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Surama Padhy

2026-05-08T13:30:28Z

Yashvitoursin: starting basic stub added tags - done

{{Short description|Speaker of Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| image = Surama Padhy, Speaker of Odisha Legislative Assembly.jpg
| office = 24th [[Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 20 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Pramila Mallik]]
| deputy = [[Bhabani Shankar Bhoi]]
| office1 = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Cooperation<br/>[[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 18 May 2004
| term_end1 = 9 March 2009
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Arabinda Dhali]]
| successor1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor2 = Satyanarayana Pradhan
| constituency2 = [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2004
| term_end3 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor3 = Ramakanta Mishra
| successor3 = Satyanarayana Pradhan
| constituency3 = [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| office4 = President of the [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]
| term4 = 2000 – 2002
| predecessor4 = Maya Singh
| successor4 = Kanta Tai Nalawade
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|12|29}}
| birth_place = [[Raj-Ranpur]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Bipin Bihari Padhy
| children = Alee Padhy (daughter), Ashutosh Padhy (son)
| mother = Urmila Padhy
| father = Harischandra Padhy
| education = [[Master of Arts]]<br/>[[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Advocate]]| [[Politician]]}}
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=1234
}}
'''Surama Padhy''', also spelt as '''Surma Padhi''', is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. She is a [[Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ranpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Nayagarh district]]. She is currently serving as the 24th Speaker of Odisha Legislative Assembly from 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=BJP's Surama Padhy will be next Odisha Assembly Speaker {{!}} Central India's Premier English Daily |url=https://www.centralchronicle.com/bjps-surama-padhy-will-be-next-odisha-assembly-speaker/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> She represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surama Padhy , BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Surama Padhy , Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/surama-padhy-18119-1 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ranpur, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Surama Padhy wins Ranpur with 81439 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/ranpur-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548503-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Padhy is from Ranpur. She married Bipin Bihari Padhy, a chartered accountant. She completed her Master of Arts degree in 1982 at [[Ravenshaw College]] which is affiliated with [[Utkal University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surama Padhy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RANPUR(NAYAGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=836 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Padhy won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Ranpur Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She defeated Satyanarayan Pradhan of the [[Biju Janata Dal]] by a margin of 15,544 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ranpur, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: Ranpur सीट पर BJP ने हासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/ranpur-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-1958311-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranpur Constituency Election Results 2024: Ranpur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/ranpur |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she lost thrice from Ranpur, the last time in the [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] to Pradhan by 4,251 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surama Padhy, BJP Candidate from Ranpur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/odisha/surama-padhy-assembly-candidate-s18aed2008a119e2024c005/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chaki |first=Bijay |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha: Not finding place in Majhi cabinet, Surama Padhy likely to be Speaker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/13/odisha-not-finding-place-in-majhi-cabinet-surama-padhy-likely-to-be-speaker |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She is also a former minister of state for cooperation in the 2004 [[Naveen Patnaik]] BJD government which had an alliance with BJP.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padhy, Surama}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Nayagarh district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Women legislative speakers in India]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

Seeman

2026-05-04T15:18:12Z

Yashvitoursin: starting a post basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian film director, actor and politician (b. 1966)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Indian name|Seeman|Senthamizhan}}{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Seeman
| office1 = Chief-coordinator of [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
| predecessor1 = Position established
| term_start1 = 18 May 2010
| term_end1 =
| image = Tamil Eelam Champion Seeman Speech Outside UN headquarters Geneva 002.jpg
| party = [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] (since 2010)
| other_party = Naam Tamilar Iyakkam (2009–2010)<br/>[[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (2006–2009)
| birth_name = Senthamizhan Seeman
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1966|11|08}}
| birth_place = [[Aranaiyur]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]<ref name=One/><ref name="Profile"/>
| spouse = {{marriage|Kayalvizhi|2013}}<ref name="One">{{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/seeman-284.html |title=Seeman Profile |website=OneIndia |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| occupation = {{plainlist|
* Film director
* Actor
* Politician
}}
| website = {{URL|www.naamtamilar.org/}}
| image size =
| term_start =
| known_for =
}}
'''Senthamizhan Seeman''' ({{IPAc-en|s|iː|m|ɑː|n}})<ref name="Nath">{{Cite magazine|last=Nath|first=Akshaya|date=16 October 2019|title=Vellore: Congress burns effigy of leader who justified Rajiv Gandhi's killing in election speech|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-naam-tamilar-katchi-seeman-rajiv-gandhi-1609955-2019-10-16|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Yamunan">{{cite news |last1=Yamunan |first1=Sruthisagar |title=Why many believe Rajinikanth has become the BJP's loudspeaker in Tamil Nadu |url=https://scroll.in/article/952429/why-many-believe-rajinikanth-has-become-the-bjps-loudspeaker-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=Scroll.in |date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="thewire.in">{{Cite web|title=How the Hindu Munnani Seized Vinayaga Chaturthi to Spew Venom|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/hindu-munnani-katchi-vinayaga-chathurthi-hindu|access-date=1 August 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=தலைமையகம்|date=10 September 2016|title=மாரியப்பன் தங்கவேலு தமிழினத்திற்கே பெருமை சேர்த்திருக்கிறார் – செந்தமிழன் சீமான் வாழ்த்து|work=நாம் தமிழர் கட்சி |url=https://www.naamtamilar.org/2016/09/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4/|access-date=30 December 2020|language=ta-IN}}</ref> (born 8 November 1966) is an Indian politician, actor and former filmmaker. He is the leader and chief-coordinator of the [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] political party in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a strong advocate for regional autonomy and [[Tamil nationalism]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raju |first1=Nidharshana |last2=Shaji |first2=Sukanya |date=13 April 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu party NTK fields 50% women candidates for 3rd time: Ideology or strategy? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-party-ntk-fields-50-women-candidates-for-3rd-time-ideology-or-strategy |work=The News Minute |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

Seeman began his career as a filmmaker in the mid-1990s, working on films such as ''[[Panchalankurichi (film)|Panchalankurichi]]'' (1996) and ''[[Veeranadai]]'' (2000). The failure of his early films made it difficult for him to attract offers as a director and several of his proposed projects were stalled in the late 1990s. He later made a comeback through the successful vigilante film ''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]'' (2006), though the commercial failure of his next film, prompted Seeman to prioritise commitments as a supporting actor in the late 2000s.

In the early 2010s, Seeman founded the Naam Tamilar Katchi, a Tamil ultranationalist political party, and has since often been in the news for his controversial statements on Indian and Tamil social issues.<ref name="Nath"/><ref name="Yamunan"/><ref name="thewire.in"/>

==Early life==
Seeman was born in [[Aranaiyur]], [[Sivaganga]], a village in Tamil Nadu, to father Senthamizhan, a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], and mother Annammal.<ref name="BBC-23March2021" /><ref name="Profile"/> He studied in Government Primary School in Aranayur up to class 5th. He attended K.K. Ibrahim Ali High School from Class 6th to Class 10th and finished his class 11 and 12 in [[Ilaiyangudi|Ilayankudi]]. He completed his degree undergraduate economics at [[Dr. Zakir Hussain College, Sivagangai|Dr. Zakir Hussain College]] in Ilayankudi.<ref name="BBC-23March2021" /><ref name="Profile">{{Cite web|last=தலைமையகம்|date=18 May 2010|title=செந்தமிழன் சீமான் – தலைமை ஒருங்கிணைப்பாளர்|url=https://www.naamtamilar.org/2010/05/senthamizhan-seeman-chief-coordinator/|access-date=29 December 2020|language=ta-IN}}</ref><ref name="One"/> Seeman has a brother named James Peter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brother moves HC over NSA detention of Seeman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Brother-moves-HC-over-NSA-detention-of-Seeman/articleshow/6258481.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=4 August 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Case registered against Seeman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Case-registered-against-Seeman/article16813015.ece |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=7 February 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref> During his high school and college years, Seeman was enthralled with the ideals of the [[Dravidian movement]]. He moved to [[Chennai]] to pursue his dream of working in the film industry.<ref name="BBC-23March2021" />

== Film career ==
{{See also|Seeman filmography}}
Seeman took up film direction as a career after being inspired by the films of [[Bharathiraja]] and [[Manivannan]]. He worked as an assistant director with Bharathiraja and Manivannan.<ref name="BBC-23March2021">{{Cite news|last=Vijayanad|first=A|date=23 March 2021|title=சீமான் வளர்ந்தது எப்படி? திராவிட இயக்கப் பாசம் முதல் தமிழ் தேசியம் வரை|language=ta|work=BBC News தமிழ்|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-56468760|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Seeman started his career by directing ''[[Panchalankurichi (film)|Panchalankurichi]]'' (1996), a village action film starring [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Madhoo|Madhubala]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070815073739/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=panchalanguruchi Panchalanguruchi (1996)]. cinesouth.com</ref> He collaborated with Prabhu again in ''[[Iniyavale]]'' (1998), a romantic film which also featured actresses [[Suvalakshmi]], [[Gouthami Tadimalla|Gouthami]] and [[Keerthi Reddy]]. Seeman's third film was ''[[Veeranadai]]'' (2000) with [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], which garnered mixed review from critics and underperformed commercially.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-veera-nadai/article28013618.ece|title=Film Review: ''Veera Nadai''|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 April 2000|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The failure of his initial films made it difficult for Seeman to attract producers to work on his next films. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, he worked on four other projects, ''Vaigai Karai Oram'' with [[Vijayakanth]], ''Anandham'' with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], ''Karma Veerar'' with [[Sarathkumar]], and ''Sethupathi Cheemaiyile'' with [[Rajkiran]], but all failed to develop beyond production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/15-07-98/seemaan.htm|title=dinakaran|date=12 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312000422/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/15-07-98/seemaan.htm|archive-date=12 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/11-12-98/ravichan.htm|title=dinakaran|date=1 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301211557/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/11-12-98/ravichan.htm|archive-date=1 March 2005}}</ref>

Seeman then made the village-based vigilante film, ''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]'' (2006), starring Madhavan in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/html/tamil-cinema-interview-madhavan.html|title=Behindwoods : "Maddy" Madhavan|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/31mad.htm|title=An actor who researches on the Net|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The film's production was briefly halted following a disagreement between the actor and director, after Seeman raised an objection to Madhavan returning to be with his family for the birth of his son.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News27/20-8-05/tamil-movies-news-madhavan.html|title=Behindwoods : Madhavan makes amends with the producer's guild|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews but performed well commercially.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/madhavan-returns-as-thambi/article3183445.ece|title=Madhavan returns as Thambi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 February 2006|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thambi-review-tamil-pclvQCcdiiidb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314102337/http://www.sify.com/movies/thambi-review-tamil-pclvQCcdiiidb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|title=Thambi|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> His most recent directorial release, ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' (2008), received negative reviews and performed poorly at the box office. A reviewer from Sify noted the "execution is tacky and the final outcome is a dreary and boring message film that leaves you exhausted."<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review : Vazhthukkal|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vazhthukkal-review-tamil-14591429.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212040301/http://www.sify.com/movies/vazhthukkal-review-tamil-14591429.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2013|access-date=20 February 2014|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The failure of ''Vaazhthugal'' made it difficult for Seeman to find producers and actors to work on his other proposed projects, despite his interest in continuing work as a film director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Madhavan-is-like-a-family-member-Seeman/articleshow/13316070.cms|title=Madhavan is like a family member: Seeman|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In the late 2000s, Seeman attempted to make a film titled ''Pagalavan'' with either [[Ajith Kumar]] or Madhavan starring, but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-09-01/madhavan-02-07-09.html|title=It is not Ajith, it is Madhavan - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie News - Seeman Pagalavan Thambi Vazhthukkal Ajith|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Seeman then hoped to make the film with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] for director [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s production studio, but the venture did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-10-03/vijay-seeman-vikram-pahalavan-18-06-10.html|title=Vijay - Tamil Movie News - Vijay snatches it from Vikram - Vijay | Pahalavan | Vikram | Seeman - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In mid-2010, producer [[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu]] agreed to finance the project, and Seeman held talks with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] to be a part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-11-04/vijay-seeman-28-01-11.html|title=Vijay Extracts A Promise From Seeman - Vijay - Seeman - Pagalavan - - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-11-02/vijay-seeman-10-08-11.html|title=What Is The Status Of Pagalavan? - Vijay - Seeman - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The actor later refused to work on the project, which prompted Seeman to speak out against Vijay.<ref name="jeeva">{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-03/vijay-seeman-15-06-12.html|title=Vijay Will Definitely Regret, Says Seeman - Vijay - Seeman - Pagalavan - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In 2013, Seeman approached [[Jiiva]], [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] to work on the project, but none of the actors agreed to be a part of the film.<ref name="jeeva"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/jayam-ravi-takes-vijays-role-jayam-ravi-seeman-23-05-13.html|title=Jayam Ravi takes Vijay's role!, jayam ravi, seeman|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-12-04/vijay-vikram-22-05-12.html|title=Vijay Declines, Vikram Too Follows - Vijay - Vikram - Jiiva - Seeman - Pagalavan - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> In 2017, Seeman was in talks with [[Vijay Antony]] to feature in the lead role, and then with [[Silambarasan]] in 2018, but both actors later opted to prioritise other projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/politician-seeman-to-direct-a-film-with-gvprakash-as-the-hero.html|title=Politician Seeman to direct a film with G.V.Prakash as the hero|date=6 April 2017|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/simbu-to-do-3-movies-with-seeman-tamil-news-227077|title=Simbu is the real Superstar! - Tamil News|date=7 January 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In 2017, Seeman announced another project titled ''Kobam'' with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in the lead role. However, despite an announcement, the film failed to find producers and was stalled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030617/gv-prakash-and-seeman-unite.html|title=GV Prakash and Seeman unite|first=Janani|last=K|date=3 June 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/03/gv-prakash-seeman-join-hands-for-kobam-1612197.html|title=GV Prakash, Seeman join hands for Kobam|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 June 2017 }}</ref>

Since the mid-2000s, Seeman has mostly worked as an actor. His notable roles including supporting characters in ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'' (2007) and ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007).

== Politics and activism ==
=== Early political life and Naam Tamilar Katchi ===
Seeman addressed [[Periyar]]'s ideology and [[Caste system in India|caste]] abolition in the film industry. In the 2006 assembly elections, he campaigned for the [[DMK alliance]], and notably sided with [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]'s [[S. Ramadoss]] and delivered speeches against the candidature of [[Vijayakanth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-02/10-05-06-vijaya-kanth.html|title=Tamil movies : Vijayakanth: Will fortune favour the bold?|website=www.behindwoods.com|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> He met with [[LTTE]] leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]] in 2008 when the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] between the [[Sri Lankan government]] and the LTTE was looming. Following this, Seeman began to speak out against the killings of several Tamils during Sri Lanka's civil war. Seeman's ensuing speech in Rameswaram marked a turning point in his political career for which he was arrested. He was also detained for continuing to speak out in Erode in favour of the LTTE. He was subjected to the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]], passport block and state monitoring.<ref name="BBC-23March2021" />

Seeman was arrested in March 2009 under the National Security act for speaking in favour of the LTTE and was lodged at the Kalapet prison.<ref name="nsa">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article44103.ece | title=Seeman's remand extended | work=The Indian Express | access-date=2 April 2014 | archive-date=17 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417153211/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2009/mar/07/seemans-remand-extended-31051.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Seeman along with several other activists gathered on 18 May 2009, coinciding the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War at [[Madurai]] to form the Naam Tamilar Iyakkam, as a social outfit.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tamilkathir.com/news/3531/57/.aspx | title=ஆய்வுகள் | publisher=Tamilkathir | date=30 November 2012 | access-date=1 January 2013 | language=ta | archive-date=7 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093659/http://www.tamilkathir.com/news/3531/57/.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> It subsequently transformed into a political party named [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] (NTK).<ref>{{cite web|author=Gopal Ethiraj from Chennai |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/15/seeman-convert-his-%E2%80%98naam-tamilar-political-party |title=Seeman to convert his 'Naam Tamilar' into political party |work=Asian Tribune |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

Seeman was arrested at Chepauk under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] for making inflammatory speeches at a meeting protesting against the killing of a Tamil fisherman by the [[Sri Lanka Navy|Sri Lankan Navy]].<ref name="nsa2">{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article184172.ece | title=National Security Act slapped on Seeman | work=The Indian Express | access-date=2 April 2014 | archive-date=29 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529152832/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/jul/18/national-security-act-slapped-on-seeman-170795.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was detained at the [[Vellore Central Prison]] for five months.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Out of jail, Seeman vows to defeat DMK in polls|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/dec/11/out-of-jail-seeman-vows-to-defeat-dmk-in-polls-209983.html|access-date=20 April 2021|work=The New Indian Express|date=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== Political activism (2011–2019) ===
{{See also|2013 anti-Sri Lanka protests}}
[[File:Tamil Eelam Champion Seeman Speech Outside UN headquarters Geneva 002.jpg|thumb|Seeman Speech Outside UN headquarters Geneva]]
Upon his release from a five-month detention at the Vellore prison in 2011, Seeman actively campaigned for the defeat of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 Legislative Assembly elections]].<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/naam-tamilar-katchi-to-work-for-defeat-of-cong-in-tn/584531.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126163050/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/naam-tamilar-katchi-to-work-for-defeat-of-cong-in-tn/584531.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Naam Tamilar Katchi to work for defeat of Cong in TN, IBN Live News |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=20 February 2011 |access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="ie">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article460001.ece | title=Seeman changes tune, targets Congress | work=The Indian Express | access-date=2 April 2014 | archive-date=17 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417112230/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/mar/25/seeman-changes-tune-targets-congress-238514.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC-23March2021" /> He was neutral on the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and supportive of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]].<ref name="ie2">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/NTK-Neutral-on-Vaiko-to-Back-Jaya/2014/03/30/article2138939.ece | title=NTK Neutral on Vaiko, to Back Jaya | access-date=2 April 2014 | archive-date=1 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301202457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/mar/30/NTK-Neutral-on-Vaiko-to-Back-Jaya-592409.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="truthdive">{{cite web | url=http://truthdive.com/2011/04/20/seeman-effect-on-congress-party.html | title=Seeman effect on Congress Party | first=Sidharth Goutham | last=Sundar | publisher=TruthDive | access-date=2 April 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012050456/http://truthdive.com/2011/04/20/seeman-effect-on-congress-party.html | archive-date=12 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Seeman campaigned in 59 of the 63 places the INC contested in, and the party was defeated in all of those constituencies except one.<ref name="truthdive" /><ref name="ie4">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article377773.ece | title=Seeman tears into Congress | work=The Indian Express | access-date=2 April 2014 | archive-date=1 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301165402/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/apr/12/seeman-tears-into-congress-243767.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="congdefeat">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article428631.ece | title=Charges a Bid to Ruin Seeman's Image | work=The New Indian Express | access-date=7 April 2015 | archive-date=21 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421054045/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/jun/03/charges-a-bid-to-ruin-seemans-image-259068.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the 2011 assembly elections, Seeman and his party have been actively involved in various causes such as the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant#Opposition|anti-nuclear Power plant protests]] in [[Kudankulam]]<ref name="Ctin">{{cite web | url=http://in.christiantoday.com/articles/kudankulam-protesters-bury-themselves-in-sand/7596.htm | title=Kudankulam | access-date=7 October 2013 | archive-date=16 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016112522/http://in.christiantoday.com/articles/kudankulam-protesters-bury-themselves-in-sand/7596.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Madurai bureau |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fishermen-fast-goes-on-for-fifth-day/article3903008.ece |title=Fishermen fast goes on for fifth day |work=The Hindu |date=16 September 2012 |access-date=20 February 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> or the attacks on Tamil fishermen perpetuated by the [[Sri Lankan Navy]]<ref name="sathiyam">{{cite web | url=http://sathiyam.tv/english/tamil-nadu/cpim-would-be-made-as-political-orphans-seeman | title=Sathiyam News Agency – CPI would be made political orphans in TN | access-date=16 October 2013 | archive-date=16 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016070756/http://sathiyam.tv/english/tamil-nadu/cpim-would-be-made-as-political-orphans-seeman | url-status=dead }}</ref> that claimed the lives of over 800 fishermen.<ref name="800fishermen">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DMK-AIADMK-target-govt-on-Indian-fishermens-arrest-in-Sri-Lanka/articleshow/18979702.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131016061218/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-15/india/37743611_1_maritime-boundary-indian-fishermen-tamil-fishermen | url-status=live | archive-date=16 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=DMK, AIADMK target govt on Indian fishermen's arrest in Sri Lanka | access-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref>

During the [[2014 Indian general election|parliamentary elections in 2014]], Seeman stated that the NTK would campaign for the defeat of all candidates fielded by the INC, [[BJP]] and [[DMDK]] and would support the AIADMK.<ref name="ie2"/>

In February 2015, the party conceived Veera Thamizhar Munnani, aimed at reviving and recovering age-old Tamil culture and traditions.<ref name="VTM">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/seeman-floats-youth-wing/article6872707.ece | title=Seeman floats youth wing | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=7 April 2015| date=9 February 2015 }}</ref> In September 2016, Seeman was among some 176 people arrested after "attempting to lay siege to Srivaikuntam dam, where desilting works [were] under way as per a directive from the National Green Tribunal".<ref name="Srivaikuntam Arrest">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nallakannu-seeman-arrested-near-srivaikuntam-reservoir/article7683268.ece | title=Nallakannu, Seeman arrested near Srivaikuntam reservoir | work=The Hindu | access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref>

=== 2016 Tamil Nadu assembly elections ===
The NTK contested in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], with Seeman as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Ministerial candidate]] from the [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore constituency]].<ref name="ectn1"/><ref name="ectn2">{{cite news |date=28 March 2016 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Seeman-Sets-Campaign-Ball-Rolling-in-Cuddalore-Meets-Voters/2016/03/28/article3349814.ece |title=Seeman Sets Campaign Ball Rolling in Cuddalore, Meets Voters |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511142924/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/mar/28/Seeman-Sets-Campaign-Ball-Rolling-in-Cuddalore-Meets-Voters-917092.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The party contested in all the 234 assembly constituencies on its own, in the elections Tamil Nadu and as well as those in [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]].<ref name="ectn1">{{cite news |last=Muruganandham |first=T |date=27 March 2016 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/One-Two-Three-Four-And-More-CM-Aspirants-in-TN/2016/03/27/article3348101.ece |title=One, Two, Three, Four And More CM Aspirants in TN |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515090628/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/mar/27/One-Two-Three-Four-And-More-CM-Aspirants-in-TN-916483.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Seeman contested in the 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election from [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore constituency]] and polled 12,497 votes and lost by a low margin, finishing fifth and forfeiting his deposits in the process.<ref>{{cite news |title=The star losers of Tamil Nadu: Party leaders who could not win their own seat |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/star-losers-tamil-nadu-party-leaders-who-could-not-win-their-own-seat-43520 |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=19 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The party failed to win a single seat.<ref name="ectn4">{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS22.htm?st=S22 | title=General Election to Legislative Assembly Trends & Results 2016 | publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124073713/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS22.htm?st=S22|archive-date=24 November 2016}}</ref>

=== 2019 Indian general elections ===
In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Indian general elections]], the NTK contested in all 39 constituencies in Tamil Nadu,<ref name="ectn6">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/apr/09/lok-sabha-elections-2019-here-are-the-candidates-fighting-under-seemans-naam-tamilar-katchi-in-tam-102206.html | title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: Here are the candidates fighting under Seeman's Naam Tamilar Katchi in Tamil Nadu | work=The New Indian Express | date=9 April 2019 | access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> but only won 4% of the vote share, thus losing deposits in all constituencies.<ref name="ectn9">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/candidates-of-ammk-mnm-ntk-lose-deposit-in-all-ls-constituencies/article27241174.ece | title=Candidates of AMMK, MNM, NTK lose deposit in all LS constituencies | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=30 November 2019| date=25 May 2019 | last1=Jesudasan | first1=Dennis S. }}</ref> NTK fared better in rural areas when compared to urban areas.<ref name="ectn11">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/mnm-fares-well-in-urban-pockets-ntk-in-rural-areas/article27228396.ece | title=MNM fares well in urban pockets, NTK in rural areas | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=30 November 2019| date=24 May 2019 | last1=Naig | first1=Udhav |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213013034/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/candidates-of-ammk-mnm-ntk-lose-deposit-in-all-ls-constituencies/article27241174.ece|archive-date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=16 May 2021 |title=How Tamil nationalist Seeman ate into vote bank of Dravidian majors |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2021/05/06/how-tamil-nationalist-seeman-ate-into-vote-bank-of-dravidian-majors.html |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]]}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Votes
!Vote %
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly Elections]]
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
|{{Lost}}
|12,497
|7.24%
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly Elections]]
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
|{{Lost}}
|48,597
|24.43%
|}

{{transcluded section|source=Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Cuddalore Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Cuddalore Assembly constituency|2016}}}}

== Personal life ==
Seeman is married to Kayalvizhi, daughter of [[K. Kalimuthu]], former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] party. The ceremony was held according to Tamil traditions at the YMCA grounds in Nandanam, Chennai in September 2013.<ref name=ThatsTamil>{{cite web|title=Seeman ties the knot|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2013/09/08/tamilnadu-seeman-ties-the-knot-kayalvizhi-gala-wedding-183019.html|publisher=OneIndia Tamil|access-date=8 September 2013|date=8 September 2013}}</ref>

Actress [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] claimed that she was in a relationship with Seeman who she had met on the sets of Seeman's film ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' during 2007.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=எஸ்.மகேஷ்,மலையரசு |title='இனிமேலும் பொறுத்துக்கொள்ள முடியாது!' - சீமான் விவகாரத்தில் கொதிக்கும் நடிகை விஜயலட்சுமி |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/crime/actress-vijayalakshmi-files-police-complaint-against-seeman |access-date=18 April 2022 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |date=11 March 2020 |language=ta}}</ref> In 2011, she filed a police complaint against him for cheating on her after promising to marry her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Case against Seeman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/case-against-seeman/article2074692.ece |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=4 June 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Shilpa |date=9 September 2023 |title=Actor-turned-politician Seeman asked to join probe in sexual harassment case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/police-summon-ntk-chief-seeman-over-actress-sexual-harassment-complain-2433318-2023-09-09 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The pair continued to engage in a public war of words throughout the 2010s, with Vijayalakshmi later attempting suicide in July 2020, blaming Seeman and his supporters of torture.<ref>{{cite news |title=There is no limit to Seeman's atrocities: Vijayalakshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/seeman-should-come-forward-and-talk-to-me-to-resolve-the-matter-vijayalakshmi/articleshow/77220126.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 May 2020 |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-actress-complains-about-director-Seeman-to-police/articleshow/8685502.cms|title=Tamil actress complains about director Seeman to police|access-date=4 April 2021|work=The Times of India|date=2 June 2011}}</ref> In 2011, Seeman publicly expressed his interest in marrying a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] woman and chose Yarlmathy, a widow of an LTTE fighter, but later did not do so.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will find my Lankan Tamil dream girl |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/jun/05/will-find-my-lankan-tamil-dream-girl-259634.html |access-date=29 December 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 June 2011}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Seeman has received several threat letters for his support of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) and other controversial remarks on Indian social issues.<ref name="ie3">{{cite web |title=Seeman receives threat letter |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article451649.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527162257/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/mar/03/seeman-receives-threat-letter-232139.html |archive-date=27 May 2021 |access-date=2 April 2014 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

One of the most controversial aspects of Seeman and his political party is that of ethnic purism arbitrarily based on caste lines. He claims the "decline of Tamil people" is due to continuous rule of Tamil Nadu by 'Vandheris' (refers to outsiders or non-Tamils, especially [[Telugus]] based on caste and history of immigration) and that the only hope for Tamils is to elect a "real Tamilian" to power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yamunan |first1=Sruthisagar |title=In Tamil Nadu, an ultra nationalist politician who often invokes Adolf Hitler is gaining support |url=https://scroll.in/article/924890/in-tamil-nadu-an-ultra-nationalist-politician-who-often-invokes-adolf-hitler-is-gaining-support |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=Scroll.in |date=30 May 2019}}</ref>

In November 2009, while on a speaking tour in [[Canada]], Seeman was arrested by the [[Canada Border Services Agency]] for giving a hate-filled incendiary speech at an event in [[Toronto]]. In the speech, he reportedly talked about restarting the civil war in Sri Lanka, and allegedly said "no [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] can live," if the LTTE had taken the same path and bombed 100 Sinhala schools for every Tamil school which was attacked.<ref>{{cite news|author=B. MURALIDHAR REDDY |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/director-seeman-arrested-and-deported-from-canada/article55523.ece |title=Director Seeman arrested and deported from Canada |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 November 2009 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, Seeman invited [[Kashmiri separatist movement|Kashmiri separatist]] leader [[Yasin Malik]] for one of his public meetings, which drew significant criticism from both the INC and BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/seeman-defends-yasin-malik-s-presence-in-pro-tamil-meeting-113052100871_1.html|title=Seeman defends Yasin Malik's presence in pro-Tamil meeting|work=Business Standard|date=21 May 2013|access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

While campaigning for the [[Vikravandi (state assembly constituency)|Vikravandi assembly by-election]] in 2019, Seeman purportedly justified the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination of former Indian Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]], for Gandhi had sent the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) to Sri Lanka, which would then go on to kill of numerous Tamil civilians. The speech raised criticism from people from all across the political spectrum. Following this event, many charges were booked against Seeman by the police.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tamilarasu|first=Prabhakar|date=14 October 2019|title=Seeman stirs up a hornet's nest by glorifying Rajiv Gandhi killers|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/seeman-stirs-up-controversy-glorifying-rajiv-gandhi-killers/|access-date=1 August 2020|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2019|title=NTK leader Seeman 'justifies' Rajiv Gandhi's killing, booked by police as Congress seeks action|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ntk-leader-seeman-justifies-rajiv-gandhis-killing-booked-by-police-as-congress-seeks-action-6068748/|access-date=1 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 October 2019 |title=Seeman booked for hailing Rajiv Gandhi's assassination |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/seeman-booked-for-hailing-rajiv-gandhis-assassination/article29684589.ece |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In October 2019, Seeman was put under investigation by the Malaysian police over alleged involvement with the LTTE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palansamy |first=Yiswaree |date=13 October 2019 |title=Police monitoring pro-LTTE South Indian politician Senthamizhan Seeman |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/10/13/police-monitoring-pro-ltte-south-indian-politician-senthamizhan-seeman/1799886 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2019 |title=Five men to challenge police detention in Malaysia over alleged Tamil Tiger links |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/five-men-arrested-in-malaysia-over-alleged-tamil-tiger-links-to-challenge-police |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zolkepli |first=Farik |title=Tamil Nadu politician under probe |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/15/tamil-nadu-politician-under-probe |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115058/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/10/15/tamil-nadu-politician-under-probe |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]|date=15 October 2019 }}</ref>

Although Seeman openly claims to be a supporter of [[Tamil Eelam]] and [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], the sincerity behind his proclaimed stance has been questioned multiple times. In a leaked audio, he was caught using profanity against late LTTE fighter [[Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)|Pottu Amman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/tamil-diaspora-should-condemn-seeman-vanni-arasu-1618576747|title=பொட்டு அம்மான் குறித்த சீமானின் பேச்சை புலம்பெயர் தமிழர்கள் கண்டிக்க வேண்டும் - வன்னி அரசு - தமிழ்நாடு|website=IBC Tamilnadu|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>

In February 2023, during the [[Erode East Assembly constituency]] by-election campaign, when talking about the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar kings]] capturing Tamil Nadu, he had mentioned "they brought members of the [[Arunthathiyar]] community to this region to do scavenging".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/ec-notice-over-seemans-remark-on-arunthathiyars/articleshow/98167242.cms|title=EC notice over Seeman's remark on arunthathiyars|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 February 2023|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> He received backlash and his comments also sparked protests by Arunthathiyar outfits. The Election Commission also issued a notice to the NTK seeking an explanation. Seeman was also booked by the Karungalpalayam police, registering a case under three sections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/erode-east-bypoll-seeman-booked-for-making-remarks-insulting-scheduled-caste-community-people/article66543671.ece|title=Erode (East) bypoll | Seeman booked for making remarks 'insulting' Scheduled Caste community people|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 February 2023|accessdate=7 April 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The police added more [[Indian Penal Code]] sections to the case due to his claims that "using an iron fist" will "get rid of the problem" of North Indians and Hindi speakers coming to Tamil Nadu for employment during the same speech.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrababu |first=Divya |date=13 March 2023 |title=Tamil Nadu leader S Seeman booked for hate speech against Hindi speakers: Police |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-leader-booked-for-hate-speech-against-hindi-speakerspolice-101678648173034.html |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He later said that he was not specifically talking about North Indian migrant workers, but instead about [[M. K. Stalin]]'s alleged falsification of the increase in crimes committed by people from north India living in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |date=13 March 2023 |title=Tamil nationalist Seeman booked for remarks on north Indians, says 'was not my intention' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nationalist-seeman-booked-for-remarks-on-north-indian-workers-8492305/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230313134323/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nationalist-seeman-booked-for-remarks-on-north-indian-workers-8492305/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

While speaking at a demonstration to condemn the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]] on 30 July 2023, Seeman called [[Muslims]] and [[Christians]] as "[[Satan]]'s children" by blaming them that they had consistently voted for DMK and Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title="முஸ்லிம்களே நான் உங்களுக்கு எதிரியாகி விட்டேன்".. உங்களால் முடிந்ததை செய்யுங்க.. சீமான் பேச்சு |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/seeman-again-criticizes-muslim-people-for-supporting-dmk/articleshow/102746750.cms |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="DH2023">{{Cite web |title=NTK chief under fire for calling Muslims, Christians 'Satan's children' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ntk-chief-under-fire-for-calling-muslims-christians-satan-s-children-1243536.html |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC2023">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=சீமான் கிறிஸ்தவர்கள், இஸ்லாமியர்களை 'சாத்தானின் குழந்தைகள்' எனக் கூறியது ஏன்? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/clewz1d27nno |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref> Despite condemnation from multiple organisations and political parties representing minority communities, Seeman questioned whether Muslims and Christians would begin "voting for me if I apologize for my remarks." Political parties accused Seeman of venturing down a "dangerous path" by adopting the "BJP's language" in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="DH2023" /> The Tamil Nadu Platform for People's Unity (TNPPU) condemned his statements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date= August 2023|title=TN Platform for People's Unity condemns Seeman for anti-minority speech |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/tn-platform-for-peoples-unity-condemns-seeman-for-anti-minority-speech-727519 |access-date= |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC2023" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Seeman}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
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[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
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[[Category:People of the Sri Lankan civil war]]
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Sinti

2026-04-25T01:34:10Z

Yashvitoursin: starting the details initial version - done

{{Short description|Romani subgroup}}
{{Not to be confused with|text=[[Sintians]], an ancient ethnic group of Thracian origin and [[Sindhis]], an ethnolinguistic group in [[South Asia]]}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sinti
| image =
| caption =
| total = ≈ 500,000 (2011)<ref name=Grimes>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Grimes |first=Barbara F. |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |title=Romani, Sinte |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000unse_s8h7/page/294/mode/2up |edition=2nd |volume=1 |year=2003 |section=Central Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |oclc=51478240 |page=[{{GBurl|id=sl_dDVctycgC|pg=PA295}} 294] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
| region1 = Slovakia
| pop1 = 100–1000
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ravasz |first1=Ábel |last2=Kovács |first2=Ľuboš |last3=Elgyütt |first3=Ivana |date=2024-04-29 |title=Atlas rozmanitosti Slovenska: Spolunažívanie Olašských Rómov, Maďarov a Slovákov na Nitriansku |url=https://www.institutmatejabela.sk/post/atlas-o-spoluna%C5%BE%C3%ADvan%C3%AD-ola%C5%A1sk%C3%BDch-r%C3%B3mov-ma%C4%8Farov-a-slov%C3%A1kov-na-nitriansku |access-date=2025-01-13 |publisher=Inštitút Mateja Bela |place=Bratislava |pages=15–16 |language=sk}}</ref>
| langs = [[Sinte Romani]]
| rels = [[Christianity]]
| related = Other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]], especially [[Romani people|Roma]] ([[Romani people in France|Manouche]])
}}
{{Romani people}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J0525-0500-003, Rheinland, Sinti und Roma mit Wohnwagen auf Landstraße.jpg|thumb|Sinti people in [[Rhine Province]], Germany, 1935]]

The '''Sinti''' (masc. sing. ''Sinto''; fem. sing. ''Sintetsa, Sinta'') are a subgroup of the [[Romani people]].<ref name= lorely>{{cite book|last= French|first= Lorely|title= Roma Voices in the German-Speaking World|year= 2015|location= United States|series= New Directions in German Studies|publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Academic]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uz24CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|page= 7|isbn= 978-1-5013-0279-4|quote= Sinti the particular Romani subgroup in Germany since the 15th century}}</ref><ref name= Hancock>{{cite book|author-last= Hancock|author-first= Ian|author-link= Ian Hancock|editor-last= Karanth|editor-first= Dileep|title= Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays|chapter= Gypsies, gadze, languages and labels|date= 2010|location= United Kingdom|publisher= [[University of Hertfordshire Press]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmYJiVui9UC|pages= 101–102|isbn= 978-1-902806-99-0}}</ref><ref name= Minority/> They are found mostly in Germany, France, Italy and [[Central Europe]], numbering some 200,000 people.{{efn|name="Genetic"|"Individual groups can be classified into major metagroups: the Roma of East European extraction; the Sinti in Germany and Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; and the Romanichals of Britain." – Kalaydjieva, Gresham, & Calarell 2001<ref name="Kalaydjieva, Gresham, & Calarell 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A Review |journal= BMC Medical Genetics|date=2 April 2001 |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=5 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 |pmid=11299048 |pmc=31389 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}}<ref name="Grimes" /><ref>{{cite web |last = Hübshmanová |first = Milena |year = 2003 |url = http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/artframe.pl?src=data/ethn/topics/names.en.xml |title = Roma—Sub Ethnic Groups |publisher = [[University of Graz]] |website = Uni-Graz.at}}</ref> They were traditionally [[Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant]], but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.

Within the Sinti Community are various tribes such as the [[Manouche]] in [[France]].<ref name=Minority>{{cite book |last1=Margalit |first1=Gilad |author1-link=Gilad Margalit |last2=Matras |first2=Yaron |author2-link=Yaron Matras |chapter=Gypsies in Germany-German Gypsies? Identity and Politics of Sinti and Roma in Germany |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1417 |title=in {{harvnb |Stauber |Vago |2007}} |series=CEUP collection |date=2007 |pages=103–116 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-615-5211-21-8 }}</ref> They speak the [[Sinte Romani|Sinti-Manouche]] variety of [[Romani language|Romani]], which exhibits strong [[German language|German]] influence.<ref name=Grimes/><ref name=Minority/>

== Etymology and origin ==
The origin of the Sinti people, like that of the broader Romani people, lies generally in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name= Kenrick>{{cite book |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Gypsies: From the Ganges to the Thames |edition=2nd |url={{GBurl |id=df2mIOnbrDoC}} |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |publication-place=Hatfield |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-902806-23-5 |oclc=59134906 |pages=[{{GBurl |id=df2mIOnbrDoC |pg=PA26}} 26]–[{{GBurl |id=df2mIOnbrDoC|pg=PA27}} 27]}}</ref>{{efn|"The ancestors of today's 12 to 15 million Roma came from India about 1,000 years ago, and their descendants eventually migrated to six continents. The Romanic language language is most closely related to Punjabi and Hindi and is still spoken by millions of Roma and Sinti (Romani people of Central Europe)." – Sturman 2019<ref name="Sturman 2019">{{cite book |editor-last=Sturman |editor-first=Janet Lynn |title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture |publisher=SAGE Publications |publication-place=Thousand Oaks, California |volume= |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5063-5337-1 |oclc=1090239829 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DUSKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4190|page= 4190|quote=}}</ref>}} A 2012 study by Estonian and Indian researchers found genetic similarities between European Romani men and Indian men in their sample.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raj |first1=Niraj |last2=Chaubey |first2=Gyaneshwer |last3=Tamang |first3=Rakesh |last4=Pathak |first4=Ajai Kumar |last5=Singh |first5=Vipin Kumar |last6=Karmin |first6=Monika |last7=Singh |first7=Manvendra |last8=Rani |first8=Deepa Selvi |last9=Anugula |first9=Sharath |last10=Yadav |first10=Brijesh Kumar |last11=Singh |first11=Ashish |last12=Srinivasagan |first12=Ramkumar |last13=Yadav |first13=Anita |last14=Kashyap |first14=Manju |last15=Narvariya |first15=Sapna |last16=Reddy |first16=Alla G |last17=van Driem |first17=George |last18=Underhill |first18=Peter A |last19=Villems |first19=Richard |last20=Kivisild |first20=Toomas
|last21=Singh |first21=Lalji |last22=Thangraj |first22=Kumarasamy |display-authors=6 |date=28 November 2012 |title=The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e48477 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 |doi-access=free |pmid=23209554 |pmc=3509117 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748477R }}</ref>

While people from the western Indian subcontinent's [[Sindh]] region were mentioned in 1100 by [[Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Maydani]], it is unclear whether the [[Sindhi people]] were the ancestors of modern Sinti, though it is clear that Sinti and other Romani people originated in the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name= Kenrick/>

The origin of the name is disputed.{{efn|"Already in 18th and 19th century scholarly discussions, the name 'Sinti' was associated occasionally with that of the Indian province of Sindh. There is, in fact, no connection at all. The word 'Sinti' has the inflection typical of a European loanword in Romani, and cannot have been part of the original Indian vocabulary of the language. The fact that it is found solely among Romani speakers in Germany and neighboring regions and only more recent sources, suggests that it is a later borrowing into this specific dialect of Romanic, and was not part of the language in pre-European times. " – Stauber & Vago 2007{{sfn |Stauber |Vago |2007 |p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2024}}}} Scholar Jan Kochanowski, and many Sinti themselves, believe it derives from ''[[Sindhis|Sindhi]]'', the name of the people of [[Sindh]] in [[medieval India]] (a region now in southeast [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="Kenrick"/><ref name="Matras 2004">{{cite book |last=Matras |first=Yaron |author-link=Yaron Matras |chapter=The Role of Language in Mystifying and Demystifying Gypsy Identity|title=in {{harvnb |Saul |Tebbutt |2004}} |year=2004 |page=[{{GBurl |id=KNVhLzzIcCEC |pg=PA70}} 70]}}</ref> Romani Historian [[Ian Hancock]] states that the connection between ''Sinti'' and ''Sindhi'' is not tenable on linguistic grounds and that in the earliest samples of Sinte Romani, the endonym of ''Kale'' was used instead.<ref name= Hancock/>

Scholar [[Yaron Matras]] argued that ''Sinti'' is a later term in use by the Sinti from only the 18th century on, and is likely a European loanword.{{efn|"[U]p to the late 18th century the Sinti referred to themselves as 'Kale' (lit. 'blacks'). The term 'Sinti' or 'Sinte' (see below) may be found in 18th and 19th century linguistic documentation alongside 'Kale,' and appears to have been borrowed from the secret vocabulary of the Yenish travelers, perhaps because of its usefulness in concealing ethnic identity. Only toward the late 19th century does the self-appellation 'Sinti' replace 'Kale' entirely in Germany." – Margalit & Matras 2007<ref name=Minority/>}}<ref name="Matras 2004" /> This view is shared by Romani linguist [[Ronald Lee]], who stated the name's origin probably lies in the German word ''Reisende'', meaning 'travellers'.<ref name="Lee 2009">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Lee |title=A New Look at Our Romani Origins and Diaspora |website=Kopachi.com |date=2009 |url=https://kopachi.com/articles/a-new-look-at-our-romani-origins-and-diaspora-by-ronald-lee/ |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>

== History ==
The Sinti arrived in [[Austria]] and [[Germany]] in the [[Late Middle Ages]] as part of the emigration from the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="dw">{{cite web |last=Bartlick |first=Silke |date=2013-03-13 |title=Europe invented 'gypsies,' says German author |url=http://www.dw.de/europe-invented-gypsies-says-german-author/a-16664274 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> eventually splitting into two groups: ''Eftavagarja'' ("the Seven Caravans") and ''Estraxarja'' ("from Austria").<ref name="Szombati 2016">{{cite thesis |last=Szombati |first=Kristóf |title=The Revolt of the Provinces: Anti-Gypsyism and Right-Wing Politics in Hungary |url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2022/szombati_kristof.pdf |degree=PhD |publication-place=Budapest, Hungary |publisher=Central European University |year=2016 |page=165}}</ref><ref name="Szombati 2018">{{cite book |last=Szombati |first=Kristóf |title=The Revolt of the Provinces: Anti-Gypsyism and Right-Wing Politics in Hungary |url={{GBurl |id=B_8_DwAAQBAJ}} |publication-place=New York, NY |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2018 |volume=23 |isbn=978-1-78533-897-7 |doi=10.1515/9781785338977 |oclc=1041152908 |jstor=j.ctvw04cbm |page=[{{GBurl |id=B_8_DwAAQBAJ |pg=PA206}} 206] |via=partial Google Books preview}}</ref> They arrived in Germany before 1540.{{sfn |Saul |Tebbutt |2004 |p=182}} The two groups expanded, the Eftavagarja into [[France]] and [[Portugal]], where they are called "Manouches", and to the [[Balkans]], where they are called "Ciganos" (from Byzantine Greek "τσιγγάνος" and "Ἀτσίγγανος", deriving from Ancient Greek "ἀθίγγανος", meaning "untouchable"{{efn|{{Wiktionary-inline|τσιγγάνος}}}}{{efn|{{Wiktionary-inline|Cigan}}}}); and the Estraxarja into [[Italy]] and [[Central Europe]], mainly what are now [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], eventually adopting various regional names.<ref name="Szombati 2018"/>

From 1926 to 1973, [[Pro Juventute]], a Swiss children's charity, with the support of Swiss authorities, committed crimes against humanity against the [[Yenish people|Yenish]], [[Manouche]], and Sinti people in Switzerland by forcibly removing children from their families and placing them in foster homes, adoptive families, and correctional institutions through the [[Kinder der Landstrasse]] (Children of the Open Road) project. This was part of a wider effort to forcibly assimilate these traditionally nomadic communities into the sedentary Swiss society. In February 2025, the Swiss government formally acknowledged that the forced removals and assimilation efforts constitute a crime against humanity under international law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/gov/fr/accueil/documentation/communiques.msg-id-104226.html|title=Le Conseil fédéral reconnaît un crime contre l'humanité à l'encontre des Yéniches et des Manouches/Sintés et réitère ses excuses|website=www.admin.ch}}</ref>

=== The Holocaust ===
{{Main|Romani Holocaust}}

The Sinti migrated to Germany in the early 15th century. Despite their long presence, they were still generally regarded as beggars and thieves, and, by 1899, the police kept a central register on Sinti, Roma, and [[Yenish people|Yenish]] peoples. [[Nazi Germany]] considered them racially inferior (see [[Nazism and race]]), and persecuted them throughout Germany during the Nazi period{{snd}}the [[Nuremberg Laws]] of 1935 often being interpreted to apply to them as well as the Jews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Targeting the Sinti and Roma |website=Facing History & Ourselves |date=2016-08-02 |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/targeting-sinti-roma |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>

[[Adolf Eichmann]] recommended that Nazi Germany solve the "Gypsy Question" simultaneously with the [[Jewish Question]], resulting in the deportation of the Sinti to clear room to build homes for ethnic Germans.{{sfn |Burleigh |Wippermann |1991 |p=[https://archive.org/details/racialstategerma0000burl/page/122/mode/2up 122]}} Some were sent to the territory of [[Poland]], or elsewhere, including some deported to the territory of [[Yugoslavia]] by the [[Hamburg Police]] in 1939.{{sfn |Burleigh |Wippermann |1991 |p=[https://archive.org/details/racialstategerma0000burl/page/126/mode/2up 127]}} Others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers.<ref name="Davis 2015">{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Mark |url=http://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany |title=How World War II shaped modern Germany |date=5 May 2015 |website=euronews |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> Many Sinti and Roma were taken to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]], where they were put in a special section, called the "[[Gypsy family camp (Auschwitz)|gypsy camp]]". [[Josef Mengele]] often performed some of his infamous experiments on Sinti and Roma. On 2 August 1944, the "gypsy camp" was closed, and approximately 4,000 Sinti and Roma were gassed during the night of 2–3 August and burnt in the crematoria. The date 2 August is commemorated as Roma and Sinti Holocaust Remembrance Day.<ref name="europa">{{cite web |title=European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day: Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_1423 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210526221704/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_1423 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], the Sinti were forced to wear either a black triangle, indicating their classification as "asocial", or a brown triangle,<ref name="Shapiro & Ehrenreich 2002">{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Paul A. |last2=Ehrenreich |first2=Robert M. |title=Roma and Sinti: under-studied victims of Nazism: symposium proceedings |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |year=2002 |oclc=1410465443 |page=[{{GBurl |id=93rzAAAAMAAJ |p=24 |q="triangle"}} 24]}}</ref> specifically reserved for Sinti, Roma, and [[Yenish people|Yenish]] peoples.

<gallery widths=200 heights=200>
File:Sinti-und-Roma-Gedenkstätte beim Färbertor in Nürnberg.jpg|Memorial in [[Nuremberg]] opposite Frauentorgraben 49, where on 15 September 1935 the [[Nuremberg Laws]] were adopted in the ballroom of the Industrial & Cultural Association clubhouse
File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-52, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|Deportation of Sinti and Roma in [[Asperg]], 22 May 1940
File:Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld Gedenktafel.JPG|Memorial for murdered Sinti in [[Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld]]
File:Ravensburg Mahnmal Sinti.jpg|[[Ravensburg]], Memorial for Sinti murdered in [[Auschwitz]]
</gallery>

== Notable people ==
[[File:Trollmanngross.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Johann Trollmann]], a German Sinti boxer, 1928]]

* [[Anita Awosusi]] (born 1956), writer, musician, activist
* [[Tayo Awosusi-Onutor]] (born 1978), singer-songwriter, author, activist
* [[Ayo (singer)|Ayo]] (born 1980), singer, songwriter and actress
* [[Wawau Adler]] (born 1967), jazz guitarist
* [[Jakob Bamberger]] (1913–1989), boxer and activist
* [[Drafi Deutscher]] (1946–2006), singer and songwriter
* [[Lily Franz]] (1924–2011), writer and Holocaust survivor
* [[Philomena Franz]] (1922–2022), writer and Holocaust survivor
* [[Raymond Gurême]] (1925–2020), acrobat, activist, and holocaust survivor
* [[Elisabeth Guttenberger]] (1926–2024), activist and Holocaust survivor
* [[Hugo Höllenreiner]] (1933–2015), Holocaust survivor and public speaker
* [[Mario Mettbach]] (1952–2021/22), politician
* [[Oto Pestner]] (born 1956), singer, songwriter and politician
* [[Schnuckenack Reinhardt]] (1921–2006), jazz musician
* [[Marianne Rosenberg]] (born 1955), singer and daughter of Otto Rosenberg
* [[Otto Rosenberg (writer and activist)|Otto Rosenberg]] (1927–2001), writer, activist and Holocaust survivor
* [[Sido (rapper)|Sido]] (born 1980), rapper
* [[Chrissy Teigen]] (b. 1985), model<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thirteen.org/programs/finding-your-roots/chrissy-tiegen-discovers-her-roma-ancestry-vu5acl/|title=Chrissy Teigen Discovers Very Unique Lost Family History | Finding Your Roots|via=www.thirteen.org}}</ref>
* [[Johann Trollmann]] (1907–1944), boxer and victim of forced sterilisation
* [[Häns'che Weiss]] (1951–2016), jazz musician

== See also ==
* [[Antiziganism]]
* [[History of the Romani people]]
* [[Romani people by country]]
* [[Romani people in Austria]]
* [[Romani people in Belgium]]
* [[Romani people in Germany]]
* [[Romani people in the Netherlands]]
* [[Sindhi diaspora]]
* [[Sinte Romani]] (language)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last1=Burleigh |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Burleigh |last2=Wippermann |first2=Wolfgang |author2-link=Wolfgang Wippermann |title=The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=Cambridge, England |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-39802-2 |oclc=1245769012 |url=https://archive.org/details/racialstategerma0000burl |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book|last1= DiRicchardi-Reichard|first1= Rinaldo|last2= Waller|first2= Alice-Kristina|title= "To be or not to be" Sinti, Gypsy, and Romani: Crisis of Sinti ethnic identity|year= 2014|publisher= Rinaldo, DiRicchardi - Reichard|asin= B00IJZQ16U}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Saul |editor-first=Nicholas |editor-last2=Tebbutt |editor-first2=Susan |title=Role of the Romanies: Images and Counter Images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in European Cultures |publisher=Liverpool University Press |publication-place=Liverpool [England] |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84631-395-0 |oclc=276175136 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjjv0 |jstor=j.ctt5vjjv0 |url={{GBurl |id=KNVhLzzIcCEC}} |via=partial Google Books preview}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Stauber |editor-first=Roni |editor-link=Roni Stauber |editor-last2=Vago |editor-first2=Raphael |title=The Roma: A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives |series=CEUP collection |url=https://books.openedition.org/ceup/1405 |publisher=Central European University Press |publication-place=Budapest |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4294-6253-2 |oclc=191940451 |via=OpenEdition Books |jstor=j.ctt1cgf80x}}
* {{Cite book|year=1996 |first1=Michael |last1=Zimmermann |author-link=Michael Zimmerman (historian) |title=Rassenutopie und Genozid. Die Nationalsozialistische Lösung der Zigeunerfrage |publisher=Christians |location=Hamburg |language=German |isbn=978-3-7672-1270-1}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Bunescu |first=Ioana |title=Roma in Europe: The Politics of Collective Identity Formation |publisher=Routledge |date=2016-04-08 |isbn=978-1-317-06190-8 |doi=10.4324/9781315606811 |oclc=883632126}}
* {{Cite book |last=Finck |first=Franz Nikolaus |author-link=Franz Nikolaus Finck |title=Lehrbuch des Dialekts der deutschen Zigeuner |trans-title=Textbook of the dialect of the German Gypsies |publisher=N.G. Elwert |publication-place=Marburg |year=1903 |oclc=582807760 |language=de |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/6712550.html |via=HathiTrust}} Also {{Internet Archive|id=lehrbuchdesdial00fincgoog|name=Lehrbuch des Dialekts der deutschen Zigeuner}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reemtsma |first=Katrin |title=Sinti und Roma: Geschichte, Kultur, Gegenwart |trans-title=Sinti and Roma: History, Culture, Present |publisher=C.H. Beck |publication-place=München |year=1996 |oclc=1330614109 |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Tebbutt |editor-first=Susan |title=Sinti and Roma: Gypsies in German-speaking Society and Literature |publisher=Berghahn Books |publication-place=New York, NY |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-78238-187-7 |oclc=892798863 |doi=10.1515/9781782381877 |jstor=j.ctt9qd7cd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Winter |first=Walter Stanoski |translator-last=Robertson |translator-first=Struan |title= Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Who Survived Auschwitz |publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press |publication-place=Hatfield |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-902806-38-9 |oclc=1132299807}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Sinti people}}
* {{Cite web |title=Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany |website=Yad Vashem: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center |date=2024-06-13 |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/nazi-germany-1933-39/non-jewish-victims.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204104823/https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/nazi-germany-1933-39/non-jewish-victims.html |archive-date=2023-12-04 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web |last=Trippel |first=Bernd |title=das frauen-konzentrationslager ravensbrück |trans-title=The Women's Concentration Camp at Ravensbrück |website=ravensbrueck.action.at |url=http://ravensbrueck.action.at/lager.html |language=de |access-date=2024-06-21}}

{{Romani diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Germany}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sinti| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Austria]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Belgium]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Romani groups]]
[[Category:Romani in Europe]]
[[Category:Romani in Germany]]

Inner Ring Line

2026-04-23T10:43:02Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{Short description|Proposed loop metro line in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox rail line
| color ={{rcr|Namma Metro|Aqua}}
| name = Inner Ring line
| other_name = {{hlist|Line 9|Yeshwanthapura–Mahalakshmi Line}}
| native_name = Oḷauṅgura mārga
| native_name_lang =
| box_width =
| logo = Namma metro.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Metro]]
| system = [[Namma Metro]]
| status = Proposed
| locale = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| start = {{stl|Namma Metro|Yeshwanthpur}} (proposed)
| end =
| connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (3) {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}} <br>'''''Upcoming''''' (3):<br />{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Grey|croute}}
| stations = 24(proposed)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| linenumber =
| website = [https://english.bmrc.co.in/ bmrc.co.in]
| yearcommenced = 
| planopen = {{start date and age|2033|df=y}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| open = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| owner = Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
| operator =
| character = '''''(TBC)'''''
| depot = '''''(TBC)'''''
| stock =
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| linelength_km = 34
| linelength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| map = 
| map_state = collapsed
| map_name =
}}

The '''Inner Ring Line''' is a proposed [[Rapid transit|metro]] [[Rail transport|rail line]] for the [[Namma Metro]]'s network in the city of [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] by [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), featuring 24 stations and Six to Eight interchanges with other lines. A study by the institute has projected that the loop line would increase the overall ridership of Namma Metro by 77 percent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru traffic: IISc bats for Inner Ring underground Metro over DKS' tunnel road plan |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-traffic-iisc-bats-for-inner-ring-underground-metro-over-dks-tunnel-road-plan-11612841.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209173933/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-traffic-iisc-bats-for-inner-ring-underground-metro-over-dks-tunnel-road-plan-11612841.html |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The report also concluded that the emissions of carbon dioxide and particulate matter would reduce by 14.8 percent and 18.6 percent respectively, by 2031.

