2024/08/26/1419034 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:প্রজ্ঞাপনঃ মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চ শিক্ষা বিভাগ |url=https://shed.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/shed.portal.gov.bd/notices/ae8bbb02_a490_415a_b35f_45ce2e935276/260.pdf |language=bn}}</ref>

===Treasurer===
* M. Jahangir Alam Chowdhury<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:ঢাবির উপাচার্য নিয়াজ, ট্রেজারার জাহাঙ্গীর, প্রজ্ঞাপন জারি |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/education/news/731221 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[Daily Janakantha]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:প্রজ্ঞাপনঃ মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চ শিক্ষা বিভাগ |url=https://shed.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/shed.portal.gov.bd/notices/7f873b3a_6316_4f7b_8882_073c01a3cdb1/251.pdf |language=bn}}</ref>

==Notable alumni and faculty members==
{{main|List of University of Dhaka alumni and faculty members}}

==Affiliated colleges and institutes==
{{Main|List of Constituent Colleges and Institutes under the University of Dhaka}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Islamic educational institutions]]
* [[List of universities in Bangladesh]]
* [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]]
* [[Jahangirnagar University]] (JU)
* [[University of Rajshahi]] (RU)
* [[University of Chittagong]] (CU)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|c=Category: University of Dhaka|d=yes|q=yes|s=yes|b=no|v=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
{{Scholia|organization}}
* {{official website|https://www.du.ac.bd/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaka, University Of}}
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Medicinal plants

2026-03-15T04:21:36Z

Yaxisdelhi: small enhance details for consistency also and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|Plants used to treat medical conditions}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Salix alba 004.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The bark of [[willow]] trees contains [[salicylic acid]], the [[active metabolite]] of [[aspirin]], and has been used for millennia to [[pain reliever|relieve pain]] and reduce [[fever]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lichterman |first=B. L. |title=Aspirin: The Story of a Wonder Drug |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |year=2004 |volume=329 |issue=7479 |page=1408 |doi=10.1136/bmj.329.7479.1408 |pmc=535471}}</ref>]]

'''Medicinal plants''', also called '''medicinal herbs''', have been discovered and used in [[traditional medicine]] practices since prehistoric times. [[Plants]] synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including [[Plant defense against herbivory|defense]] and protection against [[insect]]s, [[fungi]], [[Plant disease resistance|diseases]], against [[parasite]]s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=François |first1=G. |last2=Steenackers |first2=T. |last3=Assi |first3=L. A. |display-authors=etal |date=1999 |issue=7 |pages=582–588 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004360050598 |journal=Parasitology Research |title=Vismione H and structurally related anthranoid compounds of natural and synthetic origin as promising drugs against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: structure-activity relationships |volume=85|doi=10.1007/s004360050598 |pmid=10382608 }}</ref> and [[herbivorous]] [[mammal]]s.<ref name="gers">{{cite journal |last1=Gershenzon |first1=J. |last2=Ullah |first2=C. |title=Plants protect themselves from herbivores by optimizing the distribution of chemical defenses |journal=PNAS |volume=119 |issue=4 |date=January 2022 |article-number=e2120277119 |pmid=35084361 |pmc=8794845 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2120277119|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022PNAS..11920277G }}</ref>

The earliest historical records of herbs are found from the [[Sumer]]ian civilization, where hundreds of medicinal plants including [[opium]] are listed on clay tablets, {{circa|3000 BC}}. The [[Ebers Papyrus]] from [[ancient Egypt]], {{circa|1550 BC}}, describes over 850 plant medicines. The Greek physician [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]], who worked in the Roman army, documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in {{lang|la|[[De materia medica]]}}, {{circa|60 AD}}; this formed the basis of [[pharmacopoeia]]s for some 1500 years. Drug research sometimes makes use of [[ethnobotany]] to search for pharmacologically active substances, and this approach has yielded hundreds of useful compounds. These include the common drugs [[aspirin]], [[digoxin]], [[quinine]], and opium. The compounds found in plants are diverse, with most in four biochemical classes: [[alkaloid]]s, [[glycoside]]s, [[polyphenol]]s, and [[terpene]]s. Few of these are [[evidence-based medicine|scientifically confirmed as medicines]] or used in conventional medicine.

Medicinal plants are widely used as folk medicine in non-industrialized societies, mainly because they are readily available and cheaper than modern medicines. In many countries, there is little regulation of traditional medicine, but the [[World Health Organization]] coordinates a network to encourage safe and rational use. The botanical herbal market has been criticized for being poorly regulated and containing [[placebo]] and [[pseudoscience]] products with no scientific research to support their medical claims.<ref name="ahn">{{cite journal |last=Ahn |first=K. |title=The worldwide trend of using botanical drugs and strategies for developing global drugs |journal=BMB Reports |year=2017 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=111–116 |doi=10.5483/BMBRep.2017.50.3.221 |pmid=27998396 |pmc=5422022 }}</ref> Medicinal plants face both general threats, such as [[climate change]] and [[habitat destruction]], and the specific threat of over-collection to meet market demand.<ref name=ahn/>


==History==
[[File:Arabic herbal medicine guidebook.jpeg|thumb|[[Dioscorides]]'s 1st century {{lang|la|[[De materia medica]]}}, seen here in a {{circa|1334}} copy in Arabic, describes some 1000 drug recipes based on over 600 plants.<ref name=Collins2000/>]]
{{further|History of herbalism|History of pharmacy}}

===Prehistoric times===
Plants, including many now used as [[culinary herb]]s and [[spice]]s, have been used as medicines, not necessarily effectively, from prehistoric times. Spices have been used partly to counter [[food spoilage]] bacteria, especially in hot climates,<ref name="tapsell" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Billing |first1=Jennifer |last2=Sherman |first2=P. W. |title=Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot |journal=[[Quarterly Review of Biology]] |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=3–49 |date=March 1998 |doi=10.1086/420058 |pmid=9586227 |s2cid=22420170 }}</ref> and especially in meat dishes that spoil more readily.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=P. W. |last2=Hash |first2=G. A. |title=Why vegetable recipes are not very spicy |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=147–163 |date=May 2001 |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00068-4 |pmid=11384883 |bibcode=2001EHumB..22..147S }}</ref> Angiosperms ([[flowering plant]]s) were the original source of most plant medicines.<ref name="Angio">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Angiosperms: Division Magnoliophyta: General Features |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] (volume 13, 15th edition) |year=1993 |page=609 }}</ref> Human settlements are often surrounded by weeds used as [[herbal medicine]]s, such as [[Urtica dioica|nettle]], [[dandelion]] and [[chickweed]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stepp |first=John R. |title=The role of weeds as sources of pharmaceuticals |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=92 |issue=2–3 |pages=163–166 |date=June 2004 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.002 |pmid=15137997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stepp |first1=John R. |last2=Moerman |first2=Daniel E. |title=The importance of weeds in ethnopharmacology |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |date=April 2001 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00385-8 |pmid=11282438}}</ref> Humans were not alone in using herbs: some animals, such as non-human [[primate]]s, [[Monarch butterfly|monarch butterflies]] and [[sheep]] ingest plants when they are ill.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sumner, Judith |title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-88192-483-1 |page=16}}</ref>

Samples from prehistoric burial sites indicate that Paleolithic peoples consumed plants. For instance, a 60,000-year-old Neanderthal burial site, "[[Shanidar Cave#Shanidar 4.2C the .22flower burial.22|Shanidar IV]]", in northern Iraq yielded pollen from eight plant species.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Solecki |first=Ralph S. |title=Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq |journal=Science |volume=190 |issue=4217 |date=November 1975 |pages=880–881 |doi=10.1126/science.190.4217.880 |bibcode=1975Sci...190..880S |s2cid=71625677 }}</ref> At [[Taforalt]] cave, Morocco, 15,000-year-old remains of [[Ephedra (plant)|ephedra]] were found inside a tomb, indicating its possible role in funeral rites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morales |first1=Jacob |last2=Carrión Marco |first2=Yolanda |last3=Cooper |first3=Joanne H. |last4=Turner |first4=Elaine |last5=Freyne |first5=Alison |last6=Hogue |first6=Joshua |last7=Ziani |first7=Ismail |last8=Barton |first8=R. Nicholas E. |last9=Bouzouggar |first9=Abdeljalil |last10=Humphrey |first10=Louise T. |display-authors=3|date=2024-11-02 |title=Late pleistocene exploitation of Ephedra in a funerary context in Morocco |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=26443 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-77785-w |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11531600 |pmid=39488593 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1426443M }}</ref> A mushroom found in the personal effects of ''[[Ötzi the Iceman]]'', whose body was frozen in the [[Ötztal Alps]] for more than 5,000 years, may have been used against [[whipworm]].<ref name="pmid9851424">{{cite journal |author=Capasso, L. |title=5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics |journal=Lancet |volume=352 |issue=9143 |page=1864 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9851424 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6 |s2cid=40027370 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Ancient times===

[[File:PEbers c41-bc.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Ebers Papyrus]] ({{circa|1550 BC}}) from [[Ancient Egypt]] describes the use of hundreds of plant medicines.<ref name="Sumner-2000-p17"/>]]

In ancient [[Sumer]]ia, hundreds of medicinal plants including [[myrrh]] and opium are listed on clay tablets from around 3000 BC. The [[Ancient Egyptian medicine|ancient Egyptian]] [[Ebers Papyrus]] lists over 800 plant medicines such as [[aloe]], [[cannabis]], [[castor bean]], [[garlic]], [[juniper]], and [[Mandragora (genus)|mandrake]].<ref name="Sumner-2000-p17">{{cite book |last=Sumner |first=Judith |title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-88192-483-1|page=17}}</ref>{{sfn|Petrovska|2012|pp=1–5}}

From ancient times to the present, [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]] as documented in the [[Atharva Veda]], the [[Rig Veda]] and the [[Sushruta Samhita]] has used hundreds of herbs and spices, such as [[turmeric]], which contains [[curcumin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Girish |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Shridhar |year=2007 |title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |access-date=8 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 }}</ref> The [[Chinese herbology|Chinese pharmacopoeia]], the ''[[Shennong Ben Cao Jing]]'' records plant medicines such as [[chaulmoogra]] for leprosy, [[Ephedra (medicine)|ephedra]], and [[hemp]].<ref name="Sumner-2000-p18">{{cite book |last=Sumner |first=Judith |title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-88192-483-1 |page=18}}</ref> This was expanded in the [[Tang dynasty]] ''[[Yaoxing Lun]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wu |first=Jing-Nuan |title=An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-514017-0 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9Q8agQrJR0C&pg=PA6}}</ref> In the fourth century BC, [[Aristotle]]'s pupil [[Theophrastus]] wrote the first systematic botany text, ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia plantarum]]''.<ref name="philobio11">{{cite book |last=Grene |first=Marjorie |title=The philosophy of biology: an episodic history |year=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-64380-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJSGJjh8Jo8C&pg=PA11 |page=11}}</ref>

In around 60 AD, the Greek physician [[Dioscorides]], working for the Roman army, documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in {{lang|la|[[De materia medica]]}}. The book remained the authoritative reference on herbalism for over 1500 years, into the seventeenth century.<ref name=Collins2000>{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Minta |title=Medieval Herbals: The Illustrative Traditions |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8020-8313-5 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7c2EaxDYjUC&pg=PA32}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Osbaldeston |first=Tess Anne |title=De materia medica - Pedanius Dioscorides - |url=http://www.cancerlynx.com/dioscorides.html |access-date=11 November 2022 |date=2008}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===

[[File:Physician talking to a female patient in a garden Wellcome L0073711.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration of a 1632 copy of [[Avicenna]]'s 1025 ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', showing a physician talking to a female patient in a garden, while servants prepare medicines.]]

In the [[Early Middle Ages]], [[Benedictine monasteries]] preserved medical knowledge in [[Europe]], translating and copying classical texts and maintaining [[herb garden]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arsdall |first=Anne V. |title=Medieval Herbal Remedies: The Old English Herbarium and Anglo-Saxon Medicine |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-93849-5 |pages=70–71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITxsaqEmVHAC&pg=PA70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=Frank A. |chapter=Botany |editor=Johnston, William M. |title=Encyclopedia of Monasticism: M-Z |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-57958-090-2 |page=179 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfC0TDkJJNgC&pg=PA179}}</ref> [[Hildegard of Bingen]] wrote ''Causae et Curae'' ("Causes and Cures") on medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramos-e-Silva Marcia |year=1999 |title=Saint Hildegard Von Bingen (1098–1179) "The Light Of Her People And Of Her Time" |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=315–320 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00617.x |pmid=10321953 |s2cid=13404562 }}</ref><

In the [[Islamic Golden Age]], scholars translated many classical Greek texts including Dioscorides into [[Arabic]], adding their own commentaries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Healing Herbs |last=Castleman |first=Michael |publisher=Rodale |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newhealingherbs00mich/page/15 15] |isbn=978-1-57954-304-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/newhealingherbs00mich/page/15 }}; {{cite book |last=Collins |first=Minta |title=Medieval Herbals: The Illustrative Traditions |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8020-8313-5 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7c2EaxDYjUC&pg=PA115 }}; {{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_11.html |title=Pharmaceutics and Alchemy |publisher=US National Library of Medicine |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105140717/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_11.html |url-status=live }}; {{cite book |last=Fahd |first=Toufic |title=Botany and agriculture |page=815}}, in {{cite book |last1=Rashed |first1=Roshdi |last2=Morelon |first2=Régis |title=Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Astronomy-Theoretical and applied, v.2 Mathematics and the physical sciences; v.3 Technology, alchemy and life sciences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx7GtwAACAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-02063-3 }}</ref>
Herbalism flourished in the Islamic world, particularly in [[Baghdad]] and in [[Al-Andalus]]. Among many works on medicinal plants, [[Abulcasis]] (936–1013) of [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]] wrote ''The Book of Simples'', and Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248) recorded hundreds of medicinal herbs such as ''Aconitum'', [[nux vomica (herbalism)|nux vomica]], and [[tamarind]] in his ''Corpus of Simples''.<ref name=Castlemanp15>{{cite book |title=The New Healing Herbs |last=Castleman |first=Michael |publisher=Rodale |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newhealingherbs00mich/page/15 15] |isbn=978-1-57954-304-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/newhealingherbs00mich/page/15 }}</ref> [[Avicenna]] included many plants in his 1025 ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]''.<ref name=Jacquart>{{cite journal |last=Jacquart |first=Danielle |journal=European Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=219–227 [223] |year=2008 |title=Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances |doi=10.1017/S1062798708000215 }}</ref> [[Abu-Rayhan Biruni]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kujundzić |first1=E. |author2=Masić, I. |title=[Al-Biruni--a universal scientist] |journal=Medical Archives |date=1999 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=117–120 |language=hr |pmid=10386051}}</ref> [[Ibn Zuhr]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/372742 |last1=Krek |first1=M. |year=1979 |title=The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=38 |issue=3|pages=203–212 |s2cid=162374182 }}</ref> [[Peter of Spain (author)|Peter of Spain]], and [[John of St Amand]] wrote further [[pharmacopoeia]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1067/mcp.2000.106465 |last1=Brater |first1=D. Craig |author2=Daly, Walter J. |year=2000 |title=Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century | journal=Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=67 |issue=5|pages=447–450 [448–449] |pmid=10824622|s2cid=45980791 }}</ref>

===Early Modern===

[[File:The Grete Herball, Title Page, 1526.jpg|thumb|upright|An early illustrated book of medicinal plants,<ref name=Singer/> ''[[The Grete Herball]]'', 1526]]

The [[Early Modern]] period saw the flourishing of illustrated [[herbal]]s across Europe, starting with the 1526 ''[[Grete Herball]]''. [[John Gerard]] wrote his famous ''The Herball or General History of Plants'' in 1597, based on [[Rembert Dodoens]], and [[Nicholas Culpeper]] published his ''The English Physician Enlarged''.<ref name=Singer>{{cite journal |author-link=Charles Singer |last=Singer |first=Charles |date=1923 |title=Herbals |journal=[[The Edinburgh Review]] |volume=237 |pages=95–112}}</ref>
Many new plant medicines arrived in Europe as products of [[Age of Exploration|Early Modern exploration]] and the resulting [[Columbian Exchange]], in which livestock, crops and technologies were transferred between the Old World and the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. Medicinal herbs arriving in the Americas included garlic, ginger, and turmeric; coffee, tobacco and coca travelled in the other direction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nunn |first1=Nathan |last2=Qian |first2=Nancy |year= 2010 |title=The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=163–188 |jstor=25703506 |doi=10.1257/jep.24.2.163 |citeseerx=10.1.1.232.9242 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heywood |first1=Vernon H. |title=The role of New World biodiversity in the transformation of Mediterranean landscapes and culture |url=http://147.163.105.223/bocconea/24-069.pdf |journal=Bocconea |volume=24 |pages=69–93 |date=2012 |access-date=2017-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062205/http://147.163.105.223/bocconea/24-069.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-27 }}</ref>
In Mexico, the sixteenth century ''Badianus Manuscript'' described medicinal plants available in Central America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gimmel Millie |year=2008 |title=Reading Medicine In The Codex De La Cruz Badiano |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=69 |issue=2|pages=169–192 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2008.0017|pmid=19127831 |s2cid=46457797 }}</ref>

===19th and 20th centuries===

{{further|Pharmacognosy}}

The place of plants in medicine was radically altered in the 19th century by the application of [[chemistry|chemical analysis]]. [[Alkaloid]]s were isolated from a succession of medicinal plants, starting with [[morphine]] from the [[poppy]] in 1806, and soon followed by [[Cephaelis ipecacuanha|ipecacuanha]] and [[strychnos]] in 1817, [[quinine]] from the [[cinchona]] tree, and then many others. As chemistry progressed, additional classes of potentially active substances were discovered in plants. Commercial extraction of purified alkaloids including morphine began at [[Merck Group|Merck]] in 1826. [[Organic synthesis|Synthesis]] of a substance first discovered in a medicinal plant began with salicylic acid in 1853. Around the end of the 19th century, the mood of pharmacy turned against medicinal plants, as [[enzyme]]s often modified the active ingredients when whole plants were dried, and alkaloids and glycosides purified from plant material started to be preferred. Drug discovery from plants continued to be important through the 20th century and into the 21st, with important anti-cancer drugs from [[yew]] and [[Madagascar periwinkle]].<ref name=Atanasov2015/><ref name="Petrovska 2012">{{cite journal |last=Petrovska |first=Biljana Bauer |title=Historical review of medicinal plants' usage |journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews |date=2012 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.4103/0973-7847.95849 |pmid=22654398 |pmc=3358962 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=APS>{{Citation |last1=Price |first1=J. R. |author2=Lamberton, J. A. |author3=Culvenor, C.C.J. |title=The Australian Phytochemical Survey: historical aspects of the CSIRO search for new drugs in Australian plants. Historical Records of Australian Science, 9(4), 335–356 |journal=Historical Records of Australian Science |year=1992 |volume=9 |issue=4 |publication-date=1992 |publisher=Australian Academy of Science |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/HR/HR9930940335 |pages=335–356 |doi=10.1071/hr9930940335 |access-date=2022-04-02 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121231103/https://www.publish.csiro.au/hr/HR9930940335 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Context==

Medicinal plants are used with the intention of maintaining health, to be administered for a specific condition, or both, whether in [[medicine|modern medicine]] or in traditional medicine.<ref name=ahn/><ref name=Smith-Hall2012>{{cite journal |last1=Smith-Hall |first1=C. |author2=Larsen, H.O. |author3=Pouliot, M. |title=People, plants and health: a conceptual framework for assessing changes in medicinal plant consumption |journal=J Ethnobiol Ethnomed |volume=8 |article-number=43 |year=2012 |pmid=23148504 |pmc=3549945 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-8-43 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] estimated in 2002 that over 50,000 medicinal plants are used across the world.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |last1=Schippmann |first1=Uwe |last2=Leaman |first2=Danna J. |last3=Cunningham |first3=A. B. |title=Impact of Cultivation and Gathering of Medicinal Plants on Biodiversity: Global Trends and Issues 2. Some Figures to start with ... |work=Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Satellite event on the occasion of the Ninth Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome, 12–13 October 2002. Inter-Departmental Working Group on Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture. Rome |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AA010E/AA010e02.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=25 September 2017 |date=12 October 2002 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724135111/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AA010E/AA010e02.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] more conservatively estimated in 2016 that 17,810 plant species have a medicinal use, out of some 30,000 plants for which a use of any kind is documented.<ref name="Kew2016">{{cite web|title=State of the World's Plants Report - 2016|url=https://stateoftheworldsplants.com/2016/report/sotwp_2016.pdf|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date=25 September 2017|date=2016|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919052314/https://stateoftheworldsplants.com/2016/report/sotwp_2016.pdf}}</ref>

In modern medicine, around a quarter{{efn|Farnsworth states that this figure was based on prescriptions from American community pharmacies between 1959 and 1980.<ref name=Farnsworth1985/>}} of the drugs prescribed to patients are derived from medicinal plants, and they are rigorously tested.<ref name=Smith-Hall2012/><ref name=Farnsworth1985/> In other systems of medicine, medicinal plants may constitute the majority of what are often informal attempted treatments, not tested scientifically.<ref name="Tilburt 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Tilburt |first1=Jon C. |last2=Kaptchuk |first2=Ted J. |title=Herbal medicine research and global health: an ethical analysis |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=August 2008 |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=577–656 |doi=10.2471/BLT.07.042820 |pmid=18797616 |pmc=2649468 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/07-042820/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124091134/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/8/07-042820/en/ |archive-date=January 24, 2010 |access-date=22 September 2017 }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] estimates, without reliable data, that some 80 percent of the world's population depends mainly on traditional medicine (including but not limited to plants); perhaps some two billion people are largely reliant on medicinal plants.<ref name=Smith-Hall2012/><ref name=Farnsworth1985>{{cite journal |last1=Farnsworth |first1=Norman R. |last2=Akerele |first2=Olayiwola |last3=Bingel |first3=Audrey S. |last4=Soejarto |first4=Djada D. |last5=Guo |first5=Zhengang |title=Medicinal plants in therapy |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=1985 |volume=63 |issue=6|pages=965–981|pmid=3879679 |pmc=2536466 }}</ref> The use of plant-based materials including herbal or natural health products with supposed health benefits, is increasing in developed countries.<ref name=Ekor2013>{{cite journal |last1=Ekor |first1=Martins |title=The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |date=2013 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=202–4|doi=10.3389/fphar.2013.00177 |pmid=24454289 |pmc=3887317|doi-access=free }}</ref> This brings attendant risks of toxicity and other effects on human health, despite the safe image of herbal remedies.<ref name=Ekor2013/> Herbal medicines have been in use since long before modern medicine existed; there was and often still is little or no knowledge of the pharmacological basis of their actions, if any, or of their safety. The World Health Organization formulated a policy on traditional medicine in 1991, and since then has published guidelines for them, with a series of monographs on widely used herbal medicines.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Amritpal |title=Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgBPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4987-5096-7 |pages=4–5}}</ref><ref name=Cravotto/>
[[File:Drying herbs - Lamium purpureum.jpg|thumb|Drying a common [[weed]], [[Lamium purpureum|red dead-nettle]], as a [[medicinal plant]] in a [[wicker]] basket, [[Poland]]]]
Medicinal plants may provide three main kinds of benefit: health benefits to the people who consume them as medicines; financial benefits to people who harvest, process, and distribute them for sale; and society-wide benefits, such as job opportunities, taxation income, and a healthier labour force.<ref name=Smith-Hall2012/> However, development of plants or extracts having potential medicinal uses is blunted by weak scientific evidence, poor practices in the process of [[drug development]], and insufficient financing.<ref name=ahn/><ref name=Berida_2024>{{cite journal | vauthors=Berida T, Adekunle Y, Dada-Adegbola H, Kdimy A, Roy S, Sarker S | title=Plant antibacterials: The challenges and opportunities | journal=Heliyon | volume=10 | issue=10 | article-number=e31145 | date=May 2024 | pmid=38803958 | pmc=11128932 | doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31145 | bibcode=2024Heliy..1031145B | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Trade==

The markets for medicinal and [[odor|aromatic]] plants are grouped in manufacturing categories of pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements, food and beverages, personal care products and cosmetics, with the pharmaceutical and supplement category accounting for about 60% of the total.<ref name="zamani">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamani S, Fathi M, Ebadi M, Máthé A |title=Global trade of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |date=2025 |volume=21 |article-number=101910 |doi=10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101910 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As of 2023 by one estimate, the global market was US$68 billion per year, growing by 10-20% annually.<ref name=zamani/>

China and India are the leading producers of natural products, and are also the leading exporters and domestic consumers.<ref name=zamani/> Major importers include the United States, the European Union, and Japan.<ref name=zamani/>

==Phytochemical basis==

{{further|Phytochemistry}}

All plants produce chemical compounds which give them an [[evolution]]ary advantage, such as [[Plant defense against herbivory|defending against herbivores]] or, in the example of salicylic acid, as a [[plant hormone|hormone]] in plant defenses.<ref name=USDAingredients/><ref>{{cite book |title=Salicylic Acid – A Plant Hormone |last1=Hayat |first1=S. |author2=Ahmad, A. |isbn=978-1-4020-5183-8 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/salicylicacidpla0000unse }}</ref> These phytochemicals have potential for use as drugs,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lamottke |first1=Kai |last2=Ripoll |first2=Christophe |last3=Walczak |first3=Robert |date=2011 |pages=52–56 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260943788 |journal=European Biopharmaceutical Review |title=The roots of innovation |volume=15}}</ref> and the content and known pharmacological activity of these substances in medicinal plants is the scientific basis for their use in modern medicine, if scientifically confirmed.<ref name=ahn/> For instance, daffodils (''[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]'') contain nine groups of alkaloids including [[galantamine]], licensed for use against [[Alzheimer's disease]]. The alkaloids are bitter-tasting and toxic, and concentrated in the parts of the plant such as the stem most likely to be eaten by herbivores; they may also protect against [[parasite]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bastida |first1=Jaume |last2=Lavilla |first2=Rodolfo |last3=Viladomat |first3=Francesc Viladomat |editor1-last=Cordell |editor1-first=G. A. |chapter=Chemical and Biological Aspects of ''Narcissus'' Alkaloids |date=2006 |volume=63 |pages=87–179 |doi=10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4 |pmid=17133715 |title=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology |pmc=7118783 |isbn=978-0-12-469563-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Galantamine |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/galantamine.html |publisher=Drugs.com |date=2017 |access-date=17 March 2018 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091614/https://www.drugs.com/mtm/galantamine.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16437532 |year=2006 |last1=Birks |first1=J. |editor1-first=Jacqueline S |editor1-last=Birks |title=Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=1 |article-number=CD005593 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005593|pmc=9006343 }}</ref>

Modern knowledge of medicinal plants is being systematised in the Medicinal Plant Transcriptomics Database, which by 2011 provided a sequence reference for the [[transcriptome]] of some thirty species.<ref name="danforth">{{cite web |title=Transcriptome Characterization, Sequencing, And Assembly Of Medicinal Plants Relevant To Human Health |url=http://apps.pharmacy.uic.edu/depts/pcrps/MedTranscriptomePlants/ |publisher=University of Illinois at Chicago |last=Soejarto |first=D. D. |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420235537/http://apps.pharmacy.uic.edu/depts/pcrps/MedTranscriptomePlants/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Major classes of plant [[phytochemical]]s are described below, with examples of plants that contain them.<ref name="Angio" /><ref name=Cravotto/><ref name="meskin-2002-p123">{{cite book |last=Meskin |first=Mark S. |title=Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health |publisher=CRC Press|year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58716-083-7 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJHsMALUDj0C&pg=PA123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Springbob |first1=Karen |last2=Kutchan |first2=Toni M. |chapter=Introduction to the different classes of natural products|editor=Lanzotti, Virginia |title=Plant-Derived Natural Products: Synthesis, Function, and Application |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-85497-7 |page=3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8SpVXEng4QC&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref name="Elumalai">{{cite journal |last1=Elumalai |first1=A. |last2=Eswariah |first2=M. Chinna |title=Herbalism - A Review |journal=International Journal of Phytotherapy |date=2012 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=96–105 |url=http://www.phytotherapyjournal.com/File_Folder/96-105.pdf |access-date=2017-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217232814/http://www.phytotherapyjournal.com/File_Folder/96-105.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-17 }}</ref>

