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India–Micronesia relations

2026-04-29T20:03:08Z

Yashpaul0: new post

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Federated States of Micronesia|India|Micronesia|map=India_FSMicronesia_Locator.png}}

'''India–Micronesia relations''' are the [[international relations]] that exist between the Republic of [[India]] and the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] (FSM). The Embassy of India in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] is concurrently accredited to FSM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassymanila.in/eoi.php?id=ContactInfo|title=Contact Us|website=Embassy of India, Manila, Philippines|language=en|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025231928/http://www.indembassymanila.in/eoi.php?id=ContactInfo|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Diplomatic Relations|Diplomatic relations]] between India and Federated States of Micronesia were established on 29 November 1996.<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries With Which the Federated States of Micronesia Has Established Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.fsmgov.org/diprel.html|website=Government of the Federated States of Micronesia|access-date=19 April 2017|date=14 September 2016}}</ref> Since then, the two countries have conducted regular consultation and dialogue through the [[Small Island Developing States|small island developing states]] (SIDS) forum of the [[United Nations]] (UN), of which Micronesia is a member. The country is also a member of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], of which India is an official dialogue partner. Bilateral relations received a boost following the initiation of the Forum of India-Pacific Islands Cooperation by the [[Narendra Modi]] government in 2014.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=India - Federated States of Micronesia Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Micronesia_09_02_2016_english.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113854/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Micronesia_09_02_2016_english.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh" /> A Micronesian delegation including Assistant Deputy Secretary for Asian Affairs Brendy Carl, and other senior officials attended the first India-Forum for Pacific Island Countries (FIPIC) Summit hosted in [[Suva]], [[Fiji]] on 19 November 2014 by Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|first1=Jyoti|title=Samoa PM Coming Here|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2014/11/17/samoa-pm-coming-here/|website=Fiji Sun|access-date=17 April 2017|location=Suva|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="JagranJosh">{{cite web|title=Second Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/second-forum-for-indiapacific-islands-cooperation-fipic-summit-held-in-jaipur-1440570425-1|website=Jagran Josh|access-date=16 April 2017|date=26 January 2015}}</ref>

Micronesia voted for India's candidature for a Non-Permanent Seat on the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] for the year 2011–12.<ref name="MEA2016" /> Minister of Health and Social Affairs Vita Skilling and National Child Health Physician Anamaria Akapito Yomai participated in the Second High Level Meeting (HLM) on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific held at [[New Delhi]] in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2013 |title=India-Palau, Federated States of Micronesia and Marshal Islands Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Palau_December_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418161935/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Palau_December_2013.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AGENDA FOR HLM2|url=http://hlmdelhi2013.org/agenda-for-hlm2/|website=2nd High Level Meeting on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE SECOND HIGH LEVEL MEETINGON SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION FOR CHILD RIGHTSIN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC|url=https://www.unicef.org/eapro/HLM2_report_2014-04-07.pdf|website=UNICEF|access-date=19 April 2017|date=April 2014|archive-date=2015-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905223634/http://www.unicef.org/eapro/HLM2_report_2014-04-07.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vice-President Yosiwo Palikkun George led a Micronesian delegation to attend the 2nd Summit of [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation|Forum for India Pacific Islands Cooperation]] (FIPIC) held in [[Jaipur]] on 21 August 2015.<ref name="AnnualReport2015-16">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-16|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/26525_26525_External_Affairs_English_AR_2015-16_Final_compressed.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=19 April 2017|location=New Delhi|date=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-fipic-summit-stresses-on-potential-in-ocean-economy-2116917|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates FIPIC summit; stresses on potential in ocean economy {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2015-08-21|work=dna|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pm-modi-to-attend-second-fipic-summit-in-jaipur-today-115082100122_1.html|title=PM Modi to attend second FIPIC summit in Jaipur today|last=ANI|date=2015-08-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref>

[[INS Satpura|INS ''Satpura'']] visited [[Pohnpei]] on 18–19 August 2016 after participating in [[Exercise RIMPAC|RIMPAC]]-16, and was the first [[Indian Navy]] ship to visit the country. The crew of the ship met with the FSM's Division of Maritime Surveillance, and senior Government and military authorities, and also held sporting and cultural interactions.<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Satpura Visits Pohnpei, Micronesia|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148997|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=19 April 2017|date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=INS Satpura first Indian Navy ship to visit Pohnpei, Micronesia|url=http://navaltoday.com/2016/08/19/ins-satpura-first-indian-navy-ship-to-visit-pohnpei-micronesia/|website=Naval Today|access-date=19 April 2017|date=19 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Naval ship visits Micronesia|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/indian-naval-ship-visits-micronesia-122404410.html|website=Yahoo! News|access-date=19 April 2017|location=New Delhi|language=en-IN|date=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rahmat|first1=Ridzwan|title=Indian Navy makes inaugural port call in Micronesia|url=http://www.janes.com/article/63088/indian-navy-makes-inaugural-port-call-in-micronesia|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=19 April 2017|location=Singapore|date=19 August 2016}}</ref>

Minister of State, Ministry of Science and Technology, & Ministry of Earth Sciences [[Y. S. Chowdary|Y.S. Chowdary]] visited Micronesia in January 2017 and met with Micronesian President [[Peter M. Christian|Peter Christian]]. Following the visit, Chowdary stated that Micronesia had agreed to support India's candidature for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=Republics of Palau, Micronesia to support India's Candidature for UN Permanent membership|url=http://www.yschowdary.com/republics-of-palau-micronesia-to-support-indias-candidature-for-un-permanent-membership/|website=yschowdary.com|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928160923/http://www.yschowdary.com/republics-of-palau-micronesia-to-support-indias-candidature-for-un-permanent-membership/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Trade ==
[[Bilateral trade]] between India and the FSM totaled US$600,000 in 2013–14, rising from $180,000 the previous fiscal. India exported $570,000 worth of goods to Micronesia and imported $100,000. The main commodities exported by India to Micronesia are pharmaceuticals, apparel and clothing, and electrical machinery and equipment. The commodities imported by India from Micronesia are natural or cultured pearls, precious and semi-precious stones, imitation jewellery, and coins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Total Trade|url=http://commerce.gov.in/EIDB.aspx|website=Department of Commerce|access-date=15 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

At the 2nd FIPIC Summit, Prime Minister Modi announced that a FIPIC Trade Office would be opened at the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]] premises in New Delhi. The trade office, named the FIPIC Business Accelerator, was officially opened on 7 September 2015. The [[Confederation of Indian Industries]] (CII) has also established a dedicated department at its headquarters in New Delhi focusing on boosting trade with Pacific Island Countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Page 1 of 3 India - Samoa Bilateral Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611001659/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

==Cultural relations==
As of January 2016, 37 Indians reside in Micronesia.<ref name="MEA2016" /> Boats carrying Indian [[asylum seeker]]s and [[economic migrant]]s attempting to sail to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], have occasionally washed up on a shore in Micronesia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asylum seeker boat lands on small Micronesian island trying to get to Australia|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-21/asylum-seeker-boat-lands-on-small-micronesian-island-tyring-to-/5908060|website=ABC News|access-date=19 April 2017|language=en-AU|date=21 November 2014}}</ref>

==Foreign aid==
India announced that it would provide a [[grant-in-aid]] of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including FSM, at the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|date=2007|publisher=The University of the South Pacific|isbn=9789820203884|page=275|language=en|last1=Crocombe|first1=R. G.|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The amount was increased to US$125,000 annually from 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2015 |title=India-Tuvalu Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429113221/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs India}}</ref> At the first FIPIC Summit on 19 November 2014, Prime Minister Modi announced numerous steps that India would take to improve relations with Pacific Island countries, including FSM, such as easing visa policies, increase in grant-in-aid to Pacific Island Countries to $200,000 each annually, and several measures to boost bilateral trade and aid in the development of the Pacific Island countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=India – Tonga Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070313/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

India provided grants of nearly $50,000 in 2005 to procure machinery for extraction of virgin coconut oil, $74,000 in 2009 to procure machinery for the coconut industry, grant-in-aid of $100,000 in 2011 to upgrade and increase the production of coconut crude oil in the FSM. India provided $200,000 to enable FSM to conduct an integrated agriculture census in 2015.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Citizens of Micronesia are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]].<ref name="MEA2016" />

==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Micronesia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Federated States of Micronesia relations}}
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Micronesia, Federated States of]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the Federated States of Micronesia]]

1964 Calcutta riots

2026-04-23T13:35:05Z

Yashpaul0: Starting A Stub

{{Short description|Religious riots in Calcutta, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1964 Calcutta riots
| location = [[Calcutta]] (presently known as [[Kolkata]])
| date = January 1964
| partof = [[Religious violence in India]]
| target = [[Islam in India|Muslims]]
| fatalities = '''Official''': 264 (mostly [[Muslims]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Home Affairs |first=Government of India |author-link=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |date=11 February 1964 |title=Communal Disturbances in West Bengal: Shri G. L. Nanda's Statement in Parliament |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveFirstPhase/HOME%20AFFAIRS/1964/HOM-1964-02-11-6015.pdf |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB Archive]] |page=3 |id=6015}}</ref><ref name="WC">{{Cite news |date=25 July 1964 |title=Widespread Communal Riots in India and Pakistan |page=1 |work=[[Keesing's Contemporary Archives]] |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1310-1962-xx-xx-KS-a-JZW.pdf |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huda |first=Kashif ul |date=2009-05-23 |title=Communal Riots and Jamshedpur |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/21/commentary/communal-riots-and-jamshedpur.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 1965 |title=Recurrent Exodus of Minorities from East Pakistan and Disturbances in India |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/India-minorities-East-Pakistan-fact-finding-report-1965-eng.pdf |website=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |page=307}}</ref>
*208 due to communal violence
*56 due to police and military action
<br/>'''Unofficial estimates''': 100-500<ref name="OD">{{Cite news |date=1964-01-13 |title=1964: Riots in Calcutta leave more than 100 dead |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4098000/4098363.stm |access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref><ref name="WC"/>
| injuries = 430+
| motive = {{Bulleted list
|Revenge for the [[1964 East Pakistan riots]]
|Communal violence}}
}}
The '''1964 Calcutta riot''' was a [[religious riot]] that occurred in January 1964 and spread throughout the city of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. This event was the first intense religious violence in the city since the [[Direct Action Day|1946 riots]].<ref name="OD"/><ref name="AU">{{Cite news |date=1964-01-12 |title=TOLL IN CALCUTTA PUT AT 60 IN RIOTS; Mob Kills 3 Policemen —Army Units Moved In |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/12/archives/toll-in-calcutta-put-at-60-in-riots-hindu-mob-kills-3-policemen.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANNEX II (7) Survey on Hindu Muslim Riots (1917 to 1977) {{!}} Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying |url=https://dahd.nic.in/related-links/annex-ii-7-survey-hindu-muslim-riots-1917-1977 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=dahd.nic.in}}</ref>

The violence included attacks resulting in bloodshed, property destruction, and organized looting, which led to the death of at least 264 people, according to official records. Unofficial estimates of casualties ranged from 100 to 500. Reports indicated that as many as 70,000 Muslim residents fled their homes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Anwesha |title=Calcutta's Muslims after Partition |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/calcuttas-muslims-after-partition-2961151 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=The Daily Star |date=14 February 2022 |language=en |quote=more than 70,000 Calcutta hindus fled their homes during these riots}}</ref>

== Background ==
The violence in Calcutta began to develop on 27 December 1963, when a sacred relic believed by many to be a strand from the beard of Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]] was stolen from the [[Hazratbal Shrine]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. This incident sparked protests and mass agitation, which fueled hatred towards the minority Hindu community in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) and eventually led to a [[1964 East Pakistan riots|violent riot]] turning into an exodus in the border districts of present-day [[Khulna Division]], resulting in the deaths of 29 Hindus.

Despite strict international border controls, several hundred Hindu refugees crossed into the adjacent Hindu-majority Indian state of [[West Bengal]] due to the harsh conditions of the riot. As they moved towards Calcutta, approximately 30 miles from the frontier, they narrated stories of torture they suffered in [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] and [[Jessore District|Jessore]], which incited retaliation against Muslims in rural areas of West Bengal. By the evening of 9 January 1964, the impoverished slums on the eastern outskirts of Calcutta began to stir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-01-14 |title=News Analysis; Root of Calcutta's Riots; Behind Violence in the Name of Religion Are Pressures of Underfed Proletariat |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/14/archives/news-analysis-root-of-calcuttas-riots-behind-violence-in-the-name.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{{Expand section|date=May 2023}}

=== 8 January ===
The news of violence against Hindus in East Pakistan spread throughout the city and suburbs by local press and migrated refugees. The resentment of the Hindu community first started to appear at the late hours of 8 January as Muslim stalls in the [[Sealdah]] area of central Calcutta were shut down by Hindu mobs.<ref name="HC">{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Suranjan |date=2000 |title=The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/313064 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000336X |jstor=313064 |issn=0026-749X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== 9 January ===
Public meetings were held in various parts of the city to protest against the aggression of Muslims towards Hindus in East Pakistan. A large procession marched to the [[Deputy High Commissioner]] of East Pakistan demanding protection from the Pakistani government for Hindu victims and ensuring proper punishment for the people involved in violence there. They also burned effigies of [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani]] [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan]]. The problems precipitated when an evening procession mostly done by students was attacked by a Muslim group with sticks, bricks, and soda-water bottles at Wellington Crossing. The same night a Hindu was stabbed to death by Muslim mobs in central Kolkata resulting in intense hatred among local Hindus which developed central Kolkata into the hotspot of the riot in the coming days.<ref name="HC"/>

=== 10 January ===
On the morning of Friday, 10 January, communal incidents occurred in the [[Taltola Assembly constituency|Taltolla]], [[Beniapukur]], [[Entally]], and [[Beliaghata]] police station areas of Calcutta where stray cases of assault, arson, and looting were reported. The [[Calcutta Police|police]] opened fire on five occasions and used 36 rounds of [[tear gas]]. Besides this, Hindu students in and around Calcutta boycotted schools and colleges and organized a march to Pakistan High Commissioner in order to protest against the communal violence in East Pakistan, which took the life of 29 Hindus. During this, a sudden involvement and confrontation of police caused the death of a protester named Bahudeb Sen, a BA first-year student from [[Dinabandhu Andrews College|Andrew's College]], who was shot by police firing near [[Jadavpur]]. The situation began to get worse after that and evoked considerable agitated response among the youth, the masses, and the intelligentsia. On the other hand, the [[Bangaon]] region along with [[Maheshtala]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], Beliaghata, Entally and [[Rajpur Sonarpur|Sonarpur]] witnessed mob clashing with the police.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Mayurakshi |date=2018-01-01 |title=Title: Calcutta Cauldron: City-life during the January 1964 Riots |url=https://www.academia.edu/43473655 |journal=Indian History Congress Proceedings}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Mapping the Communal Space of Kolkata; History, Spatial Identity and Beyond |url=https://www.gsmp.in/uploads/journal/20220716002142.pdf |journal=Garia Society for Studies of Marginal People}}</ref>

=== 11 January ===
The riot started to reach its peak intensity in Calcutta as the [[Indian Army|Army]] had to be called in on 11 January to quell the rioting. The areas of Jadavpur, [[Budge Budge|Budge-Budge]], [[Metiabruz]], Maheshtala and Sonarpur were clamped with 10pm-5am curfew. The situation at the outskirts of the city was also grim as in [[Gaighata]] near Bangaon three policemen were killed by a group of Hindu mobs because the policemen ordered the Hindus not to attack a Muslim village.

Units of the Indian Army moved into Calcutta in the afternoon to reinforce the city. The army opened fire on mobs and looters twice before nightfall, according to official reports. 8 of the city's 10 police wards were silenced by a dusk-to-dawn curfew that night, and soldiers patrolled the streets in the slum areas in eastern Calcutta. By night, the officials estimated that over sixty people were killed in the last three days. More than 50 cases of arson were reported just on that one day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-01-12 |title=TOLL IN CALCUTTA PUT AT 60 IN RIOTS; Hindu Mob Kills 3 Policemen —Army Units Moved In |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/12/archives/toll-in-calcutta-put-at-60-in-riots-hindu-mob-kills-3-policemen.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

From 9 to 11 January, about 20,000 people crossed the border to enter Pakistan, with females and children outnumbering males by three to one. Government relief for them in Pakistan was extremely inadequate, but local people came forward to help. To deal with this sudden influx, a Central Relief Committee was established in Jessore, one of the border districts of East Pakistan, with [[Ahmed Ali Sardar]] M.N.A. as Chairman and [[Mosharraf Hossain (Jessore politician)|Mosharraf Hossain]] L.L.B. as Secretary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 1964 |title=20,000 Cross to Pakistan |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/newspapers/paob19640113-01.1.1 |work=[[The Pakistan Observer]] |pages=1, 8}}</ref>

=== 12 January ===
The riot continued with the same intensity on 12 January. Mosques and Muslim shops and homes were set afire with kerosene-soaked rags. Harsh violence were continued to be reported from various parts of the city like Sealdah, Taltola, Beliaghata, Entally, Beniapukur, [[Garia]]. The death toll was not announced that night, although nine more dead bodies were to yet to be found. Another army battalion was ordered to Calcutta along with three police battalions from neighboring states to establish law and order in the city.

=== 13 January ===
The condition of the Muslim community became very harsh by 13 January. The official death toll crossed 100, more than 70,000 Muslims were estimated to fled their homes in the city, and 55,000 were sleeping in the open under army protection at that point of time. Although there had been several incidents of stabbing and bombing, most of the riots resulted in the looting and burning of Muslim property. More than 110 people had to be hospitalised following the shootings and firemen had to deal with 200 cases of arson since the start of the riot. Two rubber factories were set on fire along with a number of shops, homes and dwellings.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

A 24-hour curfew was extended to five areas of the city occupied by police officers following the increase in number of arson attacks and looting against Muslims. Buses and trams were taken off the road and most shops and markets had been shut down. The [[Government of India|Indian Government]] claimed the trouble in Calcutta to be a "huge loss of life".{{fact|date=October 2025}}

== Casualties and displacement ==
Official and independent sources provide varying figures for casualties. The ''New York Times'' reported a death toll of 60 by 12 January, mostly in clashes between police and Hindu demonstrators.<ref name="AU"/> The ''BBC'' reported that more than 100 people had died by 13 January.<ref name="OD"/> A U.S. State Department document from the period estimated the death toll in Calcutta and surrounding areas at around 175, but noted the total could be higher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian: "Current Situation, Calcutta Riots" |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v25/d4 }}</ref>

Over 70,000 Muslims were displaced from their homes in Calcutta, with tens of thousands seeking refuge under army protection. The violence also prompted a significant influx of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan.<ref name="OD"/>

== Government and Army response ==
The Indian government responded swiftly, deploying the army and imposing curfews. Police and military forces were authorized to open fire on violent mobs. Union Home Minister [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] visited affected areas and emphasized the protection of Muslim lives.<ref name="OD"/> Public transport was suspended, and most shops and markets were closed.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

== Broader context and consequences ==
The riots occurred against a backdrop of long-standing communal tensions, exacerbated by the recent influx of refugees and the legacy of partition-era violence. The violence deepened communal divides and contributed to the further ghettoization of Muslim communities in Calcutta. The riots also underscored the fragility of communal harmony in post-independence India.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

== Summary ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Key Events
!Outcome
|-
|27 Dec 1963
|Theft of Hazratbal relic; protests in East Pakistan
|Communal tensions rise
|-
|9–10 Jan 1964
|Violence in Calcutta; police firing; student killed
|Tensions escalate
|-
|11 Jan 1964
|Army deployed; curfew imposed; peak violence
|60+ killed in three days
|-
|12–13 Jan 1964
|Continued arson, looting, displacement
|100+ dead; 70,000 displaced
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calcutta riots, 1964}}
[[Category:1964 in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1960s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1964 riots]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu riots in India]]
[[Category:1960s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:January 1964 in Asia]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1960s]]
[[Category:1964 fires]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:1964 mass murders]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Mosque arson in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1964]]
[[Category:20th-century attacks on mosques]]

V. Subbaiah Naicker

2026-04-23T08:31:08Z

Yashpaul0: creating stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Subbaiah Naicker
| relations =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| predecessor = Selvaraj
| successor =
| party = Independent politician
}}

'''V. Subbaiah Naicker''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an Independent candidate from [[Kovilpatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Kovilpatti constituency]] in [[1957 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1957 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf 1957 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suppaya Naicker, V.}}
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Mera Chouba Singha

2026-04-20T03:44:44Z

Yashpaul0: added new bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mera Chouba Singha
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1972
| predecessor = [[Ram Prasad Choubey]]
| successor = [[Kazi Kutubuddin Ahmed]]
| constituency = [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Mera Chouba Singha''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur constituency]] in the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], serving two terms from 1967-78.<ref name="AssamECI1951">{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref name="Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1967-72">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1967-72.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1967-72 | publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singha, Mera Chouba}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

2020–21 Indian Super League

2026-04-18T00:32:06Z

Yashpaul0: Starting Details

{{Short description|7th season of the Hero Indian Super League}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox football league season
| image = File:2020–21_Indian_Super_League_poster.png
| pixels = 220
| caption = League announcement poster
| competition = [[Indian Super League]]
| season = [[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]]
| dates = 20 November 2020 – 13 March 2021
| winners = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br/>1st ISL Cup title<br/>1st [[List of Indian football champions|Indian title]]
| shieldtitle = League Winners' Shield
| shield = Mumbai City<br/>1st ISL Shield title
| continentalcup1 = [[2022 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| continentalcup2 = [[2022 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| continentalcup2 qualifiers = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| matches = 115
| total goals = 298
| league topscorer = [[Igor Angulo]]<br>[[Roy Krishna]]<br>(14 goals each)
| best goalkeeper = [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]<br>(108.95 mins per goal)
| biggest home win = {{nowrap|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] 4–0 [[Kerala Blasters]]}}<br/>(16 February 2021)
| biggest away win = {{nowrap|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}} 1–6 [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br/>(24 February 2021)
| highest scoring = {{nowrap|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] 6–5 [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]}}<br/>(27 February 2021)
| longest wins = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]<br/>(5 games)
| longest unbeaten = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br/>(15 games)
| longest winless = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br/>(10 games)
| longest losses = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]], [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br/>(4 games)
| prevseason = [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
| nextseason = [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2020–21 Indian Super League season''' was the seventh season of the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) since its formation and the 25th season of the top division of the [[Indian football league system]]. The season started on 20 November 2020 and ended on 13 March 2021. It was hosted [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] across three venues in [[Goa]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].

[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] won the trophy, having defeated [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] in the [[2021 Indian Super League final|final]], and also won the League Winners Shield. Thus, Mumbai City became the first club to win the ISL trophy and the League Winners Shield in a single season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai City FC beat ATK Mohun Bagan FC in Hero ISL 2020-21/final to clinch their first ever title|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-fc-win-maiden-isl-title-beat-atk-mohun-bagan-2-1/articleshow/81486858.cms}}</ref>

==Changes from last season==
*Each club had the option of signing a minimum of five and a maximum of seven foreign players. Still, unlike the previous season, there should be at least one overseas player who hails from an [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]–affiliated country.
*The maximum squad size was increased as the clubs were allowed to register up to 35 players in their squad.<ref name="goal.com super league regs">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-isl-regulations-2020-21/6kh1pwx4m6hg1exdpkb813mkx|title=Indian Super League's regulations for 2020-21 season|access-date=2020-03-22|website=www.goal.com|author=Nisanth V Easwar|language=en|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322145745/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-isl-regulations-2020-21/6kh1pwx4m6hg1exdpkb813mkx|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The number of substitutions allowed, was increased from 3 players to 5 players.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISL allows maximum five substitutes for 2020-21 season |url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4231853/isl-allows-maximum-five-substitutes-for-2020-21-season |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=[[ESPN]] |date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114520/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4231853/isl-allows-maximum-five-substitutes-for-2020-21-season |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], all matches during the 2020–21 season was played behind closed doors across three venues in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa to host ISL, first big sporting spectacle in times of pandemic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-isl-first-big-sporting-spectacle-in-times-of-pandemic/articleshow/77583618.cms |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-isl-first-big-sporting-spectacle-in-times-of-pandemic/articleshow/77583618.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The venues were the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao]], the [[GMC Athletic Stadium]] in [[Bambolim]], and the [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]].<ref name="covid">{{cite news |title=Goa gets a thumbs up to stage Hero Indian Super League 2020-21 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/goa-gets-a-thumbs-up-to-stage-hero-indian-super-league-2020-21 |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Indian Super League |date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029052014/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/goa-gets-a-thumbs-up-to-stage-hero-indian-super-league-2020-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The host venues for each team were revealed on 18 August 2020.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last1=Mergulhao |first1=Marcus |title=ISL opts for league standings to decide groups and home grounds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-opts-for-league-standings-to-decide-groups-and-home-grounds/articleshow/77601617.cms |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206141756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-opts-for-league-standings-to-decide-groups-and-home-grounds/articleshow/77601617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In June–July 2020; '''KGSPL''', the owners of '''[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]''', officially disbanded their football team and bought a majority stake in '''Mohun Bagan FC (India) Private Limited''' and rebranded Mohun Bagan football section as '''[[ATK Mohun Bagan]]''' which took the spot of ATK
*On 27 September 2020, [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] joined the league as an expansion team and thus became the 11th team.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nita Ambani: SC East Bengal's inclusion throws open limitless opportunities for Indian football |date=27 September 2020 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football |website=indiansuperleague.com |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010181118/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Since, all the matches were played in neutral venues, there was no [[Away goals rule|away goal rule]] applied in the playoffs of this season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |title=ISL 2021-22 semi-finals: Jamshedpur FC, Kerala Blasters, ATK Mohun Bagan, Hyderabad FC in final four - watch live streaming |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/isl-2021-22-semi-final-schedule-fixtures-india-match-start-time-live-streaming |website=olympics.com |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816024053/https://www.olympics.com/en/news/isl-2021-22-semi-final-schedule-fixtures-india-match-start-time-live-streaming |archive-date=16 August 2024 |date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Teams==
===Stadiums and locations===
{{location map+ |India |float=right
|width=350
|alt=Locations of the Indian Super League teams
|caption=Locations of the Indian Super League teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.58 |long=77.34 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08389 |long=80.27000 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=15.49300 |long=73.81800 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.47 |long=86.12 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.4121531|long=78.1278513 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;>{{nowrap|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.11|long=91.44|label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast<br/>United]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=20.2878|long=85.82381|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=9.97|long=76.28|label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972|label= <div style="font-size:100%;"> '''Kolkata'''
</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=18.0 |long=86 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''Kolkata teams'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[ATK Mohun Bagan]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[SC East Bengal]]}}<br>
</div>
|position=right}}
}}

<section end="map" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Location
! Host venue
! Capacity
|-
| [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|rowspan=3|[[Fatorda Stadium]]<ref name="toi"/>
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"|{{Nts|18,600}}
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|rowspan=4|[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]<ref name="toi"/>
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{Nts|3,000}}
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[SC East Bengal]]
| [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2020-21 full fixtures: Complete ISL schedule, match timings in IST, teams and venues|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-season-7-goa-schedule-fixtures-starting-date-match-timings-venues-atk-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-bengaluru-chennaiyin-kerala-blasters-mumbai-city/article32909453.ece|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Sportstar|date=30 October 2020 |language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101003815/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-season-7-goa-schedule-fixtures-starting-date-match-timings-venues-atk-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-bengaluru-chennaiyin-kerala-blasters-mumbai-city/article32909453.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |{{Nts|5,000}}
|-
| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|}

{{location map+ |India Goa|float=right
|width=240
|caption=Locations of the stadiums in Goa
|places=
{{location map~ |India Goa|lat=15.40 |long=73.81 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]'''}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Goa|lat=15.28 |long=73.96 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Fatorda Stadium]]'''}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India Goa|lat=15.46 |long=73.86 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]'''}}</div>|position=right}}
}}<section end=map />