IISc has recommended the loop line as a better alternative for [[Government of Karnataka]]'s proposal of city wide tunnel roads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru traffic: IISc bats for Inner Ring underground Metro over DKS' tunnel road plan |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-traffic-iisc-bats-for-inner-ring-underground-metro-over-dks-tunnel-road-plan-11612841.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209173933/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-traffic-iisc-bats-for-inner-ring-underground-metro-over-dks-tunnel-road-plan-11612841.html |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The institute stated that the tunnel roads would lead to an increase in the number of vehicles on the road, as opposed to the line, which would lead to a decrease almost twice the calculated increase with the tunnel roads.<ref name=":0" />

As of February 2026, further deliberation on the proposal has been put on hold, as the state government has instead prioritised feasibility studies for Metro extensions to Bengaluru's satellite towns such as Tumakuru, Devanahalli, Attibele, Hoskote, and Jigani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Dhanya |title=Bengaluru’s Inner Ring Metro project shelved as focus shifts to outer corridors |url=https://newsfirstprime.com/bengaluru/bengalurus-inner-ring-metro-project-shelved-as-focus-shifts-to-outer-corridors-10624453 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=newsfirstprime.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Funding ==
The proposal to build Metro along the city's [[Inner Ring Road, Bengaluru|Inner Ring Road]] was mentioned in the government's Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) 2031. It is unclear if the 34-km underground line, which is expected to cost about ₹ 10,000 crore, will be a part of Namma Metro’s upcoming Phase III or phase VI expansions. The Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (BMRCL) is yet to finalise the new lines including the Inner Ring Line.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Naveen |last=Menezes |title=On the horizon? A 34-km Metro line on Inner Ring Road |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/on-the-horizon-a-34-km-metro-line-on-inner-ring-road/articleshow/74260938.cms |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Stations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" | Inner Ring Line
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station name
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Station layout<br>''<small>(TBC)</small>''<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Vivan |first1=Sridhar |date=Oct 15, 2024 |title=Green signal for Namma Metro phase 3A project |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/urban-development-ministry-approves-metro-3a/articleshow/114224889.cms |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
|1
|[[Sandal Soap Factory metro station|Yeshwanthpura TTMC]]
|[[Sandal Soap Factory metro station|ಯಶವಂತಪುರ ಟಿಟಿಎಂಸಿ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}{{rint|bus}}Yeshwanthpura
|Underground
|-
|2
|Indian Institute Of Science
|'''ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|3
|Mekhri Circle
|'''ಮೇಖ್ರಿ ವೃತ್ತ'''
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|4
|Jaya Chamarajendra Nagara
|'''ಜಯ ಚಾಮರಾಜೇಂದ್ರ ನಗರ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|5
|Jayamahal
|'''ಜಯಮಹಾಲ್'''
|
|Underground
|-
|6
||[[Cantonment Railway Station metro station|Cantonment Railway Station]]
|[[Cantonment Railway Station metro station|ದಂಡು ರೈಲ್ವೇ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|7
|Halasuru lake
|'''ಹಲಸೂರು ಕೆರೆ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|8
|[[Trinity metro station |Trinity]]
|[[Trinity metro station|ಟ್ರಿನಿಟಿ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|9
|Airforce Command Hospital
|'''ಕಮಾಂಡ್ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|10
|Domaluru
|'''ದೊಮ್ಮಲೂರು'''
|
|Underground
|-
|11
|Embassy Golf Link
|'''ಎಮ್ಬಿಸಿ ಗರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಲಿಂಕ್'''
|
|Underground
|-
|12
|Srinivagilu
|'''ಶ್ರೀನಿವಾಗಿಲು'''
|
|Underground
|-
|13
|St John's Hospital
|'''ಸೇಂಟ್ ಜಾನ್ಸ್ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|14
|Sudduguntepalya
|'''ಸುದ್ದುಗುಂಟೆಪಾಳ್ಯ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|15
||{{stl|Namma Metro|Dairy Circle}}
|[[Dairy Circle metro station|ಡೈರಿ ಸರ್ಕಲ್]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}<br>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|16
|Wilson Garden
|'''ವಿಲ್ಸನ್ ಗಾರ್ಡನ್'''
|
|Underground
|-
|17
||[[Lalbagh metro station|Lalbagh]]|| [[Lalbagh metro station|ಲಾಲ್ಬಾಗ್]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|18
|Basavanagudi
|'''ಬಸವನಗುಡಿ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|19
|Gavipura
|'''ಗವಿಪುರ'''
|
|Underground
|-
|20
|Azad Nagara <br>(sirsi circle)
|'''ಅಜಾದ್ ನಗರ <br>(ಸಿರ್ಸಿ ವೃತ)'''
|
|Underground
|-
|21
|[[Hosahalli metro station|'''Hosahalli <br>(Toll Gate)''']]
|[[Hosahalli metro station|'''ಹೊಸಹಳ್ಳಿ <br>(ಟೋಲ್ ಗೇಟ್)''']]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}<br>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Grey|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|22
|Dhobi ghat
|'''ದೋಭಿ ಘಾಟ್'''
|
|Underground
|-
|23
|[[Mahalakshmi metro station|Mahalakshmi]]|| |[[Mahalakshmi metro station|ಮಹಾಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ]]
||{{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}
|Underground
|}

== See also ==
* [[Namma Metro]]
** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
** [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]
** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]
** [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]
** [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]
** [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]]
** [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]]
** [[List of Namma Metro stations|List of Namma Metro Stations]]
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Namma Metro|all=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro lines]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Vikram Singh Negi

2026-04-23T05:45:54Z

Yashvitoursin: starting basic bio first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikram Singh Negi
| office = Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Vijay Singh Panwar]]
| constituency = [[Pratapnagar Assembly constituency|Pratapnagar]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2017
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Singh Panwar]]
| successor1 = [[Vijay Singh Panwar]]
| constituency1 = [[Pratapnagar Assembly constituency|Pratapnagar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Vikram Singh Negi''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]] who serves as Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pratapnagar Assembly constituency|Pratapnagar]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikram Singh Negi of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pratapnagar-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4853687.html | publisher=News18 | date=11 March 2022 | accessdate=17 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title= Vikram Singh Negi|url=https://myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php%3Fcandidate_id%3D237}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = congress candidate vikram singh negi waved from pratapnagar|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/tehri/story-congress-candidate-vikram-singh-negi-waved-from-pratapnagar-5998822.amp.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Negi, Vikram Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Terdal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:41Z

Yashvitoursin: starting a article first draft - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Terdal
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 20
| map_image = 20-Terdal constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Siddu Savadi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:227749}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Terdal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is part of [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=14assemblymemberslist>{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Siddu Savadi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Umashree]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Siddu Savadi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Terdal <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 77,265 |percentage = 43.01% |change = {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddu. Ramappa. Konnur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,520 |percentage = 37.03% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Padmajeet A. Nadagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,480 |percentage = 12.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadas Kamurthi |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,224 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yamanappa Vitthal Gunadal |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 3,527 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Halagigoudar |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,742 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 894 |percentage = 0.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,745 |percentage = 5.98% |change = {{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,822 |percentage = 78.96% |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,661}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,749 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Terdal <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,583 |percentage = 50.45% |change = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umashree]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,470 |percentage = 38.29% |change = {{decrease}}8.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basappa K. Konnur |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,462 |percentage = 7.18% |change = {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,014 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangappa Shrishailappa Meti |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 1,272 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Veeresh Prasad (Veeresh Nekar) |party = Namma Congress |votes = 1,098 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,113 |percentage = 12.16% |change = {{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,628 |percentage = 78.77% |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,610}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,421 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Terdal <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umashree]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,189 |percentage = 46.31% |change = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,590 |percentage = 44.60% |change = {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Irappa Balikai |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,558 |percentage = 3.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranganagouda Shivanagouda Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,282 |percentage = 3.49% |change = {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maibubsab Mahmadsab Sangtras |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,407 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kesaragoppa Ramesh Lakkappa |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,599 |percentage = 1.71% |change = {{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,625 |percentage = 78.65% |change = {{increase}}8.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,562}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,795 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Terdal <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,595 |percentage = 50.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Umashree]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,351 |percentage = 40.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangappa Shrishailappa Meti |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,142 |percentage = 2.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kallappa. Sangappa. Girisa Gar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,050 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadaballavar. Kallappa. B. Himappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,684 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagi. Mahadevi. Yallappa |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod. Balachandra. Javalagi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,351 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,244 |percentage = 9.84% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,532 |percentage = 69.85% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,451}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,292 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.50|75.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Braja Sundar Das

2026-04-16T05:53:58Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter (1880–1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Braja Sundar Das
| image = Brajasundar Das.jpg
| native_name = ବ୍ରଜସୁନ୍ଦର ଦାସ
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1880|7|2}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br/>(now [[Jajpur]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1944|6|9|1880|7|2}}
| era = [[British Raj]]
}}

'''Braja Sundar Das''' (2 July 1880{{Snd}}9 June 1944) was an Indian statesman, freedom fighter, politician, poet, littérateur, and social reformer who played a significant role in shaping the socio-political and cultural landscape of [[Odisha]].

Das lobbied for the unification of Odia-speaking areas; a long struggle that culminated in the creation of Odisha as a separate state on 1 April 1936 ([[Utkal Dibasa|Utkala Dibasa]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=ସଂ. |url=https://archive.org/details/jajapurara-dui-amlana-pratibha-bichitra-nanda-o-braja-sundar-1997 |title=ଯାଜପୁରର ଦୁଇ ଅମ୍ଳାନ ପ୍ରତିଭା – ବିଚିତ୍ରା ନନ୍ଦ ଓ ବ୍ରଜ ସୁନ୍ଦର |date=1997 |language=or}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Braja Sundar Das was born on 2 July 1880 in Kantabania, Harekrushnapur, near [[Jajpur]], [[Odisha]] (Odia: କଣ୍ଟାବଣିଆ, ହରେକୃଷ୍ଣପୁର, ଯାଜପୁର, ଓଡ଼ିଶା). He belonged to a wealthy [[Karan (caste)|Jamidar Karan]] lineage, being the son of Shyam Sundar Das and Swarnaprabha Dei. His grandfather, Harekrushna Das, was the Assistant Superintendent of Tributary Mahals and was also instrumental in setting up the Cuttack Printing Company.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=ଗୋବର୍ଦ୍ଧନ ଦୋରା |url=https://archive.org/details/orissa-an-encyclopaedia-of-events-2008/page/592/mode/2up?q=harekrushna |title=Orissa - An Encyclopaedia of Events |last2=Gobardhana Dora |date=2008}}</ref> Brajasundar inherited his family's zamindari, the Tisania estate.<ref name=":0" />

As a child, he attended the Collegiate School in [[Cuttack]], where he completed his early education. Later, he earned his B.A. from the prestigious [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], becoming the third person from Odisha to graduate.<ref name=":0"/>

In his early years, at [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw College]], he co-founded an organisation called "Kartabya Bodhini Samiti" (Duty Awakening Society) with his friends [[Gopabandhu Das]] and Lokanath Patnaik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=Ravenshaw History - Ravenshaw University |url=https://ravenshawuniversity.ac.in/ravenshaw-history/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> This group focused on discussing contemporary social, economic, and political issues. These three Ravenshavians played a pivotal role in advocating for the inclusion of Odia as a medium for the B.A. examination at [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw]], which was then affiliated with [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]. While Brajasundar had already graduated from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] by that time, his efforts ensured that [[Gopabandhu Das]] and Lokanath Patnaik became the first students to take their B.A. exams in [[Odia language|Odia]] under the new system and thenceforth the Odia-speaking students can give B.A. exams in medium Odia.
[[File:Tisania Estate.jpg|thumb|Kutchery House of the erstwhile Tisania estate, at Sayedpur, [[Jajpur]] in Odisha]]
During his time at [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw]], Braja Sundar Das, along with [[Gopabandhu Das]] and [[Acharya Harihar|Acharya Harihar Das]], actively engaged in social work. They nursed the poor and sick in the town, collected funds for underprivileged students, and provided social services to those in need.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samantaray |first=Renubala |title=Pandit Gopabandhu Das: The Maker of Modern Odisha |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/oct/engpdf/32-34.pdf}}</ref> Later, Brajasundar and [[Gopabandhu Das|Gopabandhu]] co-founded the Central Young Utkal Association, which organised batches of volunteers to assist people affected by floods in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohapatra |first=Ratnakar |year=2009 |title=Pandit Gopabandhu Das: As a Unique Personality of Orissa |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2009/August/engpdf/aug-or-2009.pdf}}</ref>

Brajasundar later married the daughter of Sudam Charan Naik, who was a Member of the Bihar-Orissa Council and also the Assistant Superintendent of Tributary Mahals.<ref name=":1" />

== Freedom struggle and political career ==
Braja Sundar Das held several prominent political positions throughout his life. He served as a Member of the Bihar-Orissa Legislative Council (1906–1920), Member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly (1921–1924), Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]] (1937–1944), and Chairman of the National War Front (1941). Additionally, he was the Secretary of the [[Utkal Sammilani|Utkal Union Conference (Utkal Sammilani)]], and editor of "[[Mukura]]" and "The Odia" magazines.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Vidhan Mandal: Search |url=http://archives.biharvidhanmandal.in/jspui/simple-search?query=braja+sundar+das |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=archives.biharvidhanmandal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନ ଦାସ |url=https://archive.org/details/a-dialogue-with-memory-2002/page/74/mode/2up?q=Braja |title=ଏ ଡାଇଲଗ୍ ୱିଥ୍ ମେମୋରୀ |last2=ଅରୁଣ କୁମାର ମହାନ୍ତି |last3=ଯତୀନ୍ଦ୍ର କୁମାର ନାୟକ |date=2002 |language=or}}</ref>

In February 1920, after [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s entry into India's political arena, Braja Sundar Das, under the advice of [[Madhusudan Das]], went to meet [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and attract his attention to Odisha's demand for independent statehood. In that meeting with Braja Sundar Das, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] expressed his unequivocal decision regarding the formation of provinces on a linguistic basis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Kailash Chandra |year=2010 |title=A Study of the Formation of the Separate Province of Orissa |journal=Orissa Review}}</ref>
[[File:Gandhi to Braja Sundar - Letter.jpg|thumb|A letter from Mahatma Gandhi to Braja Sundar Das, proposing a meeting.]]
In 1920 - 21, under the presidency of [[Gopabandhu Das]], the [[Utkal Sammilani|Utkal Union Conference]] was held at [[Chakradharpur]] in present-day Jharkhand, which was/is an Odia-speaking town. It moved a resolution to align its goals and ideals with those of the [[Indian National Congress]]. [[Madhusudan Das|Madhusudhan Das]], who was supposed to preside over the session earlier, declined to attend. Similarly, Braja Sundar Das had also declined the position and opposed the motion vehemently, citing ideological differences between the [[Utkal Sammilani|Utkal Union Conference]] and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=ଅତୁଲ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ପ୍ରଧାନ |url=https://archive.org/details/sidelights-on-freedom-struggle-in-orissa-2011/page/66/mode/2up?q=Braja |title=ସାଇଡ୍‌ଲାଇଟ୍ ଅନ୍ ଫ୍ରିଡମ୍ ଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗଲ୍ ଇନ୍ ଓରିସା |date=2011 |language=or}}</ref> After much-heated debate, the resolution was passed, and a delegation was formed to attend the [[Nagpur]] Session of Congress. Among other leaders, Braja Sundar Das was also a part of this delegation. On the return of this delegation, the [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee]] was constituted, and [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] was invited to [[Odisha]] to advise on the matters of the state.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pattanaik |first=D.D. |date=2007 |title=Orissa Battles for Swaraj |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page19-25.pdf |journal=Orissa Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=ଗୌର ପ୍ରସାଦ ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ |url=https://archive.org/details/orissa-past-and-present-v01-pt02-1987/page/40/mode/2up?q=Braja |title=ଓରିଶା ପାଷ୍ଟ୍ ଆଣ୍ଡ୍ ପ୍ରେଜେଣ୍ଟ୍, ଭାଗ-୧ ଖଣ୍ଡ-୨ |last2=ଗୌର ପ୍ରସାଦ ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ |date=1987 |language=or}}</ref>

After 1921, the Utkal Union Conference ([[Utkal Sammilani]]) became inactive. After two years, Braja Sundar Das initiated its transformation into a new name, Utkal Union Committee, with the advice of [[Madhusudan Das]]. Thereafter, the Provincial Congress Committee and the Utkal Union Committee worked for a common cause but on different platforms.<ref name=":1" />

In 1927–28, when the [[Simon Commission]] arrived in India, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] issued a directive to boycott the [[Simon Commission]]. The leaders of [[Odisha]] at that time deemed it appropriate to press the [[Odia language|Odia]] demand before the commission for the formation of [[Odisha]] as a separate province. Thus, a committee was formed under the leadership of Braja Sundar Das, who decided to meet the [[Simon Commission|Commission]] at [[Patna City|Patna]]. To address the issue of the Odia leaders, a Sub-Committee was set up under [[Clement Attlee|C.R. Atlee]]. As a result of the discussions between the committee led by Braja Sundar Das and the [[Simon Commission]], the latter's report opined that the demand of the [[Odia language|Odia]] people to annex Odia-speaking areas under one special province is justified. It also opined that all the [[Zamindar|Jamidari]] and [[Princely state|Princely States]] be annexed under the proposed [[Orissa|Odisha]] province.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sahoo |first=Shridhar Charan |title=Utkal Ratna Biswanath Mishra: The Forgotten Pioneer of Oriya Movement |journal=Orissa Review |publication-date=August 2008}}</ref> Furthermore, the [[Government of India]] announced the appointment of a Boundary Commission under the Chairmanship of S.P. O'Donnell. The leaders of [[Odisha]] got together to unify the general public and gather mass support in favour of the independence of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=ବିଷ୍ଣୁ ପ୍ରସାଦ ମହାପାତ୍ର |url=https://archive.org/details/madhusudan-das-and-his-times-2004/page/117/mode/2up?q=Braja |title=Madhusudan Das and His Times |last2=Bishnu Prasada Mahapatra |date=2004}}</ref>

Subsequently, in 1931, when the O’Donnell Committee arrived in Odisha, Braja Sundar Das organised a grand procession. He was the Secretary of the Utkal Union Conference ([[Utkal Sammilani]]) that year. He amassed a large crowd of students and locals, placed a divided Odisha map atop a decorated elephant, and organised a procession through the city of [[Cuttack]]. He donated generously, which caused a large financial setback for him and his estate. However, he managed to attract the attention of the committee and press the demands of his people.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Braja Sundar Das Insignia.jpg|thumb|Insignia of Braja Sundar Das]]
After the creation of Odisha as a separate Indian state in 1936, Braja Sundar Das was nominated as a member of the First Advisory Council of the state by the first Governor, [[John Hubback|Sir John Austin Hubback]].{{fact|date=July 2025}}

On 15 August 1943, Braja Sundar Das introduced a bill in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]] to establish Odia as an official language for use in courts.<ref name=":1" /> He also served as a representative of the Orissa Jamidars' Association. Additionally, he was a member of the committee formed to investigate and report on illegal and exploitative administrative practices, including ''Rasad, Magan, Bethi,'' and ''Beggari.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=କିଶୋରୀ ମୋହନ ପାତ୍ର |url=https://archive.org/details/an-advanced-history-of-orissa-1992/page/327/mode/2up?q=Braja |title=An Advanced History of Orissa |last2=ବନ୍ଦିତା ଦେବୀ |last3=Kishori Mohan Patra |last4=Bandita Devi |last5=Kiśorī Mohan Pātra |first5=Banditā Devī |last6=Kishori Mohan Patra |last7=Bandita Devi |last8=Kiśorī Mohan Pātra |first8=Banditā Devī |date=1992}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite book |last=କିଶୋରୀ ମୋହନ ପାତ୍ର |url=https://archive.org/details/orissa-state-legislature-and-freedom-struggle-1912-47-1979/page/272/mode/2up?q=Braja |title=ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଷ୍ଟେଟ ଲେଜିସ୍‌ଲେଚର ଆଣ୍ଡ ଫ୍ରିଡ଼ମ୍ ଷ୍ଟ୍ରଗଲ, ୧୯୧୨-୧୯୪୭ (ଇଂ) |date=1979 |language=or}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pati |first=Biswamoy |date=November 2005 |title=Interrogating Stereotypes: Exploring the Princely States in Colonial Orissa |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728005058761 |journal=South Asia Research |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=165–182 |doi=10.1177/0262728005058761 |issn=0262-7280|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Literary, social, and cultural contributions ==
Braja Sundar Das made diverse contributions to promote [[Odia language|Odia]] literature and culture in the 20th century. In 1906, he founded the magazine [[Mukura]], a literary publication featuring articles, stories, and poems on a wide range of topics, including nationalism, philosophy, history, religion, culture, science, social reform, and linguistics. The works published in [[Mukura]] carried a patriotic undertone, emphasizing the urgent need to rescue the [[Odia language|Odia]] language and identity from its dire state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Jatindra Mohan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347605 |title=History of Oriya literature |date=2006 |publisher=Vidya |isbn=978-81-903438-0-0 |edition=1st |location=Bhubaneswar|jstor=23347605 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAVDAAAAYAAJ&q=Mukura+magazine |title=Orissa District Gazetteers |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Sikhism and secularism: essays in honour of Professor Harbans Singh |date=1994 |publisher=Harman |isbn=978-81-85151-90-8 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Dharam |edition=1. publ |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Harbans}}</ref>[[File:Mukura cover.jpg|thumb|Cover page of the Mukura Magazine]]

[[Mukura]] stood on par with [[Utkal Sahitya Samaj|Utkal Sahitya]] and was a pivotal instrument for disseminating new ideas and literature. Freedom fighters of the time used [[Mukura]] as a platform to spread nationalistic sentiments among the general public. It was, in fact, the first literary magazine to focus on nationalistic literature, laying the groundwork for the establishment of many subsequent newspapers.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

Under the patronage of Brajasundar, a weekly, "Satya Samachar", was published. It was edited by Biswanath Kar and [[Gopala Chandra Praharaj|Gopal Chandra Praharaj]].<ref name=":1" />

Braja Sundar Das inherited his passion for publishing from his family; his grandfather, Harekrushna Das, was associated with the Cuttack Printing Company, a pioneering establishment founded by [[Gourishankar Ray]] and patronized by T.E. Ravenshaw. Braja Sundar himself was the director of the company for a long period.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

In 1910, Braja Sundar Das purchased a press from [[Puri]] and set up a type foundry using an attractive lead type considered the best in Odisha at the time. As a result, Mukur Press was published at Bhashakosh Lane in [[Cuttack]]. Later editions of [[Mukura]] were printed at the Mukura Press Premises, established by Das in Bhashakosh Lane, [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title="History of the Press in Odisha From Its Origin to 21st Century: An Inter-Regional Analysis". . . |journal=Utkal Historical Research Journal |volume=XXXV}}</ref>[[File:Mukura press.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Mukura|Mukura Press]], established by Das in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]|left]]Through [[Mukura]] and the Mukura Press, Braja Sundar Das not only published distinguished literary works but also provided a platform for young talent, many of whom would go on to become literary giants in the Odia language. One notable example is [[Godabarish Mohapatra|Godabarish Mahapatra]], whose poem "Banapur" (1915) caught Braja Sundar's attention. Das helped publish the poem, launching Mahapatra's literary career.

Similarly, when [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] planned to launch ''The Prajatantra'' to further [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ideals and stir nationalistic fervor, he faced challenges in finding a publishing house. Although Mahatab was hesitant to approach Braja Sundar due to the latter's ideological differences with the Congress party, Das agreed to publish the journal as a gesture of [[Odia language|Odia]] unity. Thus, ''The Prajatantra'' was launched and published at Mukura Press.<ref name=":0" />

Das also played a key role in promoting [[Gopal Chhotray]] as an eminent litterateur. In 1941, the [[British government of India|British Government]] had appointed Braja Sundar Das as the Chairman of the War Front, tasking him with garnering mass support. As part of this effort, Das organized a one-act playwriting competition to educate the public. Renowned participants included [[Aswini Kumar Ghose]] and [[Kalicharan Pattnaik|Kalicharan Patnaik]], but it was the young [[Gopal Chhotray]] who impressed Braja Sundar with his play "Sagarkanya." Das declared [[Gopal Chhotray|Chhotray]] the winner on the spot and suggested renaming the play "Sahadharmini." Years later, Chhotray expanded the play into a full-length work titled ''Sadhana'' in 1967.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satpathy |first=Sumanyu |date=2003 |title=People's Dramatist, Gopal Chhotray: A Tribute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341743 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=47 |issue=1 (213) |pages=191–196 |jstor=23341743 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

Many young intellectuals began their literary careers through [[Mukura]], making this period known as the Satyabadi Era for its literary and cultural significance.

Braja Sundar was also a founding member of the Orissa Olympic Association, which was central to the establishment of the [[Barabati Stadium]] at [[Cuttack]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=କରୁଣା ସାଗର ବେହେରା |url=https://archive.org/details/cuttack-one-thousand-years-v02-1990/page/176/mode/2up?q=braja |title=କଟକ, ୱାନ୍ ଥାଉଜାଣ୍ଡ ୟିଅର୍‌ସ୍, ଭାଗ ୦୨ |last2=କରୁଣା ସାଗର ବେହେରା ଆଦି |date=1990 |language=or}}</ref>

Braja Sundar, along with Prof. Laxmi Kanta Choudhury, Prof. Artaballav Mohanty, and Laxminarayan Sahoo, established the "Utkal Sangeet Samaj" to propagate and encourage [[Odissi]] dance and music.<ref name=":2" />

Das, as the President of the [[Utkal Sahitya Samaj]], outlined measures to establish a School of Art, as envisioned by Bipin Behari Choudhury. He was also the President of the Working Committee of the Orissa State People's Conference in 1931, which was aimed at looking over the all round development of education, health, agriculture, trade and industry in the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ପ୍ରହ୍ଲାଦ ସାହୁ |first=ସଂ |url=https://archive.org/details/towards-merger-1998/page/61/mode/2up?q=braja |title=ଟୁୱାର୍ଡ୍‌ସ ମର୍ଜର୍ |date=1998 |language=or}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Braja Sundar Das died on 9 June 1944. His collection of poems was later compiled in a memorial book titled "Brajasundara Smaraka".<ref name=":2" /> In 1960, Sriram Chandra Bhaban unveiled an oil painting of his portrait to honour his legacy.<ref name=":1" /> In 1987, through the generous donations of his family and the local public, the Braja Sundar Higher Secondary School was established, the first of its kind in the [[Jajpur]] region.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]

Saharsa Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:09Z

Yashvitoursin: starting some entry nd citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saharsa
| type = SLA
| map_image = 75-Saharsa constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Indrajeet Prasad Gupta|Er. I. P. Gupta]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Inclusive Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by =
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|75]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 370,709
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}

'''Saharsa Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saharsa district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11582935|title=Rampaging monkeys become election issue in India}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 75 Saharsa Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Kahara [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] including [[Saharsa]] nagar parishad; Saur Bazar CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Saharsa will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election2043">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/36-seats-in-bihar-to-have-electronic-voting-machines-with-paper-trail-facility-1204308|title=36 Seats in Bihar to Have Electronic Voting Machines With Paper Trail Facility}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/poll-bound-bihar-to-get-36-evms-with-paper-trail-facility/|title=Poll-bound Bihar to get 36 EVMs with paper trail facility}}</ref>

Saharsa Assembly constituency is part of No. 13 [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)]] .<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Saharsa Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/saharsa.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Vishweshvari Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="4" |Ramesh Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shankar Prasad Tekriwal
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ramesh Jha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Satish Chandra Jha
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |Shankar Prasad Tekriwal
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Sanjeev Kumar Jha
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Alok Ranjan Jha]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Arun Kumar Yadav (Saharsa politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Alok Ranjan Jha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Indrajeet Prasad Gupta|Er. I. P. Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Inclusive Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0475.htm
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Saharsa<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Indrajeet Prasad Gupta]]
|party = Indian Inclusive Party
|votes = {{formatnum:115036}}
|percentage = 44.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Alok Ranjan Jha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:112998}}
|percentage = 43.5
|change = {{decrease}}2.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kishor Kumar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:12786}}
|percentage = 4.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Devchandra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4353}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Swadhinta Party
|candidate = Amar Shankar
|votes = {{formatnum:2964}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2607}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change = {{decrease}}1.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2038}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change = {{decrease}}7.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:259763}}
|percentage = 70.07
|change = {{increase}}8.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian Inclusive Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Saharsa<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Alok Ranjan Jha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103538}}
|percentage = 45.59
|change = +12.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Lovely Anand]]
|votes = {{formatnum:83859}}
|percentage = 36.93
|change = -16.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kishor Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:12592}}
|percentage = 5.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Rana
|votes = {{formatnum:9994}}
|percentage = 4.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siyaram Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3276}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5307}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19679}}
|percentage = 8.66
|change = -11.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227106}}
|percentage = 61.22
|change = +3.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Saharsa<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Arun Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:102850}}
|percentage = 53.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alok Ranjan Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:63644}}
|percentage = 32.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sanjana Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:6618}}
|percentage = 3.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3853}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3253}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranveer Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1878}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5211}}
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39206}}
|percentage = 20.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193947}}
|percentage = 57.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|25|52|14|N|86|36|05|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Fatehpur Sikri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:34Z

Yashvitoursin: Starting some pg v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fatehpur Sikri
| constituency_no = 91
| map_image = 91-Fatehpur Sikri.svg
| mla = Babulal
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,57,817 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Fatehpur Sikri Assembly constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈfətɛɦpʊɾ ˈsiːkɾiː}}) is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Agra district|Agra]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=20 November 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 91.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 20 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/fatehpur-sikri.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| colspan=9 align=center|<small>''Constituency not in existence''</small>
|-
| 01 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Swami Visheshwaranand || [[Praja Socialist Party]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || <ref name="1957 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf|title=1957 Election Results|access-date=9 April 2020|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Champawati || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || R. Singh || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|title=1967 Election Results|access-date=9 April 2020|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Raghunath Singh || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Champawati || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="4" | [[Chaudhary Badan Singh|Badan Singh]]|| [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Party (Secular)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Lok Dal]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ummed Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Chaudhary Badan Singh|Badan Singh]]|| Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Babulal Chaudhary]] || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Surajpal Singh]] || [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || March 2012 || March 2017 || 1,829 || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=20 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Chaudhary Udaybhan Singh]] ||rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || March 2017 || Mar-2022||{{age in days|2017|03|19}} || ||<ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/fatehpursikri-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title=Fatehpur Sikri Assembly constituency Election Result|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Babulal Chaudhary]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent ||- || ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Fatehpur Sikri<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Babulal Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:112095}}
|percentage = 46.14
|change = {{decrease}}1.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Brijesh Chahar
|votes = {{formatnum:64826}}
|percentage = 26.69
|change = {{increase}}9.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:59641}}
|percentage = 24.55
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1620}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{decrease}}0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47269}}
|percentage = 19.45
|change = {{decrease}}3.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:242922}}
|percentage = 67.67
|change = {{decrease}}0.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{main|Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Fatehpur Sikri<ref name=" 2017 Election Results "/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chaudhary Udaybhan Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108586}}
|percentage = 47.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Surajpal Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56249}}
|percentage = 24.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Brijesh Kumar Chahar
|votes = {{formatnum:38307}}
|percentage = 16.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:21884}}
|percentage = 9.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1864}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:52337}}
|percentage = 22.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:229371}}
|percentage = 67.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}14.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{main|Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Fatehpur Sikri<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Surajpal Singh]]
|votes = 67,191
|percentage = 33.09
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| Independent
|candidate = Rajkumar Chahar
|votes = 61,568
|percentage = 30.32
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Chaudhary Baboo Lal
|votes = 34,330
|percentage = 16.91
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = JaKP
|candidate = Omprakash
|votes = 15,503
|percentage = 7.63
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitendra Fauzdar
|votes = 6,927
|percentage = 3.41
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dr Satyaprakash
|votes = 4,633
|percentage = 2.28
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Ajaj Ahmad
|votes = 3,372
|percentage = 1.66
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Samanta Dal
|candidate = Madhusudan Sharma
|votes = 2,836
|percentage = 1.40
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 8 candidates
|votes = 6,706
|percentage = 3.30
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,623
|percentage = 2.77
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,03,064
|percentage = 66.13
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Agra district]]
*[[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Srinagara Kitty

2026-04-13T17:46:49Z

Yashvitoursin: starting some stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinagara Kitty
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishna
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|07|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Abhay, Krishna
| website =
| spouse = Bhavana Belagere
}}

'''Krishna''' (born 8 July 1977) known by his [[stage name]] '''Srinagara Kitty''', is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] television series and films. He started off as a child artist working in a host of television serialized dramas before making his film debut in 2003 [[Chandra Chakori]].

His first major film as a lead actor was ''[[Inthi Ninna Preethiya]]'' (2008) which opened to positive reviews with his performance being noted. Following this, he featured in many feature films, notably ''[[Mathe Mungaru]]'' (2010), ''[[Savaari (2009 film)|Savari]]'' (2009), ''[[Hudugaru]]'' (2011) and ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]'' (2011). The success of these films recognized him as one of the best actors in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |title= I want to be an actor, not a star: Srinagara Kitty |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/I-want-to-be-an-actor-not-a-star-Srinagara-Kitty/articleshow/21598443.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 5 August 2013 |access-date= 7 June 2014 |archive-date= 11 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201011211907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/I-want-to-be-an-actor-not-a-star-Srinagara-Kitty/articleshow/21598443.cms? |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Family and early background==
Kitty comes from a joint family where he is the last child born to his parents. He is married to TV producer Bhavana Belegere and is the son-in-law of noted writer, journalist and TV Presenter [[Ravi Belagere]].

==Career==
===Television===
He started his career early as a Child artist with TV serials like – ''Malanadina Chitragalu'', ''Doddamane'', ''Kandana Kavya'' among many others. During this time, he was even active in stage plays and acted in plays like ''Kaadu'', ''Kappe Bhavi Nakshatra'', ''Akka'', ''Namma Nimmagalobba'', ''Sanje Mallige''.

Post his education, he starred TV serials for ETV, Udaya and Suvarna – prominent among them being, ''Chandrika'', ''Preethigagi'', ''Ananda Sagara'', ''Mane Mane Kathe'' and ''Bhoomi''.

===Films===
Kitty made his debut in films with the 2003 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'', in which he appeared in a negative role. He then appeared in negative roles with films like ''[[Gowdru]]'', [[Love Story (2005 film)|Love Story]], [[Aadhi film|Aadhi]], ''[[Ayya (2005 Kannada film)|Ayya]]'' and [[Vishnu Sena|Vishnusena]] most of which releases in the year 2005.

He made his debut in a lead role in ''Giri'' and followed it with ''[[Inthi Ninna Preethiya]]'' which gave him stardom. He then appeared in ''[[Olave Jeevana Lekkachaara]]'', ''Janumada Gelathi'', ''[[Mathe Mungaru]]'', ''[[Savari (2009 film)|Savari]]'', ''Male Barali Manju Irali'', ''[[Swayamvara (2010 film)|Swayamvara]]'', ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]'' and ''[[Hudugaru]]'', all of which saw moderate success with ''Sanju Weds Geetha'' and ''Hudugaru'' seeing success at the box-office. His performance in ''Savari'' won him the [[Filmfare Special Award - South|Filmfare Special Jury Award]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/srinagar-kitty-wows-with-new-look-in-gowli/article64999508.ece | title=Srinagar Kitty | newspaper=The Hindu | date=15 February 2022 | archive-date=15 April 2023 | access-date=15 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415003518/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/srinagar-kitty-wows-with-new-look-in-gowli/article64999508.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Kitty appeared in a triple role in the film ''[[Bahuparak]]''<ref>{{cite news |title= Kitty in Triple Role |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/Kitty-in-Triple-Role-kannada-news-108454 |work= indiaglitz.com |date= 4 June 2014 |access-date= 7 June 2014}}</ref> and also sang the song "Simple Preethige" for the film.<ref>{{cite news |title= Meghana New Discovery |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/Meghana-New-Discovery-kannada-news-108455 |work= indiaglitz.com|date= 4 June 2014 |access-date= 7 June 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004 || ''Abbabba Entha Huduga'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gowdru]]'' || Nanjunda ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2005 || ''[[Ayya (Kannada film)|Ayya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadi (2005 film)|Aadi]]'' || Manoj ||
|-
| ''Giri'' || Giri ||
|-
| ''[[Love Story (2005 film)|Love Story]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vishnu Sena]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Iruvar Mattum]]'' || Azhagu Sundaram || [[Tamil language|Tamil film]]<br/>Credited as Abhay
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Inthi Ninna Preethiya]]'' || Rajeeva || Credited as Krishna
|-
| ''[[Janumada Gelathi]]'' || Gowri Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[Savari (2009 film)|Savari]]'' || Gaali Seenu || Won{{emdash}}[[Filmfare Special Award – South]]
|-
| ''[[Olave Jeevana Lekkachaara]]'' || Balachandra "Balu" ||
|-
| ''[[Male Barali Manju Irali]]'' || Vishwas ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Swayamvara (2010 film)|Swayamvara]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Mathe Mungaru]]'' || Narayan "Nani" ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]'' || Sanjay "Sanju" ||
|-
| ''[[Hudugaru]]'' || Chandru || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Kannada]]
|-
| ''[[Panchamrutha]]'' || Purushottam ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Ko Ko]]'' || Kitty ||
|-
| ''[[Kilady Kitty]]'' || Kitty ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]]'' || Tony || Also co-producer
|-
| ''[[Appayya (2013 film)|Appayya]]'' || Appayya ||
|-
| ''Kariya Kanbitta'' || || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2014 || ''[[Savaari 2]]'' || Srinivas "Seenu" ||
|-
| ''[[Paru Wife of Devadas]]'' || Deva ||
|-
| ''[[Bahuparak]]'' || Manas, Mani & Mouni || [[dual role|Triple role]]
|-
| ''[[Namaste Madam]]'' || Nanda Gopal ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Whatsupp Love'' || || Special appearance
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Siliconn City]]'' || Sanjay ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2022 || ''[[Avatara Purusha (2021 film)|Avatara Purusha]]'' || Kumara ||
|-
| ''[[Garuda (2022 film)|Garuda]]'' || [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Sampath||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023 ||''[[Gowli (film)|Gowli]]''||Gowli|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Gawli's first-look poster out: Srinagar Kitty to headline Soora's directorial debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/mar/27/gawlisfirst-look-poster-outsrinagar-kitty-to-headlinesooras-directorial-debut-2282057.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618203630/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/mar/27/gawlisfirst-look-poster-outsrinagar-kitty-to-headlinesooras-directorial-debut-2282057.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veeram (2023 film)|Veeram]]'' || Narasimha ||
|-
|2024 ||''[[Avatara Purusha 2]]'' ||Kumara ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]'' || Sanjay "Sanju" || <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2023 |title=ಸಂಜು ವೆಡ್ಸ್‌ ಗೀತಾ 2ನಲ್ಲಿ ರಮ್ಯಾ ಇಲ್ಲ; ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು ಕೊಟ್ಟ ಕಾರಣ ಹೀಗಿದೆ! |url=https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/nagashekar-talks-about-sanju-weds-geeta-2-movie/409895.html |website=Vistara news |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725102235/https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/nagashekar-talks-about-sanju-weds-geeta-2-movie/409895.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maadeva]]'' || Samudra ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|''Terror''
| Bharath Das
|
|-
| {{pending film|Veshagalu}} || Basappa / Basamma || Filming<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Srinagara Kitty: Veshagalu explores how theatre troupes functioned in 2000 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/02/srinagara-kitty-veshagaluexplores-how-theatre-troupes-functioned-in-2000 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=2 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Buddhivantha 2}} || || ''Post-production''<ref>{{cite news |title=Upendra's 'Buddhivantha 2' is to release on this date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jul/26/upendras-buddhivantha-2-is-torelease-on-this-date-2598515.html |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731125407/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jul/26/upendras-buddhivantha-2-is-torelease-on-this-date-2598515.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Cameo appearance===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ball Pen (film)|Ball Pen]]'' || || Also co-producer
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Simple Agi Ondh Love Story]]'' || Love Guru ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in song "Bossu Nam Bossu"
|-
| 2014 || ''Nan Life Alli'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Adyaksha]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in song "Phonu Illa"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Buguri]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Abhinetri (2015 film)|Abhinetri]]'' || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ring Road (film)|Ring Road]]'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Whatsapp Love'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Happy Birthday (2016 Indian film)|Happy Birthday]]'' || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5303286|Srinagara Kitty}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121015165332/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/srinagara-kitty/filmography.html Srinagara Kitty filmography]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kitty, Srinagara}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]

Sulkhan Singh

2026-04-12T13:47:53Z

Yashvitoursin: starting new bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:The DGP of Uttar Pradesh, Shri Sulkhan Singh calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on June 15, 2017.jpg 
| caption = Sulkhan Singh with Union Home Minister, Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi
| office = [[Director General of Police|Director General]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
| term_start = 22 April 2017
| term_end = 31 December 2017
| predecessor = [[Javeed Ahmad|S. Javeed Ahmad]]
| successor = [[O.P. Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|9|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name =":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Roorkee]]<br/>[[IIT Delhi]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service<ref name =":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name =":0" /><br/>[[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Police Medal for Meritorious Service<ref name =":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name =":0" /><br/>[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|30px]] 50th Anniversary Independence Medal<ref name =":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br/>Union Home Minister’s Medals for excellence in Police Training<ref name=":HM Medal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/201607210603078397378medalfinal2107.pdf|title=List of Medal winners for 2014-15|last=|first=|date=July 21, 2016|website=[[Bureau of Police Research and Development]]|access-date=October 3, 2017}}</ref>
| office1 = [[Director General of Police|Director General]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] Training Directorate
| term_start1 = 11 April 2015
| term_end1 = 21 April 2017
}}

'''Sulkhan Singh''' (born 8 September 1957) is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer belonging to Uttar Pradesh cadre. He was the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].

== Education ==
Singh has a graduate degree in [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BTech/B.E.]]) from [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IIT Roorkee]] (then [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|University of Roorkee]]), a [[Postgraduate education|post graduate diploma]] in [[Structural engineering|Structural Engineering]] from [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/13_2_2017_11_28_44_IPS_GRAD_LIST_01_01_2017.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Cadre IPS Gradation List - 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Uttar Pradesh]]|publisher=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mha1.nic.in/ipr/ips_ersheet_new/ERSheet1.aspx|title=Sulkhan Singh - Executive Record Sheet|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424100743/http://mha1.nic.in/ipr/ips_ersheet_new/ERSheet1.aspx|archive-date=2016-04-24|url-status=dead|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> He also has a degree in Law ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name = ":0" />

==Career==
Sulkhan Singh has served in various key positions for [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] ([[Uttar Pradesh Police|Police]]), including as the [[Director general of police|Director General]] (DG) of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]], [[Director general of police|Director General]] of Training Directorate, [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]] (ADG) (Police Headquarters) in Allahabad, [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]]/[[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]]/Secretary (ADG/IG) in Department of Prison administration and reform of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]], [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] (IG) of Lucknow Zone, [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General]] of [[Lucknow]], [[Allahabad]] and [[Mirzapur]] ranges, and as District Senior [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]]/[[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SSP/SP) of [[Agra]], [[Allahabad]], [[Saharanpur]], and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] districts.<ref name=":2" /><ref name = ":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/29/sulkhan-singhs-rise-from-a-village-boy-to-uttar-pradeshs-top-cop-1599273.html|title=Sulkhan Singh's rise from a village boy to Uttar Pradesh's top-cop|last=Bajpai|first=Namita|date=29 April 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sulkhan-singh-takes-charge-new-up-dgp-cow-vigilantism-gundagardi-972903-2017-04-22|title=Sulkhan Singh takes charge as new UP DGP, promises zero tolerance against cow vigilantism, 'gundagardi'|last=|first=|date=22 April 2017|editor-last=Goswami|editor-first=Dev|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/sulkhan-singh-from-humble-background-to-up-s-top-cop/story-72zDGYdRr5AMZ2YKOfts6K.html|title=Sulkhan Singh -- From humble background to UP's top cop|last=|first=|date=25 April 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/headline-who-is-sulkhan-singh-here-is-all-you-need-to-know-about-ups-new-dgp/637705/|title=Who is Sulkhan Singh? Here is all you need to know about UP's new DGP|last=|first=|date=22 April 2017|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

Singh was given extension of three months in September 2017 to serve as Director General of Uttar Pradesh Police till December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh-dgp-sulkhan-singh-gets-three-month-extension-4867484/|title=Uttar Pradesh DGP Sulkhan Singh gets three-month extension|last=|first=|date=September 29, 2017|website=[[Indian express]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/up-dgp-sulkhan-singh-gets-three-month-extension-117092901153_1.html|title=UP DGP Sulkhan Singh gets three-month extension|last=|first=|date=September 29, 2017|website=[[Business Standard]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hours-after-farewell-uttar-pradesh-dgp-sulkhan-singh-gets-3-months-extension-2549306|title=Hours after farewell, Uttar Pradesh DGP Sulkhan Singh gets 3-month extension|last=Shukla|first=Srawan|date=September 29, 2017|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref>

Singh retired on 31 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/o-p-singh-is-new-dgp-of-uttar-pradesh/article22340795.ece|title=O. P. Singh is new DGP of Uttar Pradesh|last=|first=|date=January 1, 2018|website=[[The Hindu]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/om-prakash-singh-is-uttar-pradeshs-new-dgp-succeeds-sulkhan-singh-1619059.html|title=Om Prakash Singh is Uttar Pradesh's New DGP, Succeeds Sulkhan Singh|last=|first=|date=December 31, 2017|website=[[News 18]]|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-gets-a-new-dgp-op-singh-succeeds-sulkhan-singh-2071080.html|title=Uttar Pradesh gets a new DGP, OP Singh succeeds Sulkhan Singh|last=|first=|date=December 31, 2017|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref>

==Decorations==
<ref name =":1">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pdf/IPSGRADLIST20032015FINAL.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Cadre IPS Gradation List - 2015|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|publisher=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":HM Medal" />
* [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30x30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for meritorious service]] - Received on 15 August 1998
* [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30x30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for distinguished service]] - Received on 15 August 2006
* [[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|30x30px]] 50th Independence Anniversary Medal - Received on 15 August 1997
* Union Home Minister’s Medals for excellence in Police Training - Received on 8 September 2017

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sulkhan}}
[[Category:Director generals of Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:People from Banda, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vijayanagar, Bengaluru

2026-04-11T18:45:36Z

Yashvitoursin: starting first post first draft - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vijayanagara
| other_name = Vijayanagar
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.96|N|77.54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = Bangalore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560040,560104
| registration_plate = KA-02, KA-41
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Vijayanagara''' (formerly '''Vijayanagar'''), is a residential neighborhood in west [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. It derives its name from the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] that flourished in South India during the 15th and 16th centuries. It is bound by Mysore Road and Magadi Road, with Chord Road cutting through. It is the northernmost area in South Bangalore.

Vijay Nagar TTMC is the centre of Majestic as well as KSR railway station.

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = [[Kamakshipalya]]
|North = [[Basaveshwaranagar]]
|Northeast = [[Rajajinagar]]
|West = [[Saraswathinagar]]
|Centre = Vijayanagar
|East = [[Govindrajnagar]]
|Southwest = [[Chandra Layout]]
|South = [[Attiguppe]]
|Southeast = [[Bapuji Nagar]]
}}

==Education==
===Schools===
# Blueline school
# Cordial school
# Euro kids Vijayanagar
# NSVP convent
# Pinewoods school
# National English school
# St John's School
# St Michels Kids Kingdom Saraswathi Nagar
# St Michael's English School
# St Paul School
# The New Cambridge School[ICSE]

Government First Grade College was established in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://gfgc.kar.nic.in/vijayanagar |publisher=Government First Grade College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221033206/http://gfgc.kar.nic.in/vijayanagar |archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>

== Hospitals ==
* Precision Fertility Clinic - Dr

==Location==

Vijayanagar is near [[R.V. College of Engineering]], [[P.E.S. Institute of Technology]], [[M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology]], the [[Bangalore University]], the [[National Law School of India University]], [[Indian Institute of Fashion Technology]] and Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology.

It houses a large [[Public Library]], which is one of the largest in [[Karnataka]]. It also boasts of a unique Karnataka Haridasa Scientific Research Centre housed in the spacious Vijaya Ranga building.

Many buses ply to different parts of Bangalore. Bus route series 61 is a direct bus from Vijayanagar to [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]/Majestic which is at a distance of around 5 km.

Namma Metro has 3 stations on its Purple Line (Namma Metro)

# [[Hosahalli metro station|Balagangadharanatha Swamiji Station]]
#* provides easy access to Magadi Tollgate, Jai Muniroad circle, Vijayaganr Piple line areas
# [[Vijayanagar metro station|Vijayanagara Metro Station]]
#* provides easy access to Vijayangar, Vijayanagar 2nd Stage (Hampinagar) & Magadi Chordroad Layout (MC Layout)
# [[Attiguppe metro station|Attiguppe Metro Station]]
#* provides easy access to Vijayanagar 2nd Stage(Hampinagar), Attiguppe, Chandra Layout, Subbanna Gargen localities

There is a well-maintained Swimming pool in Vijayanagar 2nd Stage (Hampinagar)[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/apr/01/wheres-the-pool-for-a-summer-splash-240494.html]

==Sub-localities==
Vijayanagar East was formerly known as RPC Layout (Railway Parallel Chord Road Layout), as this locality is along the railway track. It has been recently renamed as Hampinagara, Vijayanagara 2nd Stage. Hampi was the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

Saraswatinagara and Govindrajnagara are two of the fastest-growing localities of Vijayanagara, which house some of the prominent people of Bengaluru. Bapujinagara, BCC Layout, Remco Layout, and Attiguppe are other sub-localities.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Bangalore
}}

* [https://www.deccanherald.com/city/ias-hub-city-s-vijayanagar-708554.html IAS den: Vijayanagar becomes Bengaluru’s, Rajendra Nagar]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

Bhivandi Murbad East Kalyan Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:18:24Z

Yashvitoursin: Creating new info from scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhiwandi Murbad East Kalyan
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 109,005
| mla = Fakih Mustafa Gulamnabi
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
<b>Bhiwandi Murbad East Kalyan Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. In 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Bhiwandi Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi]] and [[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Fakih Mustafa Gulamnabi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Jadhav Pandurang Dharmaji
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhiwandi Murbad East Kalyan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Fakih Mustafa Gulamnabi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,268 |percentage = 19.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Pandurang Dharmaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,436 |percentage = 18.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gholap Raghunath Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,776 |percentage = 11.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradhan Trimbak Raoji |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 9,349 |percentage = 8.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhatankar Jaganath Ganpat |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,926 |percentage = 8.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhalchandra Shivaram |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,926 |percentage = 7.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Donde Bhaurao Vithu |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,837 |percentage = 7.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Acharya Sakharam Krishnarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,303 |percentage = 6.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maddu Ibrahim Mohomad Hussain |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,073 |percentage = 6.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivram Krishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,989 |percentage = 5.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,492 |percentage = 8.88% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,883 |percentage = 49.03% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,883}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,005 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Kavathe Mahankal (Miraj) - Tasgaon (East) Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:09:09Z

Yashvitoursin: put up new info!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kavathe Mahankal (Miraj) - Tasgaon (East)
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951<ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 51,250
| mla = Patil Gundu Dasharath
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
'''Kavathe Mahankal (Miraj) - Tasgaon (East) Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Gundu Dasharath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kavathe Mahankal (Miraj) - Tasgaon (East) <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Gundu Dasharath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,963 |percentage = 64.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shendage Baburao Dada |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,469 |percentage = 15.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohite Jijaba Kondiba |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,801 |percentage = 12.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalke Nevritti Babu |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 2,291 |percentage = 7.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,494 |percentage = 49.09% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,524 |percentage = 57.61% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,524}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,250 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Dattatraya Balkrishna Limaye

2026-04-06T20:39:18Z

Yashvitoursin: Starting some article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian chemist (1887–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dattatraya Balkrishna Limaye
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1887|7|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Manache, [[Ratnagiri district]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1971|2|26|1887|7|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra
| fields = [[Organic chemistry]]
| workplaces = Ranade Industrial and Economic Institute
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]]
| known_for = Karanjin formula, Nidhone process
| awards = Balasaheb Mirajkar prize, Honorary D.Sc.
}}

'''Dattatraya Balkrishna Limaye''' (13 July 1887 – 26 February 1971) was an Indian chemist known for his contributions to the study of plant-based chemical compounds such as [[Karanjin]] and the development of the "Nidhone process." He served as a researcher and administrator at the Ranade Institute in [[Pune]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/456 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=456 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dattatraya Balkrishna Limaye was born on 31 July 1887 into a [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family in Manache, [[Devgad taluka]], [[Ratnagiri district]]. He completed his primary and secondary schooling in Havnur, [[Nashik]], and at the Prabhu Seminary in [[Mumbai]], passing his matriculation in 1905 with high distinction.<ref name="ISCAFounder">{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Dr. D. B. Limaye - The Founder of Institutionalized Chemical Research in Western India |url=https://www.isca.me/rjrs/archive/v1/iISC-2011/40.ISCA-ISC-2011-20SocS-02.php |journal=Research Journal of Recent Sciences |volume=1 |issue=ISC-2011 |pages=259–264}}</ref>

After a brief period at Elphinstone College, he moved to [[Fergusson College]] in Pune in 1907. While still a student in 1908, he established the Balakrishna Rasashala to manufacture chemicals. He earned his B.A. in physics (1909), B.Sc. (1910), and M.A. in chemistry (1911) from Bombay University. He was awarded the Balasaheb Mirajkar prize for achieving the highest marks in his university examinations.<ref name="ISCAFounder" />

In 1907, he moved to Pune to study at [[Fergusson College]]. While still a student in 1908, influenced by [[T. K. Gajjar]], he established the Balakrishna Rasashala to manufacture chemicals. He earned his B.A. with a focus on Physics in 1909, a B.Sc. in 1910, and an M.A. in chemistry in 1911. He was awarded the Balasaheb Mirajkar prize for achieving the highest marks at the [[Bombay University]]. , Limaye refused several prestigious government job offers, including lecturerships at [[Elphinstone College]] and the Royal Institute of Science, to maintain his political independence.<ref name="ISCAFounder" />

== Career ==
In 1912, Limaye was appointed as a research chemist at the Ranade Industrial and Economic Institute with a monthly salary of {{INRConvert|60|year=1912}}. He worked under the guidance of [[Harold Hart Mann]], conducting research on industrial applications of chemistry, such as using Tarvad bark for tanning hides; this process was later utilized by the British government during [[World War I]]. He also assisted local artisans in Pune and Varanasi with metalwork (Jari), mirror manufacturing, and soap processing.

Limaye was then promoted and became the Director at the Ranade Institute, serving until 1940. During his tenure, he often clashed with the institute's administration over his preference for fundamental research over purely applied science. In 1925, he built a private residence and laboratory named "Kapilashram" in Pune, where he dedicated a portion of his personal income to chemical research.<ref name="ISCAFounder" />

== Scientific contributions ==

=== Karanjin and Nidhone process ===
Limaye's most notable achievement was determining the chemical formula for [[Karanjin]] (C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>4</sub>),<ref name="ISCAFounder" /> a crystalline compound he isolated in the oil of the Karanj tree (''[[Pongamia glabra]]'').<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He successfully mapped its structure as three fused rings, which Nobel laureate [[Paul Karrer]] had been unable to do before.<ref name="ISCAFounder" /> To facilitate the synthesis of such compounds, he invented a new chemical method which he named the "Nidhone process".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balaram |first=P. |date=1990 |title=Cram's cavitands, Limaye and Rasayanam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24092814 |journal=Current Science |volume=59 |issue=8 |pages=399–399 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> The name was derived from "Nidhi" (referring to his research fund, Rasayananidhi) and "one" (indicating the [[Ketone]] group). This process gained international recognition and was adopted by researchers in the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and Japan to develop new chemical compounds.<ref name="ISCAFounder" />

=== Publications and academic roles ===
In 1930, Limaye was recognized as an M.Sc. and Ph.D. guide by Bombay University. To provide a platform for his students' research, he launched the English-language journal ''Rasayanam'' in 1936. The journal was edited by D. D. Karve and V. K. Bhagwat and remained in publication until 1956.<ref name="ISCAFounder" /> His work was also featured in international and domestic academic publications, including the ''Journal of the Indian Chemical Society'' and the German Chemical Society's journal, ''Berichte''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Philosophy and personal life ==
Limaye was known for his commitment to rationalism and the dignity of labour. He named his home after Kapila, the exponent of [[Samkhya]] philosophy, and avoided traditional religious festivals in favour of scientific inquiry. He frequently performed manual tasks himself, including mending shoes and cleaning his laboratory, to set an example for his students. A frugal scientist, Limaye often invented his own laboratory equipment to save costs, such as a charcoal-based combustion furnace to replace more expensive imported models. He emphasized the importance of using indigenous Indian natural resources and predicted a future energy crisis as early as the 1960s. [[C. V. Raman]], with whom Limaye shared a close friendship, appreciated Limaye for his selfless intellectual pursuits. Limaye was also a follower of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref name="ISCAFounder" />

== Legacy and awards ==
Limaye established the "Rasayananidhi" trust<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> in 1930 to fund chemical research in Western India. In 1949, he founded "Rasayan Mandir," a dedicated laboratory for theoretical and applied chemistry. Although the laboratory was dissolved in 1962 due to a lack of government grants, its assets were donated to the University of Poona to establish a doctoral fellowship in his memory.

In 1967, on his 80th birthday, the University of Poona awarded him an honorary D.Sc. (Doctor of Science) in recognition of his lifetime of research and mentorship of 40 M.Sc. and 2 Ph.D. students. Limaye died in Pune on 26 February 1971 following a kidney ailment.<ref name="ISCAFounder" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Limaye, D. B.}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian organic chemists]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]

Velur, Thrissur

2026-03-26T19:03:09Z

Yashvitoursin: general fixed article per standard format and added references

{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Velur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Veloor
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|38|36.4014|N|76|9|44.553|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 28.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 22155
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680601
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04885
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.89 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 90.15%
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Velur''' or '''Veloor''' is a village and [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Kunnamkulam]] Taluk, [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India with a population of 22,155.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/tsr_02.PDF |title=Panchayat Level Statistics 2001, Thrissur District |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107152854/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/tsr_02.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other places close to Velur are [[Kechery]], [[Wadakkanchery]] etc.

==History==
This village was a part of Chengazhinad (one of the 18 states of [[Cochin Kingdom]]) under rule of Chengazhi Nambiar or (Chengazhi Nambi).

===Historical struggles===

* Fr. Johann Ernst Hanxleden,[2] who is popularly known as Arnos Pathiri, who written the first Malayalam - Portuguese Encyclopedia [3] This Jesuit priest from Germany has given his energy not only to Velur but to the whole world through his literary works. It is believed that the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|Velur church]] was founded by Arnos Pathiri about three centuries ago on 3 December 1712 in honour of St. Francis Xavier.
*Velur kanal Samaram-1948. Velur Kanal Samaram was conducted by the Communist Party against the cruel treatment and exploitation of the labourers by the person who had undertaken the work of constructing a canal from the [[Vazhani Dam]] reservoir for irrigation. Some of the leaders of this historic struggle that helped in the growth of Communist Party in the area were A.S.N. Nambissan (former M.L.A.), C.P. Francis and K.S. Sankaran.
*Marumarakkal Samaram in Velur Manimalarkavu-1952

==Transport==

Transport is provided by State owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] and private transport bus operators. Road transport is also supported by private taxis and autorickshaws also called autos.

Auto Rikshaws available at Post Office centre, Chungam, Pazhaya Post Office, Thandilam Road, Puliyannur, Thayyur
State Highway 76 pass through Velur. [[State Highway 76 (Kerala)|SH 76]] Kuranchery - Velur - [[Kechery]] Road. 12.838 km .
Direct bus available from Thrissur Shakthan stand, Wadakanchery Ottupara bus stand, Guruvayur, Kunnamkulam, Kechery(6 km).

The nearest railhead is Wadakkanchery 13 km, Other nearest railway stations are Thrissur (20 km), Shoranur (28 km), and Guruvayur (15 km).

Nearest Airports:
*[[Cochin International Airport]] (Nedumabassery airport) (nearly 75 km)
*[[Calicut International Airport]] (nearly 100 km)

==Places of worship==

===St. Francis Xavier Forane Church===

Velur is centered around the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|St. Francis Xavier Forane]] [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], which is a protected monument<ref name=pillai>{{cite book |title=A Hand Book on Protected Monuments of Kerala |last=Pillai |first=R. Chandran |year=2001 |publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[Government of Kerala]] |oclc= 63125677 }}</ref> in the [[Archdiocese of Thrissur]] with considerable antiquity and spiritual heritage. Historically this Forane church has been the mother church of many parishes. Four Forane divisions have come into existence out of this church. The fame of the church is closely linked with the fame of its founder, Fr. [[Johann Ernst Hanxleden]],<ref name=pillai/> who is popularly known as Arnos Padiri., who wrote the first Malayalam - Portuguese Encyclopedia <ref>{{cite book |title=The Portuguese and the socio-cultural changes in India, 1500-1800 |last=Mathew |first=K. S. |year=2001 |publisher=Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, MESHAR |isbn=978-81-900166-6-7 |page=463 }}</ref> This [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] from [[Germany]] has given his energy not only to Velur but to the whole world through his literary works. It is believed that the Velur church was founded by Arnos Padiri about three centuries ago on 3 December 1712 in honor of [[St. Francis Xavier]]. Recently a new Church is constructed near the old church.

===Manimalarkavu temple===

Manimalarkavu temple (one of the 18 royal temples (Pathinettara Kavu) under Cochin Kingdom) is a major place of worship for Hindus in Velur. "Manimalarkavu pooram" festival (or Kumra Bharani usually it falls between 15 February to 10 March) is one of the major attractions of tourists as it is colourful by the man-made horses of very huge sizes, which is rarely seen in other places. These man made horses (considers the daughter of the goddess) representing from each small localities (desham ) from this village (including from some neighbouring villages) and this festival is known as Kumbha Bharani Vela( Kuthira vela, No any animals used in this festival like Elephant). During these days many devi (goddess) temples in Kerala celebrating the yearly festivals in different ways.

===Other places of worship===

There are many other worship places in Velur village. They are mainly Cheramankadu ayyapan temple, Velur Karthiani temple, Kandamkolangara Shiva temple, Cherunthala Shiva temple, Kurur Krishna temple, Kurumal Sree Bhagavathi Temple, Kurumal Karuvathoor Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kuttikattukolangare Devi temple, pazhavoor Ayyappan Kavu Temple, Pazhavoor Sree Kottayil Bagavathy Temple, Nelluvai Dhanwandhari Temple, Thayyur Nithya Sahaya Matha Church, Thayyoor Subramaniyaswami Temple, Thayyoor Lothykavu Temple, St. Antoney's church Thandilum, Sree Rama Swami Temple Vellatanjur, Santhanagopalamurthy Temple Kuruvannur, Sri Parikkal Bagwathi Temple Puliyannur and Thandilum Mosque.

== Places of interest ==
[[File:Arnos Pathiri Church, Velur 07.jpg|thumb|Arnos Church, Velur]]
*[[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|St. Francis Xavier Forane Church (Protected Monument)]]
*[http://www.arnospathiri.in/ Arnos Padiri Building]
*Manimalarkavu Temple
*Cheramankadu ayyapan temple
*Kodasheri Mala
*Peruvan Mala
*Cheernthala Sheva Temple
*Karthyane Temple
*Thayyur Kotta
*Kurumal Bhagavathi temple
*
*Kurumal Sreerama swami temple

== Government offices ==

*Velur co-operative society (near Velur church (main), Velur Chungam, Kiralur, old post office)
*Velur-chungam - Primary Health Centre
*Health Centre at Velur panjayath Building, near post office (homeopathic and ayurvedhic treatments )
*BSNL Office at Post Office Centre, Velur
*KSEB Office at Old Post Office Centre, Velur
*Village Office Near Post Office Centre, Velur
*Milk Society, Thayyur Road, Near Post Office Centre, Velur

== Other institutions ==
*Govt. R S R V H S S Velur
*St. Xavier’s U P School, St. Francis Xavier’s Nursery School
*PMLP School Kiraloor
*Sal Sabeel LP School (CBSE), Kurumal (Kiraloor)
*Sri Vigneswra CBSE School, Kiraloor Road, Velur Chungam
*RMLP School, Velur West
*FATRI – Family apostolate training & research institute.
*Lisieux College, Naduvilangadi
*Sanjo Bhavan of sisters of St. Joseph the worker, Velur Bazar
*St. Thomas UPS Puliannur
*Govt.HS School, Thayyur

The village has some important government offices - like the Village office, post office, KSEB Section Office, South Indian Bank, Velur Service Co operative Bank (3 Branches), [[Krishi Bhavan]], Telephone Exchange (BSNL) etc. The village is covered under all cellular / mobile operators (GSM and CDMA) and 4G Coverage by Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited in Kerala circle.