===Alkaloids===

{{further|Alkaloids}}

[[Alkaloids]] are bitter-tasting chemicals, very widespread in nature, and often toxic, found in many medicinal plants.<ref name=Aniszewski2007>{{cite book |last=Aniszewski |first=Tadeusz |title=Alkaloids – secrets of life|location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2007|isbn=978-0-444-52736-3 |page=182}}</ref> There are several classes with different modes of action as drugs, both recreational and pharmaceutical. Medicines of different classes include [[atropine]], [[scopolamine]], and [[hyoscyamine]] (all from [[nightshade]]),<ref name="EMEA">{{cite web |title=Atropa Belladonna |url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500010731.pdf |publisher=The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products |access-date=26 February 2017 |date=1998 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417200131/http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report/2009/11/WC500010731.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the traditional medicine [[berberine]] (from plants such as ''[[Berberis]]'' and ''[[Mahonia]]''),{{efn|Berberine is the main active component of an ancient Chinese herb ''Coptis chinensis'' French, which has been administered for what Yin and colleagues state is "[[diabetes]]" for thousands of years, although with no sound evidence of efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yin |first1=Jun |last2=Xing |first2=Huili |last3=Ye |first3=Jianping |title=Efficacy of Berberine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes |journal=Metabolism |date=May 2008 |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=712–717 |pmid=18442638 |pmc=2410097 |doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.013}}</ref>}} [[caffeine]] (''[[Coffea]]''), [[cocaine]] (''[[Coca]]''), [[ephedrine]] (''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]''), morphine (opium poppy), [[nicotine]] ([[tobacco]]),{{efn|Tobacco has "probably been responsible for more deaths than any other herb", but it was used as a medicine in the societies encountered by Columbus and was considered a [[panacea]] in Europe. It is no longer accepted as medicinal.<ref name=Charlton2004>{{cite journal |last1=Charlton |first1=Anne |title=Medicinal uses of tobacco in history |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|date=June 2004 |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=292–296 |pmid=15173337 |doi=10.1177/014107680409700614 |pmc=1079499}}</ref>}} [[reserpine]] (''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]''), [[quinidine]] and [[quinine]] (''[[Cinchona]]''), [[vincamine]] (''[[Vinca minor]]''), and [[vincristine]] (''[[Catharanthus roseus]]'').<ref name="Elumalai"/><ref name="Gremigni">{{cite journal |last1 =Gremigni|display-authors=etal|first1=P.|year=2003|title =The interaction of phosphorus and potassium with seed alkaloid concentrations, yield and mineral content in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) |journal=[[Plant and Soil]] |volume=253|issue=2 |pages =413–427 |jstor=24121197|doi=10.1023/A:1024828131581|bibcode=2003PlSoi.253..413G |s2cid=25434984}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" mode="nolines">
File:Opium poppy.jpg|The opium poppy ''[[Papaver somniferum]]'' is the source of the [[alkaloids]] morphine and [[codeine]].<ref name="Elumalai"/>
File:Nicotine.svg|The alkaloid [[nicotine]] from [[tobacco]] binds directly to the body's [[Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor]]s, accounting for its pharmacological effects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Introduction |url=http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=76&familyType=IC |website=IUPHAR Database |publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629235725/http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=76&familyType=IC |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Koeh-018.jpg|[[Deadly nightshade]], ''Atropa belladonna'', yields [[tropane alkaloid]]s including [[atropine]], [[scopolamine]] and [[hyoscyamine]].<ref name="EMEA"/>
</gallery>

===Glycosides===

{{further|Glycosides}}

[[Anthraquinone]] [[glycosides]] are found in medicinal plants such as [[rhubarb]], [[Rhamnus purshiana|cascara]], and [[Alexandrian senna]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhe |author2=Ma, Pei |author3=He, Chunnian |author4=Peng, Yong |author5=Xiao, Peigen |title=Evaluation of the content variation of anthraquinone glycosides in rhubarb by UPLC-PDA |journal=Chemistry Central Journal |year=2013 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1186/1752-153X-7-170 |pmid=24160332 |pmc=3854541 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/S0378-6080(09)03148-1 |title=Treatments used in complementary and alternative medicine |volume=31 |pages=745–756 |series=Side Effects of Drugs Annual |year=2009 |last1=Chan |first1=K. |last2=Lin |first2=T.X. |isbn=978-0-444-53294-7 }}</ref> Plant-based [[laxative]]s made from such plants include [[senna (herb)|senna]],<ref name=Hietala>{{cite journal |last1=Hietala |first1=P. |author2=Marvola, M. |author3=Parviainen, T. |author4=Lainonen, H. |title=Laxative potency and acute toxicity of some anthraquinone derivatives, senna extracts and fractions of senna extracts |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=153–156 |journal=Pharmacology & Toxicology |pmid=3671329 |date=August 1987 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01794.x }}</ref> [[rhubarb]]<ref name=mehta>{{cite web |url=http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2012/12/pharmacognosy-of-rhubarb/ |title=Pharmacognosy of Rhubarb |last=Akolkar |first=Praful |work=PharmaXChange.info |date=2012-12-27 |access-date=2017-02-02 |archive-date=2015-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626142055/http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2012/12/pharmacognosy-of-rhubarb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Aloe]]''.<ref name="Elumalai"/>

The [[cardiac glycoside]]s are powerful drugs from medicinal plants including [[foxglove]] and [[lily of the valley]]. They include [[digoxin]] and [[digitoxin]] which support the beating of the heart, and act as [[diuretic]]s.<ref name=USDAingredients>{{cite web |title=Active Plant Ingredients Used for Medicinal Purposes|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/ingredients.shtml |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=18 February 2017 |quote=Below are several examples of active plant ingredients that provide medicinal plant uses for humans. |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052048/https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/ingredients.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" mode="nolines">
File:Senna alexandrina Mill.-Cassia angustifolia L. (Senna Plant).jpg|''[[Senna alexandrina]]'', containing [[Senna glycosides|anthraquinone glycosides]], has been used as a [[laxative]] for millennia.<ref name=Hietala/>
Digitalis purpurea2.jpg|The [[foxglove]], ''Digitalis purpurea'', contains [[digoxin]], a [[cardiac glycoside]]. The plant was used on heart conditions long before the glycoside was identified.<ref name=USDAingredients/><ref>{{cite web |title=Digitalis purpurea. Cardiac Glycoside |url=http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/481/medbot/bot2.htm |publisher=Texas A&M University |access-date=26 February 2017 |quote=The man credited with the introduction of digitalis into the practice of medicine was [[William Withering]]. |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064956/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/481/medbot/bot2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Digoxin.svg|[[Digoxin]] is used to treat [[atrial fibrillation]], [[atrial flutter]] and sometimes [[heart failure]].<ref name=USDAingredients/>
</gallery>

===Polyphenols===

{{further|Polyphenol|Health effects of polyphenols}}

[[Polyphenol]]s of several classes are widespread in plants, having diverse roles in defenses against plant diseases and predators.<ref name=USDAingredients/> They include hormone-mimicking [[phytoestrogen]]s and astringent [[tannin]]s.<ref name="Elumalai"/><ref name="Da Silva">{{cite journal |last1 =Da Silva|display-authors=etal|first1=Cecilia |year=2013|title =The High Polyphenol Content of Grapevine Cultivar Tannat Berries Is Conferred Primarily by Genes That Are Not Shared with the Reference Genome |journal=[[The Plant Cell]] |volume=25|issue=12 |pages=4777–4788 |jstor=43190600 |doi=10.1105/tpc.113.118810|pmid=24319081 |pmc=3903987 |bibcode=2013PlanC..25.4777D }}</ref> Plants containing phytoestrogens have been administered for centuries for [[gynecology|gynecological]] disorders, such as fertility, menstrual, and menopausal problems.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muller-Schwarze|first=Dietland |title=Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-36377-8|page=287}}</ref> Among these plants are ''[[Pueraria]] mirifica'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Y. S. |author2=Park J. S. |author3=Cho S. D. |author4=Son J. K. |author5=Cherdshewasart W. |author6=Kang K. S. |title=Requirement of metabolic activation for estrogenic activity of Pueraria mirifica |journal=Journal of Veterinary Science |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=273–277 |date=Dec 2002 |pmid=12819377 |url=http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200210103477199.page |citeseerx=10.1.1.617.1507 |doi=10.4142/jvs.2002.3.4.273 |access-date=2019-04-19 |archive-date=2019-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419160011/http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200210103477199.page |url-status=live }}</ref> [[kudzu]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delmonte |first1=P. |author2=Rader, J. I. |title=Analysis of isoflavones in foods and dietary supplements |journal=Journal of AOAC International |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1138–46 |year=2006 |pmid=16915857 |doi= 10.1093/jaoac/89.4.1138|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[angelica]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=D.E. |last1=Brown|first2=N. J. |last2=Walton |title=Chemicals from Plants: Perspectives on Plant Secondary Products|publisher=World Scientific Publishing|year=1999|pages= 21, 141|isbn =978-981-02-2773-9}}</ref> [[fennel]], and [[anise]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Albert-Puleo, M. |title=Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=337–44 |date=Dec 1980 |pmid=6999244 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81015-4 }}</ref>

Many polyphenolic extracts, such as from [[grape seed]]s, [[olive]]s or [[pycnogenol|maritime pine bark]], are sold as [[dietary supplement]]s and [[cosmetics]] without proof or legal [[health claim]]s for medicinal effects.<ref name="efsa">{{cite journal |author=European Food Safety Authority |title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061 |journal=EFSA Journal |year=2010 |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=1489 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489|doi-access=free }}</ref> In Ayurveda, the astringent rind of the [[pomegranate]], containing polyphenols called [[punicalagin]]s, is used as a medicine, with no scientific proof of efficacy.<ref name=efsa/><ref>{{cite book |title=Recent trends in horticulture in the Himalayas |last1=Jindal |first1=K. K. |author2=Sharma, R. C. |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7387-162-7 |publisher=Indus Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LlogqveEFVgC}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" mode="nolines">
File:Angelica sylvestris 3.jpg|[[Angelica sylvestris|Angelica]], containing [[phytoestrogen]]s, has long been used for gynaecological disorders.
File:Phytoestrogens2.png|[[Polyphenol]]s include [[phytoestrogen]]s (top and middle), mimics of animal [[estrogen]] (bottom).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=J. V. |author2=Agatonovic-Kustrin, S. |author3=Glass, B. D. |title=Molecular aspects of phytoestrogen selective binding at estrogen receptors |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=96 |issue=8 |pages=1879–85 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17518366 |doi=10.1002/jps.20987 |bibcode=2007JPhmS..96.1879T }}</ref>
</gallery>

===Terpenes===

{{further|Terpenes}}

[[Terpenes]] and [[terpenoids]] of many kinds are found in a variety of medicinal plants,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wiart |first=Christopher |chapter=Terpenes |title=Lead Compounds from Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=978-0-12-398373-2|doi= 10.1016/C2011-0-09611-4 |date=2014 |pages=189–284}}</ref> and in [[resin]]ous plants such as the [[conifers]]. They are strongly aromatic and serve to repel herbivores. Their scent makes them useful in [[essential oils]], whether for [[perfume]]s such as [[rose]] and [[lavender]], or for [[aromatherapy]].<ref name="Elumalai"/><ref name="tchen">{{cite journal |last1=Tchen |first1=T. T. |year=1965 |title=The Biosynthesis of Steroids, Terpenes and Acetogenins |journal=[[American Scientist]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=499A–500A |jstor=27836252}}</ref><ref name="Singsaas">{{cite journal |last1=Singsaas|first1=Eric L.|year=2000 |title=Terpenes and the Thermotolerance of Photosynthesis |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=146|issue=1 |pages=1–2 |jstor=2588737 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00626.x|bibcode=2000NewPh.146....1S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some have medicinal uses: for example, [[thymol]] is an antiseptic and was once used as a [[vermifuge]] (anti-worm medicine).<ref name=PubChemThymol/>

<gallery widths="200px" mode="nolines">
File:Thymian.jpg|The [[essential oil]] of [[common thyme]] (''Thymus vulgaris''), contains the [[monoterpene]] [[thymol]], an [[antiseptic]] and [[Antifungal medication|antifungal]].<ref name=PubChemThymol>{{cite web|title=Thymol (CID=6989)|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/thymol|publisher=NIH|access-date=26 February 2017|quote=THYMOL is a phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent. It was formerly used as a vermifuge.|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052716/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/thymol|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Thymol2.svg|Thymol is one of many [[terpene]]s found in plants.<ref name=PubChemThymol/>
</gallery>

==In practice==

[[File:Papaver somniferum-Harford-02.JPG|thumb|Licensed commercial cultivation of opium poppies, Tasmania, 2010]]

{{main|Herbalism|List of plants used in herbalism}}

===Cultivation===
Medicinal plants demand intensive management. Different species each require their own distinct conditions of cultivation. The [[World Health Organization]] recommends the use of [[crop rotation|rotation]] to minimise problems with pests and plant diseases. Cultivation may be traditional or may make use of [[conservation agriculture]] practices to maintain organic matter in the soil and to conserve water, for example with [[no-till farming]] systems.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web |title=WHO Guidelines on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4928e/4.3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020064719/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4928e/4.3.html |archive-date=October 20, 2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=26 February 2017 |date=2003}}</ref> In many medicinal and aromatic plants, plant characteristics vary widely with soil type and cropping strategy, so care is required to obtain satisfactory yields.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Scent of Mare Nostrum ― Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Mediterranean soils |last1=Carrubba |first1=A. |author2=Scalenghe, R. |year=2012 |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=1150–1170 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.5630 |pmid=22419102 |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture}}</ref>

===Preparation===

[[File:Folio Materia Medica Dioscurides Met 13.152.6 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A Medieval physician preparing an extract from a medicinal plant, from an Arabic manuscript of ''De materia medica'' by Dioscorides, 1224]]

Medicinal plants are often tough and fibrous, requiring some form of preparation to make them convenient to administer. According to the Institute for Traditional Medicine, common methods for the preparation of herbal medicines include [[decoction]], powdering, and extraction with alcohol, in each case yielding a mixture of substances. Decoction involves crushing and then boiling the plant material in water to produce a liquid extract that can be taken orally or applied topically.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yifan |title=Theories and concepts in the composition of Chinese herbal formulas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702031328000062 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |access-date=18 April 2020 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-3132-8.00006-2 |year=2010 |journal=Chinese Herbal Formulas |pages=1–34 |isbn=978-0-7020-3132-8 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Powdering involves drying the plant material and then crushing it to yield a powder that can be compressed into [[tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]]. Alcohol extraction involves soaking the plant material in cold wine or distilled spirit to form a [[tincture]].<ref name="ITM1997">{{cite web |last1=Dharmananda |first1=Subhuti |title=The Methods of Preparation of Herb Formulas: Decoctions, Dried Decoctions, Powders, Pills, Tablets, and Tinctures |url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/methprep.htm |publisher=Institute of Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon |date=May 1997 |access-date=2017-09-27 |archive-date=2017-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004042657/http://www.itmonline.org/arts/methprep.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Traditional [[poultice]]s were made by boiling medicinal plants, wrapping them in a cloth, and applying the resulting parcel externally to the affected part of the body.<ref name="Mount2015">{{cite web |last1=Mount |first1=Toni |title=9 weird medieval medicines |url=http://www.historyextra.com/article/medieval/9-weird-medieval-medicines |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005414/http://www.historyextra.com/article/medieval/9-weird-medieval-medicines |url-status=live }}</ref>

When modern medicine has identified a drug in a medicinal plant, commercial quantities of the drug may either be [[Organic synthesis|synthesised]] or extracted from plant material, yielding a pure chemical.<ref name=Atanasov2015>{{cite journal|last1=Atanasov |first1=Atanas G. |last2=Waltenberger |first2=Birgit |last3=Pferschy-Wenzig |first3=Eva-Maria |last4=Linder |first4=Thomas |last5=Wawrosch |first5=Christoph |last6=Uhrin |first6=Pavel |last7=Temml |first7=Veronika |last8=Wang |first8=Limei |last9=Schwaiger |first9=Stefan |last10=Heiss |first10=Elke H. |last11=Rollinger |first11=Judith M. |last12=Schuster |first12=Daniela |last13=Breuss |first13=Johannes M. |last14=Bochkov |first14=Valery |last15=Mihovilovic |first15=Marko D. |last16=Kopp |first16=Brigitte |last17=Bauer |first17=Rudolf |last18=Dirsch |first18=Verena M. |last19=Stuppner |first19=Hermann |display-authors=5 |title=Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review |journal=Biotechnology Advances |date=December 2015 |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1582–1614 |doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001 |pmid=26281720 |pmc=4748402 }}</ref> Extraction can be practical when the compound in question is complex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pezzuto |first1=John M. |title=Plant-derived anticancer agents |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |date=January 1997 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=121–133 |doi=10.1016/S0006-2952(96)00654-5 |pmid=9037244 }}</ref>

===Usage===

[[File:Marrakech 103.JPG|thumb|A [[herbalist]]'s shop in the [[souk]] of [[Marrakesh, Morocco]]]]

{{further|Herbalism|Psychoactive drug|Drug discovery}}

Plant medicines are in wide use around the world.<ref name="WHOtraditional">{{cite web|title=Traditional Medicine. Fact Sheet No. 134 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727053337/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ |archive-date=27 July 2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=26 February 2017 |date=May 2003 }}</ref> In most of the developing world, especially in rural areas, local [[traditional medicine]], including herbalism, is the only source of health care for people, while in the [[developed world]], [[alternative medicine]] including use of [[dietary supplements]] is marketed aggressively using the claims of traditional medicine. As of 2015, most products made from medicinal plants had not been tested for their safety and efficacy, and products that were marketed in developed economies and provided in the undeveloped world by traditional healers were of uneven quality, sometimes containing dangerous contaminants.<ref name=Chan2015>{{cite web |last=Chan |first=Margaret |title=WHO Director-General addresses traditional medicine forum |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2015/traditional-medicine/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822171551/http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2015/traditional-medicine/en/ |archive-date=August 22, 2015 |publisher=WHO |date=19 August 2015}}</ref> [[Traditional Chinese medicine]] makes use of a wide variety of plants, among other materials and techniques.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional Chinese Medicine: In Depth (D428) |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-what-you-need-to-know |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] |access-date=26 February 2017 |date=April 2009 |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404224358/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/chinesemed.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers from [[Kew Gardens]] found 104 species used for [[diabetes]] in Central America, of which seven had been identified in at least three separate studies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giovannini |first1=Peter |title=Managing diabetes with medicinal plants |url=https://www.kew.org/blogs/kew-science/managing-diabetes-medicinal-plants-0 |publisher=Kew Gardens |access-date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003180423/https://www.kew.org/blogs/kew-science/managing-diabetes-medicinal-plants-0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GiovanniniHowes2016">{{cite journal |last1=Giovannini |first1=Peter |last2=Howes |first2=Melanie-Jayne R. |last3=Edwards |first3=Sarah E. |title=Medicinal plants used in the traditional management of diabetes and its sequelae in Central America: A review |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=184 |year=2016 |pages=58–71 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.034 |pmid=26924564 |s2cid=22639191 |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/medicinal-plants-used-in-the-traditional-management-of-diabetes-and-its-sequelae-in-central-america-a-review(69685ce6-6956-4937-bf12-ef28f0c3144c).html |access-date=2020-08-27 |archive-date=2022-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607162724/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/medicinal-plants-used-in-the-traditional-management-of-diabetes-and-its-sequelae-in-central-america-a-review(69685ce6-6956-4937-bf12-ef28f0c3144c).html |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Yanomami]] of the Brazilian Amazon, assisted by researchers, have described 101 plant species used for traditional medicines.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milliken |first1=William |title=Medicinal knowledge in the Amazon |url=https://www.kew.org/blogs/kew-science/medicinal-knowledge-amazon |publisher=Kew Gardens |date=2015 |access-date=2017-10-03 |archive-date=2017-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003180313/https://www.kew.org/blogs/kew-science/medicinal-knowledge-amazon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yanomami |first1=M. I. |author2=Yanomami, E. |author3=Albert, B. |author4=Milliken, W |author5=Coelho, V. |title=Hwërɨ mamotima thëpë ã oni. Manual dos remedios tradicionais Yanomami |trans-title=Manual of Traditional Yanomami Medicines |date=2014 |publisher=Hutukara/Instituto Socioambiental |location=São Paulo}}</ref>

Drugs derived from plants including opiates, cocaine and cannabis have both medical and [[Recreational drug use|recreational uses]]. Different countries have at various times made [[Prohibition of drugs|use of illegal drugs]], partly on the basis of the risks involved in taking [[psychoactive drug]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scoring drugs. A new study suggests alcohol is more harmful than heroin or crack |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2010/11/drugs_cause_most_harm |access-date=26 February 2017 |date=2 November 2010 |quote="Drug harms in the UK: a multi-criteria decision analysis", by David Nutt, Leslie King and Lawrence Phillips, on behalf of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. ''[[The Lancet]]''. |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128172545/https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2010/11/drugs_cause_most_harm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{-}}

===Effectiveness===

[[File:Cinchona officinalis 001.JPG|thumb|upright|The bark of the [[cinchona]] tree contains the [[alkaloid]] [[quinine]], traditionally given for [[malaria]].]]

Plant medicines have often not been tested systematically, but have come into use informally over the centuries. By 2007, clinical trials had demonstrated potentially useful activity in nearly 16% of herbal extracts; there was limited in vitro or in vivo evidence for roughly half the extracts; there was only phytochemical evidence for around 20%; 0.5% were allergenic or toxic; and some 12% had basically never been studied scientifically.<ref name=Cravotto>{{cite journal |last1=Cravotto |first1=G. |last2=Boffa |first2=L. |last3=Genzini |first3=L. |last4=Garella |first4=D. |title=Phytotherapeutics: an evaluation of the potential of 1000 plants |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics |date=February 2010 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=11–48 |pmid=20175810 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01096.x |s2cid=29427595 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Cancer Research UK caution that there is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of herbal remedies for cancer.<ref name="cruk-herbs">{{cite web |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/herbal-medicine |title=Herbal medicine |publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]] |access-date=7 July 2019 |quote=There is no reliable evidence from human studies that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure any type of cancer. Some clinical trials seem to show that certain Chinese herbs may help people to live longer, might reduce side effects, and help to prevent cancer from coming back. This is especially when combined with conventional treatment. |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529165631/https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/herbal-medicine |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2012 [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] study built a family tree down to [[genus (biology)|genus]] level using 20,000 species to compare the medicinal plants of three regions, Nepal, New Zealand and the Cape of South Africa. It discovered that the species used traditionally to treat the same types of condition belonged to the same groups of plants in all three regions, giving a "strong phylogenetic signal".<ref name="Saslis-LagoudakisSavolainen2012"/> Since many plants that yield pharmaceutical drugs belong to just these groups, and the groups were independently used in three different world regions, the results were taken to mean 1) that these plant groups do have potential for medicinal efficacy, 2) that undefined pharmacological activity is associated with use in traditional medicine, and 3) that the use of a phylogenetic groups for possible plant medicines in one region may predict their use in the other regions.<ref name="Saslis-LagoudakisSavolainen2012">{{cite journal |last1=Saslis-Lagoudakis |first1=C. H. |last2=Savolainen |first2=V. |last3=Williamson |first3=E. M. |last4=Forest |first4=F. |last5=Wagstaff |first5=S. J. |last6=Baral |first6=S. R. |last7=Watson |first7=M. F. |last8=Pendry |first8=C. A. |last9=Hawkins |first9=J. A. |title=Phylogenies reveal predictive power of traditional medicine in bioprospecting |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=109 |issue=39 |year=2012 |pages=15835–40 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1202242109 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10915835S |pmc=3465383 |pmid=22984175 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Regulation===
[[File:An Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Rishikesh (1).jpg|thumb|left|The practice of Ayurveda in India, such as the running of this Ayurvedic pharmacy in [[Rishikesh]], is regulated by a government department, [[AYUSH]].]]

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been coordinating a network called the International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines to try to improve the quality of medical products made from medicinal plants and the claims made for them.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines (IRCH) |url=http://who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/irch/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901005446/http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/irch/en/ |archive-date=September 1, 2013 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> In 2015, only around 20% of countries had well-functioning regulatory agencies, while 30% had none, and around half had limited regulatory capacity.<ref name=Chan2015/> In India, where [[Ayurveda]] has been practised for centuries, herbal remedies are the responsibility of a government department, [[AYUSH]], under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kala |first1=Chandra Prakash |last2=Sajwan |first2=Bikram Singh |title=Revitalizing Indian systems of herbal medicine by the National Medicinal Plants Board through institutional networking and capacity building |journal=Current Science |date=2007 |volume=93 |issue=6 |pages=797–806 |jstor=24099124 }}</ref>

WHO has set out a strategy for traditional medicines<ref name=WHOstrategy2014>{{cite book |author=World Health Organization |title=WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023 |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/92455/1/9789241506090_eng.pdf?ua=1 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-150609-0 |year=2013 |access-date=2017-10-03 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118192156/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/92455/1/9789241506090_eng.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> with four objectives: to integrate them as policy into national healthcare systems; to provide knowledge and guidance on their safety, efficacy, and quality; to increase their availability and affordability; and to promote their rational, therapeutically sound usage.<ref name=WHOstrategy2014/> WHO notes in the strategy that countries are experiencing seven challenges to such implementation, namely in developing and enforcing policy; in integration; in safety and quality, especially in assessment of products and qualification of practitioners; in controlling advertising; in research and development; in education and training; and in the sharing of information.<ref name=WHOstrategy2014/>{{-}}

=== Drug discovery ===
[[File:Taxus brevifolia Blue Mts WA.jpg|thumb|upright|The anticancer drug [[Paclitaxel|taxol]] was developed after screening of the Pacific yew, ''[[Taxus brevifolia]]'' (foliage and fruit shown) in 1971.]]
{{further|Drug discovery}}

The [[pharmaceutical industry]] has roots in the [[apothecary]] shops of Europe in the 1800s, where pharmacists provided local traditional medicines to customers, which included extracts like morphine, quinine, and strychnine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emergence of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry: 1870-1930 |volume=83 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325emergence.html |work=Chemical & Engineering News |issue=25 |date=20 June 2005 |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110234403/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325emergence.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Therapeutically important drugs like [[camptothecin]] (from ''[[Camptotheca acuminata]]'', used in traditional Chinese medicine) and [[Paclitaxel|taxol]] (from the Pacific yew, ''[[Taxus brevifolia]]'') were derived from medicinal plants.<ref name=Heinrich2006>{{cite journal |last1=Heinrich |first1=M. |last2=Bremner |first2=P. |title=Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacy--their role for anti-cancer drug development |journal=Current Drug Targets |date=March 2006 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=239–245 |pmid=16515525 |doi=10.2174/138945006776054988}}</ref><ref name=Atanasov2015/> The [[Vinca alkaloids]] [[vincristine]] and [[vinblastine]], used as anti-cancer drugs, were discovered in the 1950s from the Madagascar periwinkle, ''[[Catharanthus roseus]]''.<ref name="MoudiGo2013">{{cite journal |last1=Moudi |first1=Maryam |last2=Go |first2=Rusea |last3=Yien |first3=Christina Yong Seok |last4=Nazre |first4=Mohd. |title=Vinca Alkaloids |journal=International Journal of Preventive Medicine |date=November 2013 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1231–1235 |pmid=24404355 |pmc=3883245}}</ref>

Hundreds of compounds have been identified using [[ethnobotany]], investigating plants used by indigenous peoples for possible medical applications.<ref name=Fabricant2001>{{cite journal |last1=Fabricant |first1=D. S. |author2=Farnsworth, N. R. |title=The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=109 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=69–75 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11250806 |pmc=1240543 |doi=10.1289/ehp.01109s169 |bibcode=2001EnvHP.109S..69F }}</ref> Some important phytochemicals, including curcumin, [[epigallocatechin gallate]], [[genistein]] and [[resveratrol]] are [[pan-assay interference compounds]], meaning that ''[[in vitro]]'' studies of their activity often provide unreliable data. As a result, phytochemicals have frequently proven unsuitable as the lead substances in [[drug discovery]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baell |first1=Jonathan |last2=Walters |first2=Michael A. |title=Chemistry: Chemical con artists foil drug discovery |journal=Nature |date=24 September 2014 |volume=513 |issue=7519 |pages=481–483 |doi=10.1038/513481a |pmid=25254460 |bibcode=2014Natur.513..481B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dahlin |first1=Jayme L |last2=Walters |first2=Michael A. |title=The essential roles of chemistry in high-throughput screening triage |journal=Future Medicinal Chemistry |date=July 2014 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=1265–90 |pmid=25163000 |pmc=4465542 |doi=10.4155/fmc.14.60 }}</ref> In the United States over the period 1999 to 2012, despite several hundred applications for [[New drug application|new drug status]], only two [[botanical drug]] candidates had sufficient evidence of medicinal value to be approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name=ahn/>

The pharmaceutical industry has remained interested in mining traditional uses of medicinal plants in its drug discovery efforts.<ref name=Atanasov2015/> Of the 1073 small-molecule drugs approved in the period 1981 to 2010, over half were either directly derived from or inspired by natural substances.<ref name=Atanasov2015/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=David J. |last2=Cragg |first2=Gordon M. |title=Natural Products As Sources of New Drugs over the 30 Years from 1981 to 2010 |journal=Journal of Natural Products |date=8 February 2012 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=311–35 |doi=10.1021/np200906s |pmid=22316239 |pmc=3721181 |bibcode=2012JNAtP..75..311N }}</ref> Among cancer treatments, of 185 small-molecule drugs approved in the period from 1981 to 2019, 65% were derived from or inspired by natural substances.<ref name="Kew 2020"/>

===Safety===

[[File:Datura stramonium - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg|thumb|upright|The Thornapple ''[[Datura stramonium]]'' has been used for asthma, because it contains the alkaloid [[atropine]], but it is also a powerful and potentially fatal [[hallucinogen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Freye |first1=Enno |title=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs |publisher=Springer |date=2010 |pages=217–218 |isbn=978-90-481-2447-3|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34 |chapter=Toxicity of Datura Stramonium }}</ref>]]