===Personnel and sponsorship===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%"
|-
!scope=col| Team
!scope=col| Head coach
!scope=col| Captain(s)
!scope=col class=unsortable| Kit manufacturer
!scope=col class=unsortable| Main sponsor
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Antonio|López Habas}}<ref>{{cite news |title=ISL 2020-21: ATK Mohun Bagan coach Habas, Spanish players to arrive in Goa on Sunday |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-coach-antonio-habas-spanish-players-goa/article32761892.ece |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018192847/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-coach-antonio-habas-spanish-players-goa/article32761892.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Plainlist|
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Pritam|Kotal}}
* {{flagicon|FIJ}} {{sortname|Roy|Krishna}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Sandesh|Jhingan}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Arindam|Bhattacharya|Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Edu|Garcia}}{{efn|name=notes|Coach Habas announced five players will be given the captain's armband in rotation.|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-coach-antonio-habas-spanish-players-goa/article32761892.ece}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/atk-mohun-bagan-captains-jhingan-roy-krishna-kotal-isl-2020-21-indian-football-news/article33102526.ece|title=ISL 2020-21: Habas names five captains for ATK Mohun Bagan|date=15 November 2020 }}</ref>
}}
|[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=atkmohunbaganfc |number=1327197220127567875 |date=12 November 2020 |title=We're delighted to announce Nivia Sports as our Kit Partner for the 2020-21 season!!|link=https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1327197220127567875|access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108133543/https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1327197220127567875|archive-date=8 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-13|title=ISL 2020-21: ATK Mohun Bagan ropes in Nivia sports as kit sponsor for ISL 2020|url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-ropes-in-nivia-sports-as-kit-sponsor-for-isl-2020/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=insidesport.co|language=en-gb|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130001152/https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-ropes-in-nivia-sports-as-kit-sponsor-for-isl-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[SBOBET|SBOTOP]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=atkmohunbaganfc |number=1324645418697809924 |date=6 November 2020 |title=ATK Mohun Bagan is delighted to announce SBOTOP.net as our Principal team sponsor for the 2020-21 Season.|link=https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1324645418697809924 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108133543/https://twitter.com/atkmohunbaganfc/status/1324645418697809924 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naushad Moosa]] (interim head coach)<ref>"ISL 2020-21 News: Bengaluru FC and Carles Cuadrat part ways". Sportstar. The Hindu. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021</ref>
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Sunil|Chhetri}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/998025/indian-football-captain-sunil-chhetri-extends-bengaluru-fc-stay-till-2023|title = Indian Football: Captain Sunil Chhetri extends Bengaluru FC stay till 2023| date=20 June 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru FC and PUMA extend partnership |date=17 September 2020 |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2020/club-news/bengaluru-fc-puma-extend-partnership/ |publisher=Bengaluru FC Media |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917131055/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2020/club-news/bengaluru-fc-puma-extend-partnership/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[JSW Group|JSW]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2020-21 season marks the return of JSW Group as the principal sponsor |url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1307374026650603521 |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=Bengaluru FC (Twitter) |date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919174325/https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1307374026650603521 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|HUN}} {{sortname|Csaba|László|Csaba László (footballer, born 1964)}}<ref name="laszlo"/>
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Rafael |Crivellaro}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-news-updates-chennaiyin-fc-captain-rafael-crivellaro-anirudh-thapa/article33148079.ece|title = ISL 2020-21 news: Chennaiyin FC names Rafael Crivellaro as captain| date=21 November 2020 }}</ref>
| Performax
| [[Apollo Tyres]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CHENNAIYIN F.C. |url=https://www.apollotyres.com/en-in/car-suv-van/car-suv-van-campaigns/chennaiyin_fc/ |website=apollotyres.com |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913043853/https://www.apollotyres.com/en-in/car-suv-van/car-suv-van-campaigns/chennaiyin_fc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Robbie|Fowler}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Fowler becomes coach at Indian side SC East Bengal |url=https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/fowler-becomes-coach-at-indian-side-east-bengal |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=The Asian Football Confederation |date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013000144/https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/fowler-becomes-coach-at-indian-side-east-bengal |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sortname|Danny|Fox}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2020-21: Daniel Fox named SC East Bengal captain|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/who-is-east-bengal-captain-daniel-fox-premier-league-defender-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby-sports-news/article33182531.ece|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Sportstar|date=26 November 2020 |language=en|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611044308/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/who-is-east-bengal-captain-daniel-fox-premier-league-defender-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby-sports-news/article33182531.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=tykasports |author=[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]] |number=1323943746594086923 |date=4 November 2020 |title=Proud to be associated with sceastbengalofficial as their official kit supplier.|link=https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122170915/https://twitter.com/tykasports/status/1323943746594086923 |archive-date=22 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
||[[Shree Cement]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SC East Bengal official website (front page) |url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |website=sceastbengal.co |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123857/https://www.sceastbengal.co/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Juan|Ferrando}}<ref name="juan"/>
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Edu|Bedia}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-goa-captain-bedia-show-caused-by-aiff-for-unsporting-behaviour-towards-opponent/articleshow/80989802.cms|title = Edu Bedia: FC Goa captain Bedia show-caused by AIFF for 'unsporting behaviour' towards opponent | Football News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=16 February 2021 }}</ref>
| [[SIX5SIX]]<ref>{{cite web |title=FC Goa announces SIX5SIX as Official Kit Partner |url=https://fcgoa.in/media/press/fc-goa-announces-six5six-as-official-kit-partner |website=fcgoa.in |date=22 September 2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004153252/https://fcgoa.in/media/press/fc-goa-announces-six5six-as-official-kit-partner |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Indinews<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-20|title=FC Goa announces INDINEWS as Title Sponsor for 2020-21 season of the Indian Super League|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/uncategorised/fc-goa-announces-indinews-as-title-sponsor-for-2020-21-season-of-the-indian-super-league|access-date=2021-07-14|website=FC Goa|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Manuel|Roca|Manuel Márquez Roca}}<ref name="mroca"/>
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Aridane|Santana}}
|T10 Sports
| Andslite
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sortname|Owen|Coyle}}<ref name="owen"/>
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Peter|Hartley|Peter Hartley (footballer)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/peter-hartley-to-captain-jfc-this-season/cid/1796747|title=Peter Hartley to captain JFC this season}}</ref>
|[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Jamshedpur Football Club|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422000127/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Tata Steel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About US: Jamshedpur FC |url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/about-us |website=fcjamshedpur.com |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129113123/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]] (interim head coach)
|{{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|ZIM}} {{sortname|Costa|Nhamoinesu}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Jessel|Carneiro}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2020/11/19/indian-super-league-season-7-kerala-blasters-captains.html|title = Kerala Blasters name captains for ISL Season 7}}</ref>
}}
| Reyaur Sports<ref name="ker">{{cite web |title=Kerala Blasters official website (front page) |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/ |website=keralablastersfc.in |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027223142/https://keralablastersfc.in/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[BYJU'S]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BYJU'S join hands with KBFC as title sponsor|date=7 November 2020|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/byjus-join-hands-with-kbfc-as-title-sponsor/|website=keralablastersfc.in|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115041403/https://keralablastersfc.in/byjus-join-hands-with-kbfc-as-title-sponsor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Sergio|Lobera}}<ref name="Lobera"/>
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Amrinder|Singh}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/sergio-is-the-best-coach-ive-played-under-says-mumbai-city-fc-captain-amrinder-singh/articleshow/80918174.cms|title = Mumbai City FC: Sergio is the best coach I've played under, says Mumbai City FC captain Amrinder Singh | Football News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=15 February 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<ref>{{cite web|title=PUMA and Mumbai City sign long-term strategic partnership|date=20 October 2020|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/article/puma-and-mumbai-city-sign-long-term-strategic-partnership|publisher=Mumbai City FC Media|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023055902/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/article/puma-and-mumbai-city-sign-long-term-strategic-partnership|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Dafabet|DafaNews]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai City FC official website (front page) |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/ |website=mumbaicityfc.com |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010133308/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/ |archive-date=10 October 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Khalid|Jamil}} (Interim head coach)<ref name="nus"/>
| {{Plainlist |
* {{flagicon|BEL}} {{sortname|Benjamin|Lambot}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Lalengmawia|}}
* {{flagicon|URU}} {{sortname|Federico|Gallego}}
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]
}}
| Performax
| [[John Abraham|JA Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NorthEast United FC official website (front page) |url=https://www.neutdfc.com/ |website=neutdfc.com |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122080526/https://www.neutdfc.com/ |archive-date=22 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Gerry Peyton]] (Interim head coach)
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Steven|Taylor|Steven Taylor (footballer)}}
| T10 Sports<ref>{{cite web |title=T10 Sports becomes Odisha FC's Official Kit Partner |url=https://medium.com/@OdishaFC/t10-sports-becomes-odisha-fcs-official-kit-partner-c659e51c6298 |website=medium.com |date=8 September 2020 |publisher=Odisha FC |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913043819/https://medium.com/@OdishaFC/t10-sports-becomes-odisha-fcs-official-kit-partner-c659e51c6298 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Government of Odisha|Odisha Tourism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha FC - Partners|url=https://www.odishafc.com/#partners|website=OdishaFC.com|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}

===Managerial changes===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| Team
!scope=col| Outgoing manager
!scope=col| Manner of departure
!scope=col| Date of vacancy
! scope=col class=unsortable| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
!scope=col| Position in table
!scope=col| Incoming manager
!scope=col| Date of appointment
! scope=col class=unsortable| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} {{sortname|Eelco|Schattorie}}
| Sacked
| 22 April 2020
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Blasters parts ways with Eelco Schattorie |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-sacks-eelco-schattorie-isl-news/article31402381.ece |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114522/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-sacks-eelco-schattorie-isl-news/article31402381.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="9" align="center" | ''Pre-season''
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Kibu|Vicuña}}
| 23 April 2020
| <ref name="kibu">{{cite news |title=Kerala Blasters appoint Kibu Vicuna as new head coach |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/kerala-blasters-appoint-kibu-vicuna-as-new-head-coach |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Indian Super League |date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425184647/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/kerala-blasters-appoint-kibu-vicuna-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Clifford|Miranda}}
| rowspan="2" | End of interim period
| 30 April 2020
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Miranda named interim coach, Pereira technical director of FC Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/miranda-named-interim-coach-pereira-technical-director-of-fc-goa/articleshow/73907618.cms |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=PTI |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/miranda-named-interim-coach-pereira-technical-director-of-fc-goa/articleshow/73907618.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Juan|Ferrando}}
| 30 April 2020
|<ref name="juan">{{cite web |title=FC Goa appoints Juan Ferrando as new Head Coach |url=https://fcgoa.in/media/press/fc-goa-appoints-juan-ferrando-as-new-head-coach |website=fcgoa.in |access-date=10 September 2020 |date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913042132/https://fcgoa.in/media/press/fc-goa-appoints-juan-ferrando-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Xavier|Gurri López}}
| 1 June 2020
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad FC's Javier Gurri Lopez - I am happy with the quality of the goalkeepers |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/hyderabad-fc-javier-gurri-lopez-happy-with-quality-of/k7ulrkxp0m631utqfrkqfzhtr |website=goal.com |date=2 April 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114529/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/hyderabad-fc-javier-gurri-lopez-happy-with-quality-of/k7ulrkxp0m631utqfrkqfzhtr |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Albert|Roca}}
| 1 June 2020
| <ref name="roca">{{cite news |title=Albert Roca leaves Hyderabad to join Koeman's staff at Barcelona |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/albert-roca-leaves-hyderabad-to-join-koeman-s-staff-at-barcelona/story-iRSa5QoF8qNv8kvxfubTPK.html |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104649/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/albert-roca-leaves-hyderabad-to-join-koeman-s-staff-at-barcelona/story-iRSa5QoF8qNv8kvxfubTPK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Josep|Gombau}}
| rowspan="1" | Mutual consent
| 18 March 2020
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha FC part ways with Josep Gombau |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/odisha-fc-part-ways-with-josep-gombau |website=indiansuperleague.com |access-date=10 September 2020 |date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913044959/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/odisha-fc-part-ways-with-josep-gombau |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sortname|Stuart|Baxter}}
| 19 June 2020
| <ref name="bax">{{cite news |title=Odisha FC appoint Stuart Baxter as new head coach for upcoming ISL |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/odisha-fc-appoint-stuart-baxter-as-new-head-coach-for-upcoming-isl-6466940/ |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913050344/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/odisha-fc-appoint-stuart-baxter-as-new-head-coach-for-upcoming-isl-6466940/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Antonio|Iriondo}}
| rowspan="1" | End of contract
| 31 May 2020
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Jamshedpur FC in search of new head coach |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-fc-in-search-of-new-head-coach/cid/1784762 |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114522/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-fc-in-search-of-new-head-coach/cid/1784762 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sortname|Owen|Coyle}}
| 7 August 2020
| <ref name="owen">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Dhiman |title=Owen Coyle joins Jamshedpur FC on two-year deal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/owen-coyle-joins-jamshedpur-fc-on-two-year-deal/story-ODqO15l2xSsGtaPoxp1ysM.html |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927005531/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/owen-coyle-joins-jamshedpur-fc-on-two-year-deal/story-ODqO15l2xSsGtaPoxp1ysM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Khalid|Jamil}}
| End of the interim period
| 25 August 2020
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=V Easwar |first1=Nisanth |title=ISL: NorthEast United rope in Gerard Nus as head coach |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-northeast-united-sign-gerard-nus-as-head-coach/12u1l76lmkwbd1qt1bdl5zc4b0 |website=goal.com |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929162351/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-northeast-united-sign-gerard-nus-as-head-coach/12u1l76lmkwbd1qt1bdl5zc4b0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Gerard|Nus}}
| 25 August 2020
|<ref name="nus">{{cite news |title=NorthEast United FC appoint Gerard Nus as their new head coach |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/northeast-united-fc-appoint-gerard-nus-as-their-new-head-coach |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Indian Super League |date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922064100/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/northeast-united-fc-appoint-gerard-nus-as-their-new-head-coach |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sortname|Owen|Coyle}}
| rowspan="1" | End of contract
| 14 March 2020
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Chennaiyin FC appoint Owen Coyle as Head Coach |url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4005715/chennaiyin-fc-appoint-owen-coyle-as-head-coach |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[ESPN]] |date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913053521/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4005715/chennaiyin-fc-appoint-owen-coyle-as-head-coach |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|HUN}} {{sortname|Csaba|László|Csaba László (footballer, born 1964)}}
| 30 August 2020
| <ref name="laszlo">{{cite news |title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC appoints Csaba Laszlo as head coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-ropes-in-csaba-laszlo-head-coach-isl-2020-owen-coyle-hungary-ferencvaros-scottish-championship-hearts-dundee-utd/article32478553.ece |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 August 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902005140/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-ropes-in-csaba-laszlo-head-coach-isl-2020-owen-coyle-hungary-ferencvaros-scottish-championship-hearts-dundee-utd/article32478553.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Albert|Roca}}
| rowspan="1" | Mutual consent
| 29 August 2020
| <ref name="roca"/>
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Manuel|Roca|Manuel Márquez Roca}}
| 31 August 2020
| <ref name="mroca">{{cite news |title=Manuel Marquez appointed as new head coach of Hyderabad FC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/manuel-marquez-hyderabad-fc-head-coach-appointment-6577521/ |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142617/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/manuel-marquez-hyderabad-fc-head-coach-appointment-6577521/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|POR}} {{sortname|Jorge|Costa}}
| End of contract
| 5 March 2020
| <ref>{{cite news |title=ISL 2019-20: Mumbai City FC parts ways with Jorge Costa |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/jorge-costa-sacked-by-mumbai-city-fc-isl-2019-20-playoffs-indian-super-league/article30988407.ece |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305190925/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/jorge-costa-sacked-by-mumbai-city-fc-isl-2019-20-playoffs-indian-super-league/article30988407.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Sergio|Lobera}}
| 12 October 2020
| <ref name="Lobera">{{cite web |title=Sergio Lobera signs with Mumbai City FC |url=https://twitter.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1315559075627888647 |website=Mumbai City FC (Twitter) |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012074529/https://twitter.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1315559075627888647 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Carles|Cuadrat}}
| Mutual consent
| 6 January 2021
| <ref name="Bengaluru FC and Carles Cuadrat part ways">{{cite news|title=ISL 2020-21 News: Bengaluru FC and Carles Cuadrat part ways|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-news-bengaluru-fc-parts-ways-with-carles-cuadrat-naushad-moosa-isl-2020-news-bfc/article33511555.ece|access-date=6 January 2021|work=Sportstar|publisher=The Hindu|date=6 January 2021|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106122549/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-news-bengaluru-fc-parts-ways-with-carles-cuadrat-naushad-moosa-isl-2020-news-bfc/article33511555.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="1" align="center" | ''5th''
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Naushad|Moosa}}
| 6 January 2021
| <ref name="Bengaluru FC and Carles Cuadrat part ways"/>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Gerard|Nus}}
| Sacked
| 12 January 2021
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2020-21 Weekly Round-up: Transfers flurry, mid-season sacking, Coyle's misery|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-weekly-round-up-mumbai-city-atk-mohun-bagan-fc-goa-gerard-nus-sacking-ishan-pandita-xisco-bfc-isl-2020-indian-football/article33594532.ece|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Sportstar|date=18 January 2021 |language=en|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205130103/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-weekly-round-up-mumbai-city-atk-mohun-bagan-fc-goa-gerard-nus-sacking-ishan-pandita-xisco-bfc-isl-2020-indian-football/article33594532.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="1" align="center" | ''7th''
| {{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Khalid|Jamil}}
| 12 January 2021
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sortname|Stuart|Baxter}}
| Sacked
| 2 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2020-21: Odisha FC part ways with Stuart Baxter after offensive comment on LIVE TV|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-odisha-fc-condemn-stuart-baxter-sack-jamshedpur-fc-rape/m0cqtgva9oss1lb20zr5ezu8q|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Goal|language=en|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202074703/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-odisha-fc-condemn-stuart-baxter-sack-jamshedpur-fc-rape/m0cqtgva9oss1lb20zr5ezu8q|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="1" align="center" | ''11th''
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Gerry Peyton]]
| 3 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title=Odisha FC appoint Gerald Peyton as interim coach|url=https://www.espn.in/football/odisha-fc/story/4306672/isl-2020-21-odisha-fc-appoint-gerald-peyton-as-interim-coach-for-remainder-of-season-after-stuart-baxter-sacking|access-date=2021-02-12|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515032150/https://www.espn.in/football/odisha-fc/story/4306672/isl-2020-21-odisha-fc-appoint-gerald-peyton-as-interim-coach-for-remainder-of-season-after-stuart-baxter-sacking|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Kibu|Vicuna}}
| Sacked
| 17 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Kerala Blasters FC and Kibu Vicuna mutually part ways|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/kerala-blasters-fc-and-kibu-vicuna-mutually-part-ways|access-date=2021-05-15|website=[[Indian Super League]]|language=en|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515054159/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/kerala-blasters-fc-and-kibu-vicuna-mutually-part-ways|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="1" align="center" | ''9th''
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
| 17 February 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=ISL: Kerala Blasters appoint Ishfaq Ahmed as interim head coach|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-kerala-blasters-appoint-ishfaq-ahmed-as-interim-head-coach/articleshow/81060374.cms|access-date=2021-05-15|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515054157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-kerala-blasters-appoint-ishfaq-ahmed-as-interim-head-coach/articleshow/81060374.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Roster changes===
{{main|List of 2020–21 Indian Super League transfers}}

==Foreign players==

'''Bold''' letters suggest the player was signed in the winter transfer window.
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:79%"
|-
!scope=col style="width:150px;"| Club
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| Player 1
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| Player 2
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| Player 3
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| Player 4
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| Player 5
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| Player 6
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| AFC Player
!scope=col style="width:173px;"| ''Former Player''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| '''{{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Marcelinho||Marcelinho Leite Pereira}}'''
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} {{sortname|Roy|Krishna}}
| {{flagicon|IRL}} {{sortname|Carl|McHugh}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Edu|García}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Javi|Hernández|dab=footballer, born 1989}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Tiri||Tiri (footballer)}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|David|Williams|David Williams (Australian soccer)}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} ''{{sortname|Brad|Inman|Brad Inman (soccer)}}''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Cleiton|Silva}}
| {{flagicon|NOR}} {{sortname|Kristian|Opseth}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Dimas|Delgado}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fran González (footballer, born 1989)|Fran González]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Juanan|}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} '''{{sortname|Xisco|Hernández}}'''
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Erik|Paartalu}}
| {{flagicon|JAM}} ''{{sortname|Deshorn|Brown}}''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flagicon|BIH}} {{sortname|Enes|Sipović}}
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Eli|Sabiá}}
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Memo||Memo (footballer)}}
| {{flagicon|GNB}} {{sortname|Esmaël|Gonçalves}}
| {{flagicon|SVK}} {{sortname|Jakub|Sylvestr}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} '''{{sortname|Manuel Lanzarote|}}'''
| {{flagicon|TJK}} {{sortname|Fatkhullo|Fatkhuloev}}
| {{flagicon|BRA}} ''{{sortname|Rafael|Crivellaro}}''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| {{flagicon|DRC}} {{sortname|Jacques|Maghoma}}
| {{flagicon|GER}} {{sortname|Matti|Steinmann}}
| {{flagicon|NGA}} '''{{sortname|Bright|Enobakhare}}'''
| {{flagicon|IRE}} {{sortname|Anthony|Pilkington}}
| {{flagicon|SCO}} {{sortname|Danny|Fox}}
| {{flagicon|WAL}} {{sortname|Aaron|Holloway|Aaron Amadi-Holloway}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Scott|Neville}}
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Alberto|Noguera}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Edu|Bedia}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Igor|Angulo}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Iván|González|Iván Garrido González}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Jorge|Ortiz|Jorge Ortiz Mendoza}}
|
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|James|Donachie}}
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|João|Victor|João Victor (footballer, born 1988)}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Aridane|Santana}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Fran|Sandaza|Francisco Sandaza}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Lluís|Sastre}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Odei|Onaindia}}
| {{flagicon|SUR}} '''{{sortname|Roland|Alberg}}'''
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Joel|Chianese}}
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Alex|Monteiro|Alex Monteiro de Lima}}
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Peter|Hartley|Peter Hartley (footballer)}}
| {{flagicon|LTU}} {{sortname|Nerijus|Valskis}}
| {{flagicon|NGA}} {{sortname|Stephen|Eze}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Aitor|Monroy}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|David|Grande}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Nick|Fitzgerald|Nick Fitzgerald (soccer)}}
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} {{sortname|Facundo|Pereyra}}
| {{flagicon|BFA}} {{sortname|Bakary|Koné}}
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Gary|Hooper}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} '''{{sortname|Juande||Juande}}'''
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Vicente|Gómez|Vicente Gómez Umpiérrez}}
| {{flagicon|ZIM}} {{sortname|Costa|Nhamoinesu}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Jordan|Murray| Jordan Murray (soccer)}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} ''{{sortname|Sergio|Cidoncha}}''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Adam|Le Fondre}}
| {{flagicon|FRA}} {{sortname|Hugo|Boumous}}
| {{flagicon|MAR}} {{sortname|Ahmed|Jahouh}}
| {{flagicon|NGA}} {{sortname|Bartholomew|Ogbeche}}
| {{flagicon|SEN}} {{sortname|Mourtada|Fall}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Hernán|Santana}}
| {{flagicon|JPN}} {{sortname|Cy|Goddard}}
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} {{sortname|Benjamin|Lambot}}
| {{flagicon|GUI}} {{sortname|Idrissa|Sylla}}
| {{flagicon|JAM}} '''{{sortname|Deshorn|Brown}}'''
| {{flagicon|MRT}} {{sortname|Khassa|Camara}}
| {{flagicon|POR}} {{sortname|Luís|Machado}}
| {{flagicon|URU}} {{sortname|Federico|Gallego}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Dylan|Fox}}
| {{flagicon|GHA}} ''{{sortname|Kwesi|Appiah}}''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| '''{{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Brad|Inman|Brad Inman (soccer)}}'''
| {{flagicon|BRA}} {{sortname|Diego|Maurício}}
| {{flagicon|ENG}} {{sortname|Steven|Taylor|Steven Taylor (footballer)}}
| {{flagicon|RSA}} {{sortname|Cole|Alexander}}
| {{flagicon|ESP}} {{sortname|Manuel|Onwu}}
| {{flagicon|SEN}} {{sortname|Diawandou|Diagne}}
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Jacob|Tratt}}
| {{flagicon|BRA}} ''{{sortname|Marcelinho||Marcelinho Leite Pereira}}''
|}

==Regular season==
===League table===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=Regular season
|source= [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]
|show_groups=no


|team1=MCI
|team2=MB
|team3=NEU
|team4=FCG
|team5=HFC
|team6=JFC
|team7=BFC
|team8=CFC
|team9=EAB
|team10=KBF
|team11=OFC

|note_MB = As the Premiers [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] won the [[#Playoffs|ISL playoffs]], the regular season runners-up qualified for [[2022 AFC Cup#Play-off round|2022 AFC Cup play-off round]].

|win_MB=12 |draw_MB=4 |loss_MB=4 |gf_MB=28 |ga_MB=15 
|win_BFC=5 |draw_BFC=7 |loss_BFC=8 |gf_BFC=26 |ga_BFC=28 
|win_CFC=3 |draw_CFC=11 |loss_CFC=6 |gf_CFC=17 |ga_CFC=23 
|win_EAB=3 |draw_EAB=8 |loss_EAB=9 |gf_EAB=22 |ga_EAB=33 
|win_FCG=7 |draw_FCG=10 |loss_FCG=3 |gf_FCG=31 |ga_FCG=23 
|win_HFC=6 |draw_HFC=11 |loss_HFC=3 |gf_HFC=27 |ga_HFC=19 
|win_JFC=7 |draw_JFC=6 |loss_JFC=7 |gf_JFC=21 |ga_JFC=22 
|win_KBF=3 |draw_KBF=8 |loss_KBF=9 |gf_KBF=23 |ga_KBF=36 
|win_MCI=12 |draw_MCI=4 |loss_MCI=4 |gf_MCI=35 |ga_MCI=18 
|win_NEU=8 |draw_NEU=9 |loss_NEU=3 |gf_NEU=31 |ga_NEU=25 
|win_OFC=2 |draw_OFC=6 |loss_OFC=12 |gf_OFC=25 |ga_OFC=44 
|result1=CLP1 |result2=ACP2 |result3=ACP4 |result4=ACP4


|name_FCG=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_BFC=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_EAB=[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|name_MB=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|name_JFC=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_KBF=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_HFC=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|status_MCI= L,C
|status_text_L= League Winners' Shield Winners

|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_ACP4=yellow2 |text_ACP4=Qualification to [[2021 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]]
|col_ACP2=green2|text_ACP2=Qualification to [[2021 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]] and [[2022 AFC Cup#Play-off round|2022 AFC Cup play-off round]]
|col_CLP1=green1|text_CLP1= Qualification to [[2021 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]] and [[2022 AFC Champions League#Group stage|2022 AFC Champions League group stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Results===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/schedule-fixtures Indian Super League]
|update = complete
|matches_style = FBR

|team1=AMB
|team2=BEN
|team3=CHE
|team4=EAB
|team5=GOA
|team6=HYD
|team7=JAM
|team8=KER
|team9=MCI
|team10=NEU
|team11=OFC


|name_AMB=[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_EAB=[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_KER=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]



 |match_AMB_BEN=1–0
 |match_AMB_CHE=1–0
 |match_AMB_EAB=[[Kolkata Derby|3–1]]
 |match_AMB_GOA=1–0
 |match_AMB_HYD=1–1
 |match_AMB_JAM=1–0
 |match_AMB_KER=3–2
 |match_AMB_MCI=0–1
 |match_AMB_NEU=2–0
 |match_AMB_OFC=1–0



 |match_BEN_AMB=0–2
 |match_BEN_CHE=0–0
 |match_BEN_EAB=0–1
 |match_BEN_GOA=1–2
 |match_BEN_HYD=0–0
 |match_BEN_JAM=0–1
 |match_BEN_KER=4–2
 |match_BEN_MCI=1–3
 |match_BEN_NEU=2–2
 |match_BEN_OFC=1–1



 |match_CHE_AMB=0–0
 |match_CHE_BEN=0–1
 |match_CHE_EAB=0–0
 |match_CHE_GOA=2–2
 |match_CHE_HYD=1–4
 |match_CHE_JAM=0–1
 |match_CHE_KER=0–0
 |match_CHE_MCI=1–1
 |match_CHE_NEU=3–3
 |match_CHE_OFC=0–0



 |match_EAB_AMB=[[Kolkata Derby|0–2]]
 |match_EAB_BEN=0–2
 |match_EAB_CHE=2–2
 |match_EAB_GOA=1–1
 |match_EAB_HYD=1–1
 |match_EAB_JAM=0–0
 |match_EAB_KER=1–1
 |match_EAB_MCI=0–1
 |match_EAB_NEU=1–2
 |match_EAB_OFC=3–1



 |match_GOA_AMB=1–1
 |match_GOA_BEN=2–2
 |match_GOA_CHE=1–2
 |match_GOA_EAB=1–1
 |match_GOA_HYD=0-0
 |match_GOA_JAM=3–0
 |match_GOA_KER=3–1
 |match_GOA_MCI=0–1
 |match_GOA_NEU=1–1
 |match_GOA_OFC=3–1



 |match_HYD_AMB=2–2
 |match_HYD_BEN=2–2
 |match_HYD_CHE=2–0
 |match_HYD_EAB=3–2
 |match_HYD_GOA=1–2
 |match_HYD_JAM=1–1
 |match_HYD_KER=4–0
 |match_HYD_MCI=0–2
 |match_HYD_NEU=0–0
 |match_HYD_OFC=1–1



 |match_JAM_AMB=2–1
 |match_JAM_BEN=3-2
 |match_JAM_CHE=1–2
 |match_JAM_EAB=1–2
 |match_JAM_GOA=1–2
 |match_JAM_HYD=0–0
 |match_JAM_KER=2–3
 |match_JAM_MCI=2–0
 |match_JAM_NEU=1–2
 |match_JAM_OFC=2–2



 |match_KER_AMB=0–1
 |match_KER_BEN=2–1
 |match_KER_CHE=1–1
 |match_KER_EAB=1–1
 |match_KER_GOA=1–1
 |match_KER_HYD=2–0
 |match_KER_JAM=0–0
 |match_KER_MCI=1–2
 |match_KER_NEU=2–2
 |match_KER_OFC=2–4



 |match_MCI_AMB=2-0
 |match_MCI_BEN=2–4
 |match_MCI_CHE=2–1
 |match_MCI_EAB=3–0
 |match_MCI_GOA=3–3
 |match_MCI_HYD=1–1
 |match_MCI_JAM=1–1
 |match_MCI_KER=2–0
 |match_MCI_NEU=1–2
 |match_MCI_OFC=2–0



 |match_NEU_AMB=2–1
 |match_NEU_BEN=1–1
 |match_NEU_CHE=0–0
 |match_NEU_EAB=2–0
 |match_NEU_GOA=2–2
 |match_NEU_HYD=2–4
 |match_NEU_JAM=0–1
 |match_NEU_KER=2-0
 |match_NEU_MCI=1–0
 |match_NEU_OFC=3–1



 |match_OFC_AMB=1–4
 |match_OFC_BEN=1–2
 |match_OFC_CHE=1–2
 |match_OFC_EAB=6-5
 |match_OFC_GOA=0–1
 |match_OFC_HYD=0–1
 |match_OFC_JAM=0–1
 |match_OFC_KER=2–2
 |match_OFC_MCI=1-6
 |match_OFC_NEU=2–2
}}

==Playoffs==
{{main|2021 ISL Cup playoffs}}

===Bracket===
{{trim|{{#section:2021 Indian Super League playoffs|Bracket}}}}

===Semi-finals===
{{trim|{{#section:2021 Indian Super League playoffs|semis}}}}

===Final===
{{main|2021 Indian Super League final}}
{{football box
| id =
| date = 13 March 2021
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20240617220957/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/37314
| team2 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 = [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]] {{goal|29|o.g.}}<br/>[[Bipin Singh|B. Singh]] {{goal|90}}
| goals2 = [[David Williams (Australian soccer)|Williams]] {{goal|18}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]]
| attendance = 0
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