==Notable people from Velur==
* [[Pushpavathy Poypadathu]], singer

==External links==
*Website : Velur Grama Panchayath
* [http://www.velurchurch.in/ Velur Church Website]
*Page hosted by Local Self Government Department of Govt. of Kerala: [http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/pages/lb_general_info.php?intID=5&ID=732&ln=en Velur Grama Panchayath]
*[http://lsgkerala.in/velurpanchayat/history/ Velur Panchayath History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152907/http://lsgkerala.in/velurpanchayat/history/ |date=21 December 2019 }}

== See also ==
*[[Roads in Kerala]]
*[[List of state highways in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}
* [http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=SH&pageId=249 Public Works Department, Government of Kerala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161434/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=SH&pageId=249 |date=21 July 2011 }}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

Patratu (community development block)

2026-03-25T16:04:36Z

Yashvitoursin: brief improve section per sources also

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patratu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6645|N|85.3055|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 256.19
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 508
| population_total = 247,841
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829118
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0651
| registration_plate = JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]]
| website = {{URL|ramgarh.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Patratu (community development block)''' is an administrative division in the [[Ramgarh subdivision]] of the [[Ramgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Maoist activities==
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by [[Naxalite|Maoist]] activities. {{As of|2012}}, Ramgarh was not among the highly affected districts in the state.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/Assessment/2013/Jharkhand.htm |title = Jharkhand Assessment 2013 | publisher= Satp | access-date = 23 September 2017}}</ref> According to the Jharkhand Police spokesperson and Inspector General (IG) Saket Singh, as reported on 8 December 2020, "The activities of CPI-Maoist are now confined to small pockets in the state because of our efforts." Civilian fatalities, a key index of security in a region, declined from 20 in 2019, to 8 in 2020, the lowest in this category since 2000, when there were 13 such fatalities. The 28 total fatalities recorded in 2020 are also the lowest overall fatalities recorded in the state in a year since 2000, when they stood at 36.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/O/68556/jharkhand-dying-embers.html | title= Jharkhand: Dying Embers |publisher= India Blooms| access-date = 30 January 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[Patratu]] is located at {{coord|23.6645|N|85.3055|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|508|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Patratu.html | title = Patratu, India Page | access-date = 15 November 2015 | publisher = Fallingrain Genomics}}</ref>

A major portion of the district is a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Damodar trough|Damodar trough]] on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi Plateau|Ranchi Plateau]], the largest part of the Chotanagpur Plateau is on the south and the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Hazaribagh Plateau|Hazaribagh Plateau]] is on the north. The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] is the principal river of the district. The main tributaries of Damodar in the area are Naikari, Bhairavi/ Bhera and [[Bokaro River|Bokaro]]. The [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] flows through the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Rajrappa]] falls and Naikari dam are important landmarks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 7-8: Physiography, Drainage|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 January 2021}}</ref>

Patratu CD block is bounded by the [[Barkagaon (community development block)|Barkagaon]] and [[Dadi (community development block)|Dadi]] CD blocks in the Hazaribagh district on the north, the [[Ramgarh (community development block)|Ramgarh]] CD block on the east, the [[Burmu block|Burmu]], [[Kanke block|Kanke]] and [[Ormanjhi block|Ormanjhi]] CD blocks in Ranchi district on the south and Burmu CD block in Ranchi district on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ramgarh.html| title= CD block/tehsil map of Ramgarh |publisher= MapsofIndia| access-date = 29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/hazaribagh.html | title= CD block/ tehsil map of Hazaribagh |publisher= Maps0fIndia| access-date = 29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ranchi.html| title= CD block/ tehsil map of Ranchi |publisher= MapsofIndia| access-date = 29 January 2021}}</ref>

Patratu CD block has an area of 256.19 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 24: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 January 2021}}</ref> [[Patratu#Police station|Patratu]] and [[Balkundra|Basal]] police stations serve Patratu CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| title = District Police Profile - Ramgarh| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 29 January 2021| archive-date = 28 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128091035/https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| url-status = dead}}</ref> The headquarters of Patratu CD block is located at [[Patratu]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Ramgarh district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 January 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Patratu CD block had a total population of 247,841, of which 92,822 were rural and 155,019 were urban. There were 129,469 (52%) males and 118,372 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 33,440. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 64,643 (26.08%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 31,991 (12.91%).<ref name=census2011/>

[[Patratu]], [[Saunda]], [[Jainagar, Ramgarh|Jainagar]], [[Hesla, Ramgarh|Hesla]], [[Balkundra]], [[Lapanga, Ramgarh|Lapanga]] and [[Barkakana]] are [[census town]]s in Patratu CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 November 2015}}</ref>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Patratu CD block was 160,806 (75.00% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 93,705 (83.49% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 67,101 (65.67% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 17.82%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Ramgarh district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Patratu CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|79.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|12.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|5.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.41}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.11}}
}}

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Patratu CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 45.87 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 25.41 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 7.19 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value4 = 5.32 |color4 = crimson
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 5.02 |color5 = gold
|label6 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] |value6 = 4.31 |color6 = burlywood
|label7 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value7 = 1.37 |color7 = orchid
|label8 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value8 = 1.10 |color8 = darkturquoise
|label9 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value9 = 1.02 |color9 = moccasin
|label10 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value10 = 1.01 |color10 = mediumseagreen
|label11 = Others |value11 = 2.38 |color11 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 45.87% of the population spoke [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 25.41% [[Hindi]], 7.19% [[Urdu]], 5.32% [[Magahi language|Magahi]], 5.02% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 4.31% [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], 1.37% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.10% [[Santali language|Santali]], 1.02% [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and 1.01% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
Ramgarh district was carved out of Hazaribagh district in 2007. In 2004–2005, 40-50% of the population of Hazaribagh district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category, being in the same category as Godda, Giridih and Koderma districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 25 January 2021}}</ref> Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 25 January 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood<br/>in Patratu CD block'''
|value1 = 15.08
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 12.12
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.31
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 69.50
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Patratu CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 10,993 and formed 15.08%, agricultural labourers numbered 8,832 and formed 29.41%, household industry workers numbered 2,410 and formed 3.31% and other workers numbered 50,656 and formed 69.50%. Total workers numbered 72,891 and formed 29.41% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 174,950 and formed 70.59% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 47 and 51, pages 48 and 51 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 30 January 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 67 inhabited villages in Patratu CD block. In 2011, 46 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 66 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 64 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 6 villages had post offices, 5 villages had sub post offices, 9 villages had telephones (land lines), 26 villages had mobile phone coverage. 67 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 9 villages had bus service (public/ private), 8 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 15 villages had taxi/vans and 23 villages had tractors. 4 villages had bank branches. 27 villages had [[public distribution system]], 7 villages had weekly haat (market) and 33 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 196-97, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 30 January 2021 }}</ref>

===Coal mining===
The projects of the [[Barka Sayal Area]] are: Bhurkunda underground, Central Saunda underground, Saunda D underground, Saunda underground, Sayal D underground, Urimari underground, North Urimari/ Birsa opencast, Bhurkunda opencast. The area office is at Sayal, PO Saunda.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/bksyl.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Barka Sayal |publisher= CCL| access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

===Industries===
[[Patratu Thermal Power Station]] at [[Patratu]] was initially built by the Russians and commissioned in 1966–72. Subsequently, 4x110 MW BHEL units were added. The plant has become old and operates at a derated{{clarify|What does this mean?|date=June 2021}} capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jseb.in/info/patratu-thermal-power-station |title=Patratu Thermal Power Station | Jharkhand State Electricity Board |access-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001103/http://www.jseb.in/info/patratu-thermal-power-station |archive-date= 31 December 2013|url-status=dead }}</ref>

The foundation stone for the 800 x 5 MW [[Patratu Super Thermal Power Project]] was laid by [[Narendra Modi]], Prime Minister, in 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/pm-modi-inaugurates-ntpcs-rs-18000-crore-patratu-thermal-power-plant-in-jharkhand/64321640| title= PM Modi inaugurates NTPC's Rs 18,000 crore Patratu thermal power plant in Jharkhand |publisher= ET Energy World, 25 May 2018| access-date = 30 January 2021}}</ref>

Patratu Dam, was built to supply water for the Patratu Thermal Power Station. It has been built across the Nalkarni River, a tributary of the [[Damodar River]] and has an 81 sq mi reservoir.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://ramgarh.nic.in/tourist-place/patratu-dam/ | title= Patratu Dam | work= Tourist Places |publisher= Ramgarh district administration| access-date = 8 January 2021}}</ref>

The Indo-Asahi Glass Company Limited, now IAG Glass Company Limited, has a glass factory at [[Bhadani Nagar]]. It has been modernised by Vijay Joshi, the present owner.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.iagcompany.in/overview.aspx | title= About us |publisher= IAG | access-date = 30 January 2021}}</ref>

[[Jindal Steel and Power]] has set up a 0.6 million tonnes per year wire rod mill and a 1 million tonnes per year bar mill at [[Patratu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jindalpower.com/jindal-steel-power-limited.html | title = About Us | publisher = Jindal Power | access-date = 30 January 2021 | archive-date = 4 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210204035702/https://www.jindalpower.com/jindal-steel-power-limited.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Barkakana Junction railway station]] came up early with the construction in 1927 of the [[Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line]] and the [[Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh line]]. The line from Barkakana to Daltonganj came up in 1929 and ultimately became the [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line]].<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|title=Indian Railway History Time line|last=Saxena|first=R.P.|work=Irse.bravehost.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-date=29 February 2012|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
The [[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line]] became functional between Koderma and Barkakana in 2015 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-hazaribagh-koderma-dmu-train/| title= Hazaribagh Town railway station opens| access-date = 31 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hazaribagh-barkakana-railway-line-opened-for-traffic-116120701202_1.html | title= Hazaribagh-Barkakana railway line opened| access-date = 31 January 2021}}</ref> The entire stretch was sanctioned in 1998–99. The Barkakana-Ranchi line has been delayed so much that even news about it is not published.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.railnews.in/hazaribagh-barkakana-section-of-koderma-ranchi-new-railway-line-project-inaugurated/ | title= Hazaribagh-Barkakana section of Koderma-Ranchi New Railway Line Project inaugurated |publisher= Rail News, 8 December 2016 | access-date = 31 January 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Patrartu CD block had 21 villages with pre-primary schools, 59 villages with primary schools, 36 villages with middle schools, 6 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village with general degree college, 1 village with non-formal training centre.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Ramgarh, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 195 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 30 January 2021}}</ref>
<br/><small>.*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand</small>

==Healthcare==
Patratu CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 15 villages with primary health subcentres, 1 village with maternity and child welfare centre, 1 village with allopathic hospital, 1 village with family welfare centre, 1 village with medicine shop.<ref name=directory/>
<br/><small>.*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included</small>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwxZSscmH-E पटना - रांची नया रेल लाइन कब शुरू होगी देख लो (When will the Patna-Ranchi line start?) 14 July 2020 * Commentary in Hindi)]
}}

{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Ramgarh district]]

History of Manipur

2026-03-23T03:59:30Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{Short description|Historical account of Manipur}}
{{Distinguish|text=history of [[Manipur (Mahabharata)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
The '''history of the Indian state of Manipur''' is reflected by archaeological research, [[recorded history|written history]] and [[Meitei mythology|mythology]]. Historically, [[Manipur]] was an independent sovereign kingdom ruled by [[Ningthouja dynasty|Meitei dynasty]] but at different point of time it was invaded and rule over by other state and authority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Caroline |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755624355 |title=An Imperial Crisis in British India |date=2015 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-987-2|pages=150–152|doi=10.5040/9780755624355 |quote=Ghose maintained that under the Indian Penal Code only subjects of the Queen or foreigners residing in British India could be guilty of waging war against the Queen. Manipur was an independent sovereign state and..}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=Vibha |last2=Kipgen |first2=Ngamjahao |date=2012 |title=The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26290634 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=429–449 |doi=10.1177/0038022920120303 |jstor=26290634 |s2cid=157167951 |issn=0038-0229|quote= Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by Meitei dynasty. The physical boundary of Manipur has been fluctuating with historical changes in political power and the intra state and the inter state boundaries|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Htin Aung |first=U. |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin |title=A history of Burma |date=1967 |publisher=New York, Columbia University Press |others=Internet Archive|page=117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baruah |first=S. L. |date=1983 |title=THE BURMESE AND THE NORTH EAST (from the middle of 18th century to the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139912 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=44 |pages=609–613 |jstor=44139912 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The [[Manipur (princely state)#Kangleipak State|Kangleipak State]] developed under King [[Loiyumba]] with its first written constitution in the early 12th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=KSHETRIMAYUM |first=JOGENDRO |date=2009 |title=Shooting the Sun: A Study of Death and Protest in Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663656 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=40 |pages=48–54 |jstor=25663656 |issn=0012-9976 |quote=Loiyamba Shinyen (ls), considered the first writ ten constitution of Manipur (Kabui 1988; Naorem 1988). Dated to 1110 ad, it was written during the reign of Loiyamba or Loiyumba}}</ref> [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] under the 18th-century king [[Pamheiba]] saw the legendary burning of sacred scripture.

Manipur became a [[princely state]] under [[British Raj|British rule]] in 1891 after the [[Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo-Manipur war]], the last of the independent states to be incorporated into [[British Raj]] as a princely state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lokendra |first=N. |title=The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1950) |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=35–38 |isbn=978-81-7099-696-5 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] was the scene of [[Operation U-Go|battles]] between [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]] and [[Allied forces (World War II)|Allied forces]]. After the war, [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodhachandra]] signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into [[Dominion of India|India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm |title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949 |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> It was made a [[union territory]] in 1956<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a full-fledged [[States and union territories of India|state]] in 21 January 1972.<ref>{{Cite web | title=An Act further to amend the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)Act, 1971 | url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107110726/http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf | archive-date=7 November 2013 | access-date=26 March 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
{{Further|Manipur#Alternate names}}
During the latter part of its history, Manipur and its people were known by different names to their neighbours. The [[Shan people|Shans]] or Pongs called the area Cassay, the [[Burma|Burmese]] Kathe, and the [[Assamese people|Assamese]] Meklee. In the first treaty between the British [[East India Company]] and [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Chingthangkhomba]] signed in 1762, the kingdom was recorded as Meckley. Bhagyachandra and his successors issued coins engraved with the title of Manipureshwar, or lord of Manipur and the name Meckley was discarded. Later on, the [[Sanskritisation]] work, ''Dharani Samhita'' (1825–34) popularized the legends of the derivation of Manipur's name.<ref>Gangmuei Kabui, ''History of Manipur'', National Publishing House, Delhi, 1991.</ref>

== Prehistoric ==
{{Main|Prehistory of Manipur}}

Archaeological research in [[Northeast India]] is severely scarce, mostly limited to surface explorations, and lacking in state-of-the-art methods.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=2,10,11}}

=== Human settlement ===
Few attempts have been made to establish the earliest human settlement in Northeast India, and it is generally thought to have been uninhabited by [[archaic humans]] prior to late [[Pleistocene]] due to unfavorable geographical conditions.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=73,74}} This is however disputed and Northeast Corridors are proposed by some scholars to have played a defining role in early hominid migrations and [[peopling of India]].{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=74,92}}

=== Paleolithic ===
[[File:Stone Erections of Willong Khullen.jpg|thumb|300px|Prehistoric stone erections in the "Willong Khullen" village in northern [[Manipur]], which slightly resembles the [[Stonehenge]] of [[England]]]]
Most scholars do not discuss a [[Paleolithic]] age in Manipur (and Northeast).{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=75,80}} However, Manjil Hazarika, in his 2017 survey of prehistory of Northeast India, rejects that there exists any plausible ground to deny presence of Paleolithic culture in Manipur.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=153}}

A few Paleolithic sites (Khangkhui, Napachik, Machi, Somgu and Singtom) have been located in Manipur.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=79,90}} Though, in absence of good chrono-stratigraphic context of the finds and their cohabitation with remains of other ages, accuracy of such identifications remains open to critiques.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=75,80}} The existence of [[Hoabinhian|Hoabinhian-like complexes]] remains disputed, as well.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=86}}

=== Neolithic ===
Multiple [[Neolithic]] sites have been identified in Manipur; they include Nongpok Keithelmanbi, Napachik, Laimenai, Naran Siena, and Phunan.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=100,111,112}} Considered to be part of a larger Southeast Asian complex, the identifications are primarily accorded on the basis of stone tools and pottery (esp. cord-impressed ware); characteristic cultural identifiers of the Neolithic (agriculture, animal rearing etc.) are yet to be located and their development chronology is subject of active research.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=95,111,112,141,142,153}} Hazarika notes the Neolithic culture in Northeast to have begun some four thousand years after that in the Gangetic Plains.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=140}}

[[Meitei language|Meiteilon]], lingua-franca of Meiteis belongs to the TB phylum.{{sfn|Post|Burling|2017|p=232,233}} Hazarika notes the Manipuri sites to have an abundance of three-legged pottery and cord-impressed ware, very similar to the ones found in Southern China and Thailand, and hypothesizes that Manipur might have been the melting pot of Neolithic impulses from adjoining regions.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=112,113,142,143}} [[Roger Blench]], in agreement with [[George van Driem]]'s reconstructions of archeo-linguistic history of Southeast Asia, proposes that Northeast India accommodated a diverse group of foragers since Neolithic age, who learned agriculture and animal rearing c. 4000 B.C before migrating eastwards and establishing the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] (TB) phylum.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=58}}

=== Chalcolithic and beyond ===
Hazarika notes the broader region to not show evidence of any significant cultural transformation, upon the dawning of [[Chalcolithic|Copper Age]] (and then, [[Iron Age]]).{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=16}} The state has an abundance of [[megalith]]s of various shapes, serving distinct purposes.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=150,151}}

=== Iron Age ===
There has been a marked absence of historical evidence especially written records governing the span between Iron Age and the first millennium in North East India.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=16}} Chronicles of other nations mention that trade networks between India proper and South China were likely operating via Manipur; pilgrims are reported to have entered India from China via these territories.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=69,70}} The geopolitical history of the region along with the ethno-linguistic background of the inhabitants are largely unknown.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Brandt|2017|pp=122}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=55}}

== History ==
{{Main|Kangleipak}}

=== Sources ===
[[File:Vishnu_temple,_Bishnupur_01.jpg|thumb|A temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]], built in Bishnupur]]
The primary source concerning ancient and medieval Manipur has been restricted to the ''[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]'' (''Ch. K''.) – the court history of the kings of Manipur – which dates the first king to 33 CE.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=45-46}} However, the historical record herein up to the reign of [[Senbi Kiyamba|King Kyampa]] (1467–1508 CE) are noted to have been redrafted during the reign of [[Ching-Thang Khomba]] (Bhagyachandra) in the mid- to late-18th century because those leaves were "lost". This part of the chronicle remains particularly unreliable. The kings of that period are assigned extraordinary spans of length, and there is a scarcity of objective information.{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=46}} Saroj Nalili Parratt hypothesizes that many of these monarchs were probably borrowed from the cultural pantheon and interspersed with religious myths to fit into their collective memory of intra-clan conquests and legitimize the current rule by the Meitei. Parratt as well as [[Gangmumei Kamei]] suspect that the initiation date of 33 CE was arrived upon by the scribes via astrological calculations.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=4-6,13}}

''Ch. K''. is also a Meitei chronicle – [[Meitei people|Meitei]] being one of the migrant clans, originally named Ningthouja, who (at some unknown point of time) assimilated others into a confederacy, and gained rulership of the monarchy – with the early sections being essentially themed on the expansion of the Meitei across the valley of Manipur and other exploits.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=4}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=57-58}}

Some local authors have used [[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puyas]], archaic Manipuri manuscripts in their reconstruction of Manipuri History. This tendency has been criticized by Parratt and others; none of these texts are yet dated by professional historians or subject to serious textual-critical scrutiny, and hence are not suitable for purposes other than commenting on Meitei traditions.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=10,11}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=52-53}}{{efn|Bryce Beemer writes, "Manipur developed a textual tradition on par with that of Upper Burma or Java. The continued existence of clan identities and leadership is one reason for the bewilderingly diverse historical traditions of Manipur. Each clan wrote its own creation myths, religious histories, clan genealogies, and dynastic accounts of noble houses. Although many of these historical texts contradict each other, they represent a rich ore yet to be mined by most Southeast Asianists."{{sfn|Beemer|2013|pp=266}}}} Scholars have also found Puyas to have been (potentially) forged by [[Meitei nationalism|Meitei Nationalists]] in support of their [[Invented tradition|reinvention of history and tradition]].{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=11,17}}{{sfnp|Brandt|2017|pp=128}}{{sfnp|Naorem|2015|pp=219}}

=== Mythology and early kings ===
Pakhangpa, a primordial dragon god in Meitei mythology, is credited in ''Ch. K''. for having established the Meitei rule by subjugating the "Poireitons". The first seven kings mentioned over ''Ch. K.'' – Pakhangpa, Tompok, Taothingmang, Khui Ningngongpa, Pengsipa, Kaokhongpa and Naokhampa – allegedly ruled until 411 CE. Barring Pakhangpa and Taothingmang, the chronicle only records the regnal span of each king. Parratt notes that there's not even any evidence of these seven rulers belonging to the same dynasty, and in all probabilities they were reconstructed from oral legends of varying origins. The chronicle itself mentions that nothing much is known about these "divine"-like kings.[[File:Uttra Sanglen.JPG|thumb|300px|A historic dual statue of dragon lion [[Kanglasha]] in front of the inner entrance gate to the [[Kangla Palace]] of [[Imphal]], which was once the ruling seat of the [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei kings]] in old days.|left]]Naokhampa was succeeded by Naophangpa, about whom nothing significant is mentioned in the chronicle. He was succeeded by his son Sameirang, who fought a successful battle over Aangom, a fellow clan. The next ruler was Konthoupa and his reign saw some devastating warfare with "Senloi Langmai". After a monarch-less span of five years, Naothingkhong became the next king. During his reign the chieftain of Pong Kingdom is noted to have engaged in an annexation spree before returning via Manipur. Khongtekcha was the next king; a successful battle over the Moirang clan is noted, and he ruled for ten years. After a gap of eleven years, the next king was Keirencha, who ruled for fifteen years. He was succeeded by Yarepa, who reigned for twenty two years. Nothing else is noted about these two kings. The next four kings were Aayangpa, Ningthoucheng, Chenglei Yipan Lanthapa and Yirengpa, who ruled for a combined total of 253 years. All of them are noted to have emerged victorious in varied kinds of warfare over fellow clans – Aayangpa subdued the Nongyai Khumans, Ningthoucheng raided Houkei, Lanthapa captured a group of Luwangs, and Yirengpa defeated the Moirangs as well as Khumans.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=23-31}}

Loiyumpa was the next king, and Ch. K. records his reign in considerable detail. He is credited with the initiation of the first 'constitution'. He was succeeded by Loitongpa, who emerged successful in some undescribed battles on the eastern fronts, probably waged over autochthonous ethnic groups. After a rule of twenty eight years, he was succeeded by Aatom Yoirenpa, who ruled for thirteen years. Yoirenpa was soon chased out by his brother and had to take refuge with the Khumans. Under Yiwanthapa, who reigned for thirty two years, a successful war was waged on the Khumans and their chief queen was murdered. The next ruler was Thawanthapa. In a thirty six year long rule, he subdued multiple internal and external threats. Despite allying with the Khumans once, in a raid against the villagers of Hairem, he would go on to defeat the Khumans. The next king was Chingthang Lanthapa, who defeated the Khumans as well as Kamus, in his eleven year long rule. Thingpai Senhongpa succeeded him; nothing significant is noted except that he ruled for 5 years. Puranthapa, the next king, re-defeated the Khumans at Pairou, consolidated the territories of Koupa Koutai, and conquered the Chakpas.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=31-36}}

Khumompa became king in 1263 and went on to ally with the Khumans to successfully ward off an invasion by the rulers of [[Kabaw Valley]]. A battle over the mountain-folks of Hao was also waged and their king Maimumpa was captured. Moirampa succeeded him, and again defeated the Khumans as well as Moirangs. Other battles against the Kekes and people of Makihao are noted; Korirong was captured. Thangpi Lanthapa ruled for twenty two years and trounced the Moirangs as well as the Loipi Haos; Tengkongbi and Marem Namngapa were captured. Kongyapa ascended in 1324 went on to succeed him. He was succeeded by Tenheipa, who reigned for twenty years and engaged in a multitude of warfare. Nothing is mentioned about the next ruler Tonapa, except that he reigned for five years. Then, Tapungpa ascended to the throne and waged successful warfare against the Loipi Marems, before being assassinated by Khamlangpa, the king of Chingsong, after thirty five years of rule. Again, there is a scarcity of information about the next king Lairenpa; he reigned for five years and there were no king for five, after. Punsipa's reign went until 1432, and was witness to numerous clashes including one with Moirangs.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=36-40}}

One of the early states of the region was the [[Manipur (princely state)#Kangleipak State|Kangleipak State]], its first constitution, the ''Loiyumba Sinyen'', was made during the reign of King [[Loiyumba]] in the late 11th century.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Naorem Sanajaoba, Manipur Treaties and Documents-Vol I,1993, New Delhi. Book I: "Twelfth Century Meetei Constitution To Pemberton Report", http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/bitstream/1/9804/1/Manipur%20treaties%20%28N%20Sanajaoba%29.pdf.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Manikchand |title=The Evolution of Meetei State |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.The_Evolution_of_The_Meetei_State_By_K_Manikchand}}</ref>

=== {{Anchor|Early Modern}}Early Modern ===
[[File:FB7A9290.jpg|thumb|The [[Shree Govindajee Temple|Temple of Shri Govindaji]] in the "Palace Compound" in [[Imphal]], was the center of [[Meitei Vaishnavism]] of the [[Meitei Hindus]] in Manipur.]]
The [[early modern period]] is often called "medieval" by Meitei historians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Medieval Manipur 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.History_Of_Medieval_Manipur_1 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Ningthoukhompa ruled from 1432 to 1467. He routed out the Moirangs, and repulsed a rebellion by the Tankhnus of the mountains.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=40-41}}

During the reign of Meidingu [[Senbi Kiyamba]] (1467–1507) the ancient Meitei faith, [[Sanamahism]], began to collapse. It was during his reign that the Brahmin people migrated to the kingdom and the volume of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavists]] proceeded with the worship of the Pheiya (sacred stone from Pong kingdom) as the Hindu God [[Vishnu]].<ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web |title=Hinduism in Manipur Part 1 By Chirom Rajketan |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.Hinduism_in_Manipur_Part_1_By_Chirom_Rajketan |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> This was the origin of [[Meitei Vaishnavism]].

[[Kuranganayani]] was a Manipuri princess who became queen of [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] in 1768.

During the reign of king [[Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)|Gharib Niwaz]] (born Pamheiba, 1709–1748), the name of the kingdom was changed from Kangleipak to Manipur. It was during his regime the religion of the entire Meitei ethnicity was forcibly converted from [[Sanamahism]] into [[Hinduism]].<ref name="e-pao.net"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinduism in Manipur A Political Perspectives By Rinku Khumukcham |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.arts.Hinduism_in_Manipur_A_Political_Perspectives_By_Rinku_Khumukcham |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinduism in Manipur Part 2 By Chirom Rajketan |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.Hinduism_in_Manipur_Part_2_By_Chirom_Rajketan |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> In 1729, the legendary burning of the sacred scriptures of Sanamahism took place<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puya Meithaba The Burning of Meitei Sacred Scripture By Madhu Chandra |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Puya_Meithaba_The_Burning_of_Meitei_Sacred_Scripture_By_Madhu_Chandra |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> during the reign of Gharib Niwaz. This event is annually commemorated during the [[Puya Meithaba]].

=== {{Anchor|Modern}}Modern ===

[[File:In_manipur3.gif|thumb|220x220px|Appearance of the [[Coat of arms]] of [[Manipur]] in the [[Emblem of Manipur|Flag of Manipur]]]]
The history of modern Manipur covers the history of Manipur from the [[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|Seven Years Devastation]] to the Burmese Empire and to the present day.

==== Seven Years Devastation ====
{{Main|Seven Years Devastation of Manipur}}

The Burmese invaded Manipur several times but the most notable one was in 1819, during the reign of King Marjit. The Burmese occupied Manipur from 1819 to 1826. During this time, Manipur was devastated and there was chaos and anarchy everywhere. This dark period is called [[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]] ([[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|Seven Years Devastation]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=seven years devastation |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.seven_years_devastation |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief Note On Chahi Taret Khuntakpa |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.A_Brief_Note_On_Chahi_Taret_Khuntakpa |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Manipuri Levy ====
[[File:Action_by_Lt_CJW_Grant,_VC,_1891.jpg|thumb|Action by Lieutenant CJW Grant, VC, at Thobal, Manipur, 1 April 1891.]]
There were exploitations of the Manipuri Levy, which was the first standing army of [[Manipur]], born out of the Manipur National Struggle against the Burmese rule during the [[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|Seven Years Devastation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glorious Exploits of Manipur Levy 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Glorious_Exploits_of_Manipur_Levy_1 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glorious Exploits of Manipur Levy 2 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Glorious_Exploits_of_Manipur_Levy_2 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glorious Exploits of Manipur Levy 3 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Glorious_Exploits_of_Manipur_Levy_3 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glorious Exploits of Manipur Levy 4 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Glorious_Exploits_of_Manipur_Levy_4 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Anglo-Manipuri War ====
{{Main|Anglo-Manipur War}}
In the year 1891, the historic Anglo-Manipuri war (Manipur's National Liberation Struggle) took place. The Manipuri soldiers showed their might in the losing battle, sacrificing their lives for the motherland. The combat ended with a British victory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Anglo Manipuri war of 1891 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Historic_Anglo_Manipuri_war_of_1891_1 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Anglo Manipuri war of 1891 2 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Historic_Anglo_Manipuri_war_of_1891_2 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief note on Anglo Manipuri War |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.A_brief_note_on_Anglo_Manipuri_War |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical significance of Anglo Manipur War of 1891 By Vividraj Achom |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Historical_significance_of_Anglo-Manipur_War_of_1891_By_Vividraj_Achom |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==== Japanese bombing ====
{{Main|Battle of Imphal}}

[[File:Hawker_Hurricane_attack_bridge_in_Burma.jpg|thumb|May 1944, a Royal Air Force [[Hawker Hurricane|Hawker Hurricane IIC]] of [[No. 42 Squadron RAF]] based at Kangla, Manipur, piloted by "Chowringhee" Campbell, attacking a bridge near a small Burmese settlement.]]
Japanese bombing in [[Imphal]] took place several times in the history of Manipur, thereby creating high casualties to the people of [[Manipur]]. The first bombing was in the year 1942, heralding the beginning of the [[World War II|Second World War]] in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese bombing of Imphal Part 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Japanese_bombing_of_Imphal_Part_1 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese bombing of Imphal Part 2 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Historical_War_Manipur.Japanese_bombing_of_Imphal_Part_2 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Emblem of Manipur]]
* [[Manipur (princely state)]]
* [[Human rights abuses in Manipur]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Beemer |first=Bryce |title=The creole city in mainland Southeast Asia: Slave gathering warfare and cultural exchange in Burma, Thailand and Manipur, 18th – 19th c. |date=2013 |publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa |id={{ProQuest|1513230576}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Manjil|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199474660.001.0001/oso-9780199474660|title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Northeast India: Multidisciplinary Investigation in an Archaeological Terra Incognita|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780199474660.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-947466-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Brandt|first=Carmen|date=2017-12-05|title=Writing off domination: the Chakma and Meitei script movements|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472498.2017.1411050|journal=South Asian History and Culture|volume=9 |pages=116–140 |language=en|doi=10.1080/19472498.2017.1411050|s2cid=148911026 |issn=1947-2498|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naorem|first=Naorem Malemsanba|editor-first1=Arambam |editor-first2=Kangujam |editor-last1=Noni |editor-last2=Sanatomba |chapter=Centrality of body politics in Thokachanba’s script and cultural revivalism in Manipur|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315638317/colonialism-resistance-arambam-noni-kangujam-sanatomba|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315638317|location=London|doi=10.4324/9781315638317|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-20/centrality-body-politics-thokachanba-script-cultural-revivalism-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei }}
* {{Cite book|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa : Original Text, Translation, and Notes|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-34430-1|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Post|first1=Mark W.|edition=2|editor1-last=LaPolla|editor1-first=Randy J.|editor2-last=Thurgood|editor2-first=Graham|title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|chapter=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeast India|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=978-1-138-78332-4|last2=Burling|first2=Robbins|pages=213–242}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Sebastian|first=Rodney|title=Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama: Building the Sacred Body in the Manipuri Rāslīlās|date=2019|publisher=University of Florida|id={{ProQuest|2464172212}}}}

== Further reading ==

=== Early Modern ===

* {{Cite web | title=Hinduism in Manipur - News from Manipur - Imphal Times | url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/15075-hinduism-in-manipur | access-date=2026-02-10 | website=www.imphaltimes.com}}
* {{Cite web | title=MARKET IN MEDIEVAL MANIPUR on JSTOR | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156597?seq=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204190101/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156597?seq=1 | access-date=2026-02-10 | archive-date=2021-02-04}}
* {{Cite web | title='LOIYAMBA SHINYEN': A LANDMARK IN MEITEI STATE FORMATION IN MEDIEVAL MANIPUR on JSTOR | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145476?seq=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218221511/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145476?seq=1 | access-date=2026-02-10 | archive-date=2023-02-18}}

=== Late Modern ===

== External links ==
* [http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/introd.htm Manipur State Archives]
{{History of India by State}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Manipur}}
[[Category:History of Manipur| ]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

Mamankam

2026-03-22T05:26:14Z

Yashvitoursin: Starting Details - done

{{Short description|Indian festival}}
{{About||the 1979 Indian Malayalam film|Maamaankam|Kumbakonam Mamankam|Mahamaham}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Māmāngam
| native_name = മാമാങ്കം
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = Thirunavaya (5).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple|Tirunavaya Temple]]
| genre = Trade fair religious festival
| frequency = 12 years
| location = [[Thirunavaya|Tirunāvāya]] (present-day [[Kerala]])
| country = [[India]]
}}
'''Māmānkam''' or '''Māmāngam''' was a ''[[Wiktionary:duodecennial|duodecennial]]'' medieval fair held on the bank, and on the dry river-bed, of [[Bharathappuzha|Pērār]] (River Nil̥a, River Ponnani, or Bhārathappuzha) at [[Thirunavaya|Tirunāvāya]], southern India. The temple associated with the festival was [[Tirunavaya Temple|Nava Mukunda Temple]] in Tirunavaya. It seems to have begun as a temple festival, analogous to the [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbha Melas]] at [[Ujjain Simhastha|Ujjaini]], [[Allahabad Kumbh Mela|Prayaga]], [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Haridwar]] and [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name=":0">William Logan, M. C. S., ''Malabar''. Vol I. Government Press [[Madras]] 1951</ref>

Tirunāvāya, is known for its ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples. The festival was most flamboyantly celebrated under the auspices and at the expenses of the Hindu chiefs of Kōzhikōde ([[Calicut]]), the Samutiris (the Zamorins). The fair was not only a religious festival for the Samutiris, but also an occasion for the display of all their pomp and power as the most powerful chiefs of Kerala. During the Mamankam it was believed that the goddess [[Ganga]] descended into the Perar and by her miraculous advent made the river as holy as the [[Ganges]] itself.<ref name="V. Krishna Ayyar pp. 324-30">K. V. Krishna Ayyar, "The Kerala Mamankam" in ''Kerala Society Papers'', Series 6, Trivandrum, 1928-32, pp. 324-30</ref> Much like the famous [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbha Mēḷa]]s, the fair is held once in every 12 years and carried huge economic, social and political significance. Apart from the brisk trading, attested by travelers from [[Arabia]], [[Greece]] and [[China]], various forms of martial art and intellectual contests, cultural festivals, Hindu ritual ceremonies and folk art performances were held at Tirunāvāya. Hindu pilgrims from distant places, trading groups and travelers also leave colorful accounts of Māmānkam. Duarte Barbosa mentions "scaffoldings erected in the field with [[silk]]en hangings spread over it". ''Kozhikode Granthavari'', ''Mamakam Kilippattu'' and ''Kandaru Menon Patappattu'', along with ''Keralolpatti'' and ''Keralamahatmya'', are the major native chronicles mentioning the Mamankam festival.<ref>K.P. Padmanabha Menon, ''History of Kerala'', Vol. II, Ernakulam, 1929, Vol. II, (1929)</ref>

The innate nature of the festival, dateable at least to the era before the Cheras of [[Cranganore]] (c. 800-1124 CE), muddled in myths and legends, is still disputed. As per some sources, the nature of the fair underwent tragic changes after the capture of Tirunāvāya by the chief of Kōzhikōde from the Veḷḷāṭṭiri chief. From that day forth, the Vaḷḷuvanāṭu chiefs started to send warriors to kill the Sāmūtiri (who was personally present at the fair with all his kith and kin) and regain the honor of conducting the festival. This led to a long drawn rivalry and bloodshed between these two clans.<ref name="V. Krishna Ayyar pp. 324-30"/><ref name ="ZamofCalicut">K. V. Krishna Iyer Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938</ref>

As per K. V. Krishna Iyer, the last Māmānkam fair was held in 1755 CE. The Māmānkam came to an end with the conquest of Kōzhikōde by the Sultān of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysōre]], [[Hyder Ali|Ḥaidar ʿAlī]] (1766 CE) and the subsequent [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] (1792) with the [[English East India Company]].<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/><ref>William Logan, M. C. S., Malabar. Vol I. Government Press [[Madras]] 1951. pp. 165</ref> Canganpaḷḷi Kaḷari, Paḻukkāmandapam, Nilapāṭu Tara, Marunnara and Manikkiṇar at Tirunāvāya are protected (Protected Monuments) by the State Archaeology Department, Kēral̥a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/keralaasi-protected-mounments/628|title = Kerala Archaeology Department - Protected Monuments}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word "Māmānkam" is sometimes considered as a Malayālam corruption of two Sanskrit words, one perhaps related to the [[Magha (month)|Māgha]] month (January – February).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ4tAAAAMAAJ&q=Mamangam+festival ''Maha-Magha''] ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Culture'', by Rajaram Narayan Saletore. Published by Sterling, 1981. {{ISBN|0-391-02332-2}}. 9780391023321. ''Page 869''.</ref> According to William Logan, "Maha Makham" means literally "Great Sacrifice".<ref name=":0"/>

Different renderings of the name is given below,

* Maha-Magham - Great [[Magha (month)|Magha]] (K. V. Krishna Iyer<ref>K. V. Krishna Ayyar, ''Zamorins of Calicut'', p. 92; Idem, ‘The Kerala Mamankam ’, in Kerala Society Papers, Vol. I, p. 325</ref>)
* Maha-Makham - Great Sacrifice (William Logan<ref>William Logan, ''Malabar'', Vol. I, p. 163, Notes, p. 164.</ref> and K. P. Padmanabha Menon<ref>K. P. Padmanabha Menon, ''History of Kerala'', Vol. II, p. 404.</ref>)
* Maha-Maham - Great Festival
* Maha-Ankam - Great Fight
* Magha Makam - Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai<ref>Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai, ''Samskarathinte Nailikakkallukal'' p. 128</ref>

==Background==
Tirunavaya (Navayogipuram on Brhannadi in ''Kerala Mahatmya''<ref>''Kerala Mahatmya''Palakkad Sekharipuram Sesusastri, Thrissur, 1912</ref>) seems to be a very sacred place for the [[Hinduism|Hindus]] of [[Kerala]] from time immemorial. [[Bharathappuzha|Perar]] at Tirunavaya is considered to assume a special sanctity, because it flows between the temple of god [[Vishnu]] (Nava Mukunda) on its right bank and temples of [[Brahma]] and [[Shiva|Siva]] on its left.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/> Tirunavaya, on the fertile Perar basin, must have been one of the earliest Brahmin settlement in Kerala. Perar also acts as the main artery of communication with the interior Kerala lands, otherwise inaccessible due to the thick vegetation, in the rainy season. Rivers and backwaters in Kerala afforded the easiest and cheapest and almost only means of communication in times when wheeled traffic and pack-bullock traffic were unknown. And accordingly it is found that the Brahmins settled most thickly close to or on the rivers and selected sites for their settlements so as to command as much as possible of these arteries of traffic.

=== Legendary origins ===
''The following is a description of the origins of the festival, prior to the hegemony of the chiefs of Valluvanatu over the Mamankam, based on native legends and myths''<ref>Hermann Gundert, Ed., ''Keralotpatti'', in ''Keralotpattiyum Mattum''</ref>

The fair was initially conducted by the landlords, led by an executive officer styled the Rakshapurusha ("the Great Protector of the Four Kalakas"). Each Rakshapurusha was to continue in office only for three years. Once some dispute arose as to the selection of the next Great Protector, in the assembly at Tirunavaya, and principle four section (which then composed the assembly) having failed to agree as to the selection of their executive officer resolved at last to select one to rule over them, and for this purpose they traveled, and chose one prince from a kingdom on the east of the [[Western Ghats]]. The Brahmins brought a prince to Tirunavaya, placed him on a seat of honor on the banks of Perar, and proclaimed him "Perumal of Kerala". According to the original engagement with the prince, he was to continue as ruler only for a term of 12 years, at end of which he was to retire into private life or to leave the country altogether.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

[[File:Bharathapuzha map.PNG|thumb|400px |left|Perar (River Ponnani)]]
The coronation of this first king of Kerala took place on Pushya in the month of Magha in Karkitaka Vyazham, and this day in every cycle of Jupiter thus became important in the [[history of Kerala]] because the reign of each Perumal terminated on that day, he being elected for 12 years. This event was commemorated with a Great Feast, at which all Brahmin nobles and the chiefs of Kerala attended. On the 28th day the retiring Perumal appeared before the Brahmin assembly and the laid of the Sword of the Perumal, and the assembly declares the throne vacant. Another was then elected and crowned Perumal for another 12 years. This Great Feast and coronation occurring in Magha month, that month in every Karkitaka Vyazham was known was Maha Magha, or Mamankam in Tamil.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

According to Francis Wrede, the Chera Perumals of [[Cranganore]] used to preside over the Mamankams.<ref>As quoted by Iyer (1938) from ''The Transactions of the Literary Society'', Bombay pp 2-3</ref> So it seems, at first conducted by the Brahmins, the fair came to be celebrated the aegis of the Chera rulers of Cranganore. Even in latter Samutiri times, the first invitation letter to participate in the Mamankam was addressed to the [[Pandyas]], a reminiscence of the Chera days.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

==== The Great Sacrifice ====
Alexander Hamilton, in his ''A New Account of the East Indies, Vol. I'', gives a different account of the initial nature of the festival. According to him, it was a custom for the king of Kerala to rule only for 12 years. The king was obliged to kill himself, by cutting his own throat on a public scaffold erected in view of the Brahmin assembly, after completing his 12-year term. The king's body was a little while after burned with great pomp and ceremony, and the Brahmins elected a new king for the next term. The ''Kerala Mahatmya'' corroborates this account, declaring that the king used to be deposed at the Mamankam, but there is no mention of a suicide.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/> According to [[Duarte Barbosa]] the king goes to bathe at a [[temple tank]] with much fanfare. Thereafter, he prays before the idol and mounts to the scaffolding, and there, before all the people, he takes a very sharp knife, cuts off his throat himself and he performs this sacrifice to the idol. Whoever desires to reign for the next 12 years and undertake this martyrdom for the idol, has to be present looking on at this, and from that place the Brahmins proclaim him the new king.(Duarte Barbosa mentions this to be the kingdom of Quilacare and not Calicut of which he has given very detailed accounts of the life and customs of the people there including the Samutiri in the first chapter of vol 2)<ref>K. P. Padmanabha Menon, ''History of Kerala'', Vol. II, Cochin, 1929, Vol. II, (1929)</ref> Sir James Frazer also supports this view in his extensive studies.<ref>James Frazer, ''The Golden Bough'', (1890), Hertfordshire, Reprint 1995, pp. 275-77, 296-97</ref>

=== Land tenures ===
[[File:Thirunavaya (6).jpg|thumb|left|380px|Tirunavaya Temple]]
Jonathan Duncan, in his "Transactions of the Bombay Literary Society", mentions at each recurring Mamankam festival all feudal ties were broken, and the parties, assembled in public conclave at Tirunavaya, readjusted at such times all existing relations among themselves.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/> At the end of the Feast all prior leases of land were considered to be at an end and fresh grants were to be obtained at the beginning of the next reign.<ref>William Logan, M. C. S., ''Malabar''. Vol I. Government Press Madras 1951</ref>

By ancient customs, even in Travancore, all tenures were to continue for a maximum period of twelve years to be renewed thereafter. But it is known that this idealistic proposition did not work satisfactorily in Kerala.<ref>K. C. Alexander, ''Peasants Organisation in South India'', New Delhi, 1981, p. 43.</ref>

=== Vellattiri as Rakshapurusha (Great Protector)===
''The native traditions continue to describe the evolution of the festival in the following manner''

When the influence of the Perumal increased in course of time, they refused to abdicate after 12 years, and the practice of fighting for the crown by warriors, at Tirunavaya, came in vogue. The Perumal of Cranganore attended the Great Feast as before, but, instead of abdicating the crown in the presence of Brahmins, he seated himself in a tent pitched for him at Tirunavaya, strongly guarded by a body of spearmen and lancers. The candidate of the kingship was to force his way through this warriors and to kill the Perumal. Theoretically, he who succeeded in thus killing the Perumal was immediately proclaimed and crowned Perumal for the next term of 12 years. If no one succeeded in killing the Perumal he was to reign for another 12 years. The last Perumal, now identified by historians as Cheraman Rama Varma Kulasekhara (ruled ''c.'' 1089-1124 CE), is said to have ruled for 36 years by surviving three Mamankams at Tirunavaya.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

The last Chera Perumal [[Rama Kulasekhara]] conferred the chief of Valluvanatu the "right" to conduct the Mamankam fair as the ''Rakshapurusha'' - the Great Protector with 10,000 [[Nair]] warriors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=K. V. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806 |date=1938 |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut |isbn=978-81-7748-000-9 |pages=91–93 |language=en}}</ref> The Perumal also assigned to him, the [[Thirumandhamkunnu Temple|Tirumandhamkunnattu Bhagavati]], sacred to the Brahmins of Chovvaram, as his guardian deity. It was also Tirunavaya that the Chera Perumal of [[Cranganore]] is supposed to have made his partition of Kerala.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

=== Zamorin's capture of Mamankam ===
It would appear that the project against the Vellattiri, as the chief of Valluvanatu was called, was first suggested by the "Koya" of Kozhikode. The Koya of Kozhikode, chief of the influential [[Muslim]] merchants, was title of the royal port officer at Kozhikode. When the chief of Kozhikode protested that it was beyond his means, the Koya offered his military assistance. Immediately the Koya proceeded by sea, with his ships and men, and the Samutiri warriors by land to Tirunavaya, and subduing little chiefs, villages and Hindu temples on the way. It seems, before Jupiter completed his cycle, the chief of Kozhikode captured Tirunavaya, proclaimed himself as the Great Protector and took over right of conducting the Mamankam fair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/englishmedium/historyeng/chapter8.pdf |title=Medieval Kerala |publisher=education.kerala.gov.in |access-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627005303/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/englishmedium/historyeng/chapter8.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2011 }}</ref> The chief of Kozhikode seems to have granted the Koya inexhaustible wealth, and caused him to "stand on his right side".<ref name="V. Krishna Ayyar pp. 324-30"/><ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

[[File:Thirumandhamkunnu Aarattu.jpg|thumb|320px|left|A view from the puram at Tirumanthamkunnu (kotikkayattam after the arattu)]]

Another version represents the Koya securing this privilege to his chief by a stratagem. This version of the legend seems suggest friendly relations existed between the Koya and the chief of Valluvanatu, as well as with the chief of Kozhikode. In one Mamankam fair, the followers of the chief of Kozhikode managed to penetrate through the bodyguards of the Vellattiri chief and kill him on the Vakayur platform (Manittara). Still another version has it that the chief of Kozhikode promised to marry the Koya's daughter if the enterprise ended in success. But the Kozhikode chief began to repent of his rash and hasty offer, as it involved "the loss of caste". It was arranged that when he came to Kozhikode he should receive, as soon as he crossed the river at [[Kallayi|Kallai]], betel and tobacco from the hands of a Muslim man dressed as a woman - this being considered tantamount to a marriage.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

The rivalry between the two Brahmin settlements (Panniyur and Chovvaram) also seems to give the chief of Kozhikode a pretext to attack the Vellattiri. Visscher, in his "Letters from Malabar", Letter VIII, writes, "so has the trumpet of battle blown by the Panniyur and Chovvaram often summoned the chiefs of Kerala to mutual hostilities". The rivalry is also mentioned by de Couto in ''Decades'' (Vol V, Sec 1, Chap. 1).<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

The immediate pretext of the Kozhikode's occupation of Tirunavaya was invasion Tirumanasseri Natu by its neighbors on either side, the Valluvanatu (Arangottu Swarupam) and Perumpatappu Swarupam. Tirumanasseri natu was a small chiefdom at the mouth of Perar, ruled by a Brahmin. The chiefdom, nominally subordinate to the Arangottu, had access to the sea at port [[Ponnani]], and was bounded by Perar in the north. The [[Brahmin]] chief of Tirumanasseri was the head of the Panniyur Namputiris and was considered the protector of all the Brahmins living between Perinchellur and Chenganur, and he enjoyed koyma right over thirteen temples including that of Talipparamba. He was the leader of the Namputiri Samghas of Kolattur, and had 3000 Nair warriors under him. The chief of Tirumanasseri Natu appealed to the chief of Kozhikode for help, and ceded the port [[Ponnani]] as price of his protection. The Kozhikkode warriors advanced by land and sea. The main army, commanded by the [[Zamorin]] himself, approached Tirunavaya from north. The Eralpatu, proceeding by sea, occupied port Ponnani and Tirumanasseri Natu, and attacked the Vellattiri from west. The campaign was bitter and protracted, so much so the Kozhikode despairing of success, sought divine help by propitiating Valayanatu Bhagavati, the tutelary deity of Vellattiris. The battles were at last decided by the death of two princes belonging to the clan of Vellattiri.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

=== Rewards from Kozhikode ===
All those who taken part in the battles, it seems, received liberal rewards from Kozhikode.<ref name ="ZamofCalicut"/>

* Koya of Kozhikode, with the [[Persian language|Persian]] title "Shah Bantar", was given all the privileges and dignities of a Nair chief, jurisdiction over all the Muslims residing at Kozhikode bazar, the right to receive a small present from the Illuvas, the Kammalans and the Mukkuvans whenever the Kozhikode conferred any honors upon them (which they had at once report to him), to collect from the brokers at the rate of 10 ''fanams'' for every foreign ship that might put in at Kozhikode and levy a poll tax of 16 ''fanams'' at Pantarakkatavu and 12 ''fanams'' at [[Beypore]], the privilege of sending Mappila drummers and pipers for every marriage and Kaliyattu, and the duty of removing the roof of any offender in Velapuram condemned to lose hearth and home. At Mamankam the Koya was in charge of the fireworks. He arranged for Kampaveti and Kalpalaka and also for mock fights between ships in Perar. Hamilton, in ''A New Account of the East Indies'', Vol. 1. pages 306-8, records hearing guns firing for two or three days and nights successively.<ref name=":0"/>
** Koya was given privilege of standing on the right side of the chief of Kozhikode on the Vakayur platform (Nilapatu Tara) on the last the day of the Mamankam fair
* Eralpatu, it seems, was given privilege of standing in state on the left bank of the Perar river whenever the Kozhikode chief appeared on the Vakayur platform on its right bank. The Munalpatu obtained the honor of standing in state under the Kuriyal, midway between the temple of Tirunavaya and Vakayur on the day of Ayilyam. The chief of Vettam, was conceded the same privilege as the Munalpatu, but his standing in state came on the day of Puyam. Tirumanasseri Namputiri was attached to the Eralpatu's ''suite'' in all the ceremonies connected with the Mamankam and Taipuyam and given the right of collecting a small fee during the fair from every merchant who set up his booth on the Perar river-bed.
* The chief of Cranganore was given the prerogative of supervising the feeding of the Brahmins throughout the Mamankam festival. Alexander Hamilton, who gives an account of the initial nature of the fair, mentions the "Great Feast" associated with the festival.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Tradition of chavers (suicidal warriors) ===
[[File:Thirumanthamkunnu Bhagavathi Temple, North nada.jpg|thumb|Northern nata of the Tirumandhamkunnu Temple]]
During the subsequent Mamankam fairs, all other chiefs of Kerala - including the ruler of Travancore<ref name=":0"/> - were obliged to send flags as a symbol of submission to Kozhikode. These flags were used to be hoisted at the festival. But the chief of Valluvanatu who did not recognize the Zamorin as the legitimate Great Protector but considered him only a "usurper" and used to send chavers (suicidal warriors) instead. If these men could kill the Zamorin, who was personally present at the fair and was protected by thousands of his own warriors, the right of Great Protector would have "devolved" on the chief of Valluvanatu. These chavers were Nair warriors who preferred death to defeat, and who sacrificed their lives (to avenge the death of Valluvanatu clan members in the battles leading to the fall of Tirunavaya). The death of the Vellaattiri clan members also started a period of intense hatred and battles between the two clans. Kutippaka or [[blood feud]] was prevalent in the medieval Kerala society. If a Nair warrior was killed (in his attempt to kill the Zamorin), it was the duty of the relatives or even the subsequent generations of the deceased to avenge the death. So, most of these chavers had lost their relatives or elders in previous battles with the Zamorin, and were fueled by kutippaka. They came from various parts of Valluvanatu, assembled at [[Thirumanthamkunnu]] (modern day [[Angadipuram]]) under Vellattiri, and were led by warriors from one of the four major Nair houses of Valluvanatu viz Putumanna Panikkars, Candrattu Panikkars, Vayankara Panikkars, and Verkotu Panikkars.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/when-you-want-to-know-more-about-malabar/article3229093.ece |title=When you want to know more about Malabar - TVDM |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2017-04-02}}</ref>
Further details were provided by [[William Logan (Malabar Manual)|William Logan]] in his 1887 district manual ''[[Malabar Manual|Malabar]] ''and [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] in his ''"A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar"'' (1807), respectively.

Vellattiri, after losing Tirunavaya and the right of the Great Protector, began to conduct the puram festival in the place of Mamankam, at [[Angadipuram]] (medieval Valluvappalli), his capital. "Here in the temple of his tutelary deity Thirumanthamkunnu Bhagavati, he stood on a raised granite platform from where in the olden days his predecessors started the procession to Tirunavaya for the Mamankam fair in peace. It was from here that the warriors were sent to the Mamankam fair afterwards when Samutiri occupied it."{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===Vellattiri chavers===
The Zamorin captured Tirunavaya in 1486 A.D. This date was first revealed by S. Rajendu in Arangode Granthavari.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} The [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] took over the ''karayma'' power of Tirunavaya temple from one of the chieftains of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]], Karuvayur Moosad. After the capture of Tirunavaya by Samutiri of Kozhikode, the fair often turned into battlefield. [[Gaspar Correia]] gives following description.<ref>CORREIA, Gaspar. ''Lendas da Índia'' (Introdução e revisão de M. Lopes de Almeida). Porto: 1975.</ref><ref>CORREA, Gaspar. ''The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty''. From the Lendas da India of Gaspar Correa, accompanied by original documents (translated from the Portuguese, with notes and an introduction by the Hon. Henry E. J. Stanley). Printed for the Hakluyt Society, London: 1869.</ref>

''"A community of bodyguards of the ruling families...who in pledging their lives to the royal households [of Valluvanatu]...in avenging the death of two princes these [Calicut] guards dispersed, seeking wherever they might find men of Calicut, and amongst these they rushed fearless, killing and slaying till they were slain... they like desperate men played the devil before they were slain, and killed many people, with women and children."''

The [[Suicide attack#India|chavers]] (suicidal warriors), sent to kill the Zamorin, hailed from the four important Nair families of Valluvanatu. These families<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5xEAQAAMAAJ&q=Putumanna|title=Malabar|date=1981|pages=199|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thirunavaya |url=http://www.valanchery.com/thirunavaya.htm |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315104430/http://www.valanchery.com/thirunavaya.htm |archive-date=15 March 2014 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=www.valanchery.com}}</ref> were:

* [[Putumanna Panikkar]]s
* Chandrattu Panikkars
* Kovilkkatt Panikkars
* Verkotu Panikkars

A total of eighteen chiefs (chiefs under Vellattiri) of Valluvanatu went to the Mamankam fair, led by the lead Nair (Titled as Panikkar along with the family name) from each of the four main Nair families. Apart from the four lead warriors, the other fourteen hailed from the following families:

Two from unknown Valluvanatu families, two from Valluvanatu, two Muppil Nairs from the Valluvanatu ruling house, [[Achan(Nair Subcaste)|Acchan]] of Elampulakkatu, [[Variar]] of Kulattur, [[Pisharody|Pisharati]] of Uppamkalattil, Vellodi of Patiramana, Nair of Parakkattu, Nair of Kakkoottu, Nair of Mannarmala and Pisharati of Cerukara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerals.com/keralatourism/kerala.php?t=83 |title=Mamankam, Kerala Culture, Arts, Literature, Kerala Tourism, Kerala Culture |website=Kerals.com |access-date=2017-04-02 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110019/http://kerals.com/keralatourism/kerala.php?t=83 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Out of the eighteen local chiefs, thirteen were Nairs (mostly [[Menon (subcaste)|Menon-Panikkar]] section of [[Kiryathil Nair|Kiryatil Nair]] sub-caste), two were Nambutiri and three were [[Ambalavasi]] Brahmins.

== Historical descriptions ==
=== 1683 – Mamankam ===
Account of a Valluvanatu attack at the Mamankam held in 1683 is given by William Logan in his district manual (1887). This account was based on the ''Kozhikode Granthavaris'' –
[[File:Thirunavaya (3).jpg|thumb|400px|Tirunavaya Temple]]
''Amid much din and firing of guns the Samutiri, the warriors, the elect of the four Nair houses in Valluvanatu, step forth from the crowd and receive the last blessings and farewells of their friends and relatives. They have just partaken of the last meal they are to eat on earth at the house of the temple representative of their chieftain Vellattiri; they are decked with garlands and smeared with ashes. On this particular occasion it is one of the houses of Putumanna Panikkar who heads the fray. He is joined with seventeen of his friends – for all who so wish may fall in with sword and shields in support of the men who have elected to die.''

''Armed with swords and shields alone they rush at the spearmen thronging the palisades; they wind and turn their bodies, as if they had no bones, casting them forward and backward, high and low, even to the astonishment of the beholders, as worthy Master Johnson describes them in a passage already quoted. But notwithstanding the suppleness of their limbs, notwithstanding their delight and skill and dexterity in weapons, the result is inevitable, and is prosaically recorded in the chronicle thus: The number of warriors who came and died in the early morning the next day after the elephant began to be adorned with gold trappings – being [[Putumana Kantar Menon]] and followers – was eighteen.''

''At various times during the ten last days of the festival the same thing is repeated. Whenever the Samutiri of Kozhikode takes his stand on the terrace, assumes the sword (the Sword of the Chera king) and shakes it, men rush forth from the crowd on the west temple gate only to be impaled on the spears of the guardsmen who relieve each other from day to day.''

=== 1695 – Mamankam ===
From ''A New Account of the East Indies, Volume I'' by Alexander Hamilton

''In AD 1695 one of those jubilees happened, and the tent pitched near Ponnani, a seaport of his [Samutiri of Kozhikode], about fifteen leagues to the southward of Kozhikode. There were but three men that would venture on that desperate action [of killing the Samutiri on ''dais''], who fell in, with sword and shield, among the guards, and, after they had killed and wounded many, were themselves killed. One of the desperados [Valluvanatu chavers] had a nephew of fifteen or sixteen years of age, that kept close by his uncle in the attack on the guards, and, when he saw him fall, the youth got through the guards into the tent, and made a stroke at Samutiri's head, and had certainly dispatched him, if a large brass lamp which was burning over his head, had not marred the blow; but, before he could make another, he was killed by the guards; and, I believe, the same Samutiri reigns yet. I chanced to come that time along the [Kerala] coast, and heard the guns for two or three days and nights successively''.

== End of the Tradition==
The last Mamankam festival was celebrated in 1755, marking the conclusion of a centuries-old tradition that had defined the political and cultural landscape of medieval Malabar. The decline of the ceremony was precipitated by the [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]] in 1766, led by [[Hyder Ali]], which destabilised the authority of the Samutiri (Zamorin) and dismantled the traditional feudal structures of the region. Following the subsequent British annexation of Malabar and the establishment of colonial administrative control, the geopolitical necessity for such a grand display of sovereign "pomp and power" vanished. Consequently, the duodecennial assembly at Tirunavaya was never revived, transitioning from a living political and military event into a subject of historical and archaeological significance.
*The end of the Mamankam tradition is generally attributed to the mid-18th century, but different historians and historical records provide nuances regarding the specific causes and the exact timeline of its decline.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Source
|-
| '''1743''' || William Logan, K. P. Padmanabha Menon and P. K. S. Raja
|-
| '''1755''' || K. V. Krishna Ayyar
|-
| '''1766''' || Another view by K. V. Krishna Ayyar, N. M. Nampoothiri
|}

== Archaeology and preservation ==
[[File:Nilapadu Thara.jpg|thumb|250px|Nilapadu Thara]]
[[File:Marunnara inside.jpg|thumb|250px|Marunnara – inside view]]
[[File:Manikkinar Thirunavaya.jpg|thumb|250px|Manikkinar]]
The archaeological remains and preservation efforts surrounding Mamankam are centered on several historic sites at Tirunavaya in Kerala, which are designated as Protected Monuments by the State Archaeology Department.
===Key Archaeological Remains===
Five primary structures associated with the festival have been identified and preserved:

*'''Nilapadu Thara''' (Vakayur Platform): This is a raised platform located on the premises of the Kodakkal Tile Factory. Historically, this was the spot where the Samutiri (Zamorin) of Kozhikode would stand during the festival to display his power and face the challenge of the warriors.

*'''Manikkina'''r: A large well where the bodies of the fallen Chavers (suicide warriors) from Valluvanad were reportedly thrown, often by elephants, after they were killed during their attempt to assassinate the Samutiri.

*'''Marunnara''': Situated on the Kodakkal-Bandar Road, this stone structure served as an ammunition store or magazine where the Samutiris kept explosives for battles and fireworks for the festival.