{{further|List of herbs with known adverse effects}}

Plant medicines can cause adverse effects and even death, whether by side-effects of their active substances, by adulteration or contamination, by overdose, or by inappropriate prescription. Many such effects are known, while others remain to be explored scientifically. There is no reason to presume that because a product comes from nature it must be safe: the existence of powerful natural poisons like atropine and nicotine shows this to be untrue. Further, the high standards applied to conventional medicines do not always apply to plant medicines, and dose can vary widely depending on the growth conditions of plants: older plants may be much more toxic than young ones, for instance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ernst |first1=E. |title=Harmless Herbs? A Review of the Recent Literature |url=http://toxicology.usu.edu/endnote/Harmless-Herbs.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=170–178 |year=1998 |pmid=9528737 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00397-5 |access-date=2013-11-28 |archive-date=2019-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105150424/http://toxicology.usu.edu/endnote/Harmless-Herbs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talalay |first1=P. |title=The importance of using scientific principles in the development of medicinal agents from plants |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=238–47 |year=2001 |pmid=11242573 |doi=10.1097/00001888-200103000-00010 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00394-9 |last1=Elvin-Lewis |first1=M. |year=2001 |title=Should we be concerned about herbal remedies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=75 |issue=2–3|pages=141–164 |pmid=11297844}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vickers, A. J. |title=Which botanicals or other unconventional anticancer agents should we take to clinical trial? |journal=J Soc Integr Oncol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=125–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17761132 |doi= |pmc=2590766}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ernst |first=E. |title=Dietary Supplements and Health |chapter=Herbal medicines: balancing benefits and risks |publisher=Novartis Foundation Symposium |volume=282 |pages=154–167; discussion 167–172, 212–218 |year=2007 |pmid=17913230 |doi=10.1002/9780470319444.ch11 |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |isbn=978-0-470-31944-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Adverse effects associated with herbal medicine |last1=Pinn |first1=G. |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1070–1075 |date=November 2001 |pmid=11759460}}</ref>

Plant extracts may interact with conventional drugs, both because they may provide an increased dose of similar compounds, and because some phytochemicals interfere with the body's systems that metabolise drugs in the liver including the [[cytochrome P450]] system, making the drugs last longer in the body and have a cumulative effect.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Interactions of food and dietary supplements with drug metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes |journal=Ceska Slov Farm |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=165–73 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17969314 |last1=Nekvindová |first1=J. |last2=Anzenbacher |first2=P.}}</ref> Plant medicines can be dangerous during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Herb use in pregnancy: what nurses should know |journal=MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=201–6 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15867682 |last1=Born |first1=D. |last2=Barron |first2=ML |doi=10.1097/00005721-200505000-00009|s2cid=35882289 }}</ref> Since plants may contain many different substances, plant extracts may have complex effects on the human body.<ref name="tapsell">{{cite journal |last1=Tapsell |first1=L. C. |author2=Hemphill, I. |author3=Cobiac, L. |display-authors=etal |title=Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=185 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S4–24 |date=August 2006 |pmid=17022438 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00548.x |s2cid=9769230 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2450&context=hbspapers |access-date=2020-08-27 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031172039/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2450&context=hbspapers |url-status=live |hdl=2440/22802 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Quality, advertising, and labelling===

Herbal medicine and dietary supplement products have been criticized as not having sufficient standards or scientific evidence to confirm their contents, safety, and presumed efficacy.<ref name=quackwatch>{{cite web |url=https://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/herbs.html |title=The herbal minefield |author=Barrett, Stephen |publisher=Quackwatch |date=23 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818071259/http://quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/herbs.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=22305255 |year=2012 |last1=Zhang |first1=J. |title=Quality of herbal medicines: Challenges and solutions |journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine |volume=20 |issue=1–2 |pages=100–106 |last2=Wider |first2=B. |last3=Shang |first3=H. |last4=Li |first4=X. |last5=Ernst |first5=E. |doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=13129992 |year=2003 |last1=Morris |first1=C. A. |title=Internet marketing of herbal products |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=11 |pages=1505–9 |last2=Avorn |first2=J. |doi=10.1001/jama.290.11.1505 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3325194 |year=2012 |last1=Coghlan |first1=M. L. |title=Deep Sequencing of Plant and Animal DNA Contained within Traditional Chinese Medicines Reveals Legality Issues and Health Safety Concerns |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=8 |issue=4 |article-number=e1002657 |last2=Haile |first2=J. |last3=Houston |first3=J. |last4=Murray |first4=D. C. |last5=White |first5=N. E. |last6=Moolhuijzen |first6=P |last7=Bellgard |first7=M. I. |last8=Bunce |first8=M |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002657 |pmid=22511890 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Companies often make false claims about their herbal products promising health benefits that aren't backed by evidence to generate more sales. The market for dietary supplements and nutraceuticals grew by 5% during the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the United States taking action to stop the deceptive marketing of herbal products to combat the virus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lordan |first1=Ronan |title=Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals market growth during the coronavirus pandemic - implications for consumers and regulatory oversight |journal=Pharmanutrition |year=2021 |volume=18 |article-number=100282 |publisher=Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection |doi=10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100282 |pmid=34513589 |pmc=8416287 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=United States Files Enforcement Action to Stop Deceptive Marketing of Herbal Tea Product Advertised as Covid-19 Treatment |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/united-states-files-enforcement-action-stop-deceptive-marketing-herbal-tea-product |website=United States Department of Justice |date=3 March 2022 |publisher=Department of Justice |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003185407/https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/united-states-files-enforcement-action-stop-deceptive-marketing-herbal-tea-product |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Threats==

Where medicinal plants are harvested from the wild rather than cultivated, they are subject to both general and specific threats. General threats include [[climate change]] and [[habitat destruction|habitat loss]] to development and agriculture. A specific threat is over-collection to meet rising demand for medicines.<ref name=Kling/> A case in point was the pressure on wild populations of the Pacific yew soon after news of taxol's effectiveness became public.<ref name=Atanasov2015/> The threat from over-collection could be addressed by cultivation of some medicinal plants, or by a system of certification to make wild harvesting sustainable.<ref name=Kling>{{cite journal |last1=Kling |first1=Jim |title=Protecting medicine's wild pharmacy |journal=Nature Plants |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=5 |article-number=16064 |doi=10.1038/nplants.2016.64|pmid=27243657 |bibcode=2016NatPl...216064K |s2cid=7246069 }}</ref> A report in 2020 by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew identifies 723 medicinal plants as being at risk of extinction, caused partly by over-collection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Helen |title=Two-fifths of plants at risk of extinction, says report |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54344309 |work=BBC |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929235402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54344309 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kew 2020">{{cite web |title=State of the World's Plants and Fungi 2020 |url=https://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/Kew%20State%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Plants%20and%20Fungi.pdf |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=30 September 2020 |date=2020 |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005025107/https://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/Kew%20State%20of%20the%20Worlds%20Plants%20and%20Fungi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Australian Phytochemical Survey]]
* [[Ethnomedicine]]
* [[European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products]]
* [[Plant Resources of Tropical Africa]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medicinal plants| ]]
[[Category:Plants and humans]]

Punjabi dictionary

2026-03-15T03:33:16Z

Yaxisdelhi: new new post!

{{lead too short|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Compilations of words and phrases used in the Punjabi-language}}
{{Punjabis}}

'''Punjabi dictionaries''' are compilations of words and phrases used in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]] and [[Punjabi dialects and languages|its dialects]]. Punjabi dictionaries were first published in the 19th century by printing presses operated by [[Christian mission|Christian missionaries]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Afshar |first=Sahar |url=https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/14181/1/Afshar%2C%20Sahar%20PhD%20Thesis%20published_Final%20version_Submitted%20Apr%202022_Final%20Award%20Jan%202023.pdf |title=Gurmukhi printing types: an historical analysis of British design, development, and distribution in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries |date=April 2022 |publisher=Birmingham City University |pages=115–153 |chapter=4. The onset of Gurmukhi printing in India}}</ref> Punjabi dictionaries exist in romanized Punjabi, [[Gurmukhi]], and [[Shahmukhi]], or combinations of the three.

== Terminology and structure ==
In the Punjabi language, the word ''nirukat'' refers to an etymology, ''pariyay/priya''/''prayais'' refers to a [[glossary]], and ''kosh'' refers to a dictionary.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Anoop |title=A Bibliography of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji |date=27 February 2005 |publisher=Panthic Weekly}}</ref>{{Rp|page=9}}<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=Jaswinder Kaur |last2=Dhillon |first2=Aridaman Singh |editor-last=Dhillon |editor-first=Balwant Singh |title=Exegesis of Sri Guru Granth Sahib: Traditions and Outlook |journal=Perspectives on Guru Granth Sahib |publisher=Centre on Studies in Sri Guru Granth Sahib - Guru Nanak Dev University |volume=7 |pages=39–46}}</ref>

Many Punjabi dictionaries do not merely classify words as ''[[Tatsama|tatsamas]]'', ''[[Tadbhava|tadbhavas]]'', or ''ardhatatsamas'', but go beyond and use additional categorizations:<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=Linguistics in South Asia |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081950-2 |editor-last=Emeneau |editor-first=Murray B. |pages=183–193 |editor-last2=Fergusson |editor-first2=Charles A.}}</ref>

# Sanskritic tatsamas<ref name=":9" />
# Ardhatatsamas<ref name=":9" />
# Prakrit tadbhavas<ref name=":9" />
# Braj tadbhavas<ref name=":9" />
# Punjabic tadbhavas<ref name=":9" />
# Borrowed – (a) from Perso-Arabic, (b) others, including English, French, Portuguese, as well as words of unknown origin<ref name=":9" />

[[Prakrit]] tadbhavas and [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] tadbhavas mostly occur in Sikh scriptures.<ref name=":9" /> Punjabi has adopted a high amount of Perso-Arabic borrowings.<ref name=":9" /> Perso-Arabic borrowings (nouns and adjectives in-particular) being used as proper names for both Sikhs and Hindus is a unique trait that Punjabi has amongst Indo-Aryan languages.<ref name=":9" /> There often exists a Sanskritic tatsama, Perso-Arabic borrowing, and Punjabic tadbhava for synonymous words.<ref name=":9" />

== Dictionaries translating between Punjabi and English ==

=== Background ===
[[File:Illustration captioned 'Percy learns the Punjaubi language.', published in 'Through the Sikh War, A Tale of the Conquest of the Punjaub', by George Alfred Henty, ca.1900's.png|thumb|Illustration captioned 'Percy learns the Punjaubi language.', published in 'Through the Sikh War, A Tale of the Conquest of the Punjaub', by George Alfred Henty, ca.1900's]]
Punjabi [[lexicography]] can be traced back to the efforts by Christian missionaries.<ref name=":4" /> Punjabi, in [[Gurmukhi]]-script, was first printed by printing presses run by Christian missionaries, such as the [[Serampore Mission Press]] in Bengal and the [[Ludhiana Mission Press]] in Punjab.<ref name=":4" /> They established these printing presses to spread Christianity amongst the natives of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":4" /> In May 1806, the Serampore Mission Press began to experiment with printing in Punjabi, employing Gurmukhi script.<ref name=":4" /> In early reports by the Serampore Mission, they referred to the Punjabi-language and Gurmukhi-script as "Seek" (a reference to [[Sikhs]], a term used interchangeably by the printing press for the Punjabi-language in Gurmukhi script and for Sikhs).<ref name=":4" /> By 1808, a type of Gurmukhi had already been developed by the press.<ref name=":4" /> The first Punjabi work printed in Gurmukhi characters with [[movable type]] began as early as 1809.<ref name=":4" /> The European missionaries were likely assisted by native ''[[Pandit|pundits]]'' (for translating, [[punchcutting]], and printing) and craftsmen in the creation of design or production of these types and the creation of [[Letterform|letterforms]].<ref name=":4" /> The first known Gurmukhi metal types were cut by Monohur (of the [[Karmakar|Karmakāra]] caste) or by unknown Indian assistants under the supervision of [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]] of the Serampore Mission Press.<ref name=":4" /> A Sikh man, named Ajnaram, assisted William Carey by translating the first ninety-two hymns of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name=":4" /> Ajnaram was paid a sum of five gold ''[[Mohur|mohurs]]'' for his translation work.<ref name=":4" /> Ajnaram likely assisted the missionaries by translating texts into Punjabi and the development of printing types.<ref name=":4" />

Regarding the Punjabi-language, the Serampore Mission Press stated the following in one of its memoirs:<ref name=":4" />
{{Blockquote|text=The language of the Seeks is a modification of the Hindee, and has nearly the same affinity with the Sungskrit. Although so nearly allied to the Hindee, however, its grammatical terminations are different, and it has a different character, to which
the Seeks are so much attached, that the mere circumstance of a book being written in it, recommends it strongly to their notice. These considerations have determined us to attempt alluring this nation to the perusal of the sacred word by presenting it to them in their vernacular language and character. A learned Seek, eminently skilled in Sungskrit has been for some time retained for this purpose, and the translation has advanced to the Gospel by John. [sic] |author=J. W. Morris (Dunstable, 1808)|title=First Serampore memoir relative to the translations of the sacred Scriptures to the Baptist Missionary Society in England}}
[[File:Title-page of 'A Grammar of the Punjabee Language' (1812) by William Carey of the Serampore Mission Press.jpg|thumb|Title-page of 'A Grammar of the Punjabee Language' (1812) by William Carey of the Serampore Mission Press, actually published in early 1813<ref name=":4" />]]
The first non-religious book printed in Punjabi (Gurmukhi) was a [[grammar book]] (containing vocabulary), titled ''A Grammar of the Punjabee Language'', by the Serampore Mission Press, published in early 1813 (although the published print bears the year 1812).<ref name=":4" /> Whilst Carey had begun printing the grammar book in 1811, a fire broke out at the Serampore Mission Press in 1812 that destroyed most of the work that had already been completed up til that point, so he again had to work alongside pundits, whom re-translated the work so a new edition could be brought-out.<ref name=":4" /> The Serampore Mission established various schools, such as the Serampore School (est. 1818), for the original purpose of spreading Christianity in India but later for theological studies and education of native Indians.<ref name=":4" /> These educational pursuits led the Serampore Mission to start publishing dictionaries, grammars, and scholastic textbooks, relating to local Indian languages.<ref name=":4" />
{{Blockquote|text=The following sheets are intended to furnish short and appropriate rules for acquisition of this language, without attempting any remarks upon the nature of grammar in general. Conscious that long disquisitions respecting minute circumstances only serve to deter a student from the study of a language, the writer of this work has endeavoured to give a sufficient number of rules in as simple a manner and as few words as possible. The Shikhs [sic] follow the religion founded by Nanuka, the precepts of which are contained in a large volume, called, emphatically, the Gruntha, or ''The Writing'', which is written in a peculiar character called Gooroo-Mokhee Naguree; on which account they have a peculiar veneration for that character, and, with few exceptions, use it in all their transactions. That character is therefore used in the following work, as that which properly belong to the language.|author=William Carey (Serampore, Serampore Mission Press, 1812)|title=A Grammar of the Punjabee Language|source=Preface}}
In 1838, another grammar book on Punjabi, also titled ''A Grammar of the Punjabee Language'', by Lieutenant John Leech of the [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Engineers]], was published.<ref name=":4" /> Leech's Punjabi grammar book utilizes [[Romanization|romanized]] Punjabi, with some [[Devanagari]] and [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] usage as well.<ref name=":4" /> Leech must have published his grammar book without knowledge of the previous Punjabi grammar book of the same name that had earlier been published by William Carey.<ref name=":4" /> This publication was followed in 1849 by yet another grammar book on Punjabi by Captain Samuel Cross Starkey, whom was a British Colonial Officer in India.<ref name=":4" /> Starkey's grammar book only employs romanized Punjabi with no usage of native scripts.<ref name=":4" /> These early works showcase that not only were there merely religious motivations for improving communication between Europeans and Indians and producing literature on Indian languages, but there were also military reasons for doing-so.<ref name=":4" />

Later, the Ludhiana Mission was established in the Punjab due to the "almost total lack of a Christian presence".<ref name=":4" /> The missionaries associated with the Ludhiana Mission brought with them Persian, Gurmukhi, Devanagari, and Latin fonts to the Punjab from Calcutta, which allowed them to print literature in the various lects found in the Punjab.<ref name=":4" /> The Ludhiana Mission used the same kind of Gurmukhi font that had been previously cast and used by the earlier Serampore Mission.<ref name=":4" /> In 1846, during the [[First Anglo-Sikh war|First Anglo-Sikh War]], the Ludhiana Mission Press published a work titled ''Idiomatic Sentences in English and Panjabi'', which mostly covered military concerns, judicial situation, and medical information.<ref name=":4" /> However, the printing press faced difficulties in compiling this 1846 publication as there was still no established translating scheme between the English and Punjabi languages in use by the missionaries at Ludhiana.<ref name=":4" />

The Ludhiana Mission Press, under the supervision of Reverend James Porter, published a grammar book on Punjabi by John Newton, titled ''A Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With Appendices'' in 1851.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Maninder |date=May 2018 |title=The American Presbyterian Mission in Colonial Punjab: Contribution in Social and Religious Fields (1834-1930) |url=http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/upoadreserchpapers/5/210/1807140521371st%20maninder%20kaur.pdf |journal=Remarking an Analisation |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=101–107}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Shan |first=Harnam Singh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti (2005 reprint) |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |editor-last=Datta |editor-first=Amaresh |edition=1st |volume=2 |pages=1031–1035 |chapter=Dictionaries (Punjabi)}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The motivation for publishing this grammar book was due to the aftermath of the annexation of much of Punjab in 1849 after the downfall of the [[Sikh Empire]] resulting from the [[Second Anglo-Sikh war|Second Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref name=":4" /> Many British colonial officials, only familiar with Urdu, began coming into Punjab after the 1849 annexation, so this work attempts to instruct them in the local Punjabi-language.<ref name=":4" /> Newton's Punjabi grammar book does make explicit mention of the previous grammar book that was written by William Carey, however whilst being sympathetic, Newton does note inaccuracies in Carey's earlier work.<ref name=":4" /> Newton's grammar book focuses mostly on how Punjabi grammar differs from Urdu grammar, rather than being solely dedicated to the comprehensive study of Punjabi's grammar itself.<ref name=":4" /> Newton's grammar book is divided into two main partitions: [[orthography]] and [[orthoepy]] (including [[syntax]]), with these main sections being divided into smaller parts based on adjectives, nouns, adverbs, pronouns, interjections, conjunctions, verbs, etc.<ref name=":4" /> Newton's Punjabi grammar book would later be republished in 1866, owing to its acclaim and popularity.<ref name=":4" />

A push for compiling the Punjabi dictionary may have come from the East India Company's language policies, as they were long eager to replace the [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|Persian-language as the language of administration]] with local vernacular languages instead, requesting assistance from mission presses to publish grammar books and dictionaries to assist with this effort to move toward local vernaculars from Persian.<ref name=":4" />

=== First Punjabi dictionaries ===
The first Punjabi dictionary was ''A Dictionary, English and Punjabee, Outlines of Grammar, Also Dialogues, English and Punjabee, With Grammar and Explanatory Notes'' published in Calcutta in 1849.<ref name=":5" /> This dictionary authored by Captain Samuel Cross Starkey, whom was assisted in its compilation by ''[[jemadar]]'' Bussawa Singh.<ref name=":5" /> This dictionary was 256-pages and gave the Punjabi translation for 11,000 English words, all in the Latin script.<ref name=":5" />[[File:Title-page of 'A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language' by the Ludhiana Mission (1854).jpg|thumb|Title-page of 'A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language' by the Ludhiana Mission (1854)]]
The grammar book of the Ludhiana Press was followed in 1854 by the publication of a Punjabi dictionary, titled ''A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language,'' also published by the Ludhiana Mission Press in 1854.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":4" /> This Punjabi dictionary published by the Ludhiana Mission Press had been a work a long time in the making, with it first being worked on by John Newton<ref name=":4" /> James Porter and Levi Janiver also assisted with the compilation of the dictionary.<ref name=":5" /> In 1841, the annual meeting of the mission gave Newton approval to begin compiling a Punjabi dictionary to assist those wanting to learn the Punjabi language, however Newton had already been collecting material to assist with compiling such a dictionary before this.<ref name=":4" /> However, John Newton was preoccupied with other duties of running the printing press and it was tedious work compiling the dictionary, leading to the dictionary being pushed-back by twelve years.<ref name=":4" /> Progress of the dictionary was also effected by the departure of prominent missionaries at the press, such as the loss of Reese Morris, and a fire that occurred at the printing press, shortage of funds, and difficulties acquiring printing paper.<ref name=":4" /> When the press finally recuperated its losses and restored itself, Newton resumed work on compiling a Punjabi dictionary.<ref name=":4" /> In the ''Twelfth annual report of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church'', the missionaries of the press happily reported that almost 20,000 Punjabi words had been collected and arranged, with there being 8,000 fully complete translations into English of these collected words, with 6,000 partial translations yet to be completed, with the rest of the word remaining to have any translation work conducted on them.<ref name=":4" />
{{Blockquote|text=The labour involved in this work is exceedingly arduous. Mr Newton has been engaged in it, more or less, for several years, and is, no doubt, better qualified than any other person, to do justice to such an undertaking. It will form a valuable contribution to the general literature of the Hindus, and an indispensable auxiliary to all foreigners, whether missionaries or others, with that portion of the people of the Punjab who speak the Sikh language. In the meantime, Mr Newton has nearly ready for the press a Grammar and a Vocabulary of the same language [sic].|author=Board of Missions (New York, 1849)|title=''Report of the Board of the Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America'' (annual report no. 12)}}
However, in 1850 work on the dictionary yet again was stalled due to the opening of the Lahore Mission, with many missionaries that were posted at the Ludhiana Mission being transferred there, including Newton himself.<ref name=":4" /> The dictionary was finally published in 1854 under the supervision of Levi Janiver, with a note in its preface written by John Newton noting four noteworthy remarks about the dictionary:<ref name=":4" />

# The dictionary does not contain all the words used in the Punjabi language (the entirety of the Punjabi [[Lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] is not fully represented).<ref name=":4" />
# Some words found in the dictionary might not be in common circulation anymore.<ref name=":4" />
# He describes the romanization style as being "Shakespearean modified to suit the peculiarities of the Panjábí language", which is similar to the precursor grammar book.<ref name=":4" />
# The ਅ (áiṛá) and ਉ (uṛá) glyphs of Gurmukhi script have swapped places in-order, similar to how they arranged in the previous grammar book, whilst the rest of the thirty-five Gurmukhi letters (known as the ''paintí'') are arranged the same way as they are locally by natives.<ref name=":4" />

The Lahore Mission's 1854 Punjabi dictionary contained 438 triple-columned pages filled with around 25,000 words, mostly sourced from the dialect of Punjabi that was then spoken in and around Ludhiana.<ref name=":5" /> The dictionary contained both Latin and Gurmukhi scripts and was arranged according to the traditional ordering of the Gurmukhi letters (apart from the exception noted above involving the first two letters).<ref name=":5" /> John Newton and Levi Janiver were both praised by the mission after the publication of the dictionary, with the cost of producing the work almost being fully recuperated by its sales, proving that it was a useful resource for Christian missionaries and other people interested in learning the Punjabi-language.<ref name=":4" /> The 1854 Ludhiana Mission dictionary would inspire later colonial-era Punjabi vocabularies, glossaries, and dictionaries.<ref name=":5" />

=== Later colonial-era dictionaries ===
[[File:First content-page of translations of Maya Singh's dictionary ('The Panjábí Dictionary', Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons, 1895).jpg|thumb|First content-page of definitions from Maya Singh's dictionary ('The Panjábí Dictionary', Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons, 1895)]]
Later colonial-era Punjabi dictionaries were either published as stand-alone books, as part of district settlement reports, or as an appendice adjoined to [[District Gazetteer|district gazetteers]].<ref name=":5" /> Maya Singh, whom was an early member of the [[Singh Sabha Movement|Lahore Singh Sabha]] and an editor of the ''Khalsa Gazette'', was requested by [[Denzil Ibbetson]] to produce a lengthy Punjabi dictionary.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |edition=3rd |page=203}}</ref> Maya Singh's dictionary was eventually compiled and published in 1895 as a brief-entry dictionary, titled simply as ''The Panjábí Dictionary'', under the supervision of the Punjab Textbook Committee, Lahore.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=Bhai Maya Singh: The Panjabi Dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/singh/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia - Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |title=A Guide to World Language Dictionaries |publisher=Library Association Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-85604-251-2 |pages=331–332 |chapter=Panjabi}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Maya Singh's dictionary was mostly based upon the 1854 Ludhiana Mission dictionary, however it was ground-breaking in that it was a wide-ranging lexicography that was carried-out in a methodical manner.<ref name=":5" /> Maya Singh's dictionary was printed with 1221 large-sized, double-columned pages representing around 40,000 Punjabi words.<ref name=":5" /> Furthermore, it also contained usages, idioms, and dialectal variations for each entry.<ref name=":5" /> The information for the dialectal variations of Punjabi words utilized existing glossaries published on various dialects, with nearly all of the Punjabic dialects being represented in the work.<ref name=":5" /> Maya Singh's dictionary utilized both Latin and Gurmukhi scripts and it was arranged as per the order of the English alphabet, with the Punjabi headword being written in both Gurmukhi and Latin scripts.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Addendum|Addendums]] of Maya Singh's dictionary were later made by [[Horace Arthur Rose]] and also Thomas Grahame Bailey.<ref name=":5" /> A Shahmukhi version of Maya Singh's dictionary was prepared by Maqsood Saqib and published by Vanguard Books at Lahore in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abid |first=Sohail |date=27 February 2019 |title=Longing for a 124 Years Old Punjabi Dictionary |url=https://sohailabid.com/2019/02/longing-for-a-124-years-old-punjabi-dictionary/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Sohail Abid}}</ref>

In 1918, the [[University of the Punjab|University of Punjab, Lahore]] began a project of compiling a fully complete, consolidated, and comprehensive Punjabi-English dictionary due to solicitations, by [[George Abraham Grierson]] and the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Government]], of such a volume needing to be created.<ref name=":5" /> This effort was taken-on by Banarsidas, whom was supervised by [[A. C. Woolner|Alfred Cooper Woolner]].<ref name=":5" /> Banarsidas, Woolner, and their assistant spent the next 10 years compiling this dictionary by collecting the required materials and following a scientific method.<ref name=":5" /> Punjabi words were arranged according to the alphabetical order of English.<ref name=":5" /> Four scripts would be employed in this dictionary: Latin, Gurmukhi, Devanagari, and Persian scripts.<ref name=":5" /> When nearing completion, the dictionary was divided into twenty-six volumes, containing around 80,000 Punjabi words and idioms in-sum across all the volumes.<ref name=":5" /> Between 1941–42, Banarsidas updated the draft of the dictionary and Teja Singh revised it between 1943–45 at Khalsa College, Amritsar.<ref name=":5" /> However, just when the printing of the dictionary finally began in 1947, [[Partition of India|pre-partition riots]] broke-out in Lahore, which led to the cancellation of the publishing of the dictionary.<ref name=":5" /> The unpublished manuscript of the dictionary remains locked-up at the Punjabi University's library in Lahore to this day.<ref name=":5" />

==== List of later colonial-era dictionaries ====
A list of other later colonial-era Punjabi dictionaries are as follows:<ref name=":5" />

* In 1895, ''A Vocabulary of Two Thousand Words from English Into Punjabi'', by ''[[munshi]]'' Jawahar Singh, was published at Lahore.{{Efn|The name of the compiler of the 1895 dictionary is alternatively spelt as 'Jawahir Singh'.|group=note}}<ref name=":5" /> Jawahar Singh's work was mostly meant to be used by army officers.<ref name=":5" />
* In 1897, a dictionary, titled ''Anglo-Gurmukhi Dictionary'', by Lala Saligram Bajaj, was an early attempt at creating a regular English-Punjabi dictionary.<ref name=":5" /> Lala Saligram Bajaj's dictionary featured 649 double-columned pages where Punjabi translations of English words are offered in Gurmukhi script.<ref name=":5" /> This dictionary was printed at Lahore.<ref name=":5" />
* In 1898, another Punjabi dictionary published in Ludhiana by the Ludhiana Mission, titled ''Panjábí Grammar, With Exercises and Vocabulary'', authored by Reverend E. P. Newton, was released.<ref name=":5" />
* In 1919, a Punjabi dictionary, simply titled as ''English-Punjabi Dictionary'', was published at Calcutta, being authored by Reverend Thomas Grahame Bailey of [[Scottish Protestant missions|the Scottish Mission]] in Wazirabad.<ref name=":5" /> This dictionary contained 5,800 words, including their Latin script equivalents, to assist Europeans learning the Punjabi language to converse with locals.<ref name=":5" />
* In 1929, an English-to-Punjabi dictionary, titled ''An English-Punjabi Dictionary'', by Rev. Canon Walter Pullin Hares (of the Church Missionary Society, Gojra), was published by the [[Civil and Military Gazette]] press.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Bibliography of Publications on the Languages of the World: South Asia and Far East. Africa |publisher=United States - Army Map Service - Library - Book and Periodical Branch |year=1967 |volume=2 |page=117}}</ref> This dictionary was a landmark achievement in Punjabi lexicography, as it contains 15,000 English words with around 55,000 romanized Punjabi equivalents.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Angrezi-Punjabi Kosh'' by Khush Lal Singh.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi Arthawali'' by Amar Nath, an English-to-Punjabi dictionary featuring Punjabi translations of English words in both Latin and Persian scripts.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi-Angrezi Kosh'' by Khushhal Singh (Lahore, 1946).<ref name=":5" /> Based upon Maya Singh's dictionary.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi-English Vocabulary'', a small lexicon published by the Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Lahore.<ref name=":5" /> Mostly derived from Maya Singh's dictionary.<ref name=":5" />