==Season statistics==
===Scoring===

====Top scorers====
[[File:Roy Krishna 2016.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=Roy Krishna at the Pacific Parliamentary Forum in New Zealand in 2016|[[Roy Krishna]] scored 14 goals in 2020–21 ISL season, joint highest goal scorer of the season.]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="2" |1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
|align="left"|Goa
|rowspan="2" |14
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
|align="left"|ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adam Le Fondre]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|11
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
|align="left"|Hyderabad
|10
|-
|rowspan="3" |5
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|rowspan="3" |8
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Nerijus Valskis]]
|align="left"|Jamshedpur
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|-
|rowspan="3" |8
|align="left"|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|rowspan="3" |7
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Mauricio]]
|align="left"|Odisha
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Luís Machado]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | <small>Source:<ref name="topscorer">{{cite web |title=Players stat: Top scorers |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-138-goals-player-statistics |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208174139/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-138-goals-player-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref></small>
|}

====Top Indian scorers====
[[File:Sunil Chhetri (2008 AFC Challenge Cup).jpg|220px|thumb|alt=Chhetri on his knees in a blue football shirt and blue football shorts.|[[Sunil Chhetri]] scored 8 goals, highest Indian goalscorer of this season.]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1" |1
|align="left"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|rowspan="1" |8
|-
|rowspan="2" |2
|align="left"|[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|align="left"|ATK Mohun Bagan
|rowspan="2" |6
|-
|align="left"|[[Bipin Singh]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
|rowspan="3" |4
|align="left"|[[Ishan Pandita]]
|align="left"|Goa
|rowspan="3" |4
|-
|align="left"|[[Halicharan Narzary]]
|align="left"|Hyderabad
|-
|align="left"|[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|rowspan="2" |7
|align="left"|[[Rahul Kannoly Praveen|Rahul KP]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|rowspan="2" |3
|-
|align="left"|[[V.P. Suhair]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|-
|rowspan="6" |9
|align="left"|[[Paul Ramfangzauva]]
|align="left"|Odisha
|rowspan="6" |2
|-
|align="left"|[[Anirudh Thapa]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|align="left"|[[Liston Colaco]]
|align="left"|Hyderabad
|-
|align="left"|[[Rahim Ali]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|align="left"|[[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
|align="left"|Odisha
|-
|align="left"|[[Rowllin Borges]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"| <small>Source:<ref name=topscorer/></small>
|}

====Hat-tricks====
{{Main|List of Indian Super League hat-tricks}}
:''Result column shows goal tally of player's team first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Player !! For !! Against !! Result !! Date !! Ref
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Bipin| Singh}} || Mumbai City || Odisha ||align="center"|6–1 (A) || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|02|24}} || <ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha 1–6 Mumbai City|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/24/india/indian-super-league/delhi-dynamos/mumbai-city/3439766/|accessdate=24 February 2021|work=soccerway|date=24 February 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082523/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/02/24/india/indian-super-league/delhi-dynamos/mumbai-city/3439766/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

;Notes
(H) – Home team<br>(A) – Away team

===Assists===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Assists
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
| align="left" |Goa
| rowspan="2" |8
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
| align="left" |ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
| align="left" |Mumbai City
|7
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| align="left" |{{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
| align="left" |NorthEast United
| rowspan="2" |6
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aitor Monroy]]
| align="left" |Jamshedpur
|-
| rowspan="2" |6
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga]]
| align="left" |Odisha
| rowspan="2" |5
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
| align="left" |Mumbai City
|-
| rowspan="4" |8
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Hooper]]
| align="left" |Kerala Blasters
| rowspan="4" |4
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|Alexander Jesuraj]]
| align="left" |Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| align="left" |Bengaluru
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
| align="left" |Mumbai City
|-

! colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | <small>Source:<ref name="topassist">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-153-assists-player-statistics|title=Assists|work=Indian Super League|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128093848/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-153-assists-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref></small>
|}

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean<br />sheets
|-
|rowspan="2" |1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
|align="left"|Mumbai City
|rowspan="2" |10
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|align="left"|ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rehenesh TP]]
|align="left"|Jamshedpur
|8
|-
|rowspan="2" |4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]
|align="left"|Hyderabad
|rowspan="2" |6
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
|align="left"|Chennaiyin
|-
|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Gurpreet Singh]]
|align="left"|Bengaluru
|4
|-
|rowspan="2" |7
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury|Subhasish Roy]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|rowspan="2" |3
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Albino Gomes]]
|align="left"|Kerala Blasters
|-
|rowspan="4" |9
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet Singh]]
|align="left"|NorthEast United
|rowspan="4" |2
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]
|align="left"|Goa
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|align="left"|East Bengal
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|align="left"|East Bengal
|-

! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;" |<small>Source:<ref name="cleansheets">{{cite web|title=Clean Sheets|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics|access-date=23 November 2020|work=Indian Super League|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129052150/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-141-clean-sheets-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref></small>
|}

=== Discipline ===

==== Player ====
* Most yellow cards: '''8'''<ref>{{cite web |title=YC Players |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics |website=Indian Super League |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128203508/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-143-yellow-cards-player-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pronay Halder]] (ATK Mohun Bagan)
** {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Erik Paartalu]] (Bengaluru)

* Most red cards: '''2'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Card - Players|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-144-red-cards-player-statistics|website=Indian Super League|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311074857/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-144-red-cards-player-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]] (Mumbai City)

==== Club ====

* Most yellow cards: '''61'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Yellow Cards |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-133-yellow-cards-club-statistics |website=Indian Super League |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114525/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-133-yellow-cards-club-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Mumbai City

* Most red cards: '''4'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Cards - Clubs|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-134-red-cards-club-statistics|website=Indian Super League|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114543/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-134-red-cards-club-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>
** East Bengal
** Jamshedpur
** Goa


==Awards==


===Hero of the Match===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
! rowspan="2"|Match
! colspan="2"|Hero of the Match
|-
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
! Player
! Club
|-
| Match 1
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 40
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam|Jeakson Singh]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 78
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
| Match 2
| {{flagicon|MTN}} [[Khassa Camara]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 41
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rehenesh TP]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 79
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]]
|Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 3
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
| Goa
| Match 42
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 80
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| Bengaluru
|-
| Match 4
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 43
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
| Goa
| Match 81
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
| Mumbai City
|-
| Match 5
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 44
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 82
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 6
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Adam Le Fondre]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 45
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Anthony Pilkington]]
| East Bengal
| Match 83
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Gurpreet Singh]]
| Bengaluru
|-
| Match 7
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dylan Fox]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 46
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 84
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
| Match 8
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Carl McHugh]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 47
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Halicharan Narzary]]
|Hyderabad
| Match 85
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Matti Steinmann]]
|East Bengal
|-
| Match 9
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 48
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 86
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia]]
|NorthEast United
|-
| Match 10
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]]
| Odisha
| Match 49
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bright Enobakhare]]
| East Bengal
| Match 87
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rowllin Borges]]
| Mumbai City
|-
| Match 11
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Albino Gomes]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 50
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]]
| Odisha
| Match 88
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho Leite Pereira]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
| Match 12
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 51
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Joel Chianese]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 89
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Stephen Eze]]
| Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 13
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 52
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
| East Bengal
| Match 90
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Mauricio]]
| Odisha
|-
| Match 14
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Yasir]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 53
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 91
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akash Mishra]]
| Hyderabad
|-
| Match 15
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 54
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 92
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishan Pandita]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 16
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suresh Singh Wangjam]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 55
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 93
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 17
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Benjamin Lambot]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 56
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 94
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
| Match 18
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rowllin Borges]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 57
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 95
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| Bengaluru
|-
| Match 19
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
| Goa
| Match 58
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
| Goa
| Match 96
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
| Hyderabad
|-
| Match 20
| {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Nerijus Valskis]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 59
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 97
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iván Garrido González|Iván González]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 21
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Luís Machado]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 60
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 98
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 22
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 61
| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 99
| {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
| Match 23
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Irshad]]
| East Bengal
| Match 62
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saviour Gama]]
| Goa
| Match 100
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Farukh Choudhary]]
| Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 24
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 63
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|East Bengal
| Match 101
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Glan Martins]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 25
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
| Goa
| Match 64
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Cole Alexander]]
|Odisha
| Match 102
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| Chennaiyin
|-
| Match 26
| {{flagicon|MTN}} [[Khassa Camara]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 65
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Kannoly Praveen|Rahul K P]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 103
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
| Hyderabad
|-
| Match 27
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dimas Delgado]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 66
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Williams (Australian soccer)|David Williams]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 104
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[V.P. Suhair]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 28
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 67
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 105
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
| Mumbai City
|-
| Match 29
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 68
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandeep Singh (footballer)|Sandeep Singh]]
| Kerala Blasters
| Match 106
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aitor Monroy]]
| Jamshedpur
|-
| Match 30
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Carl McHugh]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 69
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 107
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 31
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 70
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| Bengaluru
| Match 108
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Paul Ramfangzauva]]
| Odisha
|-
| Match 32
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]
| Jamshedpur
| Match 71
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amey Ranawade]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 109
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 33
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Crivellaro]]
| Chennaiyin
| Match 72
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 110
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]]
| Mumbai City
|-
| Match 34
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
| Mumbai City
| Match 73
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]]
|Kerala Blasters
| Match 111 (SF)
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 35
| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Anthony Pilkington]]
| East Bengal
| Match 74
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 112 (SF)
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurjinder Kumar]]
| NorthEast United
|-
| Match 36
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Williams (Australian soccer)|David Williams]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
| Match 75
|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bright Enobakhare]]
|East Bengal
| Match 113 (SF)
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iván Garrido González|Iván González]]
| Goa
|-
| Match 37
| {{flagicon|SA}} [[Cole Alexander]]
| Odisha
| Match 76
|{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Deshorn Brown]]
| NorthEast United
| Match 114 (SF)
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
| ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
| Match 38
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
| Goa
| Match 77
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Asish Rai]]
| Hyderabad
| Match 115 (F)
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
|Mumbai City
|-
| Match 39
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Matti Steinmann]]
| East Bengal
!
! colspan="5" style="text-align:right;" | <small>Source:<ref name=Awards>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-150-golden-boot-award-statistics|title=Awards|work=Indian Super League|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128142105/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/stats/202-150-golden-boot-award-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref></small>
|}

==Season awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Winner
!Club
|-
|[[Indian Super League Hero of the League|Hero of the League]]||{{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]||ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|[[Indian Super League Golden Boot|Golden Boot]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]||Goa
|-
|[[Indian Super League Golden Glove|Golden Glove]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]||ATK Mohun Bagan
|-
|[[Indian Super League Winning Pass of the League|Winning Pass of the League]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]||Goa
|-
|[[Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League|Emerging Player of the League]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia]]||NorthEast United
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[2020−21 I-League]]
* [[2020–21 in Indian football]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.indiansuperleague.com/}}

{{Indian Super League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2020–21 in Indian football}}
{{2020 in Asian football (AFC)}}
{{2021 in Asian football (AFC)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Super League}}
[[Category:2020–21 Indian Super League season| ]]
[[Category:Indian Super League seasons|2020–21]]
[[Category:2020–21 in Indian football leagues|1]]
[[Category:2020–21 in Asian men's top-tier association football leagues|India]]
[[Category:Association football events curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Sport in Goa]]

Eco-Sensitive Zone

2026-04-16T18:33:49Z

Yashpaul0: Starting new details.

{{short description|Protected areas in India}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Eco-Sensitive Zones''' (ESZs) or '''Ecologically Fragile Areas''' (EFAs) are areas in [[India]] notified by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC), [[Government of India]] around [[Protected area|Protected Areas]], [[List of national parks of India|National Parks]] and [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|Wildlife Sanctuaries]]. The purpose of declaring ESZs is to create buffer zones for the protected areas by regulating and managing the activities around such areas. They also act as a transition zone from areas of high protection to areas involving lesser protection. As per the National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016), issued by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, land within 10 km of the boundaries of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries are to be notified as eco-fragile zones or Eco-sensitive Zones.

== Authority ==
ESZs are regulated by central government through the Min. of Environment, Forests and [[Climate change]] (MoEFCC). The Ministry came out with new guidelines for the regulation of such areas in 2011.

== Statutory backing ==
The [[Environment Protection Act, 1986|Environment (Protection) Act, 1986]] does not mention the word "Eco-Sensitive Zones". However, Section 3(2)(v) of the Act, says that Central Government can restrict areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards. Besides Rule 5(1) of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/2The%20Environment%20%28Protection%29%20Rules%2C%201986.pdf|title=The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986|last=|first=|date=|website=envfor.nic.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref> states that central government can prohibit or restrict the location of industries and carrying on certain operations or processes on the basis of considerations like the biological diversity of an area, maximum allowable limits of concentration of pollutants for an area, environmentally compatible land use, and proximity to protected areas. The above two clauses have been effectively used by the government to declare ESZs or EFAs.

The same criteria have been used by the government to declare No Development Zones. Time to time, the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) approves a comprehensive set of guidelines laying down parameters and criteria for declaring ESZs. A committee constituted by MoEF puts this together. The guidelines lay out the criteria based on which areas can be declared as ESZs. These include Species Based (Endemism, Rarity etc.), Ecosystem Based (sacred groves, frontier forests etc.) and Geo-morphologic feature based (uninhabited islands, origins of rivers etc.).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/blog/eco-sensitive-zones/|title=Eco-sensitive Zones|website=General Knowledge Today|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref>

== Background ==
* 21 January 2002 : Wildlife Conservation Strategy - 2002<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/WILDLIFE%20CONSERVATION%20STRATEGY%202002.pdf|title=Wildlife Conservation Strategy 2002|last=|first=|date=|website=envfor.nic.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref> was adopted in the meeting of [[National Board for Wildlife]], wherein it was envisaged that "lands falling within 10 kilometres of the boundaries of National Parks and Sanctuaries should be notified as eco-fragile zones under Section 3(v) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rule 5 of the Environment Protection Rules, 1986."
* 6 February 2002 : The Additional Director General of Forests requested all the Chief Wildlife Wardens for listing out such areas within 10 kilometres of the boundaries of the National Parks and Sanctuaries and furnish detailed proposals for their notification as Eco-Sensitive areas under the above-mentioned Act.
* In response, only a few States Governments had concerned over applicability of the 10 kilometres range from the Protected Area Boundary and informed that most of the human habitation and other areas including important cities in these States would come under the purview of Eco-Sensitive Zone and will adversely affect the development.
* The National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016) indicates that "Areas outside the protected area network are often vital ecological corridor links and must be protected to prevent isolation of fragments of biodiversity which will not survive in the long run. Land and Water use policies will need to accept the imperative of strictly protecting ecologically fragile habitats and regulating use elsewhere." It also indicates that "All identified areas around Protected Areas and Wildlife Corridors to be declared as ecologically fragile under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986."
* 17 March 2005 : Considering the constraints communicated by the States, the proposal was re-examined by National Board for Wildlife and it was decided that the 'delineation of eco-sensitive would have to be site specific and relate to regulation, rather than prohibition, of specific activities' and the said decision was communicated to all the State Governments vide letter dated 27 May 2005.
* A [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] was filed by the [[Goa Foundation]] before the Hon'ble [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] regarding the issue of declaration of eco-sensitive zones.
* 4 December 2006 : Supreme Court directed the Ministry of Environment & Forests to give a final opportunity to all the States/Union territories to respond to the letter (referred above) and the State Government send their proposals within 4 weeks, to the Ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/4%20Order%20dated%2004.12.2006%20in%20W.P.%20460%20of%202004%20-Goa%20Foundation.pdf|title=Order dated 04.12.2006 in W.P. 460 of 2004 -Goa Foundation|last=|first=|date=|website=envfor.nic.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref>
[[File:Manawakanda Eco-park 03.jpg|thumb]]

== Need for guidelines ==
* Following the Supreme Court order, only States like [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Mizoram]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Assam]], [[Goa]] forwarded proposals to the MoEF.
* The Hon'ble [[Supreme Court of India]] ''vide'' their judgement, in Shri Anand Arya & Anr, T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad vs Union Of India & Ors on 3 December 2010 relating to the construction of a park at [[Noida]] near [[Okhla Sanctuary|Okhla Bird Sanctuary]], had noted that the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|State Government of Uttar Pradesh]] had not declared Eco-Sensitive zones around its protected areas as the Government of India had not issued any guidelines in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1062689/|title=T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad vs Union Of India & Ors on 3 December, 2010|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref>
* Thereafter, MoEF set up a committee under the Chairmanship of Shri Pronab Sen for identifying parameters for designating Ecologically Sensitive Areas in India. The parameters identified were richness of flora & fauna, slope, rarity and endemism of species in the area, origins of rivers etc.

== Extent of ESZ ==
An ESZ could go up to 10 kilometres around a protected area as provided in the Wildlife Conservation Strategy, 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.conservationindia.org/resources/moef-releases-new-guidelines-for-eco-sensitive-zones-eszs-around-protected-areas|title=MOEF Guidelines for Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) around Protected Areas|last=|first=|date=|website=www.conservationindia.org|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref>

Moreover, in case where sensitive corridors, connectivity and ecologically important patches, crucial for landscape linkage, are beyond 10 kilometres width, these should be included in the Eco-Sensitive Zones.

Further, even in the context of a particular Protected Area, the distribution of an area of ESZ and the extent of regulation may not be uniform all around and it could be of variable width and extent.

The Supreme Court of India in June 2022 directed that every protected forest, national park, and wildlife sanctuary across the country should have a mandatory eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) of a minimum of 1 km starting from their demarcated boundaries.

== See also ==
* [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra]]
* [[List of national parks of India]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://envfor.nic.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Environment of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas]]
[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Forest administration in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of India|*]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Biodiversity]]

Manu Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:58Z

Yashpaul0: added stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manu
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Manu Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 39
| mla = [[Mailafru Mog]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:47741}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Manu''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[South Tripura district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="N18">{{cite news |title=Manu Election Result 2nd March 2023 Live: Manu Assembly Elections Result Live Update, Vidhan Sabha Election Result & Live News |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/manu-election-result/ |accessdate=2 March 2023 |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies of Tripura |url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/tripura/manu-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections |accessdate=2 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329143929/https://www.electionsinindia.com/tripura/manu-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections |url-status=dead }}</ref> The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is [[Mailafru Mog]] of [[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Hari Chanran Choudhrury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Matahari Choudhury]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Angju Mog || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=5 | [[Jitendra Chaudhury]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[List of by-elections to the Tripura Legislative Assembly|2014]]*
|[[Pravat Chowdhury]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Pravat Chowdhury]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Mailafru Mog]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>By-election

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mailafru Mog]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,469 |percentage=34.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pravat Chowdhury]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=14,922|percentage=33.28%|change={{decrease}}14.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhananjoy Tripura|party=Tipra Motha Party|votes=13,650|percentage=30.44%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=794|percentage=1.77%|change={{increase}}0.58}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=547 |percentage=1.22% |change= {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=44,835|percentage=93.99%|change={{decrease}}1.20}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,741 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pravat Chowdhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,432 |percentage=47.62% |change={{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhananjoy Tripura |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=19,239 |percentage=47.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mongla Mog |party=Indian National Congress |votes=819 |percentage=2.01% |change={{decrease}}37.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=485 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanchai Mog |party=Independent politician |votes=483 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=193 |percentage=0.47% |change= {{decrease}}18.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,804 |percentage=94.35% |change= {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,899 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jitendra Chaudhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,320 |percentage=58.07% |change={{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandi Charan Tripura |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,424 |percentage=39.29% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thaiu Mog |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=971 |percentage=2.64% |change={{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,896 |percentage=18.78% |change= {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,715 |percentage=96.01% |change= {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,329 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jitendra Chaudhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,100 |percentage=56.07% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thaikhai Mog |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,940 |percentage=39.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kirat Bahan Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=800 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mrathaiong Mog |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=789 |percentage=2.10% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,160 |percentage=16.37% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,629 |percentage=94.45% |change= {{increase}}9.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,999 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jitendra Chaudhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,358 |percentage=55.31% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Tripura |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=13,253 |percentage=42.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandi Tripura |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=773 |percentage=2.46% |change={{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,105 |percentage=13.08% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,384 |percentage=85.00% |change= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,927 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jitendra Chaudhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,236 |percentage=55.80% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joykishore Tripura |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,504 |percentage=42.97% |change={{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandi Tripura |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=357 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,732 |percentage=12.83% |change= {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,097 |percentage=85.36% |change= {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,635 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jitendra Chaudhury]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,886 |percentage=54.93% |change={{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angju Mog |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,212 |percentage=45.07% |change={{decrease}}5.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,674 |percentage=9.87% |change= {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,098 |percentage=85.01% |change= {{decrease}}4.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,458 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Angju Mog |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,832 |percentage=50.12% |change={{decrease}}5.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Kumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,663 |percentage=49.40% |change={{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=169 |percentage=0.72% |change= {{decrease}}9.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,608 |percentage=89.39% |change= {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,760 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Angju Mog |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,304 |percentage=55.20% |change={{increase}}20.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Kumar Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,362 |percentage=44.80% |change={{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,942 |percentage=10.40% |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,666 |percentage=83.50% |change= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,733 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Matahari Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,292 |percentage=42.65% |change={{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angju Mog |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,098 |percentage=34.56% |change={{decrease}}19.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Sudan Mog |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=1,549 |percentage=10.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mongfruchai Chowdhury |party=Janata Party |votes=1,498 |percentage=10.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suibai Chowdhury |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=314 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,194 |percentage=8.09% |change= {{decrease}}10.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,751 |percentage=78.90% |change= {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,159 |ref = |change= {{increase}}43.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Manu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chanran Choudhrury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,764 |percentage=54.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thaingya Mog |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,157 |percentage=35.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suibai Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=5.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angia Mag |party=Communist Party of India |votes=414 |percentage=4.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,607 |percentage=18.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,782 |percentage=67.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,382 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[South Tripura district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|24|91.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Jitendra Chaudhury]]

Panaji Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:39Z

Yashpaul0: creating a entry v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panaji
| mla = [[Atanasio Monserrate]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:22408}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =11
| map_image = File:Panaji constitution.svg
}}

'''Panaji Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Goa]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[North Goa district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1963
| [[Jack Sequeira]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Yaswant Desai
|-
| [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Baban Naik
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Madhav R. Bir|Madhav Bir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Vishnu Naik
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" | Joan Gonsalves
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Manohar Parrikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| 2015^
| rowspan="2" | [[Sidharth Kuncalienker]]
|-
| [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| 2017^
| [[Manohar Parrikar]]
|-
| 2019^
| rowspan="2" | [[Atanasio Monserrate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Atanasio Monserrate]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,787 |percentage=38.88% |change={{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Utpal Manohar Parrikar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,071 |percentage=34.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elvis Gomes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,175 |percentage=18.19% |change={{decrease}}34.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Valmiki Datta Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=777 |percentage=4.45% |change={{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Vinayak Redkar |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=359 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=173 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=716 |percentage=4.10% |change= {{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,458 |percentage=76.96% |change= {{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,408 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2019===
A by-election was held on 19 May 2019, as a result of the demise of incumbent MLA and chief minister [[Manohar Parrikar]].<ref name="Newly Elected Goa Lawmakers To Take Oath On Tuesday After Bypolls">{{cite news|last1=NDTV|title=Newly Elected Goa Lawmakers To Take Oath On Tuesday After Bypolls|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-newly-elected-goa-lawmakers-to-take-oath-on-tuesday-after-bypolls-2043677|accessdate=16 December 2023|work=|date=27 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216095558/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-newly-elected-goa-lawmakers-to-take-oath-on-tuesday-after-bypolls-2043677|archivedate=16 December 2023}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Goa|2019 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/Form20n21.aspx?UOlevK=UfQS%2fyfGZHo%3d|title=Form 21E - Return of Election|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Atanasio Monserrate]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,748 |percentage=52.33% |change={{increase}}19.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sidharth Kuncalienker]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,990 |percentage=41.82% |change={{decrease}}21.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Bhaskar Velingkar |party=Goa Suraksha Manch |votes=516 |percentage=3.09% |change={{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Valmiki Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=436 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=202 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,758 |percentage=10.52% |change= {{decrease}}20.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,716 |percentage=74.35% |change= {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,482 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 elections in India#Goa|2017 GoaLegislative Assembly by-election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/category/102-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-2017/|title=उप-निर्वाचन के परिणाम 2017|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Parrikar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,862 |percentage=63.47% |change={{increase}}17.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Girish Chodankar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,059 |percentage=32.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=301 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Shirodkar |party=Goa Suraksha Manch |votes=220 |percentage=1.42% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kenneth Silveira |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,803 |percentage=30.91% |change= {{increase}}24.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,538 |percentage=69.05% |change= {{decrease}}8.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,196 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sidharth Kuncalienker]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,924 |percentage=45.70% |change={{decrease}}19.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Atanasio Monserrate]] |party=United Goans Party |votes=6,855 |percentage=39.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Valmiki Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,944 |percentage=11.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ketan Kirtikumar Prabhu Bhatikar |party=Goa Suraksha Manch |votes=323 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=175 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,069 |percentage=6.17% |change= {{decrease}}28.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,339 |percentage=78.09% |change= {{increase}}8.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,203 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2015===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2015 elections in India#Goa|2015 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/Form20n21Viewer.aspx?HyeLsW=Bq97vm2htpKwk9rHmP+2LA==&sbGTMq=BaH0n0RFASy1CEJKyAJRPWAjDjJQmS2/&kzoWJF=9znPG5TWk+E=|title=Form 21E - Return of Election|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sidharth Kuncalienker]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,989 |percentage=64.97% |change={{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Furtado |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,621 |percentage=30.06% |change={{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samir Gurunath Kelekar |party=Independent politician |votes=624 |percentage=4.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=330 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadanand Vaigankar |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,368 |percentage=34.92% |change= {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,374 |percentage=69.70% |change= {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,057 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Parrikar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,086 |percentage=65.84% |change={{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yatin Parekh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,018 |percentage=29.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Christopher Fonseca |party=Communist Party of India |votes=383 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Savio A. E. Fernandes |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=172 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balaram Karishetty |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,068 |percentage=36.04% |change= {{increase}}22.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,839 |percentage=78.50% |change= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,355 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Parrikar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,004 |percentage=56.74% |change={{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinar Purshottam Kamat Tarcar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,560 |percentage=43.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,444 |percentage=13.65% |change= {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,582 |percentage=70.72% |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,937 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Parrikar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,700 |percentage=55.48% |change={{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silimkhan Ramesh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,408 |percentage=42.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Pramod Gopinath |party=Shiv Sena |votes=95 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,292 |percentage=12.58% |change= {{decrease}}13.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,274 |percentage=65.82% |change= {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,581 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Parrikar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,396 |percentage=51.50% |change={{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Keshav Laximidhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,647 |percentage=25.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Furtado Surendra Cristovan |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=1,315 |percentage=12.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonsalves Joao Baptista Floriano |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=5.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nunes Vero Luis Joao |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=350 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshprabhu Mohan Anandrao |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=147 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,749 |percentage=26.24% |change= {{increase}}16.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,478 |percentage=56.27% |change= {{decrease}}6.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,609 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Parrikar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,600 |percentage=43.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Keshav Laximidhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,534 |percentage=33.51% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Furtado Surendra Cristovan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,139 |percentage=10.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sequeira Erasmo Jack |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=736 |percentage=6.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vaigonkar Damodar Vinayak |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tamba Raghura-I |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=85 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,066 |percentage=10.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,547 |percentage=61.34% |change= {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,881 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joan Gonsalves |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,983 |percentage=38.82% |change={{decrease}}6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpashil Krishna Kerkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,915 |percentage=28.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Erasmo De Sequeira |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=2,672 |percentage=26.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhav Manohat Dhond |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=269 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhav Ramkrishna Bir |party=Janata Dal |votes=143 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Xavier Chrishtanou Furtade |party=Independent politician |votes=61 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Y. Karapukar |party=Independent politician |votes=8 |percentage=0.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,068 |percentage=10.41% |change= {{decrease}}17.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,260 |percentage=64.29% |change= {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,633 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Joan Gonsalves |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,844 |percentage=44.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baban Naik |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,867 |percentage=17.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandrekar Ramkrishna Narsinv |party=Independent politician |votes=1,462 |percentage=13.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shenvi Silimkhan Prabhakar Ramnath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,021 |percentage=9.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishnu Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=487 |percentage=4.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madhav R. Bir]] |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=3.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarmalkar Jayprakash Gajanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=254 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,977 |percentage=27.57% |change= {{increase}}20.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,798 |percentage=64.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,457 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}9.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishnu Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=3,967 |percentage=35.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baban Naik |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,138 |percentage=28.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madhav R. Bir]] |party=Janata Party |votes=2,449 |percentage=21.92% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priolkar Prafull Vaikunt |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,005 |percentage=8.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Yeshwant Sitaram |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=291 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=829 |percentage=7.42% |change= {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,173 |percentage=65.63% |change= {{increase}}11.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,531 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Madhav R. Bir]] |party=Janata Party |votes=3,555 |percentage=40.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardessai Kashinath Venkatesh |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,549 |percentage=29.13% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ataide Lobo Jorge De Graca Antonio |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,981 |percentage=22.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silimkhan Ramesh Raguvir |party=Independent politician |votes=416 |percentage=4.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarmalkar Mohamlal Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Balchandra Ganesh |party=Independent politician |votes=47 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Melicio Andre Aleixo |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,006 |percentage=11.50% |change= {{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,749 |percentage=55.41% |change= {{decrease}}12.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,666 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baban Naik |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,983 |percentage=42.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Yeshwant Sitaram |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=3,758 |percentage=39.81% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. E. H. Aleixo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,580 |percentage=16.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=225 |percentage=2.38% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,439 |percentage=67.67% |change= {{increase}}67.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,775 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{increase}}41.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Panaji}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. S. Desai |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=3,846 |percentage=41.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. M. Upendra |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,776 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. P. Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,051 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Ranu |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Hari |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. V. Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathurmal |party=Independent politician |votes=38 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,725 |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}
{{coord|15.50|73.83|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Panaji]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

First Mahanta ministry

2026-04-15T00:34:07Z

Yashpaul0: Starting a post.