*'''Pazhukkamandapam''': This was the designated viewing gallery from which the Samutiri royal family and other dignitaries watched the Mamankam festivities.

*'''Changampally Kalari''': Located near the Thazhathara-Kuttippuram Road, this was a training ground for warriors and also served as a facility for administering medical treatment to those injured in battle.

===Preservation and Challenges===
While these sites are legally protected, their preservation faces significant logistical and physical challenges:

*'''Private Land Issues''': Most of these monuments are situated on private land, which limits the ability of the Kerala Tourism Department to intervene directly in their long-term preservation. For instance, the Marunnara sits on land owned by the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], and the Nilapadu Thara is within the grounds of a private tile factory.<ref name="TOI">''[[The Times of India]]'' September 25, 2011 (TNN) [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Mamankam-relics-neglected/articleshow/10110736.cms].</ref>

*'''Renovation Projects''': In August 2010, the state government inaugurated a renovation project for the ruins under the Nila Tourism Project. Funded with approximately ₹90 lakhs, this initiative involved the renovation of all five major sites (Kalari, Nilapadu Thara, Manikkinar, Pazhukkamandapam, and Marunnara).<ref name ="TOI"/>

*'''Current State of Decay''': Despite renovation efforts, reports as recent as 2011 suggested that the relics were in a ruined state and "fading to oblivion" due to neglect and a lack of proper promotional strategies for the sites.<ref name ="AsianAge">[http://www.asianage.com/life/travel/250217/experience-mamankam-heritage.html Asian Age Feb 25, 2017]</ref>

== Other fairs in Kerala ==
Many festivals with the name "Mamankam" are conducted in Hindu temples across Kerala. To disambiguate them from the Mamankam conducted at Tirunavaya, they are usually denoted by the name of the place along with the title. For example, '[[Machad Mamangam|Machad Mamankam]]'.<ref>{{cite web|author=JB Multimedia |url=http://thirunavayatemple.org/temple/ |title=:: Thirunavaya Nava Mukunda Temple :: Temple - The background : Bharathapuzha, Mamankam |website=Thirunavayatemple.org |access-date=2017-04-02}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Tirunavaya]]
* [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur]]
* [[Vairankode Vela]]

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*[[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], M. C. S., ''[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=R5xEAQAAMAAJ Malabar]''. Vol I. Government Press Madras 1951
* [[K. V. Krishna Iyer]] ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806''. [[Calicut]]: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938
* [[Neelamana Madhavan Nampoothiri|N. M. Nampoothiri]], ''Mamamkam Rekhakal'', Vallathol Vidya Peethom, 2005
* [[M. R. Raghava Varier|M. R. Raghava Warrier]], ''Sthanarohanam Catangukal'', Vallathol Vidya Peethom, 2005
* S. Rajendu, ''Arangode Granthavari & Tirumanamkunnu Granthavari'', Vallathol Vidya Peethom, 2016

==External links==
* [http://www.calicutnet.com/mycalicut/mamankam_festival.htm Mamankam Festival]



{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamankam Festival}}
[[Category:Kalarippayattu]]
[[Category:Festivals in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Fairs in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Monastery

2026-03-18T04:30:56Z

Yashvitoursin: improve content and improved wording

{{Short description|Complex of religious buildings}}
{{other uses|Monastery, Nova Scotia|Monastery (song)|The Monastery (disambiguation){{!}}The Monastery}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Dechen Choekhor Mahavihara , Sarabai, Kullu ( Himachal Pradesh).jpg|thumb|Sharabai Monastery (Himachal Pradesh)]]
A '''monastery''' is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of [[Monasticism|monastics]], [[monk]]s or [[nun]]s, whether living in [[Cenobitic monasticism|communities]] (as [[Cenobitic monasticism|cenobites]]) or alone (as [[hermits]]). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a [[chapel]], [[Church (building)|church]], or [[temple]], and may also serve as an [[Oratory (worship)|oratory]], or in the case of [[Cenobium|communities]] anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns, to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds. A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church, [[dormitory]], [[cloister]], [[refectory]], [[library]], [[Wiktionary:balneary|balneary]] and [[Hospital|infirmary]] and outlying [[Monastic grange|granges]]. Depending on the location, the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants, the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community. These may include a [[hospice]], a [[Monastic school|school]], and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a [[barn]], a [[forge]], or a [[brewery]].

In English usage, the term 'monastery' is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks. In modern usage, ''[[convent]]'' tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics (nuns), particularly communities of teaching or nursing [[Nun|religious sisters]]. Historically, a convent denoted a house of [[friar]]s (reflecting the Latin), now more commonly called a ''friary''. Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways.

== Etymology ==
[[File:St gall plan.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Plan of Saint Gall]], the [[ground plan]] of an unbuilt abbey, providing for all of the needs of the monks within the confines of the monastery walls]]

The word ''monastery'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''μοναστήριον'', neut. of ''μοναστήριος'' – ''monasterios'' from ''μονάζειν'' – ''monazein'' "to live alone"<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=monastery&searchmode=none| title = Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> from the root ''μόνος'' – ''monos'' "alone" (originally all Christian monks were hermits); the suffix "-terion" denotes a "place for doing something". The earliest extant use of the term ''monastērion'' is by the 1st century AD [[Jew]]ish philosopher [[Philo]] in ''On The Contemplative Life,'' ch. III.

In England, the word ''monastery'' was also applied to the habitation of a [[bishop]] and the [[cathedral]] [[clergy]] who lived apart from the lay community. Most cathedrals were not monasteries, and were served by [[Canon (priest)|canons secular]], which were communal but not monastic. However, some were run by monasteries orders, such as [[Durham Cathedral]]. [[Westminster Abbey]] was for a short time a cathedral, and was a [[Benedictine]] monastery until the [[English Reformation|Reformation]], and its [[Chapter (religion)|Chapter]] preserves elements of the Benedictine tradition. See the entry [[cathedral]]. They are also to be distinguished from collegiate churches, such as [[St George's Chapel, Windsor]].

===Terms===
The term ''monastery'' is used generically to refer to any of a number of types of religious community. In the [[Roman Catholic]] religion and to some extent in certain branches of [[Buddhism]], there is a somewhat more specific definition of the term and many related terms.

[[Buddhist]] monasteries are generally called '''[[vihara]]''' ([[Pali]] language el). Viharas may be occupied by men or women, and in keeping with common English usage, a vihara populated by females may often be called a nunnery or a convent. However, vihara can also refer to a [[temple]]. In Tibetan Buddhism, monasteries are often called '''[[gompa]]'''. In [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]], a monastery is called a ''[[wat]]''. In [[Burma]], a monastery is called a ''[[kyaung]]''.

A Christian monastery may be an '''[[abbey]]''' (i.e., under the rule of an [[abbot]]), or a '''[[priory]]''' (under the rule of a [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]]), or conceivably a '''[[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitage]]''' (the dwelling of a [[hermit]]). It may be a community of men ([[monk]]s) or of women ([[nun]]s). A [[Charterhouse (monastery)|charterhouse]] is any monastery belonging to the [[Carthusian]] order. In [[Eastern Christianity]], a very small monastic community can be called a '''[[skete]]''', and a very large or important monastery can be given the dignity of a '''[[lavra]]'''.

The great communal life of a Christian monastery is called [[cenobitic]], as opposed to the [[anchorite|anchoretic]] (or anchoritic) life of an [[anchorite]] and the [[eremitical|eremitic]] life of a [[hermit]]. There has also been, mostly under the [[Osmanli]] occupation of Greece and Cyprus, an "idiorrhythmic" lifestyle where monks come together but being able to own things individually and not being obliged to work for the common good.

In [[Hinduism]] monasteries are called [[matha]], [[mandir]], [[koil]], or most commonly an [[ashram]].

[[Jainism|Jains]] use the Buddhist term [[vihara]].

==Monastic life==
[[File:Procession monastique.jpg|thumb|Procession monastique]]
In most religions, life inside monasteries is governed by community rules that stipulate the gender of the inhabitants and require them to remain [[Celibacy|celibate]] and own little or no personal property. The degree to which life inside a particular monastery is socially separate from the surrounding populace can also vary widely; some religious traditions mandate isolation for purposes of contemplation removed from the everyday world, in which case members of the monastic community may spend most of their time isolated even from each other. Others focus on interacting with the local communities to provide services, such as teaching, medical care, or [[evangelism]]. Some monastic communities are only occupied seasonally, depending both on the traditions involved and the local climate, and people may be part of a monastic community for periods ranging from a few days at a time to almost an entire lifetime.
{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Life within the walls of a monastery may be supported in several ways: by manufacturing and selling goods, often [[agricultural]] products; by donations or [[alms]]; by rental or investment incomes; and by funds from other organizations within the religion, which in the past formed the traditional support of monasteries. There has been a long tradition of Christian monasteries providing hospitable, charitable and hospital services. Monasteries have often been associated with the provision of education and the encouragement of scholarship and research,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Herman A. |date=2010 |title=The Genesis of Monastic Libraries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25750346 |journal=Libraries & the Cultural Record |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=320–332 |doi=10.1353/lac.2010.0001 |jstor=25750346 |s2cid=161518883 |issn=1932-4855}}</ref> which has led to the establishment of schools and colleges and the association with universities. Monastic life has adapted to modern society by offering computer services, [[accounting]] services and management as well as modern hospital and educational administration.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lall |first=Marie |title=The alternative: Monastic education |date=2021 |work=Myanmar’s Education Reforms |pages=101–129 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv13xprwx.9 |access-date=2024-05-03 |series=A pathway to social justice? |publisher=UCL Press |jstor=j.ctv13xprwx.9 |isbn=978-1-78735-387-9}}</ref>

==Buddhism==
[[File:Taktsang Palphug Monastery aka Paro Taktsang aka Tiger's Nest, July 2016 13.jpg|thumb|left|Taktsang Palphug Monastery, also known as [[Paro Taktsang]] or "Tiger's Nest"]]
[[File:Mendicant Monk Sitting on Xindong Street, Taipei 20140103.jpg|thumb|left|Mendicant monk sitting on Xindong Street, Taipei]]

Buddhist monasteries, known as '''[[vihara|vihāra]]''' in [[Pali]] and in [[Sanskrit]], emerged sometime around the fourth century BC from the practice of [[vassa]], a retreat undertaken by Buddhist monastics during the South Asian [[wet season]]. To prevent wandering [[bhikkhu|monks]] and [[bhikkhuni|nuns]] from disturbing new plant-growth or becoming stranded in inclement weather, they were instructed to remain in a fixed location for the roughly three-month period typically beginning in mid-July.

These early fixed ''vassa'' retreats took place in pavilions and parks that wealthy supporters had donated to the [[sangha]]. Over the years, the custom of staying on property held in common by the ''sangha'' as a whole during the ''vassa'' retreat evolved into [[cenobitic monasticism]], in which monks and nuns resided year-round in monasteries.

In [[Buddhism in India|India]], Buddhist monasteries gradually developed into centres of learning where philosophical principles were developed and debated; this tradition continues in the monastic universities of [[Vajrayana| Vajrayana Buddhists]], as well as in religious schools and universities founded by religious orders across the Buddhist world. In modern times, living a settled life in a monastery setting has become{{when|date=September 2020}} the most common lifestyle for Buddhist monks and nuns across the globe.

Whereas early monasteries are considered{{by whom|date=September 2020}} to have been held in common by the entire sangha, in later years this tradition diverged in a number of countries. Despite ''[[vinaya]]'' prohibitions on possessing wealth, many monasteries became large landowners, much like monasteries in medieval Christian Europe. In [[Chinese Buddhism]], peasant families worked monastic-owned land in exchange for paying a portion of their yearly crop to the resident monks in the monastery, just as they would to a [[feudal]] landlord. In [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] and in [[Tibetan Buddhism]], the ownership of a monastery often became vested in a single monk, who would often keep the property within the family by passing it on to a nephew ordained as a monk. In [[Buddhism in Japan|Japan]], where civil authorities permitted Buddhist monks to marry, the position of head of a temple or monastery sometimes became hereditary, passed from father to son over many generations.

Forest monasteries – most commonly found in the [[Theravada]] traditions of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka – are monasteries dedicated primarily to the study and cultivation of [[Buddhist meditation]], rather than to scholarship or ceremonial duties. Forest monasteries often function like early Christian monasteries, with small groups of monks living an essentially hermit-like life gathered loosely around a respected elder teacher. While the [[Dhutanga|wandering lifestyle]] practised by [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] and by his disciples continues to be the ideal model for forest-tradition monks in [[Thai Forest Tradition|Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]] and elsewhere, practical concerns—including shrinking wilderness areas, lack of access to lay supporters, dangerous wildlife, and dangerous border conflicts—dictate that increasing numbers of "meditation" monks live in monasteries, rather than wandering.

Buddhist monasteries include some of the largest in the world. [[Drepung Monastery]] in Tibet housed around 10,000 monks prior to the [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Chinese invasion]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Tibet in Louisville|url= http://www.spiritualtravels.info/blog/page/10/|website= Spiritual Travels|publisher= Lori |access-date= 2013-02-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020734/http://www.spiritualtravels.info/blog/page/10/|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Monks under siege in monasteries as protest ends in a hail of gunfire |author= Macartney, Jane |date= March 12, 2008 |work= The Sunday Times|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3528078.ece|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080511205447/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3528078.ece|url-status= dead|archive-date= May 11, 2008}}</ref>
in 1950–1951.

Tibetan Buddhist monasteries or [[gompa]]s are sometimes known as '''lamaseries''', with their monks sometimes (mistakenly) known as [[lama]]s. [[Helena Blavatsky]]'s [[Theosophical Society]] named its initial New York City meeting-place "the Lamasery".<ref>{{cite magazine|author= Crowley, John|title= Madame and the Masters: Blavatsky's cosmic soap opera |magazine= Harper's |date= February 2013 |page= 84}}</ref>

Notable Buddhist monasteries include:
* [[Donglin Temple (Jiangxi)|Donglin Temple]], [[Jiangxi]] (China)
* [[Fo Guang Shan Monastery]], Taiwan
* [[Jetavana]], [[Shravasti]] (India)
* [[Nalanda]], India
* [[Pa-Auk Forest Monastery]], Myanmar
* [[Po Lin Monastery]], Hong Kong
* [[Tengboche Monastery]], Nepal
For a further list of Buddhist monasteries see [[list of Buddhist temples]].

==Christianity==
{{Main|Christian monasticism}}

[[File:Poustevník v jeskyni - Lochotínský park Plzeň.jpg|thumb|''Hermit in the cave'' – Lochotín park in [[Plzeň]]]]

According to tradition, [[Christian monasticism]] began in [[Egypt]] with [[Anthony the Great]]. Originally, all Christian monks were [[hermit]]s seldom encountering other people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goswami |first=Anita |date=2005 |title=Hermit to Cenobitic: A Study in Early Christian Monasticism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145947 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=66 |pages=1329–1335 |jstor=44145947 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

A transitional form of monasticism was later created by [[Saint Amun|Ammonas]] in which "solitary" monks lived close enough to one another to offer mutual support as well as gathering together on Sundays for common services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brakke |first=David |date=2001 |title=The Making of Monastic Demonology: Three Ascetic Teachers on Withdrawal and Resistance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654409 |journal=Church History |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=19–48 |doi=10.2307/3654409 |jstor=3654409 |issn=0009-6407}}</ref>

It was [[Pachomius the Great]] who developed the idea of [[cenobitic monasticism]]: having renunciates live together and worship together under the same roof. Some attribute his mode of communal living to the [[barracks]] of the [[Roman Army]] in which Pachomios served as a young man.<ref>Dunn, Marilyn. The Emergence of Monasticism: From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. p. 29.</ref> Soon the Egyptian desert blossomed with monasteries, especially around Nitria ([[Wadi El Natrun]]), which was called the "Holy City". Estimates are that thousands of monks lived in this area at any one time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ig4uQC20_IC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Egypt from Alexander to the early Christians: an archaeological and historical guide |date=2004 |publisher=The J. Paul Getty Museum |isbn=978-0-89236-796-2 |editor-last=Bagnall |editor-first=Roger S. |location=Los Angeles, Calif |editor-last2=Rathbone |editor-first2=Dominic |editor-last3=J. Paul Getty Museum |url-status=live}}</ref> Eremetism never died out though, but was reserved only for those advanced monks who had worked out their problems within a cenobitic monastery.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The idea caught on, and other places followed:
* Upon his return from the [[Council of Serdica]], [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] established [[Monastery of Saint Athanasius|the first Christian monastery in Europe]] circa 344 near modern-day [[Chirpan]] in [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liternet.bg/publish10/eshopova/manastiryt.htm|title=Манастирът в с. Златна Ливада – най-старият в Европа|publisher=LiterNet|language=bg|date=30 April 2004|access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2024}}
* [[Mar Awgin]] founded a monastery on [[Mount Izla]] above [[Nusaybin]] in [[Mesopotamia]] (~350), and from this monastery the cenobitic tradition spread in Mesopotamia, [[Persia]], [[Armenia]], Georgia and even India and China.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
* [[Mar Saba]] organized the monks of the [[Judaean Desert]] in a monastery close to [[Bethlehem]] (483), and this is considered the mother of all monasteries of [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
* [[Benedict of Nursia]] founded the monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] in Italy (529), which was the seed of [[Roman Catholic]] monasticism in general, and of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]] in particular.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
* The [[Carthusians]] were founded by [[Bruno of Cologne]] at the [[Grande Chartreuse]], from which the religious Order takes its name, in the eleventh century as an eremitical community, and remains the [[motherhouse]] of the Order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
* [[Jerome]] and [[Paula of Rome]] decided to go and live a hermit's life in [[Bethlehem]] and founded several monasteries in the Holy Land. This way of life inspired the foundation of the [[Hieronymites]] in [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]. The [[Monastery of Santa María del Parral]] in [[Segovia]] is the [[motherhouse]] of the Order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

===Western Christianity===
[[File:Monte Cassino Abbey.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abbey]] of [[Monte Cassino]], originally built by [[Benedict of Nursia]], shown here as rebuilt after World War II]]
In the [[Western Christianity|Western Christian Church]], the life of prayer and communal living was one of rigorous schedules and self-sacrifice. Prayer was their work, and the Office prayers took up much of a monk's waking hours – [[Matins]], [[Lauds]], [[Prime (liturgy)|Prime]], [[Terce]], daily Mass, [[Sext]], [[None (liturgy)|None]], [[Vespers]], and [[Compline]]. In between prayers, monks were allowed to sit in the cloister and work on their projects of writing, copying, or decorating books. These would have been assigned based on a monk's abilities and interests. The non-scholastic types were assigned to physical labour of varying degrees.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The main meal of the day took place around noon, often taken at a [[refectory table]], and consisted of the most simple foods e.g., poached fish, bread, vegetables, eggs, cheese, boiled oats. While they ate, scripture would be read from a pulpit above them. Since no other words were allowed to be spoken, monks developed communicative gestures. Abbots and notable guests were honoured with a seat at the high table, while everyone else sat perpendicular to that in the order of seniority. This practice remained when some monasteries became universities after the first millennium, and can still be seen at [[Oxford University]] and [[Cambridge University]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Monasteries were important contributors to the surrounding community. They were centres of intellectual progression and education. They welcomed aspiring priests to come and study and learn, allowing them even to challenge doctrine in dialogue with superiors. The earliest forms of [[musical notation]] are attributed to a monk named [[Notker of St Gall]], and was spread to musicians throughout [[Europe]] by way of the interconnected monasteries. Since monasteries offered respite for weary [[pilgrim]] travellers, monks were obligated also to care for their injuries or emotional needs. Over time, lay people started to make [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimages]] ''to'' monasteries instead of just using them as a stopover. By this time, they had sizeable libraries that attracted learned tourists. Families would donate a son in return for blessings. During the [[Plague (disease)|plague]]s, monks helped to till the fields and provide food for the sick.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

A Warming House, or [[calefactory]], is a common part of a [[medieval]] monastery, where monks went to warm themselves. It was often the only room in the monastery where a fire was lit.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

====Catholic====
[[File:Mont-Saint-Michel vu du ciel.jpg|thumb|[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]]]
[[File:Henrykow former Cistercian abbey 2019 P05 aerial view.jpg|thumb|[[Cistercian Monastery Complex in Henryków]]]]
[[File:595viki Lubiąż. Foto Barbara Maliszewska.jpg|thumb|[[Lubiąż Abbey]]]]
[[File:Krzeszow 03.jpg|thumb|[[Krzeszów Abbey]]]]

A number of distinct [[monastic order]]s developed within Roman Catholicism:

* [[Camaldolese]] monks
* [[Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross]], priests and brothers, all of whom live together like monks according to the [[Rule of St. Augustine]]
* [[Canons Regular]] of St Augustine
* [[Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel|Carmelite hermits]] and [[Carmelites|Carmelite nuns]] (from the Ancient Observance and [[Discalced Carmelites|Discalced branch]])
* [[Cistercians|Cistercian Order]], with monks and nuns (both of the Original Observance and of the [[Trappist]] reform)
* [[Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno|Monks and Sisters of Bethlehem]]
* [[Minim (religious order)|Order of Minims]], founded by [[Francis of Paola]]
* [[Order of Saint Benedict]], known as the Benedictine monks and nuns, founded by [[Benedict of Nursia]] with [[Scholastica]], stresses manual labour in self-subsistent monasteries. See also: [[Cluniac Reforms]]
* [[Poor Clares|Order of Saint Claire]], best known as the Poor Clares (of all the observances)
* [[Hieronymites|Order of Saint Jerome]], inspired by [[Jerome]] and [[Paula of Rome]], known as the Hieronymite monks and nuns
* [[Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit]], known as the Pauline Fathers
* [[Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary]], also known as Sisters of the Annunciation or Annociades, founded by [[Joan of France, Duchess of Berry|Joan of France]]
* [[Carthusians|Order of the Carthusians]], a hermitical religious order founded by [[Bruno of Cologne]]
* [[Order of the Immaculate Conception]], also known as the Conceptionists, founded by [[Beatrice of Silva]]
* [[Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], also known as Turchine Nuns or Blue Nuns, founded by [[Maria Vittoria De Fornari Strata]]
* [[Bridgettines|Order of the Most Holy Savior]], known as Bridgettine nuns and monks, founded by [[Bridget of Sweden]]
* [[Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary]], known as the Visitandine nuns, founded by [[Francis de Sales]] and [[Jane Frances de Chantal]]
* [[Passionist]]s
* [[Premonstratensian|Premonstratensian canons]] ("The White Canons")
* [[Tironensian|Tironensian monks]] ("The Grey Monks")
* [[Valliscaulian|Valliscaulian monks]]

While in English most [[mendicant Order]]s use the monastic terms of monastery or [[priory]], in the [[Romance languages|Latin languages]], the term used by the [[friar]]s for their houses is [[convent]], from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''conventus'', e.g., ({{langx|it|convento}}) or ({{langx|fr|couvent}}), meaning "gathering place". [[Franciscans]] commonly call their house a "friary". {{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

====Lutheran====
After the foundation of the [[Lutheran Church]]es, some monasteries in Lutheran lands (such as [[Amelungsborn Abbey]] near [[Negenborn]] and [[Loccum Abbey]] in [[Rehburg-Loccum]]) and convents (such as [[Ebstorf Abbey]] near the town of [[Uelzen]] and [[Bursfelde Abbey]] in [[Bursfelde]]) adopted the Lutheran Christian faith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medievalhistories.com/kloster-ebstorf-convent-bad-bevensen-near-luneburg/|title=Kloster Ebstorf|work=Medieval Histories |date=8 August 2014|language=en|access-date=20 November 2017|quote=The monastery is mentioned for the first time in 1197. It belongs to the group of so-called Lüneklöstern (monasteries of Lüne), which became Lutheran convents following the Protestant Reformation. […] It is currently one of several Lutheran convents maintained by the Monastic Chamber of Hanover (Klosterkammer Hannover), an institution of the former Kingdom of Hanover founded by its Prince-Regent, later King George IV of the United Kingdom, in 1818, in order to manage and preserve the estates of Lutheran convents. |last1=Histories |first1=Medieval }}</ref>

In 1947 Mother [[Basilea Schlink]] and Mother Martyria founded the [[Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary]], in [[Darmstadt, Germany]].

In 1948, [[Bavaria]]n Lutheran priest Walter Hümmer and his wife Hanna founded the [[Communität Christusbruderschaft Selbitz]].

In 1958, [[Arthur Kreinheder]] established The Congregation of the Servants of Christ at St. Augustine's House in [[Oxford, Michigan]]. It is a Lutheran monastery in the Benedictine tradition.<ref name="Fischer1990">{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Linda Kristine |title=The Geography of Protestant Monasticism |date=1990 |publisher=University of Minnesota |page=274 |language=English}}</ref> Strong ties remain with this community and their brothers in Sweden ([[Östanbäck Monastery]]) and in Germany the ([[Priory of St. Wigbert]]).<ref>[http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/klostren/OSTANENG.htm Östanbäck monastery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813114047/http://www.svenskakyrkan.se/klostren/OSTANENG.htm |date=13 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wigberti.de/ |title=Priorat St. Wigberti: Unser Kloster |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827033038/http://www.wigberti.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Germany, [[Communität Casteller Ring]] is a Benedictine Lutheran community for women.<ref>[http://www.schwanberg.de/index.php/communitaet-casteller-ring-ev.html Communität Casteller Ring] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911174924/http://www.schwanberg.de/index.php/communitaet-casteller-ring-ev.html |date=11 September 2011 }}</ref>

===Anglican===
In the 19th-century monasticism was revived in the [[Church of England]], leading to the foundation of such institutions as the [[House of the Resurrection]], [[Mirfield]] ([[Community of the Resurrection]]), [[Nashdom Abbey]] ([[Benedictine]]), [[Cleeve Priory]] ([[Community of the Glorious Ascension]]) and [[Ewell Monastery]] ([[Cistercian]]), [[Benedictine]] orders, [[Franciscan]] orders and the Orders of the Holy Cross, Order of St. Helena.

=== Eastern Orthodox ===

{{main|Eastern Christian monasticism|Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism}}

[[File:Meteora Monastery - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|The [[Monastery of Varlaam]] in [[Meteora]], Thessaly, Greece]]
[[File:Athos 13.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Athos]]]]

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Eastern Catholic Church]], both monks and nuns follow a similar [[ascetic]] discipline, and even their [[religious habit]] is the same (though nuns wear an extra veil, called the ''[[apostolnik]]''). Unlike [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] monasticism, the Eastern Orthodox do not have distinct religious orders, but a single monastic form throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church. Monastics, male or female, live away from the world, in order to pray for the world.

Monasteries vary from the very large to the very small. There are three types of monastic houses in the Eastern Orthodox Church:
* A [[cenobium]] is a monastic community where monks live together, work together, and pray together, following the directions of an abbot and the elder monks. The concept of the cenobitic life is that when many men (or women) live together in a monastic context, like rocks with sharp edges, their "sharpness" becomes worn away and they become smooth and polished. The largest monasteries can hold many thousands of monks and are called ''[[lavra]]s''. In the cenobium the [[daily office]], work and meals are all done in common.
* A [[skete]] is a small monastic establishment that usually consist of one elder and two or three disciples. In the skete most prayer and work are done in private, coming together on Sundays and [[feast day]]s. Thus, skete life has elements of both solitude and community, and for this reason is called the "middle way".
* A [[hermit]] is a monk who practises asceticism but lives in solitude rather than in a monastic community.

One of the great centres of Eastern Orthodox monasticism is [[Mount Athos]] in [[Greece]], which, like [[Vatican City]], is self-governing. It is located on an isolated peninsula approximately {{convert|20|mi|km}} long and {{convert|5|mi|km}} wide, and is administered by the heads of the 20 monasteries. Today the population of the Holy Mountain is around 2,200 men only and can only be visited by men with special permission granted by both the Greek government and the government of the Holy Mountain itself.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Mount Athos |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/454/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention}}</ref>

===Oriental Orthodox===
[[File:Haghpat monastery 04.JPG|thumb|[[Haghpat Monastery]], Armenia]]
[[File:Betremariam Monastery (Tana) Entrance.jpg|thumb|Betremariam Monastery (Tana)]]

The [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] churches, distinguished by their [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] beliefs, consist of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] (whose Patriarch is considered first among equals for the following churches), [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]], [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Indian Orthodox Church]], and [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] of Antioch.

The monasteries of St. Macarius (''[[Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great|Deir Abu Makaria]]'') and St. Anthony (''[[Monastery of Saint Anthony|Deir Mar Antonios]]'') are the oldest monasteries in the world and under the patronage of the Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Church.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=2005-09-29 |title=In Egyptian desert, cells of earliest monks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/29/world/africa/in-egyptian-desert-cells-of-earliest-monks.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Others===
The last years of the 18th century marked in the Christian Church the beginnings of growth of monasticism among [[Protestant]] denominations. The center of this movement was in the United States and Canada beginning with the [[Shakers|Shaker]] Church, which was founded in England and then moved to the United States. In the 19th century many of these monastic societies were founded as Utopian communities based on the monastic model in many cases. Aside from the Shakers, there were the [[Amana Colonies]], the [[Anabaptist]]s, and others. Many did allow marriage but most had a policy of [[celibacy]] and communal life in which members shared all things communally and disavowed personal ownership.

Among [[Conservative Anabaptists]] are the [[Bruderhof Communities]], which have experienced extensive growth around the world.

Other Protestant Christian denominations also engage in monasticism, including other [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]] (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregationalist) denominations. In the 1960s, experimental monastic groups were formed in which both men and women were members of the same house and also were permitted to be married and have children{{snd}}these were operated on a communal form.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Trends ===

There is a growing Christian [[New Monasticism|neo-monasticism]], particularly among evangelical Christians.<ref>Bill Tenny-Brittian, ''Hitchhiker's Guide to Evangelism'', p. 134 (Chalice Press, 2008). {{ISBN|978-0-8272-1454-5}}</ref>

==Hinduism==

===Advaita Vedanta===
[[File:Vidyashankara Temple at Shringeri.jpg|thumb|Hindu [[matha]], Vidyasankara Temple]]

In Hinduism, monks have existed for a long time, and with them, their respective monasteries, called [[matha]]s. Important among them are the chatur-amnaya mathas established by [[Adi Shankara]] which formed the nodal centres of under whose guidance the ancient Order of Advaitin monks were re-organised under ten names of the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]].

* [[Ramakrishna Math]]

===Sri Vaishnava===
[[File:Parakala Mutt - as it stands today.jpg|thumb|Parakala Mutt]]

[[Ramanuja]] heralded a new era in the world of Hinduism by reviving the lost faith in it and gave a firm doctrinal basis to the [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosophy which had existed since time immemorial. He ensured the establishment of a number of [[matha]]s of his [[Sri Vaishnava]] creed at different important centres of pilgrimage.

*[[Emar Matha]] at [[Puri]]
*Sriranga Narayana Jeeyar Mutt at [[Srirangam]]
*Tirumala Pedda Jeeyangar Mutt at [[Tirupati]]
Later on, other famous Sri Vaishnava theologians and religious heads established various important mathas such as
*Vanamamalai Mutt
*[[Parakala Mutt]]
*[[Ahobila Mutt]]

===Nimbarka Vaishnava===
[[File:Ukhra Nimbarka Peeth Mahanta Asthal.JPG|thumb|Ukhra Nimbarka Peeth Mahanta Asthal]]

[[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] of Nimbarkacharya is popular in North, West and East India and has several important Mathas.
*Nimbarakacharya Peeth at Salemabad, [[Rajasthan]]
*Kathia Baba ka Sthaan at [[Vrindavan]]
*[[Ukhra Mahanta Asthal]] at [[Ukhra]] in [[West Bengal]]
*Howrah Nimbarka Ashram at [[Howrah]]

===Dvaita Vedanta===
[[Ashta matha]] (eight monasteries) of [[Udupi]] were founded by [[Madhvacharya]] (Madhwa acharya), a [[dwaitha]] philosopher.
* [[Gaud Saraswat]] Math
* [[Kashi Math]] at [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Gokarna Math]] at Canacona, [[Goa]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Jainism==
[[Jainism]], founded by [[Mahavira]] {{circa|570 BC}}, has had its own monasteries since the 5th century BC.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Sufism==
Islam discourages monasticism, which is referred to in the Quran as "an invention".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2002.02.0002:sura=57:verse=27|title=The Quran, sura 57, verse 27|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=57&verse=27|title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation|website=corpus.quran.com|access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref> However, the term "Sufi" is applied to Muslim mystics who, as a means of achieving union with Allah, adopted ascetic practices including wearing a garment made of coarse wool called "sūf".<ref>Christopher Melchert, "Origins and Early Sufism", in Lloyd Ridgeon, ed., ''Cambridge Companion to Sufism'' (2014), 3–23.
{{doi|10.1017/CCO9781139087599.003}}</ref> The term "[[Sufism]]" comes from "sūfī" meaning the person who wears "sūf".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khanam|first=Dr|date=2011-06-01|title=The Origin and Evolution of Sufism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265289696|journal=الإيضاح|volume=22}}</ref> But in the course of time, Sufi has come to designate all Muslim believers in mystic union.<ref>"The Neoplatonist Roots of Sufi Philosophy" by Kamuran Godelek, ''20th World Congress of Philosophy'', <sup>[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/CompGode.htm]</sup></ref>

== Monasteries in literature ==
[[Matthew Gregory Lewis|Matthew Lewis]]'s 1796 gothic novel ''[[The Monk]]'' has as parts of its setting both a fictional monastery and nunnery in Spain at the time of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]]. Many have interpreted Lewis's novel as a critique of [[Catholicism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watkins |first=Daniel P. |date=1986 |title=Social Hierarchy in Matthew Lewis's "the Monk" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29532407 |journal=Studies in the Novel |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=115–124 |jstor=29532407 |issn=0039-3827}}</ref> [[Jane Austen]] sets the latter half of her 1818 novel ''[[Northanger Abbey]]'' in an out of use monastery, reflecting on [[Henry VIII]]'s abolition of monasticism in England and the contemporary abolition of monasticism in France in the wake of the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Roger E. |date=2011 |title=The Hidden History of Northanger Abbey: Jane Austen and the Dissolution of the Monasteries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23049354 |journal=Religion & Literature |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=55–80 |jstor=23049354 |issn=0888-3769}}</ref> Convents for female monastics, or nunneries, were often portrayed as punishments for women unable or unwilling to marry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Katharine M. |date=1985 |title=Fantasy and Reality in Fictional Convents of the Eighteenth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40246570 |journal=Comparative Literature Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=297–316 |jstor=40246570 |issn=0010-4132}}</ref>

In the 1880 novel ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'', [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] was inspired by real-life accounts of Orthodox monasticism. Parts of the novel focus in particular on the controversy surrounding the institution of "elderhood" in Orthodox monasticism. Dostoyevsky's understanding of the tradition of elderhood is taken largely from ''Life of Elder Leonid of Optina'' by Father Kliment Zeder-gol'm, from which he quotes directly in chapter 5, book 1 of the Brother's Karamazov.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanton |first1=Leonard J. |last2=Zedergol'm |last3=Dostoevsky |date=1990 |title=Zedergol'm's Life of Elder Leonid of Optina As a Source of Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/130525 |journal=The Russian Review |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=443–455 |doi=10.2307/130525 |jstor=130525 |issn=0036-0341|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The 1980 historical novel [[The Name of the Rose]], by Italian author, philosopher, and [[Semiotics|semiotician]] [[Umberto Eco]], is set in a monastery in Italy in the year 1327, and the book creates a tableau of monastic life in the 14th century. It is an intellectual murder mystery; said to be a [[Postmodernist literature|postmodernist]] work, combining [[metanarrative]] and [[semiotics]] with biblical analysis and medieval studies. The narrative itself takes place at a [[Benedictine]] abbey during the controversy regarding the doctrines about the [[absolute poverty of Christ]] and [[apostolic poverty]] between branches of the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] orders. The setting was inspired by the monumental [[Sacra di San Michele|Saint Michael's Abbey]] in [[Susa Valley]], Piedmont.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Dissolution of the monasteries]]
* [[Ecovillage]]
* [[Intentional community]]
* [[Khanqah]]
* [[Krishnapura matha]]
* [[List of abbeys and priories]]
* [[List of Buddhist temples]]
* [[List of monasteries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]
* [[Monasticism]]
* [[Mount Athos]]
* [[New Monasticism]]
* [[Pilgrimage]]
* [[Religious order]]
* [[Rota (architecture)]]
* [[Shivalli]]
* [[Suppression of monasteries]]
* [[Taoism]]
* [[Thomas Merton]]
* [[Vihara]]
* [[Wudangshan]]
* [[Zawiya (institution)|Zawiya]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Monasteries}}
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www.historyfish.net/monastics/monastics.html Public Domain photographs and texts, and information regarding medieval monasteries.]
* [http://www.vaticanoweb.com/monasteri/initalia.asp Monastery Italy]
* [https://archive.today/20161220065937/http://monasteries.org.ua/en/searchmonasteries Monasteries Search]{{snd}}UOC Synod Commission for Monasteries
* [https://archive.today/20161220065938/http://monasteries.org.ua/en/geomaps/gmap Google-map]{{snd}}UOC Synod Commission for Monasteries

{{RC consecrated life}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Monasteries| ]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Total institutions]]

Mandu, Madhya Pradesh

2026-03-13T22:57:19Z

Yashvitoursin: updated details

{{For|the present-day city|Mandav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandu
| other_name = Mandav
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = File:JahazMahal.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jahaz Mahal
| nickname = mahal ka shahar
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|20|7|N|75|24|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhar district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malwa]] and [[Nimar]]

| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mandu''' or '''Mandavgad''' is an ancient city in the present-day [[Mandav]] area of the [[Dhar district]]. It is located in the [[Malwa]] and [[Nimar]] region of western [[Madhya Pradesh]], India, at 35 km from [[Dhar]] city. In the 11th century, Mandu was the sub division of the Tarangagadh or Taranga kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/RoyalcomplexreportJan11.pdf|title=Report on Demonstration of Renewable Energy Systems at Royal Fortress, Mandu|website=Mnre.gov.in|access-date=2016-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214851/http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/RoyalcomplexreportJan11.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This fortress town on a rocky outcrop about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Indore]] is celebrated for its [[architecture]].

==History==
[[File:The Defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa by the Mughal Troops, Akbarnama.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Mughal forces led by [[Adham Khan]], enter the fort of Baz Bahadur of [[Malwa]], 1561, ''[[Akbarnama]]'' ca 1590–95]]
[[File:Rupmati Mahal.jpg|thumb|right|Roopmati's Pavilion]]
[[File:Kapoor Talao 0940394.jpg|thumb|The Kapoor Talao situated in the Madu Fort]]
[[File:Baz Bahadur's Palace 09.jpg|thumb|right|Main court of Baz Bahadur's Palace.]]
[[File:Rewa Kund, Mandu.jpg|thumb|Rewa Kund - a reservoir that supplies water to Roopmati's Pavilion.]]
[[File:Mandu, Jami Masjid.jpg|thumb|The courtyard of the Jami Masjid.]]
[[File:Hoshang Shah's Tomb 02.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Hoshang Shah]]
[[File:Jahaz Mahal 10.jpg|thumb|Jahaz Mahal]]
[[File:Dai ki Mahal.jpg|thumb|Dai ki Mahal]]
[[File:Hindola Mahal 04.jpg|thumb|The arches of Hindola Mahal]]
An inscription discovered from Talanpur (around 100 km from Mandu) states that a merchant named Chandra Simha installed a statue in a temple of [[Parshvanatha]] located in the Mandapa Durg.<ref name="APS_1994"/> While "Durg" means "Fort", the word "Mandu" is a [[Prakrit]] corruption of "''mandapa''", meaning "hall, temple".<ref>{{cite book |title=Mandu: Travel Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vuinp98E4sYC&pg=PA7 |year=2009 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-81-87780-94-6 |page=7 }}</ref> The inscription is dated 612 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] (555 CE), which indicates that Mandu was a flourishing town in 6th century.<ref name="APS_1994">{{cite book |author1=Ajai Pal Singh |author2=Shiv Pal Singh |title=Monuments of Mandu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7320-004-5 |page=8 }}</ref>

Mandu gained prominence in 10th and 11th century under the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]. The town of Mandu, situated at an elevation of 633 metres (2,079 feet), is perched on the [[Vindhya Range]] extending for {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} while overlooking the plateau of Malwa to the north and the valley of the [[Narmada River]] to the south which acted as natural defences for the fort-capital the Paramaras. As "Mandapa-Durga", Mandu is mentioned as the royal residence in the inscriptions of the Paramara kings starting from [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]]. It is possible that Jayavarman or his predecessor [[Jaitugideva|Jaitugi]] moved from the traditional Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Mandu, because of attacks from the neighbouring kingdoms. [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], the general of the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Delhi]]'s Sultan [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasir-ud-din]], had reached the northern frontier of the Paramara territory by this time. Around the same time, the Paramaras also faced attacks from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] emperor Krishna of [[Daulatabad_Fort|Devgiri]] and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king Visaladeva of [[Gujarat]]. Compared to Dhara, which is located in the plains, the hilly area of Mandu would have offered a better defensive position.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |page=203}}</ref>

In 1305, the Muslim [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|captured Malwa]], the Paramara territory. [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]], the newly appointed Governor of Malwa, was sent to expel the Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] from Mandu and cleanse that place from "the odour of infidelity". With the help of a spy, Multani's forces found a way to enter the fort secretly. Mahalakadeva was killed while attempting to flee, on 24 November 1305.<ref>{{cite book |first=Henry Miers |last=Elliot |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458719 |year=1871 |publisher=Trübner and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458719/page/n85 76] }}</ref>{{npsn|date=November 2019}}<ref>{{cite book |first=V. S. |last=Krishnan |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ratlam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3x8LAQAAIAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=33 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}}

When [[Timur]] captured Delhi in 1401, the Afghan Dilawar Khan, governor of Malwa, set up his own little kingdom and the Ghuri dynasty was established.<ref name=lonelyplanet>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/madhya-pradesh-and-chhattisgarh/mandu/history |title=History of Mandu - Lonely Planet Travel Information |website=Lonelyplanet.com |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}} His son, [[Hoshang Shah]], shifted the capital from [[Dhar]] to Mandu and raised it to its greatest splendour. His son and third and last ruler of Ghuri dynasty, Mohammed, ruled for just one year till his poisoning by the militaristic Mohammed Khalji.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Mohammed Khalji established the [[Malwa Sultanate|Khalji dynasty of Malwa]] (1436-1531) and went on to rule for the next 33 years. However, it was under his reign that the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.<ref name=poole>{{cite book|last1=Lane-Poole|first1=Stanley|title=Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712-1764)|date=1970|publisher=Haskell House|location=New York|isbn=9780838311967|page=174|url=https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131752/https://www.questia.com/library/163947/medieval-india-under-mohammedan-rule-a-d-712-1764|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Ghiyath Shah|Ghiyas-ud-din]], in 1469 and ruled for the next 31 years.<ref name=lonelyplanet/> He had a large harem and built the Jahaz Mahal for housing the women, numbering thousands.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} Ghiyas-ud-din was poisoned at age 80, by Nasir-ud-din, his son.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
In 1526, Mahmud II the sixth Khalji ruler made no resistance against the invading [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] who conquered Mandu 28 March 1531. In 1530 Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor, succeeded Babur. Babur had established the Mughal dynasty. Humayun had two major rivals: Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Humayun was engaged in a war with Sher Shah Suri when he learned of an imminent attack by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who was being aided by the Portuguese. With an unusual swiftness Humayun attacked and defeated Bahadur Shah. Thus in 1534 Mandu came under [[Humayun]]'s rule and he ordered large scale massacre of prisoners there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99051/2015.99051.Mughal-Rule-In-India_djvu.txt|title = Mughal Rule in India|year = 1953}}</ref> Humayun fancied Mandu so he relaxed here for a brief, peaceful interlude.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |title=The Mughal throne: the saga of India's great emperors |date=2003 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-1-84212-723-0 |location=London |pages=47}}</ref> Humayun lost the kingdom to Mallu Khan, an officer of the Khalji dynasty. Ten more years of feuds and invasions followed and in the end [[Baz Bahadur]] emerged on top.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}}

By this time Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah Suri and had fled India. Sher Shah Suri died in 1545 and his son [[Islam Shah]] died in 1553. Islam Shah's 12-year-old son Feroz Khan became the king but was killed by [[Adil Shah Suri]] within 3 days. Adil Shah appointed [[Hemu]], also known as 'Hemof Army and Prime Minister. [[Hemu]] had a rapid rise during Sur regime. A grain supplier to Sher Shah Suri's army and then Chief of Intelligence or Daroga-i-Chowki (Superintendent of Post) under Islam Shah, he became the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Army (Sher Shah Suri's army) under the reign of Adil Shah Suri. Adil Shah Suri was an incompetent ruler and many rebellions occurred against his rule. Hemu was sent to quell these rebellions. During this period Hemu attacked Mandu also and Baz Bahadur ran away from Mandu. Hemu appointed his own Governor here. During this period Humayun had returned to India and in 1555 was again the emperor. In 1556 Humayun died after falling while descending a staircase.

Hemu was in Bengal at the time and sensing an opportunity attacked Mughals. Soon Agra, Bihar, Eastern UP, Madhya Pradesh were all won and on 6 October 1556, he won Delhi, defeating Akbar's forces, and had his coronation at [[Purana Quila]], the next day. Akbar defeated and killed Hemu in the second [[Battle of Panipat (1556)|Battle of Panipat]] on 7 November 1556. In 1561, [[Akbar]]'s army led by [[Adham Khan]] and Pir Muhammad Khan attacked [[Malwa]] and defeated Baz Bahadur in the battle of [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]] on 29 March 1561. One of the reasons for Adham Khan's attack seems to be his love for Rani [[Roopmati]]. Rani Roopmati poisoned herself to death on hearing the news of fall of Mandu. Baz Bahadur fled<ref name=VAS>{{cite book |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605 |last=Smith |first=Vincent, Arthur |year= 1919|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y_BBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Baz+Bahadur}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2019}} to [[Khandesh]]. Akbar, soon recalled Adham Khan and made over command to Pir Muhammad. Pir Muhammad attacked Khandesh and proceeded up to [[Burhanpur]] but he was defeated by a coalition of three powers: [[Faruqi dynasty#Miran Mubarak Shah II|Miran Mubarak Shah II]] of [[Khandesh]], Tufal Khan of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] and Baz Bahadur. Pir Muhammad died while retreating. The confederate army pursued the Mughals and drove them out of Malwa. Baz Bahadur regained his kingdom for a short period. In 1562, Akbar sent another army led by Abdullah Khan, an Uzbeg which finally defeated Baz Bahadur. He fled to [[Chittor]]. Baz Bahadur remained a fugitive at a number of courts till he surrendered in November, 1570 to Akbar at [[Nagaur]]. He joined Akbar's service.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007) ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.112-3</ref>

After Akbar added Mandu to the Mughal empire, it kept a considerable degree of independence, until taken by the [[Marathas]] in 1732 by [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]]. The capital of Malwa was then shifted back to [[Dhar]] by [[Marathas]] under Maharaja [[Pawar]], re-establishing Hindu rule.<ref name=lonelyplanet/>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2019}}

[[File:Darya khan Tomb 2.jpg|thumb|Darya khan Tomb]]

==Places of interest==
{{Main|Mandav#Places of interest}}
Mandu, due to its strategic position and natural defences, was an important place with a rich and varied history. It was an important military outpost and its military past can be gauged by the circuit of the battlemented wall, which is nearly {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is punctuated by 12 gateways. The wall encloses a large number of palaces, mosques, Jain temples of 14th century and other buildings. The oldest mosque dates from 1405; the finest is the [[Jama Masjid, Mandu|Jama Masjid]] or great mosque, a notable example of [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] architecture. The marble-domed tomb of this ruler is also magnificent

Some of the notable places, listed in South to North direction are:

'''Roopmati's Pavilion'''
A large sandstone structure originally built as an army observation post it is known today as Roopmati's Pavilion. Rani Roopmati - the love interest of Baaz Bahadur lived here and is said to have gazed at the Baz Bahadur's Palace - situated below and also at [[Narmada River|Narmada river]], flowing through the Nimar plains far below, a river which the queen revered.

'''Baz Bahadur's Palace'''
Built by Baz Bahadur, this 16th-century structure is famous for its large courtyards encompassed by large halls and high terraces.
It is situated below Roopmati's Pavilion and can be seen from the pavilion.

'''Rewa Kund'''
A reservoir constructed by Baz Bahadur for the purpose of supplying water to Rani Roopmati's Pavilion.
The reservoir is situated below the pavilion and hence is considered an architectural marvel.

'''Darya Khan's Tomb complex'''

Darya Khan was a minister in the court of Mahmud Khalji II, and his tomb lies in a walled complex along with another tomb, a mosque, a pond, and an inn. At the centre of the complex is the massive sandstone tomb of Darya Khan. Hathi Paga Mahal or Elephant Leg Palace is located on the south-eastern side of the Darya Khan Complex, and is crowned with a massive dome.

'''Shri Mandavagadh Teerth'''

Shri Mandavagadh Teerth is dedicated to Lord [[Suparshvanatha]]. It belongs to Shwetambar sect of Jainism. The temple has been attractively constructed and looks exquisite. It underwent expansion in 14th century. The idol of Lord Suparshvanath is believed to be much older. The idol is white in complexion and is 91.54 cm (3 feet) in height. It is seated in a ''padmansana'' posture. Apart from this in this same fort there is a fine temple of smaller size of Lord Shantinath. Ruins of many temples and idols can be seen here. As per a reference once there were almost 700 Jain temples here.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/jain-tirth-places/ShriMandavagadhTirtha |title=Shri Mandavagadh Tirtha |access-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111352/http://www.jainuniversity.org/jain-tirth-places/ShriMandavagadhTirtha |archive-date=16 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Jami Masjid'''
Inspired by the [[Umayyad Mosque|great mosque of Damascus]], this enormous structure is striking in both its simplicity and architectural style-with large courtyards and grand entrances. At the front of Jaami Mosque, there are ruins of Asharfi Palace. There is a seven-story winning memorial at the north-east of the palace, and also a fascinating Ram Temple nearby, which was built by Maharani Sakarwar Bai Pawar in 1769 CE.

'''Hoshang Shah's Tomb'''
India's first marble structure{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}, it is one of the most refined examples of Afghan architecture.
Its unique features include the beautifully proportioned dome, intricate marble lattice work and porticoed courts and towers. It served as a template for the construction of [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_mp_hoshang.asp |title=Hoshang Shah's Tomb, Mandu - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India |website=Asi.nic.in |access-date=2016-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128194059/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_mp_hoshang.asp |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Jahaz Mahal/Ship Palace'''
Situated between two artificial lakes, this two-storied architectural marvel is so named as it appears as a ship floating in water. Built by Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Khalji, it served as a harem for the sultan. This is The Water Palace shown in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832, from a painting by [[Copley Fielding]] together with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]].<ref> {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP106|section=picture|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=8MpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP108|section=poetical illustration|pages=27-28|year=1831|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>
Apart from the enthralling architecture, Jahaz Mahal is also a significant venue for the vibrant colours of the Mandu festival. With a series of adventure activities, music shows, lights, and balloon festivals that happen every year in the winter season. Along with a colourful celebration, the sound and light show at the Jahaz Mahal is another interesting event that holds the eyes of every tourist.

'''Hindola Mahal'''
Hindola Mahal - meaning Swing palace is so named due to its sloping side walls.
The [[Hindola Mahal]] might have been constructed during the reign of Hushang Shah about 1425 C.E. but may date to the end of the 15th century during the reign of Ghiyas al-Din.<ref>Bianca Maria Alfieri, Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (New York:te Neues Publishing Company, 2000), 131-135.</ref> It is one of a set buildings making up the royal palace complex at Mandu, which consists of the Jahaz Mahal, the Hindola Mahal, the Taveli Mahal, and the Nahar Jharokha.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpEZAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=2008-04-24 |access-date=2016-01-22|last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson }}</ref> The Hindola Mahal may have been used as an audience chamber.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/mandu1-eng.htm |title=Mandu （I Palace Complex） |website=Ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp |access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref>

'''The Darwazas (Gates)'''

The wall encompassing Mandu has 12 major ''darwazas'' or gates. The present road, through which Mandu is reached passes through many of these. Also encountered are smaller gateways built to provide protection to the above-mentioned 12 gates.

'''Songarh/ Sonergarh Fort:''' The fort was once an impregnable citadel and part of the historic hillfort of Mandu, now in ruins, which stands in a spectacular, naturally-defended position on a plateau of the Vindhya hills surrounded by a ravine. The citadel is separated from the main hill by a narrow neck of land.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Mandeep |date=September 6, 2023 |title=Mandu: Unveiling India's Hidden Gem by the Narmada River |url=https://offfbeatindia.com/mandu-unveiling-indias-hidden-gem-by-the-narmada-river/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=offfbeatindia.com}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The nearest airport is Indore.

=== Sunset Point ===
This a lovely gorge on the way to the fort from Dhar. In monsoon, one can see a lovely waterfalls cascading from the rocks.

=== Sagar Talab ===
Sagar Talab is a beautiful man made lake inside the fort.

==In popular culture==
* A major part of the 1977 [[Bollywood]] movie [[Kinara (film)|Kinara]] and its song "Naam Gum Jaayegaa" were shot in Mandu. Another film Rani Rupmati (1959), was also based on this city.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Palace at mandu.jpg|Palace at Mandu
File:PalaceAtMandu.jpg|Palace at Mandu
File:Palace at Mandu1.jpg|Palace at Mandu
File:Rupmati palace, Mandav.jpg|Rupmati palace, Mandav
File:Rupmati palace, Mandu.jpg|Rupmati palace, Mandu
File:Rupmati palace, Mandu 01.jpg|Rupmati palace, Mandu
File:Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh-DSC001.jpg|Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh
File:Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh-DSC003.jpg|Asharfi Mahal-Mandu-Madhya Pradesh
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Mandu|volume=17|page=566}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Water Palace|The Water Palace, Mandoo, a poetical illustration by L. E. L. to a picture by Copley Fielding}}
* A painting of the Jumma Musjid, Mandoo by [[Samuel Austin (artist)|Samuel Austin]], engraved by J Kernot, as an illustration to {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Zenana - Kishen Kower|The Zenana - Kishen Kower]]}}, a poem by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]. Page 20.