==== Dialect or region-specific colonial-era dictionaries ====
Missionaries and officers of British India also produced Punjabi dictionaries focusing on Punjabic lects spoken in particular regions.<ref name=":5" /> Some examples are as follows:<ref name=":5" />

* ''Glossary of the Multani Language Compared with Punjábi and Sindhi'' (Lahore, 1880) by Edward O'Brien – covering the [[Saraiki language|Multani]] lect found in southwestern Punjab (now classified as a dialect of [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> This work features a series of thematic glossaries and a Punjab-English glossary.<ref name=":3" />
* ''Grammar and Dictionary of Western Panjabi, as Spoken in the Shahpur District, With Proverbs, Sayings, & Verses'' (Lahore, 1899) by James Wilson – covering the [[Shahpuri dialect]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language'' (London, 1900) by Reverend [[Andrew Jukes (missionary)|Andrew Jukes]] of the Church Missionary Society of Derajats – covering the [[Jatki language|Jatki dialect]].<ref name=":5" />

=== Post-independence dictionaries ===
After the independence of India and Pakistan, the Punjabi dictionaries that had been published during the colonial-era were unsuitable for the demands of that time.<ref name=":5" /> This is because earlier dictionaries were limited in scope as they had been mostly compiled to serve foreigners, such as the colonial administration/officials and Christian missionaries.<ref name=":5" /> These earlier dictionaries neglected special areas of interest, which were to the detriment of developing Punjabi into a language of administration, scholarship, and instruction, in post-independence India.<ref name=":5" /> In 1948, the Publication Bureau of Punjab University in Shimla began working on compiling a comprehensive English-Punjabi dictionary to meet the requirements of the day, with the ''[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary|Concise Oxford Dictionary]]'' serving as its English vocabulary base.<ref name=":5" /> This project was undertaken by Teja Singh with the assistance of Harnam Singh 'Shan'.<ref name=":5" /> Due to the sudden decline of Teja Singh's health, only the first part of the dictionary was published in 1953, titled as ''The Standard English-Punjabi Dictionary''.<ref name=":5" /> However, a comprehensive Punjabi-English lexicon, to the same magnitude as the unpublished draft manuscript that was prepared by the University of Punjab (Lahore), has yet to be completed post-1947.<ref name=":5" /> Many Punjabi dictionaries, both reprints and new works, are published by universities located in the state.<ref name=":9" /> Punjabi lexicographers, unlike grammarians, utilize older dictionaries when compiling new ones, attempting to maximize their coverage of the language.<ref name=":9" /> An English-Punjabi online dictionary, containing around 40,000 [[Lemma (morphology)|head-words]] (including scientific and technological jargon), was released by Punjabi University, Patiala in 2011, after having been developed by the university's Department of Linguistics and Punjabi Lexicography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Parvesh |date=14 June 2011 |title=English-Punjabi Dictionary Now Online |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/resource_library/englishpunjabi_dictionary_now_online |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=sikhchic (originally published by The Times of India)}}</ref> In 2016, a software called ''Akhar'', developed by the team of Gurpreet Singh Lehal from the Centre for Punjabi Language Technology of Punjabi University, was released.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=23 February 2022 |title=International Mother Tongue Day: Punjabi University launches new version of Akhar software |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/international-mother-tongue-day-punjabi-university-launches-new-version-of-akhar-software-101645562560263.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=21 February 2022 |title=Punjabi word processor, Akhar 2021 launched by Punjabi University on International Mother Tongue day |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=140677 |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=Babushahi}}</ref> The 2021 version of Akhar, known as ''Akhar-2021'', features a Punjabi-English dictionary function and a Gurmukhi-to-Shahmukhi transliterator.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> Many Punjabi dictionaries available today are digital, app-based dictionaries, such as ''U-Dictionary''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2019 |title=U-Dictionary climbs up Google Play Charts, clocks 50 Million Installs |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/u-dictionary-climbs-up-google-play-charts-clocks-50-million-installs20190620183208/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=ANI}}</ref> PILAC in Pakistan is planning on compiling a Punjabi-English dictionary.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Hassaan |date=12 February 2019 |title=World's largest Punjab dictionary to hit the market soon |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/353670/worlds-largest-punjab-dictionary-to-hit-the-market-soon/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=Daily Times}}</ref>

A list of some Punjabi dictionaries from post-1947 are as follows:

* ''Punjabi-Angreji Shabadkosh'' (Amritsar, 1954) – jointly compiled by Saran Singh, Gurcharan Singh, and Tara Singh Sethi.<ref name=":5" /> It was mostly based on Maya Singh's 1895 dictionary and utilized for general purposes by students.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Anglo-Punjabi Dictionary'' (Teja Singh, Ludhiana, 1955) – this dictionary was prepared by Teja Singh after his health got better.<ref name=":5" /> It is a concise version of the earlier dictionary he began working on with Harnam Singh 'Shan'.<ref name=":5" /> This dictionary contains 504 double-columned pages and was very influential in the future path of modern English-Punjabi dictionaries.<ref name=":5" />
* Many practical Punjabi dictionaries, meant for students, were authored by S. S. Amole, Nihal Singh 'Ras', Bakhshish Singh, and Sant Ram Grover.<ref name=":5" />
* ''English-Punjabi Dictionary'' (Department of Punjabi Literary Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1968) – this dictionary features 703 double-columned pages.<ref name=":5" /> A revised edition, led by Gurdit Singh 'Premi', was published in 1971.<ref name=":5" />
* ''PSUTB English-Punjabi Dictionary'' (Punjab State University Textbook Board, 1982) – this large-scale, brief-entry dictionary was the finalization of ''The Standard English-Punjabi Dictionary'' project that had been begun by Punjab University, Chandigarh.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> The stalled project was eventually revived and taken over by a collaborative effort between the department of lexicography and the Punjab State University Textbook Board.<ref name=":5" /> The chief-editors of this dictionary were Attar Singh and Balbir Singh Sandhu.<ref name=":5" /> It is a very large dictionary, containing 1407 large-sized, double-columned pages.<ref name=":5" /> The pronunciation of English words is displayed in Gurmukhi in bold-face that is aligned to the right-side of every colomn.<ref name=":3" />
* ''Panjabi-Angrezi Lughat'' (Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi, Dunwoody Publishing & Press, 2012) – a Punjabi-English dictionary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Kanwal Bashir and Abbas Kazmi: Punjabi-English Dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/bashir/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia - Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> The first edition of the dictionary features 2,500 main word entries arranged according to their frequency of use.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2012 |title=Punjabi-English dictionary launched |url=https://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-85/article-6/index.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA)}}</ref> Each entry features the head-word written in Shahmukhi, a romanization, pronunciation, parts of speech, and the definition.<ref name=":17" /> The end of the dictionary features appendices, such as a verb chart and a grammar.<ref name=":17" />

== Dictionaries translating between Punjabi and non-English languages ==
* ''Hindi-Punjabi Kosh'' (Patiala, 1953) – a Hindi-Punjabi dictionary that was compiled by Sant Indar Singh Chakarvarti and published by the Punjabi Department, [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]], Patiala (now called the Languages Department of the Punjab Government).<ref name=":5" /> It contains 862 large-sized, double-columned pages that provide Punjabi translations for 60,000 Hindi words.<ref name=":5" /> The Hindi words are written using Devanagari whilst the Punjabi translations are written in Gurmukhi.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Hindi Words Common to Other Indian Languages: Hindi-Punjabi'' ([[Central Hindi Directorate]] of the Ministry of Education, Government of India, New Delhi, 1960)<ref name=":5" />
* ''Urdu-Punjabi-Hindi Kosh'' (Languages Department, Punjab Government, 1968)<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi Hindi-Kosh'' (1974)<ref name=":5" />
* ''Romani-Punjabi-Angrezi Dictionary'' (1981) by [[Weer Rajendra Rishi]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi-Urdu Dictionary'' (Sachal Studios and the Punjabi Adabi Board, 2009) by [[Sardar Mohammad Khan]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Mughal |first=Munir Ahmad |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3645047 |title=A Review of the Book 'Punjabi Urdu Dictionary, 2nd Edition by Sardar Muhammad Khan |date=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2009 |title=Punjabi-Urdu dictionary launched |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/483447/punjabi-urdu-dictionary-launched |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=Dawn}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Bashir |first1=Kanwal |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/bashir/frontmatter/frontmatter.pdf |title=Panjabi-Angrezi Lughat: Front Matter |last2=Kazmi |first2=Abbas |date=2012 |pages=ii, x |chapter=Preface, References}}</ref> A Punjabi-Urdu dictionary that covers 64 varieties of Punjabi over around 3,600 pages, containing idioms, riddles, and treatises related to Punjabi traditions and customs.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Altaf |first=Arsalan |date=24 January 2015 |title=The Pathan who wrote the largest Punjabi dictionary |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/826746/the-pathan-who-wrote-the-largest-punjabi-dictionary/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> The author is an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pathan]].<ref name=":2" /> A small part of the dictionary was published as ''Punjabi Urdu Lughat'' in 1965 under his wife's name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soofi |first=Mushtaq |date=20 December 2013 |title=Sardar Khan and his Punjabi Urdu Dictionary! |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1075261/sardar-khan-and-his-punjabi-urdu-dictionary |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=Dawn}}</ref>
* ''Punjabi Urdu Lughat'' (Urdu Science Board, Lahore, 2008) – by Tanvir Bokhari.<ref name=":1" />
* ''Pothohari Urdu Lughat'' (Zauraiz Publications, Multan, 2008) – a Pothohari-Urdu dictionary by Muhammad Sharif Shad.<ref name=":1" />

== Monolingual Punjabi dictionaries ==
Whilst examples of pre-1947 Punjabi-Punjabi dictionaries do exist, they mostly began to be produced after independence in 1947.<ref name=":5" /> The most notable Punjabi dictionary of this type was one that began to be worked upon initially for the purpose of cultivating Punjabi as a state language of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]] (Patiala and East Punjab States Union).<ref name=":5" /> This project began in 1948, with the task of compiling such a dictionary being the responsibility of Ranjit Singh Gill and Giani Lal Singh, with the projected being assigned to Banarsidas.<ref name=":5" /> However, Banarsidas retired in 1954, so this responsibility was transferred to Jit Singh Sital, and after him to Dalip Singh.<ref name=":5" /> Dalip Singh had a group of scholars and linguists to help him compile the dictionary.<ref name=":5" /> In 1955, the first volume of the dictionary was published.<ref name=":5" /> It took until 1983 for the sixth and final volume of the dictionary to be published by the Language Department of Punjab in Patiala.<ref name=":5" /> This dictionary is titled as ''Punjabi Kosh'' and it contains 3500 large-sized, double-columned pages which contain around 150,000 entries.<ref name=":5" /> Its entries cover subsidiary formations, usages, idioms, proverbs, and other linguistic aspects.<ref name=":5" /> The system of the dictionary is as follows: forms of the head-word give grammatical form, etymology, semantic distinction, dialectical formation, various shades of meaning, and providing many illustrations to describe the words.<ref name=":5" /> On 26 February 2014, Punjabi University launched ''Punjabipedia'', a Punjabi-language encyclopedia website that features entries from Punjabi dictionaries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2014 |title=Punjabi university launches Punjabipedia – an online treasure of Punjabi language |url=https://sikhsiyasat-en.net/punjabi-university-launches-punjabipedia-an-online-treasure-of-punjabi-language/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=Sikh Siyasat News}}</ref> The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture (PILAC) in Pakistan has published a large Punjabi-Punjabi dictionary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parvez |first=Amjad |date=23 September 2020 |title=The contributions of Dr Sughra Sadaf — a well-known name in Punjabi language and literature |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/669675/the-contributions-of-dr-sughra-sadaf-a-well-known-name-in-punjabi-language-and-literature/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=Daily Times}}</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=20 March 2019 |title=PILAC launches 'world's largest' Punjabi dictionary |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1933232/pilac-launches-worlds-largest-punjabi-dictionary |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> PILAC's dictionary spans seven volumes and was compiled over two years by a team of ten researchers under the purview of Sughra Sadaf.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />

=== List of monolingual Punjabi dictionaries ===
Examples of dictionaries of this type are as follows:<ref name=":5" />

* ''Punjabi Shabad Bhandar'' (Lahore, 1922) – compiled by Bhai Bishandas Puri under the supervision of the Punjab Textbook Committee, Lahore.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi Shabad-Joar'' by Teja Singh (Punjabi Department of PEPSU, Patiala, 1951) – a spelling dictionary.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Shabad Ratnakar Arthat Punjabi Shabadkosh'' by Giani Nihal Singh Ras (Jalandhar, 1954).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Parmanik Punjabi Kosh'' by Kartar Singh (first part published in Ludhiana, 1963).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi Shabad-Rup Te Shabad-Joar Kosh'' compiled by Harkirat Singh (Punjabi University, Patiala, published in separate fascicle installments in 1966, 1968, 1980, and 1982) – a spelling dictionary.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi Paryaye Ate Viparayaye'' by Gulwant Singh, Prem Parkash Singh, and Jeet Singh Sital (Punjabi University, Patiala, 1968) – a dictionary covering [[Synonym|synonyms]] and [[Opposite (semantics)|antonyms]], containing 192 pages.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi Ucharan Dictionary'' by Mohammad Khan (1982) – spelling dictionary published in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] that contains 12,000 Punjabi words written in Perso-Arabic script over 176 pages.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Vaddi Panjabi Lughat: Panjabi Tun Panjabi'' (Aziz Publishers, Lahore, 2002) – a comprehensive Punjabi-Punjabi dictionary by Muhammad Iqbal Salah-ud-Din.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=Iqbal Salah-ud-Din: Vaddi Panjabi Lughat |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/salah-ud-din/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia - Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=14 December 2005 |title=Noted literati passes away |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/169843/noted-literati-passes-away |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=Dawn}}</ref> It was published in three volumes.<ref name=":15" />

==== Dialects and regional languages ====
Punjabi dictionaries covering dialects and regional languages (some formerly classified as Punjabic) include:<ref name=":5" />

* ''Pothohari Shabad Kosh'' (Language Department, Punjab Government, 1960) – covering [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothohari dialect]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Puedhi Shabad Kosh'' (Language Department, Punjab Government, 1960) – covering [[Puadhi dialect]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Kangri Shabad-Sangrah'' (Language Department, Punjab Government, 1964) – covering [[Kangri language|Kangri]], now classified as part of the [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari languages]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Malwai Shabad Kosh'' by Manmandar Singh – covering the [[Malwai dialect]].
* ''Lehndi Kosh'' by Hardev Bahri – covering [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi).
* ''Khalsaee Bole'' by Jawala Singh – covering the [[Khalsa bole|Khalsa Bole]] lect spoken by [[Nihang|Nihang Sikhs]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Lughat-e-Saraiki'' – Saraiki dictionary by Bashir Ahmad Zami Bahawlpuri.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last1=Farooq |first1=Muhammad |last2=Hussain |first2=Zahoor |last3=Ajmal |first3=Mohammad |last4=Saeed |first4=Mohammad |date=2014 |title=The Role of Literary and Social Movements in Redefining the Identity of Saraiki Region |url=https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JBASR/J.%20Basic.%20Appl.%20Sci.%20Res.,%204(9)94-99,%202014.pdf |journal=Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |page=96 |issn=2090-4304|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729074222/https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JBASR/J.%20Basic.%20Appl.%20Sci.%20Res.,%204(9)94-99,%202014.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-29 }}</ref>
* ''Saraiki Samal'' – Saraiki dictionary by Jamshed Kamtar Rasoolpur.<ref name=":18" />
* ''Pehli Wadi Saraiki Lughat'' (Saraiki Area Study Centre, Bahauddin Zakriya University, Multan, 2007) – a comprehensive [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] dictionary by Mohammad Saadullah Khan Khetran.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last1=Bhatti |first1=Azhar |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350354560 |title=Lexicography of Pakistani languages: A case of Punjabi, and Siraiki languages |last2=Rana |first2=Abdul Majid |last3=Cheema |first3=Amna |date=December 2020 |publisher=Khoj |issn=1992-6545}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gul |first1=Sarah |last2=Azher |first2=Musarrat |last3=Nawaz |first3=Sana |date=2021 |title=Development of Saraiki WordNet by Mapping of Word Senses: A Corpus-based Approach |journal=Linguistics and Literature Review |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=51 |doi=10.32350/llr.72/04 |doi-access=free |issn=2221-6510 |eissn=2409-109X}}</ref><ref name=":18" />

== Specialized and technical dictionaries ==
Punjabi dictionaries, including monolingual, bilingual, and trilingual types, covering [[jargon]] from specialized fields and technical aspects, were published by individual authors and institutions.<ref name=":5" /> The publishing of specialized Punjabi dictionaries increased after independence in 1947 as Punjabi was refined for the purpose of being used as an administrative, legal, medical, educational, and academic language.<ref name=":5" />

=== List of specialized and technical dictionaries ===

==== Medical ====
* ''Chakitsa Kosh'' by Sadhu Gurdit Singh (published in four parts, Amritsar, 1888) – [[medical dictionary]] containing the Punjabi translations of [[Unani medicine|''yunani'']] and ''[[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]]'' terminology and medicine names).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Aukhadh Parkash Arthat Yunani Vaidikda Kosh'' by Giani Gurbakhsh Singh (Amritsar, 1890) – medical dictionary.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Nighant Vaidik Kosh'' by Sewa Singh Grover (Amritsar) – medical dictionary.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Nighant Yunani Kosh'' by Surat Singh (Ludhiana, 1911) – medical dictionary.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Doktorki Shabdavali'' (Punjabi University, Patiala) – medical science dictionary for higher-education.<ref name=":5" />

==== Legal ====
* ''Qanuni Sanket Kosh'' by justices Lachmandas Kaushal and Ranjit Singh Sarkaria (Patiala, 1950) – a bilinguial dictionary giving meanings in both Hindi and Punjabi of around 10,000 [[Lists of legal terms|legal words/terms]] over 570 pages.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Anglo-Punjabi Dictionary of Legal Terms'' by sessions judge Bhagat Singh (Patiala, 1953) – covering around 20,000 legal terms.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Qanuni Shabdavali'' by Rajinder Singh (Bhasha Vibhag, Patiala, 1970) – law dictionary.<ref name=":5" />

==== Financial ====
* ''Shabad Kosh'' (Patiala, 1949) – an English-Punjabi dictionary of terms for the PEPSU [[Government budget|state budget]] of 1949–50.<ref name=":5" />

==== Administration ====
* ''Angrezi-Hindi-Punjabi Parbandhiki Shabdavali'' (Bhasha Vibhag, Patiala, 1968).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Lokparshasan'' (Punjab State University Textbook Board, Chandigarh, 1976) – public administration dictionary for university students.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Lok Parshasan Shabdavali'' (Punjabi University, Patiala) – public administration dictionary for higher-education.<ref name=":5" />

==== Education ====
* ''Angrezi-Punjabi Takniki Shabadavali: Itihas'' (Bhasha Vibhag, Patiala, 1969) – English-Punjabi glossary to be used for history students.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Angrezi-Punjabi Takniki Shabdavali: Itihas'' (Punjab State University Textbook Board, Chandigarh, 1973) – history dictionary for university students.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Bhugolik Shabdavali'' (Punjabi University, Patiala) – geography dictionary for higher-education.<ref name=":5" />

==== Literature ====
* ''Sahitya Sanket'' by Diwan Singh and Premparkash Singh (Jalandhar, 1956) – dictionary on literary terms.<ref name=":5" />

==== Miscellaneous ====
* ''Handbook of the Economic Products and of the Manufactures and Arts of the Punjab'' by B. H. Baden-Powell (published in two volumes, first in Roorkee, 1868, second in Lahore, 1872) – combined index and glossary of technical vernacular words.<ref name=":5" />
* ''A Complete Dictionary of the Terms Used by the Criminal Tribes of the Punjab'' by Mohammad Abdul Ghafur (Lahore, 1879) – also containing concise histories of each tribe.<ref name=":5" />
* ''A Detailed Analysis of Abdul Ghafur's Dictionary of the Terms Used by the Criminal Tribes of the Punjab'' by W. G. Leitner (Lahore, 1880).<ref name=":5" />
* Glossary of Punjabi religious terms by Horace Arthur Rose (published in ''[[The Indian Antiquary|Indian Antiquary]]'', volume 33, 1904).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Technical Terms in Punjabi'' (Punjab Textbook Committee, Lahore, 1930) – an English-Punjabi dictionary on technical terms.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Angrezi Punjabi Sanketavali'' (Patiala, 1951) – a Punjabi dictionary covering eleven disciplines.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Punjabi Klasiki Lughat'' (Punjabi Science Board, Lahore, 1993) – a Punjabi classical dictionary by Jamil Paul.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Zubair |date=16 December 2018 |title=Found in translation |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/566862-found-translation |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=The News International}}</ref>

== Sikh scriptural dictionaries ==
The origins of Sikh religious-based Punjabi dictionaries can be traced back to early lexicons, dictionaries, and glossaries meant to record and describe the lexis of [[Sikh scriptures]], mainly the primary canon which is the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name=":5" /> An early sample of such a kind of dictionary are three glossary manuscripts known as ''Paryaye'' that are preserved in the [[Bavarian State Library]] in Munich.<ref name=":5" /> These manuscripts were collected by [[Ernest Trumpp]] during his time at Lahore in 1871.<ref name=":5" /> The Paryaye describe archaic and obsolete local words but also loanwords from Arabic and Persian, that were employed in Sikh scripture.<ref name=":5" /> Trumpp would later publish his own dictionary of the Sikh scriptures, titled ''A Dictionary of the Adi-Granth'' (Lahore-Munich, 1872), however the manuscript is lost.<ref name=":5" /> Trumpp would publish a full translation of the Guru Granth Sahib into English in 1877 but his translation was strongly rebuked and criticized by Sikhs as being biased against their religion.<ref name=":7" /> Many of the Sikh dictionaries are monolingual Punjabi works.<ref name=":5" />

=== List of Sikh scriptural dictionaries ===
Other Sikh dictionaries are as follows:<ref name=":5" />

* ''Paryaye Sri Guru Granth Sahibji-ke'' by Daya Singh (Amritsar, 1887).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Sri Guru Granth Kosh'' by Giani Hazara Singh (Amritsar, 1889) – this dictionary would be revised numerous times into further editions, with a 2nd (nine small parts, Amritsar, 1923), 3rd (expanded and revised into three volumes of double-columned pages, Amritsar, 1927), and 4th edition (two volumes, Amritsar, 1950 and 1954, later consolidated into one volume in Amritsar, 1982) being published.<ref name=":5" /> [[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh]] compiled its third edition.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> It covers the classical Punjabi-language used in the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":3" /> The name of the dictionary translates to "dictionary of the holy book".<ref name=":3" />
* A variety of manuscripts known respectively as ''Guru Gira Padarthavali Kosh'', ''Sankhep Ekakhari Kosh'', and ''Guru Granth Anekarthi Kosh'', by Pandit Bhagwan Singh (Amritsar, circa 1890).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Adi-Granth Da Kosh'' by Vishnudas Udasi (Amritsar, 1892).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Sri Guru Granth Sahibji-ke Madh Se Paryaye Farsi Padan De Jo Ati Kathan The'' by Giani Bhai Chanda Singh (Amritsar, 1894).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Guru Girarath Kosh'' by [[Tara Singh Narotam]] (compiled in 1889, published at Patiala State in 1895) – this was the first completed dictionary of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":5" /> It consisted of 717 large-sized pages and influenced the Sikh dictionaries compiled thereafter.<ref name=":5" />
* ''Paryaye Adi Sri Guru Granth Sahibji-de'' by Sant Sute Parkash (Amritsar, 1898).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Kosh Adi Sri Guru Granth Sahibji'' by Sadhu Bishan Das Udasi, in two volumes (Amritsar, 1898).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Guru Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh'', popularly referred to simply as ''[[Mahan Kosh]]'', by [[Kahn Singh Nabha]] (1930) – dictionary on classical Sikh literature.<ref name=":3" /> It is fully in Punjabi.<ref name=":3" />
* ''Sri Guru Bani Parkash'' by Sodhi Teja Singh, in two volumes (1932–1952) – 2nd edition published at Amritsar in 1953 by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Kosh Adi Granth Sahib'' by Giani Lal Singh Sangrur (Patiala, 1949).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Kosh Sri Dasam Granth Sahib'' by Giani Lal Singh Sangrur, in two volumes (Amritsar, 1954) – dictionary of the [[Dasam Granth]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Kosh Adi Guru Granth Sahib'' by Giani Partap Singh Jotshi (Amritsar, 1958).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Gurbani Kosh'' by Piara Singh Padam (Patiala, 1960).<ref name=":5" />
* ''Varan Bhai Gurdas: Shabad Anukarmnika Ate Kosh'' by Rattan Singh Jaggi (Patiala, 1966) – dictionary of the ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Varan]]'' of [[Bhai Gurdas|Bhai Gurdas Bhalla]].<ref name=":5" />
* ''Nirukat Sri Guru Granth Sahib'' by [[Balbir Singh (scholar)|Balbir Singh]], with assistance by Mohindar Kaur and G. S. Anand (in two volumes, Patiala, 1972 and 1975)– the first [[etymological dictionary]] of the Guru Granth Sahib, published by Punjabi University, Patiala.<ref name=":5" /> It contains 484 pages of 22 x 28 size.<ref name=":5" /> The first efforts to compile such a work was begun by Vir Singh in his ''Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib'' (nine volumes), later the effort was taken over and completed by his brother, Balbir Singh.<ref name=":5" />

== Scholarly analysis ==
Punjabi lexicography still remains a nascent field lacking depth due to a variety of organizational and inherent factors.<ref name=":9" /> Punjabi dictionaries tend to over-represent nouns and under-represent other word classes, like verbs and adjectives.<ref name=":9" /> Punjabi lexicographers give little attention to compound or conjunct verbs.<ref name=":9" /> They also tend to group nouns together which may have subtle differences in nuance, misleading the readers into assuming they are the same.<ref name=":9" /> Punjabi dictionaries also often enforce particular grammatical gender of nouns and voices of verbs which are not so rigid in the actual language and can vary considerably.<ref name=":9" /> Punjabic tadbhavas (including the various patterns of word derivation) tend to be overlooked in [[Punjabi literature]], including dictionaries, due to scholars pursuing literary formalism.<ref name=":9" /> In Pakistan, regional languages are neglected in the lexicographical field, with the number of dictionaries available for Punjabi (and Saraiki) lacking, despite the large amounts of people who speak these tongues.<ref name=":16" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

=== Digitized Punjabi grammar books ===

* [[hdl:2027/umn.31951001076727l|''A Grammar of the Punjabee Language'' (early 1813)]], by William Carey, Serampore Mission Press
* [[iarchive:dli.csl.8227|''A Grammar of the Punjabee Language'' (1838)]] by John Leech, Bombay Government Press
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZFeAAAAcAAJ ''A Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With Appendices'' (1851)] by John Newton, Lodhiana Mission Press

=== Digitized Punjabi dictionaries ===

* [[iarchive:dictionaryenglis00starrich/|''A Dictionary, English and Punjabee, Outlines of Grammar, Also Dialogues, English and Punjabee, With Grammar and Explanatory Notes'' (1849)]] by Samuel Cross Starkey and Bussawa Singh, Calcutta, D'Rozario & Company.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=hqQCAAAAQAAJ ''A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language'' (1854)] by John Newton, James Porter, and Levi Janiver, Lodhiana Mission Press
* [[iarchive:pnjbdictionary00clargoog/|''The Panjábí Dictionary'' (1895)]] by Maya Singh, Lahore, Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons
* [[iarchive:dli.ministry.02339/|''Glossary of the Multani Language Compared with Punjábi and Sindhi'' (1881)]] by Edward O'Brien, Lahore, The Punjab Government Civil Secretariat Press
* [[iarchive:dli.csl.6737/|''Grammar and Dictionary of Western Panjabi, as Spoken in the Shahpur District, With Proverbs, Sayings, & Verses'' (1899)]] by James Wilson, Lahore, The Punjab Government Press
* [https://ia903201.us.archive.org/18/items/punjabi-jatki-dictionary/Punjabi%20Jatki%20Dictionary.pdf ''Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language'' (1900)] by Andrew Jukes, Lahore, Religious Book and Tract Society
* [[iarchive:englishpunjabidi0000bail/|''English-Punjabi Dictionary'' (1991 reprint, first published in 1919)]] by Thomas Grahame Bailey, New Delhi, Publications India