{{Short description|Cabinet of Assam, India (1985–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|date_formed=24 December 1985
|date_dissolved=28 November 1990
|image=File:The former Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta calling on the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on July 20, 2017 (cropped).jpg
|government_head=[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|state_head=[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]<br>[[Hari Dev Joshi]]<br>[[Anisetti Raghuvir]]<br>[[Devi Das Thakur]]|political_party=*'''[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]'''
|opposition_party=[[Indian National Congress]]
|election=[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|legislature_term=5 years
|predecessor=[[First Saikia ministry|Saikia I]]
|successor=[[President's rule]]
|state_head_title=Governor
|government_head_title=Chief Minister}}

The '''First Ministry of Prafulla Kumar Mahanta''' was the [[Government of Assam|Cabinet of Assam]] headed by Chief Minister of Assam [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] that was formed after the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-13 |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513013923/http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2006-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Assam 1985 - Assam - Election Commission of India |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4000-assam-1985/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060853/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4000-assam-1985/ |archive-date=2019-05-15 }}</ref> Mahanta became the youngest Chief Minister in India and was sworn in at the [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]] on 24 December 1985 by Governor [[Bhishma Narain Singh]], the youngest Governor in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prafulla Kumar Mahanta 1985 ministers |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |accessdate=2018-11-05 |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory of Asom Gana Parishad ushers in new era of hope and change in Assam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860115-victory-of-asom-gana-parishad-ushers-in-new-era-of-hope-and-change-in-assam-800474-1986-01-14 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=India Today |date=15 January 1986 |language=en}}</ref> The first cabinet consisted of Mahanta along with 13 cabinet ministers and 7 ministers of state.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRMuAQAAIAAJ |title=Asian Recorder |date=1986 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXq2AAAAIAAJ |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=1986 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> The ministry was reshuffled in 1986 and 1988.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1jfAAAAMAAJ |title=Sainik Samachar |date=1986 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Chief Minister Prafulla Kumar Mahanta reshuffles ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19881115-assam-chief-minister-prafulla-kumar-mahanta-reshuffles-ministry-797895-1988-11-14 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=India Today |date=15 November 1988 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolio
!Party
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]<br>[[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]
|
* Personnel
* Finance
* Accord Implementation
* Administration
* Forest
* Health
* Election
* Planning and Development
* Cultural Affairs
* Sports and Youth Welfare
* '''Other departments not allotted specifically'''
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Bhrigu Phukan|Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]]
|
* Home
* Political
* General Administration
* Publicity
* Jails
* Printingand Stationery
* Excise
* Tourism
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Lalit Chandra Rajkhowa]]
|
* Food and Civil Supplies
* Transport Corporation
* Rural Development
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Atul Bora Sr.|Atul Bora]]
|
* Public Works Department

* Town and Country Planning
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Brindaban Goswami]]
|
* Education
* Science
* Technology
* Environment
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Thaneswar Boro]]
|
* Revenue
* Registration
* Stamps
* Relief
* Rehabilitation
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Bharat Narah]]
|
* Flood Control
* Irrigation
* Welfare of Plains and Tribal Areas
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Digen Bora
|
* Industry
* Power
* Mines
* Minerals
* Public Health Engineering
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Surendranath Medhi|Surendra Nath Medhi]]
|
* Law
* Justice
* Legislative
* Judicial
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Nagen Sarma]]
|
* Veterinary
* Handloom
* Textiles
* Sericulture
* Weaving
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Bargi Prasad Telenga
|
* Labour
* Employment
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Sahidul Alam Choudhury
|
* Administration
* Wagf Properties
* Haj Committee
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Chandra Arandhara
|
* Panchayat and Community Development
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Nilamoni Das
|
* Agriculture
* Fisheries
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Ministers of State'''
|-
|Dipen Tanti
|
* Transport and Labour
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Pradip Gogoi
|
* Parliamentary Affairs
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Anirudha Singh Choudhury
|
* Relief and Rehabilitation
* Backward Classes
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Rekha Rani Das Boro]]
|
* Women
* Social Welfare
* Handloom
* Textile
* Sericulture
* Weaving
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Jatin Mali
|
* Health
* Family and Child Welfare
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|[[Padmeswar Deley|Padmeswar Doley]]
|
* Industries
* Power
* Mines
* Minerals
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|-
|Moti Das
|
* Agriculture
* Fisheries
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Mahanta I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1985|Mahanta I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1990|Mahanta II]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad]]
[[Category:1985 in Indian politics]]

Rajesh Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-11T20:37:04Z

Yashpaul0: creating basic bio more to come

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|||Rajesh Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Rajesh Kumar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajesh Kumar Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Kanth (Assembly constituency)]], Uttar Pradesh
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = '''[[Aneesurrehman]]'''
| successor =
| constituency2 = [[Kanth (Assembly constituency)]], Uttar Pradesh
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = October 1996
| term_end2 = May 2002
| predecessor2 = '''Mahboob Ali'''
| successor2 = '''Rizwan Ahmad Khan'''
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Rajesh Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th]] and [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]], of [[India]]. He represents the ‘[[Kanth (Assembly constituency)]]’ in [[Moradabad]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1271|title=National Election Watch|publisher=myneta.info|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/kanth/|title=kanth – Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2017|publisher=india.com|accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rajesh Kumar Singh contested Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate and defeated his close contestant Anees Ur Rehman from [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 2,348 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2425.htm?ac=25| title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2017 | publisher=eciresults.nic.in | accessdate=23 June 2017}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || October 1996 || May 2002 || Member, [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 ||March 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad district]]

Rajshahi Warriors

2026-04-04T13:23:14Z

Yashpaul0: Creating The Post W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Franchise competing in BPL (Bangladesh Premier League)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Rajshahi Warriors
| alt_name =
| image = Rajshahi Warriors logo.png
| image_size =
| nickname= Yellow Army
| league = [[Bangladesh Premier League]]
| captain = [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]] (2025–26)
|head_coach=| coach = [[Hannan Sarkar]] (2025–26)
| city = [[Rajshahi]], Bangladesh
| colors = Yellow, Orange
| founded = 2012 (as Duronto Rajshahi)<br />2016 (as Rajshahi Kings)<br />2019 (as Rajshahi Royals)<br />2024 (as Durbar Rajshahi)<br />2025 (as Rajshahi Warriors)
|ground=[[Shaheed Qamaruzzaman Stadium]]|manager=[[Rajin Saleh]] (2025–26)| owner = Nabil Group of Industries (2025–26)
| bpl_wins = '''2''' ([[2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League|2020]], [[2025–26 Bangladesh Premier League|2026]])
| website =
| current = [[2025–26 Bangladesh Premier League]]

| t_pattern_la =
| t_pattern_b =
| t_pattern_ra =
| t_pattern_pants =
| t_leftarm = FF4500
| t_body = FF4500
| t_rightarm = FF4500
| t_pants = 4B0082
}}

'''Rajshahi Warriors''' ({{langx|bn|রাজশাহী ওয়ারিয়র্স}}) is a Bangladeshi franchise [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] team. The team is based in [[Rajshahi]] in Bangladesh and competes in the [[Bangladesh Premier League]] (BPL), a Twenty20 franchise cricket competition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durbar Rajshahi Cricket Team {{!}} RAJ {{!}} Durbar Rajshahi Team News and Matches |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/durbar-rajshahi-1459535 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>

The team is currently owned by the '''Nabil Group of Industries''' for the [[2025–26 Bangladesh Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ডেস্ক |first=ক্রিকফ্রেঞ্জি |date=2025-11-06 |title=বিপিএলে রাজশাহীর নতুন নাম 'রাজশাহী ওয়ারিয়র্স' |url=https://cricfrenzy.com/bn/franchise-league/165765/lUwyNgfFNL |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=cricfrenzy |language=bn}}</ref>

==History==
'''Duronto Rajshahi''' participated in the first two seasons of the BPL in [[2012 Bangladesh Premier League|2012]] and [[2013 Bangladesh Premier League|2013]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BPL 2016 draft: As it happened |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2016/09/30/19046/ |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 September 2016 |date=30 September 2016}}</ref>

Following the suspension of all BPL franchises after the second season of the league, the '''Rajshahi Kings''' were formed ahead of the [[2016 Bangladesh Premier League|2016 BPL]] following a complete change in the team ownership and management. They competed in the [[2016 Bangladesh Premier League|fourth edition]] of the BPL in late 2016, losing in the final to the [[Dhaka Dynamites]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BPL 4 players draft today |url=http://www.bdcricteam.com/2016/09/bpl-4-players-draft-today/ |website=www.bdcricteam.com |access-date=30 September 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107101332/http://www.bdcricteam.com/2016/09/bpl-4-players-draft-today/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> They also played the [[2017–18 Bangladesh Premier League|fifth]] and [[2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League|sixth]] edition of BPL in 2017 and 2019 respectively.

On 16 November 2019, [[Bengal Group of Industries|''Bengal Group'']] was named as the sponsor of the team and it was renamed to '''Rajshahi Royals'''.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=7 teams announced for Bangabandhu BPL |url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/7-teams-announced-for-Bangabandhu-BPL/31639 |work=daily Bangladesh |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116151312/https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/7-teams-announced-for-Bangabandhu-BPL/31639 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rajshahi Royals became the '''champion''' of [[2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League]].

After that, the team was excluded from [[Bangladesh Premier League]] till 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2021 |title=BPL 2022 franchises finalised, not team from Rajshahi or Rangpur |url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/bpl-2022-franchises-finalised-no-team-from-rajshahi-or-rangpur?amp=1 |access-date=12 December 2021 |work=Bdcrictime.com |location=Dhaka}}</ref>

In 2024, the team was acquired by ''Valentine Group'' and renamed as '''Durbar Rajshahi.'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Khan Mutasim Billah |title=Rajshahi franchise set for a comeback in BPL |url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/rajshahi-franchise-set-for-a-comeback-in-bpl |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=BDCricTime |language=en}}</ref> In that season, they finished at 5th place.

In 2025, ''Nabil Group of Industries'' acquired this team for the next five years and renamed it as '''Rajshahi Warriors'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=বিপিএলে নতুন নামে রাজশাহী ফ্র্যাঞ্চাইজি |url=https://tsports.com/news/cricket/BFQTL4DA59965 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=tsports.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Season overview==

===2012===
{{see also|2012 Bangladesh Premier League}}

Duronto Rajshahi was captained by [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] and had the likes of [[Marlon Samuels]], [[Sabbir Rahman]] and [[Mohammad Sami]] by his team. The team dominated during the league stage, winning 7 of their 10 games, finished at the top of the leaderboard. However, they lost to [[Barisal Burners]] in the semi-final, ending a positive campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duronto Rajshahi Squad – Bangladesh Premier League, 2012 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-premier-league-2011-12-547342/duronto-rajshahi-squad-552022/series-squads |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

===2013===
{{see also|2013 Bangladesh Premier League}}

This time, the team was led by [[Tamim Iqbal]] who had the likes of [[Moeen Ali]] and [[Sean Ervine]] accompanying him. This time, Rajshahi just managed to finish in the top 4 during the league stage, winning 5 games out of 12 matches. Their campaign ended as they were disqualified during the playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duronto Rajshahi Squad – Bangladesh Premier League, 2013 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-premier-league-2012-13-586487/duronto-rajshahi-squad-600935/series-squads |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

===2016===
{{see also|2016 Bangladesh Premier League}}

[[File:Desh Travels 8799 Hyundai Universe Express, Bangladesh (30799405886).jpg|thumb|Airport Road 2016: As is evident, the Rajshahi Kings coach for Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) 2016.]]

The kings were the other new team alongside [[Khulna Titans]] participating this year. They signed [[Mohammad Sami]] and [[Darren Sammy]] (who was, later on, made the skipper) pre-draft. As they were one of the new teams, the kings were allowed to select two local cricketers in the draft before the initial procedure. They selected [[Mehedi Hasan]] and [[Nurul Hasan]]. They signed Sri Lankan opener [[Upul Tharanga]] (missed whole tournament due to national commitments), English all-rounder [[Samit Patel]] and more from the overseas department in the draft. They bought [[Mominul Haque]], [[Farhad Reza]] and some more local talents also from the draft. They also signed [[New Zealand|Kiwi]] all-rounder [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]] and Jamaican seamer [[Kesrick Williams]] mid-tournament. They chose <ref>[https://24cric.com/bangladeshs-top-5-run-scorers-in-test-odi-and-t20/ hard-hitting t20 specialist batting all-rounder]</ref> [[Sabbir Rahman]] as their icon player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajshahi Kings Squad – BPL 2016, 2016 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bpl-2016-2016-17-1063043/rajshahi-kings-squad-1063405/series-squads |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

The kings started off with a 3 run defeat to [[Khulna Titans]] and lost to [[Barisal Bulls]] (Sabbir 122) in a nail-biting finish. They notched up crucial victories against [[Dhaka Dynamites]] (did so twice) and [[Khulna Titans]] to qualify for the playoffs.

They won against [[Chittagong Vikings]] and [[Khulna Titans]] in the eliminator and the 2nd qualifier game respectively.
Unfortunately, the suffered a heavy defeat against [[Dhaka Dynamites]] in the final.

===2017===

{{see also|2017 Bangladesh Premier League}}

They replaced previous icon [[Sabbir Rahman]] with wicket-keeper batsman [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] as the icon player and retained [[Mominul Haque]], [[Farhad Reza]] and [[Mehedi Hasan]]. They signed English opener and part-time seamer [[Luke Wright]] and West Indian top-middle order batsmen [[Lendl Simmons]] to provide stability to the top order and also made a one-season contract with [[Zimbabwe]]'s [[Malcolm Waller]] to give the lower-middle order a boost. They extended the contract for one more year with Franklin, Sami and Sammy (remade skipper).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajshahi Kings Squad – BPL 2017, 2017 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bpl-2017-2017-18-1121242/rajshahi-kings-squad-1125258/series-squads |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

In the draft, The Kings got the first pick in the lottery and unsurprisingly selected wiry left-arm seamer [[Mustafizur Rahman]]. They were riding their luck as they also gained the first pick in the overseas selection in the draft, picking [[Pakistani]] leggie [[Usama Mir]].
The surprise picks were U19 all-rounder [[Qazi Onik]], in-form orthodox spinner [[Nihaduzzaman]], pacer [[Hossain Ali]] and little known Pakistani all-rounder [[Raza Ali Dar]].<ref name=":1" />

The Kings began their conquest with a lost to [[Rangpur Riders]] and could not fully recover from the early defeat. They went on to lose more matches but secured some victories on the way. Overall, they finished 2nd last at 6th.

===2019===
{{see also|2019 Bangladesh Premier League}}

They retained [[Mominul Haque]], [[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998)|Zakir Hasan]], [[Mehedi Hasan]], [[Mustafizur Rahman]] and [[Mohammad Sami]]. They signed [[Afghans|Afghan]] leg-spinner [[Qais Ahmad]] and South African [[Christiaan Jonker]] pre-draft<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rajshahi Kings Squad – BPL, 2019 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bpl-2018-19-1169376/rajshahi-kings-squad-1170279/series-squads |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

In the draft, Rajshahi snatched in-form batsman [[Soumya Sarkar]] as their first pick. From the overseas department, they signed the likes of [[Isuru Udana]] and [[Ryan ten Doeschate]]. Their head coach [[Lance Klusener]] was present in the event.<ref name=":2" />

===2019–20===
{{see also|2019-20 Bangladesh Premier League}}

The team signed South African Al-rounder [[JP Duminy]] as one of their direct signings.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2019 |title=Duminy to play for Rajshahi Kings in BPL |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/109015/duminy-to-play-for-rajshahi-kings-in-bpl |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> But later, BCB decided to run this edition of the BPL themselves without taking any franchises, which meant the new signing could not represent this team on this edition of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 September 2019 |title=BCB set to arrange BPL without the franchises this year |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/bangladesh-cricket/news/bcb-set-arrange-bpl-without-the-franchises-year-1798378 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajshahi Royals Squad – BPL 2020, 2019 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bpl-2020-2019-20-1207676/rajshahi-royals-squad-1209578/series-squads |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

However, During the player's direct signing period, a ''Conflict of Interests'' aroused between BCB and all other franchise. Subsequently, in September 2019, BCB made some changes in rules and regulations for this season and eliminating all franchises, BCB took over the charge of the current BPL and decided to run this current tournament by the board itself and named the tournament as '''Bangabandhu BPL T20 2019''' in order to pay homage to [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on his birth centenary.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 September 2019 |title=BCB to conduct T20 tournament instead of BPL after fallout with franchises |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/109870/bcb-cricket-to-conduct-t20-tournament-instead-of-bpl-after-fallout-with-franchises |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> '''IPC Group''' became the team sponsor. They renamed it to '''Rajshahi Royals'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=TEST, ODI এবং T20-তে বাংলাদেশের সেরা ৫ রান স্কোরার |url=https://24cric.com/bangladeshs-top-5-run-scorers-in-test-odi-and-t20 |work=24cric |date=8 December 2024 }}</ref>
In November 2019, post players draft, [[Shoaib Malik]] and [[Andre Russell]] were included in Rajshahi Royals team in the [[2019-20 Bangladesh Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BPL 2019–20: Shoaib Malik joins Rajshahi Royals |url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/bpl-2019-20-shoaib-malik-joins-rajshahi-royals/ |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=BDCricTime}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajshahi Royals Squad – BPL 2020, 2019 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bpl-2020-2019-20-1207676/rajshahi-royals-squad-1209578/series-squads |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

'''Rajshahi Royals''' was the '''''champion''''' of the Bangladesh Premier League 2019–20 Season.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 2020 |title=Rajshahi Royals clinch maiden BPL title beating Khulna Tigers |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/454948/Rajshahi-Royals-clinch-maiden-BPL-title-beating-Tigers |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024–25 ===
{{see also|2025 Bangladesh Premier League}}
{{Main|2025 Durbar Rajshahi season}}

Under a new franchise, the team was initially considered weak.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:২২ জনের ফুরফুরে বরিশাল, ১৩-তে 'দুর্বল' রাজশাহী |url=https://www.itvbd.com/sports/cricket/176494/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A9-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80 |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=Independent Television |language=bn}}</ref>

They only signed [[Anamul Haque|Anamul Haque Bijoy]] as a direct pick before [[2025 Bangladesh Premier League players' draft|player draft]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=BPL 2025: Durbar Rajshahi |url=https://cricket97.com/en/news-details/bpl-durbar-rajshahi |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=cricket97.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the player draft, they brought in [[Saad Nasim]] from [[Pakistan]] and [[Lahiru Samarakoon]] from [[Sri Lanka]] as their foreign recruits. Overall, the team signed 12 players from the draft, with [[Taskin Ahmed]] standing out as the most iconic signing. Other notable names included [[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|U19 World Cup]] winner [[Akbar Ali (cricketer)|Akbar Ali]] and [[Jishan Alam]]. They also secured the services of experienced internationals [[Yasir Ali (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Yasir Ali]] and [[Shafiul Islam]].<ref name=":02" />

Following the draft, the team added a speedster [[Mrittunjoy Chowdhury]] and a seasoned spinner [[Sohag Gazi|Shohag Gazi]] to the team. On top of that, they signed some noteworthy foreign players, including [[Ryan Burl]] and [[Mohammad Haris]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Khan Mutasim Billah |title=Durbar Rajshahi secure Ryan Burl for BPL 2025 |url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/durbar-rajshahi-secure-ryan-burl-for-bpl-2025 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=BDCricTime |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Khan Mutasim Billah |title=Mohammad Haris joins Durbar Rajshahi for BPL 2025 |url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/mohammad-haris-joins-durbar-rajshahi-for-bpl-2025 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=BDCricTime |language=en}}</ref>

The team has beaten [[Khulna Tigers]], [[Dhaka Capitals]], and [[Sylhet Strikers]] so far.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durbar Rajshahi Cricket Team 2025 Schedules, Fixtures & Results, Time Table, Matches and upcoming series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/durbar-rajshahi-1459535/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Most surprisingly, they defeated the current [[Global Super League|GSL]] champion and 13-match unbeaten [[Rangpur Riders]] in both legs.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-23 |title=BPL 2025: Durbar Rajshahi end Rangpur Riders' winning streak, victory put them among play-off positions |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/bpl-2025-durbar-rajshahi-end-rangpur-riders-winning-streak-victory-put-them-among-play-off-positi-335845.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=MyKhel |language=en}}</ref>

Durbar Rajshahi was a strong contender for the play-off (top 4), but because of their low NRR, they finished in 5th place in the point table.

===2025–26===
{{see also|2025–26 Bangladesh Premier League}}
{{Main|2025–26 Rajshahi Warriors season}}

== Rivalries ==

=== North Bengal Derby ===
The Rajshahi-Rangpur rivalry is a [[List of sports rivalries|cricket rivalry]] between two franchises, the Rajshahi Warriors and the [[Rangpur Riders]], in the Bangladesh Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01 |title=ক্রিকেট উৎসবের বড় খবর: আজ সন্ধ্যায় মুখোমুখি উত্তরবঙ্গের দুই পরাশক্তি |trans-title=Big news from the cricket festival: Two superpowers of North Bengal face off this evening |url=https://goodnews.com.bd/rangpur-riders-vs-rajshahi-warriors-bpl-2026-match-preview/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Good News |language=bn}}</ref> This rivalry is often referred to as the "North Bengal Derby".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-05 |title=Rangpur Riders claim the North Bengal Derby |url=https://www.tigercricket.com.bd/public/detail/rangpur-claims-the-north-bengal-derby-2 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=[[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] |language=en}}</ref> Both teams have won the BPL trophy once. Rajshahi has reached the playoffs a total of four times, while Rangpur has also made it to the playoffs four times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alom |first=Rabiul |title=উত্তরবঙ্গ ডার্বিতে রাজশাহীই সেরা, পরপরই দুই জয় |trans-title=Rajshahi is the best in North Bengal Derby, two wins in a row |url=https://dailycricket.com.bd/news/24433 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Daily Cricket}}</ref>

=== East-West Derby ===
The East-West Derby, also known as the "Padma-Karnaphuli Derby" is a [[List of sports rivalries|cricket rivalry]] in the [[Bangladesh Premier League]] between Rajshahi Warriors and [[Chattogram Royals]]. Rajshahi has won the BPL once, finished as runners-up once, and qualified for the playoffs a total of four times. On the other hand, Chittagong are yet to win the BPL, but they have finished as runners-up once and reached the playoffs a total of five times.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mehedi |first1=Romaan |last2=Television |first2=Jamuna |date=2025-01-03 |script-title=bn:বিপিএলে 'পদ্মা-কর্ণফুলী পারের দ্বৈরথ' আজ |url=https://jamuna.tv/news/586026 |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=Jamuna Television |language=bn}}</ref>

==Squad==
The Rajshahi Warriors squad for the season [[2025–26 Bangladesh Premier League|2025–26]] is:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Nationality
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Notes
|-
! colspan="5" |Batters
|-
|{{nobr|[[Nazmul Hossain Shanto]]}}
|{{nobr|{{cr|Bangladesh}}}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[off spin|off-break]]
|[[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|[[Tanzid Hasan]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Left-handed
|colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Kane Williamson]]
|{{cr|New Zealand}}
|Right-handed
|{{n/a}}
|Overseas
|-
|[[Pathum Nissanka]]
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|Right-handed
|{{n/a}}
|Overseas
|-
|[[Sahibzada Farhan]]
|{{cr|Pakistan}}
|{{nobr|Right-handed}}
|{{n/a}}
|Overseas
|-
|[[Yasir Ali (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Yasir Ali]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Wicket-keepers
|-
|[[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Akbar Ali (cricketer)|Akbar Ali]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Shakhir Hossain]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
! colspan="5" |All rounders
|-
|[[Jishan Alam]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[off spin|off-break]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[SM Meherob]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[off spin|off-break]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
|{{cr|Pakistan}}
|Left-handed
|[[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|Overseas
|-
|[[Dushan Hemantha]]
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg-break]]
|Overseas
|-
|[[Hussain Talat]]
|{{cr|Pakistan}}
|Left-handed
|{{nobr|Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]}}
|Overseas
|-
|[[Jahandad Khan (cricketer)|Jahandad Khan]]
|{{cr|Pakistan}}
|Left-handed
|Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]
|Overseas
|-
|[[Jimmy Neesham]]
|{{nobr|{{Cr|New Zealand}}}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]
|Overseas
|-
|[[Ryan Burl]]
|{{nobr|{{Cr|Zimbabwe}}}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[leg spin|leg break]]
|Overseas
|-
|Wasi Siddiquee
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg-break]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Spin bowlers
|-
|[[Hasan Murad]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|[[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|MD Rubel
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[off spin|off-break]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Sandeep Lamichhane]]
|{{cr|Nepal}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg-break]]
|Overseas
|-
! colspan="5" |Pace bowlers
|-
|[[Binura Fernando]]
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|Right-handed
|Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]
|Overseas
|-
|[[Tanzim Hasan Sakib]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Ripon Mondol]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Abdul Gaffar Saqlain]]
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|Robiul Haque
|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]]
|{{n/a}}
|}

== Coaching staff ==
The coaching panel of Rajshahi Warriors for the season 2025-26 is:<ref>{{Cite news |title=BPL franchises gear up for auction on November 30 |date=2025-11-27 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/bpl-franchises-gear-auction-november-30-4045231 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Role
|-
|'''[[Hannan Sarkar]]'''
|'''[[Head coach]]'''
|-
|[[Rajin Saleh]]
|[[Assistant Coach]]
|-
|Hasanuzzaman Jhoru
|Team Manager
|-
|Srivathsan P B
|Performance Analyst
|-
|[[Tareq Aziz]]
|Bowling Coach
|-
|Iftekharul Islam
|Trainer
|-
|Muzadded Sany
|Physio
|}

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!League standing
! Final standing
|-
|2012
|1st out of 6
|Semi-finals
|-
|2013
|4th out of 7
|Playoffs
|-
|2015
| colspan="2" |Did not participate
|-
|2016
|4th out of 7
| style="background: silver;" | '''Runners-up'''
|-
|2017
|6th out of 7
|League stage
|-
|2019
|5th out of 7
|League stage
|-
|2019–20
|2nd out of 7
| style="background: gold;" | '''Champions'''
|-
|2022
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | Did Not Participate
|-
|2023
|-
|2024
|-
|2025
| 5th out of 7
| League stage
|-
|2026
|1st out of 6
| style="background: gold;" | '''Champions'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladesh Premier League}}

[[Category:Rajshahi]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Premier League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Cricket in Rajshahi]]
[[Category:Sport in Rajshahi]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2024]]

Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)

2026-04-03T13:59:02Z

Yashpaul0: creating pg...

{{Short description|Chandela king from 1003 to 1035}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vidyādhara
| title = Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara
| reign = c. 1003–1035
| succession = [[Chandela]] king
| predecessor = [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]]
| successor = [[Vijayapala]]
| dynasty = [[Chandela]]
| consort = Satyabhama
}}

'''Vidyadhara''' (r. c. 1003-1035) was a [[Chandela]] king of central India. He ruled in the Jejakabhukti region ([[Bundelkhand]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]). Vidyadhara was the successor of [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda]], and expanded the Chandela power between Chambal river in the northwest and Narmada River in south.