{{Commons category}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Mandu}}

{{Portal|India}}

{{Indore Division}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Forts in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dhar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhar district]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in India]]
[[Category:Ruins in India]]

PhonePe

2026-03-06T17:20:18Z

Yashvitoursin: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian financial technology company}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox website
| name = PhonePe
| logo = PhonePe Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = Digital payments & [[Financial services]]
| company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| language = [[Multilingual]] (11)
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015||}}
| area_served = India
| founder = {{Unbulleted_list|Sameer Nigam<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/phone-pe-has-big-goals|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=[[Tech in Asia]]|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235405/https://www.techinasia.com/phone-pe-has-big-goals|url-status=live}}</ref><br>{{small|([[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}|Rahul Chari<br>{{small|([[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]] & [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])}}|Burzin Engineer<br>{{small|([[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]] & [[Corporate title#Senior management|CRO]])}}}}
| industry = [[Fintech]], [[Financial services]], [[Payment gateway]]
| services = {{hlist||[[Payment system]]s|[[Financial services]]|}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|7115|c}} (2025)<ref name="w120">{{cite web | title=PhonePe cuts losses to ₹1,727.4 crore as revenue climbs 40% | website=The Hindu | date=2025-09-22 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/phonepe-cuts-losses-to-17274-crore-as-revenue-climbs-40/article70081985.ece | access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref>
| parent = [[Walmart]]
| subsidiaries =
| website = {{URL|https://www.phonepe.com/|phonepe.com}}
| registration = Required
| commercial = Yes
| users = 600 million<ref name="j067">{{cite web | author=TNIE online desk | title=PhonePe files draft papers for $1.5 billion IPO | website=The New Indian Express | date=2025-09-24 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Sep/24/phonepe-files-draft-papers-for-15-billion-ipo | access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref>
| current_status = Active
| native_clients = [[Android (operating system)|Android]]<br />[[iOS]]
| location = Salarpuria Softzone, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.phonepe.com/en/contact_us.html |title=Contact Us |publisher=PhonePe, Pvt Ltd |date=2015-03-15 |access-date=2019-09-29 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503194806/https://www.phonepe.com/en/contact_us.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''PhonePe''' is an Indian [[Digital wallet|digital payments]] and financial services company, headquartered in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Abhinav|date=10 March 2020|title=Why digital payment firms should not rely on single bank|language=en|work=The Week|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/03/10/why-digital-payment-firms-should-not-rely-on-single-bank.html|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129042605/https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/03/10/why-digital-payment-firms-should-not-rely-on-single-bank.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top ten Indian Fintech unicorns - ET BFSI |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/fintech/top-ten-indian-fintech-unicorns/83838113 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=ETBFSI.com |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331113105/https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/fintech/top-ten-indian-fintech-unicorns/83838113 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was founded in December 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=IBLA 2023: Walmart-backed PhonePe is this edition's 'Young Turk of The Year' - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/ibla-2023-phonepe-young-turk-of-the-year-sameer-nigam-fund-raise-valuation-upi-payments-18465361.htm |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> by Sameer Nigam, Rahul Chari and Burzin Engineer.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chanchani|first1=Madhav|date=4 April 2016|title=Flipkart acquires former executive's startup PhonePe for payments push|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/flipkart-acquires-former-executives-startup-phonepe-for-payments-push/articleshow/51643300.cms|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202082501/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/flipkart-acquires-former-executives-startup-phonepe-for-payments-push/articleshow/51643300.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The PhonePe app, based on the [[Unified Payments Interface]], went live in August 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Anirban|date=10 January 2017|title=Flipkart's PhonePe crosses 10 million downloads on Google Play Store|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/UYnMwPyHD8KKZZUJpb7uMP/Flipkarts-PhonePe-crosses-10-million-downloads-on-Google-Pl.html|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127042832/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/UYnMwPyHD8KKZZUJpb7uMP/Flipkarts-PhonePe-crosses-10-million-downloads-on-Google-Pl.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-29 |title=PhonePe offers guaranteed cashback on gold, silver: Here are details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/phonepe-offers-guaranteed-cashback-on-gold-silver/articleshow/87364688.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The PhonePe app is accessible in 11 Indian languages.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=20 April 2020|title=5 digital payment platforms you can use during Coronavirus Lockdown|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-digital-payment-platforms-you-can-use-to-make-payment-during-coronavirus-lockdown-1668921-2020-04-20|access-date=2020-07-19|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918205425/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-digital-payment-platforms-you-can-use-to-make-payment-during-coronavirus-lockdown-1668921-2020-04-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It enables users to perform various financial transactions such as sending and receiving money, recharging mobile and DTH, making utility payments, conducting in-store payments.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-30|title=PhonePe launches silver investments; allows users to buy silver coins and bars|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/market/commodities/phonepe-launches-silver-investments-allows-users-to-buy-silver-coins-and-bars-10939762.htm|access-date=2022-01-29|website=cnbctv18.com|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206052049/https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/market/commodities/phonepe-launches-silver-investments-allows-users-to-buy-silver-coins-and-bars-10939762.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Brinda|date=23 March 2018|title=Payments platform PhonePe looks to double its team|work=[[The Times Of India]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/payments-platform-phonepe-looks-to-double-its-team/articleshow/63425639.cms?from=mdr|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130115250/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/payments-platform-phonepe-looks-to-double-its-team/articleshow/63425639.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
PhonePe was incorporated in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flipkart : India's most preferred online shopping store|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/startups/flipkart-62283/|access-date=14 February 2020|website=The Indian Wire|date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806075740/https://www.theindianwire.com/startups/flipkart-62283/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2016, the company was acquired by [[Flipkart]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-01 |title=Flipkart acquires mobile payments firm PhonePe |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/flipkart-acquires-mobile-payments-firm-phonepe/article8422281.ece |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Flipkart acquires former executive's startup PhonePe for payments push|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/flipkart-acquires-former-executives-startup-phonepe-for-payments-push/articleshow/51643300.cms|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235450/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/flipkart-acquires-former-executives-startup-phonepe-for-payments-push/articleshow/51643300.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and as part of the acquisition, the FxMart license was transferred to PhonePe and rebranded as the PhonePe wallet. PhonePe's co-founder Sameer Nigam was appointed as the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Ritik |title=Meet man who once worked at Flipkart, now runs Rs 99400 crore company, he is… |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-man-who-once-worked-at-flipkart-now-runs-rs-99400-crore-company-he-is-3095061 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2016, the company partnered with [[Yes Bank]] to launch a [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]]-based mobile payment app, based on the government-backed UPI platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahay |first=Priyanka |title=Flipkart's PhonePe ties up with Yes Bank to launch UPI-based app |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/zsJlcKjrJrEeCQK3t8wWbP/Flipkarts-PhonePe-launches-UPIbased-app.html |website=Live Mint|date=29 August 2016 }}</ref>

In December 2020, [[Flipkart]] and PhonePe declared a partial split, with [[Walmart]] maintaining its majority ownership in PhonePe and the two entities functioning independently.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2022-12-23 |title=Flipkart and PhonePe complete separation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/22/flipkart-and-phonepe-complete-separation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607194232/https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/22/flipkart-and-phonepe-complete-separation/ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, PhonePe shifted its domicile to India from Singapore and completed separation from Flipkart.<ref name="b233">{{cite web | title=PhonePe turns profitable excluding Esop costs in FY24 | website=The Times of India | date=2024-08-26 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/phonepe-turns-profitable-excluding-esop-costs-in-fy24/articleshow/112814953.cms | access-date=2026-01-27}}</ref>

In 2022, it launched international UPI payments, allowing Indian users traveling abroad to pay foreign merchants with [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=Walmart-owned PhonePe to enable UPI activation on Aadhaar-based OTP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/walmart-owned-phonepe-to-enable-upi-activation-on-aadhaa-based-otp-122110901215_1.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331114015/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/walmart-owned-phonepe-to-enable-upi-activation-on-aadhaa-based-otp-122110901215_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-02-07 |title=PhonePe allows cross-border UPI payments in UAE, Singapore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/phonepe-allows-cross-border-upi-payments-in-uae-singapore/article66480856.ece |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2022, PhonePe obtained licensing from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for operating a Semi-Closed Prepaid Payment system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/publicationsview.aspx?id=12043|access-date=2017-02-20|website=rbi.org.in|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235441/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/publicationsview.aspx?id=12043|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2023, PhonePe raised $350 million from [[General Atlantic]], a US growth equity firm, at a pre-money valuation of $12 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Aman |date=2023-01-19 |title=PhonePe raises $350 mn from General Atlantic at $12 bn valuation |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/phonepe-raises-350-mn-from-general-atlantic-at-12-bn-valuation-11674108233101.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419102302/https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/phonepe-raises-350-mn-from-general-atlantic-at-12-bn-valuation-11674108233101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It raised another $100 million in primary capital in February 2023 from [[Ribbit Capital]], [[Tiger Global Management|Tiger Global]], and TVS Capital Funds, followed by $200 million in primary capital from Walmart, and another $100 million from General Atlantic at the same valuation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PhonePe raises $100 million in additional funding |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/phonepe-raises-100-million-in-additional-funding/2981617/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Financialexpress |date=15 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105443/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/phonepe-raises-100-million-in-additional-funding/2981617/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-23 |title=PhonePe gets another $100 million from General Atlantic; total funding rises to $850 million |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/phonepe-raises-additional-100-million-from-general-atlantic/articleshow/100413143.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In April 2023, PhonePe launched a new shopping app called 'Pincode', focused on [[hyperlocal]] e-commerce and built on top of the [[Open Network for Digital Commerce|ONDC]] platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=PhonePe's Pincode Takes on Blinkit, Instamart Across Metros in Quick Commerce Game |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/start-up/phonepes-pincode-takes-on-blinkit-instamart-across-metros-in-quick-comm-game |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref> In August 2023, PhonePe launched Share.Market, a stock broking and mutual fund investment platform, via its subsidiary PhonePe Wealth Broking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PhonePe continues to earn nearly entire revenue from payments business |url=https://www.vccircle.com/phonepecontinues-to-earn-nearly-entire-revenue-from-payments-business |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=PhonePe launches Share.Market app, enters stock broking business |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/phonepe-launches-share-market-app-enters-stock-broking-business-11693388028294.html |work=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-30 |title=PhonePe enters online stock broking with a new app |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/phonepe-enters-online-stock-broking-with-a-new-app/article67251374.ece |access-date=2025-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In February 2024, PhonePe introduced Indus Appstore, a mobile [[app store]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=PhonePe's Indus Appstore surpasses 1 mn installations in 1 month |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/phonepes-indus-appstore-surpasses-1-mn-installations-in-1-month/116186 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=PhonePe's Indus Appstore Crosses 1 Million Installations Within A Month |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/phonepes-indus-appstore-crosses-1-million-installations-within-a-month |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PhonePe diversification strategy pays off, high revenue growth likely to sustain |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/phonepe-diversification-strategy-pays-off-high-revenue-growth-likely-to-sustain-article-12808510.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903170142/https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/phonepe-diversification-strategy-pays-off-high-revenue-growth-likely-to-sustain-article-12808510.html |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2025, PhonePe converted into a [[public company]] and changed its name from PhonePe Private Limited to PhonePe Limited as part of its preparations for an [[initial public offering]].<ref name="v539">{{cite web | title=UPI market leader PhonePe becomes a public company ahead of IPO | website=Moneycontrol | date=2025-04-18 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/upi-market-leader-phonepe-becomes-a-public-company-ahead-of-ipo-article-12998152.html | access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref><ref name="p351">{{cite web | title=PhonePe becomes public company amid mega IPO preparations | website=mint | date=2025-04-18 | url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/phonepe-becomes-public-company-amid-mega-ipo-preparations-11744978561701.html | access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref> According to media reports, in September 2025, PhonePe filed draft papers with [[SEBI]] for [[IPO]] via the confidential pre filing route.<ref name="h184">{{cite web | title=PhonePe files draft prospectus for $1.5 billion IPO with Sebi through confidential route | website=The Economic Times | date=2025-09-24 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/phonepe-files-draft-ipo-papers-via-confidential-route/articleshow/124082872.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-11-03}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
*In 2018: Won the UPI Digital Innovation Award from NPCI in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kannan|first=Uma|date=6 August 2018|title=PhonePe eyes top slot in digital payments|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/economy-business/phonepe-eyes-top-slot-digital-685738.html|access-date=11 March 2023|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127121826/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/economy-business/phonepe-eyes-top-slot-digital-685738.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*India Advertising Awards 2018 in the Telecom and Technology category<ref name="Campaign India 2018 z755">{{cite web | title=MullenLowe Lintas Group and Ogilvy dominate the IndIAA Awards | website=Campaign India | date=2018-08-31 | url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/mullenlowe-lintas-group-and-ogilvy-dominate-the-indiaa-awards/446901 | access-date=2024-04-19}}</ref>

== Legal challenges ==
On 14 January 2017, [[ICICI Bank|ICICI bank]] blocked PhonePe transactions, citing the reasons that it did not meet the [[National Payments Corporation of India|NPCI]] guidelines.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sen|first=Anirban|date=2017-01-14|title=ICICI blocks PhonePe transactions in sign of banks moving to protect payments turf|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/V34XcBBjpRUgPyrWPX9qzN/ICICI-blocks-PhonePe-transactions-in-sign-of-banks-moving-to.html|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235422/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/V34XcBBjpRUgPyrWPX9qzN/ICICI-blocks-PhonePe-transactions-in-sign-of-banks-moving-to.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Peermohamed|first=Alnoor|date=2017-01-16|title=ICICI Bank blocks transactions through Flipkart wallet PhonePe|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/icici-bank-blocks-transactions-through-flipkart-wallet-phonepe-117011500600_1.html|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235424/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/icici-bank-blocks-transactions-through-flipkart-wallet-phonepe-117011500600_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, on 19 January 2017, NPCI instructed [[ICICI Bank|ICICI]] to allow UPI transactions via PhonePe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NPCI instructs ICICI to allow UPI transactions on PhonePe immediately|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/npci-instructs-icici-to-allow-upi-transactions-on-phonepe-immediately/articleshow/56669210.cms|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235444/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/npci-instructs-icici-to-allow-upi-transactions-on-phonepe-immediately/articleshow/56669210.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period, [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] too blocked PhonePe transactions on its platforms.<ref>{{Cite news|title=After ICICI Bank, Airtel also blocks PhonePe - The Economic Times|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/after-icici-bank-airtel-also-blocks-phonepe/articleshow/56671243.cms|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235446/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/after-icici-bank-airtel-also-blocks-phonepe/articleshow/56671243.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A day later, on 20 January 2017, NPCI renounced the previous instructions citing the reason that PhonePe indeed violated the UPI norms.<ref>{{Cite news|title=NPCI says Flipkart's PhonePe does not follow UPI rules - The Economic Times|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/npci-says-flipkarts-phonepe-does-not-follow-upi-rules/articleshow/56692212.cms|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235421/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/npci-says-flipkarts-phonepe-does-not-follow-upi-rules/articleshow/56692212.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2017-01-21|title=PhonePe app in breach of UPI guidelines: NPCI|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/phonepe-app-in-breach-of-upi-guidelines-npci-117012001547_1.html|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235408/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/phonepe-app-in-breach-of-upi-guidelines-npci-117012001547_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2017-01-20|title=PhonePe in violation of UPI norms, says NPCI in U-turn|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/qkc3xTGBRnH0W3Xf80znLJ/Flipkarts-PhonePe-app-in-violation-of-UPI-norms-says-NPCI.html|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235407/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/qkc3xTGBRnH0W3Xf80znLJ/Flipkarts-PhonePe-app-in-violation-of-UPI-norms-says-NPCI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After this, PhonePe closed its operations on Flipkart's website,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Vishwanath|date=2017-01-21|title=PhonePe stops all UPI-based payments on Flipkart website|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/GQBybiQPaPwL5yI65NqVtI/PhonePe-stops-all-UPIbased-payments-on-Flipkart-website.html|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235431/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/GQBybiQPaPwL5yI65NqVtI/PhonePe-stops-all-UPIbased-payments-on-Flipkart-website.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to align itself with the terms stated in the updated verdict from NPCI. By February 2017, PhonePe resolved the issues with [[ICICI Bank|ICICI]] and [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=ICICI Bank resumes UPI transactions on PhonePe - The Economic Times|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/icici-bank-resumes-upi-transactions-on-phonepe/articleshow/56923051.cms|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225235438/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/icici-bank-resumes-upi-transactions-on-phonepe/articleshow/56923051.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== ESOP ==
PhonePe allots [[Employee stock ownership|employee stock options]] (ESOPs) to its full-time employees.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Abrar|first=Peerzada|date=2021-02-04|title=PhonePe distributes ESOPs worth Rs 1,500 crore among all employees|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/phonepe-distributes-esops-worth-rs-1-500-crore-among-all-employees-121020401698_1.html|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206053550/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/phonepe-distributes-esops-worth-rs-1-500-crore-among-all-employees-121020401698_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2021, PhonePe was reported to have conducted a buyback of ESOPs worth {{INRConvert|1.35|b|year=2023}}, covering 75% of its current workforce who have completed at least a year of service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PhonePe announces ₹135 cr ESOPs buyback programme from employees this year |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/phonepe-announces-rs-135-cr-esops-buyback-programme-from-employees-this-year-11637309680573.html |website=Live Mint}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[E-commerce payment system]]
* [[Mobile payment]]
* [[Digital wallet]]
* [[List of online payment service providers]]
* [[Payment gateway]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.phonepe.com/}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Digital payment providers}}
{{FinTech in India}}
{{Flipkart}}

[[Category:Electronic funds transfer]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Flipkart acquisitions]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:E-commerce in India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2015]]
[[Category:Mobile payments in India]]
[[Category:Online payments]]
[[Category:Payment service providers]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Karnataka]]

Prema Mandiram

2026-03-06T06:10:22Z

Yashvitoursin: minor add formatting and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Mandiram
| image = Prema Mandiram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Dasari Narayana Rao
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />[[Jaya Prada]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = K. A. Marthand
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0262704/ |title=Prema Mandiram (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1981|9|19}}
| runtime = 160 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Prema Mandiram''''' ({{Translation|Temple of Love}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/prema-mandiram-1981-telugu-movie |title=Prema Mandiram (Banner) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> banner and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Prema-Mandiram/19214 |title=Prema Mandiram (Direction) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Jaya Prada]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/prema-mandhiram-movie/17009 |title=Prema Mandiram (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
During the time of the Pre-independence era, a province ruled by Zamindar Bhupathi Raja, stubborn & ruthless, who had two sons, Sarva Rayudu & Vikram. Zamindar slaughtered younger Vikram for knitting destitute since he adhered to caste & family prestige. Ergo, he rears his grandson Chinnababu in a royal cage and civilizes him within the boundaries. Frustrated, Chinnababu once skips to immerse himself in the external world. Recognizing it, Sarva Rayudu immediately moves in to hunt his son, concealing it from his father. Destiny makes him, Chinnababu acquit a beautiful girl, Madhura Ranjani, who belongs to a prostitute's clan with a noble character, and they fall in love. Hereupon, Sarvarayudu retrieves his son back, but somehow, he flees again & again. The act makes Sarvarayudu terrified of his fury father because it is hazardous to Chinnababu. So, he pleads with Madhura to make herself low before Chinnababu discards, and she does so. Devastated, Chinnababu turns alcoholic, and even grief-stricken Madhura becomes terminally ill. Later, Chinnababu realizes the fact and declares Madhura as his spouse when Zamindar edicts Sarvarayudu to slay them. Then, Sarvarayudu performs their wedlock and gives a warm welcome. On their first night, Sarva Rayudu forges his father that he had poisoned them. Indeed, he presents it to Zamindar and consumes himself. At last, Zamindar dies with his monarchy. Finally, the movie ends with Sarvarayudu breathing his last, proclaiming, ''Love is beyond any caste & clan.''

==Cast==
Soure<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Mandiram (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/VZN |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Pedababu Sarvarayudu & Chinnababu (dual role)
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Madhura Ranjani
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Bhupati Raja
*[[Jaggayya]] as Vikram
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Diwanji
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Aachary
*[[Sreedhar|Sridhar]] as Madhura's brother
*[[Nagesh]] as Lavakusalu
*[[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Lavakusalu
*[[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Servant
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Servant
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as Britisher
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Hema
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Vikram 's wife
*[[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] as Anya Ranjani
*[[Rajasulochana]] as Sabha Ranjani
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Madhura Vani
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Raja Ranjani
*[[D. Ramanaidu]] as Doctor

==Crew==
*'''Art''': S. Krishna Rao
*'''Choreography''': Saleem
*'''Lyrics''': [[C. Narayana Reddy]], [[Aarudhra]], [[Veturi]], Dasari Narayana Rao
*'''Playback''': [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]]
*'''Music''': [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
*'''Editing''': K. A. Marthand
*'''Cinematography''': P. S. Selvaraj
*'''Producer''': [[D. Ramanaidu]]
*'''Story - Screenplay - Dialogues - Director''': [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
*'''Banner''': [[Suresh Productions]]
*'''Release Date''': 19 September 1981

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prema Mandiram
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1981
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 38:45
| label = SEA Records
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = [[Guru Sishyulu (1981 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]
| prev_year = 1981
| next_title = Radha Kalyanam
| next_year = 1981
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Music released on SEA Records Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3059/Prema%20Mandiram(1981)/ |title=Prema Mandiram (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Prema Mandiram Ide"
|[[Veturi]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:32
|-
|2
|"Chandrodayam"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,P. Susheela
|4:03
|-
|3
|"Ekkado Chusinattu Unnadi"
|[[Aarudhra]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|4:35
|-
|4
|"Aata Tandana Tana"
|Veturi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:12
|-
|5
|"Tholisari Palikenu"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|5:33
|-
|6
|"Udayama Udayinchaku"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:23
|-
|7
|"Amaram Amaram"
|Dasari Narayana Rao
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|5:47
|-
|8
|"Maa Inti Alluda"
|Veturi
|S. Janaki, [[P. Susheela]]
|5:40
|}

==Others==
* VCDs and DVDs on - VOLGA Videos, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:1981 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:1981 drama films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]

Nanda Saukhya Bhare

2026-03-05T00:56:22Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{Short description|2015 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nanda Saukhya Bhare.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]<br>[[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Sampada Jogalekar Kulkarni
| director = Vaibhav Chinchalkar
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 389
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Aadesh Bandekar]]
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Soham Productions
| budget =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|07|20|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|10|01|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Nanda Saukhya Bhare''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series that aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Marathi show Nanda Saukhya Bhare to go off-air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/nanda-saukhya-bhare-to-go-off-air/articleshow/54331829.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 September 2016 }}</ref> The show premiered on 20 July 2015, replacing ''[[Ase He Kanyadan]],'' and ended its run on 1 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title='नांदा सौख्य भरे' मालिकेला मिळू दे यश, निर्माते आदेश बांदेकर यांची सत्यनारायणाकडे प्रार्थना|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-adesh-bandekars-new-tv-serial-nanda-saukhya-bhare-5057798-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=20 July 2015 |language=mr}}</ref> It was produced by [[Aadesh Bandekar]] under the banner of Soham Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=आदेश बांदेकरचे 'नांदा सौख्य भरे'|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/nanda-saukhya-bhare-new-serial-produced-by-adesh-bandekar-1121749/lite/|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Rutuja Bagwe]], [[Chinmay Udgirkar]] and Suhas Paranjape in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=देशपांडेंच्या घरी होणार ललिताची फजिती? 'नांदा सौख्य भरे' मालिकेमध्ये येणार ट्विस्ट|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-lalita-got-caught-twist-in-tv-serial-nanda-saukhya-bhare-5096505-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=27 August 2015 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Rutuja Bagwe]] as Swanandi Deshpande / Swanandi Indranil Jahagirdar
* [[Chinmay Udgirkar]] as Indranil Jahagirdar (Neel)
* Suhas Paranjape as Lalita Jahagirdar<ref>{{Cite web|title=नील-स्वानंदीचं रोमँटिक लक्ष्मीपूजन, ललिताची भीती पडली पथ्यावर|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-laxmi-pujan-in-nanda-saukhya-bhareniel-swanandis-romantic-laxmi-pujan-5166217-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Reshma Shinde]] as Sampada Deshpande
* Akshata Naik as Nilima Jahagirdar
* Sandeep Gaikwad as Niranjan Jahagirdar
* Varsha Dandale as Vatsala (Vachchhi)
* Uma Gokhale as Swanandi's mother
* Yogesh Soman as Swanandi's father
* Prajakta Gaikwad as Sayali Deshpande
* Vijay Patwardhan as Swanandi's uncle
* Rugvedi Pradhan as Swanandi's aunt
* Ragini Samant as Swanandi's grandmother

== Reception ==
=== Special episodes ===
==== 1 hour ====
* 30 August 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=ललिताने स्वानंदीला दिली जुनी फाटकी साडी, वच्छीने पितळ उघड केल्यावर रडली ललिता|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-lalita-gives-old-torn-sari-to-swanandi-check-out-drama-in-nanda-saukhya-bhare-5208362-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=29 December 2015 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 27 September 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=स्वानंदीने केली हरितालिकेची पूजा, नीलने केला स्वानंदीसाठी उपवास, मालिकेत फुलला रोमान्स|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-hartalika-pooja-in-tv-serial-nanda-saukhya-bhare-5114478-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=16 September 2015 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 25 October 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=स्वानंदी-नील आणि संपदा-महेशचा झाला साखरपुडा, ललिताची मात्र झाली फजिती|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-engagement-in-daily-soap-nanda-saukhya-bhare-5123950-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=25 September 2015 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 14 February 2016<ref>{{Cite web|title=नील-स्वानंदीचा रोमान्स: नील ब्राझिलला निघाल्याने स्वानंदी झाली हळवी आणि रोमँटिक|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-tv-serial-nanda-saukhya-bhares-niel-and-swanandis-bedroom-romance-5205023-nor.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=25 December 2015 |language=mr}}</ref>

==== 2 hours ====
* 13 December 2015 (Neel-Swanandi's marriage)<ref>{{Cite web|title=संपदा-महेशच्या लग्नात 'दिल दोस्ती..'चे वऱ्हाडी? 'नांदा..'मध्ये कशी पोहोचली माजघरातली मंडळी?|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-know-why-dil-dosti-duniyadari-team-visits-nanda-saukhya-bhare-set-5191792-pho.html|website=Divya Marathi|date=11 December 2015 |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 22
|2016
|1.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप-५ मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-22-234677|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=9 June 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|2016
|1.6
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/uncategorized/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-23-238411|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=16 June 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|2016
|1.6
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप-५ मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-24-241724|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=23 June 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2016
|2.1
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-28-255524|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=21 July 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|2016
|2.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-29-259160|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=28 July 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2016
|2.0
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-31-266863|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=11 August 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|2016
|2.3
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ टीव्ही मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-of-week-35-281393|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=8 September 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2016
|2.7
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-38-292658|access-date=2022-09-19|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=29 September 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14217478}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/nanda-saukhya-bhare/0-6-63 ''Nanda Saukhya Bhare''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Indian locomotive class WAG-12

2026-03-04T04:16:35Z

Yashvitoursin: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian Railway freight class high horsepower electric locomotive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WAG-12B
| image = SRE WAG12B.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Saharanpur based WAG-12B at [[Dum Dum Junction]].
| powertype = Electric
| designer = [[Alstom]] & [[RDSO]]
| builder = [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura|ELF, Madhepura]]
| buildmodel =
| builddate = {{start date|2017}}–present
| totalproduction = 598 as of March 2026
| aarwheels = B-B+B-B
| uicclass = [[Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
| Britishclass = Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|1250|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| bogie = {{convert|2600|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| pivotcentres = {{convert|10200|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| pantoshoecentres = {{convert|9000|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| over couplers = {{convert|38400|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3215|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| pantodown = {{convert|4245|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| axleload = 22.5t (upgradable to 25t)
| locoweight = 180t (upgradable to 200t)
| sandcap =
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}}
| collectionmethod = [[pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
| tractionmotors = 6FRA-4576D, Asynchronous, Forced Cooled, Nose Suspended
| t/m amps cont = 1125 kW @ 1750 rpm
| gear ratio = 110:23
| multipleworking = 2 units
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]], [[regenerative brake|Regenerative]]<ref name="regen brake" />
| locobrakeforce = {{convert|634.5|kN|lbf|0|abbr=on}}
| trainbrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]
| coupling = [[Janney coupler|CBC coupler]], [[Buffers and chain coupler]]
| maxspeed = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}{{break}}(Upgradable to 120 km/h)
| poweroutput = {{convert|12000|hp|kW||abbr=on}}
| poweroutput cont = {{convert|9000|kW|hp||abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|921|kN|lbf|0|abbr=on}}
| t/e starting = {{convert|612|kN|lbf|0|abbr=on}}{{break}}(Upgradable to 785 kN)
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = '''60001+'''
| locale = India
| deliverydate = 11 October 2017
| firstrundate = 19 May 2020
}}
The Indian locomotive class '''WAG-12B''' is a class of [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] twin section [[electric locomotive]]s that was developed in 2017 by [[Alstom]] with technological collaboration with [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for wide gauge (W), alternating current (A), goods traffic (G) locomotive-12. They entered trial service in 2019. As March 2026, a total of 598 WAG-12B were built at the [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].

With a power output of 12,000 hp, the WAG 12 is twice as powerful as its immediate predecessor, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]]. The locomotive was developed for use on [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|dedicated freight corridors]], where it is used to haul freight trains weighing more than {{convert|6000|tonnes}} at speeds of {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}} to {{convert|120|km/h|abbr=on}}, doubling the average speed of freight trains in the sector.

== History ==

=== Origins ===

[[File:WAG 12 Indian Railways.png|thumb|306x306px|WAG 12 locomotive details]]

The origins of WAG-12B can be traced back to 2006. When the Government of India approved the Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) project and set up the [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|DFCCIL]] to build it.<ref name="WAG12 2006">{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Ragini |date=3 September 2013 |title=Six firms vie for Bihar locomotive project |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/J13HPpXSANir0rblFIXeKK/Six-firms-vie-for-Bihar-locomotive-project.html |access-date=2 January 2018 |publisher=Livemint }}</ref> In order to run trains at high efficiency, the most powerful Indian locomotive of that era, the [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] was deemed inadequate. Instead, new locomotives, for dedicated operations on the two DFCs, were tendered. This was a change to locomotives previously being built at [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]] by Indian Railways under technology transfer agreements.<ref name="WAG12 name & delivery">{{cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=RDSO Develops Worlds most powerful Loco |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/rdso-develops-worlds-most-powerful-loco/articleshow/75481493.cms#:~:text=LUCKNOW%3A%20The%20Research%20Designs%20and,maximum%20speed%20of%20120%20kmph. |website=28 August 2022 |publisher=The Times of India }}</ref>

In June 2008, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] invited bids from global firms to design and manufacture the locomotives. The initial deal was to set up a new electric locomotive factory at [[Madhepura]], [[Bihar]] to build and maintain 660 high-horsepower locomotives in a joint venture where Indian Railways would hold a 26% stake and the bidder 74%. This would have been the first [[foreign direct investment]] in the fully state-owned railway sector of the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanjai |first=P. R. |date=8 July 2008 |title=Railways to buy 660 electric engines for €3.5 billion |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/IZA2rlxF0e3xhJnqU07dQO/Railways-to-buy-660-electric-engines-for-35-billion.html |access-date=2 January 2018 |publisher=Livemint }}</ref>

This invitation received bids from [[General Electric]], Alstom, [[Bombardier Transportation]], [[Siemens Mobility]], [[China CNR]] and [[CSR Corporation]]. The number of locomotives to be built was later increased from 660 to 800.<ref name=" WAG12 2006" /> The [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] published a specification with capability requirements in June 2013,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Specification RDSO/2006/EL/SPEC/0044, Rev '13' |url=http://dfccil.gov.in/upload/Specification_9000_KW_RDSO_2006_EL_SPEC_0044_Rev_13_with_TE__curve.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124727/http://dfccil.gov.in/upload/Specification_9000_KW_RDSO_2006_EL_SPEC_0044_Rev_13_with_TE__curve.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=dfccil.gov.in }}</ref> detailing an eight-axle locomotive intended to be used on [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|dedicated freight corridors]] (DFC). It was not until November 2015, however, that Alstom was finally awarded the contract to build the locomotives.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thakur |first=Raghav |date=11 November 2015 |title=Alstom wins Indian electric locomotive contract |url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/alstom-clinches-indian-electric-locomotive-contract.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 January 2018 |publisher=[[International Railway Journal]] }}</ref>

=== Development ===

Development began after the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] and Alstom signed a contract worth {{INRConvert|25000|c|year=2015|lk=}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2020 |title=Alstom's first Prima electric locomotive delivered to Indian Railways begins operation |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2020/5/alstoms-first-prima-electric-locomotive-delivered-indian-railways-begins |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=Alstom |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Railways inks pact with GE, Alstom for loco factories |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/railways-signs-contracts-with-ge-alstom/article7933673.ece |access-date=2 January 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=30 November 2015 }}</ref> and created a joint venture for the project. The first locomotive was initially expected to enter service on 28 February 2018.<ref name="feb 28 launch">{{cite web |title=First electric locomotive from Madhepura factory in Bihar to roll out on February 28 |date=20 December 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/first-electric-locomotive-from-madhepura-factory-in-bihar-to-roll-out-on-february-28/story-faEqBBYHsUL5ZInctD9qkO.html |access-date=2 January 2018 |publisher=Hindustan Times }}</ref> Alstom announced that the new locomotive would be based on its highly successful [[Alstom Prima#Second generation|Prima T8]] model.. This was the first time in 20 years that Indian Railways procured new locomotives.<ref name="WAG12B order">{{cite web |title=Alstom to supply 800 electric locos to Indian Railways |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/alstom-to-supply-800-electric-locos-to-indian-railways.html |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]] |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114234718/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/alstom-to-supply-800-electric-locos-to-indian-railways.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=WAG-12: Official Press Releases from Alstom and Indian Railways |url=https://www.railpost.in/wag-12-official-press-releases-from-alstom-and-indian-railways/ |access-date=15 June 2020 |website=RailPost.in - Indian Railways News & Analysis |language=en-US }}</ref>

The locomotive was launched by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in [[Madhepura]], [[Bihar]] on 10 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Team |first=BS Web |date=10 April 2018 |title=Modi launches India's most powerful electric locomotive in Bihar: 10 facts |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/modi-to-launch-india-s-most-powerful-electric-locomotive-in-bihar-10-facts-118041000209_1.html |access-date=10 April 2018 }}</ref>

=== Production ===
As development of the engines progressed, Alstom awarded [[ABB]] a contract to produce 1600 traction transformers for the locomotives in 2016. These all-weather transformers were to be produced in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prima India locos to have ABB transformers |work=Railway Gazette |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/technology/single-view/view/prima-india-locos-to-have-abb-transformers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704101319/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/technology/single-view/view/prima-india-locos-to-have-abb-transformers.html |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=2 January 2018 |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref> In 2017, Alstom awarded a contract to supplying braking systems to [[Knorr-Bremse]]. These brakes were to be produced at [[Palwal]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Knorr-Bremse to supply brakes for Alstom's Indian locomotives |work=Railway Gazette International |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/knorr-bremse-to-supply-brakes-for-alstoms-indian-locomotives.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511102956/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/knorr-bremse-to-supply-brakes-for-alstoms-indian-locomotives.html |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=2 January 2018 }}</ref> The [[Railway coupling|couplers]] of the locomotive were supplied by [[Faiveley Transport]]. 85-90% of the components will be procured within India.<ref name="most powerful loco">{{cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Local sourcing to be major focus of Alstom's Madhepura e-loco factory |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/local-sourcing-to-be-nahor-focus-of-alstoms-madhepura-eloco-factory/article9967633.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603103745/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/local-sourcing-to-be-major-focus-of-alstoms-madhepura-eloco-factory/article9967633.ece |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=The Hindu Business Line }}</ref>

The first bodyshell of the locomotive was delivered to the [[Haldia Port]] in [[West Bengal]] on 20 September 2017. It was then transferred to the Electric Locomotive Factory (Alstom Madhepura) for final assembly,<ref name="WAG12 name & delivery" /> which began on 11 October 2017.<ref name="WAG 12B prod begin" /><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Indian Express|Financial Express]] |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/897502/indian-railways-electric-locomotive-alstom-make-in-india-madhepura-images-facts/ |title=Indian Railways WAG 12 }}</ref> The first locomotive, numbered 60001, was tested in the Madhepura factory on 27 February 2018, one day before its initial launch date.<ref name="feb 28 launch" /><ref name="test date and fleet number">{{cite web |title=Alstom Prima locomotive for Indian Railways on test |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/alstom-prima-locomotive-for-indian-railways-on-test.html |publisher=Railway Gazette International |access-date=2 March 2018 |date=27 February 2018 }}</ref>

Deliveries of the locomotives were planned from 2018 through 2028, with the first locomotive to enter service in 2018, and a total of five by 2019. This was due to be followed by the assembly of 35 new locomotives in 2020, 60 in 2021, and 100 locomotives each year from 2022 until all 800 locomotives are delivered.<ref name="WAG 12B prod begin">{{cite web |title=Production starts at Indian electric locomotive factory |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/production-starts-at-indian-electric-locomotive-factory.html?sword_list[]=WAG&sword_list[]=12&no_cache=1 |publisher=Railway Gazette International |access-date=2 January 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Delivery schedule<ref name="most powerful loco" /><ref>{{cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=India gets first high-power electric locomotive for freight trains from France |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-gets-first-high-power-electric-locomotive-for-freight-trains-from-france/story-cK4flH4aDekdn8tyFoGWNP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201165557/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-gets-first-high-power-electric-locomotive-for-freight-trains-from-france/story-cK4flH4aDekdn8tyFoGWNP.html |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020 !! 2021 !! 2022 !! 2023 !! 2024 !! 2025 !! 2026 !! 2027 !! 2028 !! Total
|-
| || 5 || 35 || 60 || 100 || 100 || 100 || 100 || 100 || 100 || 100 || '''800'''
|}

{{clear}}

== Design ==
They are three phase, twin-section [[electric locomotive|electric]] freight [[locomotive]] consisting of two identical sections, each of which rests on two twin-axled Bo-Bo bogies. The locomotive is being jointly developed by [[Alstom]] and the [[Indian Railways]], and is the first Indian Railways locomotive that has a power output greater than 10,000 [[horsepower]]. With a power output of 12,000 hp, it is twice as powerful as its immediate predecessor, the [[WAG 9]].<ref name="most powerful loco" /><ref name="regen brake">{{cite news |title=Alstom to manufacture 800 high HP electric locomotives in Madhepura |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/alstom-to-manufacture-800-high-hp-electric-locomotives-in-madhepura/articleshow/49739170.cms |access-date=2 January 2018 |newspaper=Economic Times }}</ref><ref name="first of 10khp">{{cite web |title=India Gets Its First High Horse Power Locomotive From France |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-gets-its-first-high-horse-power-locomotive-from-france-1753112 |access-date=2 January 2018 |publisher=NDTV }}</ref>

The eight-axle design of the locomotive reportedly improves performance and minimises energy consumption and maintenance costs. The locomotive incorporates special features based on the Alstom Prima T8 for operations in humid or dusty environments and extreme temperatures ranging from {{convert|-50|C}} to {{convert|50|C}}. The cabin of the locomotive is comparatively larger and offers better comfort for drivers, especially during long-distance operations. The locomotives can also be equipped with climate control systems such as air conditioners, food preparation and storage facilities, and even a toilet—a standard that Indian Railways introduced in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sood |first=Jyotika |title=After 163 years, Railways to put toilets in train engines |date=6 May 2016 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/mJQ1KGRQ0jrLGxOITzKhAO/After-163-years-Railways-to-put-toilets-in-train-engines.html |publisher=LiveMint |access-date=5 January 2018 }}</ref>

It will also has systems, including GPS and GPRS-based remote diagnostics, tracking and systems monitoring, wireless control of multiple-unit locomotives, cruise control, autopilot, and an incident recorder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faster, Fitter & French: 7 Things to Know About India's New High-Power Locomotives |date=23 September 2017 |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/116452/indian-railways-things-to-know-about-indias-new-high-power-locomotives |publisher=The Better India |access-date=2 January 2018 }}</ref>

== Sub-classes ==
=== WAG-12 ===
This is the original version delivered. Limitations of the original WAG-12 design resulted in modifications and the WAG-12B production model. Only one WAG-12 unit (60001) was made. This unit has since been modified to WAG-12B specification.<ref>[https://i0.wp.com/www.railpost.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/WAG-12A_Madhepura_IR-04.jpg?resize=1024%2C729&ssl=1 WAG-12: Alstom's New 12,000 Hp Locomotive Enters Service On Indian Railways. See Specifications, New Features And More Inside - RailPost.in]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== WAG-12B ===

This is the current version in production, with over 800 units planned. Differences from the original WAG-12 prototype include:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Spec !! WAG-12 !! WAG-12B
|-
|Total length|| 35,000 mm || 38,400 mm
|-
|Bogie design|| Flat solebar || Gooseneck or handlebar shaped solebar
|-
|Traction link coupling between the bogie and body|| Below the driving cab || Turned around and now provided in the middle of the body
|-
|Center to center distance between the bogies || Lower (8,500 mm) || Higher (10,200 mm)
|}

==Locomotive shed==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Zone !! Name !! Shed Code !! Quantity
|-
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] || [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur]] || NEDA || 250
|-
|[[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]|| [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur]] || MELS || 248
|-
|[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] || [[Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati|Sabarmati]] || SBT || 98
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives as of March 2026'''<ref>{{cite web |title=e-Locos |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>||596
|}

== Incidents ==
On 16 February 2023, WAG-12B #60038, based at Saharanpur, was involved in an accident with WDG-4 70159.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/17819 |title=WAG-12B 60038 |publisher=IRFCA }}</ref> It hit a goods train head on in Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/goods-trains-collide-in-sultanpur-no-casualties-lucknow-jaunpur-route-affected/articleshow/97970794.cms |title=Goods trains collide head-on in Sultanpur, no casualties |date=February 16, 2023 |publisher=Times of India }}</ref> and both remained on the tracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/trains/comments/12qic63/wag_12_destroyed_by_wdg4_in_india/ |title=WAG-12B destroyed by WDG-4 in head-on crash }}</ref>

On the morning of 2 June 2024, a Saharanpur based WAG-12B #60059 was involved in an accident.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWh5QBHuUTQ |title=Derailed WAG-12B 60059 |website=[[YouTube]] |date=16 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/trains.of.india/reel/DFnGPWloZkV/ |title=Wreckage of WAG-12B 60059 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/rail_fan_shivam/reel/C8cUegsPAjy/ |title=Wreckage of WAG-12B 60059 }}</ref> A goods train overshot a signal on the DFC corridor near Sirhind Junction, Punjab,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/fatehgarh-sahib-train-collision-punjab-9366915/ |title=Train collision in Punjab |date=2 June 2024 |publisher=Indian Express }}</ref> and hit another stationary goods train. Two drivers were injured in the incident.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/loco/SRE-WAG-12B-60059/24478 |title=SRE/WAG-12B/60059 |website=indiarailinfo.com }}</ref>{{Unreliable source|date=July 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Locomotives of India]]
* [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in/index.php/blog/76-general/144-electric-locomotive-factory-at-madhepura-bihar Electric Locomotive Factory at Madhepura, Bihar]

{{commons category|Indian locomotive class WAG-12}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WAG-12}}
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]
[[Category:25 kV AC locomotives]]
[[Category:Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′ locomotives]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Alstom locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 2017]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Twin unit locomotives]]

Ranuva Veeran

2026-03-03T05:19:19Z

Yashvitoursin: formatting fix

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ranuva Veeran poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| writer = [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sathya Movies story department
| story = Radha Veerannan<br />S. Jagadessan<br />Krishna<br />Thamizhagan
| producer = [[R. M. Veerappan]]<br />G. Thyagarajan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Chiranjeevi]]|[[Sridevi]]}}
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{film date|df=y|1981|10|26}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ranuva Veeran''''' ({{Translation|Soldier}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], starring [[Rajinikanth]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Chiranjeevi]]. It was released on 27 October 1981 on the occasion of [[Diwali]]. The film was later dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Zulm Ki Zanjeer''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=516}}</ref> Despite starring two popular heroes from [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema]], ''Ranuva Veeran'' became a box office failure.<ref name="fail">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2020 |title=15 பிளாக்பஸ்டர்.. 28 சூப்பர்ஹிட்.. 50- க்கும் மேற்பட்ட ஹிட் படங்கள்.. அப்போ ரஜினியின் தோல்வி படங்கள் எத்தனை..? |url=https://1newsnation.com/rajini-movies-list-hits-and-flops-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120110409/https://1newsnation.com/rajini-movies-list-hits-and-flops-box-office/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=1newsnation |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
The film opens with [[Chiranjeevi]]'s character being chased and caught by a group of policemen, but he escapes. Meanwhile, a young soldier Raghu returns to his village, which is known for frequent thefts and murders perpetrated by the mysterious "One-Eyed Man" Chiranjeevi and his gang of thieves. Raghu soon meets Chiranjeevi; the two were once college roommates, but they had since separated. In addition to Chiranjeevi, Raghu reunites with his father, an Orthodox [[Iyengar]] who always condemns him, and he finds out that his sister eloped with a man few years before, which he later finds out was none other than the gang leader of the thieves himself, Chiranjeevi. In the end, Chiranjeevi gets shot by his own son.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Raghu
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as The thief
*[[Sridevi]] as Raghu's love interest
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Raghu's father
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Mythili
*Seema as Raghu's Mother
*J. Lalitha as Raghu's sister
*[[K. Natraj]]
*[[Mafia Sasi]]
*[[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]]
*MLA Thangaraj
*[[R. Parthiban]] in an uncredited role
}}

== Production ==
Producer R. M. Veerappan wrote this script keeping [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in mind,<ref name="Ramachandran">{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=114–115 |orig-date=2012}}</ref> but since he was involved with politics, Rajinikanth was chosen instead. Chiranjeevi, who went on to become a megastar and Rajinikanth's counterpart in [[Telugu cinema]] acted in a negative role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2016 |title=பிளாஷ் ஃபேக்: எம்.ஜி.ஆருக்கு பதில் நடித்த ரஜினி |trans-title=Flashback: Rajini acted instead of MGR |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/48146/cinema/Kollywood/flask-back-rajini-replaced-instreated-of-MGR-in-Ranuva-veeran-.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707162557/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/48146/cinema/Kollywood/flask-back-rajini-replaced-instreated-of-MGR-in-Ranuva-veeran-.htm |archive-date=7 July 2016 |access-date=3 July 2016 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were written by [[Pulamaipithan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1981 |title=Ranuva Veeran |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ranuva-veeran/EF6-gMNxzZM_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915053954/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ranuva-veeran/EF6-gMNxzZM_ |archive-date=15 September 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranuva Veeran Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/ranuva-veeran-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024164901/https://mossymart.com/product/ranuva-veeran-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Malligai Poo
| lyrics1 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Vijayaramani
| title2 = Sonnalthane Theriyum
| lyrics2 = Muthulingam
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title3 = Vaarungal
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubramanyam
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Ranuva Veeran'' was released on 27 October 1981 on the occasion of [[Diwali]], along with six other movies, including ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'', ''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]'', ''[[Thanneer Thanneer]]'' and [[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|''Tik Tik Tik'']],<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=கமல், ரஜினி... ஆனாலும் பாக்யராஜ்தான் தீபாவளி ஹிட்டு! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/522050-81diwali-hit-andha-7-naatkal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616112656/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/522050-81diwali-hit-andha-7-naatkal.html |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> it became a box office failure.<ref name="Ramachandran" /> Nalini Sastry of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Babu's cinematography as the film's main highlight while praising Sridevi's performance but felt Chiranjeevi and Thengai Srinivasan were underutilised. She concluded that the film was entertaining till interval then it became boring.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=8 November 1985 |title=ராணுவ வீரன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-11-08/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230225140104/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-11-08/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0187445}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 action films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films about patricide]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video

2026-03-02T04:39:41Z

Yashvitoursin: starting first stub w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Raaj Shaandilyaa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
| writer = Raaj Shaandilyaa
| story = {{ubl|Raaj Shaandilyaa|Yusuf Ali Khan}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Raaj Shaandilyaa|Yusuf Ali Khan|Ishrat Khan|Rajan Agarwal}}
| producer = {{Plain list|
* [[Bhushan Kumar]]
* [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
* [[Ekta Kapoor]]
* [[Shobha Kapoor]]
* [[Vipul D. Shah]]
* Ashwin Varde
* Rajesh Bahl
* [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
* Vimal Lahoti
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Rajkummar Rao]]
* [[Triptii Dimri]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Aseem Mishra]]
| editing = Prakash Chandra Sahoo
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Sachin–Jigar]]<br />White Noise Collectives<br />'''Score:'''<br />Hitesh Sonik
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]<br />[[Balaji Motion Pictures]]<br />Wakaoo Films<br />Kathavachak Films
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|11}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mzy2 |title=''Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=6 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007093635/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mzy2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|40}} crore
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|55.51}} crore<ref name="bo">{{cite news |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/box-office/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927011335/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video'''''{{efn| The name literally translates as "That video of Vicky and Vidya". However it has completely different connotations. In more formal "[[Euphemism| euphemistic]]" language "woh" often refers to "romantic" or "sexual"; as when a girl says, "''tum bade woh ho''" (you are too romantic). Here the "woh wala video" refers to the "sexually explicit video" which the protagonist couple makes on their wedding's first night }} is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] starring [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Triptii Dimri]] as the titular couple in pursuit of their missing sex tape. It is co-written and directed by [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]] and produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], Wakaoo Films and Kathavachak Films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao and Triptii Dimri's 'Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-gets-a-release-date/article68075052.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=17 April 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008072408/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-gets-a-release-date/article68075052.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-cant-save-this-disaster-ruined-by-weak-script-101728621390825.html |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video review: Rajkummar Rao can't save this disaster with great first hour ruined by weak script |date=11 October 2024 |accessdate=17 February 2025 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206105957/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-cant-save-this-disaster-ruined-by-weak-script-101728621390825.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-box-office-collection-day-15-the-rajkummar-rao-starrer-crawls-towards-rs-40-crore-mark/articleshow/114608414.cms |title='Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' box office collection day 15: The Rajkummar Rao starrer crawls towards Rs 40 crore mark |work=The Times of India |date=26 October 2024 |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India |access-date=27 October 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112065231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-box-office-collection-day-15-the-rajkummar-rao-starrer-crawls-towards-rs-40-crore-mark/articleshow/114608414.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film released on 11 October 2024 to negative reviews from critics, however the film achieved moderate success at the box office.

== Plot ==
In 1997 in [[Rishikesh]], Vidya, a doctor, calls off her [[arranged marriage]] and instead tricks her parents into letting her marry her childhood sweetheart, Vicky, a [[mehendi]] artist. For their honeymoon, they visit [[Goa]], where Vicky convinces Vidya to record their first night together. After they return, they insert a disc containing the video into their CD player and fall asleep while watching the video. At night, their home is burglarized, and most valuables are stolen, including the CD player and the family's ancestral sword. Vicky lies to Vidya about the disc, saying that he had removed it before falling asleep.

Inspector Laadle arrives to investigate the incident and immediately falls in love with Chanda, Vicky's [[Promiscuity|promiscuous]] but [[Fear of commitment|gamophobic]] sister, which becomes the cause of frequent confusion to the family's naive and bitter maid, also named Chanda. Laadle is terrible at his job and focuses his attention on wooing Chanda instead. Vicky, meanwhile, visits a shady dealer of illicit videotapes but fails to find the disc. He eventually learns about a local flea market where he meets Badshah, the burglar, but doesn't recognize him. Vidya tries to initiate sex and asks Vicky to play the tape again, causing him to run away to avoid telling her the truth, causing Vidya to get suspicious. The following day, a friend alerts Vicky that their ancestral sword was found with a tourist from [[Zimbabwe]], who reveals she got it from the flea market and leads him to Chaabiwale Chacha, Badshah's business partner. Vicky intimidates Chaabiwale Chacha into revealing the location of Badshah. Meanwhile, a suspicious Vidya follows and sees Vicky with the tourist, and is convinced he is cheating on her.

Vicky finds a comatose Badshah in his hotel room along with the CD player he stole, but the disc is later revealed to have been removed. Laadle arrives, causing Vicky to flee out of the window using the scaffolding. He is eventually caught and sent to jail, where he reveals the truth about the CD to a horrified Vidya. Chaabiwale Chacha helps Vicky escape, who goes home and tries to apologize to Vidya, but she tearfully tells him never to speak to her again. A heartbroken Vicky tries to commit suicide by jumping in front of a train, but Vidya saves him at the last moment, and they reconcile, vowing to solve the issue together. Bulbul didi, a local [[Godman (India)|godwoman]], and her idiotic henchmen Sunil and Shetty are revealed to be the ones who left Badshah for dead and stole the disc from his hotel room. They call Vicky's landline to extort him for 2 Lakh rupees in exchange for the disc. Vidya gets the message, but the call is also overheard by Vicky's grandfather and sister, both of whom think the sex tape involves them. Meanwhile, after hearing Badshah is recovering, Bulbul sends Sunil and Shetty to kill him at the hospital, causing Badshah to hide inside the morgue.

Vicky and Vidya break into her parents' house to get the money but only find a stash of [[gutka]] inside the safe, while Chanda convinces Laadle to give her 2 lakhs. Laadle agrees but offers to come with her to catch the blackmailers instead. Vicky and Vidya return home and accidentally reveal the truth to his grandfather, who assumes the tape involves him and the maid, and gives them 2 lakhs he had borrowed after overhearing the call. Bulbul, Sunil, and Shetty arrive at a graveyard for the exchange. Vicky and Vidya also arrive, as do Laadle and Chanda, both parties being unaware of each other. A funeral procession for a Cristiano D'Costa (CD) arrives with Badshah inside the coffin due to his toe tag, and a bumbling Sunil drops the CD into the grave, causing everyone to arrive and demand that 'CD' be dug up. Badshah breaks out of the coffin, terrifying everyone and causing them to run away. Vicky and Vidya retrieve the disc while Laadle arrests Badshah, Bulbul, Sunil, and Shetty.

Vicky and Vidya play the tape but are shocked to find out it is a different video of them on their wedding night, while Badshah reveals to Laadle that he got the tape from a car he stole. The car belongs to Pardesi, the idiotic brother-in-law of Sajjan Kumar, a local leader. When apprehended, Pardesi reveals that Sajjan Kumar organizes community weddings under the guise of charity, offers them free lodging at his farmhouse for the night, and later records the couples and sells the videos to a Sheikh from [[Dubai]]. He also reveals that no one has seen his face before, but he'd be arriving in person for the next event. Laadle intercepts the Sheikh's car and takes his place while Sajjan finds out that his daughter Swati is among the people who got married in the ceremony. A horrified Sajjan begs Vicky to find Swati before it's too late, but the 'Sheikh' runs away with the CD to the audience gathered outside. They play the video in front of everyone despite Sajjan's protests, and it is revealed that Swati was in on the plan, who then proceeds to expose Sajjan in front of everyone.

Vicky and Vidya keep searching for the Goa tape. Vicky's little brother eventually finds it under Vicky's bed, as it is revealed that it had slipped out during the initial burglary. As Vidya rushes to snatch it, the kid throws it away, causing it to land on a passing minitruck playing religious songs and carrying an idol of the goddess [[Durga]], as a horrified Vicky and Vidya give chase, hinting towards a sequel.

== Cast ==

* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Vicky Babla, Vidya's husband
* [[Triptii Dimri]] as Dr. Vidya Babla, Vicky's wife
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Police officer Laadle
* [[Mallika Sherawat]] as Chanda Rani
* [[Mast Ali]] as Badshah
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Vidya's mother
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Sajjan Kumar
* Saharsh Kumar Shukla as Pardesi
* Archana Patel as Chanda the maid
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Vidya's father
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Tikaram Babla, Vicky's grand father
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Bulbul Didi
* [[Mubeen Saudagar]] as Sunil
* Jaswant Singh Rathore as Shetty
* [[Ishtiyak Khan]] as Chaabiwale Chacha
* [[Manjot Singh]] as a Lawyer
* Harish Arya as a BD Costa
* [[Shehnaaz Gill]] as Chameli, special appearance in the song "Sajna Ve Sajna"
* [[Daler Mehndi]] as himself in the song "Na Na Na Na Na Re"
* [[Pawan Singh]] as himself in the song "Chumma"

== Production ==
The film was announced in September 2023.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao, Triptii Dimri to star in 'Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/article67356373.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=28 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131180919/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/article67356373.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced by January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao, Triptii Dimri to kick off Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video shoot from Jan; social comedy revolves around an intimate video that goes missing, Reports |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-to-kick-off-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-shoot-from-jan-social-comedy-revolves-around-an-intimate-video-that-goes-missing-reports-23321111 |website=Mid-day |language=en |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=1 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204080419/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-to-kick-off-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-shoot-from-jan-social-comedy-revolves-around-an-intimate-video-that-goes-missing-reports-23321111 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was mainly shot in [[Rishikesh]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao, Triptii Dimri to wrap 'Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' with two song shoot |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-to-wrap-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-with-two-song-shoot-23335075 |website=Mid-day |language=en |date=14 February 2024}}</ref> before wrapping up in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao and Triptii Dimri wrap filming for Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video |website=The Telegraph (India) |date=1 May 2024 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimri-wrap-filming-for-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/cid/2016951}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video
| year = 2024
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]] and White Noise Collectives
| released = 10 October 2024
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:07
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|btR5LX-Dnt0|Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video (Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]] with background score by Hitesh Sonik. The song "Sajna Ve Sajna," from the 2004 film [[Chameli (film)|''Chameli'']], sung by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] is recreated for the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shehnaaz Gill To Feature In A Recreated Version Of 'Sajna Ve Sajna' From 'Chameli' For 'Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' |url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shehnaaz-gill-to-feature-in-a-recreated-version-of-sajna-ve-sajna-from-chameli-for-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/1720851736160 |website=Bombay Times |language=en}}</ref> The song "Na Na Na Na Re" by [[Daler Mehndi]] from the 1997 film ''[[Mrityudata]]'' is also recreated for the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kharbanda |first=Navya |date=23 July 2024 |title=Daler Mehndi: I am glad that another singer didn't sing Na Na Na Re's reboot version |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/daler-mehndi-i-am-glad-that-another-singer-didn-t-sing-na-na-na-re-s-reboot-version-101721647999588.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The first single titled "Tum Jo Mile Ho" was released on 19 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 September 2024 |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video song Tum Jo Mile Ho: Rajkummar Rao and Triptii Dimri bring back nostalgia of 1990s |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-song-tum-jo-mile-ho-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimri-bring-back-nostalgia-of-1990s/cid/2049033 |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=13 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013203735/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-song-tum-jo-mile-ho-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimri-bring-back-nostalgia-of-1990s/cid/2049033 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Mere Mehboob" was released on 23 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 September 2024 |title=Song 'Mere Mehboob' from Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video out now: RajKummar Rao, Triptii Dimri bring energy to trippy track |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/song-mere-mehboob-from-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-out-now-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-bring-energy-to-trippy-track20240923235326/ |work=ANI News |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924033415/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/song-mere-mehboob-from-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-out-now-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-bring-energy-to-trippy-track20240923235326/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The third single titled "Mushkil Hai" was released on 1 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 October 2024 |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video Song Mushkil Hai Out: Rajkummar Rao And Triptii Dimri's Chemistry Is Unmatchable |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-song-mushkil-hai-out-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-chemistry-is-unmatchable-9070378.html |work=News18 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001150335/https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-song-mushkil-hai-out-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-chemistry-is-unmatchable-9070378.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Chumma" was released on 5 October 2024. The fifth single titled "Sajna Ve Sajna" was released on 7 October 2024.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:07
| title1 = Tum Jo Mile Ho
| extra1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Priya Saraiya]]
| length1 = 4:05
| title2 = Mere Mehboob
| extra2 = [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Sachet Tandon]]
| lyrics2 = Priya Saraiya
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Mushkil Hai
| extra3 = Vishal Mishra, Hansika Pareek, Sachin-Jigar
| lyrics3 = Som
| length3 = 4:03
| title4 = Chumma
| extra4 = [[Pawan Singh]], Rupali Jagga, Rupesh Mishra, Mansa Jimmy, Sachin-Jigar
| lyrics4 = [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
| length4 = 2:46
| title5 = Marjaaniya
| extra5 = Varun Jain, Sachin-Jigar
| lyrics5 = Priya Saraiya
| length5 = 4:09
| title6 = Sajna Ve Sajna
| note6 = Music by White Noise Collectives
| extra6 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| lyrics6 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| length6 = 3:04
| title7 = Marjaaniya 2
| extra7 = Raghav Chaitanya, Sachin-Jigar
| lyrics7 = Priya Saraiya
| length7 = 4:09
| title8 = Na Na Na Na Na Re
| note8 = Music by White Noise Collectives
| extra8 = Daler Mehndi, Gurdeep Mehndi
| lyrics8 = [[Sameer Anjaan]]
| length8 = 4:10
| title9 = Marjaaniya 3
| extra9 = Soumyadeep, Sachin-Jigar
| lyrics9 = Priya Saraiya
| length9 = 4:09
| title10 = Tumhe Apna Banane
| note10 = Music by White Noise Collectives
| extra10 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kumar Sanu]]
| lyrics10 = Sameer Anjaan, Surendra Sathi, Rani Mallik
| length10 = 1:56
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 11 October 2024.

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 7 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 December 2024 |title=Amaran, Jigra, and Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video to stream on Netflix in December 2024; check deets inside |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amaran-jigra-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-stream-netflix-december-2024-check-deets-inside/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 December 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205095114/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amaran-jigra-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-stream-netflix-december-2024-check-deets-inside/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===

''Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video'' received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video box office collection day 2: Rajkummar Rao film stays ahead of Jigra, earns ₹6.75 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-box-office-collection-day-2-rajkummar-rao-film-stays-ahead-of-jigra-earns-6-75-crore-101728787455215.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209201814/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-box-office-collection-day-2-rajkummar-rao-film-stays-ahead-of-jigra-earns-6-75-crore-101728787455215.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video seems to have suffered from lukewarm or negative reviews, with most critics calling the film disappointing or chaotic while praising Rajkummar Rao and Vijay Raaz's performance.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=10|count=10|average=3.40|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=27 October 2024}} It received mixed reviews from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Arshdeep |date=11 October 2024 |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video public reviews: Bollywood comedy movie gets a thumbs-up from netizens, 'decently funny' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-public-reviews-bollywood-comedy-movie-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-netizens-decently-funny-11728623771223.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209200716/https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-public-reviews-bollywood-comedy-movie-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-netizens-decently-funny-11728623771223.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |quote=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' has garnered mixed reviews online, praised for its humor and performances, especially from Vijay Raaz and Shehnaaz Gill.}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave it 1 star out of 5 and said, "It is a comedy that groans and croaks under the unbearable lightness of its unabashed silliness."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video Review: An Ungainly Mess That Sways Between The Absurd And Asinine |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-an-ungainly-mess-that-sways-between-the-absurd-and-asinine-1-star-6765334 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107171211/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-an-ungainly-mess-that-sways-between-the-absurd-and-asinine-1-star-6765334 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 stars and criticised the screenplay saying that "the comedy film has exactly five lines that make you chuckle."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Voh Wala Video movie review: Rajkummar Rao-Triptii Dimri's sluggish film relies on too many cheap jokes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vicky-vidya-ka-voh-wala-video-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-sluggish-film-cheap-jokes-9614903/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[rediff.com]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote in her review that "Between tons of sexual innuendo and [[Kapil Sharma]] brand of slapstick gags characterised in loud caricatures, moronic behaviour, flimsy wigs and cartoonish rhythm, Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video's jarring notions of exuberance have nothing novel to offer".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video Review: Stree, Lies & Videotape |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-stree-lies--videotape/20241011.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
Rating the film with 2/5 stars, Dishya Sharma of ''[[News18]]'' criticised the lead actors chemistry and wrote the film "suffers from weak writing, with the plot and screenplay all over the place".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Dishya |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video Review: Rajkummar Rao and Triptii Dimri's Chemistry Falls Flat in Mediocre Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-chemistry-falls-flat-in-mediocre-film-9082437.html |website=News18 |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202175748/https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-chemistry-falls-flat-in-mediocre-film-9082437.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote the film "is a throwback to 90s comedy, but it delivers diminishing returns with outdated humour and missed opportunities."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Aishwarya |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video review: Rajkummar Rao and Triptii Dimri's film is a mishmash of 90s parody and unnecessary gags |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri/c4bf09a91a270 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=6 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106022950/https://www.ottplay.com/review/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri/c4bf09a91a270 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The film has no reason to exist in the 90s. It could be a film about a couple whose video goes viral on social media. But then, the makers felt hunting for a CD would make for a far more entertaining crowd pleaser".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Vinamra |title='Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' movie review: Rajkummar Rao and Triptii Dimri's 'supposed' comedy crashes even before it takes off |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-supposed-comedy-crashes-even-before-it-takes-off-13824285.html |website=Firstpost |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207092037/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-and-triptii-dimris-supposed-comedy-crashes-even-before-it-takes-off-13824285.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bhavna Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The screenplay is as mediocre as it can get, with the writing ranging between poor and very poor. What started seeming like a 90s parody in the first half soon became a yawn fest in the second, with the last 15 minutes adding a tinge of melodrama that no one asked for."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=Bhavna |title=Vicky Aur Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video review: Rajkummar-Triptii's film is a yawnfest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vicky-aur-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-film-is-a-yawnfest-2615107-2024-10-11 |website=India Today |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206165110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vicky-aur-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-film-is-a-yawnfest-2615107-2024-10-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "It tries too hard to be funny, nostalgic (90s songs are inserted repeatedly) and moralistic but the climax gets way too bizarre for your liking. The film suddenly shifts gear and gets into an activism mode before resorting to horror comedy. Two mimics parading as [[Suniel Shetty]] serve as the final nail in the coffin."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vyavahare |first1=Renuka |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video Movie Review : Tiring pursuit of a sex tape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/movie-review/114136020.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said in his review that "Promising to be a laugh riot, Raaj Shaandilyaa’s bouquet of comic characters doesn’t bloom to its potential".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' movie review: Rajkummar Rao enlivens this long title with a short shelf life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-enlivens-this-long-title-with-a-short-shelf-life/article68744127.ece |website=The Hindu |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' observes that "A fun first half where every joke lands is ruined by a boring second half that irritates you."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suri |first1=Rishabh |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video review: Rajkummar Rao can't save this disaster with great first hour ruined by weak script |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-cant-save-this-disaster-ruined-by-weak-script-101728621390825.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video'' two–weeks collection is {{INR}}55.51 crore worldwide. It [[Box-office bomb|underperformed commercially]].<ref name="bo"/>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|1}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29330913}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India|Bollywood}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films set in 1997]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Uttarakhand Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raaj Shaandilyaa]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Sahara (1995 film)

2026-02-25T21:45:57Z

Yashvitoursin: cleanup

{{Short description|Television film by Brian Trenchard-Smith}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Screen shot Sahara 1995.png
| genre = [[Action film|Action]]<br>[[war film|War]]
| caption = Release poster
| producer = Darryl Sheen
| director = [[Brian Trenchard-Smith]]
| screenplay = David Phillips
| story = [[Philip MacDonald]]
| starring = [[Jim Belushi]]
| music = Garry McDonald<br>Lawrence Stone
| cinematography = John Stokes
| editor = [[Alan Lake]]<br>Patrick Stewart
| company = [[Village Roadshow Pictures]]<br>[[TriStar Television]]
| network = [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]
| released = {{start date|1995|04|25}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United States
* Australia
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* English
* German
}}
| budget =
}}
'''''Sahara''''' (also known as '''''Desert Storm''''') is a 1995 [[action film|action]] [[war film|war]] [[television film]] shot in Australia and directed by [[Brian Trenchard-Smith]] and starring [[Jim Belushi]]. ''Sahara'' is a remake of the 1943 [[Sahara (1943 American film)|film of the same title]] starring [[Humphrey Bogart]]. The film premiered on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] on April 25, 1995.

==Plot==
In June 1942, on the eve of the [[First Battle of El Alamein|Battle of El Alamein]], American Sergeant Joe Gunn and the crew of his [[M3 Lee]] tank ''Lulu Belle'' are the sole survivors of their unit. Boxed in by the enemy, they have no choice but to head south. They come across a group of Allied stragglers at a destroyed first aid station. The stragglers, led by British doctor Captain Halliday, decide to ride with Gunn in an attempt to escape the advancing [[Afrika Korps]]. Along the way, they pick up first [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|British Sudanese]] soldier Tambul and his [[Royal Italian Army|Italian]] prisoner, Giuseppe, then downed [[Luftwaffe]] pilot Lieutenant von Schletow. The group ends up at a deserted Saharan [[oasis]] in search of water. With the Germans right behind them, they decide to stay and defend the well, holding up a battalion of 500 Germans.