=== Online dictionaries ===

* [https://dic.learnpunjabi.org/ Punjabi-English Dictionary] by the Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology at [[Punjabi University|Punjabi University, Patiala]]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/list.html#panjabi Punjabi dictionaries available for online searching] by Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, [[Digital South Asia Library]]
* [https://akhariwp.com Akhar software] (Punjabi-English dictionary function included) developed by Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University
* [https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/english-punjabi/ Shabdkosh English-Punjabi dictionary]
* [https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.dictionary SriGranth] an online dictionary that features entries sourced from the ''Mahan Kosh'' and other Punjabi/Gurmukhi dictionaries
* [https://punjabi-dictionary.com/ The Punjab Dictionary Project], first multi-script and multi-source dictionary of the Punjabi-language developed by the Pakistan Punjabi Technology Board
* [https://punjabiapp.com Punjabi App] features a Punjabi-English and Hindi-Punjabi online dictionary, plus Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi, Devanagari, and Latin transliteration tools
* [http://opd.cle.org.pk Online Shahmukhi dictionary]
* [https://punjabiandpunjab.com/Punjabi/Dictionary/Punjabi_Dictionary.html Punjabi Shahmukhi to Urdu and English dictionary]
* [https://www.lexicool.com/punjabi-dictionary-translation.asp Lexicool] compilation of various Punjabi-English dictionaries

[[Category:Dictionaries by language|Punjabi]]
[[Category:Punjabi language|Dictionary]]

Joseph D'souza

2026-03-14T20:28:08Z

Yaxisdelhi: made new pg

{{short description|Indian Christian missionary and human rights activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Most Reverend
| name = Joseph D'souza
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Moderator Bishop of the Good Shepherd Church of India, CEO of Operation Mobilisation-India, President of the All India Christian Council,
| known_for = Champion of Quality Education for All in India
| notable_works = Establishing 100+Schools providing economically challenged urban & rural children access to affordable english medium education
| style = Most Reverend
| children = 1
| title = The Right Reverend
| movement = [[Continuing Anglican]]
| spouse = Mariam D'souza
}}
'''Joseph D'souza''' is an Indian bishop, missionary, and Christian and Dalit rights activist. In 2025, he is International President of the Dignity Freedom Network (DFN) (previously known as Dalit Freedom Network), President of the All India Christian Council (AICC).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.premierchristianity.com/joseph-dsouza/1259.bio |title= Joseph D'souza |author= |date= |website= Premier Christianity |publisher= |access-date= August 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=NAE>{{cite web |url= https://www.nae.org/from-everywhere-to-everywhere-joseph-dsouza-missions-majority-world/ |title= From Everywhere to Everywhere |last= D’Souza |first= Joseph |date= January 27, 2025 |website= National Association of Evangelicals |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

On 30 August 2014, he was consecrated as Archbishop of the Good Shepherd Church of India, and associated ministries.<ref name=CTJD>{{cite web |url= https://www.christiantoday.com/news/joseph-dsouza-why-the-global-south-is-the-new-heart-of-christianity|title= Joseph Dsouza: Why the global South is the new heart of Christianity |last= Farley |first= Harry |date= August 9, 2017 |website= Christianity Today |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

In 2024, he was CEO of Operation Mobilisation - India (not affiliated with Operation Mobilisation, International).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://legalvidhiya.com/operation-mobilization-india-vs-state-of-telangana/ |title= Operation Mobilization India vs State of Telangana |last= Admin |first= |date= May 8, 2024 |website= Legal Vidhiya |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Joseph D'souza was born into an upper caste Christian family, living in what he calls "Christian ghettos" surrounded by low caste and Dalit people.{{sfn|Adams|2009}}
He holds a B.S. in Chemistry from [[Karnataka University]], a M.A. in Communications from the [[Asian Theological Seminary]] in the [[Philippines]], and an honorary Doctor in Divinity degree from the Gospel for Asia Biblical Seminary, an affiliate of [[Serampore University]].{{sfn|D'souza|Rogers|Beals|2007|p=199}}
He married Mariam, who came from an [[Adivasi]] tribal group, despite the opposition of some of
his family and friends.{{sfn|Adams|2009}} D'souza's daughter Beryl is the medical and anti-[[human trafficking]] director of the Dignity Freedom Network.{{sfn|Chismar|2012}}

==Career==

One of the factors in D'souza's decision to take up the cause of Christians and Dalits was the start of attacks on Christians in the mid-1990s,
including the burning to death of the missionary [[Graham Staines]] and his two young sons in Orissa in 1999.
D'souza joined the Indian branch of evangelist [[George Verwer]]'s [[Operation Mobilisation]] as an international vice president, and was 2012 promoted to CEO of the India branch, which has left the movement of OM in 2014.<ref>{{ cite web |url=https://issuu.com/operationmobilisation/docs/india_binder |page=4 |title=OM India Key Focus Area Booklet |date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>
He has set up 107 English Medium Education Centers educating nearly 25,000 Dalit children working with Operation Mercy India Foundation.{{sfn|Chismar|2012}}

In 1998, he founded the All India Christian Council (AICC).{{sfn|D'souza|Rogers|Beals|2007|p=197}} The AICC is one of the largest interdenominational Christian alliances, formed to deal with [[human rights]] issues and national concerns common to Christians in India.{{sfn|Committee on International Relations 2006|p=10}}

In 2002, D'souza co-founded the Dignity Freedom Network (DFN), formerly known as the Dalit Freedom Network, first in the United States and, later, expanded to other countries.
D'souza travels widely in campaigning for the fundamental rights of the poor, the marginalized and outcastes of society in South Asia and other nations of the world.{{sfn|Committee on International Relations 2006|p=10}}
D'souza has discussed human rights issues with civil society leaders and politicians in India, Switzerland, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil and the United States, and at [[human rights commission]] meetings.

==Dalit advocacy==

Speaking in October 2005 before a US Congressional hearing, D'souza said that "India's tragedy is that society continues the practice of the caste system, with the [[rule of law]] not being applied when Dalits are being discriminated against, even though the practice of [[untouchability]] stands abolished by the Constitution."{{sfn|Committee on International Relations 2006|p=23}}
He also noted that "Christian Dalits continue to suffer for their allegiance to the Christian faith. They are discriminated against both within the Church and outside of the Church. Their rights are trampled upon. Their very existence is one of misery and suffering".{{sfn|Committee on International Relations 2006|p=27}}

Talking of a mass conversion ceremony in October 2006, D'souza was reported by the BBC as saying "I think it's important to understand that this is a cry for [[Dignity|human dignity]], it's a cry for human worth".{{sfn|Rai|Simon|2008|pp=159-160}}
On 4 November 2001 thousands of Dalits left Hinduism en masse,
and [[Dalit Buddhist movement|chose to become Buddhist]].{{sfn|Adeney|2009|p=196}}

D'souza has given many examples of cases where Dalits have been attacked when they resisted oppression. He has written that "Efforts by Dalits such as [[Kherlanji massacre|Surekha Bhotmange]] to demand their rights have provoked a brutal backlash from higher caste groups. In fact, incidents such as these, where witnesses, or those that seek judicial remedy, are brutally savaged, have become depressingly common".{{sfn|Nelavala|2008|p=189}}

==Christian advocacy==

As chair of the All India Christian Council, D'souza has asked Christian leaders to stop publishing incendiary rhetoric, which was being used as fuel for anti-Christian propaganda.

He asked them to refrain from "bombastic slogans, militant language and a general demeaning of Indian culture".{{sfn|Guthrie|2005|p=179}}

Writing in 2002, D'souza said "If the Christian Church in India does not abolish caste within the Church and closes its doors to the Dalits because of the pressure of the Brahminical dominated [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and its fundamentalist affiliates, the Dalits will turn to whoever offers them human dignity, equality and the right to spiritual salvation... The time has come for the Indian Church to clean its own house and to openly offer and give the Dalits their God given dignity as the children of God in Jesus Christ. The time has come for the Dalits to appropriate the full spiritual rights available in Jesus Christ. The time has come to turn away from the Brahminical Social Order and to create a new humanity. The Gospel of Jesus has the solution to the caste problem because the Gospel rejects all forms of discrimination and deals with issues of the heart, soul, body and human relationships".{{sfn|Pocock|Van Rheenen|McConnell|2005|p=96}} D'souza has disputed that Christians are involved in [[Forced conversion|forced]], fraudulent and manipulated conversions. He has stated that conversion by force is against the teachings of Jesus.

In January 2002, the AICC issued a statement signed by Joseph D'souza as President and [[John Dayal]] as Secretary General, asking the national and state governments to prevent efforts by the [[Sangh Parivar]] to stir up communal violence in the Adivasi tribal belt in Northern India. It talked of "vicious [[Hindutva]] communal rhetoric .. targeting Christians in the region". It said RSS cadres were running schools that "follow a curricula and textual material, which is outside the pale of any academic and public scrutiny, blatantly rewrites history, and poisons young minds".{{sfn|Congressional Record February 2002|p=616}}

==Criticism==
The [[Hindu American Foundation]] criticized D'souza's 2005 congressional testimony stating the hearing was "deliberately biased and misrepresentative of India and Hinduism" with witnesses including D'souza who held "virulent Hinduphobic perspectives that lack any credibility in India or abroad." Specifically, the organisation criticized D'souza for terming the conversion of Hindus to Christianity as "the process of breaking this spiritual darkness."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindu American Foundation Appreciates Congressional Hearing On Dalit Rights; Concerned By Biases |url=https://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/hindu-american-foundation-appreciates-congressional-hearing-dalit-rights-concerned-biases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703060435/https://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/hindu-american-foundation-appreciates-congressional-hearing-dalit-rights-concerned-biases |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-07-03 |publisher=[[Hindu American Foundation]] |date=2005-10-12}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book
|title=Dalit Freedom Now and Forever: The Epic Struggle for Dalit Emancipation
|url=https://archive.org/details/dalitfreedomnowf00dsou
|url-access=registration
|author=Joseph D'souza
|publisher=Dalit Freedom Network |year=2004 |isbn=0976429004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dalitfreedomnowf00dsou/page/259 259]}}
*{{cite book
|title=On the Side of the Angels: Justice, Human Rights, And Kingdom Mission
|author1=Joseph D'souza |author2=Benedict Rogers |author3=Timothy J. Beals |publisher=Biblica |year=2007 |isbn=978-1932805703 |pages=201}}

==References==
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}
;Sources
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.sightmagazine.com.au/stories/feature/dalits11.9.09.php
|work=Sight Magazine
|title=The Dalits: "People without Rights" fight for Freedom in India
|date=11 September 2009
|first=David
|last=Adams
|accessdate=2012-04-15
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506122747/http://www.sightmagazine.com.au/stories/feature/dalits11.9.09.php
|archivedate=6 May 2013
}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNSRDdvKViYC&pg=PA196
|title=Kingdom Without Borders: The Untold Story of Global Christianity
|first=Miriam
|last=Adeney
|publisher=InterVarsity Press
|year=2009
|isbn=978-0830838493
}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.billygraham.org/articlepage.asp?articleid=8409
|title=Shining God's Light on Human Trafficking
|publisher=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
|first=Janet
|last=Chismar
|date=11 January 2012
|accessdate=2012-04-15
}}
*{{cite book
|ref={{harvid|Committee on International Relations 2006}}
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jCAkkhZ0dIC&pg=PA10
|title=India's unfinished agenda: equality and justice for million victims of the caste system
|publisher=DIANE Publishing
|author=Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives
|year=2006
|isbn=1422333078
}}
*{{cite book
|ref={{harvid|Congressional Record February 2002}}
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPAwhOGUggQC&pg=PA616
|chapter=More Indian Repression of Tribal and Christian Minorities
|date=5 February 2002
|title=Congressional Record, V. 148, Pt. 1, January 23, 2002 to February 13, 2002
|publisher=Government Printing Office
| isbn=978-0-16-076074-7 }}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Dalit Freedom Network}}
|url=http://www.dalitnetwork.org/go?/dfn/about/C24/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621090557/http://www.dalitnetwork.org/go?%2Fdfn%2Fabout%2FC24%2F
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=21 June 2006
|title=Dr. Joseph D'souza
|publisher=Dalit Freedom Network
|accessdate=2012-04-15
}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0L1gUBKl9sC&pg=PA199 |title=On the Side of the Angels: Justice, Human Rights, And Kingdom Mission |first1=Joseph |last1=D'souza |first2=Benedict |last2=Rogers |first3=Timothy J. |last3=Beals |publisher=Biblica |year=2007 |isbn=978-1932805703 }}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA8mLYAKFGEC&pg=PA179
|title=Missions in the Third Millennium: 21 Key Trends for the 21st Century
|first=Stan
|last=Guthrie
|publisher=Biblica
|year=2005
|isbn=1842270427
}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqEQiqxVWn0C&pg=PA189
|title=Liberation Beyond Borders: Dalit Feminist Hermeneutics and Four Gospel Women
|first=Surekha
|last=Nelavala
|year=2008
|isbn=978-0549689881
}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSlUS36w6dcC&pg=PA96 |title=The Changing Face of World Missions: Engaging Contemporary Issues And Trends |first1=Michael |last1=Pocock |first2=Gailyn |last2=Van Rheenen |first3=Douglas |last3=McConnell |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2005 |isbn=080102661X }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8GaSqyZBE0C&pg=PT159 |title=Think India: The Rise of the World's Next Great Power and What It Means for Every American |first1=Vinay |last1=Rai |first2=William |last2=Simon |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0452289581 }}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'souza, Joseph}}
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Switzerland (disambiguation)

2026-03-08T01:02:03Z

Yaxisdelhi: creating new info

{{Wiktionary|Switzerland}}

'''[[Switzerland]]''' is a country in Europe.

'''Switzerland''' may also refer to:
==Places==
*[[Switzerland, Florida]], an unincorporated community
*[[Switzerland County, Indiana]]
*[[Switzerland Township, Monroe County, Ohio]], a civil township
*[[Switzerland, South Carolina]]
*Switzerland Island, an artificial island of [[The World (archipelago)|The World archipelago]] in the United Arab Emirates

==Other uses==
*[[Switzerland (album)|''Switzerland'' (album)]], a 2006 album by Electric Six
*[[Switzerland (software)]], a packet monitor tool for ISP testing
*[[Switzerland (2020 film)]], an Indian Bengali-language family drama film
*[[Switzerland (upcoming film)]], an upcoming thriller film

==See also==
*[[Bohemian Switzerland]], a region in the north-western Czech Republic
*[[Franconian Switzerland]], an upland in Upper Franconia, northern Bavaria
*[[Holstein Switzerland]], a hilly area in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
*[[Little Switzerland (disambiguation)]]
*[[Norman Switzerland]], a hilly area in Normandy, France
*[[Saxon Switzerland]], a mountainous area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany
*[[Šveicarija]] (Lithuanian for "Switzerland"), a village in Lithuania

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

Kandivli West metro station

2026-03-06T16:11:33Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kandivali (West)
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|कांदिवली (पश्चिम)}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image = Kandivali (West) metro station signboard.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption =
| address = Kandivli, Siddhivinayak Nagar, Kandivli West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400067
| coordinates = {{coord|19.21413|N|72.83735|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|April|02}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = '''208'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Shimpoli|left=Dahanukarwadi}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kandivali (West)''' is an elevated metro station serving the Siddhivinayak Nagar neighbourhood of [[Kandivli]] on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 2 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mumbai Metro's 2A & 7 Lines to Cover Andheri to Dahisar in Just 75 Minutes {{!}} Know Fare, Routes as Ops Begin Today |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mumbai-metros-2a-7-lines-to-cover-andheri-to-dahisar-in-just-75-minutes-know-fare-routes-as-ops-begin-today-6877861.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[J Kumar Infraprojects]] was awarded the contract to construct the station in June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Tainted J Kumar Infraporjects bags Dahisar-DN Nagar Metro 2A project |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015125202/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=dna}}</ref> The MMRDA announced that electrification of the line had been completed on 26 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2021 |title=MMRDA to conduct test run for two elevated Metro lines next week |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-to-conduct-test-run-for-two-elevated-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/82979298.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref> Kandivli West was opened to the public on 2 April 2022, along with the first phase of Line 2A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Mumbai: Phase 1 of Metro Line 2A and 7 opened for public |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-8-pm-today-phase-1-of-metro-line-2a-7-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-7850274/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shimpoli}}) →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahanukarwadi}})
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Valnai station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== See also ==
* [[Charkop]]
* [[Mahavir Nagar]]
* [[Kandivli]]
* [[Kandivli railway station]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Naya Kanoon

2026-03-04T03:55:16Z

Yaxisdelhi: put up new details w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naya Kanoon
| image =

| caption = Film Poster
| director = R. C. Talwar
| producer = Girdharilal Manchanda
| writer = [[Mukhram Sharma]]
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Bharat Bhushan]] [[Vyjayanthimala]]
| music = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]
| cinematography = M. N. Malhotra
| editing = S. Ranvir
| distributor = Manchanda Production
| studio = [[Mehboob Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|1965|01|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Naya Kanoon''''' ({{translation|''New Legislation''}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film, written and directed by R. C. Talwar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cineplot.com/indian-film-database-1965/ |publisher=Cineplot.com |title=Indian Film Database – 1965 |date=2010-07-27 |access-date=2012-07-20}}</ref> The film stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Bharat Bhushan]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]] in the lead with [[Om Prakash]], Badri Prasad, [[Leela Mishra]], Kamal Mehra, Purnima and Nishi appearing in other significant roles.

The film deals with the law and the justice with a family backdrop.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2007/bollywood-courtroom-drama-230707.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFm]] via [[Oneindia.in]] |title=Bollywood Kanoon, Adalat and Vakil |date=2007-07-23 |author=Satyajit Bhatkal |access-date=2012-07-20}}</ref> The story revolves around Jyoti's ([[Vyjayanthimala]]) relationship with her brother, Shekhar ([[Ashok Kumar]]) and husband, Deepak ([[Bharat Bhushan]]).

==Plot==
Deepak ([[Bharat Bhushan]]) lives as a tenant in a small room, owned by his landlord Om Prakash Munshi ([[Om Prakash]]). Although he is a poet, he is unable to secure any employment. One day, he meets with Jyoti ([[Vyjayanthimala]]) and both fall in love. After their marriage, there is considerable resentment, and Jyoti's brother, Shekar ([[Ashok Kumar]]) refuses to have to do anything with Jyoti. When Shekar offers money to Deepak, Deepak refuses to accept it. Shekar and Jyoti's dad, Daya Shankar (Badri Prasad) sympathises with Jyoti and wants her to be the sole heir to his property after his death. In the meantime, Om Prakash marries his son to a wealthy woman, who does bring in a lot of dowry, but refuses to do any household work, and instead puts her father-in-law to work. As Deepak is unable to get employment, Jyoti is successful in getting employment as a singer on the local radio station, not knowing that Deepak is resentful of her success, and is thinking of separating from her.

==Cast==
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Shekhar
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Deepak
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Jyoti
* [[Om Prakash]] as Om Prakash Munshi
* Badri Prasad as Dayashankar
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Maid
* Nishi
* [[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]] as Geeta

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naya Kanoon
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]
| cover =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1964|12|31}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://saregama.com/portal/pages/film?mode=get_album_info&albumId=21771 |title=Saregama Album Details: Naya Kanoon |publisher=[[Saregama]] |access-date=2012-07-20}}</ref>
| recorded = Minoo Katrak
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = Madan Mohan
| prev_title = ''[[Neela Aakash]]''
| prev_year = 1965
| year = 1965
| next_title = ''[[Bombay Race Course]]''
| next_year = 1965
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]] in 1964. The playback voices were lent by [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]].

All lyrics written by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], except where noted.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Shama Mein Taqat Kahan"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Jo Dekhta Hai Kehta Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Unhe Qissa-E-Gham Jo"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Lijiye Dil Ka Nazrana, Lijiye Aankh Ka Shukrana"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Unhe Qissa-E-Gham Jo"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Aankh Mein Rehte Hai Woh"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Meri Rakhi Ki Rakhiyo"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Mere Rasiya"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
|}

* The Rakhi song of this film lyrics by Saraswati Kumar Deepak.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0059498|title=Naya Kanoon}}
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/1965/naya-kanoon Naya Kanoon profile] at Upperstall.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naya Kanoon}}
[[Category:1965 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1965 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Madan Mohan]]
[[Category:1965 films]]

Kahi Debe Sandesh

2026-03-04T03:55:15Z

Yaxisdelhi: formatting fix

{{short description|1965 film by Manu Nayak}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kahi Debe Sandesh
| image = Kahin Debe Sandesh, 1.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Manu Nayak
| writer = Manu Nayak
| producer = Manu Nayak
| starring = Kan Mohan Uma Rajoo Surekha Parkar Kapil Kumar Ramakant Bakshi
| editing = Madhu Adhsule
| music = Malay Chakraborty
| released = {{Film date|1965|4|16|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Chhattisgarhi
}}

'''Kahi Debe Sandesh''' ({{translation|Convey The Message}}) is a 1965 [[Chhattisgarhi cinema|Chhattisgarhi film]] written, directed and produced by Manu Nayak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/chhattisgarhi-comedy-shiv-kumar-deepak-5672179/|title=पहली छत्तीसगढ़ी फिल्म के डायरेक्टर मनु नायक को इस कलाकार ने किया था चैलेंज|website=Patrika News|date=21 January 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121224358/https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/chhattisgarhi-comedy-shiv-kumar-deepak-5672179/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kosalkatha.com/manu-nayak-kahi-debe-sandesh/|title=इन्होंने तब छत्तीसगढ़ी फ़िल्म बन दी जब छत्तीसगढ़ ही नही बना था, कथा मनु नायक की।|first=Shubham|last=Thawait|date=24 January 2018|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002084739/https://kosalkatha.com/manu-nayak-kahi-debe-sandesh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dealing with contemporary social issues such as untouchability and caste discrimination, it became the first [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi-language]] film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhatisgarh-film-industry-chollywood-indian-cinema-1062423-2017-10-11|title=Chhattisgarh ignoring Chollywood cinema in fear of creating South India-like actor-turned-netas?|first=Rahul|last=Noronha|date=11 October 2017|website=India Today|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109152112/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhatisgarh-film-industry-chollywood-indian-cinema-1062423-2017-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

Manu realised the rising popularity of films made in regional languages after the success of [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films. It was then he decided to make a film in the Chhattisgarhi dialect, based on the [[inter-caste]] affair between a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]] boy and a [[brahmin]] girl, which was a taboo at that period of time in large parts of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Little-cinema-begins-to-dream-big/articleshow/12670874.cms|title=Little cinema begins to dream big|website=The Times of India|date=15 April 2012 |access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825042716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Little-cinema-begins-to-dream-big/articleshow/12670874.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was initially criticised by some conservatives and politicians, leading to agitations at theatres and protest for banning the movie. However, progressive congress politicians Mini Mata and Bhushan Keyur spoke in favour and ultimately the then I&B minister, [[Indira Gandhi]] saw the movie and acclaimed it to be the film that promotes national integration.

The film was premiered on 16 April 1965 in [[Durg]] and [[Bhatapara]] but due to controversy, it was released later in Raipur only in the month of September. It ran till 8 weeks in Rajkamal (now Raj) talkies of Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/theatre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029115603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/theatre|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-29|title=in Show Times | eTimes|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/When-Indira-saved-first-Chhattisgarhi-film-from-ban/articleshow/47102678.cms|title=When Indira saved first Chhattisgarhi film from ban|website=The Times of India|date=30 April 2015 |access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/When-Indira-saved-first-Chhattisgarhi-film-from-ban/articleshow/47102678.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of the film is set in a village of Chhattisgarh (then [[Madhya Pradesh]]) which has prevalent caste discrimination. It starts with the landlord talking to the Purohit (Priest), and later with his wife Dulari regarding how he wants to take Charandas (who belongs to the [Satanami] community) to court for land acquisition. Fulwati (Charandas' wife) asks him to settle the matter instead of fighting over it. The Purohit on the other hand, tries to instigate differences between Satanami community among upper caste people through his preaching. But the kids in the village seems to question caste discrimination and discuss it in their school. After some years, Nayandas (son of Charandas) goes to Agriculture University for higher education & becomes good friends with Ravikant Tiwari.

Nayandas comes back to the village after completing his education, helping the community in farming practices re-unites with Rupa and Geeta (younger sisters of the landlord), his childhood friends. Nayandas and Rupa's childhood affection turns to love but they realize they belong to different communities. As their love for each other grows, Kamal Narayan Pandey, who envied their relationship, started to spread rumours the sisters that they were getting too old for marriage. Rumours spread like wildfire which made Rupa too sad to even step out of the house. The landlord is struggling to find perfect grooms for both of his sisters and the Purohit is delaying it even further because he is taking bribes from Kamal so he can marry Rupa. While Nayandas tries to make a co-operative society of all farmers in the village, his friend Ravikant Tiwari gets posted in the same village as a Doctor. On the other hand, Kamal tries to force Rupa to marry him and as she declines, Kamal again spreads rumours about the affair between Rupa and Nayandas, which is shameful for the society of the village. Nayandas marries Rupa at a temple in presence of Geeta and Dr Ravikant. They talk to their families and convince them on their ideas of relationship/marriage.

== Cast ==

* Kan Mohan as Nayandas
* Uma Rajoo as Rupa
* Surekha Parkar as Geeta

== Production ==
90 percent of the film was shot in Palari (now Balodabazar district), about 70 km from the capital, Raipur. The film was made in just 27 days in a budget of Rs 1.25 [[lakh]] only.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The record-breaking success of the first [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] film [[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/chhattisgarh-movie-brief-history-consisting-anecdotes-of-mohammad-rafi-indira-gandhi-manu-nayak-anuj-sharma-and-movies-like-ganga-maiya-tohe-piyari-chadhaibo/|title=पहली छत्तीसगढ़ी फिल्म के साथ ऐसा विवाद हुआ कि इंदिरा गांधी को खुद ये फ़िल्म देखनी पड़ी|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016001831/https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/chhattisgarh-movie-brief-history-consisting-anecdotes-of-mohammad-rafi-indira-gandhi-manu-nayak-anuj-sharma-and-movies-like-ganga-maiya-tohe-piyari-chadhaibo/|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1962 inspired Manu Nayak to make a film in Chhattisgarhi dialect. He announced that he will be making a film. This news was published in all the popular film newspapers. Many days were spent in chaos. The question was about finance. Finally, Those brokers who financed Anupam had seen the honesty of Manu, giving them Rs 5000 each without interest. He also told about his idea of making film to [[Mahesh Kaul]] who liked it but asked him to scrap the idea and not to resign Anupam Chitra studio and he turned down the proposal. Manu on-boarded ‘Malay Chakraborty’ for music and ‘Hanumant Naidu’ for son-writing. He recorded the first song ‘Jhamkant Nadiya Bahini Lage’<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/JhamkatNadiyaBahiniLage|title=Jhamkat Nadiya Bahini Lage : Mohd. Rafi, Manu Nayak : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|via=archive.org}}</ref> with [[Mohammad Rafi]]. After recording the second song ‘Tor Pairing ke Jhanar Jhanar’, Manu went to Raipur to meet his friends. He was searching for a distribution manager and offered 60k in return for distribution rights in Chhattisgarh to a firm. Went back to Mumbai, selected actors for the film and finalised the locations. Equipments and cast of 12 arrived Raipur via train.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

"I had seen it happening even in my own house. Whenever my friends from lower castes used to come to my home, my mother used to not say anything but soon after they had left she used to clean the entrance of the house. This and few other instances deeply affected me and I realized that until caste discrimination is addressed properly to the masses, society would not progress." Said Manu Nayak in an interview.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://raipurdunia.com/CgMovie/MovieDetail/1|title=Kahi Deve Sandesh CG Movie - कही देबे सन्देश - Raipur Dunia|website=raipurdunia.com|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109152036/http://ww7.raipurdunia.com/CgMovie/MovieDetail/1|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

[[Manna Dey]], [[Suman Kalyanpur]], Meenu Purushottam and [[Mahendra Kapoor]] also sang songs in this film in a very small amount following Mohammad Rafi. Congress MLA from Palari, late Shri Brijlal Verma also helped Manu to arrange the shooting locations in the village itself. The first shot was taken at Vivekananda Ashram in Raipur. The film was extremely difficult to complete in limited expenditure. Lack of reels constrained the team to do lesser re-takes and due to which some of the songs has to be recorded in Mumbai using sets. Meanwhile, the song ‘Jhamkat Nadiya’ became a hit on radio and the film was released on 14 April 1965 in Durg's Prabhat Talkies. In Durg, the film ran without any controversy, then it was released in Bhatapara and after the settlement of all the disputes, when the film became tax free, it was screened in Rajkamal (today's Raj Talkies) of Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh/bilaspur/news/chhattisgarh-news-the-first-chhattisgarhi-cinema-of-hamar-raj-kahi-debe-sandes-075111-6082071.html%27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109152302/https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh/bilaspur/news/chhattisgarh-news-the-first-chhattisgarhi-cinema-of-hamar-raj-kahi-debe-sandes-075111-6082071.html%27|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2023|title=Bilaspur News - chhattisgarh news the first chhattisgarhi cinema of hamar raj kahi debe sandes}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
It is today regarded as a classic and trend-setter, which paved the way for Chhattisgarhi film industry and set an example for message-driven regional films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/2014/10/141027_chhattisgarh_cg_movies_50_years_rd|title=छत्तीसगढ़ी फ़िल्मेंः अब भी पहचान का संकट|first=आलोक प्रकाश पुतुल रायपुर से बीबीसी हिन्दी डॉटकॉम के|last=लिए|website=BBC News हिंदी|date=31 October 2014 |access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902131236/http://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/2014/10/141027_chhattisgarh_cg_movies_50_years_rd|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://cgfilm.in/ Website of C.G. Films]
* [http://www.alphapreneur.org/about.html Website of Community Platform by Alphapreneur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720014146/http://www.alphapreneur.org/about.html |date=20 July 2020 }}
* [https://issuu.com/aayush_chandrawanshi/docs/kahi_debe_sandes Book Link by Aayush Chandrawanshi ]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarhi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]

Phaniyamma

2026-03-03T22:17:00Z

Yaxisdelhi: new new pg!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phaniyamma
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Prema Karanth]]
| writer = [[M. K. Indira]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Phaniyamma''|[[M. K. Indira]]}}
| starring = L. V. Sharadha Baby Prathima Archana Rao Prathibha Kasaravalli
| producer = Prema Karanth
| music = [[B. V. Karanth]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = Aruna - Vikas
| studio = Vijay Shekar Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1983}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Phaniyamma''''' is a 1983 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] award-winning [[drama (genre)|drama]] film directed and produced by [[Prema Karanth]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/19ban.htm The return of Prema Karanth]</ref> The story is based on acclaimed novelist [[M. K. Indira]]'s 1977 [[Sahitya Academy Award]]-winning novel of the same name.<ref>[https://sapnaonline.com/phaniyamma-299178 Phaniyamma by Mk Indira]</ref><ref>[http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Phaniyamma-M-K-Indira-review-unrotrmoq Phaniyamma - M.K. Indira Review]</ref> The film highlighted the plight of a widow and her struggle for survival.