== Ascension ==
Until the 1970s, scholars such as R. K. Dikshit assigned the beginning of Vidyadhara's reign to 1018 CE.{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|pp=71-72}} However, later, a copper-plate issued by Vidyadhara's queen Satyabhama was discovered at [[Kundeshwar]]. This inscription is dated 1004 CE, which proves that Vidyadhara was already ruling in 1004 CE. Based on this, scholar S. K. Sullerey dates Vidyadhara's reign as 1003-1035 CE.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=25}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology: A Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1DAAAAYAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=55 }}</ref>

== Invasion of Kannauj ==
{{See also|Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj}}
In 1018, the [[Ghaznavid]] king [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded [[Kannauj]], whose [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Pratihara]] king (possibly Rajyapala) fled the city, allowing the Ghaznvids to sack it without facing much resistance. According to the 12th century Muslim historian [[Ali ibn al-Athir]], Bida, the king of [[Khajuraho]] killed the king of Kannauj as a punishment for this cowardice. Bida is believed to be a variant of "Vidya" (that is, Vidyadhara). Some later Muslim historians misread this name as "Nanda", based on which [[British India|British-era]] scholars identified the killer of the Kannauj king as Vidyadhara's predecessor Ganda. However, an inscription discovered at Mahoba confirms that it was Vidyadhara who defeated the ruler of Kannauj.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=72-73}}{{sfn|Dikshit|1976|p=72}} The Dubkund inscription of Arjuna of [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] family claims that Arjuna killed Rajyapala in a great battle. The Kachchhapaghatas were feudatories of the Chandelas, so it appears that Arjuna was acting as an agent of Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=74-75}}

== Struggle against the Ghaznavids ==

It is possible that Vidyadhara appointed Rajyapala's successor Trilochanapala on the Pratihara throne.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} In 1019, Mahmud launched a fresh invasion of India, and defeated the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler Trilochanapala (not to be confused with the Pratihara ruler of same name). He then advanced towards Bari, the new Pratihara capital. According to [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]]'s ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', the Pratihara ruler Trilochanapala fled from the town. After sacking Bari, Mahmud encountered the army of Vidyadhara (variously named "Bida" or "Nanda" in Muslim chronicles).{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=78}}

According to [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'', the two armies were encamped on the opposite banks of a river. Mahmud sent an envoy to Vidyadhara (called "Nanda" by Ahmad), asking him to accept [[Islam]] and Mahmud's suzerainty. Vidyadhara refused to make a submission. After seeing the Chandela ruler's vast army from an elevated spot, Mahmud became worried. However, at night, Vidyadhara withdrew with some of his companions, leaving behind his army. According to this account, there was no fight between the two armies. After Vidyadhara's withdrawal, Mahmud's army sacked his camp, and procured a great amount of wealth, including 580 elephants. Gardezi, in his ''Zayn al-Akhbar'', states that the Chandela ruler (called "Ganda" in this account) had already deserted his camp by the time Mahmud's envoy reached there. [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] offers a different account, stating that the two armies fought a battle before retreating at the nightfall.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=78-79}}

In 1022, Mahmud invaded the Chandela kingdom again, besieging the [[Gwalior Fort]] (Gopadri), which was controlled by a [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] feudatory of Vidyadhara. This feudatory is identified with Kirtiraja. According to ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' Mahmud lifted the siege after four days, in return for a tribute of 35 elephants. He then proceeded to besiege the Chandela fortress of [[Kalanjara]]. After a long siege, the Kalanjara ruler (called "Nanda" in this account), offered Mahmud a tribute of 300 elephants and "begged for safety". According to [[Firishta]]'s account, the Chandela king intoxicated the elephants and sent them to Mahmud's camp without any riders. These wild elephants were tamed by Mahmud's [[Tatars|Tatar]] soldiers. The Chandela king, on seeing this act of bravery, sent a [[panegyric]] praising Mahmud and his army. In return, Mahmud also complimented the Vidyadhara, and awarded him 15 fortresses and other presents before turning to his capital [[Ghazna]].{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=80-82}}

S. K. Mitra theorizes that the encounter between Vidyadhara and Mahmud ended with an "exchange of gifts", which must have been depicted as "tribute" by the Muslim historians.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=82}}

== Possible conflict with Bhoja ==
An inscription of Kirtiraja, the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghata]] ruler of Gwalior, claims that he defeated the forces of the [[Malwa]] ruler. At that time, Malwa was ruled by the powerful [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]. It is unlikely that Kirtiraja could have defeated him alone. Thus, S. K. Mitra theorizes that Kirtiraja must have received help from his overlord Vidyadhara in this campaign. One possibility is that Bhoja invaded the Chandela kingdom, but was forced to retreat by Kirtiraja.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|pp=83-84}} The fragmentary [[Mahoba]] inscription of the Chandelas states that Bhoja and Kalachuri-Chandra, like scared pupils, worshipped Vidhyadhara, a master of warfare.{{sfn|Mitra|1977|p=75}} Kalachuri-Chandra (literally "Moon of the Kalachuris") is identified with the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]]. According to one theory, Bhoja, aided by Gangeya, invaded the Chandela kingdom, but Vidyadhara forced them to retreat. However, some scholars such as [[K. M. Munshi]] believe that the Mahoba inscription is merely a boastful exaggeration.{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}

== Cultural contributions ==
[[File:A view of Kandariya Mahadev Temple Khajuraho India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]], commissioned by Vidyadhara]]

Vidyadhara commissioned the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sullerey|2004|p=26}} Epigraphic inscriptions on a [[pilaster]] of the [[mandapa]] in the temple mentions a king called "Virimda", which is interpreted as another name of Vidhyadhara.{{sfn|Deva|1990|p=370}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |last=Deva |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OzVAAAAMAAJ |title=Temples of Khajuraho |volume=1 |year=1990 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India }}
* {{cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisirkumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Mahesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |year=1984 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sullerey |first=Sushil Kumar |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Nava Tirupati

2026-03-28T04:25:14Z

Yashpaul0: added new details

{{Short description|Ennead of temples in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

The '''Nava Tirupati''' ({{Langx|ta|நவ திருப்பதி|lit=Nine Tirupatis}})<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&dq=nava+tirupati&pg=PA704 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |date=2012-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-18979-2 |pages=704 |language=en}}</ref> refers to a group of nine [[Hindu]] temples dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]], located on the [[Tiruchendur]]-[[Tirunelveli]] route, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], on the banks of the [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabarani]] river.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&dq=nava+tirupati&pg=PA704 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |date=2012-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-18979-2 |pages=704 |language=en}}</ref> Each of these temples is classified as a [[Divya Desams|Divya Desam]], counted as one among the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]], revered by the 12 poet-saints of the Tamil [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition, the [[Alwars|Alvars]].<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|date=2011|title=Dakṣiṇamūrti on vimānas of Viṣṇu Temples in the Far South|journal=South Asian Studies |volume=27|issue=2|pages=131–144|doi=10.1080/02666030.2011.614413|s2cid=194022781 }}</ref>

==Temples==
The temples are revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century CE Vaishnava canon, attributed by [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]]. The following is the list of the 9 temples.<ref name="M">{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=155–159|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Navatirupathi|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501050700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630055238/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501050700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2003|date=25 October 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=25 October 2015}}</ref>

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{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" | '''Name of the temple'''
! scope="col" | '''Deity'''
! scope="col" | '''Planet'''
! scope="col" | '''Sacred day'''
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''
! scope="col" | '''Location'''
! scope="col" | '''Time'''
|- align="center"
|-
| [[Srivaikuntanathan Permual Temple]]
| [[Surya]]
| [[Sun]]
| [[Sunday]]
| [[File:Srivaikuntam4.jpg|130x130px|center]]
| [[Srivaikuntam]]
| 7 am - 12 pm, 5 - 8 pm
|-
| [[ThiruVaragunamangai Perumal Temple|Vijayaasana Perumal Temple]]
| [[Chandra]]
| [[Moon]]
| [[Monday]]
| [[File:Varagunamangai2.jpg|130px|center]]
| Natham
| 8 am - 12 pm, 1 - 6 pm
|-
| [[Vaithamanidhi Perumal Temple]]
| [[Mangala|Angaragan]]
| [[Mars]]
| [[Tuesday]]
| [[File:Thirukkolur3.jpg|130px|center]]
|Thirukolur
| 7:30 am - 12 pm, 4.30 - 8 pm
|-
| [[ThiruPulingudi Perumal Temple]]
| [[Budha]]
| [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
| [[Wednesday]]
| [[File:Thirupuliyangudi3.jpg|130px|center]]
| Thirupulingudi
| 8 am - 12 pm, 1 - 6 pm
|-
| [[AlwarThirunagari Temple]]
| [[Guru]]
| [[Jupiter]]
| [[Thursday]]
| [[File:Azhwar Thirunagari9.jpg|130px|center]]
| [[Alwar Thirunagari|Alvar Thirunagari]]
| 6 am - 12 pm, 5 - 8:45 pm
|-
| [[Makara Nedunkuzhai Kannan Temple]]
| [[Sukran]]
| [[Venus]]
| [[Friday]]
| [[File:Then Thirupperai3.jpg|130px|center]]
| Thenthiruperai
| 7 am - 12 pm, 5 - 8:30 pm
|-
| [[Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai]]
| [[Shani]]
| [[Saturn]]
| [[Saturday]]
| [[File:Thirukulandhai1.jpg|130px|center]]
| Thirukulandhai
| 7:30 am - 12:30 pm, 4:30 - 7:30 pm
|-
| [[Irattai Thiruppathy]], [[Aravindalochanar temple]]
| [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]]
|[[Lunar node]]
|
| [[File:Aravinda Lochanar temple3.jpg|130px|center]]
| Tholavillimangalam
| 8 am - 1 pm, 2 - 6 pm
|-
| [[Irattai Thiruppathy]], [[Devapiran temple]]
| [[Rahu]]
|[[Lunar node]]
|
| [[File:Devapiran temple4.jpg|130px|center]]
| Tholavillimangalam
| 8 am - 1 pm, 2 - 6 pm
|}

==Festival==
The ''Garuda Sevai Utsavam'' (a festival where a form of [[Perumal (deity)|Vishnu]], seated upon his mount [[Garuda]], is revered) in the month of Vaikasi (May - June) witnesses 9 ''Garuda Sevai,'' as well as two palanquins, one with Nammalvar of [[Alwarthirunagiri|Alwarthirunagari]], and the other with Madurakavi Alvar from Thirukalur. An event in which festival image idols from the Nava Tirupati shrines in the area are brought on ''Garuda Vahana'' (Garuda as a mount) to Alvarthirunagari for ''[[Mangalasasanam]]'' (singing of sacred hymns) and to for paying obeisance to Nammalvar in the morning.

An idol of [[Nammalvar]] is also brought here on a palanquin, and his ''pasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these 9 temples are recited. In the night 9 ''Garuda Sevai'' by the ''Nava Tirupati Perumals'' and the two Alvars also on procession in circumambulations. A total of 11 temple ''chapparams'' (canopied-cars) move around the outer courtyards. The [[utsavar]] (idol venerated during procession) of Nammalvar is taken in a palanquin to each of the 9 temples, through the paddy fields in the area. The pasurams dedicated to each of the 9 [[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]s are chanted in the respective shrines. This is the most important of the festivals in this area, and draws thousands of visitors.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nava Tirupathi}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]

Kolkata district

2026-03-26T17:14:41Z

Yashpaul0: further improve page per sources also and added references

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolkata district
| native_name =
| other_name = Calcutta district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = Kolkata Imgs.jpg
| imagesize = 300
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]], Central Business District, [[Rabindra Setu]], [[Trams in Kolkata|City Tram Line]], [[Vidyasagar Setu]]
| image_map = Kolkata in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Kolkata district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5726723|N|88.3638815|E|format=dms|display=inline,title|region:IN-WB}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kolkata]]
| leader_title = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Chowranghee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowranghee]], [[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorasanko]], [[Shyampukur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyampukur]],
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 206.08
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4496694
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 98.67 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 990 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|www.kmcgov.in}}
}}

'''Kolkata district''' (formerly known as '''Calcutta district''') is a district in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It only contains the entire [[city proper]] of [[Kolkata]], the [[capital city]] of the state and therefore it is a [[city district]]. It is the smallest district in the state and also the most densely populated district. Being a city district, the district itself is its own headquarters; it does not have further subdivisions like ''[[mahakuma]]s'' or [[Tehsil|blocks]] that exist in all other districts of the state nor does it have a district magistrate.

==History==
[[File:Aatchala Bari - Barisha - Kolkata 2011-10-03 030278.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The remains of the Aatchala Bari at Barisha]]
During seventeenth century Sutanuti was a major wool-trading center where had flourished the Basak, Sett, and a group of Portuguese merchants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Banka|first=Neha|date=25 August 2021|title=Explained: 'Calcutta does not have a birthday', but it has some markers of urbanisation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/calcutta-does-not-have-a-birthday-but-it-has-some-markers-of-urbanisation-7468418/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> In Dihi Kalikata, Armenian traders commanded significant influence.<ref>Birth of a Colonial City: Calcutta. Ranjit Sen</ref> The first historical notice regarding Kolkata was found in [[Ain-i-Akbari]] of [[Abul Fazl]] in 1596. According to it, that Kalighat was a place within Saptagram, an old port on Hooghly River.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931 |date=26 August 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64143-1 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> With the decline of the once flourishing [[Saptagram]] port, traders and businessmen, such as the Basaks, the Sheths and others, started venturing southwards and settled in or developed places such as [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Gobindapur]]. They set up a cotton and yarn market at [[Sutanuti]]. [[Chitpur]] was a weaving centre and [[Baranagar]] was another textile centre. [[Kalighat]] was a pilgrimage centre. Across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], there were places such as [[Salkia]] and [[Betor]]. [[Kalikata]] was a lesser known place. While both Sutanuti and Gobindapur appear on old maps like Thomas Bowrey's of 1687 and George Herron's of 1690, Kalikata, situated between the two, is not depicted.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |access-date=20 February 2018 |work=Pages 6–10: The History |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal}}</ref><ref name = "Cotton">Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, pages 1, 11, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, page 3</ref>
[[File:Jorasanko Thakur Bari.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], now [[Rabindra Bharati University]] |left]]
Around early March 1698, the East India Company (EIC) proposed to the Roy Choudhurys that Dihi Kalikata be subrented to them.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Firminger |first=Walter Kelly |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8337 |title=The fifth report from the select committee of the house of commons on the affairs of the east India company |publisher=R. Cambray & Co. |year=1917 |volume=1 |location=Calcutta |pages=lxvi-lxviii |chapter=The Company becomes Zamindar}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Farhat |date=1992 |title=Indigenous Cooperation and the Birth of a Colonial City: Calcutta, c. 1698-1750 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312717 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015948 |issn=0026-749X |jstor=312717 |s2cid=146738069 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The offer was rejected since then-Zamindar (anon.) of the Roy Chowdhurys feared permanently losing the properties to a far-powerful client.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":72" /> This led the EIC to negotiate for the rent-rights outright and at the Mughal quarters; one Nathaniel Walsh was dispatched to Prince [[Azim-ush-Shan]], then-Viceroy of [[Bengal Subah]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=C. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/oldfortwilliamin01wilsuoft |title=Old Fort William In Bengal |year=1906 |volume=1 |pages=34–42}}</ref><ref name=":72" /> The negotiations proved successful.<ref name=":3" /> The zamindari rights, for Dihi Kalikata, Sutanuti and Govindapur, had been transferred to the Company paying Choudhury total of 2000 Rupees.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Debjani |title=Geography's myth: The many origins of Calcutta |date=2013 |work=Unarchived Histories |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315856698-13/geography-myth-debjani-bhattacharyya |access-date=22 April 2024 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315856698-13 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-85669-8}}</ref> Subsequent to the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], the English purchased 55 villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]]. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]''.<ref name="history"/>

After the [[Treaty of Allahabad]], the [[East India Company]] was granted ''Diwani'' rights (the right to collect taxes), in 1765, in the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Odisha. In 1772, Kolkata became the capital of East India Company's territories, and in 1793, the English took full control of the city and the province. Development of Kolkata's infrastructure started and in the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained. In the 19th century, Kolkata was the epicentre of the epoch-changing socio-cultural movement, the [[Bengali Renaissance|Bengal Renaissance]]. The 20th century unfolded historical events in Kolkata – the [[Swadeshi movement]], the first [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] along communal lines, shifting of the national capital from Kolkata to Delhi in 1911 – and Kolkata emerged as an important hub of the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]]. With the experience and memories of the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], the [[Direct Action Day|Great Calcutta Killings]], the final [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], and [[Independence Day (India)|independence of the country]], Kolkata moved on to a new era of challenges, with millions of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees]] pouring in from neighbouring East Pakistan (later Bangladesh).<ref name="history"/>

Before partition of Bengal, Kolkata had offered education and job opportunities to the people from East Bengal. Kolkata had taken in about a quarter of a million East Bengali migrants long before partition. After partition of Bengal, the number of refugees moving in from East Bengal were so high that large stretches of rural or semi urban habitation were transformed into towns, the density of population, particularly in areas with high refugee population, jumped by leaps. The outer limits of Kolkata were extended. The entire process of urbanisation was hastened. In the fifties 25% of the population of Metropolitan Kolkata were refugees. In 1975, a CMDA report suggested that there were 1,104 squatter colonies in West Bengal, out of which 510 were in Calcutta Metropolitan District.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bangalnama.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/the-refugee-city-partition-and-kolkata%E2%80%99s-postcolonial-landscape/ |title = The Refugee City: Partition and Kolkata's Post-colonial landscape| publisher= Bangalnama, 31 August 2009| access-date = 13 March 2018}}</ref> In 1981, a refugee rehabilitation committee set up by the state government put the figures for refugees in the state at 8 million. The break up for Kolkata is not available. The central government had decided that 25 March 1971 was the cut off date for entry of refugees from former East Pakistan into India and so, all those coming in after that date are either immigrants or infiltrators – there were no more refugees, at least officially/legally.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/4m-refugees-entered-West-Bengal-after-1971/articleshow/660584.cms|title = 4m refugees entered West Bengal after 1971 |work = Nirmalya Banerjee |date = 11 August 2000 | publisher= The Times of India, 11 August 2000| access-date = 13 March 2018}}</ref>

The socio-economic conditions that led to the growth of Kolkata, were urbanising a much larger territory. Right form the 16th century, a number of townships, based on trade and commerce, had sprung up along both banks of the Hooghly. None of these townships withered away as Kolkata gained supremacy, rather they got integrated with the core of the city. In 1951, census operations in West Bengal first recognised a continuous industrial area stretching from [[Bansberia]] to [[Uluberia]] on the west bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], and from [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] to [[Budge Budge]] on the east bank. It was ultimately recognised as the Kolkata urban agglomeration, with the city as its core.<ref name= "kolkata1">Chakraborty, Satyesh C., "The Growth of Calcutta in the Twentieth Century", in “Calcutta, The Living City” Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Pages 4–6, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

Kolkata has always been a city of migrants. They are the people who have made the city so large. In the first half of the 20th century the largest group of migrants were the working-class people from Bihar. After 1947, they were overtaken in numbers by the refugees from East Pakistan. A comparatively lesser number of people from the surrounding areas have migrated to the city, because a huge population commutes to the city for work and returns to their villages. They are not counted in the census data for Kolkata. The promise of a better quality of life may have been an initial attraction for the migrants, but bulk of the poorer sections soon realised that poverty in Kolkata was as severe and dehumanising as in the villages they left behind. However, many of them found opportunities of income in the urban economy. Some of them managed a place in industry, because of the preferential treatment they got as a result of people in their community vouching for them. A 1976 survey revealed that the proportion of workers from outside West Bengal were 71% in the jute industry, 58% in textile mills and 73% in iron and steel units. The [[Chamars]] from the Hindi heartland, many of whom work in the leather industry, have been here for more than a century. As per the 1951 census, only 33.2% of Kolkata's inhabitants were city-born. The rest, including a small group of foreigners, were migrants. 12.3% came from elsewhere in West Bengal, 26.3% from other states in India and 29.6% were refugees from East Pakistan.<ref name= "kolkata1"/><ref>Chatterjee, Partha, "Political Culture of Calutta", in “Calcutta, The Living City” Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 29, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref><ref>Bandyopadhyay, Raghab, "The Inheritors: Slum and Pavement Life in Calcutta", in “Calcutta, The Living City” Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 79, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Nilanjana, "The East Bengal Refugees: A Lesson in Survival", in “Calcutta, The Living City” Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 70, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

This brings us on to another aspect of the city. The slum population has grown at a much faster rate than the total city population, thereby indicating a growing ratio of the impoverished working population of the city. "Geographically, Calcutta is in a unique position vis-à-vis the whole of eastern India. The growth and prosperity of the region must involve Calcutta. How it will grow… is the great question to be answered."<ref>Ghosh, Ambikaprasad Ghosh, assisted by Chatterjee, Kaushik, ''The Demography of Calcutta'', in “Calcutta, The Living City” Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 57, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

[[P. Thankappan Nair]] writes, “The six square miles within the [[Maratha Ditch]] (the original core of Calcutta) thus came to have the world’s highest density of population in that age. It was a heterogeneous population, sinking differences of caste, creed and colour under the sheer compulsion to interact and survive together. The compulsion has grown stronger ever since, as has the spirit it fostered. Hence Calcutta did not disintegrate when the capital was shifted to New Delhi in 1912. It has kept growing and living by the ever-renewed confidence and vitality of its inherent human forces.”<ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 23, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Victoria Memorial and Trees, Calcutta, India.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]]]]
Kolkata district lies between 22.037’ and 22.030’ North latitude and 88.023’ and 88.018’ East longitude. It occupies the east bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. The alluvial plain has an average elevation of 6.4 metres (17 feet) above mean sea level. A large part of the district comprises land reclaimed from [[wetland]]. The existing [[East Kolkata Wetlands]] has been designated a “wetland of international importance” by the [[Ramsar Convention]].<ref name="geography">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 12: Administrative set-up of the district, Page 19: Physical features | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Kolkata Shyambazar Panchmatha2.jpg|thumb|250px|Shyambazar five point crossing with statue of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas]]|left]]

Kolkata district is bounded by the [[North 24 Parganas district]] on the north and on the east, [[South 24 Parganas district]] on the south and [[Howrah district]], across the Hooghly, on the west.<ref name="geography"/>

In terms of area, it is the smallest amongst all the districts of West Bengal but has the highest density of population. It is the only district in the state with cent per cent urban population. It has the lowest [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] (5.38%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] (0.24%) population in the state. Kolkata district is the only district in the state with a negative growth rate (−1.7%) for the 2001–2011 decade. Kolkata district has the second highest literacy rate (86.3%) in the state.<ref name= "highlights">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1916_PART_B_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 25: District Highlights 2011 census, Pages 26–27: Important Statistics | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Kolkata metropolitan area]], extending over an area of 1851.41 km<sup>2</sup>, is one of the six metropolitan areas in India. It includes the entire [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] area.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmdaonline.org/home/about_us| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160118080458/http://www.kmdaonline.org/home/about_us| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 18 January 2016|title = Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority |work = About KMDA | publisher= KMDA| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

The Kolkata district collector is responsible for several citizen centric services which are neither being provided by the KMC nor Kolkata Police.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-district-collector-to-oversee-key-city-services/articleshow/16776041.cms |title = Kolkata district collector to oversee key city services |newspaper = The Times of India |date = 12 October 2012 | publisher=The Times of India, 12 October 2012 | access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of districts of West Bengal#Demographics| List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}

===Population===
{{Historical populations
| 1901 | 1009853
| 1911 | 1117966
| 1921 | 1158497
| 1931 | 1289461
| 1941 | 2352399
| 1951 | 2956475
| 1961 | 3351250
| 1971 | 3727020
| 1981 | 4126846
| 1991 | 4399819
| 2001 | 4572876
| 2011 | 4496694
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= A-02: Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, West Bengal, India, 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kolkata district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,496,694,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Croatia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Croatia 4,483,804 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Louisiana 4,533,372
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 35th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 24252 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was −1.88%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kolkata has a [[sex ratio]] of 899 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 87.14%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 5.38% and 0.24% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages spoken in Kolkata city (2011 census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |format=XLDX |title=India Census 2011 : C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |website=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value1 = 61.45
| label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| color1 = Red
| value2 = 23.00
| label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| color2 = Orange
| value3 = 13.03
| label4 = [[Odia language|Oriya]]
| color3 = Green
| value4 = 0.58
| label5 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| value5 = 0.57
| label6 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value6 = 0.35
| label7 = [[English language|English]]
| value7 = 0.2
| label8 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value8 = 0.18
| label9 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| value9 = 0.14
| label10 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value10 = 0.12
| label11 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| value11 = 0.10
| label12 = Others
| value12 = 0.44
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Kolkata city linguistic diversity as per (2011 census)''<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX 2011 census] censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115221623/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |date=15 January 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! Languages
! Population
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| 2,763,291
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| 1,034,363
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| 586,234
|-
| [[Odia language|Oriya]]
| 26,158
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| 25,667
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| 15,913
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| 8,932
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| 8,089
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| 6,508
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| 5,330
|-
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| 4,434
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| 3,724
|-
| Others
| 28,607
|-
| Total
| 4,496,694
|}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the most spoken language, with 61.45% of the population. Another 22.19% speak [[Hindi]] and 13.04% [[Urdu]]. [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] are also spoken by more than 10,000 people.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The proportion of persons having Bengali as a mother tongue in Kolkata district decreased from 63.8% in 1961 to 59.9% in 1971 to 58.5% in 1981 and then increased to 63.6% in 1991, but again dropped to 62.0% in 2001 and dropped further to 61.5% in 2011. The proportion of persons having Hindi as mother tongue increased from 19.3% in 1961 to 23.2% in 1971, but then started declining to 22.2% in 1981, 20.9% in 1991 and 20.3% in 2001, but rose to 22.2% in 2011. The proportion of persons having Urdu as mother tongue has increased from 9.0% in 1961 to 13.6% in 2001 but decreased to 13.0% in 2011. The proportion of persons having English as mother tongue has dwindled from 1.0% in 1961 to 0.2% in 2001 and now only 8,900 people speak English as mother tongue, mainly Anglo-Indians.<ref name=language2001>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 65–66: Mother tongue | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Kolkata district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
| label1 = [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
| value1 = 76.51
| color1 = DarkOrange
| label2 = [[Islam|Muslim]]
| value2 = 20.6
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
| value3 = 1.09
| color3 = Beige
| label4 = [[Christians|Christian]]
| value4 = 0.88
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = [[Jainism|Jain]]
| value5 = 0.47
| color5 = DeepPink
| label6 = [[Sikhism|Sikh]]
| value6 = 0.31
| color6 = OrangeRed
| label7 = [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]
| value7 = 0.11
| color7 = Yellow
| label8 = Other religions
| value8 = 0.03
| color8 = Grey
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religion in Kolkata district
!Religion
!Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|75}}
!Percentage (1941)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
|[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|16x16px]]
|1,551,512
|73.57%
|3,440,290
|76.51%
|-
|[[Islam]] [[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|15x15px]]
|497,535
|23.59%
|926,414
|20.60%
|-
|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|21x21px]]
|16,431
|0.78%
|39,758
|0.88%
|-
|Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
|43,413
|2.06%
|90,232
|2.01%
|-
|'''Total Population'''
|'''2,108,891'''
|'''100%'''
|'''4,496,694'''
|'''100%'''
|}

The small minorities were [[Jainism in Bengal|Jains]], who numbered 21,178 and formed 0.5% of the population. [[Sikhs]] numbered 13,849 and formed 0.3% of the population. [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhists]] numbered 4,771 and formed 0.1% of the population. Persons following other religions numbered 1,452. Persons not stating religion numbered 48,982 and formed 1.1% of the population.<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 64: religion | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 15 February 2018}}</ref>

The proportion of Hindus in Kolkata district decreased from 83.9% in 1961 to 76.5% in 2011. During the same period Muslims increased from 12.8% to 20.6%.<ref name=religion2011/>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
[[File:PrincepGhat.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Prinsep Ghat]] with [[Vidyasagar Setu]] in the background]]
As per the 2011 census, Kolkata district has 1,795,740 total workers (main and marginal) forming 39.93% of the district population. The remaining population of 2,700,954 (60.07%) belongs to the non-workers category. While amongst the males 59.93% are total workers and 40.07% are non-workers, amongst the females 17.91% are total workers and 82.09% are non-workers.<ref name="livelihood">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30, Page 71: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by sex in Kolkata (M.Corp), 2011, Table 35, Page 72: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activities in towns, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

94.61% of the total workers in urban Kolkata earn their livelihood as ''other workers'', followed by 3.81% as ''household workers''. Only 0.89% of total workers are engaged as ''cultivators'' and 0.69% are engaged as ''agricultural labourers''.<ref name="livelihood"/> The type of workers that come under the category of “other workers” include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, information technology workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport, banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = page 49: Census Concepts and Definitions | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
'''Power supply''': In 1895, the Government of Bengal passed the Calcutta Electric Lighting Act and in 1897 Kilburn & Co., as agents of The Indian Electric Company Limited, secured the licence for electric lighting in Kolkata. The company soon changed its name to [[CESC Limited|Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation]]. It commissioned the first thermal power plant in India, at Emambagh Lane, near [[Prinsep Ghat]], in 1899. The switching over from horse-drawn carriages to electricity by [[Calcutta Tramways Company]] in 1902, provided further impetus to the rise in power consumption. The years of power shortage in the 1970s and 1980s, have been left behind. Now, CESC serves 2.8 million consumers. Total electric consumption in Kolkata district has gone up from 6,424 million KWH in 2006–07 to 8,135 million KWH in 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 40–41: Electricity and Power | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

'''Water supply''': Newspaper reports, quoting KMC officials, say that in 2023 water demand from KMC was 360 million gallons per day and on an average, it supplied 300 mgd. 94 per cent of the city is supplied piped water, almost all of it free. The city is serviced by a 5,000 km network of pipes.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kolkata-assumes-domestic-water-supply-is-free-109122400082_1.html|title = Kolkata assumes domestic water supply is free |work = Devjyot Ghosal | publisher= Business Standard, 20 January 2013| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref> As per KMC, it has 5 water treatment plants at Palta, Watgunge, Jorabagan, Dhapa and Garden Reach.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/WaterSupply.jsp|title = Kolkata Municipal Corporation |work = Water Supply| publisher= KMC| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref> There are reports that officially 15% of Kolkata's core water supply comes from ground water, in reality 25–30% of water used in households is ground water.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thethirdpole.net/2015/11/11/kolkata-a-water-rich-city-turning-water-poor/|title = Kolkata, a water-rich city is turning water-poor |work = Jayanta Basu, 11 November 2015 | publisher= thethirdpole.net | access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

'''Roads''': An estimated 6% of Kolkata's area is under roads, whereas a standard modern city demands 25–30% of the area be under roads.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiagovernance.gov.in/files/kolkata_municipal.pdf|title = Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC)|work = Page 3: City roads| publisher= KMC| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref> ''Pucca'' (surfaced) road construction started in Kolkata only after 1839, and pavements were provided along the main roads only to facilitate erection of gas lights.<ref name="road">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 33: Transport, Page 40: Kolkata Roads| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref> In 2010–11 KMC maintained 1,909 km of roads (1,670 km surfaced and 239 km unsurfaced). In 2020, the number of registered motor vehicles (including two and three wheelers) on the roads of Kolkata was 1024,000.<ref name="road"/>

'''Drainage''': Kolkata district was traditionally drained by two channels and various minor water ways. Human efforts tried to supplement the natural system. [[William Tolly]] tried to develop an eastward drainage-cum-communication channel by excavating the almost dead bed of the [[Adi Ganga]]. The 27 km long Tolly's Nullah was completed in 1777. The Lake Channel was cut through the Salt Lake later on. Some of the other channels were; Beliaghata Canal (1800), Circular Canal from Entally to Hooghly river (1820), Bhangor Khal (1897–98) and the 16 km long Krishnapur Khal, a navigational channel connecting Kolkata with Nona-Gang-Kulti Gang in South 24 Parganas (1910). Since 1742 the [[Bidyadhari River|Bidyadhari]] served as an outlet for the drainage of the city, but with deterioration of the [[Jamuna River (West Bengal)|Jamuna]], Bidyadhari lost much of its fresh water flow. Dr. Birendranath Dey renovated and revived the Bidyadhari in 1943.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work=Pages 20–21: Drainage |publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>
Kolkata was pioneer in introducing the underground drainage system in 1878. There are 88 km of man-entry big sewers and 92 km of non-man entry brick sewers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiagovernance.gov.in/files/kolkata_municipal.pdf|title = Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC)|work = Page 4: Drainage | publisher= KMC| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

'''Eco system''': Kolkata is a highly polluted district. According to an Institute of Ecological Exploration Report, in 1984, there are only 21 trees per km in Kolkata, far below the standard mark of 100 trees per km. The per capita open space at 20 feet<sup>2</sup> is too low. With these handicaps, the smoke from vehicles and industrial units, coupled with winter fogs, create a polluted environment. Noise pollution levels are also high. The noise tolerance level of average human beings is 60–65 decibels. The noise pollution levels in some areas are as follows: Binay–Badal–Dinesh Bag 80 – 85 dB, Esplanade 70 – 84 dB, Park Street 78 – 81 dB, Gariahat 80 – 82 dB and Shyambazar 80 – 82 dB. Spread over 12,500 hectares the East Kolkata Wetlands play a very vital role in maintaining the ecological balance in the neighbourhood of Kolkata. KMC dumps 2,600 tons of solid waste daily. In addition liquid [[sewage]], toxic effluents and polluted air are recycled into clean air, fresh water, organic nutrients and a daily supply of fresh fish and green vegetables for Kolkata kitchens. The surrounding countryside continues its subsistence living with the help of this eco-system.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work=Pages 23–24: Kolkata’s environment, Pages 21–22: East Kolkata Wetlands-Kolkata’s pride|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>

===Industry===
[[File:Birla Planetarium, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|M. P. Birla Planetarium]]]]
The [[East India Company]] secured the licence for trading in Bengal from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. In the absence of road and air transport, in those days, water transport flourished and a [[Port of Kolkata|port]] was established at Kolkata. The first telegraph line was installed as early as 1839. A pioneering pharmaceutical company, [[Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals|Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works]] was established in 1893. The [[Cinema of West Bengal|film industry]], based in Tollygunge, also had an early start. The first silent Bengali feature film, ''[[Bilwamangal]]'', was produced in 1919 and the first Bengali talkie, ''[[Jamai Shashthi]]'', was released in 1931. There were [[Economy of Kolkata|other sectors]] which had an early start and were subsequently followed up. Kolkata district had 1,012 registered factories in 2010. The three most important goods manufactured in Kolkata district in 2009 were: engineering goods, [[Calcutta Leather Complex|leather products]] and rubber products.<ref name="industry">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 26–30: Statement VI, Page 105: Industry, Banking, Pages 30–31: Trade and Commerce |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref>
There was a boom in information technology sector since 2001 with more and more companies being set up in Salt Lake Sector V and later in New Town.