The well has completely dried up by then. A standoff and battle of wills begins between Gunn and Major von Falken, the German commander. Gunn keeps up the pretense that the well has much water and negotiates to buy time. Eventually, the Germans attack and are beaten off again and again, but one by one, the defenders are killed. During the fighting, von Schletow, the German flyer, tries to escape, injuring Giuseppe who tries to stop him. Giuseppe is then killed by German fire as he tries to alert Gunn. Tambul chases down and kills von Schletow, but is shot as he returns. Before he dies, he tells the others that the Germans did not learn that the well was dry.

When the German commander attempts to resolve the impasse, embittered "Frenchie" Leroux meets him outside the fort and kills him, only to be shot down by a sniper while returning to his side. Without a leader, the thirst-maddened Germans' final assault turns into a full-blown surrender as they drop their weapons and claw across the sand towards the well. Gunn discovers, to his shock, that a German shell that exploded in the well has tapped into a source of water. Gunn and Bates, the only Allied survivors, disarm the Germans while they drink their fill. Ultimately, a British [[Long Range Desert Patrol]] arrives at the oasis to take charge of the prisoners.

==Cast==
* [[Jim Belushi]] as Sergeant Joe Gunn
* [[Michael Massee]] as Corporal Jean "Frenchie" Leroux
* [[Alan David Lee]] as Osmond Bates
* [[Jerome Ehlers]] as Captain Halliday
* [[Simon Westaway]] as Marty Williams
* [[Mark Lee (Australian actor)|Mark Lee]] as Jimmy Doyle
* [[Robert Wisdom]] as Sergeant Major Tambul
* Paul Empson as Waco Hoyt
* William Upjohn as Casey
* [[Todd MacDonald]] as Mike Clarkson
* Alexander Petersons as Major Hans von Falken
* Julian Garner as Lieutenant von Schletow
* [[Angelo D'Angelo (actor)|Angelo D'Angelo]] as Giuseppe
* Simon Elrahi as Arabian guide
* Claus Dyson as Sergeant Kraus
* David Slingsby as Captain Mueller
* Mark Gerber as Private Bergmann

==Production==
[[File:Screen shot Sahara duel 1995.png|thumb|The desert duel in ''Sahara'' between ''Lulubelle'' and a Luftwaffe aircraft featured a period-accurate aircraft and tank.]]
Director Brian Trenchard-Smith, the son of an Australian officer in the Royal Air Force lived in the UK, but before migrating to Australia, studied filmmaking. Among his 39 movies, five were commissioned by [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]], including ''Sahara'', the remake of the World War II classic.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0872062/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm "Brian Trenchard-Smith."] ''IMDb''. Retrieved: November 30, 2014.</ref> The film was made on location at [[Port Stephens (New South Wales)|Port Stephens]], [[New South Wales]], Australia. Some of the German soldiers were played by 130 [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) and [[Australian Army]] personnel.<ref>[http://www.acmi.net.au/ozploitation_essay_briantrenchardsmith.htm "Brian Trenchard-Smith."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328095325/http://www.acmi.net.au/ozploitation_essay_briantrenchardsmith.htm |date=2012-03-28 }} ''ACMI''. Retrieved: November 30, 2014.</ref>

A [[Fiat G.55|Fiat G.59]] in Luftwaffe desert camouflage was used in the film.<ref>[http://www.impdb.org/index.php?title=Sahara_(1995) "Sahara (1995)."] ''Internet Movie Plane Database''. Retrieved: November 30, 2014.</ref> The tank in the film was an M3 Medium Tank from World War II. The version supplied to Australia was nicknamed Grant (after British pattern turrets. Not an official designation though). The original 1943 movie differed by having the American version, aka Lee. The commander cupola with the [[M1919 Browning machine gun|.30 caliber machine gun]] removed and the tracks used on British Commonwealth M3 Medium Tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collectionswa.net.au/items/5d5f70cf-3056-4627-9f7d-797a3dfc7d33|title=M3 Grant Medium Tank|website=[[Collections WA]] }}</ref>

==Reception==
Film historian Alun Evans in ''Brassey's Guide to War Films'', mainly reviewed the earlier 1943 production, but compared and contrasted the two features, noting that the remake had "... sunlight so bright, you need to turn the contrast buttons right down, if you could only say that about the movie."<ref name="Evans">Evans 2000, p. 162.</ref>

The ''New York Times'' TV reviewer said Belushi "delivers a terrific performance with stunning authority" and the film "proves remarkably effective, bringing us back to a time when good and bad really were quite distinguishable. It's a good yarn, told well once again. And Mr. Belushi's powerful performance could push him to the head of the line on the profitable action-movie circuit."<ref>TELEVISION REVIEW; A Remake Of the 1943 'Sahara'
O'Connor, John J. New York Times 29 July 1995: A.14.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1995]]
* [[Sahara (1943 American film)|''Sahara'']] (1943), the original film
* [[Nine Men (film)|''Nine Men'']] (1943), a similar film about a holdout in the desert

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Evans, Alun. ''Brassey's Guide to War Films''. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000. {{ISBN|1-57488-263-5}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0114324|Sahara (1995)}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=523242|title=Sahara (1996)}}

{{Brian Trenchard-Smith}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1990s action war films]]
[[Category:American action war films]]
[[Category:Australian action war films]]
[[Category:Films about armoured warfare]]
[[Category:Remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films about the North African campaign]]
[[Category:Films based on Patrol (novel)]]
[[Category:Films set in the Sahara]]
[[Category:Siege films]]
[[Category:American World War II films]]
[[Category:Australian World War II films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith]]
[[Category:1995 English-language films]]
[[Category:1995 American films]]
[[Category:English-language action war films]]

Mahudha

2026-02-22T07:23:26Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{Short description|Town in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahudha
| native_name = મહુધા
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Taluka Of [[Kheda District]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.82|N|72.93|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = Charotar Region Of Gujarat
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 37
| population_total = 15780
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = GJ-07
| website = *[http://www.mahudha.org/ USA based community website on Mahudha]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}
'''Mahudha''' is a Village and municipality in [[Kheda district]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].Mahudha is about 25 kilometres away (SE) from the pilgrim town of [[Dakor]]. The nearest city, [[Nadiad]], is 16 kilometres south west.

== Geography ==
Mahudha is located at {{Coord|22.82|N|72.93|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Mahudha.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Mahudha]</ref> It has an average elevation of 37 metres (121 feet).

== Demographics ==
At the 2001 India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mahudha had a population of 15,780. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Mahudha has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 59%. In Mahudha, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Religions ==
Majority of the residents are Muslim (70%) and, followed by Hindu (28%) as the second largest religious group. There is also a small Christian community (2%) and traces of worshipers from other religions such as Sikh, Jain, and Buddhist.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[http://www.mahudha.org/ USA based community website on Mahudha] ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and English)

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kheda district]]

{{Kheda-geo-stub}}

Jaalbandi

2026-02-05T18:18:10Z

Yashvitoursin: put up info!

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali-language film by Pijush Saha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jaalbandi
| image = Jaalbandi film Poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Pijush Saha]]
| writer = [[Samaresh Majumdar]] (story)
| based_on =
| producer = Pijush Saha
| starring = Prince Prachurya<br />[[Payel Sarkar]]<br />[[Darshana Banik]]<br />[[June Malia]]<br />Pampa Saha<br />[[Dipankar De]]<br />[[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
| cinematography = Gopi Bhagat
| editing = Pronoy Dasgupta
| music = Amit, Ishan
| studio = Prince Entertainment P4
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|17|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jaalbandi''''' is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Pijush Saha]]. This film was [[Pijush Saha]]'s son Prince Prachurya's [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] debut film.<ref name=midday>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/prince-prachurya-to-make-his-tollywood-debut-with-pijush-sahas-next-jaalbandi-23191699|title=Prince Prachurya to Make His Tollywood Debut with Pijush Saha's Next Jaalbandi|work=Mid-Day|date=9 September 2021|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> The film is based on the novel ''Jaalbandi'' by [[Samaresh Majumdar]].<ref name=indianexpress>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/jaalbandi-to-star-prince-and-darshana-banik/|title=সমরেশ মজুমদারের 'জালবন্দি' এবার পর্দায়, অভিনয়ে দর্শনা ও প্রিন্স|language=bn|trans-title=Samresh Majumdar's 'Jalbandi' is on screen this time, starring Darshan and Prince|work=The Indian Express|date=8 September 2021|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> The film also features [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Darshana Banik]], Pampi Saha, [[June Malia]], [[Dipankar De]], and [[Kharaj Mukherjee]].<ref name=indianexpress /> Gopi Bhagat is the director of photography and Amit-Ishan is in charge of music.<ref name=indianexpress /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/jaalbandi-jalbandi-is-a-story-of-the-ups-and-downs-of-corporate-life-how-is-the-shooting-going-on-836086|title=কর্পোরেট জীবনের ওঠাপড়ার গল্প বলতে আসছে 'জালবন্দী', কেমন চলছে ছবির শুটিং?|first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি|last=আনন্দ|date=19 September 2021|website=bengali.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eimuhurte.com/entertainment/jaalbandi-a-new-bengali-feature-film/|title=সমরেশ মজুমদারের গল্প অবলম্বনে নতুন ছবি 'জালবন্দী'|date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

The film was released on 17 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pijush-sahas-next-jaalbandi-deals-with-existential-crisis-in-a-decaying-society/articleshow/91280238.cms|title=Pijush Saha's next ''Jaalbandi'' deals with existential crisis in a decaying society|website=Times of India|date=3 May 2022|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2022}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Prince Prachurya as Anish
* [[Payel Sarkar]]
* [[Darshana Banik]]
* [[June Malia]]
* [[Dipankar De]]
* Pampa Saha (Pampi)
* Ronojoy Bishnu
* Pushpita Mukherjee
* Palash Ganguly
* Parthasarathi Banerjee
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/darshana-paayel-in-pijush-sahas-suspense-thriller-prince-set-for-debut/articleshow/86549501.cms|title=Darshana, Paayel in Pijush Saha's suspense thriller, Prince set for debut|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 September 2021|accessdate=1 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-june-malia-on-shooting-floor-for-the-first-time-since-becoming-mla-31626526810458.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717200228/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-june-malia-on-shooting-floor-for-the-first-time-since-becoming-mla-31626526810458.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2021|title=বিধায়ক হওয়ার পর প্রথমবার শ্যুটিং ফ্লোরে জুন মালিয়া, সৌজন্যে 'জালবন্দি'|date=17 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jaalbandi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Amit-Ishan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jaalbandi/64jj8stuxFc_|title=Jaalbandi – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=2022|publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:55
| language = Bengali
| label = Prince Entertainment P4
| producer =
}}

Piya Jaago sung by Ishan Mitra was the most popular song of this film.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} [https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/media-gallery/piya-jaago-song-of-bengali-movie-jaalbandi-crosses-1-million-view-31652414529494.html]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} was written by Ritam Sen.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:55
| title1 = Bumper Policy
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length1 = 2:37
| title2 = Piya Jaago
| extra2 = Ishan Mitra
| length2 = 4:10
| title3 = Piya Jaago (Unplugged)
| extra3 = Ishan Mitra
| length3 = 4:08
}}

== Reception ==
Jeetu Lihar of ''Cine Talkers'' opined that "Director Pijush Saha’s storytelling skills have always been remarkable. Pijush Saha has to be truly applauded for coming out of the kind of commercial movies that have been going on for the last few years and for making such a great movie".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/jaalbandi-movie-review-debutant-prince-prachuryas-performance-highlights-of-this-film/ | title=Jaalbandi Movie Review: Debutant Prince Prachurya's Performance Highlights of This Film | date=23 June 2022 }}</ref> A critic from ''APN News'' wrote that "Director Pijush Saha deserves accolades for believing in the new format of modern-day commercial storytelling".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15427936}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

{{Bengali-film-stub}}

COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan

2026-02-05T04:19:14Z

Yashvitoursin: Starting a info w/ infobox

{{short description|Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Update|reason=The stats of covid cases and testing is out of date. Leading para is also outdated. The data is at https://api.covid19india.org/|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name = COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan
| image =
| caption =


| map3 =
| legend3 =
| map4 =
| legend4 =
| map5 =
| legend5 =
| disease = [[COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| first_case = [[Jaipur]]
| arrival_date = 2 March 2020<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=02|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})
| origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]]
| confirmed_cases = 953257 (15 July 2021)
| active_cases = 522 (15 July 2021)
| recovery_cases = 943788 (15 July 2021)
| deaths = 8947 (15 July 2021)
| fatality_rate = 0.93 % (15 July 2021)
| territories = [[#Cases by districts|All districts]]
| total_ili =
| website = {{URL|http://www.rajswasthya.nic.in/}}
| width =
}}

The first case of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] was reported on 2 March 2020 in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> The Rajasthan Health Department has confirmed a total of 29,835 cases, including 563 deaths and 21866 recoveries as of 20 July 2020.{{update inline|date=March 2025}} All districts in the state have reported confirmed cases of which, Jaipur is the worst-affected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-covid-19-cases-cross-2000-mark-jaipur-most-affected/story-K2D48yikvvCdRu2hjaxAfK.html|title=Rajasthan Covid-19 cases cross 2000-mark, Jaipur most affected|date=2020-04-24|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>

== Timeline ==

=== March ===
On 2 March 2020, an 69-year-old Italian tourist who was part of a group of 23 tourists from [[Italy]] tested positive for COVID-19.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/02/italian-tourist-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-in-rajasthan-samples-sent-to-pune-for-confirmation-2111164.html|title=Italian tourist tests positive for coronavirus in Rajasthan, samples sent to Pune for confirmation|website=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> His initial test returned negative, but after deterioration of his condition, a second test was made which returned positive.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> Two days later, his wife also tested positive which worried the health authorities since the group had travelled to numerous tourist destinations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alarms-go-off-in-rajasthan-as-italian-tourists-wife-also-tests-positive/articleshow/74466824.cms |title=Coronavirus in Jaipur: Alarms go off in Rajasthan as Italian tourist's wife also tests positive {{!}} India News - Times of India |last=Ali|first=Syed Intishab |date=4 March 2020 |website=The Times of India |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> On 3 March, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Ministry]] held a meeting with officials of the Rajasthan Health Department over the outbreak. The Chief Minister of Rajasthan ordered the hotels where the Italian tourists resided to be sanitized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/health-ministry-holds-meet-with-rajasthan-health-department-over-coronavirus-outbreak20200303180415/|title=Health ministry holds meet with Rajasthan Health Department over coronavirus outbreak|website=ANI News |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> On 11 March, an 85-year-old man in [[Jaipur]] tested positive who had travel history to Dubai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/live/2020/Mar/08/coronavirus-highlights--india-registers-first-covid-19-death-canadian-pms-wife-tests-positive-2113779.html|title=India registers first COVID-19 death; Canadian PM's wife tests positive |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref>

On 18 March, three people of a family tested positive for COVID-19 in [[Jhunjhunu]] which took the total cases to seven in the state. The three, a couple and their two-year-old daughter, had returned from Italy on 8 March. Immediately after confirmation, movement restrictions were enforced 1 km<sup>2</sup> of their residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/coronavirus-positive-cases-rajasthan-jhunjhunu-covid-19-599454|title=Coronavirus: 3 of family test positive in Rajasthan's Jhunjhunu |last=Mehrotra |first=Vani |date=19 March 2020 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> The state imposed [[Unlawful assembly|Section 144]] across the entire state on 19 March. It also imposed a curfew around the family's residence and carried out surveillance to prevent forming of a positive cluster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/section-144-imposed-in-rajasthan-after-couple-2-year-old-test-positive-for-coronavirus-1657192-2020-03-19|title=Section 144 imposed in Rajasthan after couple, 2-year-old test positive for coronavirus|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|website=India Today |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

Three doctors of a private hospital along with six others tested positive in [[Bhilwara district]] on 20 March. 25 suspects were identified and kept in isolation. The government imposed a curfew on the whole district and sealed its borders. Door-to-door survey of around 80,000 houses in the [[Bhilwara]] city was initiated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/20/curfew-imposed-in-rajasthans-bhilwara-district-as-nine-test-positive-for-coronavirus-2119391.html|title=Curfew imposed in Rajasthan's Bhilwara district as nine test positive for coronavirus|website=www.newindianexpress.com|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref>

On 26 March, a 45-year-old man from Ramganj in Jaipur who had returned from [[Oman]] on 12 March, tested positive and emerged as a super spreader. Authorities said that he was asked to self quarantine, but instead he violated the given instructions and go on to meet other people. Ramganj was put under a curfew as it became a new hotspot in the state. Door-to-door screening was started.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ramganj-emerges-as-new-raj-hot-spot/story-6KRiEiyAai6spqWxvY54gM_amp.html|title=Coronavirus Update: Jaipur's Ramganj emerges as new Rajasthan Covid-19 hotspot|website=Hindustan times|date=13 April 2020|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> As of 16 April, 232 cases were traced back to the super spreader in Ramganj.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/amp/|title=A majority of Jaipur's Covid-19 cases have links to Ramganj superspreader: Collector|website=Hindustan times|date=16 April 2020|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

=== April ===
On April 3, the state recorded 46 cases, bringing the total cases to 179. It included nine evacuees from Iran and 33 [[Tablighi Jamaat]] participants. [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]], [[Dausa district|Dausa]] and [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]] districts reported their first cases due to the Tablighi Jamaat members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rajasthan-records-46-new-covid19-cases-total-up-to-179/1790712|title=Rajasthan records 46 new COVID-19 cases; total up to 179|website=outlookindia |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

On April 4, first death of the state was reported in [[Bikaner]], as a 60-year-old woman died due to the virus.<ref name="death1">{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: India Crosses 3,000 Cases, Death Toll Reaches 75|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/novel-coronavirus-covid-19-india-world-news-live-updates-4-april-2020|date=2020-04-04|website=The Quint|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> Till April 7, three died due to the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/coronavirus-death-toll-124-total-cases-4789-india/397417/|title=Coronavirus death toll nears 124, total confirmed cases reach 4,789 in India|last=PTI|date=2020-04-07|website=ThePrint |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

By 10 April, of 27 positive cases found in Bhilwara, 25 patients have been cured of the infection and 15 were discharged from hospital. Between 3–10 April, only two new cases have been reported in the city. The containment strategy followed by the district administration referred as the "Bhilwara model" was praised nationwide for its effectiveness in containment of the virus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-rajasthans-bhilwara-ruthless-containment-model-breaks-virus-transmission-chain/article31307764.ece/|title=In Rajasthan's Bhilwara, 'ruthless containment' model breaks virus transmission chain|author=Mohammed Iqbal|date=10 April 2020|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

On 13 April, 11 new coronavirus cases were reported, bringing the total tally to 815. Ten in Bharatpur and one in Banswara district of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/11-fresh-coronavirus-cases-reported-in-rajasthan-total-tally-815-1666367-2020-04-13|title=11 fresh coronavirus cases reported in Rajasthan, total tally at 815|last=of India|first=Press Trust|website=India Today |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

By 17 April, [[Tonk district|Tonk]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]], [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Banswara district|Banswara]] and [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]] districts emerged as the new hotspots of the virus as these saw a surge in cases in April.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/red-orange-and-green-zones-all-6-metro-cities-among-covid19-hotspots-full-list-of-170-districts-10010764|title=Coronavirus: Complete list of 170 COVID-19 hotspots in India {{!}} What are Red, Orange and Green zones|date=2020-04-16|website=Jagran English |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref>

On 20 April, 98 cases were reported. 50 from [[Jaipur]], 33 from Jodhpur, 7 from Kota, 3 from [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], 2 from [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]] and 1 each from Tonk, Banswara and [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]] .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/rajasthan-coronavirus-covid-19-cases-news-and-updates-jaipur-kota-jhunjhunu-jodhpur-127207360.html|title=98 नए पॉजिटिव में 50 जयपुर में संक्रमित मिले, जोधपुर में 33 रोगी; दो की मौत|date=20 April 2020|website=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

On 21 April, 159 cases were reported. 72 from Jaipur, 35 from Ajmer, 16 from Jodhpur, 10 from Nagaur, 7 from [[Dausa district|Dausa]], 5 each from Bhilwara and [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]], 2 each from Kota, [[Sawai Madhopur district|Swai Madhopur]], and Tonk, and 1 from Jhunjunu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/record-159-new-patients-found-one-died-in-ramganj-5-patients-found-in-bhilwara-declared-infection-free-four-days-ago-127214669.html|title=रिकॉर्ड 159 नए मरीज मिले, रामगंज में एक की मौत, चार दिन पहले संक्रमण मुक्त घोषित भीलवाड़ा में मिले 5 रोगी|last=Kumar|first=Indrabhushan |date=22 April 2020 |website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

On 22 April, 153 cases and one death were reported, taking total cases to 1,888 and death toll to 27. 68 in Jaipur, 44 in Ajmer, 17 in Tonk, 11 in Jodhpur, 6 in Kota, 4 in Nagaur, and 1 each in Swai Moadhopur and Bharatpur were reported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/rajasthan-coronavirus-news-update-new-corona-disease-patients-found-in-ajmer-jodhpur-kota-tonk-total-covid-19-cases-rise-to-1799-mark-127220347.html|title=जयपुर में 68, अजमेर में 44 नए संक्रमित मिले; मौत के बाद पॉजिटिव आई महिला की रिपोर्ट|last=Aeron|first=Anant |date=22 April 2020 |website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> [[Ajmer]]'s Dargah area which is a densely populated area, have emerged as a new hotspot after reporting 79 cases in last two days, taking total infections to 103 in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ajmer/ajmers-dargah-area-reports-79-cases-in-24-hours/articleshow/75306685.cms|title=Coronavirus in Ajmer: Ajmer's dargah area reports 79 cases in 24 hours {{!}} Ajmer News - Times of India |date=23 April 2020 |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

On 23 April, 76 cases and 1 death were reported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/rajasthan-coronavirus-news-updates-corona-cases-jaipur-jodhpur-bhilwara-jaisalmer-bharatpur-churu-latest-today-news-127227020.html |title=76 नए पॉजिटिव केस सामने आए: इनमें जोधपुर में 23 और जयपुर में 15 संक्रमित मिले |last=Aeron|first=Anant |date=23 April 2020 |website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

On 24 April, 70 cases and 4 deaths were reported, taking total cases to 2,034 and death toll to 32.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-70-new-covid19-positive-cases-have-been-reported-in-rajasthan-today-nodkp-3049033.html|title=COVID-19: राजस्थान में 70 नए केस सामने आए, कुल मामले 2034 हुए; जयपुर में 4 की मौत |date=24 April 2020 |website=News18 India|language=hi |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

On 25 April, 49 cases and two deaths were reported. 15 were reported from Jaipur, 10 from Jodhpur, 6 from Ajmer, 5 each from Kota and Jhalawar, 2 each from Bharatpur and [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]], and first case were reported in [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]] and [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/corona-virus-two-more-deaths-in-rajasthan-49-new-cases-found-today-2218338|title=कोरोना वायरस: राजस्थान में दो और मौत, 49 नए मामले आए सामने|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref>

On 26 April, 102 cases and 7 deaths were reported. 38 tested positive in Jodhpur, 20 in Nagaur, 16 in Jaipur and 11 in Ajmer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/with-102-new-covid-19-cases-rajasthans-count-moves-to-218520200426223137/|title=With 102 new COVID-19 cases, Rajasthan's count moves to 2,185|website=ANI News|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427105451/https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/with-102-new-covid-19-cases-rajasthans-count-moves-to-218520200426223137/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 27 April, 77 cases and 9 deaths were reported. 11 tested positive in Jodhpur, 10 in Jhalawar, 8 in Tonk and 7 each in Kota and Chittorgarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rajasthan-coronavirus-death-toll-touches-50-77-new-cases-take-tally-to-2262/1816594|title=Rajasthan coronavirus death toll touches 50; 77 new cases take tally to 2,262|date=2020-04-27|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

On 28 April, 102 cases and 2 deaths were reported. 26 tested positive in Jaipur, 25 in Jodhpur, 24 in Kota, 11 in Ajmer and 8 in Tonk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/102-more-covid-19-positive-in-rajasthan-states-count-now-at-236420200428223804/|title=102 more COVID-19 positive in Rajasthan, state's count now at 2,364|website=ANI News|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

On 29 April, 74 cases and 3 deaths were reported. 22 tested positive in Jaipur, 13 in Jodhpur, 9 in Pali and 8 in Chittorgarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/three-people-die-of-covid19-in-rajasthan-2438-cases-in-state/1818989|title=Three people die of COVID-19 in Rajasthan; 2,438 cases in state|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

On 30 April, 146 cases and 3 deaths were reported. 97 tested positive in Jodhpur and 29 in Jaipur. First case in [[Baran district|Baran]] was reported.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 more COVID-19 deaths, 146 new cases in Rajasthan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/3-more-covid19-deaths-146-new-cases-in-rajasthan/1820053|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>

===May===
On 1 May, 82 cases and 4 deaths were reported. 35 tested positive in Jodhpur, 21 in Jaipur and rest in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 death toll rises to 62 in Rajasthan, cases climb to 2,666|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/covid-19-death-toll-rises-to-62-in-rajasthan-cases-climb-to-2666-832456.html|date=2020-05-01|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>

On 2 May, 106 cases and 6 deaths were reported. 60 tested positive in Jodhpur and 33 in Jaipur and rest in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/106-new-covid-19-cases-take-rajasthans-count-to-277220200502225233/|title=106 new COVID-19 cases take Rajasthan's count to 2,772
|date=2 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>

On 3 May, 114 cases and 3 deaths were reported. 40 from Chittorgarh, 32 from Jaipur and 27 from Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan reports 3 coronavirus deaths, 114 positive cases|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rajasthan-reports-3-coronavirus-deaths-114-positive-cases/1822859|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>

On 4 May, 175 cases and 6 deaths were reported. 89 tested positive in Jodhpur, 29 in Jaipur, and rest in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six die of COVID-19 in Rajasthan; death toll rises to 77|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/11445821_Six-die-of-COVID-19-in-Rajasthan--death-toll-rises-to-77.html|date=4 May 2020|website=PTI|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> In [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]'s [[Nimbahera]] town over 100 people tested positive after first case from the town was reported on 25 April of a man with travel history to [[Indore]], who was believed to be spreader of the infection. The area became an hotspot and a curfew was imposed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus effect: चित्तौड़गढ़ का रोगी इंदौर से लाया कोरोना, अब वेंटिलेटर पर हालत गंभीर|url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jodhpur-patient-from-chittorgarh-brought-corona-from-indore-now-critical-on-ventilator-condition-20225486.html|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=हॉटस्पॉट निम्बाहेड़ा में इस तरह फैलता गया कोरोना संक्रमण, 11 दिन में एक से पहुंचा 100|url=https://www.patrika.com/chittorgarh-news/coronavirus-in-nimbahera-coronavirus-in-chittorgarh-6069323/|website=Patrika News|date=5 May 2020 |language=hi|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=निंबाहेड़ा में कर्फ्यू, बाकी जिले में पूर्व स्वीकृत दुकानें ही 4 घंटे ज्यादा खुलेंगी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bhilwara/chittorgarh/news/curfew-in-nimbahera-only-pre-approved-shops-will-open-4-hours-in-rest-of-the-district-127270211.html|last=Singh|first=Shakti Raj|date=2020-05-04|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

On 5 May, 97 cases and 12 deaths were reported. 41 tested positive in Jodhpur, 25 in Jaipur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan reports 12 more COVID-19 fatalities; death toll climbs to 89|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rajasthan-reports-12-more-covid19-fatalities-death-toll-climbs-to-89/1825031|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>

On 6 May, 159 cases and 4 deaths were reported and number of recoveries crossed the active cases in the state. 30 [[Border Security Force|BSF]] Soldiers who returned from [[Delhi]] after COVID-19 management duty tested positive. 50 tested positive in Jodhpur, 43 in Jaipur and rest in other districts. [[Jalore district|Jalore]] reported its first 3 cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/rajasthan-reports-4-more-covid19-fatality-death-toll-stands-at-93-infection-tally-reaches-3317/1826212|title=Rajasthan reports 4 more COVID-19 fatality; death toll stands at 93, infection tally reaches 3,317|website=Outlook India|date=6 May 2020|publisher=PTI|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

On 7 May, 110 cases and 6 deaths were reported. 30 tested positive in Jodhpur, 21 in Jaipur, and rest in other districts. [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]] reported its first positive case, 12 more BSF personals tested positive in Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 more COVID-19 deaths, 110 new cases in Rajasthan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/6-more-covid19-deaths-110-new-cases-in-rajasthan/1827426|date=2020-05-07|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

On 8 May, 152 cases were reported, 4 people died taking death toll to 103. 59 tested positive in [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], 34 in Jaipur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-08|title=With 4 COVID-19 deaths, toll in Rajasthan rises to 103; total tally reaches 3,579|work=Business Standard India|publisher=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/with-4-covid-19-deaths-toll-in-rajasthan-rises-to-103-total-tally-reaches-3-579-120050801652_1.html|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

On 9 May, 129 cases and 3 deaths were reported. 51 tested positive in Jaipur, 24 in Udaipur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/covid19-death-toll-rises-to-106-in-rthan-3708-cases/1829474|title=COVID-19 death toll ries to 106 in Rajasthan; 3708 cases|website=Outlook India|date=9 May 2020|publisher=PTI|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

On 10 May, 106 cases and two deaths were reported. 30 tested positive in Udaipur, 23 in Jaipur and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rajasthan-reports-2-more-coronavirus-deaths-106-fresh-cases/1830319|title=Rajasthan reports 2 more coronavirus deaths, 106 fresh cases|website=Outlook India|date=10 May 2020|publisher=PTI|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> [[Udaipur]] city was declared as a containment zone and emerged as a hotspot due to sudden rise in cases after a homeguard constable tested positive in Kanji ka Hatta area. A strict curfew was imposed in the city to restrict the movement of the people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udaipur City declared containment zone after Covid-19 cases climb past 100|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/udaipur-city-declared-containment-zone-after-covid-19-cases-rise-to-103/story-se0voxTKUoWgZltyIUrXEK.html|date=2020-05-09|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> In areas where clusters were reported, people were shifted to the quarantine facilities to prevent community transmission.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udaipur administration tightens its grip on containment zones {{!}} Udaipur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/udaipur-admn-tightens-its-grip-on-containment-zones/articleshow/75665549.cms|date=11 May 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

On 11 May, 174 cases and 5 deaths were reported. 49 tested positive in Udaipur, 28 in Jaipur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five more die of virus in Rajasthan as infection count nears 4,000-mark|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/five-more-die-of-virus-in-rajasthan-as-infection-count-nears-4000mark/1831326|date=2020-05-11|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>

On 12 May, 138 cases and 4 deaths were reported. 42 tested positive in Udaipur, 34 in Jaipur and rest in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four deaths, 138 fresh virus cases in Rajasthan; total count 4,126|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/four-deaths-138-fresh-virus-cases-in-rajasthan-total-count-4126/1832562|date=2020-05-12|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

On 13 May, 202 cases and 4 deaths were reported. 61 were reported in Jaipur, 33 in Udaipur, and remaining in other districts. 1 more BSF soldier tested positive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Rajasthan reports highest single-day spike, 202 in one day|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/coronavirus-rajasthan-reports-highest-single-day-spike-201-in-one-day-84335|date=2020-05-13|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706074539/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/coronavirus-rajasthan-reports-highest-single-day-spike-201-in-one-day-84335/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An increase in number of infected people was observed as large number of migrants started returning from the severely hit states from COVID-19. So far, 177 migrants had tested positive in the state. As a result, all the migrants would have to go through 14 day compulsory quarantine according to the State Health minister Dr. Raghu Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migrant influx pushes up Covid-19 cases in Rajasthan, govt fears spread in rural areas|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/migrant-influx-pushes-up-covid-19-cases-in-rajasthan-govt-fears-spread-in-rural-areas/story-13XTvmJn33GI5tj6CGMsDN.html|website=hindustantimes.com|date=14 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>

On 14 May, 206 cases and 4 deaths were reported. Udaipur reported 59 cases, 36 in Jodhpur, and remaining in other districts. 267 migrants had tested positive to date.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: 206 test positive; four, including two-moth-old boy, die in Rajasthan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/covid-19-206-test-positive-four-including-two-moth-old-boy-die-in-rajasthan-84803|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>

On 15 May, 213 cases were reported. 48 in Kota, 38 in Udaipur, and remaining in other districts tested positive. 6 more BSF personnel tested positive. So far, 327 migrants who returned to the state were found infected.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: 213 new cases, including 6 BSF personnel, in Rajasthan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/covid-19-213-new-cases-including-6-bsf-personnel-in-rajasthan-85276|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

On 16 May, 213 cases and one death were reported. [[Jaipur]] reported highest 131 cases in the state, as 119 inmates including Jail superintendent in Jaipur District [[Prison|Jail]] tested positive. Infection was believed to be spread through an inmate who was brought on 10 April to the jail and later he tested positive. All the infected patients were separated in a COVID care centre set up inside the jail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/jaipur%C2%A0district-jail-reports-119-coronavirus-cases-85677|title=Jaipur district jail reports 119 coronavirus cases|last=Goyal|first=Yash|work=The Tribune India|date=16 May 2020|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729022348/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/jaipur%C2%A0district-jail-reports-119-coronavirus-cases-85677|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 17 May, 242 cases and 5 deaths were reported, which took state tally to 5202. 60 tested positive in Jaipur, 43 in Jodhpur, and remaining in other districts. According to State health minister, random sampling in jails were started to prevent spread of the COVID-19. The [[Rajasthan High Court]] directed state government to form committees in each district to check if guidelines to prevent the infection were followed in the jails.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-records-highest-single-day-spike-of-242-covid-19-cases/story-7AgqjNH90cxMLgUrw1sDiJ.html|title=Rajasthan records highest single-day spike of 242 Covid-19 cases|last=Goswami|first=Rakesh|date=17 May 2020|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

On 18 May, 305 cases and 7 deaths were reported. Daily new cases continued to rise as the migrants from other states returned. 656 migrants had tested positive in last five days. Dungarpur district recorded 64 cases, highest in the state, 47 tested positive in Jaipur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: 305 new cases, 7 deaths in Rajasthan on Monday|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/covid-19-305-new-cases-7-deaths-in-rajasthan-on-monday-86423|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>

On 19 May, 338 cases out of which 232 were migrants and 5 deaths were reported. Dungarpur reported highest cases for second day in a row with 87 cases, 77 cases were reported in Pali, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goyal|first=Yash|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rajasthan-reports-5-coronavirus-deaths-338-new-infections-state-tally-over-5-000-87016 |title=Rajasthan reports 5 coronavirus deaths, 338 new infections, state tally over 5,000|date=19 May 2020|work=Tribune India}}</ref>

On 20 May, 170 cases and 4 deaths were reported in the state. In a week, 990 migrants had tested positive in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan reports four coronavirus deaths, 170 new cases|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rajasthan-reports-four-coronavirus-deaths-170-new-cases-87507|last=Goyal|first=Yash News|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>

On 21 May, 212 cases and 4 deaths were reported in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan's COVID-19 count rises to 6,227|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rajasthans-covid-19-count-rises-to-622720200521231444/|website=ANI News|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref>

On 22 May, 267 cases and 2 deaths were reported in the state. 30 in Pali, 29 in Jaipur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 more COVID-19 patients die, 267 fresh cases in Rajasthan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/2-more-covid19-patients-die-267-fresh-cases-in-rajasthan/1843328|date=22 May 2020|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref> Half of the active cases in the state were migrants which accounts nearly 1300, as around 1{{nbsp}}million migrants returned to the state in last 10 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/migrants-make-half-of-active-coronavirus-cases-in-rajasthan-1681271-2020-05-24|title=Migrants make half of active coronavirus cases in Rajasthan|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|website=India Today|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

On 23 May, 248 cases and 7 deaths were reported. Recovery rate of the state stood at 57% with 3786 recoveries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Month-old girl among 7 new Covid deaths in Rajasthan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/month-old-girl-among-7-new-covid-deaths-in-rajasthan-88971|date=2020-05-23|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> 26 tested positive in Jodhpur, 23 in Pali, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 toll rises to 160 in Rajasthan, cases stand at 6,657|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/covid19-toll-rises-to-160-in-rajasthan-cases-stand-at-6657/1844127|date=2020-05-23|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

On 24 May, 286 cases and 3 deaths were reported. 78 from Jaipur, 47 from Nagaur, and rest in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three die of Covid, 286 new cases in Rajasthan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/three-die-of-covid-286-new-cases-in-rajasthan-89419|date=2020-05-24|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>

On 25 May, 272 cases and 4 deaths were reported. 50 from Pali, 48 from Nagaur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 cases touch 7,300-mark in Rajasthan; four deaths reported|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/covid-19-cases-touch-7-300-mark-in-rajasthan-four-deaths-reported-89766|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>

On 26 May, 236 cases and 3 deaths were reported. Till date, 2,011 migrants tested positive who returned from other states. 32 tested positive in Jaipur, 27 in Sirohi, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan records 3 more Covid-19 related deaths; 236 new cases take tally to 7,536|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-records-3-more-covid-19-related-deaths-236-new-cases-take-tally-to-7-536/story-HiOJQaibHykDKvxODiqDYK.html|date=2020-05-26|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

On 27 May, 280 cases and 3 deaths were reported. Till date, 2,114 migrants tested positive after returning to the state. With [[Bundi district|Bundi]] reporting its first case, all the districts in the state got affected due to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Covid-19: With first case in Bundi, all 33 districts in Rajasthan affected {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/all-33-districts-have-covid-cases-bundi-latest-addition/articleshow/76049678.cms|date=2020-05-28|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> Jhalawar reported highest 68 cases, 42 from Jaipur, and remaining from other districts tested positive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 more COVID-19 deaths, 280 cases in Rajasthan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/3-more-covid19-deaths-280-cases-in-rajasthan/1848001|date=2020-05-27|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>

On 28 May, 251 cases and 7 deaths were reported. Jhalawar reported highest cases for consecutive second day with 69 cases, 64 from Jodhpur, and remaining from other districts tested positive. A total of 2,199 migrants had tested positive for the infection.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

On 29 May, 298 cases and 4 deaths were reported in the state. 67 cases were from Jodhpur, 45 from Bharatpur, and remaining from other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan reports 4 more Covid-19 deaths; infection tally mounts to 8,365 {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajasthan-reports-4-more-covid-19-deaths-infection-tally-mounts-to-8365/articleshow/76098338.cms|date=2020-05-29|website=The Times of India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

On 30 May, 252 cases and 9 deaths were reported. 41 cases were reported in Pali, 34 in Jodhpur, and remaining in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highest 9 COVID deaths in one day, 252 positive cases in Rajasthan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/highest-9-covid-deaths-in-one-day-252-positive-cases-in-rajasthan-92059|website=Tribuneindia News Service|date=2020-05-30|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

On 31 May, 214 cases and one death were reported. Jodhpur recorded highest of 54 cases in the state. 6,032 patients had recovered from the total tally of 8831.<ref>{{Cite web|title=One person dies of coronavirus in Rajasthan, 214 fresh cases reported|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/one-person-dies-of-coronavirus-in-rajasthan-214-fresh-cases-reported/1851856|date=2020-06-01|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

In May, Recovery rate of the state improved from 41.8% at the start of the month to 62.6% until 29 May, although as the migrants started arriving in the state and many of them tested positive for the infection, recovery rate in mid-of the month dipped for more than a week and again increased in the last week of the month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus recovery rate in Rajasthan at all-time high of 62.6% {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/states-recovery-rate-reaches-all-time-high-at-62-6/articleshow/76114422.cms|last=Ali|first=Syed Intishab|date=2020-05-31|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

===June===
On 1 June, 269 cases among which [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] reported highest 94 cases and five deaths of which three in Jaipur, and one each in [[Baran district|Baran]] and [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]] were recorded, with it state tally crossed 9000. Recovery rate stood at 67.2% and the fatality rate about 2.2%. 2,543 migrants had tested positive from starting of the May. Containment zones in [[Jaipur]] which have highest cases of around 22% of state's tally stood at 23.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan reports 269 COVID-19 cases; infection tally breaches 9,000|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rajasthan-reports-269-covid-19-cases-infection-tally-breaches-9-000-92978|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Tribuneindia News Service|date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

On 2 June, 273 cases among which [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] reported highest 70 cases and four deaths of which two in Jaipur and one each in [[Kota district|Kota]] and Bharatpur were reported, with it death toll crossed 200 in the state. Doubling rate was observed to be 18 days against the national average of 12 days. 2,666 migrants had tested positive until now in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=273 fresh COVID-19 cases reported in Rajasthan; total count 9,372|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/273-fresh-covid-19-cases-reported-in-rajasthan-total-count-9-372-93412|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Tribuneindia News Service|date=2020-06-02}}</ref>

On 3 June, 279 cases and six deaths were reported, four people died in Jaipur taking its death toll to 100 while one each died in [[Baran district|Baran]] and [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]. Bharatpur reported maximum of 88 cases, while 55 cases were reported in Jaipur and remaining cases in other districts of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six more die of Covid-19 in Rajasthan, toll 209; 279 fresh cases raise state's tally to 9,652 {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/six-more-die-of-covid-19-in-rajasthan-toll-209-279-fresh-cases-raise-states-tally-to-9652/articleshow/76182463.cms|date=2020-06-03|publisher=Press Trust of India|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 4 June, 210 cases and four deaths were reported, while total 7104 patients recovered out of 9862. Bharatpur reported maximum 49 cases in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Four more die of COVID-19 in Raj, toll 213; 210 fresh cases raise state's count to 9,862|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/four-more-die-of-covid19-in-raj-toll-213-210-fresh-cases-raise-states-count-to-9862/1856318|date=2020-06-04|publisher=Press Trust of India|access-date=2020-06-05|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

On 5 June, 222 cases and five deaths were reported, which took state total over 10,000. Jodhpur reported highest 52 cases in the state. A total of 7,359 people recovered from the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-05|title=COVID-19 cases in Rajasthan cross 10,000-mark|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/covid19-cases-in-rajasthan-cross-10000mark/1857448|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Outlook India|publisher=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On 6 June, 253 cases and 13 deaths were recorded, which were highest deaths in a day. Bharatpur reported highest 63 cases, Jodhpur reported 56 cases and remaining were from other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 death toll in Rajasthan rises to 231 after 13 fresh fatalities|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/covid19-death-toll-in-rajasthan-rises-to-231-after-13-fresh-fatalities/1858342|access-date=2020-06-07|website=Outlook India|publisher=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On 7 June, a total of 262 cases were reported in state with 9 fatalities. The highest cases 81 was reported from Jodhpur, followed by Bharatpur 63 and Jaipur 38 and rest in other districts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rajasthan-covid-19-tally-jumps-to-10599-with-262-new-cases20200607223210/|title=Rajasthan COVID-19 tally jumps to 10,599 with 262 new cases|work=ANI News|date=7 June 2020}}</ref>

On 8 June, 272 cases were reported with six deaths in the state. [[Alwar district|Alwar]] reported highest 67 cases, while 60 from Bharatpur and rest in other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Six new coronavirus deaths in Rajasthan, toll rises to 246|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/six-new-coronavirus-deaths-in-rajasthan-toll-rises-to-246/1860021|date=2020-06-08|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI}}</ref>

On 9 June, highest spike in a day with 369 cases were reported while nine died due to the disease. 100 cases were from Jaipur, 65 from Jodhpur and remaining from the other districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With nine more fatalities, COVID-19 death toll climbs to 255 in Rajasthan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/with-nine-more-fatalities-covid19-death-toll-climbs-to-255-in-rajasthan/1861264|access-date=2020-06-09|date=2020-06-09|website=Outlook India|publisher=PTI}}</ref>

On 12 June, [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] had highest 573 active cases in the state and had 80 containment zones of a 3 km area, as the daily new cases continued to rise in the district. According to officials, rise was due to 160 migrants testing positive as well as the vegetable traders in Kumher Gate wholesale mandi were infected from the virus, who frequently visited [[Agra]] as the district have border with [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Section 144]] of [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|CrPC]] was imposed, banning gathering of more than 4 people and intense contact tracing was initiated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2020|title=Rajasthan: In a fortnight, Bharatpur tops list of active cases {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/in-a-fortnight-bharatpur-tops-list-of-active-cases/articleshow/76330436.cms|access-date=2020-06-13|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Government response ==
On 19 March, Section 144 which restricted gathering of five or more was imposed in Rajasthan to contain the spread of the disease.<ref name="Hindu-1">{{Cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Mohammed|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-prohibitory-orders-in-rajasthan-after-3-new-cases-test-positive/article31105200.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Prohibitory orders in Rajasthan after 3 new cases test positive|date=2020-03-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The government had also screened all passengers reaching Jaipur via foreign flights and kept the ones showing symptoms in home isolation for 14 days.<ref name="Hindu-1"/>

The state was first to announce complete lockdown starting 22 March, barring essential services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/coronavirus-impact-rajasthan-under-lockdown-till-march-31-covid-19-1180245/amp|title=Coronavirus Impact: In A First, Rajasthan Govt Announces 'Complete Lockdown' In State Till March 31|date=21 March 2020|work=ABP Live}}</ref> On 22 March, it banned public transport services in the state.<ref name="RJban">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-update-rajasthan-bans-private-vehicles-to-give-pension-food-to-poor/story-McqrXsvPuqHPEA7wTe6qDI.html|title=Coronavirus update: Rajasthan bans private vehicles; to give pension, food to poor|date=24 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> On 24 March, the state banned all private vehicles in the roads after COVID-19 cases crossed 32 in the state.<ref name="RJban" /> The state government had also announced free ration for two months for families covered under the National Food Security Act (NFSA).<ref name="RJban" />

On 11 April, the state government announced financial assistance of ₹50 lakhs to the family of government employees who die due to disease during anti-COVID-19 operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-to-give-rs-50-lakh-to-kin-of-govt-employees-who-die-of-coronavirus-during-anti-covid-19-ops/story-kqaiB7Fjtojox0kBUJJyVK_amp.html|title=Rajasthan to give Rs 50 lakh to kin of govt employees who die of coronavirus during anti-Covid-19 ops|date=11 April 2020|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

On 1 May, Districts of the state were divided in three zones by [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Ministry]] based on severity of the outbreak, Rajasthan have 8 red zones, 19 orange zones and 6 green zones. The relaxations in the extended lockdown in these zones will be provided accordingly.<ref name="IT zones">{{Cite web|title=Red, Orange, Green Zone district-wise list for coronavirus lockdown: Complete classification of areas in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/red-orange-green-zones-full-current-update-list-districts-states-india-coronavirus-1673358-2020-05-01|website=India Today|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

On 7 May, [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] [[Ashok Gehlot]] sealed the state borders to prevent the entry of unauthorised personals as the cases suddenly increased across the country and said that only individuals mentioned according to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|MHA]] guidelines were permitted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Following reports of mass entry, Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot seals state's borders|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/following-reports-of-mass-entry-rajasthan-cm-ashok-gehlot-seals-state-s-borders-1675187-2020-05-07|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|date=7 May 2020|website=India Today|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
[[File:Jaipur during lockdown.jpg|thumb|Bike rider undergoes Thermal screening and sanitisation in Jaipur]]
On 18 May, Rajasthan government issued guidelines and relaxations regarding [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] 4.0 in the state and classified the zones under Urban and [[Panchayat samiti]] categories in each district. Movement of individuals were restricted from 7 pm to 7 am for non essential activities. All shops except those in containment zones and in malls were allowed to open, with conditions of [[social distancing]] and only two to five customers allowed at a time. Except in containment zones, barber shops, salons and parlors were allowed to open with safety precautions to be followed. Restaurants, sweet shops and eateries were allowed to open but only for home deliveries and takeaways. No commercial transport were allowed in red zones while taxis, cabs and autorickshaws with driver and two riders and intercity bus services were allowed in orange zones. Except restricted activities, all other activities were permitted in green zones. In red zones, 50 percent staff were allowed to work in the government and private offices while in orange zones two-thirds of the staff were permitted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Govt Announces Lockdown Relaxations, Shops Except in Containment Zones & Malls Allowed to Open|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rajasthan-govt-announces-lockdown-relaxations-shops-except-in-containment-zones-malls-allowed-to-open-2626223.html|date=2020-05-18|website=News18|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lockdown 4.0: Rajasthan govt allows opening of restaurants, salons in areas outside containment zones|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/lockdown-4-0-rajasthan-govt-allows-opening-of-restaurants-salons-in-areas-outside-containment-zones/593762|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=18 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Lockdown 4.0 Guidelines: Salons to open; cabs to function in green, orange zones. Check Details|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/fyi/rajasthan-lockdown-4-0-guidelines-salons-to-open-cabs-to-function-details-618379|last=Mamtany|first=Sidhant|date=2020-05-18|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>

On 31 May, the lockdown was extended until 30 June with few more relaxations except in the containment zones. The tourist places were allowed to open from 1 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rajasthan-extends-lockdown-in-containment-zones-curfew-areas-92473|title=Rajasthan extends lockdown in containment zones, curfew areas|work=The Tribune|date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/lockdown-5-0-rajasthan-to-open-all-monuments-museums-from-today-social-distancing-norms-to-be-observed/articleshow/76120589.cms|title=Lockdown 5.0: Rajasthan to open all monuments, museums from today, social distancing norms to be observed|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Richa Shukla|date=31 May 2020|access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref>
The hotels, restaurants, malls were permitted to open from 8 June under the guidelines of central government, but religious places and educational institutions continued to be remained closed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hotels-malls-in-rajasthan-to-open-from-june-8/article31770015.ece|title=Hotels, malls in Rajasthan to open from June 8|work=The Hindu|date=7 June 2020}}</ref>

On 10 June, [[Government of Rajasthan]] said that state borders will be sealed due to rise in COVID-19 cases in the state. Later, the order was amended and said that inter-state movement would be regulated for a week and people were needed to get permit from officials for entering or leaving the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=Rajasthan seals borders for a week after surge in Covid-19 cases, passes needed for movement|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-to-seal-its-borders-after-surge-in-covid-19-cases/story-Dhsh1OpnY1zNNrJwi7XjQM.html|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 16 June, the state government said that no passes or NOC would be required to enter or leave the state from now on.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=ANI|title=Rajasthan: Pass, NOC not needed for entry/exit in or from state|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Rajasthan-Pass-NOC-not-needed-for-entry-exit-in-or-from-state/16-06-2020-287989|access-date=2020-06-17|website=BW Businessworld}}</ref> In a subsequent manner, several restrictions were eased. In November, the increasing cases amid festive season and cold weather conditions prompted the government to impose night curfew in selected cities and urban areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/night-curfew-in-rajasthan/article33151770.ece/|title=Night curfew in Rajasthan|work=The Hindu|first=Mohammed|last=Iqbal|date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

The educational institutions were allowed to open from 18 January 2021 with necessary guidelines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/schools-colleges-coaching-centres-to-reopen-from-jan-18/articleshow/80123766.cms|title=Rajasthan: Schools, colleges & coaching centres to reopen from January 18|work=The Times of India|date=6 January 2021}}</ref> On 18 January 2021, the night curfew was withdrawn in view of significant reduction in coronavirus cases and few more relaxations were given.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajasthan-govt-ends-night-curfew-after-decline-in-covid-19-cases/articleshow/80329310.cms|title=Rajasthan govt ends night curfew after decline in COVID-19 cases|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust Of India|date=18 January 2021|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

In view of gradual increase in cases in February, negative RT-PCR report was made mandatory for travellers from Maharashtra and Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/987956/covid-19-rajasthan-makes-negative-rt-pcr-report-mandatory-for-travellers-from-maharashtra-kerala|title=Covid-19: Rajasthan makes negative RT-PCR report mandatory for travellers from Maharashtra, Kerala|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=25 February 2021}}</ref>

On March 21, decision was taken to impose night curfew in 8 cities from 11pm to 5am and a negative RT-PCR was made mandatory for people entering the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rajasthan-night-curfew-in-8-cities-from-monday-visitors-told-to-carry-covid-negative-report-228496|title=Rajasthan: Night curfew in 8 cities from Monday; visitors told to carry COVID negative report|work=The Tribune|agency=Press Trust Of India|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> A state-wide curfew was imposed on April 19 until 3 May to limit the spread of the disease in view of the second wave of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-rajasthans-jan-anushashan-pakhwara-and-what-is-permitted-under-it-7279495/|title=What is Rajasthan's 'Jan Anushashan Pakhwara' and what is permitted under it?|work=The Indian Express|date=19 April 2021|author=Hamza Khan|location=Jaipur|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

Meanwhile, with the increase in [[Mucormycosis]] (black fungus) in COVID recovered patients, it was declared as an epidemic and notifiable disease in the state on 19 May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/black-fungus-notified-as-epidemic-in-rajasthan-101621441294656.html|title=Black fungus notified as epidemic in Rajasthan|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

===Legal action===

As of 26 May, During the lockdown, {{INRConvert|81.25|l}} were collected as fine from 40,083 violators, more than 136,000 vehicles were seized and {{INRConvert|6.88|c}} were collected as fine from the owners. Fines were imposed on 24,067 people for not wearing masks in the public places, 11,872 people for not following social distancing guidelines and 3755 shopkeepers for defying lockdown to sell goods. 445 people were arrested for attacking the frontline health workers.<ref name ="IT 31 May">{{Cite web|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|title=Rajasthan tests returning migrants|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/rajasthan-tests-returning-migrants-1684038-2020-05-31|date=2020-05-31|access-date=2020-06-04|website=India Today}}</ref> On 2 November, Rajasthan became the first state to pass a bill, which made mandatory for people to wear mask in public and private gatherings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rajasthan-becomes-first-state-in-country-to-pass-bill-to-protect-people-against-covid-19-infection-2321971.html|title=Rajasthan becomes first state in country to pass bill to protect people against COVID-19 infection|work=Zee News|date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

== Testing ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float:right; clear:right;"
|+Summary of test results
!Samples collected

| style="text-align:right;" |{{stringsplit | txt={{wdib|ps=1|P8011|qid=Q87821969|sep="--"}} |sep="--" |idx=-1}}
|-
!Tested Positive
| style="text-align:right;" |{{stringsplit | txt={{wdib|ps=1|P1603|qid=Q87821969|sep="--"}} |sep="--" |idx=-1}}
|-
!Tests per million
| style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum:{{stringsplit | txt={{wdib|ps=1|P8011|qid=Q87821969|sep="--"}} |sep="--" |idx=-1}}|R}}/77264000*1000000 round 0}}}}
|-
!Percentage Tested Positive
| style="text-align:right;" |{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{formatnum:{{stringsplit | txt={{wdib|ps=1|P1603|qid=Q87821969|sep="--"}} |sep="--" |idx=-1}}|R}}/{{formatnum:{{stringsplit | txt={{wdib|ps=1|P8011|qid=Q87821969|sep="--"}} |sep="--" |idx=-1}}|R}}*100 round 1}}}}%
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:centre;" |As of {{stringsplit | txt={{wdib|ps=1|P8011|qid=Q87821969|qual=P585|sep="--"|qo=true|df=dmy}} |sep="--" |idx=-1}}
|}

Rajasthan is among the states of the country which have conducted highest number of tests and have per capita ratio of tests higher than national average.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dubey|first=Jyotindra|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/covid-19-how-indian-states-have-fared-in-testing-for-coronavirus-120041300314_1.html|title=Covid-19: How Indian states have fared in testing for coronavirus|date=2020-04-13|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> The State government is looking to further step up its testing capacity to 10,000 tests per day. 7 out of 14 government medical colleges and [[AIIMS Jodhpur]] were conducting [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT-PCR]] testing across the state, with only [[Sawai Man Singh Hospital]] having an automatic nuclear extraction machine. Government had ordered PCR machines for all 33 districts and automatic RNA extraction machines for remaining seven medical colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amid-covid-19-crisis-rajasthan-hit-by-shortage-of-automatic-rna-extraction-kits/story-B9h5JpeBQoMMx1UXdZhhgI.html|title=Amid Covid-19 crisis, Rajasthan hit by shortage of automatic RNA extraction kits|date=2020-04-21|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

On 18 April, the state government was the first to start rapid testing for COVID-19 through rapid testing kits on 17 April. It gives instant results based on presence of antibodies in blood, which helps in quickly isolating the suspected person.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-first-in-country-to-start-rapid-testing-for-covid-19/articleshow/75214085.cms|title=Rajasthan first in country to start rapid testing for Covid-19|work=The Times Of India|date=18 April 2020|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> On 21 April, the state government stopped using rapid testing kits as they were giving low accuracy of 5.4% in compared to expected 90% accuracy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-ceases-use-of-rapid-testing-kits-as-most-results-invalid/article31395218.ece|title=Rajasthan ceases use of rapid testing kits as most results invalid|date=2020-04-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-21|agency=PTI|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later, [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] advised all states to stop using rapid testing kits for next two days until their on-ground teams validates these kits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/health-ministry-icmr-advises-states-to-refrain-from-using-rapid-test-kits-for-next-two-days-609843|title=ICMR asks states to avoid using rapid testing kits for 2 days|last=Pathak|first=Analiza|date=2020-04-21|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>

On 29 April, State Health Minister Dr. Raghu Sharma said that 8 CB-NAAT machines used for detecting [[tuberculosis]], were being transferred to government medical colleges in [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner]] and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] to increase the testing rates, as ICMR have permitted use of diagnostic machines which tests drug-resistant tuberculosis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan: TB detection machines to test patients for coronavirus {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/tb-detection-machines-to-test-patients-for-corona/articleshow/75438519.cms|last=Joseph|first=Joychen|website=The Times of India|date=2020-04-29|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>

On 31 May, [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] [[Ashok Gehlot]] said that the state have achieved the testing rate of 16,000 samples per day and testing labs would be set up in all 33 districts of the state to increase the capacity to 25,000 tests per day.<ref name="IT 31 May"/>

===Testing statistics===

<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|#2ca02c|Tested Samples}}
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
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<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|#32CD32|New tests per day}}
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<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
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 1 Apr, 2 Apr, 3 Apr, 4 Apr, 5 Apr, 6 Apr, 7 Apr, 8 Apr, 9 Apr, 10 Apr, 11 Apr, 12 Apr, 13 Apr, 14 Apr, 15 Apr, 16 Apr, 17 Apr, 18 Apr, 19 Apr, 20 Apr, 21 Apr, 22 Apr, 23 Apr, 24 Apr, 25 Apr, 26 Apr, 27 Apr, 28 Apr, 29 Apr, 30 Apr,
 1 May, 2 May, 3 May, 4 May, 5 May, 6 May, 7 May, 8 May, 9 May, 10 May, 11 May, 12 May, 13 May, 14 May, 15 May, 16 May, 17 May, 18 May, 19 May, 20 May, 21 May, 22 May, 23 May, 24 May, 25 May, 26 May, 27 May, 28 May, 29 May, 30 May, 31 May,
 1 Jun, 2 Jun, 3 Jun, 4 Jun, 5 Jun, 6 Jun, 7 Jun, 8 Jun, 9 Jun, 10 Jun, 11 Jun, 12 Jun, 13 Jun, 14 Jun, 15 Jun, 16 Jun, 17 Jun, 18 Jun, 19 Jun, 20 Jun, 21 Jun
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<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|#8b008b|Daily positive sampling ratio}}<br/>since 28 March
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{{Graph:Chart 
| width = 650
| xAxisTitle = Date
| xAxisAngle = -90
| yAxisMin = 0
| type = line
| xType = date
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| yGrid =
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}}
</div>
</div>
<small>'''Source:''' [http://www.rajswasthya.nic.in/ Rajswasthya.nic.in]</small>

== Treatment ==

In Rajasthan, a combination of anti-malaria, anti-Swine flu and anti-HIV drugs resulted into recovery of three patients in March.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Combination of two anti-HIV drugs proved crucial in Coronavirus treatment, Rajasthan official|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/combination-of-two-anti-hiv-drugs-proved-crucial-in-coronavirus-treatment-rajasthan-official/articleshow/74653762.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=16 March 2020|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Government of Rajasthan]] had sought permission from [[Indian Council for Medical Research]] (ICMR) for the clinical trials of the [[Plasmapheresis|convalescent plasma therapy]] for treatment of severely ill patients at [[Sawai Man Singh Hospital]] (SMS Hospital) in [[Jaipur]], as several states across the country had started its clinical trials and shown encouraging results,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-seeks-icmr-approval-to-begin-trials-for-plasma-therapy/story-LEubXbm1JE4KH6S23YcfDI.html|title=Rajasthan seeks ICMR approval to begin trials for plasma therapy|date=2020-04-25|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> which ICMR approved.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-05-03|title=Rajasthan gets ICMR nod to use plasma therapy on COVID-19 patients: CM Ashok Gehlot|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-gets-icmr-nod-to-use-plasma-therapy-on-covid-19-patients-cm-ashok-gehlot/article31494877.ece|access-date=2020-05-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Rajasthan became the fourth state in the country to successfully perform clinical trials of convalescent plasma therapy as [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College|SMS Medical college]] and Hospital treated two COVID-19 patients. ICMR further listed SMS Medical college and Hospital for trial on 20 more patients.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan launches plasma therapy, claims highest recovery rate of coronavirus patients in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-launches-plasma-therapy-claims-highest-recovery-rate-of-coronavirus-patients-in-india-1675175-2020-05-07|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|date=7 May 2020|website=India Today|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Rajasthan government got approval from ICMR for the clinical trials at [[Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College|Government Medical College Jodhpur]] to treat COVID-19 patients from plasma therapy, with this two government hospitals and one private hospital could treat patients from plasma therapy in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Medical Body ICMR Allows Plasma Trials At Jodhpur COVID Hospital|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-medical-body-icmr-allows-plasma-trials-at-jodhpur-covid-hospital-2225663|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>

===Vaccination===
{{Main|COVID-19_vaccination_in_India#Rajasthan}}

== Statistics ==

=== Cumulative confirmed cases, active cases, recoveries and deaths ===
<ref name="state_wise_daily.csv"/>
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|#FF6347|Total confirmed cases   }}
{{legend inline|#FFC000|Active Cases   }}
{{legend inline|#87CEEB|Recoveries   }}
{{legend inline|#343132|Deaths}}
</div>