The film's cast included many players from a theatrical background including L. V. Sharadha, Prathibha Kasaravalli, Archana Rao, Vishwanath Rao and Kasaragod Chinna. Actor [[Ananth Nag]] made a guest appearance in the film.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/phaniyamma/cast-crew.html Cast and Crew]</ref>

The film was widely appreciated by critics and audience upon release. It went on to win [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] and many International film awards. The film also was awarded multiple [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] including Best Film, Best Supporting actress and Best Story writer.

== Cast ==
* L. V. Sharadha
* Baby Prathima
* Pratibha Kasaravalli
* Archana Rao
* Poornima Gaonkar
* Vishwanath Rao
* Kasaragodu Chinna
* Malathi Sridhar
* Bhavani
* Chidanand
* [[Ananth Nag]] in a guest appearance
* Venugopal Kasaragod in a guest appearance

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[B. V. Karanth]] to the lyrics of [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Runner Runner
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Eenennale Thaayi
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]]
| lyrics2 = Chandrashekhara Kambara
| length2 =
}}

==Awards==
The film has won the following awards since its release.

'''[[30th National Film Awards|1982 National Film Awards]] (India)'''
* Won – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]

'''1982-83 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] (India)'''
* Won – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film]]
* Won – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] – Archana Rao
* Won – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story]] – [[M. K. Indira]]
This film screened at 9th IFFI.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0086100}}
* {{Cite book |last = Susie J. Tharu, Ke Lalita|year = 2010 |title = Women Writing in India: The twentieth century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&q=Phaniyamma+by+M.+K.+Indira+Sahitya+Akademi&pg=PA138 |isbn= 9781558610293|location=India}}A detailed biography of novelist M. K. Indira.

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phaniyamma}}
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1983 directorial debut films]]

Nokkukuthi

2026-03-03T21:07:05Z

Yaxisdelhi: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nokkukuthi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Mankada Ravi Varma]]
| producer = P. P. Kunjahammad
| writer = [[M. Govindan]]
| screenplay = [[M. Govindan]]
| starring = Ajitha Gopalakrishnan K. V. Haridas [[Sameera (actress)|Sameera]] Sethu
| music =
| cinematography = Mankada Ravi Varma
| editing = Ramesh
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1983|12|31|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Nokkukuthi''''' is a 1983 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Mankada Ravi Varma]] and produced by P. P. Kunjahammad. The film stars Ajitha Gopalakrishnan, K. V. Haridas, [[Sameera (actress)|Sameera]] and Sethu in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1524|title=Nokkukuthi|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4858|title=Nokkukuthi|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019141502/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4858|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/nokkukuthi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019134549/http://spicyonion.com/title/nokkukuthi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=Nokkukuthi|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>The film won a Special Jury Award at the national level and the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mankada Ravi Varma passes away|access-date=23 November 2010|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=101078|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124072857/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=101078|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-11-24|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Ajitha Gopalakrishnan
*K. V. Haridas
*Sethu
*[[Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0345715|Nokkukuthi}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mayanagari

2026-03-03T12:18:50Z

Yaxisdelhi: put up basic info and citations

{{short description|Indian thriller film}}
{{For|the [[Chhota Bheem]] movie|Chhota Bheem}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayanagari
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Shankar Aradhya
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Shivashankar N
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Aniissh Tejeshwar]]
*Teju
*[[Shravya Rao]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Srinivas
| editing = Vijay M Kumar
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = Sandalwood Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mayanagari ''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Shankar Aradhya and starring [[Aniissh Tejeshwar]], Teju and [[Shravya Rao]]. The film was released to mixed-to-positive reviews.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Aniissh Tejeshwar]] as Shankar
*Teju as Varalakshmi
*[[Shravya Rao]] as Mallika
*[[Dwarakish]] as Dwarakish
*[[Chikkanna]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
*[[Suchendra Prasad]] as the police inspector
*Rockline Sudhakar
*''[[Edakallu Guddada Mele]]'' Chandrasekhar
*Kari Subbu
}}

== Production ==
This is the director's second film after ''[[18th Cross]]'' (2012).<ref name="B2"/> The film began production more than six years prior to 2023 and the CGI work took one year to complete.<ref name="B2">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ready-for-release/articleshow/105364593.cms|title=Ready for release|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=21 November 2023|access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Nagarakatte''.<ref name="B1"/> Shravya Rao was in [[Pre-university course|PUC]] while working on this film.<ref name="B1">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/fashionable-actor/articleshow/105636652.cms|title=Fashionable actor|work=Bangalore Mirror|first=Y. Maheswara|last=Reddy|date=1 December 2023|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref> The film's delay was caused by COVID-19.<ref name="B2"/>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "What initially seems ordinary gradually unfolds into an intricate tale, engaging the audience as layers of the story unravel".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Dec/16/mayanagari-movie-review-a-clash-between-aspiration-and-despair-within-a-horror-quest-2641882.html|title='Mayanagari' movie review: A clash between aspiration and despair within a horror quest|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=16 December 2023|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Director Shankar Aradhya displays his filmmaking acumen by maintaining an engaging storyline, despite the film's shortcomings. Though not without flaws, ''Mayanagari'' emerges as a compelling choice for crime thriller enthusiasts".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mayanagari/movie-review/106040527.cms|title=Mayanagari Movie Review : Mayanagari: A Bumpy Journey to Thrilling Heights|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "The film orchestrates a clash between aspiration and despair within a thrilling and horror quest. What initially seems ordinary gradually unfolds into an intricate tale, engaging the audience as layers of the story unravel".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/Dec/16/mayanagari-movie-reviewa-clash-between-aspiration-and-despair-within-a-horror-quest-50434.html|title=Mayanagari Movie Review: A clash between aspiration and despair within a horror quest|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=16 December 2023|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "All in all, the movie ''Mayanagari'' is worth watching for those who crave suspense thrillers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-mayanagari-review-a-plot-with-one-twist-too-many/articleshow/106032954.cms|title=Mayanagari (Kannada) Movie Review: A plot with one twist too many|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Asianet News]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "The director is clear about what he has to say. There is an image accordingly. There are ups and downs in writing. Curiosity has a saving quality. Along with that, Anish has excelled with many acting varieties".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/anish-tejeshwar-shravya-rao-chikkana-mayanagari-kannada-movie-review-vcs-s5qw1f|title=Mayanagari Review ಕುತೂಹಲಕರ ತಿರುವುಮುರುವು ಪ್ರಯಾಣದ ಮಾಯಾನಗರಿ|website=[[Asianet News]]|language=kn}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Udayavani]]'' wrote that "If the story has to be told in one line, it is a tale of lust and greed. The director has tied it in his own style. The desire of the director to leave out the regular elements and make a good movie is evident".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/movie-review/mayanagari-movie-review|title=Mayanagari movie review; ಹುಡುಕಾಟದ ಹಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕ ಬೆಳಕು |work=[[Udayavani]] |language=kn}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Prajavani]]'' wrote that "The director had the opportunity to tie the entire film to the horror genre. In the first half, the director's attempt to make it a commercial film by adding unnecessary love and fight scenes did not work".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/maayanagari-kannada-movie-review-directed-by-shankar-aradhya-featuring-anish-tejeswar-shravya-rao-dwarakish-2604905|title='ಮಾಯಾನಗರಿ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಕಥೆಯೊಳಗೊಂದು ಕಥೆಯ ಹುಡುಕುತ್ತ..|first=ವಿನಾಯಕ|last=ಕೆ.ಎಸ್|website=[[Prajavani]]|language=kn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|29856129}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]

Heijing (Khamba Thoibi)

2026-02-26T22:00:51Z

Yaxisdelhi: made new data

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox event
| title = Heijing 
| image = Bowl of Fruit.png
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Heijing is an event in the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic, in which the suitor(s) bring fruits as gifts for the bride (princess)
| native_name = {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯖꯤꯡ}}
| native_name_lang = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| english_name = Gifting of fruits for marriage proposal by the suitor(s) to the bride
| time =
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = 
| venue = [[Chingkhu Akhuba]]'s house
| location = [[Ancient Moirang]]
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as = Heijing Kharai, Heijingpot
| type = once
| theme = a customary practice of [[Meitei marriage]] following the [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]])
| cause = [[Ukai Kappa]] incident
| motive = Crown Prince [[Chingkhu Akhuba]] wanted his daughter [[Thoibi]] to marry [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]]
| target = to marry Princess [[Thoibi]] either to one of the two suitors, [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] or [[Khuman Khamba]]
| perpetrator =
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = 
| organisers = 
| filmed_by =
| participants = [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] (whose gifts were received by [[Chingkhu Akhuba]]'s wives and maids) and [[Khuman Khamba]] (whose gifts were received by Princess [[Thoibi]] herself and [[Chingkhu Telheiba]]'s queens and maids)
| outcome = tension between [[Chingkhu Akhuba]] and [[Thoibi]]
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| reported deaths =
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| displaced =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| arrests =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| trial =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| sentence =
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes
}}

'''Heijing''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯖꯤꯡ}}) is an event described in the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic, a major work of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]] genre of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]]. It is a [[marriage proposal]] ceremony for Princess [[Thoibi]] of [[Moirang kingdom]], where two suitors, [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] and [[Khuman Khamba]], competed for her hand on the same day.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi Ahanba Saruk|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467162|date=1963-02-25|first=Kabrambam|last=Gouramani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230|first=Loitongbam Kalachand|last=Singh|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1963|location=India|language=hi, mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal}}</ref><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khuman Khamba|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825|last=Pramodini|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1992|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Moirang Shaion|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465120|first=Sarangthem|last=Bormani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2003|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref>

== Background ==

The Heijing event occurred as a consequence of the [[Ukai Kappa]] incident. The crown prince, [[Chingkhu Akhuba]], refused to acknowledge his elder brother, King [[Chingkhu Telheiba]]'s earlier promise that Princess Thoibi would marry [[Khamba]]. Instead, he decided to give his daughter to Kongyamba. He instructed his wives to prepare marriage gifts and set a date within five days for the marriage ceremony.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

Khamba and his elder sister [[Khamnu]] were also told to bring gifts on the same day. The crown prince forbade anyone in the kingdom from selling fruits to the siblings, reserving the market only for Kongyamba. In another version of the story, Nongban Kongyamba bought all the fruits of the kingdom in advance leaving none, and there was no such extreme command from the crown prince.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Preparation by Khamba ==

Khamba traveled to Salangthel Hill, the village of the Kabui tribe, to seek help from [[Kabui Salang Maiba (Khamba Thoibi)|Kabui Salang Maiba]], the tribal chief and friend of Khamba's late father, [[Puremba]]. The chief provided two baskets of exotic fruits not found in the [[Moirang kingdom]]. He also included gifts for Princess Thoibi, his sister [[Khamnu]], and Khamba himself. Khamba returned home with the fruits and gifts.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

The crown prince forbade his wives from touching Khamba's gifts, threatening to divorce any who disobeyed. In response, Princess Thoibi sought help from her uncle, King [[Chingkhu Telheiba]]. The king instructed his queens to assist Thoibi in receiving the gifts, knowing the crown prince could not intervene.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Reception of gifts ==
[[File:Compote (PSF).png|thumb|Heijing is an episode of the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic, in which suitors have to bring fruits for the princess]]

On the day of the gift reception, Kongyamba arrived first with his gifts. Thoibi pretended to be ill, and her father informed Kongyamba of her condition, causing him to leave. Shortly after, the crown prince went to meet the king, and Thoibi immediately became active again.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

Khamba's gifts were received warmly by the queens and their maids. Thoibi personally arranged the fruits in eleven special dishes with the help of the chief queen, ten other queens, and ten maids.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

When the crown prince returned home, he was thirsty and desired juice from sour fruits. Thoibi prepared the juice from Khamba's fruits and served it to him in a silver cup. Upon learning that the fruits were from Khamba, he became furious and threw the cup at Thoibi. She pretended to faint, alarming the prince. The queens cried in distress, and he ordered Thoibi to go to Khamba's house. Thoibi arose, but the prince's anger continued.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== See also ==
* [[Meitei marriage]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]
[[Category:Marriage]]

Falakata Municipality

2026-02-25T02:26:14Z

Yaxisdelhi: adding a bio first draft

{{one source|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Falakata Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt = Logo of Falakata Municipality
| coa_caption = Coat of Arms
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipality]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1957}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = Pradip Kumar Muhuri
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| leader2_type = Vice Chairman
| leader2 = Ruma Ray Sarkar
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| seats = 18
| structure1 = File:India Falakata, West Bengal Municipality 2022.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (18)''' 
{{color box|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (18)
| session_room =
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place =
| last_election1 = 2022
| next_election1 = 2027
| motto =
| website = {{URL|https://falakatamunicipality.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Falakata Municipality''' is the civic body that governs [[Falakata]] town of [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata CD Block]] in [[Alipurduar district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Current members==
Falakata Municipality has a total of 18 members or councillors, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Chairperson. The latest elections were held on [[2022 West Bengal local elections|12 February 2022]]. The current chairman of Falakata Municipality is Samir Bhandari of the [[Trinamool Congress]]. The current vice chairman is Ruma Ray Sarkar of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbme.org/|title=2022 WB local election results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Chairperson: Pradip Kumar Muhuri
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Deputy Chairperson: Ruma Ray Sarkar
|-
! Ward No.
! Name of Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1 || Minu Barman Gope || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=18}}
|
|-
| 2 || Shyamali Pal
|
|-
| 3 || Rajesh Roy
|
|-
| 4 || Ashim Deb
|
|-
| 5 || Altaf Hossain
|
|-
| 6 || Jayanti Barman
|
|-
| 7 || Bhagirath Mandal
|
|-
| 8 || Ruma Ray Sarkar
|
|-
| 9 || Ratan Sarkar
|
|-
| 10 || Pradip Kumar Muhuri
|
|-
| 11 || Gita Dutta
|
|-
| 12 || Subhash Ghosh
|
|-
| 13 || Manoj Saha
|
|-
| 14 || Lakshmi Mishra
|
|-
| 15 || Abhijit Ray
|
|-
| 16 || Achinta Ray
|
|-
| 17 || Jayanta Adhikari
|
|-
| 18 || Tapas Kumar Guha
|
|}

==Elections==
===2022===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| Falakata Municipality
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}} || 18 ||
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''18''' ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Municipalities of West Bengal]]

K. George Thomas

2026-02-07T23:10:17Z

Yaxisdelhi: made new stub

{{Short description|Indian photochemist, nanomaterial scientist and professor}}
{{Indian patronymic|Thomas|Kakkudiyil George}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = K. George Thomas
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Nanomaterials]] | [[Photochemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]] | [[University of Notre Dame]] | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist |[[Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla]] | [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] | [[University of Kerala]]| [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| K. Saramma | [[Manapurathu Verghese George]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on photoresponsive [[nanomaterials]]
| awards = {{ublist | 2004 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Bronze Medal | 2005 MRSI Medal | 2006 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2015 MRSI-ICSC Super Conductivity and Materials Science Prize }}
}}

'''Kakkudiyil George Thomas''' is an Indian [[Photochemistry|photochemist]], [[Nanomaterials|nanomaterial]] scientist and a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/faculties/kgt/personal_information.phpx |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science Education and Research}}</ref> He is known for his studies on photoresponsive nanomaterials<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=92 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P15-1701 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303122341/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P15-1701 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/George_Thomas,_Prof._Kakkudiyil |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2006, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Kerala University in 1940s.jpg|thumb|235px|left|University of Kerala]]
K. George Thomas, born in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], did his early schooling at his home state before joining [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] from where he completed his master's course (MSc) in chemistry in 1983.<ref name="Nanohub profile">{{Cite web |url=https://nanohub.org/members/29848 |title=Nanohub profile |date=2016 |publisher=Nanohub}}</ref> He returned to Kerala for his doctoral studies under the guidance of K. Saramma and secured a PhD from the [[University of Kerala]] in 1989. His post-doctoral studies were at the Photosciences and [[Photonics]] Group of the [[Manapurathu Verghese George]] at the [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] (NIIST) as a research associate. After completing his studies in 1994, he continued at NIIST to start his career as a scientist. Subsequently, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]] and serves the institution as a professor while continuing his researches at NIIST.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> He has also had various stints at the [[University of Notre Dame]] in 1999, 2003, 2004 and 2005 as a visiting faculty member and is an honorary faculty fellow at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]].<ref name="Honorary faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/main_page.php/Honorary-Faculty/27/1/21/ |title=Honorary faculty |date=2016 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The research of Thomas has been focused on photoresponsive [[nanomaterials]] and his work is reported to have assisted in widening the understanding about their applications.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also worked on self-organization of molecules on surfaces and has developed methodologies for modulating molecular organization through the introduction of [[functional group]]s.<ref name="Research Areas">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisertvm.ac.in/faculties/kgt/research_areas.phpx |title=Research Areas |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> Thus, he developed a number of near-infrared absorbing [[Sensitisers|sensitizers]] which are relevant in [[biological imaging]] and [[Optical storage|optical data storage]] applications. He holds an international patent for one the processes he has developed viz. ''[[Squaraine dye|Squaraine]] based dyes and process for preparation thereof''.<ref name="Patents">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/george-thomas-kakkudiyil |title=Patents |date=2016 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref> His research has been documented by way of chapters in three books authored/edited by others and several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="On Ace Map">{{Cite web |url=http://acemap.sjtu.edu.cn/author/page?AuthorID=7F58469A |title=On Ace Map |date=2016 |publisher=Ace Map}}</ref> the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 54 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Thomas=3AGeorge_Kakkudiyil=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He sits on the advisory board of the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]<ref name="Advisory board member">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cens.res.in/Home/Advisory-Board-Members?id=4 |title=Advisory board member |date=2016 |publisher=Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190354/http://www.cens.res.in/Home/Advisory-Board-Members?id=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is the vice-president of the Asian and Oceanian Photochemistry Association.<ref name="Executive members (2015-2016)">{{Cite web |url=http://asianphotochem.com/member/index.html |title=Executive members (2015-2016) |date=2016 |publisher=Asian and Oceanian Photochemistry Association}}</ref> He has also delivered several keynote addresses and plenary lectures including the Inter Academy Seoul Science Forum held in Seoul on 3 November 2016<ref name="Quantum Dots for Light Energy Harvesting and Conversion">{{Cite web |url=http://iassf.or.kr/html/sub_02_02.php |title=Quantum Dots for Light Energy Harvesting and Conversion |date=2016 |publisher=Inter Academy Seoul Science Forum |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190206/http://iassf.or.kr/html/sub_02_02.php |archive-date=30 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Nano Biotek 2016 held at New Delhi on 24 November 2016.<ref name="Photo-responsive nanomaterials and Nanobiosensors: An Overview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nanobioteck2016.com/program.html |title=Photo-responsive nanomaterials and Nanobiosensors: An Overview |date=2016 |publisher=Nano Biotek 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191639/http://www.nanobioteck2016.com/program.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Thomas received the Bronze Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]] in 2004<ref name="CRSI Bronze Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=CRSI Bronze Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016123938/http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the MRSI Medal of the Material Research Society of India in 2005; MRSI would honor him again in 2015 with the MRSI-ICSC Super Conductivity and Materials Science Prize.<ref name="Awards and honors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=Awards and honors |date=2016 |publisher=Material Research Society of India}}</ref> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2006.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |title=Chemical Sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> He was elected as a fellow by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2008<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 2015.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== See also ==
* [[Manapurathu Verghese George]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.niist.res.in/english/laurels/dr-k-george-thomas-elected-fellow-of-indian-academy-of-science2008_6464.html |title=Dr. K. George Thomas, Elected Fellow of Indian Academy of Science |date=2016 |publisher=CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214130925/http://www.niist.res.in/english/laurels/dr-k-george-thomas-elected-fellow-of-indian-academy-of-science2008_6464.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6417402 |title=Squaraine based dyes and process for preparation thereof |last=Suresh Das, George Thomas Kakkudiyil, Biju Vasudevan Pillai, Santosh Unni, Suresh Velate |date=2016 |publisher=Google Patents}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, K. George}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian nanotechnologists]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:University of Notre Dame faculty]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Patera, Madhya Pradesh

2026-02-06T13:49:27Z

Yaxisdelhi: new new details!

{{Short description|City in India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patera(पटेरा)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9|N|79.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Damoh district|Damoh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Parishad
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,927
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 470772
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 34]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Patera''' is a city and a [[Tehsil|tahsil]] in the [[Damoh district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Patera Village Population - Patera - Damoh, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/461887-patera-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile {{!}} District Damoh Government of Madhya Pradesh {{!}} India {{!}} India |url=https://damoh.nic.in/en/district-profile/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Patera is famous for [[kundalpur]] Jain temples. Kundalpur is 3.5 km away from Patera.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/mp-religion-spirituality/acharya-vidhyasagar-ji-prawachan-in-kundalpur-mahamastabhishek-1315561</ref>

[[File:Bade Baba mandir, Kundalpur Digambar Jain Temple, Madhya Pradesh 027.jpg|thumb|Kundalpur]]

==Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, Patera has population 9,927.<ref name=":0" /> The literacy rate was 72.62%.<ref name=":0" />

==Transportation==
Patera is well connected by roads. Daily bus service available in Patera. It's 32 km away from [[Damoh]], 120 km away from [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], 17 km away from [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta]].

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://damoh.nic.in/ Damoh Official Site]
* [https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/damoh/patera Patera Pin Code]

[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Damoh district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Shoorsen Nagar

2026-01-30T10:19:16Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| image =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_label = Shoorsen Nagar
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29.875|77.858|display=inline, title}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref> {{cite web |title=Languages of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.ofuttarakhand.com/what-is-language-of-uttarakhand/}}</ref>
| official_name = Shoorsen Nagar
| founder = Khushi Saini
| population_total = 10340<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdata2011.html|title = Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]]
}}

'''Shoorsen Nagar''', formerly known as Salempur Rajputana is a [[census town]] in the [[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]] of [[Roorkee]] in [[Haridwar district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. It is an area in [[Roorkee]], Ramnagar. Shoorsen Nagar is famous for its ameliorative, productive and progressive industrial area. This is a town with [[Hindu]] majority most people here are of Kuhada, Daharia, Rada and Gadadiya (Jambuwal) [[gotra]] and are part of [[Saini]] community. A minority of Muslims and Kashyaps and other Scheduled castes also exist in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396.htm |title=Start and end points of National Highways |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922011802/http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"[https:/ /books.google.com/books?id=paRD3jrNfOoC Development of Uttarakhand: Issues and Perspectives]," GS Mehta, APH Publishing, 1999, {{ISBN|9788176480994}}</ref>

[[File:Greenery of salempur Rajputana2.jpg|thumb|Greenery of Shoorsen Nagar]]

[[File:Greenery of salempur Rajputana.jpg|thumb|Beauty of Shoorsen Nagar]]

== History ==

=== Ancient history ===
'''Shoorsen Nagar''' was a city that was a part of Mayapuri (Present, Haridwar) that was kingdom of Daksh, who was son of lord [[brahma]]. Ancient name of '''Shoorsen Nagar''' was '''Varadnagri''' which means a city which provides boons or fulfills wishes of its citizens and visitors. Varad is also a name of Lord [[Shiva]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/100-unique-baby-boy-names-inspired-by-lord-shiva/|title = 125 Unique and Best Lord Shiva Names for Your Baby Boy}}</ref> and Lord [[Ganesha]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Varad Name Meaning, Origin & more {{!}} FirstCry Baby Names Finder | url=https://parenting.firstcry.com/baby-names/meaning-of-varad/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810140225/https://parenting.firstcry.com/baby-names/meaning-of-varad/ | access-date=2025-01-24 | archive-date=2022-08-10}}</ref> Varadnagri was slowly and gradually renamed to Shyampur. Sati ([[Parvati]]) was daughter of Daksh, who was married to Lord Shiva in this context Varadnagri was also in laws house of Lord Shiva. At some distance from Varadnagri Sati kund can be seen were Sati laid down her life. Goddess Sati came for excursion in the gardens of Varadnagri.<ref name=info>[http://www.indiainfoweb.com/uttranchal/kankhal/ Kankhal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122051321/http://www.indiainfoweb.com/uttranchal/kankhal/ |date=22 November 2008 }} www.indiainfoweb.com.</ref>

=== Medieval history ===

==== Hindu period ====

'''Shyampur''' (presently, Salempur) was renamed to '''Shyampur Rajputana''' by [[Rajput]] rulers. Development was carried out in this area and also a temple of Lord Shiva was constructed, which is in present time known as '''Pracheen Shiv Mandir''', however in year 2020 this temple has been reconstructed.{{efn|They put Rajputana at the end of Shyampur because they were Rajput.}}

==== Mughal period ====

'''Shyampur Rajputana''' was renamed this place to '''Salempur''' by [[mughal emperors]].{{efn|mughals were very cruel.}}

=== Modern history ===

==== Before independence ====

'''Shoorsen Nagar''' was village (Salempur Rajputana) of [[Saharanpur district]] before [[Haridwar district]] came into existence on 28 December 1988. Shoorsen Nagar was resettled by '''Khushi Saini''' in year 1891.{{efn|This is a local information.}} Sons of Khushi Saini were '''Faqira Saini''' and '''Amar Singh''', who were farmers. Then Faqira had two sons Janki Saini and Ruhla Saini, who were also known as ''Neem wala''.{{efn|Because they had a tree of [[Neem]]}}

==== After independence ====

First elections were carried out in year 1992 after 73rd amendment in Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Objectives-Panchayat Raj institutions-Dram Sabha | url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/sereport/ser/bihinter/st_bihch11.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103143401/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/sereport/ser/bihinter/st_bihch11.pdf | archive-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> Until 2016 Shoorsen Nagar was a village (named Salempur Rajputana) near [[Roorkee]] city but in 2016 Shoorsen Nagar became a town and a part of the [[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]] and [[Jhabrera]] Municipal council.

On 31 March 2025, Salempur Rajputana was renamed to Shoorsen Nagar.<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-critics-read-hindutva-narrative-in-uttarakhand-renaming-spree-2703446-2025-04-03</ref>

==Facilities==

===Shrines===

====Pracheen Shiv Mandir====
An ancient temple of Lord [[shiva]] was constructed here by Hindu rulers. This is presently known as '''Pracheen Shiv Mandir'''. From year 2020 to 2021 this temple was reconstructed. The reconstruction was done possible by the assistance and support of people of Shoorsen Nagar. The inauguration and the installation of idols of Lord Shiva, Goddess Parvati, Lord [[Ganesh]], Lord [[Karthikeya]] Shiv ling, and [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] was done on 18 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/PRACHIN+SHIV+MANDIR,+Salempur,+Roorkee,+Uttarakhand+247667/@29.8748127,77.8563794,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x390eb5e6a5acb809:0x5f718a62cc7aefc5|title = PRACHIN SHIV MANDIR · VVF4+WHC, Salempur, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India}}</ref>

[[File:Idol of Lord Shiv and goddess parvati2.jpg|thumb|]]

[[File:Idol of Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati.jpg|thumb|Idol of Lord Shiv, goddess Parvati, Lord Ganesh and Lord Kartikeya]]

[[File:Shiv ling.jpg|thumb|Shiv ling]]

[[File:Idol of Nandi bull.jpg|thumb|Idol of Nandi bull]]

[[File:Partially reconstructed pracheen Shiv Mandir.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:Partially reconstructed pracheen Shiv Mandir2.jpg|thumb|front view of partially reconstructed Pracheen Shiv mandir]]

[[File:Partially reconstructed pracheen Shiv Mandir3.jpg|thumb|side view of partially reconstructed Pracheen Shiv mandir]]

[[file:Reconstruction_of_Prachin_Shiv_mandir,_Salempur_Rajputana,_Roorkee,_Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of Prachin Shiv mandir in progress]]

[[file:Shivvriksha_in_Prachin_Shiv_mandir,_Salempur_Rajputana,_Roorkee,_Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Shivvriksha (A Pipal tree near prachin Shiv mandir)]]

[[File:Idol of Lord shiva and Goddess Parvati.jpg|thumb|Old idols of Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati.]]