'''Trade and Commerce''': While there were only a handful of [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] in Kolkata's trade and commerce towards the end of the 18th century, they came in larger numbers with the turn of the century and particularly after opening of the railways (1860) and dominated Kolkata's economy. During the 1830s some of the best-known Marwari families, well established in business, were the Singhanias, the Sarafs, the Kotharis and the Bagris. By the turn of the century more Marwari families were in the business limelight: the Poddars, the Mundhras, the Dalmias, the Dugars, the Jalans, the Jhunjhunwalas, the Jaipurias, the Rampurias and the [[Birla family|Birlas]].<ref name="industry"/>[[Burrabazar]] became a stronghold of Marwari businessmen from the middle of the 19th century but their operations remained subservient to British business interests. Business opportunities during [[World War I]] transformed the Marwaris from a trading community to entrepreneurs and they started challenging the British economically. They gained entry into British economic strongholds like the jute and cotton industries. After [[World War II]], as the British left India, the Marwaris acquired most of their business interests. With political ‘delinquency’ prevailing in Kolkata from the sixties many Marwaris, particularly the elite, started looking for greener pastures elsewhere. The Marwaris “could not stop incorrigible Calcutta from getting poorer; Calcutta, in turn, could not stop them from getting richer.”<ref>Mitra, Sukumar and Prasad, Amrita, The Marwaris of Calcutta, in “Calcutta, The Living City” Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Pages 110–112, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies covering Kolkata district are as follows:<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata (North) district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata (South) district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=11}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Grouped with district||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Uttar]]|| rowspan="11" |None||[[Chowrangee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowrangee]]|| rowspan="11" |None|| rowspan="11" |Kolkata||[[Ward No. 44, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|44]], [[Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|45]], [[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|46]], [[Ward No. 47, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|47]], [[Ward No. 48, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|48]], [[Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|49]], [[Ward No. 50, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|50]], [[Ward No. 51, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|51]], [[Ward No. 52, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|52]], [[Ward No. 53, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|53]] and [[Ward No. 62, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|62]]
|-
|[[Entally (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Entally]]||[[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|54]], [[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|55]], [[Ward No. 56, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|56]], [[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|58]] and [[Ward No. 59, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|59]]
|-
|[[Beleghata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beleghata]]||[[Ward No. 28, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|28]], [[Ward No. 29, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|29]], [[Ward No. 30, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|30]], [[Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|33]], [[Ward No. 34, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|34]], [[Ward No. 35, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|35]], [[Ward No. 36, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|36]] and [[Ward No. 57, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|57]]
|-
|[[Jorasanko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jorasanko]]||[[Ward No. 22, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|22]], [[Ward No. 23, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|23]], [[Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|25]], [[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|27]], [[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|37]], [[Ward No. 38, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|38]], [[Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|39]], [[Ward No. 40, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|40]], [[Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|41]], [[Ward No. 42, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|42]] and [[Ward No. 43, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|43]]
|-
|[[Shyampukur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyampukur]]||[[Ward No. 7, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|7]], [[Ward No. 8, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|8]], [[Ward No. 9, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|9]], [[Ward No. 10, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|10]], [[Ward No. 17, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|17]], [[Ward No. 18, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|18]], [[Ward No. 19, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|19]], [[Ward No. 20, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|20]], [[Ward No. 21, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|21]], [[Ward No. 24, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|24]] and [[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|26]]
|-
|[[Maniktala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maniktala]]|| [[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|11]], [[Ward No. 12, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|12]], [[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|13]], [[Ward No. 14, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|14]], [[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|15]], [[Ward No. 16, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|16]], [[Ward No. 31, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|31]] and [[Ward No. 32, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|32]]
|-
|[[Kashipur-Belgachhia]]||[[Ward No. 1, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|1]], [[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|2]], [[Ward No. 3, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|3]], [[Ward No. 4, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|4]], [[Ward No. 5, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|5]] and [[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|6]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin (Partly)]]||[[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port]]|| [[Ward No. 75, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|75]], [[Ward No. 76, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|76]], [[Ward No. 78, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|78]], [[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|79]], [[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]], [[Ward No. 133, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|133]], [[Ward No. 134, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|134]] and [[Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|135]]
|-
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]|| [[Ward No. 63, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|63]], [[Ward No. 70, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|70]], [[Ward No. 71, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|71]], [[Ward No. 72, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|72]], [[Ward No. 73, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|73]], [[Ward No. 74, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|74]], [[Ward No. 77, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|77]] and [[Ward No. 82, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|82]]
|-
|[[Rashbehari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rashbehari]]|| [[Ward No. 81, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|81]], [[Ward No. 83, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|83]], [[Ward No. 84, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|84]], [[Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|86]], [[Ward No. 87, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|87]], [[Ward No. 88, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|88]], [[Ward No. 89, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|89]], [[Ward No. 90, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|90]] and [[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|93]]
|-
|[[Ballygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ballygunge]]||[[Ward No. 60, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|60]], [[Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|61]], [[Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|64]], [[Ward No. 65, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|65]], [[Ward No. 68, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|68]], [[Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|69]] and [[Ward No. 85, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|85]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai district]]
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Kolkata metropolitan region]]
* [[List of districts of West Bengal]]
* [[Mumbai City district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/districts/kolkata.html Map of the Kolkata district] at MapsofIndia
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kolkata district
|North =
|Northeast = [[North 24 Parganas district]]
|East =
|Southeast =
|South = [[South 24 Parganas district]]
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest = [[Howrah district]]
}}

{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Municipal Corporation wards}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata District}}
[[Category:Kolkata district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]

Howrah–Barddhaman chord line

2026-03-25T23:28:15Z

Yashpaul0: new a data...

{{Short description|Railway Route in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Howrah–Barddhaman chord line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| system = [[Commuter rail]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]
| end = [[Bardhaman railway station|Bardhaman]]
| stations = 27
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1917
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|95|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = 1964–65
| speed = {{cvt|160|km/h}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman Chord|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Howrah–Barddhaman chord line''' is a broad-gauge rail line connecting [[Howrah station|Howrah]] and [[Bardhaman railway station|Bardhaman]]. The {{convert|95|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} railway line operates in [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] districts in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is part of the [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]], [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]] and the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

==History==
The Howrah–Bardhaman chord, a shorter link to Bardhaman from Howrah than the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]], was constructed in 1917.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher=Rail India | access-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1932, the [[Chord link line (Kolkata Suburban Railway)|Calcutta chord line]] was built over the [[Vivekananda Setu|then Willingdon Bridge (now Vivekananda Setu)]] joining Dum Dum with [[Dankuni railway station|Dankuni]].

Dhaniakhali station on the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line was added in December 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040109/asp/calcutta/story_2765623.asp | archive-url= https://archive.today/20120914124847/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040109/asp/calcutta/story_2765623.asp | url-status= dead | archive-date= 14 September 2012 | title= After fog, frenzy stalls trains – Mob blocks rail tracks with halt demand, schedules thrown awry | work=The Telegraph| access-date=2011-11-18 | location=Calcutta| date=2004-01-09}}</ref>

==Electrification==
Howrah–Bardhaman chord was electrified in 1964–66.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title =History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2011-11-18 }}</ref>

[[File:Indian Rail Double Decker.JPG|thumb|left|Double Decker train at Howrah Station after a trial run.]]

==Overview==
India's first air-conditioned double-decker train, running between Howrah and Dhanbad was introduced in 2011. The train will run at a permissible speed of 110 km per hour on the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://post.jagran.com/indias-first-doubledecker-train-22-new-trains-flagged-off-1317493185 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111003025013/http://post.jagran.com/indias-first-doubledecker-train-22-new-trains-flagged-off-1317493185 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 October 2011 |title = India's first double-decker train is fully AC | work=Jagran Post | access-date = 2011-11-18 }}</ref>

Earlier, nine rake [[Electric multiple units|EMU]] coaches were used in local trains but twelve coach EMU trains have been introduced in the chord line in 2011, for which the platforms have been extended.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/kolkata/28554143_1_local-trains-platforms-rakes | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712144703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/kolkata/28554143_1_local-trains-platforms-rakes | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-07-12 | title= Local trains to stop twice at Kamarkundu| access-date=2011-11-18| work=[[The Times of India]] | date=2011-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-mu.html| title= Electric Multiple Units | publisher=IRFCA| access-date=2011-11-18}}</ref>

The {{convert|117|km}} long [[Bankura–Masagram line]] connects to the Howrah–Bardhaman chord near Masagram. The {{convert|231|km}} distance for Bankura–Howrah travelling via Kharagpur has been reduced to about {{convert|185|km}}.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050912/asp/bengal/story_5227660.asp | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130104223347/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050912/asp/bengal/story_5227660.asp | url-status= dead | archive-date= 4 January 2013 | title= Train to Bankura| work=The Telegraph|access-date=2011-11-18 | location=Calcutta| first=Sanjay | last=Mandal | date=2005-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/before-swearing-in-didi%5Cs-rail-sopstrack/435927/ | title = Before swearing-in, Didi's rail sops on track | access-date = 2012-03-19 | work=Business Standard|date=18 May 2011}}</ref>

The railway track was extended to Belur Math in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-13/kolkata/27209535_1_rail-link-belur-math-rail-service | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130616180532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-13/kolkata/27209535_1_rail-link-belur-math-rail-service | url-status= dead | archive-date= 2013-06-16 | title= New rail link to Belur Math from August 16| access-date=2011-11-18 | work= [[The Times of India]] | date=2003-08-13}}</ref>

==Tracks==
There are five tracks between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and Bally. There are three tracks between [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]] and [[Dankuni railway station|Dankuni]]. There are four tracks between [[Dankuni railway station|Dankuni]] and [[Chandanpur railway station|Chandanpur]]. There are three tracks between [[Chandanpur railway station|Chandanpur]] and [[Saktigarh railway station|Saktigarh]].
2 tracks is now under construction for edfc from dankuni to asansol. Howrah Tarakeswar line goes over the [[Kamarkundu railway station|Kamarkundu]] station.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,721,733,755 |title = Howrah Division Operating Department| publisher= Eastern Railway| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>

==Loco and car sheds==
Howrah has a diesel and an electric loco shed. The diesel loco shed houses WDM-2, WDM-3A, WDS-6 locos. The electric loco shed houses WAP-4 loco. Commissioned in 2001, it is one of the largest WAP-4 sheds in Indian Railways. It has facilities for stabling 70+ locos. There is a diesel loco shed at Bamangachi with WDM-2, WDS-4 and WDS-6. Bardhaman has a diesel loco shed with WDG-3A, WDM-6, WDM-2 and WDM-3A locos. There is a diesel loco shed at [[Liluah]] and an [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] car shed at Howrah. Liluah Carriage & Wagon Workshop maintains coaches and freight wagons.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>

Tikiapara Coaching Depot maintains 22 primary base trains and 6 round trip trains. Total coach holding capacity is 744 coaches. It handles prestigious trains like Rajdhani Express and Duronto Exptress. The Coaching Depot is under Howrah Division, Eastern Railway. Bardhaman Coaching & Wagon Depot can maintain four passenger trains, including one DEMU rake. It has a capacity of holding 71 coaches.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1336385288075-C&W%20HWH%20OVER%20VIEW%20MAY%2712.pdf |title = Carriage and Wagon / Howrah Division| publisher = Indian Railways| access-date = 11 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Speed limits==
Most of the Howrah–Bardhaman chord is classified as ‘A’ class line where trains can run up to 160 km per hour but in certain sections speeds may be limited to 120–130 km per hour. The Kolkata Rajdhani (between Howrah and New Delhi) travels at an average speed of 85.8 km per hour and the Sealdah Rajdhani (between Sealdah and New Delhi) travels at an average speed of 84.70 km per hour. The [[Howrah–Ranchi Shatabdi Express|Howrah Ranchi Shatabdi Express]] and [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express|Howrah New Jalpaiguri Shatabdi Express]] runs at a top speed of 130 km/h in some sections of this line.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html |title=Permanent Way| work= Track Classifications|access-date=2012-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-trivia.html#fasttrack |title=Trivia| work= Highest speed sections of track|access-date=2012-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Howrah topics}}
{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Bardhaman chord}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1917]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Arya (actress)

2026-03-23T13:48:35Z

Yashpaul0:

{{short description|Indian actress, comedian, television presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arya
| image = Arya Rohit.jpg
| caption = Arya
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|12|18}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite web |title=Interview/Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTQc9vcOHyc&t=18s |website=YouTube |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
| other_names = Arya Babu, Arya Rohit, Arya
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|comedian|TV host|model|entrepreneur}}
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Rohit Suseelan|2008|2018|end=separated}}<br>
{{Marriage|Sibin Benjamin|2025}}<ref name="On">{{cite news |title=Arya and Sibin tie the knot in daughter Kushi’s presence|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/08/21/arya-sibin-wedding-viral-videos-daughter-kushi.html|access-date=30 December 2025|work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Arya Babu''', also known by her stage name '''Arya Badai''', is an Indian actress, [[comedian]], model, and [[television presenter]], who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] and television. She started her career in television and modelling industry. She is best known as a regular comedian in the television comedy ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. She has acted on several television series and later turned a [[television host]] and also forayed into films. She participated in [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|second season]] of the Malayalam [[reality TV]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''.

==Early life and background==
Arya hails from [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=TOI/> She studied at [[Holy Angel's Convent Thiruvananthapuram]]. She is a dancer trained in Western, cinematic, and semi-classical styles.<ref name="TH">{{cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |title=Chasing her dream with determination |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/actress-arya-is-chasing-her-dreams-with-determination/article6356707.ece |access-date=5 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 August 2014 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203093038/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/actress-arya-is-chasing-her-dreams-with-determination/article6356707.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Arya made her acting debut while she was studying in plus two (higher secondary) when she got the offer to appear in the television series ''Officer'' on [[Amrita TV]]. She appeared in two stories and after that she got married. Her sister-in-law Kalpana Susheelan was a model, it persuaded her to search for a career in modelling and began working in commercials for leading clients in the industry, including [[Chennai Silks]] and Chemmanur Jewellers. It was followed by her first major role in television, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] soap opera ''[[Maharani (2009 TV series)|Maharani]]'' (2009 – 2011) which was a remake of the Malayalam serial ''Ente Manasaputhri'' starring her sister-in-law [[Archana Suseelan]]. After that she took a maternity leave for around two years; on return, she acted in serials such as ''Mohakkadal'', ''Achante Makkal'', and ''Ardram''.<ref name="TH"/>

The turning point in her career came after contesting in the [[reality television]] series ''Stars'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], which was for serial artists. In one of the episodes she acted on a [[Parody|spoof]] of the film ''[[Njan Gandharvan]]''. Her performance was appreciated by the channel and recommended her name to Diana Sylvester, producer of newly launching comedy show ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' (2013 – 2018) who was looking for an actress for [[Ramesh Pisharody]]'s wife. It was her foray as a comedian and a break in her career. She was a regular in the cast and portrayed a loggerhead named Arya.<ref name="TH"/> While doing ''Badai Bungalow'' she also did stage show and most notably, the serial ''Sthreedhanam'' on Asianet, in which she played Pooja, a bold and outspoken daughter-in-law with a black belt in [[Karate]]. The role gave her appreciation.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |last=Pillai |first=Radhika C. |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Interview-with-Arya-Rohit/articleshow/30980723.cms |title=Interview with Arya Rohit |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 February 2014 |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727091151/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Interview-with-Arya-Rohit/articleshow/30980723.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later, she began hosting a cookery show on television and also acted in a number of Malayalam films.<ref name="TH1"/> In 2020, she contested in the second season of the Malayalam [[reality TV]] series [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|''Bigg Boss'' (Malayalam season 2)]], hosted by actor [[Mohanlal]] on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-2-arya-opens-up-about-her-life-and-father/articleshow/73189906.cms |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 2: Arya opens up about her life and father |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2020 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825094402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-2-arya-opens-up-about-her-life-and-father/articleshow/73189906.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2019-2023, She hosted first, second, fourth and fifth seasons of popular the musical [[game show]] ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].

==Personal life==
She married [[Information technology|IT]] engineer Rohit Susheelan and they have a daughter named Roya. Rohit is the brother of television actress [[Archana Suseelan]].<ref name=TOI/> In 2018, she opened a [[boutique]] named Aroya in [[Vazhuthacaud]].<ref name="TH1">{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Athira |title=Arya, the haute entrepreneur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/arya-the-haute-entrepreneur/article22761474.ece |access-date=5 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033631/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/arya-the-haute-entrepreneur/article22761474.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2019, Arya revealed that she is living with her daughter separately from her husband.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/gossip/2019/01/06/arya-opens-up-separation.html |title=Arya opens up on separation from husband |date=6 January 2019 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106113959/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/gossip/2019/01/06/arya-opens-up-separation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 August 2025, she married [[Radio Jockey|RJ]] Sibin Benjamin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arya and Sibin Benjamin are married, daughter walks mother to mandap|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1594915&u=arya-and-sibin-benjamin-are-married-daughter-walks-mother-to-mandap|access-date=30 December 2025|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Fiddle (film)|Fiddle]]'' || Album actress || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' || Deccan Exports receptionist ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' || Young lady in the train ||
|-
|| ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' || Mallika ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Pa Va]]'' || Sister Emily ||
|-
|| ''[[Pretham]]'' || Shalini || Cameo appearance
|-
|| ''[[Thoppil Joppan]]'' || Joppan's fiancée (Nurse) || Cameo
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2017 || ''[[Alamara]]'' || Suvin's proposed lady || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]'' || Sara Pereira ||
|-
|| ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]'' || Sumathi || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations|Honeybee 2.5]]'' || Sara Pereira / Herself || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]'' || Golda ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Sukhamano Daveede'' || Dona||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || Sanitha ||
|-
|| ''[[Ulta (2019 film)|Ulta]]'' || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Uriyadi (Malayalam)|Uriyadi]]'' || Shiny Matthew ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Meppadiyan]]'' || Aannie ||
|-
|| ''In'' || Sreeba ||
|-
|| ''Two Men'' || Jaseena ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''90:00 Minutes'' || Ancy ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/9000-minutes/movieshow/94648356.cms |title=90:00 Minutes Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317131204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/9000-minutes/movieshow/94648356.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enthada Saji]]'' || Mini ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Enthada Saji': Kunchacko Boban starrer has a 'Bruce Almighty' touch; watch sneak peek |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/enthada-saji-kunchacko-boban-starrer-has-a-bruce-almighty-touch-watch-sneak-peek/articleshow/99260268.cms |access-date=6 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406054628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/enthada-saji-kunchacko-boban-starrer-has-a-bruce-almighty-touch-watch-sneak-peek/articleshow/99260268.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Sangeeta||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meera Jasmine and Narain's Queen Elizabeth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=2|2025|| ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'' || Latha Dinesh||<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Identity has been the greatest gift of the year so far’|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/12/identity-has-been-the-greatest-gift-of-the-year-so-far|website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 February 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Machante Maalakha]]'' || Rameshan's wife||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Soubin-Namitha Pramod starrer Machante Maalakha out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/15/trailer-of-soubin-namitha-pramod-starrer-machante-maalakha-out|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 February 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Christina (2026 film)|Christina]]'' || Indumathi||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=Sudheer Karamana's Christina gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/29/sudheer-karamanas-christina-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-




|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Network !! Role !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''Man'' || [[DD Malayalam]] || Herself ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Officer'' || [[Amrita TV]] || Uncredited || Debut
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Kareena ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Rainbow'' || [[Kairali TV]] ||Host ||
|-
| 2009–2011 || ''[[Maharani (2009 TV series)|Maharani]]'' || [[Star Vijay]] || Suja || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series
|-
|2009|| ''Kunjiyammakku Anchu Makkalane'' || [[Amrita TV]] || Aruna ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Swapnakoodu Season 2'' || ACV || Host ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Hit Bazar'' || rowspan=2| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Host ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2012 || ''Chandralekha'' || Varsha ||
|-
| ''Achante Makkal'' || [[Surya TV]] || Sherin ||
|-
| ''Nakshathradeepangal'' || rowspan=2|[[Kairali TV]] || Herself as Participant ||
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''Nilapakshi'' || Akhila ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2013 || ''Pathinu Pathu'' || [[Surya TV]] || Pooja ||
|-
| ''Pennu Pidicha Pulival'' || rowspan=5| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || || Telefilm
|-
| 2013–2016 || ''[[Sthreedhanam]]'' || Pooja Prasad ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2013 || ''Ardram'' || Malavika ||
|-
| ''Munch Stars'' ||Herself as Contestant || Reality TV show
|-
| 2013–2018 || ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' || Arya || Comedy talk show
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014 || ''Mohakkadal'' || rowspan=3| [[Surya TV]] ||Ananthu's wife ||
|-
| ''Sarayu'' || Vasudha ||
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''Ishtam'' || Pooja Karthik ||
|-
|2015 || ''Kenal Sasiude Onam'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || || Telefilm
|-
|rowspan=3| 2016 || ''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Sarayu Manu ||
|-
| ''Action Zero Shiju'' || [[Kairali TV]] || Kanchana Dineshan ||
|-
|''[[Sell Me the Answer (Indian game show)|Sell Me the Answer]]'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Herself as Participant||
|-
|rowspan=4| 2017 || ''Chill Bowl'' || rowspan=2| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Host || Cookery show
|-
| ''Taste Time'' || Host || Cookery show
|-
| ''Tamaar Pataar'' || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || Cameo || Title song presence
|-
| Yuva Awards || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Host || Award night
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''Melam Marakkatha Swadh'' ||rowspan=2| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || Host || Reality TV show
|-
|rowspan=9| 2018 || Kitex Flowers Music Awards || Host || Award night
|-
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]] || rowspan=4|[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Host || Award night
|-
| ''Nakshtrathilakkam'' || Host || Chat show
|-
| ''Ammamazhavillu'' || Host || Stage show
|-
| ''Lalitham 50'' || Performer || Special show
|-
|''Annies kitchen''||[[Amrita TV]]||Guest||Chat show
|-
| ''Day With a Star'' || [[Kaumudy TV]] || Guest || Interview
|-
| ''JB Junction'' || [[Kairali TV]] || Guest || Interview
|-
| ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Kadambari Krishnaprasad || Photo presence
|-
|rowspan=2| 2018–2019 || ''Thakarppan Comedy Mimicry Mahamela'' || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Host || Comedy Show
|-
| ''Thamasha Bazaar'' || [[Zee Keralam]] || Rejani / Jenifer || Comedy talk show
|-
|2019 || ''Little Star'' ||-|| Jury || Event
|-
|Rowspan=2|2019–2020 || ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' (season 2) || rowspan=3| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Arya || Comedy talk show
|-
| ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum]]'' || Host || Reality TV show
|-
| 2020 || [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|''Bigg Boss'' (Malayalam season 2)]] || Herself as contestant || [[Reality TV]] series
|-
|Rowspan=3|2020 – 2021||''Priyappetta Naattukkare''||[[Amrita TV]] || Host ||
|-
|''Comedy Stars Season 2''||rowspan=4|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Judge||
|-
| ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Season 2]]''||Host||
|-
|2020||''Christmas Thaaramelam''||Host||
|-
|2020-2021||''[[Star Singer|Sruthi Star Singer]]''||Various roles||Special appearance in Skit
|-
|Rowspan=8|2021||''Boom Rang Village''||rowspan=2|[[YouTube]]||Jefry||Web series
|-
| ''Boeing Boeing''||Angel Rodriguez|| Web Series
|-
|''Vishu Dhamaka''||rowspan=2|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Host||
|-
|''Onam Mamankam''||Host||
|-
|''Aram+Aram=Kinnaram''||[[Surya TV]]||Co-Host||
|-
|''Tharapakittu''|| [[Kaumudy TV]]||Guest||
|-
|''Welcome 2021''||[[Kairali TV]] ||Herself||
|-
|''Valkkanadi''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Host||
|-
|Rowspan=6|2022||''Velivillakunnu Police station''||[[YouTube]]||SI Draupadi||Web series
|-
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]''||rowspan=2|[[Zee Keralam]]||Herself||
|-
|''Bzinga''||Participant||Game show
|-
|'' Jayettan's Pooram''||[[Amrita TV]]|| Host||Vishu special show
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Co-host||For Birthday special episode of [[Mohanlal]]
|-
|''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Aaradhyam Padum Season 4]] ''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Host||
|-
|rowspan=5|2023 ||''Flowers Oru Kodi''||Flowers|| Participant||
|-
|''Funs Upon a Time''||[[Amrita TV]]|| Mentor||
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Co-host||For Birthday special episode of [[Mohanlal]]
|-
|''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Aaradhyam Padum Season 5]] ''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Host||
|-
|''Abhishag''||YouTube||Durga||Short film
|-
|2025
|''Fun Baby Fun''
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/fun-baby-fun-comedy-show-suryatv/|title=Fun Baby Fun – Surya TV Launching a New Malayalam Comedy Show From 30 August at 8:00 PM|publisher=Kerala TV}}</ref>
|-
|2025-2026
|''[[Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri|Bumper Chiri Unlimited Chiri]]''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|Judge
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/12/15/bumper-chiri-mazhavil-manorama.html|title=ഇനി ചിരിയുടെ പൊടിപൂരം; അടിമുടി പുതുമകളുമായി ‘ബംബർ ചിരി’|publisher=Manorama News}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7621790}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Female models from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]

Six Suspects

2026-03-22T16:28:29Z

Yashpaul0: creating a stub...

{{Short description|2016 novel by Indian diplomat Vikas Swarup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = Six Suspects
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Six Suspects (novel).jpg
| caption = First edition (US)
| author = [[Vikas Swarup]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = David Baldeosingh Rotstein
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]] (US)<br>[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] (UK)
| release_date =
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 480
| isbn = 978-0-312-63073-7
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Six Suspects''''' is the second novel by Indian diplomat and author of Q & A [[Vikas Swarup]] It was published by [[Transworld (publisher)|Transworld]] in 2016 and in the US by [[Minotaur Books]] and has been optioned for a film by Starfield Productions and [[BBC]].

== Plot ==

Seven years ago, Vivek "Vicky" Rai, the playboy son of the Home Minister of Uttar Pradesh, murdered bartender Ruby Gill at a trendy restaurant in New Delhi, simply because she refused to serve him a drink. The opening murder committed by Vicky Rai is similar to the [[Jessica Lal]] murder case in which the killer was [[Manu Sharma]].

Now Vicky Rai has been killed at the party he was throwing to celebrate his acquittal. The police recover six guests with guns in their possession: a corrupt bureaucrat who claims to have become Mahatma Gandhi; an American tourist infatuated with an Indian actress; a member of an ancient tribe on a quest to recover a sacred stone; a Bollywood sex symbol with a guilty secret; a mobile-phone thief who dreams big; and an ambitious politician prepared to stoop low.

Swarup unravels the lives and motives of the six suspects.