{{Switcher
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|xAxisAngle = -45
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|y3Title = Recoveries
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21, 23 Mar 21, 24 Mar 21, 25 Mar 21, 26 Mar 21, 27 Mar 21, 28 Mar 21, 29 Mar 21, 30 Mar 21, 31 Mar 21, 01 Apr 21, 02 Apr 21, 03 Apr 21, 04 Apr 21, 05 Apr 21, 06 Apr 21, 07 Apr 21, 08 Apr 21, 09 Apr 21, 10 Apr 21, 11 Apr 21, 12 Apr 21, 13 Apr 21, 14 Apr 21, 15 Apr 21, 16 Apr 21, 17 Apr 21, 18 Apr 21, 19 Apr 21, 20 Apr 21, 21 Apr 21, 22 Apr 21, 23 Apr 21, 24 Apr 21, 25 Apr 21, 26 Apr 21, 27 Apr 21, 28 Apr 21, 29 Apr 21, 30 Apr 21, 01 May 21, 02 May 21, 03 May 21, 04 May 21, 05 May 21, 06 May 21, 07 May 21, 08 May 21, 09 May 21, 10 May 21, 11 May 21, 12 May 21, 13 May 21, 14 May 21, 15 May 21, 16 May 21, 17 May 21, 18 May 21, 19 May 21, 20 May 21, 21 May 21, 22 May 21, 23 May 21, 24 May 21, 25 May 21, 26 May 21, 27 May 21, 28 May 21, 29 May 21, 30 May 21, 31 May 21, 01 Jun 21, 02 Jun 21, 03 Jun 21, 04 Jun 21, 05 Jun 21, 06 Jun 21, 07 Jun 21, 08 Jun 21, 09 Jun 21, 10 Jun 21, 11 Jun 21, 12 Jun 21, 13 Jun 21, 14 Jun 21, 15 Jun 21, 16 Jun 21, 17 Jun 21, 18 Jun 21, 19 Jun 21, 20 Jun 21, 21 Jun 21, 22 Jun 21, 23 Jun 21, 24 Jun 21, 25 Jun 21, 26 Jun 21, 27 Jun 21, 28 Jun 21, 29 Jun 21, 30 Jun 21, 01 Jul 21, 02 Jul 21, 03 Jul 21, 04 Jul 21, 05 Jul 21, 06 Jul 21, 07 Jul 21, 08 Jul 21, 09 Jul 21, 10 Jul 21, 11 Jul 21, 12 Jul 21, 13 Jul 21, 14 Jul 21, 15 Jul 21,
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|y2 = 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 4, 6, 14, 21, 25, 29, 29, 35, 37, 47, 51, 56, 76, 90, 117, 130, 176, 180, 240, 274, 316, 335, 400, 498, 575, 672, 765, 847, 918, 956, 1029, 1130, 1250, 1346, 1435, 1517, 1485, 1509, 1536, 1515, 1468, 1542, 1569, 1633, 1488, 1462, 1459, 1546, 1544, 1485, 1439, 1465, 1440, 1465, 1551, 1555, 1634, 1771, 1893, 1890, 2016, 2151, 2365, 2464, 2591, 2661, 2796, 3017, 3077, 3090, 3081, 3072, 2937, 2685, 2605, 2688, 2735, 2699, 2545, 2507, 2605, 2605, 2513, 2662, 2772, 2798, 2785, 2782, 2836, 2895, 2946, 2762, 2785, 2826, 2926, 2984, 2966, 3049, 3023, 3077, 3218, 3186, 3261, 3334, 3375, 3317, 3284, 3331, 3445, 3780, 3949, 4357, 4715, 5002, 5057, 5376, 5779, 5788, 5878, 6405, 6666, 6617, 6803, 7145, 7627, 8052, 8387, 8811, 9029, 9379, 9852, 10097, 10675, 10817, 11038, 11558, 11881, 12488, 12785, 13115, 13251, 13108, 13195, 13387, 13473, 13810, 13677, 13630, 14762, 13949, 13863, 13816, 14089, 14119, 14416, 14508, 14525, 14176, 14330, 14388, 14219, 14099, 14425, 14320, 14776, 14091, 13825, 13970, 12919, 13912, 14790, 14996, 14958, 14958, 15090, 15108, 15702, 15859, 16582, 16654, 16726, 16761, 17049, 17495, 17717, 17997, 18184, 18245, 18614, 18992, 18993, 19030, 19355, 19700, 20043, 20376, 20581, 20807, 20942, 21075, 21154, 21215, 21294, 21351, 21382, 21398, 21354, 21412, 21671, 21924, 21711, 21587, 21381, 21255, 21139, 20893, 20254, 19185, 18341, 17775, 17100, 16668, 16233, 15949, 15708, 15554, 15251, 15102, 15255, 15889, 16385, 16323, 16301, 16277, 16327, 16376, 16542, 16725, 16993, 17352, 17657, 18053, 18337, 18684, 19033, 19478, 20168, 20923, 21951, 23190, 24116, 25197, 26320, 27302, 28183, 28751, 28758, 28653, 27974, 26710, 25544, 24318, 23176, 22427, 21671, 20875, 19792, 19030, 17721, 16821, 16629, 16200, 15510, 14510, 13647, 13058, 12779, 12422, 11961, 11601, 11648, 11671, 11700, 11488, 11157, 10742, 10213, 9835, 9560, 9223, 8795, 8491, 8189, 7830, 7698, 7468, 7402, 6730, 6726, 6585, 6200, 5780, 5675, 5608, 5286, 5050, 4634, 4304, 4077, 3934, 3719, 3448, 3147, 2968, 2836, 2664, 2559, 2395, 2260, 2161, 1948, 1798, 1692, 1639, 1581, 1527, 1464, 1470, 1435, 1450, 1385, 1407, 1409, 1409, 1365, 1257, 1249, 1275, 1269, 1300, 1245, 1206, 1195, 1204, 1208, 1231, 1254, 1308, 1304, 1340, 1470, 1509, 1584, 1703, 1755, 1883, 1963, 2032, 2142, 2242, 2329, 2453, 2572, 2661, 2851, 3023, 3121, 3310, 3585, 4006, 4262, 4672, 5149, 5733, 6358, 7159, 7794, 8155, 8663, 9563, 10484, 11738, 12878, 14768, 16140, 18146, 21132, 24085, 27906, 31986, 36441, 40690, 44905, 49276, 53813, 59999, 67135, 76641, 85571, 96366, 107157, 117294, 127616, 136702, 146640, 155182, 163372, 169519, 176485, 182301, 189178, 194371, 197045, 196683, 198010, 199147, 199307, 200189, 203017, 205730, 209110, 211889, 212753, 208688, 194382, 176363, 159455, 153126, 143974, 131806, 122330, 112218, 99875, 87539, 78126, 71099, 62492, 56628, 49224, 42654, 37477, 32650, 27408, 24004, 21550, 18575, 15744, 13624, 11832, 10079, 9023, 8400, 7441, 6467, 5619, 4962, 4262, 3783, 3451, 3079, 2691, 2388, 2178, 2019, 1873, 1839, 1733, 1593, 1565, 1471, 1402, 1312, 1260, 1180, 1092, 1012, 935, 824, 815, 750, 702, 661, 613, 558, 522,
|y3 = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 25, 25, 25, 25, 45, 60, 60, 116, 121, 121, 147, 147, 164, 183, 200, 205, 205, 274, 344, 451, 493, 513, 629, 744, 770, 814, 893, 1116, 1242, 1356, 1438, 1525, 1739, 1889, 2011, 2162, 2241, 2324, 2454, 2573, 2638, 2729, 2944, 3055, 3218, 3337, 3404, 3485, 3680, 3786, 3848, 4056, 4276, 4562, 4815, 5244, 5739, 6032, 6213, 6435, 6744, 7104, 7359, 7501, 7754, 8117, 8328, 8569, 8775, 9011, 9337, 9566, 9785, 9962, 10467, 10742, 10997, 11274, 11597, 11910, 12213, 12611, 12840, 13062, 13367, 13611, 13921, 14220, 14574, 14948, 15281, 15640, 15928, 16278, 16575, 16866, 17070, 17620, 17869, 18103, 18630, 19169, 19502, 19970, 20626, 21144, 21730, 22195, 22744, 23364, 23815, 24547, 25306, 25954, 26834, 27317, 28309, 29231, 29845, 30668, 31216, 32051, 32832, 33849, 35131, 36195, 37163, 38235, 39060, 40399, 41648, 41819, 43897, 45254, 46604, 47654, 48960, 49963, 51190, 52496, 54144, 55324, 56600, 58126, 59579, 60585, 62033, 62971, 65093, 66812, 68124, 70674, 71220, 71899, 73245, 74861, 76427, 77872, 79450, 80482, 81970, 82902, 84518, 86162, 87873, 89352, 90685, 92265, 93805, 95469, 97284, 98812, 100365, 102330, 104288, 105994, 107718, 109472, 111272, 113225, 115178, 117238, 119241, 121331, 123421, 125448, 127526, 129618, 131766, 133918, 135990, 137848, 139616, 141835, 143984, 146185, 148291, 150379, 152573, 155095, 157960, 160614, 162981, 165496, 167736, 169962, 172028, 174044, 175977, 178064, 179984, 181575, 182680, 183899, 185722, 187544, 189354, 191132, 192945, 194629, 196338, 198139, 199943, 201770, 203524, 205414, 207224, 209058, 210779, 212623, 214616, 216579, 218583, 220871, 223085, 225229, 227408, 229602, 231780, 234336, 237098, 240105, 243340, 246572, 249713, 252911, 255729, 258393, 260773, 263350, 265689, 268457, 270650, 272118, 273784, 275506, 277743, 279717, 281372, 282631, 283957, 285322, 286481, 287418, 288388, 289375, 290365, 291533, 292739, 293888, 295030, 295987, 296929, 297819, 298620, 299375, 300126, 300690, 301425, 301962, 303060, 303536, 304104, 304779, 305569, 305953, 306330, 306888, 307384, 308010, 308547, 308985, 309391, 309807, 310279, 310747, 311117, 311374, 311679, 311867, 312132, 312370, 312564, 312873, 313108, 313304, 313496, 313669, 313819, 313957, 314050, 314175, 314264, 314438, 314523, 314630, 314733, 314859, 315027, 315135, 315212, 315310, 315376, 315513, 315635, 315722, 315812, 315936, 316061, 316139, 316241, 316364, 316430, 316515, 316631, 316750, 316864, 316988, 317039, 317138, 317257, 317350, 317487, 317601, 317726, 317858, 318009, 318132, 318284, 318586, 318842, 319041, 319217, 319437, 319695, 319933, 320199, 320426, 320704, 320971, 321275, 321668, 322114, 322613, 323031, 323618, 324145, 324996, 325779, 326299, 327304, 327866, 328881, 330172, 331423, 333379, 335633, 338424, 341247, 344331, 346739, 349946, 353711, 357329, 362526, 367485, 374134, 380550, 387976, 396279, 407243, 417277, 428953, 440215, 452164, 466310, 483332, 499376, 516306, 533973, 550853, 564352, 577550, 590390, 603319, 616589, 634070, 658510, 687969, 713129, 729168, 745873, 764137, 779601, 796121, 812775, 828410, 841602, 851998, 863175, 871283, 880919, 888919, 895033, 901071, 907527, 911897, 915261, 919115, 922544, 925161, 927443, 929711, 931186, 932161, 933421, 934652, 935658, 936586, 937481, 938101, 938619, 939131, 939664, 940101, 940465, 940771, 941048, 941218, 941482, 941692, 941839, 942030, 942172, 942331, 942469, 942616, 942756, 942882, 943010, 943190, 943260, 943379, 943479, 943553, 943629, 943719, 943788,
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}}
|Logarithmic scale}}
</div>

=== Daily Data===
==== Active cases ====
<ref name="state_wise_daily.csv"/>
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|#FFC000|No. of active cases}}
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 3000
| type = rect
| x = 02 Mar 2020,03 Mar 2020,.,10 Mar 2020, 11 Mar 2020, 12 Mar 2020, 13 Mar 2020, 14 Mar 2020, 15 Mar 2020, 16 Mar 2020, 17 Mar 2020, 18 Mar 2020, 19 Mar 2020, 20 Mar 2020, 21 Mar 2020, 22 Mar 2020, 23 Mar 2020, 24 Mar 2020, 25 Mar 2020, 26 Mar 2020, 27 Mar 2020, 28 Mar 2020, 29 Mar 2020, 30 Mar 2020, 31 Mar 2020, 1 Apr 2020, 2 Apr 2020, 3 Apr 2020, 4 Apr 2020, 5 Apr 2020, 6 Apr 2020, 7 Apr 2020, 8 Apr 2020, 9 Apr 2020, 10 Apr 2020, 11 Apr 2020, 12 Apr 2020, 13 Apr 2020, 14 Apr 2020, 15 Apr 2020, 16 Apr 2020, 17 Apr 2020, 18 Apr 2020, 19 Apr 2020, 20 Apr 2020, 21 Apr 2020, 22 Apr 2020, 23 Apr 2020, 24 Apr 2020, 25 Apr 2020, 26 Apr 2020, 27 Apr 2020, 28 Apr 2020, 29 Apr 2020, 30 Apr 2020, 1 May 2020, 2 May 2020, 3 May 2020, 4 May 2020, 5 May 2020, 6 May 2020, 7 May 2020, 8 May 2020, 9 May 2020, 10 May 2020, 11 May 2020, 12 May 2020, 13 May 2020, 14 May 2020, 15 May 2020, 16 May 2020, 17 May 2020, 18 May 2020, 19 May 2020, 20 May 2020, 21 May 2020, 22 May 2020, 23 May 2020, 24 May 2020, 25 May 2020, 26 May 2020, 27 May 2020, 28 May 2020, 29 May 2020, 30 May 2020, 31 May 2020, 1 Jun 2020, 2 Jun 2020, 3 Jun 2020, 4 Jun 2020, 5 Jun 2020, 6 Jun 2020, 7 Jun 2020, 8 Jun 2020, 9 Jun 2020, 10 Jun 2020, 11 Jun 2020, 12 Jun 2020, 13 Jun 2020, 14 Jun 2020, 15 Jun 2020, 16 Jun 2020, 17 Jun 2020, 18 Jun 2020, 19 Jun 2020, 20 Jun 2020, 21 Jun 2020, 22 Jun 2020, 23 Jun 2020, 24 Jun 2020, 25 Jun 2020, 26 Jun 2020, 27 Jun 2020, 28 Jun 2020, 29 Jun 2020, 30 Jun 2020, 01 Jul 2020, 02 Jul 2020, 03 Jul 2020, 04 Jul 2020, 05 Jul 2020, 06 Jul 2020, 07 Jul 2020, 08 Jul 2020, 09 Jul 2020, 10 Jul 2020, 11 Jul 2020, 12 Jul 2020, 13 Jul 2020, 14 Jul 2020, 15 Jul 2020, 16 Jul 2020, 17 Jul 2020, 18 Jul 2020, 19 Jul 2020, 20 Jul 2020, 21 Jul 2020, 22 Jul 2020, 23 Jul 2020, 24 Jul 2020, 25 Jul 2020, 26 Jul 2020, 27 Jul 2020, 28 Jul 2020, 29 Jul 2020, 30 Jul 2020, 31 Jul 2020, 01 Aug 2020, 02 Aug 2020, 03 Aug 2020, 04 Aug 2020, 05 Aug 2020, 06 Aug 2020, 07 Aug 2020, 08 Aug 2020, 09 Aug 2020, 10 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| showValues = offset:2
| xGrid =
| yGrid =
| yAxisMin = 0
| yAxisTitle = Active cases
| xAxisAngle = -90
| xAxisTitle = Date
| colors = #FFC000
}}
</div>
</div>

==== Daily new cases ====
<ref name="state_wise_daily.csv">{{cite web |title=state_wise_daily.csv |url=https://api.covid19india.org/csv/latest/state_wise_daily.csv |website=api.covid19india.org}}</ref>
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|Tomato|New cases per day}}
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 2500
| type = rect
| x = 02 Mar 2020,03 Mar 2020,.,10 Mar 2020, 11 Mar 2020, 12 Mar 2020, 13 Mar 2020, 14 Mar 2020, 15 Mar 2020, 16 Mar 2020, 17 Mar 2020, 18 Mar 2020, 19 Mar 2020, 20 Mar 2020, 21 Mar 2020, 22 Mar 2020, 23 Mar 2020, 24 Mar 2020, 25 Mar 2020, 26 Mar 2020, 27 Mar 2020, 28 Mar 2020, 29 Mar 2020, 30 Mar 2020, 31 Mar 2020, 1 Apr 2020, 2 Apr 2020, 3 Apr 2020, 4 Apr 2020, 5 Apr 2020, 6 Apr 2020, 7 Apr 2020, 8 Apr 2020, 9 Apr 2020, 10 Apr 2020, 11 Apr 2020, 12 Apr 2020, 13 Apr 2020, 14 Apr 2020, 15 Apr 2020, 16 Apr 2020, 17 Apr 2020, 18 Apr 2020, 19 Apr 2020, 20 Apr 2020, 21 Apr 2020, 22 Apr 2020, 23 Apr 2020, 24 Apr 2020, 25 Apr 2020, 26 Apr 2020, 27 Apr 2020, 28 Apr 2020, 29 Apr 2020, 30 Apr 2020, 1 May 2020, 2 May 2020, 3 May 2020, 4 May 2020, 5 May 2020, 6 May 2020, 7 May 2020, 8 May 2020, 9 May 2020, 10 May 2020, 11 May 2020, 12 May 2020, 13 May 2020, 14 May 2020, 15 May 2020, 16 May 2020, 17 May 2020, 18 May 2020, 19 May 2020, 20 May 2020, 21 May 2020, 22 May 2020, 23 May 2020, 24 May 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| showValues = offset:2
| xGrid =
| yGrid =
| yAxisMin = 0
| yAxisTitle = No. of new cases
| xAxisAngle = -90
| xAxisTitle = Date
| colors = Tomato
}}
</div>
</div>

==== Daily new recoveries ====
<ref name="state_wise_daily.csv"/>
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|SkyBlue|New recoveries per day}}
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 2500
| type = rect
| x = 13 Mar 2020, 14 Mar 2020, 15 Mar 2020,., 4 Apr 2020, 5 Apr 2020, 6 Apr 2020, 7 Apr 2020, 8 Apr 2020, 9 Apr 2020, 10 Apr 2020, 11 Apr 2020, 12 Apr 2020, 13 Apr 2020, 14 Apr 2020, 15 Apr 2020, 16 Apr 2020, 17 Apr 2020, 18 Apr 2020, 19 Apr 2020, 20 Apr 2020, 21 Apr 2020, 22 Apr 2020, 23 Apr 2020, 24 Apr 2020, 25 Apr 2020, 26 Apr 2020, 27 Apr 2020, 28 Apr 2020, 29 Apr 2020, 30 Apr 2020, 1 May 2020, 2 May 2020, 3 May 2020, 4 May 2020, 5 May 2020, 6 May 2020, 7 May 2020, 8 May 2020, 9 May 2020, 10 May 2020, 11 May 2020, 12 May 2020, 13 May 2020, 14 May 2020, 15 May 2020, 16 May 2020, 17 May 2020, 18 May 2020, 19 May 2020, 20 May 2020, 21 May 2020, 22 May 2020, 23 May 2020, 24 May 2020, 25 May 2020, 26 May 2020, 27 May 2020, 28 May 2020, 29 May 2020, 30 May 2020, 31 May 2020, 1 Jun 2020, 2 Jun 2020, 3 Jun 2020, 4 Jun 2020, 5 Jun 2020, 6 Jun 2020, 7 Jun 2020, 8 Jun 2020, 9 Jun 2020, 10 Jun 2020, 11 Jun 2020, 12 Jun 2020, 13 Jun 2020, 14 Jun 2020, 15 Jun 2020, 16 Jun 2020, 17 Jun 2020, 18 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}}
</div>
</div>

==== Daily new deaths====
<ref name="state_wise_daily.csv"/>
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|#555555|New deaths per day}}
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 2500
| type = rect
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| xGrid =
| yGrid =
| yAxisMin = 0
| yAxisTitle = No. of new death
| xAxisAngle = -90
| xAxisTitle = Date
| colors = #555555
}}
</div>
</div>

==== Case fatality rate ====
The trend of [[case fatality rate]] for COVID-19 from 4 April, the day first death in the state was recorded.<ref name="death1"/>

<ref name="state_wise_daily.csv"/>

<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:750px; margin:1em 0;">
<div class="center">
{{legend inline|#cd5c5c|Case fatality rate}}
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{{Graph:Chart 
| width = 1300
| xAxisTitle = Date
| xAxisAngle = -90
| yAxisMin = 0
| type = line
| xType = date
| xGrid =
| yGrid =
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| colors = #cd5c5c
|xAxisFormat = %d %b
}}
</div>
</div>
{{small|Graph source: Data from [http://www.rajswasthya.nic.in/ Department of Medical, Health and Family Welfare, Government of Rajasthan]}}

== See also ==

* [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India by state or union territory|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Health in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Disasters in Rajasthan]]

Chinese people in India

2026-01-26T14:37:03Z

Yashvitoursin: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description | People of Chinese origin settled in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Chinese people in India<br/>Sino-Indians
| native_name = 印度華人/印度华人
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| population = 85,000 [[Tibetan diaspora|Tibetan community]] (2018)<br> 150,000 [[Tibetan diaspora|Tibetan community]] (2011)<ref name="tibetindians">{{cite news|title=Latest India-China border clash turns spotlight on Tibetan refugees in Special Frontier Force|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3100153/rare-spotlight-indias-mysterious-special-frontier-force-amid|work=South China Morning Post|date=4 September 2020}}</ref>
2,000 Chinese people in Kolkata (2013)<ref name="declining">{{cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|title=India's dwindling Chinatown|url=http://www.dw.de/indias-dwindling-chinatown/a-17165098|newspaper=Deutsche Welle|date= 17 October 2013}}</ref>
189,000 including Chinese of Tibetan and Indian ancestry (0.01%, 2005)<ref name="India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B| archive-date=4 January 2011| title=僑委會全球資訊網}}</ref>
5,000–7,000 Chinese expatriates (2015)<ref name=expatriates>{{cite news|title=Why India remains a difficult terrain for 7,000 Chinese expatriates living in the country|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-india-remains-a-difficult-terrain-for-7000-chinese-expatriates-living-in-the-country/articleshow/48703439.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=28 August 2015}}</ref>
| popplace = Chinese community: [[Assam]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]]<br/>Chinese expatriates: [[Mumbai]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Bangalore]]<ref name=expatriates/>
| languages = [[English language|English]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Rita|title=The Assamese Chinese story|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/The-Assamese-Chinese-story/article15618808.ece|access-date=29 January 2020|work=The Hindu|date=18 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assamese-of-chinese-origin-facing-severe-identity-crisis/articleshow/47317336.cms|title=Assamese of Chinese origin facing severe identity crisis|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Amdo Tibetan]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]],<ref name=Mandarin>{{cite news|title=Mumbai's 3rd generation Chinese eye global jobs, learn Mandarin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbais-3rd-generation-Chinese-eye-global-jobs-learn-Mandarin/articleshow/49636835.cms|agency=TOI|date=3 November 2015}}</ref>
| religions = [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]], small minority of [[Hinduism]].
| related = [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese people]], [[Tibetan People]], [[Demographics of Bhutan|Bhutanese]]
}}
'''Chinese people in India''' are communities of [[Han Chinese]] and [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] origin and settlement. There are permanent communities descended from immigrants and refugees from [[China]] as well as an expatriate community in India on a temporary basis.<ref name="expatriates" />

The immigrant community of workers started during [[British Raj|British Colonial rule]] and became more prominent in the late 19th century with a small number of arrivals working at the ports in Calcutta and Madras and has gone on to contribute to the social and economic life of Kolkata through manufacturing and trade of [[leather]] products and running Chinese restaurants.<ref name="Banglapedia"/>

The community living in [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Kolkata]] numbered around 2,000 in 2013<ref name="declining"/><ref name="Zhang 2015">{{cite book|publisher=Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhzDsgEACAAJ&q=the+chinese+community+in+Calcutta|title=The Chinese Community in Calcutta: Preservation and Change|last=Zhang|first=Xing|isbn=9783869771045|access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uvhw.de/miscellaneen/product/150215_00-104-5.html|title=Xing – The Chinese Community in Calcutta: Preservation … - Miscellaneen - Universitätsverlag Halle-Wittenberg|website=uvhw.de}}</ref> In [[Chinatown, Mumbai|Mumbai]], the population of Chinese people, many who have multi-generation roots, is around 4,000.<ref name=Mandarin/>

Separate from the multi-generation Han Chinese and Tibetan community, there are an estimated 5,000–7,000 Chinese expatriates working in India as of 2015, who generally work on two to three-year contracts for the growing number of brands and companies doing business in India.<ref name=expatriates/>

==History==
[[File:Fa Hsien at the ruins of Asoka's palace.jpg|thumb|Chinese Buddhist monk [[Faxian]] at the ruins of Ashoka palace]]
The first record of travel from China is [[Faxian]], a monk who temporarily visited Tampralipta, in what is now [[Tamluk]] in the 5th century AD. Because of influences from other languages, many words in [[Bengali language]] can be attributed to Chinese influences.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> For example, ''chini'', the Bengali word for "sugar" comes from the word for China, and words like ''Chinamati'' for [[porcelain]] china hint at Chinese influences.<ref>Suniti Chatterji. ''The Origin and Development of Bengali Language'', University of Calcutta Press, 1926.</ref>
[[File:The historical Chinese temple, at abandoned Chinese colony in Achhipur, South 24 Pargana 02.jpg|left|thumb|The Chinese temple at Achhipur, the first official chinese settlement in India]]
The first recorded Chinese settler in India is Tong Achew, a trader who landed near [[Budge Budge]] in the late 18th century. Achew set up a sugar cane plantation along with a sugar factory. Achew brought in a band of Chinese workers to work in his plantation and factory. This was the first Chinese settlement in India. Achew died shortly after and the Chinese settlers moved to [[Kolkata]]. The place came to be named as Achipur, after Tong Achew. Achew's grave and a Chinese temple is still seen in Achipur.<ref>{{cite news|last=Datta|first=Rangan|title=Next weekend you can be at ... Achipur|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060319/asp/calcutta/story_5983329.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105003606/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060319/asp/calcutta/story_5983329.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2013|access-date=1 February 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=19 March 2006}}</ref> After Tong Achew's death the [[Cantonese]] community moved to [[Tiretta Bazaar]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Neogi |first1=Tathagata |title=Glimpses from Calcutta's Old Chinatown: The Oldest Chinatown outside Southeast Asia |url=https://immersivetrails.com/blogs/6601d13785ac5300151ae8f7 |website=Immersive Trails |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

===Portuguese India===
In [[Portuguese India]], the Indian Muslim [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s fought against the Portuguese and raided their shipping. One of the Kunjali Marrakars (Kunjali IV) rescued a Chinese boy, called Chinali, [[Battle of Tunmen#Background|who had been enslaved]] [[Battle of Sincouwaan|on a Portuguese ship]]. The Kunjali was very fond of him, and he became one of his most feared lieutenants, a fanatical Muslim and enemy of the Portuguese, terrorizing them in battle.<ref>{{cite book|page=225|year=1948|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=M. Nijhoff|author=Charles Ralph Boxer|quote=we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain|title=Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550-1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PePUAAAAMAAJ&q=kunhali+slave+youth}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=456|year=1939|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=Original from the University of California Digitized 9 January 2007|author=Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education|quote=and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."|title=T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDMZAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> The Portuguese were terrorised by the Kunjali and his Chinese right-hand man, eventually, after the Portuguese allied with [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]'s Samorin, under Andre Furtado de Mendoça they attacked the Kunjali and Chinali's forces, and they were handed over to the Portuguese by the [[Zamorin|Samorin]] after he reneged on a promise to let them go.<ref>{{cite book|page=456|year=1939|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=Original from the University of California Digitized 9 January 2007|author=Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education|quote=Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high|title=T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDMZAAAAIAAJ&q=prisoners+goa+Diogo+do+Couto}}</ref> Diogo do Couto, a Portuguese historian, questioned the Kunjali and Chinali when they were captured.<ref>{{cite book|page=456|year=1939|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=Original from the University of California Digitized 9 January 2007|author=Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education|quote= command of Andre Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian Diogo do Couto.|title=T'ien Hsia monthly, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDMZAAAAIAAJ&q=interviewed+Diogo+do+Couto}}</ref> He was present when the Kunjali surrendered to the Portuguese, and was described: "One of these was Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunhali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and enemy of the Christians in all Malabar and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them."<ref>{{cite book|page=523|year=1890|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt society|volume=II, PART II|last1=Pyrard |first1=François |author2=Pierre de Bergeron |last3=Bignon |first3=Jérôme |quote=allied forces the remnants of the garrison marched forth. "First came 400 Moors, many of them wounded, with their children and wives, in such an impoverished condition that they seemed as dead. These the Samorin bade go where they pleased. Last of all came Kunhali with a black kerchief on his head, and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunhali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and enemy of the Christians in all Malabar, and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them. "Kunhali walked straight to the Samorin and delivered to him his sword in token of submission, throwing himself at his feet with much humility. Some say that the Samorin, inasmuch as he had promised him life, had secretly advised the Chief Captain, when Kunhali should deliver himself up, to lay hands upon him, as though he were taking him by force; and so the Chief Captain did. For, as the Samoriu was standing by him, Andre Furtado advanced, and, seizing him by the arm, pulled him aside; while the other gave a great lurch so as to get free. As he was then at the brink of a hole, the Chief Captain was in risk of falling therein, had not his arm been seized by Padre Fr. Diogo Horaen, a Religious of the Order of the Glorious Father S. Francisco, who stood on one side; Diogo Moniz Barreto, who was on the other, fell into the hole and skinned all his leg." A tumult now arose among the Nairs, which the Samorin with difficulty suppressed. In the midst of it, Chinale and Cotiale, the pirate-chief's nephew, and the other captains, attempted to escape, but were seized and manacled by the Portuguese soldiery. Kunhali himself was led off under a strong guard to the Portuguese lines. Furtado, after entering the fort hand-iu-hand with the Samorin, prudently gave up the place to be sacked by the|location=LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS|title=The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmcMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA523}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=161|year=2000|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|author=T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics|quote=Kunjali was led to the scaffold. He was fifty years of age, fair, thick set and broadbreasted. He was 'of a low stature, well-shaped and strong'. With him was Chinali, a Chinese youth whom Kunjali had rescued from a Portuguese ship.|title=A handbook of Kerala, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FltwAAAAMAAJ|isbn=81-85692-27-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=133|edition=2|year=1963|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=Asia Pub. House|author=Odayamadath Kunjappa Nambiar|quote=Last of all came Kunjali with a black kerchief on his head, and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was Chinali a Chinese who had been servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunjali, who conceived such an affection for him that he|title=The Kunjalis, admirals of Calicut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ9AAAAMAAJ&q=kunjali+chinali+chinese}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=138|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|quote=He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." |title=Indian Pirates|year=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&pg=PA138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=516|year=1890|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt society|volume=II, PART II|last1=Pyrard |first1=François |author2=Pierre de Bergeron |last3=Bignon |first3=Jérôme |quote=withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men. The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under Francisco de Sousa, and dispatching the body of da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp, 1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens. The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him 1 It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.|location=LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS|title=The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil, Issue 80, Volume 2, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmcMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA516}}</ref>

===British India===
[[File:Entrance - Nam Soon Church - Damzen Lane - Kolkata 2013-03-03 5349.JPG|thumb|Entrance of Nam Soon Church 南顺会馆, Kolkata]]

Kolkata, then known as Calcutta, was the capital of [[British Raj|British India]] from 1772 to 1911. Although it was also geographically the easiest accessible metropolitan area from China by land, there were few Chinese people in Calcutta until the late [[British Raj]] era; Chinese immigrants chose to go to Burma instead. One of the first persons of Chinese origin to arrive in Calcutta was Yang Tai Chow (a.k.a. Tong Achew and Yang Da Zhao) who arrived in 1778. [[Governor-General of India]] Warren Hastings granted land to Achew to set up a sugar cane plantation and sugar factory in a place, currently called Achipur, located near the town of Budge-Budge on the banks of the River Hoogly. According to records of the [[East India Company]] from the year 1778, "Achew was granted 650 bighas of land about 6 miles south of Budge – Budge for an annual rent of Rs 45".<ref name="auto"/> Many of the earliest Chinese immigrants worked on the Khidderpore docks. A police report in 1788 mentions a sizable Chinese population settled in the [[Tiretta Bazaar|vicinity of Bow Bazaar Street]].<ref name="Banglapedia"/> The sugar mill that Atchew had set up in the patch of land near the town of Budge Budge drew other Chinese migrants and soon a small community had formed around it. By 1783, we know Atchew was dead – a letter shows an East India Company attorney trying to extract money from the executor of his estate. An advertisement in the Calcutta Gazette in 1804 announces that the sugar mill was up for sale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/826383/the-legend-of-tong-atchew-who-was-the-first-ancestor-of-the-chinese-in-india|title=The legend of Tong Atchew, the 'first ancestor of the Chinese in India'|last=Chakravarty|first=Ipsita|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> A temple and the grave of Tong Achew still remain and are visited by many Chinese who come from the city during the [[Chinese New Year]].<ref name="Tong" />

A later British census found that there were only 362 Chinese people in Calcutta in 1837. A common meeting place was the Temple of Guan Yu, the god of war, located in the Chinese quarter near [[Dharmatolla]].<ref name="Banglapedia"/> They are all men and came to help assist the British carpentry business after the [[British Raj#Famines,_epidemics,_public_health|destruction from British colonial famines in India]].<ref name="Tong" />

In [[Assam]], after the establishment of tea gardens in Assam, the British authorities encouraged the migration of Chinese labourers, artisans, tea growers and tea makers, who were then employed in the burgeoning British owned tea gardens. The migration started in 1838. They soon surmounted the language barrier and started intermingling, many of the Chinese married local women and established a new society in Assam. Instances of [[Miscegenation|intermarriage]] grew to the point where it became hard to physically differentiate Chinese immigrants in Assam from the locals during the period of their [[internment]] during the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref>{{cite news |last= CHOWDHURY |first= RITA |date= 18 November 2012 |title=The Assamese Chinese story |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-assamese-chinese-story/article4106422.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |access-date= 17 May 2014}}</ref> A series of voluntary migrations of Chinese from China followed. This broadened the space of the newly established society and made it more multi-cultural and multi-ethnic as the migrants married local girls and settled down. Their physical features changed; the descendants forgot the Chinese language. Through sheer hard work and perseverance, the dislocated Chinese made a new life for themselves and prospered. Many 'China Patty,’ or small China towns, sprang up in different parts of Assam – of which the China Patty of [[Makum]] was the biggest.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/The-Assamese-Chinese-story/article15618808.ece|title=The Assamese Chinese story|first=Rita|last=Chowdhury|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 November 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

According to Alabaster, there were lard manufacturers and shoemakers in addition to carpenters. Running tanneries and working with [[leather]] was traditionally not considered a respectable profession among [[caste system|upper-caste]] [[Hindus]], and work was relegated to lower caste ''muchis'' and ''[[chamar]]s''. There was a high demand, however, for high quality leather goods in [[British Raj|colonial India]], one that the Chinese were able to fulfill. Alabaster also mentions licensed [[opium den]]s run by native Chinese and a ''Cheena Bazaar'' where contraband was readily available. Opium, however, was not illegal until after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947. Immigration increased significantly in the 1930s and 1940s because of the [[Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria|Japanese invasion of China]] and resulting [[Second_Sino-Japanese_War|war]].<ref name="auto"/> In the early 1900s, the [[Hakka_people|Hakka]] community was relocated to the [[Tangra,_Kolkata|Tangra area]], where they set up leather tanneries and Chinese restaurants.

===Sino-Indian War===
{{main|Internment of Chinese Indians}}

Chinese in India faced accusations of [[anti-Indian sentiment]] by the Indians during the [[Sino-Indian war|Sino Indian war of 1962]].<ref name="Telegraph" /> After the war, India passed the Defence of India Act in December 1962,<ref name="open">{{cite web |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-1962-jailing-of-chinese-indians |title=The 1962 jailing of Chinese Indians |last=Mazumdar |first=Jaideep |publisher=[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]] |date=2010-11-20 |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref> permitting the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person [suspected] of being of hostile origin." The broad language of the act allowed for the arrest of any person simply for having a Chinese surname, a drop of Chinese blood, or a Chinese spouse.<ref name="atlantic">{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/08/indias-forgotten-chinese-internment-camp/278519/ |title=India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp |last=Schiavenza |first=Matt |publisher=[[The Atlantic]] |date=2013-08-09 |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref> Under the draconian law, 10,000 people of Chinese origin were estimated to have been detained at the desert prison camp in [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]], [[Rajasthan]]. All of them were accused of being spies, but not a single charge has ever been proven.<ref name="open"/> In 1964, many internees were forcibly and arbitrarily deported, resulting in the breakup of many families.<ref name="open"/> The rest were released starting in 1965. The last internees were released from Deoli in mid-1967, after four and half years of captivity.<ref name="open"/>

The Chinese population in Calcutta decreased by half, from 20,000 to 10,000. Those who remained were seen as enemies, and most could not hold any job except in the restaurant, tanning, and shoemaking businesses.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Moreover, their movements were restricted. They were required to report to designated police stations once a month, and until the mid-1990s, they had to apply for special permits to travel more than a few kilometres from their homes.<ref name="open"/>

The situation was alleviated when India and China resumed diplomatic relations in 1976. However, it was not until 1998 that ethnic Chinese were allowed naturalized Indian citizenship.<ref name="Telegraph"/> In 2005, the first road sign in Chinese characters was put up in Chinatown, Tangra.<ref name="IPS News"/>

In [[Assam]], Chinese people living in different places were rounded up by the armed forces and compelled to leave their houses. The administration told them they would be shifted to a safer place for two or three days. They were not allowed to take anything with them except papers. In the [[Makum]] area, they were picked up and packed into a cowshed, from where they were taken to the Dibrugarh jail. In other parts they were arrested and brought to the police station and put in jails. They were then asked to board a closed train, which took them to the Deoli internment camp in Rajasthan. It was a long, seven-day journey of utter suffering. Infants, pregnant women, the old and the sick were also arrested and sent to the camp, violating all human rights. After some time the Government of India decided to deport the interned back to China in a few batches. In this process, the already divided families were divided again as the government selected the names randomly. The majority of them were deported to China. Many Indian ([[Assamese people|Assamese]]) wives also accompanied their husbands to China with their children. The interned people who were allowed to return to their places after a couple of years again faced a difficult situation. The property of most of the people had been auctioned as enemy property. There was no society and no government to support them. They were compelled to live in sheer misery and isolation. Most of them did not get to meet their deported family members ever again.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

==Indian Chinese cuisine==
Chinese Indians also contributed to the development of fusion [[Indian Chinese cuisine]] (Indo-Chinese cuisine),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sankar|first1=Amal|title=Creation of Indian–Chinese cuisine: Chinese food in an Indian city|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|date=December 2017|volume=4|issue=4|pages=268–273|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.002|doi-access=free}}</ref> which is now an integral part of the Indian culinary scene.<ref name="Kapoor">{{cite book | author=Sanjeev Kapoor | title=Chinese Cooking ( Non-Veg) | publisher=Popular Prakashan | year = 2007 | isbn=978-81-7991-310-9 | page=7}}</ref> In particular [[Bengali cuisine#Chinese influence|Chinese influences on Bengali cuisine]] are pronounced.

==Communities==
[[File:Morning_Chinese_Breakfast_at_Old_Chinatown_~_Tiretta_Bazar,_Calcutta_02.JPG|thumb|right|Chinese Breakfast at the Bazar.]]

=== Long term ===

Today they are located in ethnic neighbourhoods in Kolkata and Mumbai. In Mumbai, the population of Chinese origin stood at 4,000 in 2015.<ref name=Mandarin/> In 2013, there were 2,000 Chinese-origin people at Kolkata.<ref name=declining/>

The most visible Chinese community in India is found in Kolkata where there are two [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Chinatowns]]. One exists in [[Tangra, Calcutta|Tangra]] and an earlier Chinatown was established at [[Chinatown, Calcutta|Tiretta Bazaar]], sometimes referred to as the old Chinatown. The Chinese presence at Tiretti Bazaar and Tangra has dwindled. The older generation of this community works as tannery-owners, sauce manufacturers, shoeshop owners, restaurateurs and beauty parlours owners. The new generation have gone in large numbers to dentistry.<ref name="IPS News"/> Many of the shoe shops lining Bentick Street, near [[Dharmatolla]], are owned and operated by Chinese. The restaurants have given rise to fusions of Chinese and Indian culinary traditions in the widely available form of [[Indian Chinese cuisine]]. There is one Chinese newspaper published in Kolkata, ''The Overseas Chinese Commerce in India'' or Seong Pow 商报, but figures from 2005 show that sales have dwindled from 500 to 300 copies sold.<ref name="Indian Express" /> At one time, 90% of the students of the [[Grace Ling Liang English School]] were ethnic Chinese. But in 2003 they comprised only about 15% of the 1500 students.<ref name="Grace" /> Many of the Chinese of Kolkata are Christians due to the influence of missionary schools they studied in. Architecturally, a feature of the Chinese imprint on Kolkata are the [[Chinese temples in Kolkata|Chinese temples]]. The [[Lunar New Year|Chinese New Year / Lunar New Year 农历新年]]remains widely observed as well as [[Ghost Festival|Zhong Yuan Festival 中元节]] and [[Mid-Autumn Festival|Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节]].<ref name="IPS News"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Ramduari|first=Charukesi|title=City Scope: Dancing to a new tune|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1300325/city-scope-dancing-new-tune|access-date=4 February 2014|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=1 September 2013}}</ref> The Chinese of Kolkata celebrate Chinese New Year with lion dance 舞狮 and dragon dance 舞龙. It is celebrated either in the end of January or early February each year in accordance to the rotating lunar calendar (农历) of the particular year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese New Year Celebration|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/photos/nation/Chinese-New-year-Celebrations/2014/02/01/article2032122.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207062949/http://www.newindianexpress.com/photos/nation/Chinese-New-year-Celebrations/2014/02/01/article2032122.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2014|access-date=1 February 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

An exhaustive study of the Kolkata Chinese by Zhang Xing has recently been published.<ref name="Zhang 2015"/>

===Expatriates===
Expatriate Chinese workers in India are concentrated in the cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Bangalore.<ref name=expatriates/> The Mumbai neighbourhood of [[Powai]] is described by the ''Economic Times'' as an "upcoming hub" for Chinese expats, who according to the newspaper "form close communities within themselves."<ref name=expatriates/> Better integration of Chinese expats in their host communities is hampered by short time frames of stays, often durations only last for 2–3 years as part of a work contract.<ref name=expatriates/> Also many in order to comply with visa regulations must routinely exit and leave India.<ref name=expatriates/>

==Notable people==
Notable Chinese origin persons include [[Chindian]] people who are of mixed [[Indian people|Indian]] and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] ancestry.<ref name=Narayanan>{{cite web |author=Sheela Narayanan |date=17 October 2008 |title=Go ahead, call me Chindian |publisher=[[AsiaOne]] |url=http://www.asiaone.com/Just%2BWoman/News/High%2BLife/Story/A1Story20081017-94498.html |access-date=8 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821122928/http://www.asiaone.com/Just%2BWoman/News/High%2BLife/Story/A1Story20081017-94498.html |archive-date=21 August 2009}}</ref>

* [[Jwala Gutta]], Badminton player; Gutta's mother is of Chinese mixed Indian ancestry and father is Indian
* [[Lawrence Liang]], legal researcher and lawyer
* [[Meiyang Chang]], actor and singer
* [[Nelson Wang]], restaurateur
* [[Anand Yang]], historian
* [[Yan Law]], football manager
* [[Jason Tham]], dancer, choreographer and actor

==See also==
* [[China–India relations]]
* [[Xuanzang]] & [[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]
* [[Chindian]]
* [[Chinas]]
* [[Indians in China]]
* [[Chinese temples in Kolkata]]
* [[Internment of Chinese-Indians|Internment of Chinese-Indians (1962)]]
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian War (1962)]]
* [[Tibetan diaspora]]
* [[Tibetan people in India]]
* [[Ladakhi people]]
* [[Sikkimese people]]
* [[Ahom people]] - Ethnic group in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] who originated from present day [[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture]] in China
* [[Bhutia]]
* [[Mongolians in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Haraprasad |first=Ray |year=2012 |chapter=Chinese, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chinese,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IPS News">{{cite web
| last = Biswas
| first = Ranjita
| year = 2005
| url = http://www.ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=30346
| title = Little China Stays Alive in Eastern India
| access-date = 2006-09-26
| work = IPS News
| publisher = Inter Press Service News Agency
| quote = Though most of the local Chinese are Christians, they celebrate the traditional Chinese New Year with gusto and many who emigrated from Kolkata make it a point to return at this time.
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060218021052/http://www.ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=30346
| archive-date = 18 February 2006
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="Tong">{{cite news
| last = Datta
| first = Rangan
| date = 19 March 2006
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060319/asp/calcutta/story_5983329.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130105003606/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060319/asp/calcutta/story_5983329.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 January 2013
| title = Next weekend you can be at ... Achipur
| work = The Telegraph
| access-date = 2006-09-26
}}</ref>
<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news
| last = Sen
| first = Tansen
| date = 13 April 2005
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050413/asp/opinion/story_4590518.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203131957/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050413/asp/opinion/story_4590518.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 February 2013
| work = The Telegraph
| title = Go for a slight change of route
| access-date = 2006-09-26
}}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news
| last = Sardar
| first = Aninda
| date = 3 April 2005
| url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/050402/48/2kiuy.html
| title = Kolkata's only Chinese daily on shaky ground
| work = The Indian Express
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050403191055/http://in.news.yahoo.com/050402/48/2kiuy.html
| archive-date = 2005-04-03
| access-date = 2006-09-26
}}</ref>
<ref name="Grace">{{cite news
| work = The Telegraph
| date = 18 September 2003
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030918/asp/calcutta/story_2359544.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104221558/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030918/asp/calcutta/story_2359544.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 January 2013
| title = Loss for law, gain for school
| access-date = 2006-09-26
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

*[http://www.dhapa.com Kolkata Chinese Community Blog]
*[http://www.dhapa.com/the-legend-of-fat-mama-video 'Legend of Fat Mama', a 23-minute documentary on Chinatown by Rafeeq Illiyas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503101557/http://www.dhapa.com/the-legend-of-fat-mama-video/ |date=3 May 2019 }}
*[https://archive.today/20130104221558/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030918/asp/calcutta/story_2359544.asp Interview with the Principal of Grace Ling Liang English School]

{{China–India relations}}
{{Overseas Chinese2}}
{{Immigration to India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese Community In India}}
[[Category:Indian people of Chinese descent|*]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Chinese diaspora in India| ]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]

Rangapara

2026-01-11T19:45:19Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rangapara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.82|N|92.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 206
| population_total = 18822
| population_as_of = 2003
| population_rank = 22
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 784505 [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
| postal_code = 784505
| registration_plate = AS 12
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rangapara''' (IPA: ˈræŋgəˌpɑːrə) is a small town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Sonitpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Rangapara had a population of 18,822. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Rangapara has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 70%. In Rangapara, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Rangapara (2011)<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=Jul 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724114008/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |format=XLSX |title=Population by Mother Tongue |date=2011 |website=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |language=en |access-date=16 August 2023 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 = 46.67
|color1 = Red
|label2 = [[Hindi]]
|value2 = 21.48
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value3 = 13.72
|color3 = Yellow
|label4 = others
|value4 = 18.13
|color4 = purple}}

Bengali is the most spoken language at 8,785 speakers, followed by Hindi at 4,043 and Assamese is spoken by 2,583 people.

==Geography==
Rangapara is located at {{Coord|26.82|N|92.65|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/03/Rangapara.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rangapara]</ref> It has an average elevation of 206 metres (675 feet).

==Politics==
Rangapara is part of [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-06
|work = Assam
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2006-05-04
}}</ref> Also an important legislative constituency of the state.

==Transport==

The [[Rangapara North Junction railway station|Rangapara North Junction]] which lies on the [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section]] has trains to [[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya Junction]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]], [[Dekargaon railway station|Dekargaon]], [[Rangiya Junction railway station|Rangiya Junction]], [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] and [[Naharlagun railway station|Naharlagun]].[[Dibrugarh]], [[Howrah]] and [[Tambaram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop

2026-01-06T13:21:49Z

Yashvitoursin: minor fix content after review also and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Railway workshops in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{advert|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox factory
| name = Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop
| image = Jamalpur_Workshop_02.png
| alt =
| caption = Jamalpur Workshop Office
| location_map = India Bihar
| location_map_caption = Location in [[Munger]]
| built =
| operated = {{Start date|1862|02|08|df=y}}
| location = [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.310544611363515|86.49378845244408}}
| industry = [[Railway]]
| products =
| employees =
| architect =
| style =
| area =
| volume =
| address =
| defunct =
}}

'''Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop''' is a railway workshop established on February 8, 1862, as the first fully-fledged railway workshop facility in India. It was started by the [[East Indian Railway Company]] (EIR) as a result of the so-called "Railway Age" in India, which began in 1854.<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shop.html#work Production Units & Workshops] Indian railways fan Club website</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamalpurworkshop.com/ |title=Official site of the Jamalpur Locomotive Works |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123141145/http://www.jamalpurworkshop.com/ |archive-date=23 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A locomotive, carriage, and wagon workshop had been set up in [[Howrah]] to put imported rolling stock into service for the EIR and also to carry out repairs. This workshop was unsuccessful, partly because of problems procuring supplies and sourcing enough skilled labor. Within eight years of its establishment in [[Howrah]], the workshop was closed, and the Jamalpur Workshop was established at [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]].
[[File:Jamalpur_Workshop.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Locomotive Workshop [[Jamalpur]] Entrance Gate]]

==History==
[[File:Jamalpur workshop in 1887.jpg|thumb|Jamalpur workshop in 1887]]
Jamalpur Workshop enjoys the distinction of being the largest and the oldest locomotive repair workshop with the most diversified manufacturing activities on the [[Indian Railways]]. At first, the Jamalpur shops were merely repairing locomotives and also assembling locomotives from parts salvaged from other or damaged locomotives. By the turn of the 20th century, they had progressed to producing their own locomotives. In 1899, CA 764 '''''Lady Curzon''''' was produced by the Jamalpur Workshop.<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899), 1899] Indian railways fan Club</ref>
In 1893, the first railway foundry in India was set up at Jamalpur Workshop. It also had a boiler workshop for repairing and building boilers. A 5 MVA captive power plant was also developed in the Jamalpur Workshop. In 1870, it was equipped with a rolling mill of its own, which currently no longer works. In addition to various repairs of wagons, coaches, cranes, tower cars, and locomotives, Jamalpur also undertakes the repair and production of permanent-way fixtures. It also manufactures some tower cars such as Mark II, Mark III and break-down cranes of 10, 20, and 140 tonne capacities, besides various kinds of heavy-duty lifting jacks.

Finally, it also manufactures wheel sets for coaches and wagons. Jamalpur Workshop was a significant supplier of cast-iron sleepers as well. Starting in 1961 it produced several rail cranes. It has also produced electric arc furnaces and ticket printers. The high-capacity synchronized lifting jacks known as '''''Jamalpur jacks''''' were also produced by this workshop.

The school attached to the Jamalpur workshops eventually became the IR Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering.

==Jamalpur as a site for EIR's Locomotive Workshops==
The place was adjacent to Munghyr (now [[Munger]]), which was at that time considered to be '''''Birmingham of the East'''''. There was a plentiful supply of skilled mechanics from Munghyr, because the inhabitants of Munghyr had been the mechanics by trade for centuries, manufacturing iron wares, guns, pistols, spears and other works.

When the selection was made it was probably thought that Jamalpur would be on the proposed mainline of EIR which was subsequently changed and was directed to Delhi via Ranigunj, Gaya, Mughalsarai, Allahabad and, Kanpur. Initially, Jamalpur was only an engine changing station and, light repairs were done in the running shed there. The original headquarters of the locomotive department of EIR was situated at Howrah but had a great drawback because it was too confined for extensions as and when needed. At Howrah, the original workshop was supposed to handle the building of locomotives, carriages and wagons.

==Statistics==
{| ! style="background: #efefef;" | First header
|-
| '''Vital Statics of Jamalpur workshop'''
|-
| ! bgcolor=#F2CECE |Area || ! bgcolor=#BFA3A3 |5,74,654 sq. meters
|-
| ! bgcolor=#CEDAF2 |Staff || ! bgcolor=#A3ACBF |111,485
|-
| ! bgcolor=#F2CECE |No. of Machinery and Plants || ! bgcolor=#BFA3A3 |1628
|-
| ! bgcolor=#CEDAF2 |Power consumed || ! bgcolor=#A3ACBF |7 MVA
|-
| ! bgcolor=#F2CECE |Annual Turnover || ! bgcolor=#BFA3A3 |₹ 10.56 billion
|-
| ! bgcolor=#CEDAF2 |Water supply || ! bgcolor=#A3ACBF |7.3 million liters/day
|}

==Achievements==

*Jamalpur workshop is the only workshop in [[Indian Railways]] that has a 5 [[Apparent power|MVA]] captive power house
*The workshop has a number of FIRSTS in India to its credit,<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/jamalpur.html jamalpur workshop]</ref> a few of which are
*The first to manufacture a steam locomotive and a locomotive boiler – 216 of which were manufactured between 1899 and 1923.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/55710/1/lsd_01_05_24-12-1953.pdf page 34</ref>
*The first to have set up a rolling mill not only on the railways, but probably in the country in 1870. It had 3 mills, steam driven Power hammer, fish plate machine, billet shears, the mill was driven by steam from boilers placed on the top of the furnaces and heated by gas from the furnaces. It produced about 400 tons of rounds, channels, angles and fishplates per month
*The first to establish a railway foundry in the year 1893
*The first to manufacture a rail crane in the country with indigenous know-how in 1961.
*The first to manufacture high capacity electrical lifting jacks and ticket printing, ticket chopping, ticket slitting and ticket counting machines.
*The first and the only railway workshop to manufacture electrical arc furnaces of ½ tonne capacity in 1961 for production of steel castings.
*The first to establish a Signal Equipment shop, more popularly known as "Points and Crossing and Interlocking shop" which was started in 1894. It produced all the interlocking frames of different sizes for the E
*The first and only to manufacture 140 tonne diesel break-down cranes.

==Preserved JMP locomotives==
The following are some of the preserved locomotives built by Jamalpur locomotive workshop marked as JMP:

{| class="toccolours"
|-
! bgcolor=cc9966 | Class with number
! bgcolor=cc9966 | Wheel arrangement<br /><small>([[Whyte notation]])</small>
! bgcolor=cc9966 | Build date
! bgcolor=cc9966 | Operational owner(s)
! bgcolor=cc9966 | Disposition
|-
| GT 1057
| 0-8-0
| 1910
| EIR
| Scrap India, 2/2 K.C. Roy Choudhury Road, Belur Math, Howrah – 711202
|-
| CT 836
| 0-6-4
| 1906
| EIR
| Scrap India, 2/2 K.C. Roy Choudhury Road, Belur Math, Howrah – 711202
|-
| CA 34016
| 0-6-0
| 1901
| EIR then IR
| Scrap India, 2/2 K.C. Roy Choudhury Road, Belur Math, Howrah – 711202
|-
| DT 3530
| 0-6-2
| 1913
| N/A
| Ramgarhia Polytechnic College, Phagwara

|-
|}

==IRIMEE==

The [[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering]] (also known as IRIMEE) at Jamalpur is the oldest of the Centralized Training Institutions (CTIs) of the Indian Railway.<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-inst.html#irimee IR Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering] Technical Institutions</ref> IRIMEE started as a technical school attached to the Jamalpur Workshops in the 1900s, then the largest railway repair workshops in India. After the first World War, the technical school was greatly expanded for the taining of railwroadapprentices and supervisory staff involved with mechanical engineering. In the 1960s, a Diesel Traction Faculty was set up to conduct training courses and publish educational materials as IR engaged in desalinization.

In 1971 the school was renamed the [[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering|IRIMEE]], and brought under the direct control of the Railway Board. In 1988 IRIMEE began conducting the various required courses for IRSME probationary engineers and various Mechanical Engineering staff. From 1997, IRIMEE has also been conducting various short-duration courses for other staff on various engineering topics. Topics include rolling stock and workshop technology, management science, and information technology aimed at officers and supervisory staff.

==Current activities==

With the gradual eclipse of steam traction on [[Indian Railways]], [[steam locomotive]] activities, which had peaked to 600 standard units per month in 1962–63, started declining in the late 60's and finally the steam activities came to a complete end in August 1992. The shop kept pace with both, the technology change and technology up gradation on Indian Railways and diversified its activities to the overhauling and repair of diesel locomotives, overhauling and repair of various types of [[wagon]]s, manufacture and overhauling of diesel hydraulic break-down cranes up to 140 tonne capacity and the manufacturing and repair of various types of tower cars.

Apart from the above activity, Jamalpur shops are also engaged in the following activities:

===Periodical overhauling (POH) and repair of diesel locomotives===
Periodical overhauling (POH) and repair of diesel locomotives at Jamalpur Workshop started in 1982 the workshop caters full demand of Eastern Railway. The Workshop also deals with special repairs to accident involved locomotives and locomotives owned by various public sector undertakings like [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], CPT, [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]] in the eastern region. So far 84 such locomotives from PSUs have been repaired and generated a cash inflow of ₹ 26 crores.

===Rebuilding and repair of BOX wagons===
Due to generation of a large no of unloadable BOX wagons in Eastern Railway and thus limiting the usage of these wagons it was felt necessary to introduce special type of repair to [[Box wagon|BOX wagons]] in between POH to make them earn revenue. These scheme yielded results and Jamalpur shops gradually increased their production from 2445 FWUs in 95–96 to 3602 FWUs in 99–2000.
[[File:Reparation_of_wagons.jpg|center|thumb|200x200px|Reparation of wagons]]

'''<big>Manufacturing of Axles and Wheels</big>'''

'''Wheelset manufacturing''': The facility for assembling wheel-axle pairs covers machining, finishing, and assembly for both passenger and freight stock .Backed by a metallurgical lab, captive 5 MVA power plant, and advanced machining shops, Jamalpur’s wheelset lines are well‑equipped.

'''Production scale''': In July 2022, the CASNUB bogie workshop turned out 1,336 bogies and 2,848 wheel sets in a single month—its best-ever performance.
[[File:Construction_of_wheels.png|center|thumb|350x350px|Construction of wheels at [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]] Locomotive Workshop]]

===Manufacturing of 20 T crane===
The 20 tonne diesel crane is a rail-mounted, diesel operated, BG (Broad Gauge) transportation crane. The crane is extensively used by Mechanical Department of Indian Railway in sick lines for maintenance of wagons/coaches and Transportation Department Indian Railway for handling of goods.

The first four 20 tonne diesel cranes were manufactured in 1980–81<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamalpurworkshop.com/20t.htm |title=product of Jamalpur Locomotive Works |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227064712/http://jamalpurworkshop.com/20t.htm |archive-date=27 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with a mechanical control system.

Later the control system was changed to pneumatic as per RDSO Specification No. CR.D.122/90. Since 89–90 the shop has been manufacturing the 20 Tonne cranes as per this specification and has manufactured many such cranes.

===Manufacturing of Jamalpur jacks===
The Jamalpur jacks have been gaining in popularity chiefly due to low initial capital investment and minimum maintenance needs. It is worthwhile to mention that the performance and cost factor of these jacks have posed a serious challenge to capital intensive electrical overhead-traveling cranes.

Besides Indian Railways, these Jamalpur jacks have been operating successfully at various steel plants and allied industries.

====Special features====

The Jamalpur jack has a capacity to lift a load of {{convert|25|t|1}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamalpurworkshop.com/JamalpurJacks.htm |title=Jamalpur jacks |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227065727/http://jamalpurworkshop.com/JamalpurJacks.htm |archive-date=27 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and four such jacks make one complete set with a total lifting capacity of 100 tonnes. These Jacks can be operated simultaneously or individually.

====Construction features====

The jack is rigid and robust. The upright column is fabricated and welded to the cast-steel gearbox. The elevating screw is provided with buttress thread supported with single-acting thrust ball-bearing having a spherical seating at the top and self-aligning ball-bearing at the bottom. This imparts self-aligning properties to the screw under loaded condition. The elevating screw is under tension when loaded and hence there is no chance of distortion due to buckling.
While lifting the load, the jack rests firmly on its base. For movement from one place to another, the lifting carriage is to be lowered by pressing the yoke which lifts the base and the Jack rests on the three wheels with a ground clearance of 20mm.

====Utility====

Jamalpur jacks have been designed for:
*Lifting Diesel/Electric Loco for inspection and maintenance.
*Wheeling and de-wheeling in Sheds/Workshops/C&W Depot.
*Various other lifting purposes with suitable adaptors.