[[file:Prachin_Shiv_mandir,_Salempur_Rajputana,_Roorkee,_Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Old Prachin Shiv Mandir]]

====Bhumiya Kheda====

'''Bhumiya Dev''', Regionally called 'Deta' (an [[Apabhraṃśa]] of 'devta'), is a Deity of Shoorsen Nagar. Bhumiya kheda is the temple of Lord Bhumiya. In addition to people of this village, people of Premnagar, Krishnanagar, and other areas near Shoorsen Nagar also worship Lord Bhumiya as a God and savior.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Bhoomiya+Kheda+Mandir,+Krishna+Nagar,+Rajendra+Nagar,+Roorkee,+Uttarakhand+247667/@29.8758491,77.8628143,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x390eb4744c2274f5:0xafc2a5ccf57cd5b3|title=Bhoomiya Kheda Mandir · VVG7+H97, Krishna Nagar, Rajendra Nagar, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India}}</ref>

==Demography==

===Population===

According to the 2011 census, the total population of Shoorsen Nagar was 10340 from which 4827 were female and 5513 are male. There were 1310 children under age of 6 out of which 707 were male and 603 were female.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Uttarakhand district census handbook - Hardwar | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0513_PART_B_DCHB_HARDWAR.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014306/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0513_PART_B_DCHB_HARDWAR.pdf | archive-date=2015-11-14}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="auto" style="text-align: center"
|-
! colspan="6" |Literacy rate and population of '''Shoorsen Nagar'''
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|style="background: silver" |'''S. no'''
|style="background: silver" |'''Religion'''
|style="background: silver" |'''% of total literacy rate'''
|style="background: silver" |'''Male population'''
|style="background: silver" |'''Female population'''
|style="background: silver" |'''Total population'''
|style="background: silver" |'''% of total population'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Hindu'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''97.23%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''5368'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''4675'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''10043'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''97.14%'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''2.'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Muslims'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''1.16%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''107'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''111'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''218'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''2.1%'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''3.'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Christian'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''0.06%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''0.06%'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''4.'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Sikh'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''0.12%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''34'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''35'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''69'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''0.67%'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |'''5.'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Jain'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''0.85%'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''0.03%'''
|}

===Religions===

Of total population, 97.14 are [[Hindus]], 2.1% are [[Muslims]], and 0.77% are of other religions.

===Literacy===

Total literacy rate of '''Shoorsen Nagar''' is 90.29%, here 83.93% of females, and 95.88% of males are educated.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Roorkee]]

Telari

2026-01-22T09:27:43Z

Yaxisdelhi: made pg

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Telari
| official_name = Telari Village
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Telari_Village_West_Bengal.png
| coordinates = {{coord|25.497|N|83.822|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| population_total = 4,937
}}

'''Telari'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telari Village Population - Budge Budge - II, South Twenty Four Parganas, West Bengal |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/west-bengal/south-twenty-four-parganas/budge-budge-ii/telari-population.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is a village in the Budge<ref>{{Cite web |title=TELARI Village BURUL Panchayat BUDGE BUDGE II kshetra panchayat / Block SOUTH 24 PARAGANAS, West Bengal |url=https://ns1.brandbharat.com/english/wb/districts/South%2024%20Parganas/SOUTH%2024%20PARAGANAS_BUDGE%20BUDGE%20II_BURUL_TELARI.html#google_vignette |website=BrandBharat.com}}</ref> II subdivision of the South Twenty-Four Parganas district in West Bengal, India. The town is situated approximately 7.4 kilometers away from Burul village, another locality alongside the [[Hooghly River]].

== Geography ==
Telari village spans a total area of approximately 235.01 hectares. It is located approximately 34.5 kilometers from the district headquarters at Alipore. The village is accessible via local roads, with Dakshin Raipur being the nearest town at a distance of about 10 kilometers, which serves as a hub for major economic activities.

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 Census data, Telari village has a total population<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=Area, pincode and population of Telari village in Budge Budge II tehsil of South Twenty Four Parganas, West Bengal, India based on census of India 2011 |url=https://villageinindia.com/india/west-bengal/south-twenty-four-parganas/budge-budge-ii/budge-budge-ii-telari/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Village in India}}</ref> of about 4,937 people, with 2,553 males and 2,384 females, indicating a balanced gender ratio. The literacy rate stands at approximately 70.73%, with male literacy at 75.24% and female literacy at 65.90%.

== Administration ==
Telari is administered by a Sarpanch, an elected representative under the Panchayati Raj system, ensuring local governance and development initiatives. The village falls under the Satgachhia Assembly constituency and the Diamond Harbour parliamentary constituency, connecting it to broader legislative frameworks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative system of the Telari Village |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Telari-333350 |website=LocalBodydata.com}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

Diocese of Cuddapah

2025-12-19T09:52:30Z

Yaxisdelhi:

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = kadapa
|latin = Dioecesis kadapahensis
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|deaneries = 5
|cathedral = St. Mary’s Cathedral, [[Mariapuram]]
|cocathedral =
|parishes = 66
|priests = 147
|area_km2 = 15,359
|population = 6,772,265
|population_as_of = 2013
|catholics = 1,34,145
|catholics_percent= 2.0
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Saginala Paul prakash
|metro_archbishop = Anthony Poola
|vicar_general = Rev.Fr.Prasad Rao M D
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://dioceseofcuddapah.webs.com/history.htm Website of the Diocese]
|denomination=}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of kadapa''' ({{langx|la| kadapahen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Kadapa]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] in India.

Presently{{when|date=August 2021}}, there are about 66 parishes catering to 81,580 Catholics in the diocese.<ref name="Hierarchy">http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcudd.html Catholic Hierarchy</ref> Planning of New Diocese in Kuppam (Chittoor district) for Chittoor District and neighbour people. This New Diocese of Kuppam will be helpful and be connected to Dharmapuri and Kadapa Dioceses.

Diocese of KUPPAM :

'''[[Our Lady Of Health Catholic Church]]'''
(Arogya Matha Catholic Church)-1976,
Arogya Matha Road,
Kuppam - 517425,
Chittoor District,
Andhra Pradesh.

==History==
* 19 October 1976: Established as the Diocese of kadapa from the [[Diocese of Nellore]]

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of kadapa ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Gali bali]](11 December 2018-08 March 2025)
**Bishop Gallela Prasad (31 January 2008 – 10 December 2018)
**Bishop Doraboina Moses Prakasam (26 July 2002 – 7 December 2006)
**Bishop Prakash Mallavarapup (22 May 1998 – 26 July 2002)
**Bishop Abraham Aruliah Somavarapa (28 October 1976 – 24 January 1998)

==Notes==
{{reflist}} Chittoor District will have a New Diocese in Kuppam Soon. Kuppam Diocese will be connected and serve to Dharmapuri and Kadapa Dioceses.

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cudd0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcudd.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]{{coord|14.4751|N|78.8117|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuddapah}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1976]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christianity in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kadapa]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

The light has gone out of our lives

2025-12-02T23:38:40Z

Yaxisdelhi: added info

{{Short description|1948 speech by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''The light has gone out of our lives''' is a speech that was delivered [[ex tempore]] by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/words-should-stand-the-test-of-time/article2275443.ece|title=Words should stand the test of time|date=22 July 2007|accessdate=8 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> the first [[Prime Minister of India]], on [[Martyrs' Day (India)|30 January 1948]], following the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]] earlier that evening. It is often cited as one of the greatest speeches in history.<ref name="hindu.com"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Oratory Club Of India|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?235283|accessdate=8 March 2013|newspaper=Outlook|date=13 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Famous Speeches - Indexed by Date - 1941-1950|url=http://www.emersonkent.com/famous_speeches_in_history_date_from_1941.htm|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>

== Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi ==
[[File:Gandhi funeral.jpg|thumb|Aerial image of the Funeral procession of Gandhi, passing the [[India Gate]], Delhi|alt=]]
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was assassinated by [[Nathuram Vinayak Godse]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future | first=Martha | last=Nussbaum|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674041561|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLMQh4oc38gC&q=nathuram+godse+ex-member+of+RSS&pg=PA165}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Critical Companion to George Orwell|page=186|isbn=9781438108735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&q=nathuram+godse+former+member+&pg=PA186|last1=Quinn|first1=Edward|date=14 May 2014}}</ref> at [[Birla House|Birla House, Delhi]] on 30 January 1948 while Gandhi was heading for a prayer meeting.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Priyamvada|title=The Indian English Novel: Nation, History, and Narration|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krDuRhpnkEsC&q=the+light+has+gone+out+of+our+lives+&pg=PA43|isbn=9780199544370}}</ref> At 6.00 PM that evening, the [[Government of India|Government]] announced over [[All India Radio]], in a carefully worded statement that "Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi at twenty minutes past five this afternoon."<ref name="elloraone">{{cite web|title=The Light|url=http://www.elloraone.com/history/indianhistory/the-light/|publisher=Ellora One|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref> Messages of condolence for his death came in from across the world. As world leaders paid homage to Gandhi, [[George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]] acerbically noted that "It shows how dangerous it is to be good."<ref>{{cite news|title=Swaraj Is My Birthright|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?204040|accessdate=8 March 2013|newspaper=Outlook|date=18 August 1997}}</ref> To show its respect, the [[United Nations]] lowered its flag to [[half-mast]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Macarthur|first=Brian|title=The Penguin Book of Modern Speeches|year=2012|publisher=Penguin|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1jOYbhvgP4C&q=the+light+has+gone+out+of+our+lives+speech&pg=PT205|isbn=9780141909165}}</ref>
In India, the news of the assassination plunged the country into deep shock.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley|title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|page=257|url=https://www.questia.com/read/106207686/gandhi-s-passion-the-life-and-legacy-of-mahatma|accessdate=|url-access=|via=|archive-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102211527/https://www.questia.com/read/106207686/gandhi-s-passion-the-life-and-legacy-of-mahatma|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lata|first=Pushpa|title=Communicate Or Collapse: A Handbook Of Effective Public Speaking, Group Discussions and Interviews|year=2007|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India|location=New Delhi|page=217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE_m5wjQOEkC&q=the+light+has+gone+out+of+our+lives+speech&pg=PA217|isbn=9788120333239}}</ref>
At the mourning chamber in Birla House, the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]], [[Lord Mountbatten]] brought Nehru and [[Sardar Patel|Patel]] closer telling them what Gandhi told him earlier that day, "They listen to you more than they do to me. Do your best to bring them together." Mountbatten informed them that "That was his dying wish". Visibly moved, Patel and Nehru embraced.<ref name="elloraone" />
Mountbatten then asked Nehru to address the nation as the people were now looking upon him to lead them. Nehru replied: "I can't. I am too upset. I am not prepared. I don't know what to say". Mountbatten told him not to worry since God would tell him what to say.<ref name="elloraone" />

== Speech ==
[[File:Nehru Gandhi AP 18050506381948 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=]]
Nehru addressed the nation later that evening on [[All India Radio]]. His speech was delivered in English spontaneously and without preparation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Anuradha|title=The Making Of Mahatma (A Biography)|year=2006|publisher=Diamond Books|location=New Delhi|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euMm0FUuojQC&q=the+light+has+gone+out+of+our+lives+&pg=PA143|isbn=9788171822133}}</ref> The speech began by Nehru telling his "friends and comrades that the light has gone out of our lives". He identifies himself with the Indian masses in their sorrow by expressing his own helplessness and stated, "I do not know what to tell you or how to say it". Nehru then went on to warn the masses of the dangers of [[communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and asked them to take a solemn pledge to work for unity, fraternity and peace as the best tribute they can pay to Gandhi's memory.

In the speech, Nehru compared Gandhi to an eternal beacon and predicted that a thousand years later,
<blockquote>That light will be seen... the world will see it and it will give solace to innumerable hearts. For that light represented something more than the immediate present; it represented the living, the eternal truths, reminding us of the right path, drawing us from error, taking this ancient country to freedom.<ref name="elloraone"/></blockquote> Nehru then turned to the more mundane matter of giving the details of the funeral arrangements.

The speech was noted for its grace and poise, conveyed through Nehru's choice of phrases and images. He warned his listeners about the "poison of communalism" and referred to the assassin as a 'madman'. The speech was noted as a great example of oration because of its content and language, as seen in the wholeness of its sentences and themes, the almost poetic choice of words, and the narration's use of variation and ordering of themes and repetition of key images. The sense of calmness with which Nehru talks about the funeral arrangements, his warning to the people and his call for peace and combating communalism at a time of such deep loss conveyed a sense of solemnity and dignity of his office.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maybin|first=Janet|title=Using English: From Conversation to Canon|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|pages=151–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAct-WT7ywcC&q=the+light+has+gone+out+of+our+lives+speech&pg=PA153|isbn=9780415131193}}</ref>

==John Paul II ==
During [[Pope John Paul II]]'s first visit to [[India]] in 1986, he addressed the nation at [[Raj Ghat]], the [[samadhi]] of Gandhi, where he referred to Nehru's eulogy. Nehru's words "The light that shone in this country was no ordinary light" were said by the Pope to have "expressed the conviction of the whole world". In further concurrence with Nehru's words <blockquote>The light has gone out, I said, and yet I was wrong. For the light that shone in this country was no ordinary light. The light that has illumined this country for these many years will illumine this country for many more years...</blockquote> The Pope went on to note that Gandhi <blockquote>who lived by non-violence appeared to be defeated by violence. For a brief moment the light seemed to have gone out. Yet his teachings and the example of his life live on in the minds and hearts of millions of men and women. Yes, the light is still shining, and the heritage of Mahatma Gandhi speaks to us still. And today as a pilgrim of peace I have come here to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi, hero of humanity.<ref>{{cite web|title=ADDRESS OF JOHN PAUL II ON OCCASION OF THE VISIT TO THE FUNERARY MONUMENT OF RAJ GHAT DEDICATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19860201_raj-ghat_en.html|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|accessdate=8 March 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

== Cartier-Bresson's photography ==
[[Henri Cartier-Bresson]], who had been to [[India]] shortly after and was one of the last people to meet and photograph Gandhi, famously captured an image of Nehru on the gate of Birla House to announce Gandhi's death. The photographs covering Gandhi's final hours before his assassination, the arrangements for his funeral and the masses attending the funeral have been described as "not the portrait of any man, but the portrait of a nation in the deepest moment of its sorrow" and have been shown all over the world.<ref>[https://www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/religion/henri-cartier-bresson-india-death-gandhi/ India and the Death of Mahatma Gandhi, Magnum Photos]</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Nehru's speech figures in [[Amitava Kumar]]'s novel ''Nobody Does the Right Thing''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Amitava|title=Nobody Does the Right Thing: A Novel|year=2010|publisher=Duke university Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/nobodydoesrightt0000kuma/page/16 16]|url=https://archive.org/details/nobodydoesrightt0000kuma|url-access=registration|quote=the light has gone out of our lives speech.|isbn=9780822392651}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tryst with Destiny]]
* [[Melville de Mellow]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/we-must-hold-together/article4358063.ece The full text of Jawaharlal Nehru's address, broadcast over All India Radio on 30 January 1948.]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kJAlTiBx8w Light Has Gone Out – Jawaharlal Nehru's Speech (Audio)]

{{Jawaharlal Nehru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Light has gone out of our lives}}
[[Category:Works about the Mahatma Gandhi assassination]]
[[Category:1948 in India]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:1948 speeches]]
[[Category:Speeches by Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Laments]]

Bhogireddipalli

2025-11-20T04:00:22Z

Yaxisdelhi: created a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhogireddipalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Bhogireddypalle
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.114|81.021|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|Districts]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=4 February 2016|page=16,454|format=PDF|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422201208/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 9.21
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=6 November 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 2350
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [[521131]]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhogireddipalli''' (also spelled as '''Bhogireddypalle''') is a village in [[Krishna district]] of [[India]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Machilipatnam mandal]] of [[Machilipatnam revenue division]].<ref name=census />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Anamol

2025-11-18T07:40:14Z

Yaxisdelhi:

'''Anamol''' or '''Anmol''' ({{langx|ne|अनमोल}}, {{langx|ur|انمول}}) is a name used in [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], and [[India]]. Its meaning is "Precious". It is a unisex name.

== Film ==
* [[Anmol]], a 1993 Indian film
* [[Anmol Ghadi]], a 1946 Hindi film
* [[Anmol Ratan]], a 1950 Bollywood drama film
* [[Anmol Tasveer]], a 1978 Bollywood film
* [[Anmol (1973 film)|Anmol]], a 1973 Lollywood film
== People ==
Notable people with Anamol as a given name are:
* [[Anmol K.C.]], Nepalese actor and producer
* [[Anmol Malik]], playback singer and songwriter in the Indian Film

{{given name}}

[[Category:Nepalese masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Indian given names]]

Fath al-Mulhim

2025-11-17T00:36:15Z

Yaxisdelhi: adding some info w/ refs!

{{Short description|Book by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim
| image = Cover of Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim.jpg
| caption = Arabic cover
| author = [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]]
| title_orig = فتح الملهم بشرح صحيح الإمام مسلم
| orig_lang_code = ar
| country = British India
| language = Arabic
| subject = ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''
| genre = Commentary
| media_type = Print
| oclc = 52831250
| dewey = 297.125
| published = 1933 – 1939
| followed_by_quotation_marks =
| followed_by = [[Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim]]
}}
'''''Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim''''' ({{langx|ar|فتح الملهم بشرح صحيح الإمام مسلم}}) is a three-volume Arabic commentary on ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', written by [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] before 1916. Usmani commenced the writing of the book in 1914 due to the absence of commentaries on ''Sahih Muslim'', unlike ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', which had commentaries according to the [[Hanafi school]]. He dedicated himself to bridging this gap and continued his work until his demise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mermertaş |first=Yusuf Ziya |date=2018 |title=Şebbir Ahmet Osmânî'nin Hayatı, Fethü'l-Mülhim Adlı Eserindeki Şerh Metodu ve Ele Aldığı Temel Konular |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hadith/issue/41959/497718 |journal=HADITH |language=tr |issue=1 |pages=88–111 |issn=2667-5455 |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016030918/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hadith/issue/41959/497718 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahatli |first1=Erdinç |last2=Haq |first2=İnam Ul |date=2018 |title=ŞEBBÎR AHMED OSMÂNÎ VE "FETHU'L-MÜLHİM Bİ-ŞERHİ SAHÎHİ'L-İMÂM MÜSLİM" ADLI ESERİ |journal=Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi |language=tr |volume=20 |issue=37 |pages=21 |doi=10.17335/sakaifd.417644 |s2cid=188310318 |issn=2146-9806 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He was only able to complete three volumes of the book before his passing. The first and second volumes were published in 1933 and 1935 respectively, while the third volume was published in 1939.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Laskar |first=Md Fazlur Rahman |title=Life and works of Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani |publisher=Department of Arabic, Gauhati University |year=1998 |location=India |pages=175 |language=en |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/67545}}</ref> [[Taqi Usmani]] later took up the task of completing the remaining portions of the book in 1976, ultimately finishing it in 1994 in six volumes known as ''[[Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huma |first=Zilli |date=2019 |title=Interpretation of the leading books and compositions of Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani |url=https://rahatulquloob.com/index.php/rahat/article/view/66 |journal=Rahat-ul-Quloob |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=201 |doi=10.51411/rahat.3.1.2019.66 |s2cid=242290175 |issn=2521-2869 |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125093705/http://rahatulquloob.com/index.php/rahat/article/view/66 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Methodology ==
The book is known for its detailed analysis of Hadith and its scientific principles. It begins with a lengthy introductory chapter of 108 pages, where Usmani discusses the rules of Hadith, its sciences, and the uniqueness of ''Sahih Muslim''. He also explores the different types of traditions, qualities of narrators, and the compilation of [[Hadith]], among other related topics. Additionally, Usmani addresses challenging aspects of Hadith, such as the existence and virtues of [[Allah]], the activities of other deities, and their realities. He includes the best and selected comments of experts on each issue and presents his own views supported by various proofs.{{Sfn|Laskar|1998|p=158}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huma |first=Zilli |date=2019 |title=Fath al-Mulhim Sharah Sahi Muslim- Pattern And Style |url=https://jihat-ul-islam.com.pk/journal/index.php/jihat-ul-islam/article/view/88 |journal=Jihat Ul Islam |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.51506/jihat-ul-islam.v12i2.88 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2521-425X |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025070756/https://jihat-ul-islam.com.pk/journal/index.php/jihat-ul-islam/article/view/88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Features ==
The key features and characteristics of ''Fath al-Mulhim'' are as follows:<ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |pages=354–356|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |page= |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |pages=98–102 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |type=PhD |pages=120–124 |hdl=10603/364940 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# It carefully addresses controversial issues related to faith within the [[Sunni Islam|Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah]], minimizing differences.
# Usmani mentions the famous and significant events of narrators, provides information on unknown narrators, and points out their shortcomings when necessary.
#He resolves doubts regarding the chains of narrators in specific instances.
#The book offers analysis and clarification of difficult words found in Hadith.
#Quotations from famous books related to the subject matter are provided in various places, aiding in comprehensive explanations of the discussed topics.
#References to books written on the mysteries of [[Sharia]], such as those by [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]], [[Al-Ghazali]], are mentioned in specific cases.
#Usmani consolidates scattered research findings from various lessons in ''Fath al-Ban'' and other books, bringing them together in one place.
#In analyzing and establishing the truth of a lesson, he includes necessary quotations from books of the Hanafi school of thought. He also provides extensive Arabic references to the research of his teachers and the pioneers of the Hanafi school, even if they were originally written or spoken in languages other than Arabic.
#The book contains numerous research findings that were previously unheard of and are only understood after reading it.
#Usmani strives to write in clear and accessible language, expressing his own comments alongside the text.
#He emphasizes the Qur'an as the basis of all traditions.
#Usmani refutes recent doubts and arguments against Islam in specific instances.
#The author engages in a thorough investigation of disputed matters related to faith.

== Reception ==
[[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] praised Shabbir Ahmad Usmani's knowledge of Hadith literature and stated that nobody has explained ''Sahih Muslim'' better than him.{{Sfn|Laskar|1998|p=175}} Sayyid Muhammad Khaiid All, a professor at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], described the book as a comprehensive and simplified explanation of ''Sahih Muslim'' that frees readers from having to refer to multiple commentaries.{{Sfn|Laskar|1998|p=175}} Jubair Ahmed Faruqi, the head of the Arabic Department at Jamia Millia Islamia, highlighted the book's importance and usefulness, with scholars from across the Islamic world admiring and accepting it. Some even consider it more important than [[Al-Nawawi]]'s commentary in various aspects.{{Sfn|Laskar|1998|p=175}} Syed Abdul Majid Ghouri, a professor at the [[Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia]], commended this book is regarded as one of the best and most comprehensive explanations of ''Sahih Muslim''. He praises the accuracy and meticulousness with which all the Hadiths in each chapter are explained, leaving no issue of jurisprudence without clarification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghouri |first=Syed Abdul Majid |date=2017 |title=Fateh Al-Mulhim Explanation of Sahih Muslim by: Sheikh Shubair Ahmed Al-Othmani: A Study of Prophetic Tradition |url=https://hadis.kuis.edu.my/index.php/inhad/article/view/39 |journal=HADIS |language=ar |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages=140 |doi=10.53840/hadis.v7i13.39 |s2cid=203332810 |issn=2550-1585 |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071420/https://hadis.kuis.edu.my/index.php/inhad/article/view/39 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Deobandi hadith studies]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |language=ur |oclc=47964786 |pages=94–97}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:06_20200516|''Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Commentaries on Sahih Muslim]]

2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League

2025-11-16T07:39:36Z

Yaxisdelhi: created details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 27 November 2006
| todate = 11 January 2007
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and knockouts
| host =
| champions = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| count = 1
| runner up = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| participants = 24
| matches = 57
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Amrita Shinde]] (374)
| most wickets = [[Devika Palshikar]] (16)
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2007–08
| next_tournament = 2007–08 Senior Women's One Day League
}}

The '''2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League''' was the inaugural edition of the women's [[List A cricket|List A]] [[cricket]] [[Senior Women's One Day League|competition]] in [[India]]. It took place between November 2006 and January 2007, with 24 teams divided into five regional groups. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] won the tournament, beating [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the final.<ref name="CA">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2006-07.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2006/07 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The 24 teams competing in the tournament were divided into five zonal groups: Central, East, North, South and West. The tournament operated on a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with each team playing every other team in their group once. The top two sides from each group progressed to the knockout stages. Matches were played using a [[Limited overs cricket|50 over]] format.

The groups worked on a points system with positions in the groups based on the total points. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="CAtable">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2006-07.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2006/07 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

Win: 4 points. 
[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]: 2 points. 
Loss: –1 points. 
No result/abandoned: 2 points. 
Bonus points: 1 point available per match. 
Consolation points: 1 point available per match.

If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then number of bonus points, then [[net run rate]].

==Zonal tables==
===Central zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 || '''20'''|| +3.843
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''13'''|| +0.782
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||'''9'''|| +0.919
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''2'''|| –2.206
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''–4'''|| –3.863
|}

===East zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] '''(Q)'''
|2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 || '''10'''|| +3.738
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Orissa]] '''(Q)'''
|2 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''4'''|| +0.310
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|2 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''–2'''|| –2.372
|}

===North zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||'''14'''|| +1.699
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 || '''14'''|| +2.142
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|4 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.716
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|4 ||1 ||2 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||'''5'''|| –1.497
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|4 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''–1'''|| –2.342
|}

===South zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 || '''24'''|| +1.986
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||1 ||'''20'''|| +2.154
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||'''13'''|| +2.153
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''7'''|| –0.107
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''|| –0.834
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|5 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''–5'''|| –4.743
|}

===West zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 || '''19'''|| +2.875
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||1 ||'''15'''|| +3.709
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''7'''|| –0.710
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''1'''|| –3.444
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||'''–2'''|| –2.329
|}

{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to Quarter-Finals. 
{{Color box|#dfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to Pre-Quarter-Finals.