==Adaptation==
''Six Suspects'' has been adapted into a web series directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] called ''[[The Great Indian Murder]]''. It features [[Richa Chaddha]] and [[Pratik Gandhi]] in lead roles. It was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 4 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/richa-chadha-to-play-investigating-officer-in-disney-hotstar-series-six-suspects-101627398283330.html|title=Richa Chadha to play investigating officer in Disney+ Hotstar series Six Suspects|date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202142520/http://sixsuspects.com/ Six Suspects website]
* [http://us.macmillan.com/sixsuspects Six Suspects related info]
* [http://www.vikasswarup.net Vikas Swarup]

[[Category:2008 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Delhi]]

Naagin (2015 TV series)

2026-03-15T16:30:35Z

Yashpaul0: edit

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language supernatural fiction series}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Naagin 6 Poster.png
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Supernatural fiction]]}}
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]] 
| writer = Neha Singh<br />(season 1-2)<br />Mukta Dhond<br />(season 1-5)<br />[[Mrinal Jha]]<br />(season 3-6)<br />Heena Kohli Khan (season 6)<br>Lakshmi Jaikumar (season 6)
| director = [[Santram Varma]]<br />(season 1-2, 6)<br />Ranjan Kumar Singh<br />(season 3-6)
| creative_director = Tanushree Dasgupta<br />Chloe Ferns<br />Kadar Kazi<br>Tanya Rajesh
| starring = [[#Cast|see below]]
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 7 
| num_episodes = 499 + 2 special 
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| location = [[Film City, Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Santosh Suryavanshi<br />Sarfaraz<br />Ajay<br />Ravi Naidu<br />Sadanand Pillai
| animator = Bodhisatva Datta<br />Ink Bling Designs Pvt. Ltd.
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 34–92 min
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|11|1}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]''<br>''[[Bekaboo]]''
}}

'''''Naagin''''' ({{Translation|Female serpent}}) is an Indian [[supernatural fiction]] television series about [[Nāga|shape-shifting serpents]] produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/ET3XlK1ji5Wb9wSPi5lBcM/Why-India-watches-Naagin.html?facet=amp|title=Why India watches 'Naagin'|last=Bansal|first=Shuchi|date=21 January 2016|website=www.livemint.com|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>

The first season aired from 1 November 2015 to 5 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Colors-Naagin-gets-an-extension/articleshow/52092675.cms|title=Colors' 'Naagin' gets an extension – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 August 2018|language=en}}</ref> It starred [[Mouni Roy]], [[Arjun Bijlani]] and [[Adaa Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-Bijlani-opposite-Mouni-Roy-in-Naagin/articleshow/48730589.cms|title=Arjun Bijlani opposite Mouni Roy in Naagin?|work=The Times of India|date=30 August 2015 |access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naagin-second-season-to-premiere-in-october-2837538/|title=Naagin second season to premiere in October|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 June 2016|access-date=8 June 2016}}</ref>

The second season aired from 8 October 2016 to 25 June 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Naagin-season-2-to-be-back-in-less-than-100-days/articles|title=Naagin to be back in less than 100 days|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 June 2016|access-date=8 June 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It starred [[Mouni Roy]], [[Karanvir Bohra]], [[Adaa Khan]] and [[Sudha Chandran]].<ref name="news.abplive.com">{{Cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/naagin-2-shesha-aka-adaa-khan-is-back-with-this-trailer-426023|title=NAAGIN 2: Shesha aka Adaa Khan is BACK with this trailer|website=ABP News|language=en|access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref>

The third season aired from 2 June 2018 to 26 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 June 2018|title=Naagin 3: What Anita Hassanandani, Karishma Tanna, Surbhi Jyoti have said about the Ekta Kapoor show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naagin-3-anita-hassanandani-surbhi-jyoti-ekta-kapoor-5201307/|access-date=13 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It starred [[Surbhi Jyoti]], [[Pearl V Puri]] and [[Anita Hassanandani]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 January 2018|title=Naagin 3: Pearl V Puri to romance Anita Hassanandani and Surbhi Jyoti|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naagin-3-cast-pearl-v-puri-anita-hassanandani-surbhi-jyoti-5018993/|access-date=13 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The fourth season titled ''Naagin: Bhagya Ka Zehreela Khel''{{efn|Translation: Female serpent: the poisonous game of fate}} premiered on 14 December 2019, its telecast was halted from 22 March 2020 due to [[COVID-19]] outbreak and restarted on 18 July 2020 and ended on 8 August 2020. It starred [[Nia Sharma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nia-sharma-to-star-in-naagin-4-but-wont-be-a-shapeshifting-snake-herself-2361943.html|title=Nia Sharma to Star in Naagin 4, But Won't be a Shapeshifting Snake Woman Herself|website=Mumbai Mirror|date=25 October 2019 |language=en|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/naagin-4-male-lead-is-vijayendra-kumeria-udaan-actor-to-romance-nia-sharma-1111673|title=Naagin 4: Udaan Actor CONFIRMED To Play Male LEAD Opposite Nia Sharma|website=ABP News|date=21 November 2019|language=en|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> [[Vijayendra Kumeria]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-28 |title=Ekta Kapoor apologises to Nia Sharma and Jasmin Bhasin for axing their roles in Naagin 4; watch video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-kapoor-apologises-to-nia-sharma-and-jasmin-bhasin-for-axing-their-roles-in-naagin-4-watch-video/articleshow/76067754.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Anita Hassanandani]] and [[Rashami Desai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Nia Sharma looks beautiful in Naagin avatar, shares selfie with 'Naagvansh' Rashami, Surbhi and Adaa |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/nia-sharma-looks-beautiful-in-naagin-avatar-shares-selfie-with-naagvansh-rashami-desai-surbhi-jyoti-adaa-khan/628554 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.zoomtventertainment.com |language=en}}</ref>

The fifth season aired from 9 August 2020 to 6 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=Naagin 5: Ekta Kapoor reveals Surbhi Chandna's naagin look. See pics|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/naagin-5-ekta-kapoor-reveals-surbhi-chandna-s-naagin-look-see-pics/story-ZyRYRZ6yoTxL3i57NmTDzO.html|access-date=13 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> It starred [[Surbhi Chandna]], [[Sharad Malhotra]] and [[Mohit Sehgal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Naagin 5 actress Surbhi Chandna: Never played such a character, trying to mould into it|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/naagin-5-actress-surbhi-chandna-never-played-such-a-character-trying-to-mould-into-it-1715262-2020-08-26|access-date=23 September 2020|website=India Today|date=26 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web|date=5 September 2020|title=Naagin 5 actor Mohit Sehgal: Exciting to play a naag and real person|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naagin-5-actor-mohit-sehgal-exciting-to-juggle-between-playing-a-naag-and-real-person-6572391/|access-date=4 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The sixth season aired from 12 February 2022 to 9 July 2023<ref>{{cite news|title=Naagin 6: Bigg Boss 15 winner Tejasswi Prakash to play Naagin after Surbhi Chandna, Nia Sharma, Mouni Roy and others - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-6-bigg-boss-15-winner-tejasswi-prakash-to-play-naagin-after-surbhi-chandna-nia-sharma-mouni-roy-and-others/articleshow/89236313.cms|access-date=31 January 2022|website=The Times of India|date=31 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and starred [[Tejasswi Prakash]], [[Simba Nagpal]], [[Mahek Chahal]], Pratik Sehajpal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratik Sehajpal Slams Reports Claiming He Wanted More Screentime In Naagin 6, Calls Them 'Untrue' |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/pratik-sehajpal-slams-reports-claiming-he-wanted-more-screentime-in-naagin-6-calls-them-untrue-8577180.html |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Shrey Mittal]] and [[Vatsal Sheth]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Tejasswi Prakash: It feels amazing to be a part of Naagin 6 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-tejasswi-prakash-it-feels-amazing-to-be-a-part-of-naagin-6/articleshow/89424192.cms |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=The Times of India |date=8 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The seventh season premiered on 27 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2025-08-25 |title=Naagin 7 promo: Ektaa Kapoor announces new season after 18 months of wait |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/naagin-7-promo-out-ektaa-kapoor-announces-new-season-after-18-months-2776216-2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-27 |title=Naagin 7: First Look Of Priyanka Chahar Choudhary, Karan Kundrra, Eisha Singh's Characters Revealed In Latest Promo - WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/naagin-7-first-look-of-priyanka-chahar-choudhary-karan-kundrra-eisha-singh-characters-revealed-in-latest-promo-watch-article-153209892 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> It stars Priyanka Chahar Choudhary and [[Namik Paul]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2025-12-25 |title=Meet Namik Paul, the Naagin 7 star who left journalism for acting |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/meet-namik-paul-the-naagin-7-star-who-left-journalism-for-acting-2841750-2025-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2025-11-02 |title=Naagin 7: Priyanka Chahar Choudhary to lead season, news revealed on Bigg Boss 19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/priyanka-chahar-choudhary-lead-naagin-season-7-bigg-boss-19-salman-khan-2812334-2025-11-02 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/naagin-7-ektaa-kapoor-unveils-priyanka-chahar-choudharys-new-avatar-9564937</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Naagin 7: Priyanka Chahar Choudhary's Naagin avatar fails to impress, internet wonders what's happened to her face |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/priyanka-chahar-choudhary-s-naagin-7-avatar-fails-to-impress-internet-wonders-what-s-wrong-with-her-face-bigg-boss-19-101762158792888.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| color1 = orange
| episodes1 = 62
| start1 = {{Start date|2015|11|1|df=y}}
| end1 = {{End date|2016|6|5|df=y}}

| color2 = green
| episodes2 = 75
| start2 = {{Start date|2016|10|8|df=y}}
| end2 = {{End date|2017|6|25|df=y}}

| color3 = red
| episodes3 = 103
| start3 = {{Start date|2018|6|2|df=y}}
| end3 = {{End date|2019|5|26|df=y}}

| color4 = purple
| episodes4 = 37
| start4 = {{Start date|2019|12|14|df=y}}
| end4 = {{End date|2020|8|8|df=y}}

| color5 = yellow
| episodes5 = 52
| start5 = {{Start date|2020|8|9|df=y}}
| end5 = {{End date|2021|2|6|df=y}}

| color6 = maroon
| linkT6 = SO{{efn|SO means Spin-off [[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]}}
| episodes6 = 13
| start6 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|7}}
| end6 = {{End date|df=yes|2021|3|21}}

| color7 = cyan
| linkT7 = SP{{efn|SP refers to Basant Panchami Special}}
| episodes7 = 2
| start7 = {{Start date|2022|2|5|df=y}}
| end7 = {{End date|2022|2|6|df=y}}

| color8 = blue
| linkT8 = 6
| episodes8 = 146
| start8 = {{Start date|2022|2|12|df=y}}
| end8 = {{End date|2023|7|9|df=y}}

| color9 = pink
| linkT9 = 7
| episodes9 = 24 
| start9 = {{Start date|2025|12|27|df=y}}
| end9 =
}}

==Plot==
===Season 1===
Shivanya and her sister Shesha vow to avenge the murder of Shivanya's parents, who were killed twenty years earlier by the Raheja family and their associates in a failed attempt to obtain the Naagmani. As part of her revenge, Shivanya marries Ritik Raheja on the day of his wedding. Shivanya kills three of the murderer and start falling in love with Ritik. During a period when Shesha assumes Shivanya's form to protect her sister, she too develops feelings for Ritik. The sisters later discover that Ritik belongs to the Suryavanshi lineage.

It is eventually revealed that Yamini is the fifth murderer. Along with her husband Ankush, she murdered Ritik's mother, kidnapped Ritik as a child, and imprisoned Sangram for years in pursuit of the Naagmani. Shesha betrays Shivanya and turns against her. After learning the truth about Yamini and Shivanya's real identity, Ritik and Shivanya consummate their marriage, causing Shivanya to lose her powers and become human. Ritik reunites with Sangram, who sacrifices his life to temporarily restore Shivanya's powers for twelve hours. In the final battle for the Naagmani, Shivanya kills Yamini, completing her revenge. Shesha later allies with the Mahishmatis clan, but Shivanya defeats her, and the Mahishmatis imprison Shesha for twenty-five years.

===Season 2===
Shivanya gives birth to her daughter, Shivangi, in the third month of her pregnancy. Meanwhile, Avantika resurrects Yamini. Twenty-five years later, Shivangi is raised by her widowed mother, Shivanya, as a human, unaware of her true lineage or her mother's past. Shivangi falls in love with Rocky, Yamini's foster grandson. Shesha, who lives with Yamini disguised as a human orphan adopted by Yamini, also falls for Rocky. Shesha breaks the barrier imprisoning the Mahishmatis for years. Yamini arranges Shivangi and Rocky's marriage as part of a plot to kill Shivanya. Yamini, Shesha, and Avantika murder Shivanya and her entire family, prompting Shivangi to seek revenge. She uncovers the truth about her parents, as well as the real identities of Yamini, Shesha, and Avantika.

On her twenty-fifth birthday, Shivangi transforms into a naagin and marries Rocky to execute her revenge. Pretending to have lost her memory, she claims ignorance about her mother's killers. Yamini and her allies spare Shivangi, believing only she can obtain the Naagmani. Shivangi mistakenly suspects Rocky of being involved in her mother's murder. During her quest, she befriends Rudra, a naag also wronged by the same enemies. With Rudra's help, Shivangi kills four of the eight murderers. Avantika kills Rudra when he refuses to reveal Shivangi's identity, after which Shivangi uncovers Avantika's secret and kills her, leading to the complete annihilation of the Mahishmatis tribe. Nidhi is revealed as the eighth killer and is killed by Shivangi.

Shivangi's identity is exposed to Yamini and Shesha. She turns Shesha into a statue, but Rocky witnesses this and learns the truth about Shivangi being a naagin. Yamini manipulates events to make Shivangi believe she has killed her and emotionally blackmails Rocky into turning against Shivangi. After consummating their marriage, Shivangi loses her powers. Rocky breaks ties with her and has her arrested.

Forty-five days later, Shivangi discovers she is still a naagin and escapes from prison during a mass shootout. She learns that her father, Ritik, was murdered by Yamini and vows revenge. On his twenty-seventh birthday, Rocky transforms into a naag, learning that his mother was the Naagrani of the Takshak clan, killed by her husband. He accidentally frees Shesha, who assumes the identity of Takshika. Rocky later learns the truth and he reunites with Shivangi. Together, they kill Yamini and Shesha. However, under Ritik's orders, Rocky later stabs Shivangi to death. She dies unaware of the reason but vows to return.

===Season 3===
Ruhi, disguised as Bela, arrives at Yuvraj's house along with Vishakha to avenge the murder of her husband, Vikrant. She kills Yuvraj, circumstances soon force Mahir to marry Bela. It is later revealed that Vikrant is alive and had staged his death with the help of his mother, Sumitra: the Naagrani of the Nidhog clan in a calculated scheme to obtain the Naagmani. Yuvraj, also a naag and Sumitra's son, was complicit in the plan is revealed to be alive. When Bela discovers the truth, she is left shattered and betrayed. Vishakha initially sides with Vikrant in the pursuit of the Naagmani but later repents and rejoins Bela. Vikrant leaves his mother's evil plans and joins hands with Bela. Vikrant accepts Vishakha's love, and they marry. Upon learning Bela's true identity, Mahir is devastated and loses his memory, forgetting her entirely. Sumitra plots to marry Mahir to Vishakha, but Bela intervenes and restores his memories. Sumitra retaliates by pushing Bela, Vishakha, and Vikrant off a cliff, leaving Mahir mentally unstable. Bela returns to exact revenge, remarries Mahir, and uses the Naagmani to fully restore his memories. Their relationship is consummated. Sumitra seeks help from Hukkum who tries to impregnate Bela to give birth to a demon child. Vishakha kills Yuvraj, assumes Bela's identity, and gives birth to Taamsi, who rapidly grows and kills Hukkum. Bela later reveals her pregnancy to Mahir, but Taamsi murders them both and claims the Naagmani. However, the Naagmani is cursed by Mahanaagrani Shivangi, who survived the attack on her and since then has disappeared. Taamsi, Sumitra, and their allies are later told by a sage that Bela and Mahir will be reborn.

Twenty-eight years later, Bela and Mahir are reborn as Shravani and Mihir and reunite. Vikrant is killed by Taamsi and Sumitra. After learning Shivangi's truth, Shravani summons Mahanaagrani Shivangi to lift the Naagmani’s curse. Shivangi accidentally removes the curse, but Ritik and Rocky take the Naagmani and imprison them. Yamini, still alive, tries to buy the Naagmani but is killed by Shivangi. It's revealed Shesha, disguised as Rocky and Ritik, had killed Shivangi. Shivangi defeats her. Mihir rescues them. Ritik dies and reunites with Shivanya in the afterlife, while Shivangi and Rocky begin a new life together. Shivangi declares Shravani the Naagrani of Naaglok and guardian of the Naagmani. Shravani kills Sumitra, Taamsi, and Shesha. Naagmani is declared safe for fifty full moons, after which Shravani's duty ends. Shravani marries Mihir. Meanwhile, Vishakha, a traitorous ku-sarp, vows to steal the Naagmani after fifty moons.

===Season 4===
Naagin princess Manyata marries Keshav a human, thus losing her power and gives birth to Nayantara. Keshav is killed by the Parekh family. Manyata escapes and waits for her daughter's 25th birthday to avenge her husband's murder.

25 years later, Nayantara waits to get her naagin powers, however, the powers go to Brinda instead, who is later revealed to have been switched at birth with Nayantara. Meanwhile, Dev who is son of Keshav's murderer, falls in love with Brinda. Manyata and Brinda are reunited and Brinda marries Dev to take revenge.

Vishakha returns with the motive of getting Naagmani. She traps Nayantara in pillar and takes Dev's form and kills Manyata in front of Brinda making Brinda think it was Dev who killed her mother. Brinda vows to avenge her parents by killing Dev and his family.

1 year later, Vish gives Nayantara a new face and identity, Shalakha. Dev and Shalaka ger married. Brinda realizes that Dev did not kill Manyata. Shalakha finds out that Mundika is Vishakha's new identity. Dev asks Shalakha for divorce as he loves Brinda. Shalakha hypnotizes Dev to detach him from Brinda. Brinda's identity is revealed to Dev. Vishakha enters the Parikh house and murders the entire family under Brinda's disguise and spares Dev to obtain the Naagmani. Brinda finds out that Shalakha is Nayantara under a new identity. Shesha and Bela enter to assist Brinda. Vishakha is killed by Bela while Shalakha is killed by Shesha. Dev dies leaving Brinda devastated. The three perform a tandav to impress Lord Shiva who summons Naageshwari. She starts narrating her story from thousands of years ago.

===Season 5===
The story starts in the era where eagles had the power to shape shift. When the eagles attacked the snakes, Lord Shiva blessed the shapeshifting ability to snakes and named the first naagin to get this power, Naageshwari. Naageshwari also gained the title of Sarvashresth Aadinaagin. She was in love with a naag Hriday while an eagle Aakesh was obsessed with her. Aakesh killed Hriday and Naageshwari stabbed herself to death. On completing the story, Dev is returned to life and he reunites with Brinda. Naageshwari says it's time for her next birth.

Ten thousand years later, Naageshwari is reincarnated as Bani. She meets Jay Mathur and they feel a connection. Veeranshu "Veer" Singhania, an eagle, is attracted to Bani while she immensely hates him. Bani and Jay perform a tandav, thus remembering their past lives where they learn that Bani is Sarvashresth Aadinaagin Naageshwari's reincarnation and that Jay is Hriday's reincarnation and Veer is Aakesh's reincarnation. Veer forcefully marries Bani as she killed his twin brother and Jay is soon to be revealed to be an antagonist who wants to gain Bani's powers. Bani wants to kill Veer's family but slowly starts to fall in love with him and soon Veer also remembers his past life. Bani releases Veer's mother who has been locked in a basement but soon Bani realizes that her mother-in-law is Maarkaat, Aadinaagin's greatest enemy. Bani realizes that Jay being the associate of Maarkaat and learns Jay being Veer's half brother. Bani, Veer and Jay team up to defeat Maarkaat and but Jay later Jay kills Maarkaat and gains the title of Maarkaat who then wishes to defeat Bani and Veer. Bani is pregnant and gives birth however she dies along with Veer, Jay is also killed by Bani's newborn.

===Basant Panchami Special===
On the occasion of Basant Panchami, Bani, Mihir, Shesha, Vishakha, and Priya fight against Trilok Sundari and snake charmers to save Sheshnaag's book.

===Season 6===
Naagin Pratha and her sister Mahek enter the Gujral household to eliminate twenty traitors, the Asurs, who threaten India. Pratha marries Rishabh Gujral but soon discovers his mother, Seema Gujral, is a Maha Asur. After a violent confrontation leaves Seema in a coma, Pratha gives up her powers for her marriage, only to be betrayed by Mahek and Rishabh’s twin, Shakti. Framed for murder, imprisoned, and losing her unborn child, Pratha accepts her fate and falls into a coma.

A year later, Mahek deceives Rishabh into marriage and takes the title of Sarvashresth Shesh Naagin. Pratha awakens from her coma and vows to reclaim her rightful position. As Kiara Sharma, she infiltrates the Gujral house and eliminates her enemies. Mahek and Urvashi, Mahek's aunt, uncover her true identity. Pratha learns that her daughter is alive and in a final confrontation, defeats Mahek, reunites with Rishabh, and embraces her new life with their daughter, Anmol.

Twenty years later, Pratha is still the Sarvashresth Shesh Naagin, grappling with her daughter Prathna being the chosen one. Prathna was switched at birth, and her foster father is believed to have been murdered. Prathna suspects Rishabh and Rudra. Their paths cross when Prathna meets Pratha, and together they uncover the truth. Urvashi, Paatali, and Anmol manipulate the situation, leading to Pratha and Prathna being banished. Seeking revenge, they embark on a mission. Prathna acquires the nine Naagmani, while tragedy befalls Anmol and Paatali. Seema awakens from her coma and joins forces with Urvashi to resurrect Mahek. Chaos ensues during Prathna and Rudra's wedding as they vie for the Naagmani. In the ensuing battle, Pratha, Rishabh, and Rudra die.

Six years later, Mahek and Seema search for Prathna, who has lost her memories and is now known as Preeti. Mahek manipulates Preeti into marrying Raghuveer. As Preeti's memories resurface, Naagin Shesha aids her in seeking revenge, while Naagin Vishakha assisted Mahek in her quest for the nine Naagmani. Betrayal unfolded when Shesha turned against Prathna, allowing Mahek to acquire the coveted Naagmani. A mysterious serpent intervenes, revealing itself as Sheshnaag, Prathna's husband. He trap Sesha and Vishaka in Naaglok's jail. Together, they eliminate Seema and start a new life. Seven months later, Prathna discovers that Naaglok is beckoning her and Raghuveer. She gives birth to twin daughters, but Raghuveer blames Prathna for the loss of one. The deceased daughter has a new identity through adoption.

Five years later, Prathna combats a new conspiracy, discovering the creation of artificial shapeshifters called Sapolas. Raghuveer supports Prathna after misunderstanding her actions and they reunite with their both daughters. Meanwhile, Raghuveer's sister and Trisha along with Mahek, Patali and Professor Jeet attack Naaglok and try to kill everyone with Mahasapolas. In a climactic battle, Prathna saves innocent lives and vanquishes the mastermind Jeet behind the conspiracy. Prathna, Raghuveer and their daughters are killed by Mahek and Swarna, and they burn down the house, but Prathna takes a rebirth as Pragati.

Twenty years later, Pragati's fragmented memories resurface, and she seeks vengeance against Mahek and Swarna. Pragati enlists Raghav's help and together they confront Mahek. Pragati calls Pratha and Prathna from the past and they together kill off Mahek.

===Season 7===
Ananta, disguised as Ahana, enters Suri's house to take revenge for her family's death and because Suri's family is from an enemy country of India that wishes to destroy it.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Mouni Roy]] as
**Shivanya Singh (main Season 1; guest seasons 2–3): A Naagin from Sheshnaag Clan, Ritik's wife, Shivangi's mother (2015–2016, 2019)
**Shivangi Pratap Singh (main Season 2; guest Season 3): Mahanaagrani of Naaglok, Shivanya and Ritik's daughter, Shesha's niece, Rocky's wife (2016–2017, 2018, 2019)
*[[Arjun Bijlani]] as
**Ritik Raheja / Yuvraj Singh (main Season 1; guest seasons 2–3): Prince of Suryavanshi Kingdom, Sangram's son, Shivanya's husband. Shivangi's father. (2015–2016, 2017, 2019)
**Sangram Singh (recurring Season 1): King of Suryavanshi Kingdom, Yamini's brother, Ritik's father, Shivangi's grandfather (2016)
*[[Adaa Khan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive: Adaa Khan to return in Naagin 6|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-adaa-khan-to-return-in-naagin-6/2022/12/24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Naagin 6: Tejasswi Prakash's Khatron Ke Khiladi Co-Contestant Confirms Entry In The Hit Show|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2022/naagin-6-tejasswi-prakash-khatron-ke-khiladi-10-co-contestant-adaa-khan-confirms-entry-colors-show-345054.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I am not going to be part of just an episode for Naagin 6, it is an important role: Adaa Khan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-not-going-to-be-part-of-just-an-episode-for-naagin-6-it-is-an-important-role-adaa-khan/articleshow/96569349.cms}}</ref> as Shesha/Ruchika (main seasons 1–2, Basant Panchami Special; guest seasons 3, 5–6): A Naagin from Sheshnaag Clan, Shivanya's cousin, Shivangi's aunt (2015–2017, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023)
*[[Sudha Chandran]] as
**Yamini Singh Raheja / Seema Gujral (main seasons 1–2; guest Season 3; recurring Season 6): Princess of Suryavanshi Kingdom, Sangram's sister, Ankush's wife, Ritik's adoptive mother. She later reincarnates as Maha Asur from Kalkeya Clan, Pataali's daughter, Rishabh and Shakti's stepmother. (2015–2017, 2019, 2022–2023)
**Pataali (recurring Season 6): An Asur from Kalkeya Clan, Puloma's daughter, Seema's mother (2022, 2023)
*[[Karanvir Bohra]] as Rocky Pratap Singh (main Season 2; guest Season 3): A Naag from Takshak Clan, Shivangi's husband (2016–2017, 2019)
*[[Surbhi Jyoti]] as Bela Sehgal / Shravani Sippi (main Season 3; guest seasons 5): Naagrani of the Naaglok; Ruhi's new identity, Vishakha's friend, Vikrant's ex-lover, Mahir/Mihir's wife. She reincarnates as Shravani. (2018–2019, 2020)
*[[Pearl V Puri]] as Mahir Sehgal / Mihir Sippi (main Season 3, Basant Panchami Special): Sumitra and Andy's son, Bela's husband. He later reincarnates as Mihir. (2018–2019, 2022)
*[[Anita Hassanandani]] as Vishakha (main Season 3–4, Basant Panchami Special; guest Season 5–6): A Naagin from Kaal Kuth Clan, Bela/Shravani's friend-turned-enemy, Taamsi's mother, Vikrant's wife, Nayantara/Shalaka's crime partner (2018–2019, 2020, 2022, 2023)
*[[Nia Sharma]] as Brinda Parekh (main Season 4; guest Season 5): A Naagin from Sheshnaag Clan, Manyata and Keshav's daughter, Dev's wife (2019–2020)
*[[Vijayendra Kumeria]] as Dev Parekh (main Season 4; guest Season 5): Vrushali and Aakash's son, Brinda's husband (2019–2020)
*[[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Nayantara (main Season 4): Manyata's adopted daughter; Brinda's adoptive sister (2019–2020)
*[[Rashami Desai]] as
**Shalaka (main Season 4; guest Season 5–6): Nayantara's new identity, Dev's ex-wife; Vishakha's former crime partner. A human who became a naagin after strict penance, she has been liberated from her sins for stealing the Naagmani by the grace of Shesh Naagin.
**Shanglira (guest Season 6): Vish Naagin, artificially created in the laboratory of Changistan, Shalaka's doppelganger, killed by Shalaka.
*[[Surbhi Chandna]] as Bani Singhania (main Season 5, Basant Panchami Special): Sarvashreshth Aadi Naagin from Sheshnaag Clan, Naageshwari's reincarnation, Veeranshu's wife (2020–2021, 2022)
*[[Sharad Malhotra]] as
**Veeranshu "Veer" Singhania (main Season 5): A cheel (shapeshifting [[eagle]]); Prince of Cheels; Akesh's reincarnation; Bani's husband (2020–2021)
** Teer Singhania (guest Season 5): Veer's twin brother (2020)
*[[Mohit Sehgal]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2020|title=Naagin 5 actor Mohit Sehgal: Exciting to play a naag and real person|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naagin-5-actor-mohit-sehgal-exciting-to-juggle-between-playing-a-naag-and-real-person-6572391/|access-date=4 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> as Jay Mathur (main Season 5): Sarvashreshth Aadi Naag from Sheshnaag Clan, Hriday's reincarnation (2020–2021)
*[[Tejasswi Prakash]] as
**Pratha Gujral (main Season 6): Former Sarvashreshth Shesh Naagin from Vasuki Clan; Mahek's sister; Rishabh's wife; Prathna's mother; Anmol's adoptive mother (2022, 2023)
**Prathna Ahlawat aka Preeti / Pragati Shukla (main Season 6; guest Season 7): Sarvashreshth Maha Shesh Naagin from Vasuki Clan; Pratha and Rishabh's daughter; Raghuveer/Raghav's wife; Ananta's mother. She reincarnates as Pragati Shukla. (2022–2023, 2025)
*[[Simba Nagpal]] as
**Rishabh Gujral (main Season 6): An army officer-turned-businessman; Chanda and Lalit's elder son; Shakti's twin brother; Pratha's husband; Mahek's ex-husband; Prathna's father; Anmol's adoptive father (2022)
**Shakti Gujral (recurring Season 6): One of the five traitors; Chanda and Lalit's younger son; Rishabh's twin brother (2022)
***Amaan Aziz as Teenage Rishabh Shakti (2022)
*[[Mahek Chahal]] as Mahek Patel (main Season 6): Former Sarvashreshth Shesh Naagin from Vasuki Clan; Pratha's sister; Rishabh's ex-wife; Jeet's widow; Trisha's mother (2022–2023)
* Pratik Sehajpal as Rudra Raichand (main Season 6): Anmol's childhood friend, Prathna's ex-husband (2022)
*[[Shrey Mittal]] as Raghuveer Ahlawat (main Season 6): Former Sarvashresth Shesh Naag from Sheshnaag Clan; Prathna's husband (2022–2023)
*[[Vatsal Sheth]] as Raghav Shukla (main Season 6) Raghuveer's reincarnation; Pragati's husband (2023)
*Priyanka Chahar Choudhary as Purvi / Ahana (main Season 7): Shresth Sarva Sarvahresth Naagin from Anant Clan (2025–present)
*[[Namik Paul]] as Aryaman Suri (main Season 7): Parmeet's son; Ravish's brother (2025–present)