===Tower cars===
Jamalpur workshop is also involved in manufacturing of different tower cars such as Mark-II, Mark-III, Mark-IV, DHTC/JMP<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamalpurworkshop.com/tower.htm |title=Tower cars |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227065805/http://jamalpurworkshop.com/tower.htm |archive-date=27 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop}}
*[https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,447 Official site of the Jamalpur Locomotive Works ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041214212034/http://www.indiainfoline.com/bu06/rail/r8.html Report on Railway Budget 2004 ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051223225733/http://www.irfca.org/users/mrinal/jamalpur.html The Indian Railway Fan Club ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061216185913/http://www.irfca.org/users/mrinal/jamalpur_a.html Genesis of the workshop (IRFCA site)]
*[http://www.biharscoop.com/story/2005/9/5/20637/80353 History of Jamalpur Locomotive Works]
{{Railways in Bihar}}

[[Category:Manufacturing plants in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway workshops in India]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1862]]
[[Category:Eastern Railway zone]]
[[Category:Jamalpur, Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1862]]

2023 Raigad landslide

2026-01-06T01:46:15Z

Yashvitoursin: Creating some details needs work

{{Short description|2023 landslide in India}}
{{Infobox event
| date = {{start date and age|2023|07|19|df=y}}
| Location = [[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| reported deaths = 26 (reported as of 22 July 2023, 16:00 IST)
| missing = 109
}}

On 19 July 2023 at approximately 22:30 [[Indian Standard Time|local time]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-21 |title=Maharashtra: Sixteen dead, dozens trapped in deadly India landslide |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66264958 |access-date=2023-07-21 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721081703/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66264958 |url-status=live }}</ref> a [[landslide]] occurred in [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Maharashtra]], India. The landslide was caused by torrential rains, and resulted in at least 26 deaths,<ref name="HINDU">{{cite web|title=Raigad landslide July 20 updates : Rescue operations called off for the day; NDRF confirms 16 deaths|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/raigad-maharashtra-landslide-live-updates/article67100496.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2023|access-date=20 July 2023|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721040658/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/raigad-maharashtra-landslide-live-updates/article67100496.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> with more than 100 estimated trapped under debris.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Francis |last2=Jamkhandikar |first2=Shilpa |date=2023-07-20 |title=Ten dead, more than a 100 feared trapped in landslide in India after heavy rain |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/four-dead-more-than-100-feared-trapped-landslide-india-2023-07-20/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720085739/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/four-dead-more-than-100-feared-trapped-landslide-india-2023-07-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=India: Deadly landslide traps several under debris – DW – 07/20/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-deadly-landslide-traps-several-under-debris/a-66291661 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721040625/https://www.dw.com/en/india-deadly-landslide-traps-several-under-debris/a-66291661 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-20 |title=Landslide in Maharashtra's Raigad, 22 people rescued, many feared trapped |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/landslide-in-maharashtras-raigad-22-people-rescued-many-feared-trapped/articleshow/101970676.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721040641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/landslide-in-maharashtras-raigad-22-people-rescued-many-feared-trapped/articleshow/101970676.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India: Five dead, some trapped, in landslide in Maharashtra after heavy rain |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-five-dead-some-trapped-in-landslide-in-maharashtra-after-heavy-rain-617689 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=WION |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721040653/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-five-dead-some-trapped-in-landslide-in-maharashtra-after-heavy-rain-617689 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=At least 10 people killed, some 100 feared trapped after landslide in India |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230720-at-least-four-killed-a-hundred-feared-buried-in-landslide-in-india |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721040625/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230720-at-least-four-killed-a-hundred-feared-buried-in-landslide-in-india |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Preceding days ==
In the days leading up to the landslide, India experienced significant rains, with the [[Yamuna river]] at its highest level in 45 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi races to drain floodwaters with more rain expected – DW – 07/14/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/delhi-races-to-drain-floodwaters-with-more-rain-expected/a-66240177 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721040654/https://www.dw.com/en/delhi-races-to-drain-floodwaters-with-more-rain-expected/a-66240177 |url-status=live }}</ref> The region where the landslide occurred had been under an "orange" alert over the two days before the event.<ref name=":1" />

== Landslide ==
The landslide occurred 9:30 on 19 July 2023, in the remote mountain [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of Irshalwadi, approximately {{Convert|60|km|mi}} from [[Mumbai]], the capital of [[Maharashtra]]. The village resides close to [[Irshalgad]] fort, which is a popular weekend trekking spot. The majority of the villagers are from the Thakur Adivasi community and have been residing in this region for many generations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Express News Service |title=At least 16 dead, over 100 feared trapped as landslide buries Maharashtra village |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-raigad-landslide-rains-ndrf-rescue-8849437/ |website=Indian Express |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721222122/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-raigad-landslide-rains-ndrf-rescue-8849437/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Over 98 people were rescued, and 26 bodies had been recovered.<ref name="HINDU"/> Nine members of a family died.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/raigad-landslide-search-operation-resumes-on-third-day/article67108716.ece/ Raigad landslide | Death toll rises to 25; 83 persons yet to be traced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722195714/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/raigad-landslide-search-operation-resumes-on-third-day/article67108716.ece |date=2023-07-22 }}, ''The Hindu''</ref> Maharashtra's deputy [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|chief minister]], [[Devendra Fadnavis]], told the state assembly that an estimated 225 people lived in the hamlet.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Francis |last2=Jamkhandikar |first2=Shilpa |date=2023-07-20 |title=Indian landslide kills 16, rescue operations paused |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/four-dead-more-than-100-feared-trapped-landslide-india-2023-07-20/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720085739/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/four-dead-more-than-100-feared-trapped-landslide-india-2023-07-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Debris was, in some places, {{Convert|10–29|ft|m}} deep.<ref name=":0" /> At least 109 people were left missing under the debris.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=More than a 100 feared trapped in landslide in India |url=https://news.yahoo.com/more-100-feared-trapped-landslide-075406711.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721041126/https://news.yahoo.com/more-100-feared-trapped-landslide-075406711.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5 killed, 100 feared trapped in landslide in India {{!}} Sada Elbalad |url=https://see.news/5-killed-100-feared-trapped-in-landslide-in-india |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=see.news |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721051129/https://see.news/5-killed-100-feared-trapped-in-landslide-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref> Seventeen out of 50 houses in the hamlet were damaged.<ref name=":2" />

== Response ==
The [[National Disaster Response Force]], police and medical teams were involved in relief efforts, which resumed on the morning of 21 July 2023 after being halted on late 20 July 2023 due to heavy rainfall.<ref name=":2" /> [[Excavator]]s were airlifted to the site, and rescuers had to travel {{Convert|1.5|mi|km}} from the nearest highway to reach the site.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Yasir |first1=Sameer |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=2023-07-20 |title=Landslide Kills at Least 10 in Western India |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/20/world/asia/india-flood-maharashtra-monsoon.html |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721011713/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/20/world/asia/india-flood-maharashtra-monsoon.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Eknath Shinde]], the chief minister of Maharashtra, announced 500,000 [[Indian rupee]]s in compensation for the families of the deceased.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[Weather of 2023]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:July 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Landslides in 2023]]
[[Category:Landslides in India]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Raigad district]]
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2023]]

Harshita Swami Baghel

2026-01-03T13:38:53Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Harshita Swami Baghel''' (born 1987) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Dongargarh Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Rajnandgaon district]]. She won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Dongargarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC retains Dongargarh seat, Harshita Swami Baghel wins with 89145 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dongargarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470893-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshita Swami Baghel , Cong Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Harshita Swami Baghel , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/harshita-swami-baghel-50074-2 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Baghel is from [[Dongargarh]], Rajnandgaon district, Chhattisgarh. She married Manish Baghel, a government medical officer. She completed her M.A. and L.L.B. in 2019 at [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]], [[Raipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshita Swami Baghel(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- DONGARGARH (SC)(RAJNANDGAON) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=71 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Baghel won from Dongargarh Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. She polled 89,145 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Vinod Khandekar of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 14,367 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshita Swami Baghel, INC Candidate from Dongargarh Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/harshita-swami-baghel-s26aed2008a074e2023c004/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshita Swami Baghel Chhattisgarh Harshita-swami-baghel-dongargarh candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/harshita-swami-baghel-chhattisgarh-dongargarh-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshita Swami Baghel , Cong Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Harshita Swami Baghel , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/harshita-swami-baghel-50074-2 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baghel, Harshita Swami}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur

2025-12-28T06:32:36Z

Yashvitoursin: minor update layout per standard format and cleaned formatting after review

{{About|the census town in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Chopra (community development block)|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Chopra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chopra
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3675|N|88.3076|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,777
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chopra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chopra]]
| website = {{URL|uttardinajpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chopra''' is a [[census town]] in [[Chopra (community development block)|Chopra]] CD Block in [[Islampur subdivision]] of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|25|55|33|N|88|11|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Uttar Dinajpur district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre <br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|37|25|N|88|7|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Raiganj | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Raiganj]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|14|12|N|88|11|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Islampur| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|25|37|48|N|88|19|12|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Kaliaganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Kaliaganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|53|33|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Dalkhola| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Dalkhola]] (M)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|22|23|N|88|18|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Chopra | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|8|57|N|88|2|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Hanskunda | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Hanskunda]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|6|30|N|88|8|33|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Goalpokhar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Goalpokhar]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|1|16|N|87|57|9|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Chakulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chakulia, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|50|3|N|87|55|6|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Karandighi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Karandighi, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|39|56|N|88|13|14|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Hemtabad| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|35|56|N|88|6|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Nachhratpur|labela11= Katabari | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nachhratpur Katabari]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|34|8|N|88|6|43|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Kasba | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kasba, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|27|31|N|88|10|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Itahar | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|38|38|N|88|26|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Radhikapur|labela14=checkpoint| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Radhikapur]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|39|13|N|88|6|15|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15=Raiganj|labela15=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered15=T|shape-color15=green| mark-title15= [[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25.9613|88.0524}}| label16=India| label-color16 = black| label-angle16=-70| label-pos16=bottom| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|25.9513|88.1224}}| label17=Bangladesh| label-color17 = black| label-angle17=-70| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|25.7273|87.9392}}| label18=Bihar| label-color18 = black| label-angle18=40| label-pos18=bottom| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|25.7773|88.0162}}| label19=West | labela19= Bengal| label-color19 = black| label-angle19=40| label-pos19=bottom| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26.2554|88.0234}}| label20=Mahananda River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-40| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
}}

===Location===
Chopra is located at {{coord|26.3675|N|88.3076|E|}}.

<small>In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.</small>

===Police station===
Chopra police station under West Bengal police has jurisdiction over [[Chopra (community development block)|Chopra]] CD Block. It is 145 km from the district headquarters and covers an area of 378.40 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 December 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://uttardinajpurpolice.co.in/chopra-police-station/ | title = Uttar Dinajpur District Police | work = Chopra Police Station | publisher = District Police | accessdate = 26 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226091537/https://uttardinajpurpolice.co.in/chopra-police-station/ | archive-date = 26 December 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Chopra CD block is at Chopra.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Uttar Dinajpur district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | title = BDO Offices under Uttar Dinajpur District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 26 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190119063429/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | archive-date = 19 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Chopra had a total population of 5,777, of which 2,997 (52%) were males and 2,780 (48%) were females. The population below 6 years was 841. The total number of literates in Chopra was 3,388 (68.64% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] passes through Chopra.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
[[Chopra Kamala Paul Smriti Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2013-14 at Chopra. Affiliated to the [[North Bengal University]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, history and political science. Urdu is taught as a general subject.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.chopracollege.com/admission.php | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170503142601/http://www.chopracollege.com/admission.php | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 3 May 2017 |title = Chopra Kamala Paul Smriti Mahaviyalaya |publisher= CKPSM | accessdate = 10 January 2019 }}</ref>

Chopra High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school established in 1968. Housed in a government building it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. It has 18 computers, a library and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/chopra-high-school/19040612504 |title = Chopra High School |publisher= ICBSE | accessdate = 14 January 2019 }}</ref>

Chopra Girls High School is Bengali-medium girls only higher secondary school established in 1979. Housed in a government building it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. It has 11 computers, a library and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=19040612402 |title = Chopra Girls High School |publisher= SchoolsWorld.in | accessdate = 14 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Dalua rural hospital at Dalua (with 30 beds), the main medical facility in Chopra CD block, is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 12 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Uttar Dinajpur district]]

MS Shoes

2025-12-26T19:59:54Z

Yashvitoursin: rework page per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{COI|date=July 2014}}
{{unreliable sources|date=July 2014}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = MS Shoes East Ltd.<ref name=icicidirect>[http://content.icicidirect.com/research/myresearch1_frame.asp?icicicode=MSSHOE Company information], icicidirect.com, retrieved 5 July 2014</ref>
| logo = File:MS_Shoes_East_Ltd.png
| caption =
| type =
| traded_as =
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 17 March 1986 <ref name=icicidirect />
| founder = Urmil Suri <ref name=icicidirect />
| defunct = Active <ref name=appuonline>[http://www.appuonline.com/nse/nseshareprice.php?company_name=MSSHOES M S Shoes East Ltd] stocks at appuonline.com</ref> | location_city = [[Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Europe, Australia<ref name=profile>[http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/M-S-Shoes-East-Ltd/523692 Company profile] at indiainfoline.com, retrieved 5 July 2014</ref>
| key_people =
| industry =
| products = Export of shoes and other footwear<ref name=icicidirect />
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = 
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''MS Shoes East Ltd.''' is a company established in [[Delhi]], [[India]] on 17 March 1986<ref name=icicidirect /> The main object of the company was to take over running business of exports in the name of Shoes East Propriety.<ref name=icicidirect /> It attracted large investments before collapsing in February 1995.
<ref name=Ganapathy20030606 /> The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] closed for three days after the crash.<ref name=citeman2009>{{cite web
|url=http://www.citeman.com/6009-capital-market-scams.html
|work=Citeman Network
|title=Capital Market Scams
|author=V S RAMA RAO
|date=1 July 2009
|accessdate=2012-05-01
|url-status=usurped
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301030451/http://www.citeman.com/6009-capital-market-scams.html
|archivedate=1 March 2012
}}</ref>
<ref name=moscowtimes>{{cite web
|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/payments-crisis-shuts-bombay-stock-market/341421.html
|work=The Moscow Times
|title=Payments Crisis Shuts Bombay Stock Market
|author=Arindram Nag
|date=21 March 1995
|accessdate=2014-07-03}}</ref>
<ref name=apnewsarchive>{{cite web
|url=https://apnews.com/618f3207ca9340f4958added9e8f4d89
|work=Associated Press
|title=Head of company arrested for cheating after scandal closes market
|author=
|date=7 April 1995
|accessdate=2014-07-03}}</ref>

In 2005, a rehabilitation scheme for the company was devised by the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]].

==Rise and fall==
Pavan Sachdeva took over his father's Delhi-based shoe export business, mostly serving Western Europe, and launched the company as MS Shoes in 1986. He raised money from investors and borrowed large sums from financial institutions and banks.<ref name=Ganapathy20030606 />
<ref name=rigging>{{cite web
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950415-rigging-misinformation-by-ms-shoes-brings-india-premier-stock-exchange-bse-to-halt-808373-1995-04-14
|work=India Today
|title=Rocking the market:Rigging and misinformation by MS Shoes brings BSE to a halt
|date=15 April 1995
|access-date=2014-07-03}}</ref>
Sachdeva used intriguing ads created by the Delhi branch of [[Rediffusion]] to attract investors.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20020120/stockmarkets4.html
|work=Business Today
|title=A Chronology of Major Stock Scams
|date=20 January 2002
|accessdate=2012-05-01}}</ref>

During the period 1986–1993, the company won various export awards from the Council of Leather Exports, from Delhi Administration, and from the National Productivity Council.<ref name=icicidirect />
The company came out with its [[Initial public offering|first public issue]] in September, 1992, followed by a rights-cum-public issue of fully convertible debentures in November/December, 1993. In February 1995 the company made another rights-cum-public issue. The issue was to finance its diversification, setting up a twin-hotel project and yarn project, but it was undersubscribed and was subsequently devolved.<ref name=profile /><ref name=order />
Shares were trading at ₹24 in 1993, and peaked at ₹502.5 in January 1995.<ref name=Ganapathy20030606 /> The underwriters to the public issue have been held to be liable to the extent of ₹98 crore.<ref name=awards>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/special/ms-shoes-to-sue-dse-over-arbitrator-197042101064 |title=Ms Shoes to Sue Dse over Arbitrator |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=21 April 1997 |last1=Thomas |first1=Cherian}}</ref>

Apparently the share prices had been manipulated.<ref name=rigging /><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No66/No66_11VE_Mehta2.pdf
|title=TACKLING CORRUPTION: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
|author=Deepa Mehta
|publisher=United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders
|accessdate=2012-05-01}}</ref>
When MS Shoes crashed in March 1995 the collateral effects were so severe that the Bombay Stock Exchange had to be closed for three days.<ref name=citeman2009 /><ref name=moscowtimes /><ref name=apnewsarchive />
More than ₹270 crores were lost.<ref name=Ganapathy20030606 />

==Investigations and charges==
The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) started an investigation in 1995.
In June 1997 the CBI sought permission from the government to lay charges against senior officials of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) and [[SBI Capital Markets]], a subsidiary of the [[State Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/cbi-cracks-downsbi-caps-sebi-officials-in-ms-shoes-case/48236/
|work=Business Standard
|title=CBI cracks down on SBI Caps, Sebi officials in MS Shoes case
|author=Gargi Chakrabarty
|date=19 June 1997
|accessdate=2012-05-01}}</ref>
Sachdeva was charged with violating the Companies Act and the Prevention of Corruption Act.<ref name=Ganapathy20030606 />
The Central Bureau of Investigation filed a closure report on the MS Shoes case in September 1998, which was accepted by the court.<Ref Name=Closure>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cbi-cracks-dowm-on-sbi-caps-sebi-officeial-in-ms-shoes-case-197061901107 |title = Cbi Cracks Down on Sbi Caps, Sebi Officials in Ms Shoes Case |newspaper= Business Standard India |date= 19 June 1997|last1 = Chakrabarty|first1 = Gargi}}</ref>

In 2003, the CBI reopened the case. Several civil and criminal charges were filed.<ref name=Ganapathy20030606 /> In April 2003 a Delhi Metropolitan Court issued a non-bailable warrant against Sachdeva for failing to pay back money owed to the Indian Air Force Benevolent Association.<ref>{{cite news
|work=Indian Express
|title=Shoe baron gets NBW for IAF fraud
|date=19 Apr 2003
}}</ref>

In June 2003 the [[Delhi High Court]] ordered that the company be sent to the [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]] (BIFR). Few companies survive this process. In November 2005, MS Shoes was declared a [[Industrial sickness|sick company]] by the BIFR, and a plan was drawn up for its rehabilitation.<ref name=Ganapathy20030606 /><ref name=order>[http://bifr.nic.in/asp/sopupload/237_2002_25102013.pdf Order] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714235754/http://bifr.nic.in/asp/sopupload/237_2002_25102013.pdf |date=14 July 2014 }}, [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]]</ref>

==Diversifications==
Before its collapse, the company attempted the bids floated by [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited|Hudco]] in July, 1994 for 5 star hotel land and a constructed four star hotel by Hudco comprising 363 rooms, 9 restaurants and 25 shops. The promoter Pavan Sachdeva made a successful bid for the properties. The total bid was ₹177.10 crores for which Hudco issued the allotment letters. When the public issue was devolved, Hudco cancelled the allotments. MS Shoes also attempted to go into the yarn manufacture business.<ref name=order /> The land value of ₹177.10 crores has increased more than ten times.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} MS Shoes has offered to buy the public shares to its existing public shareholders and presently promoters holding is 95%.<ref name=order />

==Later development==
The production and export turnover of MS Shoes increased from ₹25 [[crore]]s in 1993 to ₹171.93 crores in 1995.<ref name=order>[http://bifr.nic.in/asp/sopupload/237_2002_25102013.pdf Order] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714235754/http://bifr.nic.in/asp/sopupload/237_2002_25102013.pdf |date=14 July 2014 }}, [[Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction]]</ref>
The company came up with public issues which were oversubscribed by more than 50 times. The reasons of sickness was devolvement of public issue and cancellation as well as forfeiture by Hudco of the amount paid of ₹68.68 crores by MS Shoes.<ref name=order /> The promoters brought in ₹41.20 crores as on 31.3.2011 and ₹22.08 crores in March, 2014 which have been approved to be converted into equity.<ref name=order />

MS Shoes claims that it has won a 5-star hotel project.<ref name=hospitality>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/special/drt-likely-to-auction-ms-shoes-properties-198061201046 |title=DRT Likely to Auction Ms Shoes Properties |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=12 June 1998}}</ref>

==References==
<references>


<ref name=Ganapathy20030606>{{cite news
|work=The Indian Express
|title=MS Shoes has gone to the cleaners
|author=Nirmala Ganapathy
|date=6 Jun 2003
}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Shoe companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]

Vanaz metro station

2025-12-19T18:24:25Z

Yashvitoursin: starting new post from scratch - done

{{short description|Pune Metro's Aqua Line terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vanaz
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Vanaz metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Alkapuri Society, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra 411038
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.50710|73.80527|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = 2 [[Side platform]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = VNZ
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|03|6}}
| closed = 
| passengers = {{increase}} 2,79,044 <ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Increase in Pune Metro's Daily Ridership in September 2024|website=[[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]|access-date=2024-12-22|date=2024-10-03|url=https://punemetrorail.org/download/Increase-ridershipPune%20-English%20PR.pdf}}</ref>
| pass_year = Sept 2024
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Aqua|right=Anand Nagar|to-right=Ramwadi}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Vanaz''' is the elevated western terminal metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 as an inauguration of Pune Metro.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro line; check routes and ticket prices here
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-pune-metro-line-check-routes-ticket-prices-and-other-details-2442614.html|website=Zee News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> From March 2022 to August 2023, the Aqua Line was operational between Vanaz and Garware College.<ref>{{cite web |title=Passenger operations on 12 km routes of Pune Metro launched know all about
|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/passenger-operations-on-12-km-routes-of-pune-metro-launched-know-all-about|website=Urban Transport News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> The extended section between Garware College to [[Ruby Hall Clinic metro station|Ruby Hall Clinic]] was inaugurated on 1 August 2023. So the metro operated from Vanaz to Ruby Hall Clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=It’s official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Later the remaining stretch was completed and the line operates till [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] from 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Comfortable, convenient & economic: Citizens on Metro launch till Ramwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-launch-till-ramwadi-citizens-share-their-experience/articleshow/108280993.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It is the only station to have 3 levels, two concourses and one platform level. The lower concourse is unfinished and will be opened afterwards.

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Vanaz track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Anand Nagar}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br/>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|aqua}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Eastbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Anand Nagar metro station (Pune)|Anand Nagar]]</small>
|-
|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|aqua}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Westbound'''</span>
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}
The track beyond the station leads to Vanaz Depot and the DPR for a planned extension to Chandani Chowk is underway.

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
{{Pune Metro}}

Raj Kapoor Award

2025-12-16T18:32:48Z

Yashvitoursin: started a details basic info.

{{Short description|Hindi cinema award in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Distinguish|Raj Kapoor Special Contribution Award}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Raj Kapoor Award
| image = Anupam Kher.jpg
| alt =
| caption =The 2024 recipient: [[Anupam Kher]]
| awarded_for = [[List of lifetime achievement awards|Lifetime achievement]]
| location = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| reward =
| year = 1998
| year2 = 2023
| holder_label = Recent winner
| holder = [[Anupam Kher]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 21
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| website = 
}}
The '''Raj Kapoor Award''' is the highest lifetime achievement award in [[Hindi cinema]], established by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], India. It is presented annually by the Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Maharashtra]]. Award instituted in 1998 to recognises individual for their "Lifetime Achievement to Hindi cinema". The recipient is recognized for their exceptional contribution to the Indian cinema and is chosen by a panel of distinguished figures within the Indian film sector. The accolade includes a certificate, a shawl, and a monetary award of ₹5,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-14 |title=सांस्कृतिक कार्य संचालनालय |url=http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714083807/http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |archive-date=14 July 2018 }}</ref>

The Government of Maharashtra created the award to commemorate the contribution of Indian actor & filmmaker [[Raj Kapoor]]. Kapoor (1924–1988), who is popularly known as greatest and most influential actor and filmmaker of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=2018-12-14 |title=Raj Kapoor, the 'greatest showman' of Indian cinema |url=https://theprint.in/feature/raj-kapoor-the-greatest-showman-of-indian-cinema/163297/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The first recipient of the award was filmmaker [[Ramanand Sagar]], who was honoured at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] in 1998. As of 2023, there have been 20 awardees.

==Recipients==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of award recipients
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Field of work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{refh}}
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Ramanand Sagar.jpg|90x90px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Ramanand Sagar]]'''
|Director
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrakant Mandare |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-18/others/39353477_1_kolhapur-students-art-competition-50-students |url-status=dead |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131001032019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-18/others/39353477_1_kolhapur-students-art-competition-50-students }}</ref>
|-
| 1999
|
! scope="row" | '''[[Kidar Sharma]]'''
|Director, screenwriter
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Lalitha, an actress and a gentlewoman |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/26lalita.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| [[File:BhagwaanDada 1949.jpg|131x131px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Bhagwan Dada]]'''
|Actor, director
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='हा तर माझ्या घरचा आहेर!' |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/-/articleshow/5284803.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2001
| [[File:Sandhya in 1957.jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Sandhya Shantaram]]'''
|Actress
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showbuzz! Raj Kapoor Award for Sandhya |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/26award.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Naushadsaab1.jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Naushad]]'''
|Music composer
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ |title=Directory of Indian Film-makers and Films |date=1994 |publisher=Flicks Books |isbn=978-0-948911-40-8 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
|[[File:Rajesh Khanna 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Rajesh Khanna]]'''
|Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shinde presents the Raj Kapoor award to Rajesh Khanna |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2003/may/01pic6.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|[[File:Pran Actor.JPG|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]'''
|Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pran felicitated with Raj Kapoor Award |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040725/spectrum/main6.htm |website=Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
|[[File:Shammi Kapoor still19.jpg|102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Shammi Kapoor]]'''
|Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ |title=Indian Films |date=1977 |publisher=B. V. Dharap |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
|[[File:Rajinikanth at the Inauguration of MGR Statue.jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Rajinikanth]]'''
|Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=State to fete Rajnikant, Ashok Saraf |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-state-to-fete-rajnikant-ashok-saraf-1025646/amp |access-date= |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Yash Chopra 2012.jpg|127x127px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Yash Chopra]]'''
|Director
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-29 |title=Yash Chopra receives Raj Kapoor Award {{!}} Businessofcinema.com |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-chopra-receives-raj-kapoor-award/18381 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129102519/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-chopra-receives-raj-kapoor-award/18381 |archive-date=29 November 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Gulzar 2008 - still 38227.jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Gulzar]]'''
|Lyricist
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Ti Peedhi Vegli Hoti - Annasaheb Deulgaonkar |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/varsha-usgaonkar-article-on-screenplay-dialogue-writer-and-producer-annasaheb-deulgaonkar-zws-70-2298628/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Rekha in 2019.jpg|127x127px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Rekha]]'''
|Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-21 |title=Rekha not old enough for lifetime achievement award - Bollywood News - ApunKaChoice.Com |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/rekha-not-old-enough-for-lifetime-achievement-award.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121071541/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/rekha-not-old-enough-for-lifetime-achievement-award.html |archive-date=21 November 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Manoj Kumar at Esha Deol's wedding at ISCKON temple 10.jpg|135x135px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Manoj Kumar]]'''
|Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Kumar gets Raj Kapoor Award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/manoj-kumar-gets-raj-kapoor-award-363751-2010-04-29 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| [[File:Govind Nihalani.jpg|119x119px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Govind Nihalani]]'''
|Director
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Govt Confers Raj Kapoor Awards On Nihalani, Shabana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/maha-govt-confers-raj-kapoor-awards-on-nihalani-shabana-619522 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
|[[File:Shyam Benegal.jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Shyam Benegal]]'''
|Director, screenwriter
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuri Dixit, Shyam Benegal bag Raj Kapoor awards |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhuri-dixit-shyam-benegal-bag-raj-kapoor-awards-604573 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
|[[File:Basu Chatterjee image.jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Basu Chatterjee]]'''
|Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Tanuja attending Durga puja in 2021.jpg|123x123px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Tanuja]]'''
|Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanuja honoured with Raj Kapoor Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/tanuja-raj-kapoor-lifetime-achievement-award-tanishaa-mukerji-372928-2014-08-13 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015
| [[File:Shashikala.jpg|131x131px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Shashikala]]'''
|Actress
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[File:Jeetendra colors indian telly awards (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Jeetendra]]'''
| Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-17 |title=Jeetendra, Anil Kapoor get Maha Govt's Raj Kapoor awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-anil-kapoor-get-maha-govts-raj-kapoor-awards-2757674/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Saira Banu grace the Kresha Bajaj's store launch (7).jpg|92x92px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Saira Banu]]'''
| Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saira Banu: Saira Banu, Jackie Shroff get Raj Kapoor awards - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saira-banu-jackie-shroff-get-raj-kapoor-awards/amp_articleshow/58273644.cms |access-date= |website=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[File:Waman bhonsle.jpg|92x92px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Waman Bhonsle]]'''
|Editor
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=56 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात Carol Littleton चा मराठमोळा अंदाज ठरला लक्ष्यवेधी; 'भोंगा' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY मराठी |url=https://marathi.latestly.com/entertainment/marathi/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners-list-39172.html |access-date= |website=LatestLY मराठी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[File:Bollywood Actor Aruna Irani clicked by Lens Naayak Photographer Camaal Mustafa Sikander 2.jpg|120x120px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Aruna Irani]]'''
| Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2021
| [[File:Mithun Chakraborty cropped.jpg|111x111px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Mithun Chakraborty]]'''
| Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2022
|[[File:Helen in 2019.jpg|123x123px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Helen (actress)|Helen]]'''
|Actress
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2023
|[[File:Asha Parekh.jpg|123x123px]]
! scope="row"|'''[[Asha Parekh]]'''
|Actress
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2024
|[[File:Anupam Kher.jpg|123x123px]]
! scope="row"|'''[[Anupam Kher]]'''
|Actor
|style="text-align:center;" |
|}

==See also==
* [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]

Khalilabad, India

2025-11-17T00:53:20Z

Yashvitoursin: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khalilabad
| other_name =
| image_skyline = City of Khalilabad.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.78|N|83.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Laxmikant Nishad(Pappu Nishad)]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[ Ankur Raj Tiwari ]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = Jun 1680
| founder = Qazi Khalil-ur-Rahman (Representative of Aurangzeb Mughal emperor in this area at that time)
| named_for = Qazi Khalil-ur-Rahman
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 26
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 69
| population_total = 47,847
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 1,042
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Khalilabadi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 272175
| registration_plate = UP-58
| website = https://sknagar.nic.in/
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi, English, Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
}}
'''Khalilabad''' is a city and a [[municipal board]] in [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is the district headquarters of Sant Kabir Nagar district.

==Geography==
Khalilabad lies on the Ayodhya-Gorakhpur road around 36 km west of [[Gorakhpur]] and 36 km east of [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]. Khalilabad lies at Lat. 26 47'N. and Long. 83 4' E. This is the center point of Gorakhpur and Basti. It is the headquarters of the new district [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]].

The town is small but has a history that can be traced back to the Mughal emperors. The place got its name from its founder, Qazi Khalil-ur-Rahman, who was appointed chakladar of [[Gorakhpur]] about 1860 AD.

At present this place is more famous for its fabric wholesalers, Readymade Garment Retailers, and much more, popularly known as Bardahia Bazar. The tehsil building, situated to the south of the road to Gorakhpur, is an imposing structure created after the first freedom struggle in 1857 in which the place was sacked.

==Climate==
The climate of the district is more equable than the adjoining districts to the south. The year may be divided into four seasons. The winter season, from mid-November to February, is followed by the summer season lasting till about the middle of June. The period from mid-June to the end of September constitutes the southwest [[monsoon]] season. October to mid-November is the post-monsoon or transition period.

'''Rainfall''': The average annual rainfall in the district is 1166 mm.

'''Temperature''': During the winter seasons, the mean minimum temperature is about 9 degrees Celsius, and the mean maximum is 23 degrees Celsius, while during the summer seasons the minimum is about 25 degrees Celsius and the mean maximum is about 44 degrees Celsius.

'''Humidity''': In the southwest monsoon and the post-monsoon seasons, the relative humidity is high, above 70 percent. Thereafter the humidity decreases and in the summer the air is very dry.

'''Cloudiness''': During the monsoon season, and for brief spells of a day or two in association with passing disturbances in winter, heavily clouded or overcast skies prevail. During the rest of the year, the skies are mostly clear or lightly clouded.

'''Winds''': Winds are in general very light with a slight increase in force in the late summer and monsoon seasons. The average annual wind blow in the district ranges from 2 to 7.1  km/hrs.

==River system and water resources==

The Ami, the chief tributary of the Rapti, is a stream that commences at a short distance from Rapti in Rasulpur and issues from a large tract of paddy land.

The lakes of the district are numerous and several are of considerable size. They are most commonly formed by the changes in the river channels, while in other cases the natural depressions in which the surface of water collects, are generally due in some measure to fluvial action. The largest and the most celebrated lake in the district is the Bakhira or Badhanchh Tal, sometimes called the Moti Jhil, which lies on the eastern borders of the district between Bakhira and Mehdawal. This lake, though seldom more than two meters in depth, covers a very large area of about 12  km. long and 4  km. broad. The water in the lake is largely derived from the overflow from Rapti.
Ghaghra popular as the Saryu river, Kuano river, and Kathinaiya river is also situated in the district.

==Transport==
===Road===
[[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]] and [[National Highway 28A|NH 28A]] pass through Khalilabad.(Ragadganj)

===Railway===
[[Khalilabad railway station|Railway Station Khalilabad]] is on the [[Gorakhpur]]-[[Lucknow]] line.

===Airlines===
The nearest [[airport]] is in [[Gorakhpur]]. Drive duration is approx 1 hour.
====Gorakhpur to Delhi====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Airline
! Departure (UTC +5:30)
! Arrival (UTC +5:30)
! Duration
|-
| [[Air India]] (AI-9810)
| 16:15
| 18:15
|rowspan="1"|2h Non Stop
|-
| [[SpiceJet]] (SG-8379)
| 11:30
| 13:05
|rowspan="1"|1h 35m Non Stop
|-
| [[IndiGo]] (6E-138)
| 10:30
| 12:35
|rowspan="1"|2h 05m Non Stop
|}

====Delhi to Gorakhpur====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Airline
! Departure (UTC +5:30)
! Arrival (UTC +5:30)
! Duration
|-
| [[Air India]] (AI 9809)
| 13:35
| 15:35
|rowspan="1"|2h 00m Non Stop
|-
| [[SpiceJet]] (SG 8475)
| 09:15
| 11:00
|rowspan="1"|1h 45m Non Stop
|-
| [[IndiGo]] (6E-826)
| 08:50
| 09:30
|rowspan="1"|40m Non Stop
|}

====Gorakhpur to Mumbai====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Airline
! Departure (UTC +5:30)
! Arrival (UTC +5:30)
! Duration
|-
| [[SpiceJet]] (SG-415)
| 14:00
| 16:35
|rowspan="1"|2h 35m Non Stop
|-
| [[SpiceJet]] (SG-453)
| 16:20
| 18:50
|rowspan="1"|2h 30m Non Stop
|-
| [[IndiGo]] (6E-137)
| 12:30
| 15:20
|rowspan="1"|2h 50m Non Stop
|}

====Mumbai to Gorakhpur====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Airline
! Departure (UTC +5:30)
! Arrival (UTC +5:30)
! Duration
|-
| [[SpiceJet]] (SG-452)
| 13:25
| 15:45
|rowspan="1"|2h 20m Non Stop
|-
| [[SpiceJet]] (SG-438)
| 10:55
| 13:20
|rowspan="1"|2h 25m Non Stop
|-
| [[IndiGo]] (6E-136)
| 09:25
| 11:45
|rowspan="1"|2h 20m Non Stop
|}

==Demographics==
Khalilabad is a Nagar Palika Parishad city in the district of Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. The Khalilabad city is divided into 25 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Khalilabad Nagar Palika Parishad has a population of 47,847 of which 25,154 are males while 22,693 are females as per a report released by Census India 2011.

The population of Children with age 0-6 is 6274 which is 13.11 % of the total population of Khalilabad (NPP). In Khalilabad Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is 902 against the state average of 912. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Khalilabad is around 900 compared to the Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The literacy rate of Khalilabad City is 82.06 % higher than the state average of 67.68 %. In Khalilabad, male literacy is around 88.68 % while the female literacy rate is 74.72 %.

Khalilabad Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration of over 7,291 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/557-sant-kabir-nagar.html|title=Sant Kabir Nagar District Population Census 2011-2021, Uttar Pradesh literacy sex ratio and density}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Khalilabad
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|68.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|30.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|yellow|0.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|pink|0.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|blue|0.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|red|0.03}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.39}}
}}

==Villages==
*[[Pach Pokhari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sant Kabir Nagar district}}

[[Category: Cities and towns in Sant Kabir Nagar district]]

K. Balabharathi

2025-09-30T11:08:00Z

Yashvitoursin:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Balabharathi
| image = Selvi. K. Balabharathi, CPI(M) Politician.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = K. Nagalakshimi <ref>{{cite news|url=https://theekkathir.in/News/tamilnadu/madurai/the-works-of-a-warrior-who-carried-poetry-as-a-sword |title=கவிதையையும் வாளாக ஏந்திய ஒரு போராளியின் படைப்புகள் -அ. குமரேசன் |work=[[Theekkathir]] |date=18 September 2021|lang=ta}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|03|30}}
| birth_place = Kathiranampatti, [[Dindigul district]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Mar/08/3-times-in-assembly-30-yrs-in-public-life-she-never-calls-it-a-day-901082.html |title=3 Times in Assembly, 30 Yrs in Public life, She Never Calls It a Day|date=6 March 2016}}</ref>
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]]
| termstart = 14 May 2001
| termend = 20 May 2016
| predecessor = [[R. Manimaran (Dindigul MLA)|R. Manimaran]]
| successor = [[Dindigul C. Srinivasan]]
| constituency = [[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =

}}

'''K. Balabharathi''' is an Indian politician and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] elected thrice from the [[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul constituency]]. She represented the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] party in the, [[Twelfth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|12th]], [[Thirteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|13th]] and [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|14th Legislative Assembly]] of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

After she announced retirement from elections, the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]] resulted in her constituency being won by [[ADMK]] candidate [[C. Sreenivasan|Dindigul C.Sreenivasan]] against
[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] candidate Basheer Ahmed.<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/101_150.html |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balabharathi, K.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

K. Balabharathi

2025-09-30T11:08:00Z

Yashvitoursin:

Rohit Tokas

2025-06-27T11:42:38Z

Yashvitoursin: started basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
| name = Rohit Tokas
| image = Rohit Tokas.jpg
| caption = Tokas in August 2022
| weight = 67 kg
| height = 179 cm
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|8|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Munirka, New Delhi
| weight_class = [[Welterweight]] (63.5–67 kg)
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|[[Boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Boxing at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's welterweight|Men's welterweight]]}}
}}

'''Rohit Tokas''' (born 1 August 1993)<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohit TOKAS |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/rohit-tokas/455db0ae-b1ee-4057-8f36-f4631e87e2b2 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=Birmingham2022.com |publisher=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited]]}}</ref> is an Indian [[amateur boxing|boxer]] who competes in [[Welterweight]] category. He participated in the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] where he won a bronze medal in [[Boxing at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's welterweight|Men's welterweight]] category.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games-2022/commonwealth-games-rohit-tokas-advances-to-67kg-quarterfinals-in-boxing-3218987 |title=Commonwealth Games: Rohit Tokas Advances To 67kg Quarterfinals In Boxing |publisher=NDTV |date=3 August 2022 |accessdate=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/story/commonwealth-games-2022-rohit-tokas-confirms-india-s-7th-boxing-medal-with-dominant-quarterfinal-win-1983959-2022-08-05 |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 Rohit Tokas confirms India's 7th boxing medal with dominant quarterfinal win |publisher=India Today |date=5 August 2022 |accessdate=5 August 2022}}</ref> Rohit hails from an urban village in [[Delhi]] by the name Munirka which lies in the South West District of Delhi. Rohit's father Preet Singh Tokas, was himself a wrestler.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

== Coaching career==
Tokas founded the '''Tokas boxing club'''. MMA fighter [[Anshul Jubli]] learnt boxing under him in this club. Later Jubli won the [[Road to UFC Season 1]] tournament and got signed to [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]], which is worlds' leading MMA promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/sports/news/story/road-to-ufc-what-is-mixed-martial-arts-indian-mma-fighter-anshul-jubli-makes-history-tspo-1562785-2022-10-26 |title=Anshul Jubli UFC: क्या है UFC? जिसमें भारत के अंशुल जुबली ने रच दिया इतिहास |date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tokas, Rohit}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Welterweight boxers]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Boxers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in boxing]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games boxers for India]]
{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

Maharaja's College, Ernakulam

2025-05-06T23:21:07Z

Yashvitoursin: minor adjusted article per sources and cleaned formatting for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Maharaja's College, Kochi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam| ]]

Nanasaheb Bonde

2025-03-08T18:06:47Z

Yashvitoursin: fix section per standard format and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician (1914–2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nanasaheb Bonde
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1914|7|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Saur Taluk, [[Amravati District]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|8|21|1914|7|6|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/716818/1/1442.pdf | title=OBITUARYREFERENCES | publisher=Parliament of India | accessdate=22 January 2021}}</ref>
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency= [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| term = 1977–1980
| predecessor = [[Krishnarao Gulabrao Deshmukh]]
| successor = [[Usha Choudhari]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|otherparty =
| religion =
| spouse = Sau Venutai
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2329.htm
}}
'''Nanasaheb Bonde''' (1914-2000) was an Indian politician, elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Sabha2003">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=18 December 2020|year=2003|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=73}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1977">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OBFAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 January 2021|year=1977|publisher=Parliament Secretariat|page=80}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2329.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonde, Nanasaheb}}
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]

Upkeśa Gaccha

2025-02-26T16:01:15Z

Yashvitoursin: starting initial entry added tags

{{Short description|Monastic order of Śvetāmbara Jainism}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Upkeśa Gaccha''' is the oldest ''[[gaccha]]'' (monastic order) of [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jainism]]. It is one of the 84 ''[[gaccha]]s'' of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect that were once in existence. Unlike most other ''gacchas'' that follow [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] lineage and begin with his disciple [[Sudharmaswami]], it follows the lineage of the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha]] and is said to have begun with his prime disciple ''Ganadhara Shubhadatta''. It went extinct in about 1930 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January–December}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Upadhye |first=A N |title=Jain Bibliography Part 2 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/016036/59 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== History ==
According to [[Śvetāmbara]] scriptures, lineage-wise, Upkeśa Gaccha is the oldest of all the 84 ''[[gaccha]]s'' to ever exist. It is said to be of [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] lineage. Historically, [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] ''śāsana-kāl'' ({{Translation|time between Mahavira and Parshvanath, when Parshvanatha's teachings are followed and applied by Jains}}) was 250 years, which is the smallest difference between two [[Tirthankara]]s in this [[Avasarpiṇī]]. As a result, ascetics of [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] unbroken lineage were around when [[Mahavira]] was born.<ref name=":0" />

As per [[Kalpa Sūtra]], an important canonical scripture of the [[Śvetāmbara]]s, [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] parents were [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvakas]] (lay-followers) of [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] ascetics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Lives of the Ginas: Life of Mahâvîra, Lecture 2 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2282.htm |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Deepvijay Kaviraaj's ''Mahavir Swami nu Halardu'', a musical lullaby composed in the late 18th or early 19th century, describes [[Trishala]] singing it for [[Mahavira]]. It also describes [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]], the then head of [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] monastic order, informing [[Trishala]] that her child will be the 24th [[Tirthankara]] after she described the [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|14 auspicious dreams]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Kavin |title=Kaviraaj Deepvijay |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032742/1 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

According to the 6th century BC Jain text [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]], [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] was around during most of [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] life-span and is said to have met [[Gautama Swami]], [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] prime disciple. The text says that he met [[Gautama Swami]] to clarify his doubts about the differences in the teachings of both the [[Tirthankara]]s. [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] ascetics wore coloured clothes (usually dark brown). Upon receiving satisfactory responses from him, [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] merged his monastic order with [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] congregation and all his monks became [[Śvetāmbara]] (white-clad) monks. Even though they merged into [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] congregation, Upkeśa Gaccha always maintained its unique identity of tracing its monastic lineage to [[Parshvanatha]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45): Uttarâdhyayana: Twenty-Third Lecture. Kêsi and Gautama |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/sbe4525.htm |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

In 457 BC, 70 years after [[Mahavira]] attained ''[[nirvana]]'', [[Ratnaprabhasuri]], the then head of this monastic lineage won the debate against [[Brahmin]]s who advocated [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] in the name of religion at ''Upkeśapattan''. As a result of that, his lineage came to be known as the Upkeśa Gaccha.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Hastimal |title=Jain Legend Volume 4 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007597/162 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

History of the Upkeśa Gaccha enables a deeper understanding of the antiquity of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect and the religious history of [[Western India]] and [[Central India]].<ref name=":0" />

== Monastic Lineage ==

Several names of monks in the monastic lineage are repeated every few generations. According to the English translation of [[Vijayanandsuri|Vijayanandsuri's]] ''Ajnāna-timira-bhāskara'' by indologist and professor [[Rudolf Hoernlé|A. F. Rudolph Hoernle]],<ref name=":0" /> the monastic lineage of the heads of this ''gaccha'' is found to be as follows: -

# [[Ganadhara]] Arya Shubhadatta: The prime and senior-most disciple of the 23rd [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha]].<ref name=":0" />
# Arya Haridatta: The prime disciple of Ganadhara Shubhadatta.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Maharaja |first=Gyansundar |title=Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034569/15 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
# Arya Samudradatta: The prime disciple of Arya Haridatta.<ref name=":22" />
# [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]]: The prime disciple of Arya Samudradatta and a contemporary of the 24th [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] and Mahavira's [[Ganadhara]] [[Gautama Swami]]. He is said to have met Gautama Swami and cleared his doubts about the differences in the teachings of [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]]. Upon receiving satisfactory clarification from Gautama Swami, he and his monastic order merged into the ''Chaturvidha Sangha'' of [[Mahavira]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" />
# [[Swayamprabhasuri|Acharya Swayamprabhasuri]]: The successor of [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]]. He condemned and abolished animal sacrifice in [[Bhinmal]] and [[Porwal|Padmavati]] and founded the ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmali]]'' and ''[[Porwal|Porvāl]]'' clans in 470 BC. He was a contemporary of Gautam Swami, but there are no accounts of them meeting each other.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E88RC8Eox2YC&q=ratnaprabha |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Chagganlal |title=Jaino Ka Itihas Darshan Vyavahar Evam Vaignanik Adhar |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002322/66 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
# [[Ratnaprabhasuri|Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri]]: The prime disciple of [[Swayamprabhasuri]] and the most prominent of the monks of this monastic lineage. His monastic lineage is known as Upkeśa Gaccha as a result of his efforts in abolishing [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] at [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]] in 457 BC. He also founded the [[Oswal|Oswal clan]]. Today, nearly four-fifths of [[Śvetāmbara]]s belong to this clan. As a result of that, he is the most celebrated monk of this lineage. His footprints are worshipped at the ''Vimal Vasahi'' at [[Dilwara Temples]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dodhia |first=Rati |title=Rise and Glory History of Halari Visa Oshwals |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007575/45 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Baya |first=D S |title=Oswals and Other Jains of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/250235/2 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangve |first=Vilas |title=Jaina Community, a Social Survey |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007019/110 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m-J50FHmGcC&dq=upkesh%20gachh%20-wikipedia&pg=PA94 |title=History of Oswals |publisher=Panchshil Publications |isbn=978-81-923730-2-7 |language=en}}</ref>
# Acharya Yakshadevasuri: The prime disciple of [[Ratnaprabhasuri]] and the monk who is said to have converted the ''yakṣa'' ({{Translation|protecting deity/demi-god}}) ''Māṇbhadra'' and relieved the pain of the ''Chaturvidha Sangha''. He was consecrated as an [[Acharya (Jainism)|acharya]] from the position of [[Upadhyaya (Jainism)|upadhyaya]]. His name before his installation as the head preceptor was ''Vīrdhawalopādhyāya''.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":1" />
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri
# Acharya Yakshadevasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri: The prime disciple of the previous preceptor Yakshadevasuri (of the 12th generation). He is said to have alleviated the violent calamities caused by [[Chamunda]] due to the chiselling of the idol of [[Mahavira]] at the [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian|Osian temple]] by some young lay-followers. Legend has it that he was told by [[Chamunda|''Sacciya Mata'']] that the town of ''Upkeśapattan'' will be deserted as a result of the chiselling of the idol of [[Mahavira]]. He is said to have alleviated the problems that fell upon [[Oswal]]s by a ritualistic bathing of the idol, 303 years after its consecration by [[Ratnaprabhasuri]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri
# Acharya Yakshadevasuri: He existed in the 585th year of [[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]. The [[Kalpa Sūtra]] mentions a 12-year long famine that occurred 585 years after [[Mahavira]] attained ''[[nirvana]]''. During that famine, ''Vajraswami's'' disciple ''Vajrasena's'' four disciples {{Em dash}} ''Nāgendra'', ''Chandra'', ''Vidyādhara'', ''Nivṛtti'' were initiated by Yakshadevasuri after the death of their preceptor ''Vajrasena''. These four disciples went on to establish four branches of the Upkeśa Gaccha {{Em dash}} ''Nāgendra Gaccha'', ''Chandra Gaccha'', ''Vidyādhara Gaccha'', and ''Nivṛtti Gaccha''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" />
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri
# Acharya Yakshadevasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri
# Acharya Yakshadevasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri
# Acharya Yakshadevasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri: He performed a penance called ''Ṣaṣṭhtap'' ({{Translation|a penance involving taking one meal in every three days}}) for 12 years. A merchant named ''Sheth Somaka'' of ''Marotakota'' was released from fetters by reciting a hymn praising him. He is also credited with producing water for the devotees at [[Mount Abu]] and bringing clarified butter from [[Jaisalmer]] to [[Bharuch]] as a token of affection for his co-religionists and disciples.<ref name=":0" />
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri: He is said to have been given the position of the head of this monastic order in 938 CE.<ref name=":0" />
# Acharya Siddhasuri: He is said to have been a ''viśaviśvopaka'' ({{Translation|one who has the 36 qualities of an acharya}}).<ref name=":11" />
# Acharya Kakkasuri: He was the author of the [[Śvetāmbara]] non-canonical scripture ''Pancha-pramān'' ({{Translation|the five proofs}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" />
# Acharya Devaguptasuri: He was given this position in 1015 CE. He was the author of the non-canonical work ''Nava-pada-prakaraṇa'' ({{Translation|the context of the nine supreme virtues - Arihanta, Siddha, Acharya, Upadhyaya, Sadhu, Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gyan, Samyak Charitra, Samyak Tap}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" />
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri: Several legends are associated with him. One of them is the turning of water as a remedy to poison during after being used to wash his feet.<ref name=":0" />
# Acharya Siddhsuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri: In 1097 CE, on being advised by [[Hemachandra]] and [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|King Kumarapala]], he expelled monks who were lax with their conduct ([[Yati|''yatis'']]) from [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]].<ref name=":0" />
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri: He is said to have restored ''Marotakota''.<ref name=":0" />
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri: He was consecrated as the head of the monastic order in 1272 CE. He is known as the preceptor who consecrated the idol of [[Rishabhanatha]] in the main temple at [[Palitana temples|Palitana hills]] after the sixth reconstruction of [[Palitana temples]], which was performed by Samara Shah.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Aseem Kumar |title=Comprehensive History of Jainism Volume II |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002003/166?highlight=samara%20shah |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
# Acharya Kakkasuri: He is said to have authored ''Machchha Prabandha'' which describes the lives, character, and conduct of the wealthy Jain [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvaka]] Samara Shah and his brother Sahaja Shah.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Chimanlal Bhailal |title=Jainism in Gujarat |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011024/147?highlight=samara%20shah |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
# Acharya Devaguptasuri: He was installed as the head in 1352 CE at [[Delhi]]. The event was organized by ''Sārandhara'', a [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvaka]] at the cost of 5000 gold coins.<ref name=":0" />
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri: In 1387 CE, he stopped animal sacrifice in the province of ''Kachha'' and converted the king to Jainism.
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri
# Acharya Kakkasuri
# Acharya Devaguptasuri
# Acharya Siddhasuri

[[File:Kakkasūri of Upakeśa Gaccha.jpg|thumb|An idol of Kakkasūri of Upakeśa Gaccha at Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha (new) Temple. The idol was consecrated in 1452 Vikrama Saṃvat (=1395-96 C. E.))]]

== Contributions ==

* Upkeśa Gaccha forms the backbone of several [[gaccha|''gacchas'']] of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect including ''Nāgendra Gaccha'', ''Chandra Gaccha'', ''Vidyādhara Gaccha'', and ''Nivṛtti Gaccha''.<ref name=":0" />
* Heads of this monastic order strongly condemned [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] and established the [[Oswal]], [[Porwal]], and [[Bhinmal|Shrimali]] clans. Most [[Śvetāmbara]]s in [[Western India]] belong to one of these clans.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" />
* [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvakas]] of the Oswal, Porwal, and Shrimali clans went on to establish several temples of devotional importance amongst [[Śvetāmbara]]s such as [[Dilwara Temples]], [[Ranakpur Jain temple]], [[Kesariyaji|Kesariyaji Tirth]], [[Nakodaji|Nakodaji Tirth]], [[Jirawala Tirth]], several [[Jain temples, Pavagadh|Jain temples]] on the [[Pavagadh Hill]], several [[Palitana temples|Jain temples]] at [[Palitana]] etc.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" />
* Preceptors of this ''[[gaccha]]'' are also credited with inspiring the sixth reconstruction of [[Palitana temples]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />
* Several works of literature such as ''Machchha Prabandha'', ''Nava-pada-prakaraṇa'', ''Pancha-pramān'', ''Tattvamimansa'', ''Tattvavichār'' etc. were written by monks of this ''gaccha''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" />

==See also==
*[[Mahavira]]
*[[Swayamprabhasuri]]
*[[Ratnaprabhasuri]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Śvetāmbara sects]]

Kojagori

2025-02-19T18:58:59Z

Yashvitoursin: put up new post!

{{Short description|2015 Indian Bengali TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kojagori_poster.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Official Poster
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]<br/>[[Romantic comedy|Romantic Comedy]]
| creator = [[Saibal Banerjee]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| director = [[Saibal Banerjee]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Raja Goswami]] <br> [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]
| judges =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Saibal Banerjee]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| channel = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 328
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|02|02}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|02|13}}
| related =
}}

'''''Kojagori''''' is a [[Bengali language]] television [[soap opera]] that premiered from 2 February 2015 and aired on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Aparajitas-Kojagori-to-start-from-February-2/articleshow/46053816.cms|title=Aparajita's Kojagori to start from February 2|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 July 2022|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> Produced by [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]], it starred [[Raja Goswami]] and [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]] in lead roles.

The show revolves around Shouronil Mitta ([[Raja Goswami]]) and Phuljhuri ([[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]) who are diametrically different from each other. The success of this show inspired [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]] to produce a show bearing a similar plotline for [[Zee Bangla]]'s rival channel [[Star Jalsha]], ''[[Khorkuto]]''.

== Plot summary ==
While Phuljhuri ([[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]) is a city-bred, pampered young girl who lives life on her own terms, Saheb ([[Raja Goswami Om]]) is a well-read, upright yet grounded youth, who believes in simple living, with high ideals. But fate brings the two people together in wedlock.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Kojagori-cast-prepares-Chinese-meal/articleshow/47296538.cms|title=Kojagori cast prepares Chinese meal|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=15 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-bangla-launches-new-fiction-show-kojagori-150203|title=Zee Bangla launches new fiction show - 'Kojagori'|work=Indian Television |accessdate=3 Feb 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main cast===
*[[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Post-giving-birth-Aparajita-is-back-on-screen/articleshow/45674427.cms|title=Post giving birth, Aparajita is back on screen|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=29 Dec 2014}}</ref> as Kojagori Mitra (Mallick) aka ''Phuljhuri'' - Main Lead and Titular Protagonist, Saheb's wife.
*[[Raja Gowsami]] as Shouronil Mitra aka ''Saheb'' - Main Lead and Protagonist, Phuljhuri's husband.

===Recurring cast===
*Ashok Bhattacharya as Amiyo Bhushan Chowdhury - Phuljhuri's (adoptive) grandfather.
*[[Sudeshna Roy]] as Kana - Phuljhuri's aunt
*[[Soma Banerjee]] as Noori - Phuljhuri's biological mother.
*[[Sandip Dey]] as Phuljhuri's biological father.
*[[Santu Mukherjee]] as Haradhan Mitra - Saheb's grandfather.
*[[Anusuya Majumdar]] as Rashmoni Mitra aka ''Ginni Maa'' - Saheb's grandmother.
*[[Goutam De]] as Saheb's granduncle
*[[Tanuka Chatterjee]] as Saheb's grandaunt
*[[Diganta Bagchi]] as Saheb's father
*[[Manjushree Ganguly]] as Saheb's mother
*[[Anushree Das]] as Saheb's eldest aunt
*Anindya Chakraborti as Saheb's second elder paternal uncle
*[[Rajashree Bhowmik]] as Saheb's second eldest aunt
*[[Suman Banerjee]] as Saheb's eldest brother.
*[[Samata Das]] as Saheb's eldest sister-in-law.
*[[Manoj Ojha]] as Saheb's second eldest brother.
*[[Sahana Sen]] as Saheb's second eldest sister-in-law.
*[[Sourav Chatterjee]] as Ganesh Mitra - Saheb's third (elder) brother.
*[[Saurav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]] as Kartick Mitra - Saheb's fourth (elder) brother.
*Debjani Chakraborty as Saheb's fourth (elder) sister-in-law.
*[[Debolina Mukherjee]] as Saheb's fifth and last (elder) sister-in-law.
*[[Bulbuli Panja]] as Saheb's elder sister, Iqbal's wife.
*Dhrubajyoti Sarkar as Iqbal - Saheb's brother-in-law.
*[[Priya Paul]] as Diya- Saheb's protege turned lover, Amiyo Bhushan's actual granddaughter.

===Special appearances===
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] in the episode ''Kobi Pronam''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Catch-Kojagori-Kobi-Pronam-on-Zee-Bangla/articleshow/47397184.cms|title=Catch Kojagori Kobi Pronam on Zee Bangla|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref>
*[[Haimanti Sukla]] in the episode ''Kobi Pronam''.

==Reception==
The serial is being ranked as one of the most watched television serial from the day it has premiered on television. It now fetches a trp of 8.0. The serial received 4 awards at the ''Tele Samman Awards (2014)''.

==See also==
* [[Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta]]
* [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]
* [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dittotv.com/]

{{Magic Moments Motion Pictures}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kojagori}}
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

Manikya Lal Verma Textile and Engineering College

2024-09-11T11:08:17Z

Yashvitoursin: Starting New Details - done

{{Short description|Indian college}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Mankiya Lal Verma Govt.Textile and Engineering College
|established = 1988
|type =[[Public university|Public]]
|principal = Dr. Dhirendra sharma<ref>{{Cite web|title=mlvtec -Dr. Rajiv Kumar Chaudhary|url=http://www.mlvti.ac.in/principal.php|website=www.mlvti.ac.in|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|city = [[Bhilwara]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
|undergrad = 1500
|faculty =
|campus = Urban
|website = {{url|http://www.mlvti.ac.in/index.php}}

}}

'''Manikya Lal Verma Govt. Textile and Engineering College''' (previously known as '''Manikya Lal Verma Textile Institute''' or '''MLVTI''') is an autonomous engineering institute of the government of [[Rajasthan]] managed by [[Manikya Lal Verma]] Textile Institute society in [[Bhilwara]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlvgc.rajasthan.gov.in/ |title=Manikya Lal Verma Government College, Bhilwara > Home |website=mlvgc.rajasthan.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713004408/http://mlvgc.rajasthan.gov.in/ |archive-date=2012-07-13}}</ref>

==History==
Originally, MLVTEC was a [[institute of technology#India|polytechnic]] [[college]] as the [[joint venture]] of the government of [[Rajasthan]] and the [[Bhilwara]] group of industries (now known as the [[LNJ Bhilwara]] group). It was upgraded to a full engineering institute in 1988. The goal of the institute was to produce [[textile]] [[technocrats]] to fulfill the industrial demand of [[Bhilwara]]. In 1994, the college added the Textile Chemistry [[discipline]]. Currently, the institute is producing 200 textile engineers per class year.

In 2001, the college added an engineering degree in [[Information Technology]]. It added an Electronics and Communication Engineering degree in 2003. The expansion in [[information technology|IT]]-related fields was due to added focus on these subject areas from the government. Additionally, expansion allowed the physical resources of the college to be better used.

Further continuing the expansion mode two new engineering degrees, [[Textile Engineering]] in 2006 and [[Mechanical Engineering]] in 2007, were added by the college.

The college has fully fledged [[Wi-Fi]] campus. Apart from that college provides industrial tours, seminars from dignitaries. The college has separate hostel for both boys and girls. The college celebrated its [[silver jubilee]] on 15 November 2014 in a gala manner.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mlvtecalumni.com/ |title=MLVTI Alumni Association, Bhilwara, India |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013155931/http://mlvtecalumni.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Industrial services ==

The institute provides services for the industry, including:
* Consultancy services to solve technical problems.
* Commercial testing of textile materials like fibers, yarns, fabrics, dyes and chemicals, etc.
* Project preparation and appraisal.
* Computer equipment services like computer aided designing (CAD), computer color matching (CCM), etc.
* Organizing short-term courses.
* Preparation of yarn and fabric samples, etc.
* Production on various machines.
* In plant training program for managerial staff supervisor and workers.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25.338751|74.615707|type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:Colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bhilwara]]
[[Category:Textile schools in India]]

Jussian

2024-05-28T16:41:03Z

Yashvitoursin: new redirect

#redirect[[Jassian]]