:Source:CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

==Knockout stage==
{{#invoke:Team bracket|main|rounds=4
| compact = y | byes=1 | seeds = y | RD1-omit = {{{RD1-omit|3/4}}}
| RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals
| RD2 = Quarter-finals
| RD3 = Semi-finals
| RD4 = Final
| team-width = 130

| RD1-seed1 = C1
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''247/5'''
| RD1-seed2 = E2
| RD1-team2 = [[Odisha women's cricket team|Orissa]]
| RD1-score2 = 72/7

| RD1-seed7 = S2
| RD1-team7 = [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| RD1-score7 = 156/8
| RD1-seed8 = N2
| RD1-team8 = '''[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| RD1-score8 = '''160/4'''

| RD2-seed1 = W1
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''214/7'''
| RD2-seed2 = C2
| RD2-team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| RD2-score2 = 176

| RD2-seed3 = N1
| RD2-team3 = [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| RD2-score3 = 179/9
| RD2-seed4 = S1
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''180/3'''

| RD2-seed5 = C1
| RD2-team5 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD2-score5 = '''251/5'''
| RD2-seed6 = N2
| RD2-team6 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD2-score6 = 115

| RD2-seed7 = W2
| RD2-team7 = '''[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD2-score7 = '''178/7'''
| RD2-seed8 = E1
| RD2-team8 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| RD2-score8 = 170

| RD3-seed1 = W1
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''221/8'''
| RD3-seed2 = S1
| RD3-team2 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| RD3-score2 = 197/8

| RD3-seed3 = W2
| RD3-team3 = [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD3-score3 = 133
| RD3-seed4 = C1
| RD3-team4 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD3-score4 = '''135/3'''

| RD4-seed1 = W1
| RD4-team1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| RD4-score1 = 104
| RD4-seed2 = C1
| RD4-team2 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD4-score2 = '''105/3'''
}}

===Pre-Quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Odisha women's cricket team|Orissa]]
| score1 = 247/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babita Mandlik]] 87[[not out|*]] (75)
| wickets1 = [[Madhusmita Behera]] 2/22 (10 overs)
| score2 = 72/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = Chinmayee Das 22 (74)
| wickets2 = Revati Joshi 2/6 (8 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 175 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158229.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Mahendra Pandya and Bharat Patel
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 156/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Diana David]] 46 (77)
| wickets1 = [[Shilpa Gupta (cricketer)|Shilpa Gupta]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| score2 = 160/4 (45 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 64 (104)
| wickets2 = Savita Nirala 1/25 (8 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158228.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Chetan Mankad and SN Rajput
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 179/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Gurdeep Minhas 55 (85)
| wickets1 = Deepika Babu 2/21 (10 overs)
| score2 = 180/3 (44.2 overs)
| runs2 = Deepika Babu 50[[not out|*]] (77)
| wickets2 = Avneet Kaur 2/29 (10 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158231.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = I Chhipa and Jitesh Desai
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| score1 = 178/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Punam Raut]] 97 (131)
| wickets1 = [[Seema Desai]] 3/26 (10 overs)
| score2 = 170 (49.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kavita Roy]] 41 (83)
| wickets2 = [[Sunetra Paranjpe]] 2/25 (8 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 8 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158230.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = J Patel and Dinesh Vaghela
| motm =
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score1 = 214/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amrita Shinde]] 85 (134)
| wickets1 = Ranju Gupta 3/51 (8 overs)
| score2 = 176 (47.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Babita Mandlik]] 87[[not out|*]] (124)
| wickets2 = [[Devika Palshikar]] 3/48 (10 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 38 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158233.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Bharat Patel and Sunil Shah
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 251/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sulakshana Naik]] 110 (136)
| wickets1 = Sunita Chhillar 1/33 (8 overs)
| score2 = 115 (49.1 overs)
| runs2 = Deepti Dhyani 40 (75)
| wickets2 = [[Preeti Dimri]] 3/20 (10 overs)
| result = Railways won by 136 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158232.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = M Patil and N Sharmili
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 221/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Trupti Khot 43[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets1 = Sunitha Vasudevan 2/37 (10 overs)
| score2 = 197/8 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karu Jain]] 96 (142)
| wickets2 = [[Soniya Dabir]] 3/39 (10 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 24 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158235.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Sunil Shah and Dinesh Vaghela
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 133 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Raju Goyal]] 46[[not out|*]] (80)
| wickets1 = [[Rumeli Dhar]] 4/13 (10 overs)
| score2 = 135/3 (39 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 67[[not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = Vrushali Sawant 2/20 (5 overs)
| result = Railways won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158234.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Jitesh Desai and Mahendra Pandya
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Final===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 January 2007
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 104 (42.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amrita Shinde]] 25 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Neetu David]] 2/8 (5 overs)
| score2 = 105/3 (29.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sulakshana Naik]] 45 (85)
| wickets2 = [[Devika Palshikar]] 2/23 (8 overs)
| result = Railways won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/158/158236.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Jitesh Desai and Mahendra Pandya
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|[[Amrita Shinde]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|7
|6
|'''374'''
|62.33
|102
|1
|3
|-
|[[Sulakshana Naik]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|7
|6
|'''351'''
|58.50
|110
|2
|1
|-
|[[Punam Raut]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|6
|5
|'''329'''
|65.80
|122
|2
|1
|-
|[[Karu Jain]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|6
|6
|'''326'''
|65.20
|96
|0
|3
|-
|[[Babita Mandlik]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|6
|6
|'''260'''
|86.66
|87[[not out|*]]
|0
|2
|-
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2006-07/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2006/07 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | BBI
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Devika Palshikar]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|57.5
|'''16'''
|12.18
|6/8
|1
|-
|[[Rumeli Dhar]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|48.0
|'''13'''
|7.07
|4/13
|0
|-
|[[Thirush Kamini]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|38.1
|'''12'''
|9.08
|3/10
|0
|-
|[[Amita Sharma]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|42.0
|'''12'''
|10.50
|4/14
|0
|-
|Deepika Babu
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|43.4
|'''12'''
|12.16
|3/34
|0
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2006-07/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2006/07 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2006-07 Senior Women's One Day League}}
[[Category:Senior Women's One Day Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2006–07|Senior Women's One Day League]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket|Senior Women's One Day League]]
[[Category:2007 in Indian cricket|Senior Women's One Day League]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Uttarakuru

2025-11-14T16:26:01Z

Yaxisdelhi: small changes

{{Tone|date=September 2024}}
{{Refimprove|introduction|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|Vedic Hindu tribe in Ancient India}}
The '''Uttarakurus''' ({{langx|sa|उत्तर कुरु}}; {{IAST|Uttarakuru}}) were an early [[Vedic tribe|Vedic Hindu tribe]] that inhabited the Uttarakuru country or '''Uttara Kuru Kingdom'''. It is also the name of a [[dvipa]] ('continent') in ancient [[Hindu cosmology]]. The name "Uttara-Kuru" means "North of [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] (kingdom)". The [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kurus]] were a [[Vedic tribe|tribe]] and also a kingdom during the [[Vedic civilization]] of [[Ancient India]]. The Uttara Kuru are therefore defined as a population to the north of the Kurus, which historians have concluded to be north of the [[Himalayas]], in [[Central Asia]].

Some modern historians identify this kingdom's territory as an Indian frontier north of [[Gandhara]], that could encompass modern-day [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and parts of southern [[Russia]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The Greek "Ottarakorai" and the Roman "Attacori" myths are probably related to '''Uttara Kuru'''.

At some point during the reign of [[Pururavas]]-[[Aila dynasty|Aila]] (the first king mentioned in the line of lunar dynasty of Indian kings) Uttara Kuru and the Kurus of India belonged to the same Kuru Empire. [[Arjuna]] collected tribute from Uttara Kuru during his northern military campaign for [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice. The epics also mention that they followed a republican constitution with no monarchy.

==Vedic literature==
[[Aitareya Brahmana]] makes first reference to ''Uttarakuru'' and [[Uttaramadra]] as real-life [[Janapadas]]. According to Aitareya Brahmana, these two nations lay beyond the [[Himalaya]]n ranges ([[Hindukush]]). The Aitareya Brahmana adduces these two people as examples of [[republic]]an (vairajiya) nations, where whole [[Janapada]] took the consecration of rulership.<ref>

:tasmad atasyam udichya dishi ye ke ca pren himvantam janapada uttarakurva uttaramadra
:iti vairajyaya te.abhishichyante
::— ''(Aitareya Brahmana, VIII/14)''.</ref>

Aitareya Brahmana again notes that Uttarakuru was a deva-kshetra or divine land.

==Puranas==
Based on its description in the [[Purana]]s, Uttarakuru seems to be in the real world.

[[Puranic]] [[cosmography]] divides Earth into seven concentric [[dvipa|island]]s called [[Jambudvipa|Jambu]], Plaksha, Salmali, Kushadvipa, Kraunca, Sakaldwipiya, and Pushkara, that are separated by the seven encircling [[samudra|sea]]s. The insular continent Jambudvipa forms the innermost [[concentric]] [[island]] in the scheme of continents. Jambudvipa includes nine countries (varṣa) and nine mountains. The land of ''Illa-vrta'' lies at the center of Jambudivipa at whose center is located [[Mount Meru]] ([[Hindu Kush]]). The land of ''Uttarakuru'' lies to the north of Mount Meru/ Kailash.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh |first=M.R. |title=Geographical Data in Early Puranas |year=1981 }}</ref>

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] notes the Uttarakuru as the land of the "northern [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]]s", a people separate from the Dakshina Kurus. The [[Brahmanda Purana]] and [[Vayu Purana]] state that Pururavas, the ancestor of the Puru race once inhabited with Urvashi in Uttarakuru. In [[Matsya Purana]], Uttarakuru is described as '[[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]]', that is: a pure place where one went to undergo ritual ablutions.

==Mahabharata==
[[Mahabharata]] sometimes glorifies the Uttarakuru as a [[fairy]] land. It is stated to be the ultimate abode of the blessed souls. The souls of the blessed ones and the glorious [[Kshatriya]]s who fall in battle go to ''Uttarakuru'' after death.

Adiparva of Mahabharata refers to a practice of [[free love]] among the denizens of ''Uttarakuru'', like the one followed by birds and the beasts, and is not regarded sinful as it is stated to have the approval of the rishis and the sanction of antiquity. At other times, the epic describes the Uttarakurus as real entity and associates them with the real [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]]s.

At the ''Rajasuya Sacrifice'' performed by king [[Yudhishtra]], the kings of north-west brought gifts, some of which belonged to ''Uttarakuru''.

After reducing the [[Kambojas]] and [[Daradas]] on south of [[Hindukush]], [[Arjuna]] proceeded to Trans-Hindukush countries and fought with the Lohas, [[Kambojas|Parama-Kambojas]] and the [[Rishikas]]. Thereafter, Arjuna subjugated the [[Kimpurusha|Kimpuruhas]], Haratakas and the ''Uttarakurus'', which were the neighboring tribes in the trans-Himalaya region.

[[Karna]] in practice of war started Vijayatra conquering whole Eurasia.

==Ramayana==
In the enumeration of the countries of north, [[Ramayana]] references [[Kambojas]], [[Yavana]]s, [[Sakas|Shakas]], Paradas and then further northwards, it refers to the land of the ''Uttarakurus'' lying beyond river ''Shailoda'' and ''Kichaka bamboos'' valleys. It gives very vivid and graphic picture of Uttarakuru region.<ref>Ramayana 4.43.1-62.</ref>

==Buddhist text==
Uttarakuru also finds numerous references in [[Buddhist]] literature. In [[Digha Nikaya]], ''Uttarakuru'' is said to be the name of [[city]]. Lalita-Vistara describes the ''Uttarakuru'' as Pratyanta-dvipa or a frontier [[island]].

Uttarakuru is well described in the [[Atanatiya Sutta]] of the [[Digha Nikaya]]. It is an island 24000 Yojanas away from Jambudvipa. It is one of the great Mahadvipas or continents. It is said to be a place of great abundance. It falls under the rule of the heavenly king [[Vessavana]]. Atanatiya is one of the great cities of this land. The inhabitants are elegant in complexion, unselfish, have no marital relationships (for more than 7 days), have no property of their own, no houses. But they are able to sleep on the earth, sweet smelling rice without husk grows on its own accord, rice is cooked on pots using stoves and self heating crystals. The people of Uttarakuru naturally have great virtue of [[Five Precepts|Pancasila]] and a fixed lifespan. Trees have an abundance of fruits, birds sing beautiful songs (some cry saying "jiva" or long life) and there is an all giving [[Kalpavriksha|Kalparuksha]]. It is also said that only those with great [[iddhi]] powers or [[cakkavattin]] kings who can visit this place. These people cannot comprehend the [[Dhamma]].

A Burmese text called [[Lokapannatti]] gives further details on Uttarakuru.

[[Sumangalavilasini]] says that the wife of a Chakravarti king comes either from ''Uttarakuru'' or from the race of a king [[Madra]].

[[Buddhaghosa]] records a tradition which states that, when Vedic king Mandhata returned to [[Jambudvipa]] from his sojourn in the four ''Mahadipas'', there were, in his retinue, a large number of the people of ''Uttarakuru''. They all settled down in Jambudípa, and their settlement became known as Kururattha (Kuru Rashtra).
Majjhima Commentary<ref>Vol I, p 184.</ref> also attests that the people of Kururatha had originally belonged to the Uttarakuru.
Uttarakuru is mentioned in Dhammapada Verse 416 in relation to Jotika, a treasurer and extraordinarily rich person of Rajagaha who was a follower of the Buddha and later became an arahat. He had an alien wife who was brought to him by the gods and she came from Uttarakuru or the 'Northern Island' since it is situated in the North of Mt. Meru, a mythical structure in the cosmos that harbours various abodes/planets including the earth. Her name was Satulakayi and she brought with her a pint-pot of rice and three crystals stone-stove that cooked rice automatically and could serve food for many people. She stayed with Jotika until he joined the Order and became an arahat, after which she went back to Uttarakuru.

Uttarakuru is also mentioned in the Abhidhamma text in relation to the Buddha's visit to Tavatimsa, a heavenly world of devas where the Buddha went for the whole of the three-month period of the rains (''vassa'')<ref>"... vassa ('rains') signifies a three-month period of residence in one place during the rainy season, enjoined upon bhikkhus by the Buddha in order that they should not travel about trampling down crops and so annoy farmers. To translate it by 'lent' as is sometimes done lets in a historical background and religious atmosphere of mourning and fasting quite alien to it (with no etymological support)." ''The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga'' by Bhadantarariya Buddhaghosa & translated by Bhikkhu Nanamoli, pg. liii-liv, (http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/PathofPurification2011.pdf).</ref> to expound the Abhidhamma to the gods. Since the Buddha was a human he required to feed his physical body during a short tenure in Tavatismsa which is equal to four calendar months on earth. He went for alms to Uttarakuru which is an abode of humanoid beings that lies near Tavatimsa and he did not come back to the earth. <DhA.iv.199-213>

Uttarakuru is mentioned in the Sarvāstivāda Vaibhāsika canon. Pt. 23 in Bareau's anthology<ref>Les sectes bouddhiques du petit véhicule, A.Bareau, EFEO Paris 1955, p.141</ref> says: "Les habitants de l'Uttarakuru n'ont pas de détachement (virāga) et les nobles (ārya) n'y naissent pas." (The citizens of Uttarakuru are not dispassionate (virāga) and nobles (ārya) are not born there.)

==Rajatarangini of Kalhana==
According to [[Rajatarangini]] of [[Kalhana]], king [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] of [[Kashmir]] leads a war expedition against the [[tribe]]s of north (i.e. north of Kashmir) and in sequence, encounters the Kambojas, Tusharas, Bhauttas, Daradas, Valukambudhis, ''Uttarakurus'', Strirajya (mythical or otherwise) and Pragjyotisha with whom he fights one after the other.

==Foreign sources==
[[Ptolemy]]'s [[Geography]] refers to ''Ottorokorai'' (Uttarakuru) [[tribe]], ''Ottorokora'' as a city, and ''Ottorokoras'' as a river.<ref>Richard L. Thompson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&dq=Ottorokorai&pg=PA127 The Cosmology of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Mysteries of the Sacred Universe]</ref>

The ''Attacori'' of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] probably also refers to the Uttarakuru people and their country.<ref>Gerald J. Gruman, MD, PhD, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1HOY2FXumZoC&dq=Attacori+Pliny&pg=PA168 A History of Ideas About the Prolongation of Life]</ref>

==Geographical location==
Though the later texts mix up the facts with the fancies on Uttarakurus, yet in the earlier, and some of the later texts, Uttarakurus indeed appear to be [[historical]] people. Hence scholars have attempted to identify the actual location of Uttarakuru.

[[Puranic]] accounts always locate the Uttarakuru varsa in the northern parts of [[Jambudvipa]] (India).

The Uttarakuru is taken by some as identical with the Kuru country mentioned in the [[Rig-Veda]]. The Kurus and Krivis (Panchala) are said to form the Vaikarana of [[Rigveda]] and the Vaikarana is often identified with [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]. Therefore, Dr Zimmer likes to identify the ''Vaikarana Kurus with the Uttarakurus'' and places them in India's Kashmir.<ref>Altindisches Leben: Die Cultur der vedischen Arier nach den Samḣitā, 1869, p 103, Dr Heinrich Zimmer - Indo-Europeans; See also: ''Vedic Index'', p. 84, [[A. B. Keith]] and [[A. A. Macdonell]]</ref>

[[German Americans|German-American]] historian, [[Michael Witzel]] locates Uttarakuru in the south-eastern parts of [[Central Asia]].

According to Kashmiri historian, [[Subhash Kak]], Uttara Kuru was the [[Tarim Basin]] in [[Xinjiang]], in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Kak| first1 = Subhash| url = https://medium.com/@subhashkak1/uttara-kuru-and-the-jats-c2d3130e4cb7| title = Uttara Kuru and the Jats. Some friends have asked for information… {{!}} by Subhash Kak {{!}} Medium| work = Medium| date = 29 August 2019}}</ref>

According to some scholars, the above locations however do not seem to be correct since they go against ''Aitareya Brahmana'' evidence which clearly states that Uttarakuru and Uttaramadra lay beyond Himalaya (''pren himvantam janapada Uttarakurva Uttaramadra''). Moreover, no notice of the Uttaramadras, i.e., [[Bactria|Bahlika]] (Bactria) has been taken off while fixing up the above location of Uttarakuru. Uttarakurus and Uttaramadras are stated to be immediate neighbors in the Trans-Himalaya region per Aitareya Brahmana evidence.<ref>Aitreya Brahmana VIII.14.</ref>

[[Ramayana]] testifies that the original home of the Kurus was in Bahli country. Ila, son of Parajapati Karddama was a king of Bahli, where Bahli represents [[Sanskrit]] Bahlika (Bactria). Also the kings from Aila lineage have been called Karddameyas. The Aila is also stated to be the lineage of the Kurus themselves.<ref>Ramayana, Uttarakanda, 89.3-23.</ref> The Karddamas obtained their name from river Karddama in [[Persian Empire|Persia]]/ancient [[Iran]]. Moreover, ''Sathapatha Brahmana'' attests a king named Bahlika Pratipeya as of the Kauravya lineage. Bahlika Pratipeya, as the name implies, was a prince of Bahlika (Bactria). Thus, the Bahli, Bahlika was the original home of the Kurus. Thus, Bahlika or Bactria may have constituted the Uttarakuru. Mahabharata and Sumangalavilasini also note that the people of Kuru had originally migrated from Uttarakutru. Bactria is evidently beyond the [[Hindukush]] i.e. Himalaya. In ancient literature, Himalaya is said to be extending from eastern ocean to western ocean and even today is not separated from it.<ref>Kumarasambhavam, I, 1.</ref>

The above identification of Uttarakuru comes from Dr M. R. Singh.<ref>Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1972, pp 63-65</ref>

K. P. Jayswal identifies Mt Meru of the [[Puranas]] with the Hindukush ranges and locates the Uttakuru in the Pamirs itself.<ref>Hindu Polity, 1978, p 124, 138-39.</ref>

V. S. Aggarwala thinks that the Uttarakuru was located to north of Pamirs in [[Central Asia]] and was also ''famous for its horses of Tittirakalamasha variety''.<ref>India as Known to Panini, p 61.</ref> Thus it probably comprised parts of [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tian-Shan]]. Incidentally, the reference to horses from ''Uttarakuru'' rules out any possibility of locating Uttarakurus ''in [[Kashmir]] and [[Uttarakhand]] states since these regions have never been noted for their horses''.

Buddha Prakash locates the Uttarakuru-varsa in [[Sinkiang]] province of [[China]].

''Bhishamaparava'' of [[Mahabharata]] attests that the country of Uttarakuru lay to the north of ''Mt Meru'' and to the south of ''Nila Parvata''{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The Mt Meru of Hindu traditions is identified with the knot of [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]]s. Mountain Nila may have been the ''Altai-Mt''.

The Mahabharata refers to the Kichaka bamboos growing on the banks of river Shailoda.<ref>MBH, II, 48-2.</ref> Mahabharata further attests that the Kichaka bamboo region was situated between ''Mountain Meru'' (Pamirs) and ''Mountain Mandara'' (Alta Tag). The river valleys between these two mountains are still overgrown with forests of Kichaka Bamboos.

Ramayana also attests that the [[valley]]s of river Shailoda were overgrown with Kichhaka bamboos and the country of Uttarakuru lay beyond river Shailoda as well as the valleys of Kichaka bamboos.

River Shailoda of Ramayana<ref>Ramayana 4.43.37-38</ref> and of Mahabharata<ref>MBH II.48.2-4.</ref> has been variously identified with river Khotan, Yarkand, and Syr (Jaxartes) by different scholars.

[[Raghuvamsa]]<ref>Raghu 4.73.</ref> also refers to the Kichaka bamboos of [[Central Asia]] in the eastern regions of the Pamirs or Meru mountains which were known as Dirghavenu in [[Sanskrit]].

The above discussion shows that the land of Uttarakurus was located north of ''river Shailoda'' as well as of the ''Kichaka bamboo valley''.

[[Rajatarangini]] places Uttarkuru land in the neighborhood of Strirajya. Based on [[Xuanzang]]'s evidence,<ref>I, p 330.</ref> Strirajya is identified as a country lying north of Kashmir, south of Khotan and west of Tibet.

Thus, the Uttarakuru which finds reference in the Ramayana, Mahabharata and Rajatarangini probably can not be identified with the Bahlika or Bactria as M. R. Singh has concluded.

Uttarakuru probably comprised north-west of [[Sinkiang]] [[Provinces of China|province]] of [[China]] and parts of the [[Tian-Shan Mountains]].

[[Christian Lassen]] suggests that the Ottorokoroi of Ptolemy should be located in the east of [[Kashgar]] i.e. in [[Tarim Basin]].<ref>Quoted in Original Sanskrit Texts, by J Muir.</ref>

Some writers, however, assert that Uttarakuru was the name for the vast area lying north of Himalaya and extending as far as [[Arctic]] Circle.

Some people tend to identify the Uttarakurus and the Uttaramadras with the ancestors of the [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] (Uttarakuru = Tokhari) branch of [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-Europeans]], located to the north of the Himalayas [http://www.bharatvani.org/books/rig/ch7.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207200328/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/rig/ch7.htm |date=2006-02-07 }}

Tokhari or ''Tukharas'', the later [[Yuezhi|Yucchi]]s, are the same as the Rishikas of Mahabharata.

==See also==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
*[[Kuru kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1972, Dr M. R. Singh
*{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-43878-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
*{{Cite book|last=Wilson |first=H. H. |title=''The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition'' |year=2006 |publisher=Read Country Books|location=Cambridge |isbn=1-84664-664-2}}
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

==External links==
*[http://www.valmikiramayan.net/kishkindha/sarga43/kishkindha_43_frame.htm Valmiki Ramayana - Kishkindha Kanda Sarga 43]
*[http://www.hindunet.com/forum/showflat.php?Cat=&Number=47354&page=3&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=&fpart=1 About UttaraKurus, Kuru/Puru and The Madras/Uttara-Madras]
*[http://www.palikanon.com/namen/u/uttarakuru.htm Pali Definition of Uttarakuru]

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Ancient India and Central Asia}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:Ancient Central Asia]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India]]
[[Category:Kuru kingdom]]

Mani Bardhan

2025-11-13T07:03:55Z

Yaxisdelhi: put up first info initial version...

{{Short description|Indian-Bengali musician (1905–1976)}}
[[File:ManiBardhan c. 1967.jpg|thumb|Mani Bardhan in South India, c. 1967]]
'''Mani Bardhan''' ({{langx|bn|মণি বর্ধন}}) (13 December 1905 – 28 December 1976) was an Indian [[Bengali people|Bengali]] musician, dancer<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=A.R. |title=Current Affairs (1959) |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. Pvt. Ltd. |year=1959 |edition=11th |location=Kolkata |pages=390 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nw8YAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> and choreographer specializing in [[Indian classical dance]] styles like [[Bharatnatyam]], [[Kathakali]], [[Odissi]] and [[Kathak]].<ref name="Statesman">{{Cite news |date=30 December 1976 |title=Obituary - Mani Bardhan |work=The Statesman, Kolkata}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Mani was born in the village of [[Brahmanbaria]] in the erstwhile [[British Raj|Colonial India]], modern-day [[Bangladesh]].{{r|Statesman}} He graduated from [[Comilla Victoria Government College|Victoria College]], [[Comilla]]. A [[Indian flute|flautist]] in college, he formed a musical group with [[S. D. Burman]] and [[Ajoy Bhattacharya]].{{r|Statesman}}

While in [[South India]] recuperating from an illness, he became interested in classical dance and trained in the South Indian styles of [[Bharatnatyam]] and [[Kathakali]]. He formed a dance troupe upon his return; later in life he also learned [[Dances of Manipur|Manipuri dance]], [[Kathak]] and [[Odissi]]. He was also familiar with the [[folk dance]]s of Bengal, [[Bali]], [[Java]], [[Japan]], [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]].

Bardhan became popular in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cultural Profile of Calcutta |publisher=Indian Anthropological Society |year=1972 |location=India |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> His most well-known roles were those of [[Brihannala]], [[Chandra|Somadeva]] and [[Shiva]]. He also served as dance director at [[New Theatres]] for three years. During [[World War II]] he gave up dancing and dedicated himself to social service, rejecting offers from the colonial government to entertain troops.

==Writing and theoretical work==
Bardhan published an encyclopedia on Bengali folk dance and music under the patronage of the government of [[West Bengal]] in 1961, called ''Banglar Lokonrityo O Geetiboichitro'' (''বাঙলার লোকনৃত্য ও গীতিবৈচিত্র'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bardhan |first=Mani |title=বাংলার লোকনৃত্য ও গীতিবৈচিত্র |publisher=কলকাতা লোকসংস্কৄতি ও আদিবাসী সংস্কৄতি কেন্দ্র|year=1961 |isbn=81-87360-74-7 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref> It contained detailed descriptions of Bengali performance arts, including [[Baul]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakraborty |first=Ayantika |date=2021 |title=Post-UNESCO Effect: The Journey of Chhau from Cultural Sentiment to Commercialization |url=https://www.academia.edu/66594032 |journal=Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica |issue=23 |pages=76 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> and [[Chhau dance|Chhau]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaduri and Chatterjee |first=Manjulika and Santosh Kumar|title=The Art of Hindu Dance |publisher=Bankim Chandra Chatterjee |year=1945 |location=Kolkata |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsEMAAAAYAAJ&q=mani%20bardhan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Rebati Mohan |title=Bauls of Bengal: In the Quest of Man of the Heart |publisher=Gian Publishing House |year=1990 |isbn=9788121203203 |location=India |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref> His magnum opus ''Nabanga'', on the nine aspects of dance, remains unpublished. He also gave lectures and presentations on Indian dance.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Asiatic Society Yearbook, 1960. |publisher=Asiatic Society of India |year=1960 |pages=94 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzEWAQAAMAAJ&q=mani%20bardhan}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardhan, Mani}}
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]

Nisha Rajagopalan

2025-11-03T07:22:24Z

Yaxisdelhi: reworked formatting further and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Nisha Rajagopalan
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Nisha Rajagopal.jpg
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| alt =
| caption = Nisha Rajagopal singing in a concert
| native_name =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|10|22}}
| birth_place =
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| genre =
| occupation = Carnatic musician
| instrument =
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'''Nisha P. Rajagopalan''' ({{langx|ta|நிஷா ராஜகோபாலன்}}) (born 22 October 1980), is a [[Carnatic music]]ian. Her mother, Vasundhara Rajagopal, is an established disciple of Gopala Iyer, a descendant of [[Koteeswara Iyer]], the prominent composer.<ref name="Sruti Magazine - March 2007 Issue">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sruti.com/2007/sruti_magazine_mar_2007.php |title=Sruti Magazine - March 2007 Issue |access-date=2010-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703073402/http://www.sruti.com/2007/sruti_magazine_mar_2007.php |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nisha commenced her training in vocal music from her mother, and later received training from T. R. Subramaniam, Calcutta Krishnamoorthy, Suguna Varadachary, and P. S. Narayanswamy.<ref name="Sruti Magazine - March 2007 Issue"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/15/stories/2003081501470700.htm |title=The Hindu : Absorbing recital |access-date=2010-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606132726/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/15/stories/2003081501470700.htm |archive-date=2011-06-06 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

She is an A grade artiste of [[All India Radio]], [[Chennai]] and an accredited artiste with the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR).<ref name=bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.salzburgerfestspiele.at/biography/artistid/14627|title=Nisha Rajagopalan|publisher=salzburgerfestspiele|accessdate=31 July 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170731020832/http://www.salzburgerfestspiele.at/biography/artistid/14627|archivedate=31 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Family==
Nisha was resident in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]] with her parents as her father Rajagopalan was employed there. She is the middle one of three daughters. She moved with her mother and sisters to [[New Delhi]] to learn music from Professor T. R. Subramaniam. In 1995 her father found a job in Chennai and they all moved to Chennai. Nisha's husband Arvind is a pilot. They have a son, Vidyut, born in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabhash.com/music/face-to-face/26/gene-passes-on.....htm|title=Gene Passes On....|author=Lakshmi Venkatraman|publisher=sabhash.com|date=19 November 2013|accessdate=31 July 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170731023848/http://www.sabhash.com/music/face-to-face/26/gene-passes-on.....htm|archivedate=31 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and felicitations==
She has received the following awards:
*The Hindu Saregama M S Subbulakshmi Award (first ever recipient of the award) (2011)<ref>{{cite news |title=Nisha Rajagopal, first recipient of The Hindu Saregama MS Subbulakshmi Award |date=1 April 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/nisha-rajagopal-first-recipient-of-the-hindu-saregama-ms-subbulakshmi-award/article1588819.ece | first=Meera | last=Srinivasan | accessdate=7 July 2020 }}</ref>
*Isai Peroli (Kartik Fine Arts)<ref name=sraavyam>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sraavyam.com/sh/Detail?code=AB3XAS|title=Vidushi.Nisha Rajagopalan|publisher=sraavyam.com|accessdate=21 October 2020|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170731015158/https://www.sraavyam.com/sh/Detail?code=AB3XAS|archivedate=31 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Kalki Krishnamurthy Memorial Award (Kalki Krishnamurthy Memorial Trust)<ref name=sraavyam />
*Shanmukha Sangeetha Shiromani Award (Sri Shanmukhananda Fine Arts and Sangeetha Sabha)<ref name=sraavyam />
*Outstanding Lady Vocalist (The Music Academy)<ref name=sraavyam />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{youtube|NTV58RquUnA|Nisha Rajagopalan performs at Margazhi Utsavam}}
* [http://www.carnatica.net/links/vasundhara1.htm Vasundhara Rajagopal]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagopal, Nisha}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women classical singers]]