===Recurring===
*[[Manish Khanna]] as
**Ankush "Anky" Raheja (recurring Season 1): Former farmer, Akhilesh's twin brother, Yamini's husband, Ritik's adoptive father, Amrita and Angad's father, one of the five murderers of Shivanya's parents, He was killed by Shesha
**Akhilesh "Anky 2" Raheja (recurring Season 2): Ankush's twin brother, He was killed by Shivangi
*[[Rajat Tokas]] as
**Kabir (recurring Season 1): Shape-shifting mongoose, Tanvi's former groom and murderer, Amrita's ex-fiancé
**Vikrant (recurring Season 3): A naag from Nidhog clan, Sumitra's son, Ruhi's ex-lover, Vishakha's husband, Taamsi's stepfather
*[[Aashka Goradia]] as Avantika (guest Season 1; recurring Season 2): A shape-shifting honeybee, Queen of Mahishmati Kingdom, Shishupal and Vikram's wife, one of the eight murderers of Shivanya, Rudra's murderer, She was killed by Shivangi
*Vishal Puri as Vikram (guest Season 1; recurring Season 2): Avantika's former general, a shape-shifting honey bee, king of Mahishmati kingdom, one of the eight murderers of Shivanya, He was killed by Shivangi
*[[Krishna Mukherjee]] as
** Taamsi (recurring Season 3): The most powerful and dreaded [[demoness]] in the world, Vishakha and Hukum's daughter, Vikrant's stepdaughter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/naagin-3-krishna-mukherjee-confirms-shes-playing-grown-up-tamsi-fears-getting-hated-for-her-negative-character-967234/amp|title=Naagin-3 Krishna Mukherjee confirms she is playing grown up 'Tamsi'& fears getting hated for her negative character|work=[[ABP News]]}}</ref> She was killed by Bela
*** Aleena Lambe as young Taamsi
** Priya (recurring Basant Panchami Special)

====Season 1====
*Vimarsh Roshan as Viren Raheja: Akhilesh's son, Ankush's nephew, royal servant of Suryavanshi Kingdom, Chhaya's husband, one of the five murderers of Shivanya's parents, He was killed by Shivanya
*Kapil Kumar as Shailesh Mathur: Ramya's husband, Tanvi's father, royal servant of Suryavanshi Kingdom, one of the five murderers of Shivanya's parents, He was killed by Shivanya
*[[Mazher Sayed]] as Suri: Monisha's husband, royal servant of Suryavanshi Kingdom, one of the five murderers of Shivanya's parents, He was killed by Shivanya
*Puja Sharma as Tanvi Mathur: Ramya and Shailesh's daughter, Ritik's childhood friend and ex-fiancé
*Sharika Raina as Amrita Raheja: Yamini and Ankush's daughter, Angad's sister, Ritik's foster sister
*Siddharth Shivpuri as Angad Raheja: Yamini and Ankush's son, Amrita's brother, Ritik's foster brother
*Swati Jain as Divya Raheja: Ankush's niece; Viren, Amrita and Angad's cousin; Ritik's foster cousin
*[[Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal]] / Karuna Verma as Ramya Mathur: Shailesh's wife, Tanvi's mother
*[[Gunjan Walia]] as Chhaya Raheja: Viren's wife
*Priya Shinde as Monisha: Suri's third wife, She was killed by Yamini
*Rajeev Saxena as Katakka Bhairav/Gurudev: Shivanya and Shesha's mentor
*[[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Guru Maa: Sorceress-cum-priestess, She was killed by Kabir

====Season 2====
*[[Kinshuk Mahajan]] as Rudra: A naag from Sheshnaag clan,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kinshuk-Mahajan-opposite-Mouni-Roy-in-Naagin-2/articleshow/55285687.cms|title=Kinshuk Mahajan opposite Mouni Roy in 'Naagin 2'|website=Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> friend of Shivangi, He was killed by Avantika
*Kalyani Chaitanya as Kapalika: An evil sorceress, one of the eight murderers of Shivanya, She was killed by Shivangi
*Indresh Malik as Manav Nikunj: Mansi's brother, Yamini's partner-in-crime, Nidhi's husband, one of the eight murderers of Shivanya, He was killed by Shivangi
*[[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] as Nidhi Nikunj: Manav's wife, one of the eight murderers of Shivanya, She was killed by Shivangi
*Swati Anand as Manasi Nikunj Mehra: Manav's sister, Amar's wife, Sushant and Alia's mother
*[[Aryan Pandit]] as Roumil Nikunj: Nidhi and Manav's son, Avni's brother
*Manas Adhiya as Sushant Mehra: Mansi and Amar's son, Alia's brother, He was killed by Shivangi
*Rutpanna Aishwarya Sethi as Avni Nikanj: Nidhi and Manav's daughter; Roumil's sister
*Shirin Sewani as Alia Mehra: Mansi and Amar's daughter, Sushant's sister
*[[Monica Sharma]] as Gautami Bhargava: Padmini and Anant's daughter, Sapna's sister, She was killed by Nidhi
*Rohit Sagar as Mahendra Pratap Singh: Vasudha's husband, Rocky's father, one of the four murderers of Ritik
*[[Shagun Ajmani]] as Tanya: Manjusha and Ranbeer's daughter, Rocky's friend, She was killed by Shesha
*Jaineeraj Rajpurohit as Ranbeer: Manjusha's husband, Tanya's father, one of the four murderers of Ritik, He was killed by Shivangi
*[[Arzoo Govitrikar]] as Manjusha: Ranbeer's wife, Tanya's mother, one of the four murderers of Ritik, She was killed by Shivangi
*[[Abha Parmar]] as Mata Tapaswini: Taksha's chief advisor, a sorceress

====Season 3====
*[[Rakshanda Khan]] as Sumitra: A former naagin from Sheshnaag clan, then became Naagrani of Nidhog clan. Vikrant and Yuvraj's mother, Andy's wife, Mahir and Kuhu's stepmother, She was killed by Bela
*[[Chetan Hansraj]] as Andy Sehgal: A business tycoon; Sumitra's husband; Poulomi's unmarried husband; Mahir, Yuvraj, Vikrant, Kuhu, Aditya and Pratham's father
*[[Pavitra Punia]] as Poulomi Roy: Andy's mistress, Aditya and Pratham's mother
*[[Puneett Chouksey]] as Aditya Sehgal: Poulomi and Andy's son; Pratham's elder brother; Mahir, Yuvraj, Vikrant and Kuhu's half-brother
*Mithil Jain as Pratham Sehgal: Poulomi and Andy's son; Aditya's younger brother; Mahir, Yuvraj, Vikrant and Kuhu's half-brother; Suhani's husband
*[[Ankit Mohan]] as Yuvraj Sehgal: An [[Ichchadhari Naags|ichchadhari naag]]; Sumitra and Andy's son; Mahir, Kuhu, Aditya, Pratham and Vikrant's half-brother; Ravi's ex-boyfriend; Bela's ex-fiancé
*[[Sakshi Pradhan]] as Raavi Saluja: Yuvraj's former girlfriend
*Kushabh Manghani as Karan: Sehgal family's manager, the first murderer of Vikrant
*Deepali Kamath as Mukti Mittal: Andy's friend, Shekhar's wife, Rehan and Anu's mother
*Naveen Sharma as Rehan Mittal: Mukti and Shekhar's son, Anu's elder brother, Yuvraj's friend
*Heli Daruwala as Anu Mittal: Mukti and Shekhar's daughter, Rehan's younger sister, Kuhu's friend
*Shahab Khan as Sunil Munshi: Sumitra's family's chief accountant
*Aman Gandhi as Daksh Munshi: Sunil's son, Suhani's elder brother
*Charvi Saraf as Suhani Munshi: Sunil's daughter, Daksh's younger sister, Pratham's wife, Bela's friend
*Simran Sachdeva as Kuhu Sehgal: Sumitra and Andy's daughter; Mahir's sister; Yuvraj, Aditya, Vikrant and Pratham's half-sister; RJ's wife; Ruhi's mother
*Rohit Choudhary as Rohit Jaiswal: Kuhu's husband, Ruhi's father
*Rupesh Kataria as Bultu: Yuvraj's friend
*Heer Chopra as Sonal: Bultu's girlfriend
*Melanie Nazareth as Naagrani Maa: An ichchadhari naagin, former queen of Sheshnaag clan, Ruhi and Juhi's mother
*Roopali Prakash as Juhi: An ichchadhari naagin from Sheshnaag clan, Naagrani Maa's daughter, Ruhi's younger sister
*Saptrishi Ghosh as Arvind: An ichchadhari naag from Sheshnaag clan
*Manoj Kolhatkar as Jagmohan Sharma: Naagrani Ruhi's chief advisor
*Adhvik Mahajan as ACP Ajitabh Singh: A police officer with a witty sense of humor
*[[Aly Goni]] as Vyom: A shape-shifting vulture; Amrita's son; Amit and Rinky's elder brother
*[[Geetanjali Mishra]] as Amrita: A shape-shifting vulture; Vyom, Amit and Rinky's mother
*Adish Vaidya as Amit: A shape-shifting vulture, Amrita's son, Vyom's younger brother
*Aditi Sharma as Rinky: A shape-shifting vulture, Amrita's daughter, Vyom's younger sister
*Mreenal Deshraj as Rohini: An ichchadhari naagin from Nidhog clan, Sumitra's younger sister, Alekh's wife
*Amit Dhawan as Alekh: An ichchadhari naag from Nidhog clan, Rohini's husband
*[[Khushwant Walia]] as Raj: Shivli's brother, Mona's husband
*Mala Salariya as Mona: Raj's wife
*[[Zuber K. Khan]] as Ritvik: A [[Ghost hunting|paranormal investigator]], Mahir's cousin
*[[Nikitin Dheer]] as Hukum: An evil demon; Taamsi's father
*Anjali Gupta as Sarika: Shravani's mother
*Anjani Kumar Khanna as Manish: Shravani's father, Sarika's husband
*[[Deepak Wadhwa]] as Mohit Sippi: Kanika and Samarjeet's son, Mihir's elder brother
*[[Jiten Lalwani]] as Samarjeet Sippi: Kanika's husband, Mihir and Mohit's father
*Madhuri Pandey as Kanika Sippi: Samarjeet's wife, Mihir and Mohit's mother
*Prachee Pathak as Ambar Sippi: Samarjeet's elder sister, Mihir and Mohit's aunt
*Akash Rawat as Rohan: Mihir and Mohit's friend
*Sumit Wadhwa as Gaurav: Mihir and Mohit's friend
*Sanjay Swaraj as Maha Sapera: Mentor of Shahnawaz, hired by Sumitra to trap Shravani and Vishakha but later was killed by them

====Season 4====
*[[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Manyata: Naagrajkumari from Sheshnaag clan, Vividha's daughter, Keshav's wife, Brinda's mother, Nayantara's adoptive mother, She was killed by Vishaka
*[[Geetanjali Tikekar]] as Vrushali Parekh: Aakash's wife, Dev and Rohan's mother, one of the six murderers, She was killed by Vishaka
*[[Rakhi Vijan]] as Ketki Parekh: Rasik's wife; Hardik, Lilly and Milly's mother; one of the six murderers, She was killed by Vishaka
*Hetal Puniwala as Rasik Parekh: Baa's son; Aakash, Rasik and Khyati's brother; Ketki's husband; Hardik, Lilly and Milly's father; Karan's grandfather; one of the six murderers, He was killed by Vishaka
*Aparna Kumar as Iravati Parekh: Madhav's wife, Harsh and Sparsh's mother, one of the six murderers, She was killed by Vishaka
*[[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Madhav Parekh: Baa's son; Rasik, Aakash and Khyati's brother; Iravati's husband, Harsh and Sparsh's father, one of the six murderers, He was killed by Brinda
*Swati Anand as Khyati Parekh: Baa's daughter, Manas and Geetanjali's mother, one of the six murderers
*[[Ankit Bathla]] as Rajat Malhotra: Brinda's ex-fiancé
*Farida Patel Venkat as "Baa": Aakash, Madhav, Rasik and Khyati's mother
*Sanjay Gandhi as Aakash Parekh: Baa's son; Madhav, Rasik and Khyati's brother; Keshav and Mahesh's childhood friend; Vrushali's husband, Dev and Rohan's father
*Lakshay Khurana as Hardik Parekh: Ketki and Rasik's son, Lilly and Milly's brother, He was killed by Vishaka
*Kunal Singh as Manas Parekh: Khyati's son, Geetanjali's brother, He was killed by Vishaka
*Ankur Verma as Harsh Parekh: Iravati and Madhav's son, Sparsh's brother, He was killed by Brinda
*Tushar Dhembla as Sparsh Parekh: Iravati and Madhav's son, Harsh's brother
*Manan Chaturvedi as Rohan Parekh: Aakash and Vrushali's son, Dev's brother
*Himani Sahani as Lilly Parekh: Ketki and Rasik's daughter, Hardik and Milly's sister, Prateek's ex-girlfriend, Karan's mother
*Parree Pande as Milly Parekh: Ketki and Rasik's daughter, Hardik and Lilly's sister, She was killed by Vishaka
*Disha Kapoor as Geetanjali Parekh: Khyati's daughter, Manas's sister, She was killed by Vishaka
*Mandeep Kumar as Mahesh Sharma: [[Priest]] of Parekh family, Aakash's friend, Swara's husband, Brinda's foster father
*[[Supriya Shukla]] as Swara Sharma: Mahesh's wife, Brinda's adoptive mother
*Ratnakar Nadkarni as Mahanjay Akappa Sethi/Baba: Manyata and Brinda's mentor
*[[Sanjay Gagnani]] as Prateek Raichand: Lilly's ex-boyfriend, Karan's father

====Season 5====
*[[Parag Tyagi]] as King of the Cheel Clan/Balwant Singhania: Akesh and Veer, Teer, Tapish's father
*[[Aakash Talwar]] as Tapish Singhania: Balwant's son, Veer and Teer's elder brother, Meera's fiancée
*Dinesh Mehta as Pawan Singhania: Balwant's younger brother; Daksh, Monil and Ponky's father
*Utkarsh Gupta as Pankaj "Ponky" Singhania: Pawan's son, Monil and Daksh's brother
*Anurag Vyas as Monil Singhania: Pawan's son, Ponky and Daksh's brother
*Suchit Vikram as Daksh Singhania: Pawan's son, Monil and Ponky's brother
*Swarda Thigale as Mayuri: A shape-shifting [[peafowl]], Veer's friend; Ponky's fiancée
*Ravee Gupta as Chandrakala Singhania (Maarkat): Balwant's wife; Tapish, Veer, Teer and Jay's mother; an evil creature who has both the forms of cheel and naagin
*Aishwarya Khare as Meera Singhania: Bani's adoptive sister, Dehek and Mehek's sister, Tapish's fiancée
*Anjani Kumar Khanna as Shivayya Sharma: Meera, Dehek, Mehak's father; Bani's adoptive father
*[[Shivani Gosain]] as Ritu Sharma: Bani's adoptive mother; Mehek, Dehek and Meera's mother
*Aahna Sharma as Dehek Sharma: Bani's adoptive sister, Mehek's and Meera's sister
*Khushi Chaudhary as Mehak Sharma: Bani's adoptive sister, Meera and Dehek's sister
*Kamal Malik as Pandit: Lord Shiva's source
*Shreyas Pandit as Mahaguru: Lord Shiva's source
*Manorama Bhattishyam as Panditayan: Lord Shiva's source; Pandit's wife

====Basant Panchami====
*[[Amrapali Gupta]] as Rani Trilok Sundari

====Season 6====
*[[Manit Joura]] as Professor Jeet Patel: Seema's son; an Asur from Kalkeya Clan; Mahek's fourth husband; Anmol and Trisha's father; Prathna's adoptive father
*Bakul Thakkar as Lalit Gujral: Chanda and Seema's husband, Rishabh, Shakti, Ritesh and Sheena's father, one of the twenty conspirators
*[[Urvashi Dholakia]] as Urvashi Kataria: A cursed naagin from the Vasuki Clan, Naageshwari's younger daughter, Roopa's younger sister, Pratha, Arjun and Ankush's ex-wife, Reem and Rhea's mother
*[[Arjit Taneja]]/Akash Jagga as Farishta: An angel
*Mahru Sheikh as Kadru/Naageshwari: Former Sarvashreshth Shesh Naagin from Vasuki Clan, Puloma's sister, Roopa and Urvashi's mother
*Fatimah Begum as Pulooma: Former Queen of Kalkeya Clan, Naageshwari's sister, Pataali's mother
*Sneha Raikar as Chanda Gujral: Lalit's wife, Rishabh and Shakti's biological mother
*Abhishek Verma as Ritesh Gujral: Rishabh and Shakti's younger brother, Seema and Lalit's son, Sheena's elder brother, Rhea and Pratha's ex-fiancé, Reem's husband, Sayali's father
*[[Gayathiri Iyer]] as Reem Kataria Gujral: Urvashi and Ankush's elder daughter, Rhea's elder sister, Rishabh's ex-fiancée, Ritesh's wife, Sayali's mother
*[[Poulomi Das]] as Swarna Shukla: A naagin from Sheshnaag Clan; Yash's daughter; Raghuveer and Mrignayni's sister; Ajay's wife; Raghav's mother
*Sanket Choukse as Inspector Ajay Shukla: Vijay's son; Swarna's husband; Raghav's father
*Ajay Sharma as Sarvashreshth Naagraj Takshak: King of the Takshak snake clan; Pratha, Prathna and Pragati's mentor
*S Ashraf Karim as Sundar Iyer: Meenakshi's husband; Vidushi and Pragati's father
* [[Malini Kapoor]] as Meenakshi: Sundar's wife; Vidushi and Pragati's mother
*Lokesh Batta as Professor Prashant: Jeet's disciple
*Aarohi M Kumawat as Purvika Ahlawat: Sarvashreshth Sheshnaagrajkumari from Sheshnaag Clan; Prathna and Raghuveer's younger daughter; Meher's twin sister.
*Kevina Tak as Meher Ahlawat: Sarvashreshth Sheshnaagrajkumari from Sheshnaag Clan; Prathna and Raghuveer's elder daughter; Manjit Singh and Manjit Kaur's adoptive daughter; Purvika's twin sister; Ballu's adoptive sister.
*[[Sheeba Akashdeep]] as Manjeet Kaur: Manjit Singh's wife; Ballu's mother; Meher's adoptive mother
*Digvijay Purohit as Manjit Singh: Manjeet Kaur's husband; Ballu's father; Meher's adoptive father
*Shivani Jha as Mrignayni Ahlawat: A naagin from Sheshnaag Clan; Yash's daughter; Raghuveer and Swarna's sister
*Aashvi Bisht as Naina: Prathna's adopted daughter; Param's wife
*Yash Acharya as Param: A shape-shifting mongoose; Rainaksh and Supreet's son; Naina's husband
*Srikant Dwivedi as Sarvashreshth Anantnag: Yash and Samaira's brother
*[[Vaishnavi Ganatra]] as Tina: Prathna's adopted daughter
*Gautam Ahuja as Gautam: Prathna's foster brother; Sonia's husband
*Rushitaa Vaidya as Sonia Ahlawat: Raghuveer and Vinay's sister, Gautam's wife
*Neha Jurel as Trisha: A Naagin from Vasuki clan, Mahek and Jeet's daughter, Vasuki's adopted daughter, Raghu's obsessive lover
*[[Yash Pandit]] as Vinay Ahlawat: A businessman, Raghuveer and Sonia's brother, Mahek's third husband
*[[Amandeep Sidhu]] as Anmol Patel: An Asur from Kalkeya Clan, Professor Jeet's daughter, Rishabh and Pratha's foster daughter
*Tushar Khanna as Yash: Former Sarvashreshth Shesh Naag, Pratha's destined husband, Anant and Samaira's brother, Mahek's ex-husband, Raghu, Mrignayni and Swarna's father
*Vishal Solanki as Rajesh Pratap Singh: Pratha's fake husband, Divya's elder brother, Rithvik's father
*Jeyabhuben as Arjun/Varun Nair: Sarvashreshth Raj Naag from Vasuki Clan, Shivansh and Roopa's younger son, Mahek and Pratha's younger brother, Prathna's uncle
*[[Reema Worah]] as Radha Gujral: Puneet's wife, Vihaan and Rehan's other
*Shoaib Ali as Vihaan Gujral: Puneet and Radha's elder son, Rehaan's elder brother
*Pranav Kumar / Vishesh Sharma as Rehan Gujral: Puneet and Radha's younger son, Vihaan's younger brother, Samaira's ex-husband
*Nupur Dhariwal as Sheena Gujral: Seema and Lalit's daughter, Rishabh and Shakti's younger half-sister, and Ritesh's younger sister
*Srushti Tare as Ananya Gujral: Seema's maternal niece, Rishabh, Shakti, Ritesh, Sheena, Rehan, and Vihaan's cousin sister
*[[Abeer Singh Godhwani]] as Vijay Shukla: An inspector, Mahek's love interest, Ajay's father
*Nandani Tiwari as Divya: Rajesh's younger sister
* Preeti Gandwani as Roopa: A Naagin from Vasuki clan, Naageshwari's elder daughter, Urvashi's sister, Shivaan's wife, Mahek, Pratha and Arjun's mother
*Amit Singh Thakur as Shivansh: Roopa's husband, Urvashi's love interest, Pratha, Mahek, and Arjun's father, one of the twenty conspirators aka The Mastermind
*Lokesh Tilakdhari as Ankush Kataria: A minister, Urvashi's husband, Reem and Rhea's father, one of the twenty conspirators
* Aditi Shetty as Rhea Kataria: Urvashi and Ankush's younger daughter, Reem's younger sister, Ritesh's ex-fiancée
*Pratibha Pooghat as Samaira: Yash and Anant's sister, Rehan's ex-wife
*Ashish Trivedi as Mayank: Pratha's ex-fiancée
*Shivam Singh as an army officer, Rishabh's friend
*Ravi Chhabra as an army officer, Rishabh's friend
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Ashita: Mehak's sister-in-law
* Saurabh Agarwal as Ashita's husband

==== Season 7 ====
* [[Eisha Singh]] as Ananta
* Alice Kaushik as Bharani: A naagin; Pratham's love interest
* [[Kanika Mann]] as Radhika
* [[Sahil Uppal]] as Vikram
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Parmeet Suri: Aryaman and Ravish's father; one of the twelve murderers
* [[Ribbhu Mehra]] as Karan Suri: one of the twelve murderers
* Shamik Abbas: one of the twelve murderers
* Bobby Parvez as Sameer: A minister, one of the twelve murderers
* Vibhuti Thakur as Dimple Suri: one of the twelve murderers
* Neha Varma as Swarna Shukla: one of the twelve murderers
* Mohit Jaswani as Arjun Suri: one of the twelve murderers
*Kapil Kumar as Mahasapera: one of the twelve murderers
* Kushagre Dua / Vedaant Saluja as Ravish Suri: Parmeet's son; Aryaman's younger brother; one of the twelve murderers
* [[Ruhi Chaturvedi]]
* [[Akashdeep Saigal]] as Erul
* Aastha Abhay as Nisha Suri
* Nibeditaa Paal as Roma
* Aafreen Dabestani as Pinky
* Aanchal Soni as Tina
* Siddharth Sibal as Pratik Singh
* Kshitij Dholakia as Pratham: Bharani's love interest

===Guest===
====Season 1====
*[[Pranav Misshra]] as Arjun Mathur: Shailesh's nephew, Tanvi's cousin, Ritik's friend
*[[Gaurav Gera]] as Chutki: A fake transgender naagin created by Guru Maa
*[[Madhura Naik]] as Mayuri: Shape-shifting peafowl, she was killed by Shivanya
*Kaushal Kapoor as Kabir's fake father
*Shahnaz Rizwan as Kabir's fake mother
*[[Lavina Tandon]] as the girl who became possessed by [[Goddess Kali]]

====Season 2====
*[[Malhar Pandya]] as Nishank: A naag from Sheshnaag clan, Shivanya's friend
*Pankaj Vishnu as Anant Bhargava: Ritik's friend, Shivanya's foster brother, Padmini's husband, Gautami and Sapna's father
*Naazuk Lochan as Sapna Bhargava: Padmini and Anant's daughter, Gautami's sister
*Lalit Bisht as Aditya: Shivangi's former fiancé
*Vishal Bharadwaj as Shishupal: The real king of Mahishmati Kingdom, a shape-shifting honey bee, Avantika's first husband
*[[Vineet Kumar Chaudhary]] as Mahish: A shape-shifting bison
*[[Vindhya Tiwari]] as Takshika: Former monarch of Takshak clan
*Anjali Ujawane as Uttara: A tribal woman with knowledge of witchcraft
*Shweta Dadhich as Vasudha Singh: A naagin from Takshak clan, Ritik's friend, Mahendra Pratap's wife, Rocky's mother
*[[Rohan Gandotra]] as Anshuman: A naag from Sheshnag clan, Shivangi's friend

====Season 3====
*[[Karishma Tanna]] as
**Ruhi: Bela's former name, a naagin of Sheshnaag clan, future Naagrani who was separated from her lover Vikrant cruelly. She was blessed with a new face by Lord Shiva after her real face was destroyed by Yuvi and his friends.
**Huzoor: A powerful demoness, Huzoor is Hukum's right hand, Ruhi's doppelganger
*Mahira Sharma as Jamini: A [[Churel|Chudail]]; Rehan's supposed girlfriend<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-naagin-3-actress-mahira-sharma-parted-ways-with-actor-boyfriend-abhishek-sharma-before-entering-bb13-house-1085413|title='Bigg Boss 13' Contestant Mahira Sharma Parted Ways With Alleged Actor Beau Before Entering BB13 House?|last=Team|first=Filmymonkey|date=3 October 2019|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
*[[Prince Narula]] as Shahnawaz: A skilled [[sapera]]. He wanted to marry Bela but was killed by her
*[[Sangeeta Chauhan]] as Avi: A stranger who helps Bela, Vishakha and Vikrant to enter Sumitra's house
*[[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]] as Shivli: The girl chosen by Sumitra to marry Mahir
*[[Mreenal Deshraj]] as Rohini
*Mala Salariya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Author: Srividya |date=2019-01-05 |title=Aditi Sharma, Mreenal Deshraj, Mala Salariya and Sangeeta Chauhan in Naagin 3 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/aditi-sharma-mreenal-deshraj-mala-salariya-sangeeta-chauhan-naagin-3/2019/01/05 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Drashti Dhami]] as herself
*[[Ravi Dubey]] as himself
*[[Avika Gor]] as herself
*[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] as herself
*[[Karan Tacker]] as himself
*[[Sidharth Shukla]] as himself
*[[Krystle D'Souza]] as herself
*[[Gauahar Khan]] as herself

====Season 4====
*[[Shalin Bhanot]] as Keshav: Nanabhai and Madhulata's son, Aakash Parekh's friend, Manyata's husband, Brinda's father
*Kaveri Ghosh as Nanabhai's wife, Keshav's mother
*[[Afreen Alvi]] as Billy Rathod: Ketki's niece, She was killed by Shalaka
*[[Nisha Nagpal]] as Ghumri: A shape-shifting owl, Brinda's helper
*[[Priya Tandon]] as Kanika Verma: Manas' ex-fiancé
* [[Richa Rathore]] as Priyal Singh: Manas's lover

====Season 5====
*[[Hina Khan]] as Naageshwari: Sarvashreshth Aadi Naagin, the first and the most powerful Naagin, Hriday's lover, Aakesh's obsession
*[[Mohit Malhotra]] as Hriday: Aadi Naag, Naageshwari's love interest
*[[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] as
**Akesh: Prince of cheels, Naageshwari's obsessive lover
**Shakura: A shapeshifting cheel. Akesh/Veer's doppelganger
*[[Anjum Fakih]] as Noor: Bani's friend
*Simran Mahendrawal as Naina: A naagin from Sheshnaag clan, Abhishek's wife, a key witness of Noor's death, she died saving Bani's life.
*Shourya Lathar as Abhishek: A naag from Sheshnaag clan, Naina's husband
*[[Gaurav Wadhwa]] as Gautam Mathur: Jay's brother
*Mehak Ghai as Aarohi Mathur: Jay's sister
*[[Kajal Pisal]] as Adhira Mathur: Jay's paternal aunt
*[[Kiran Bhargava]] as Dolly Mathur: Jay's grandmother
*Shivanshu Sharma as Bobby: Mayuri's assistant; Sunny's friend
*Karan Taneja as Sunny: Mayuri's friend
*[[Priyamvada Kant]] as Chandani: Princess of the moon. She hypnotised Veer to come to the Moon and marry her, but later failed.
*[[Arjit Taneja]] as Farishta: An angel who wants Bani to take revenge from the cheels, he tried to kill Veer, but later realises their true love and leaves.
*Ami Neema as Monika: A girl appointed by Jay to seduce Veer

====Season 6====
*[[Shikha Singh]] as Riddhi Sharma: A police officer, one of twenty conspirators
*[[Sanjay Gagnani]] as Mahasapera
*Zeeshan Khan as Rainaksh: A shape-shifting [[mongoose]], Seema and Bhanu's son, Supreet's husband, Param's father
*Nitin Bhatia as Bhanu: A shape-shifting mongoose, Seema's ex-husband, Rainaksh's father
* [[Eisha Singh]] as Bela Raichand: A fairy, Devlekha's reincarnation, Ranav's wife
* [[Shalin Bhanot]] as Ranav Raichand: A demon, Pratham's reincarnation, Ashwath's son, Bela's husband
* [[Antara Biswas]] as Yamini Raichand: A demoness, Pataali's daughter, Ashwath, Pratham and Vansh's stepbrother
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Shekhar Raichand: Yamini's husband
* [[Shubhaavi Choksey]] as Queen of Fairy: Queen of Pari Lok, Devlekha's mother

==== Season 7 ====
* [[Karan Kundrra]] as Dr. Vishal Puri: A scientist
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Uttara
* [[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] as Shalini: Gurinder's wife; Purvi's adoptive mother; Ananta and Rohan's mother
* Pankaj Vishnu as Gurinder: Shalini's husband; Purvi adoptive father; Ananta and Rohan's father
* Vihan Verma as Rohan: Ananta's brother

==Crossover==
From 6 May to 13 May 2023, ''Naagin 6'' had a crossover with ''[[Bekaboo]]'', which is set in the same universe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=Naagin 6 and Bekaaboo's Mahasangam makes it to Top 20; Top TV shows of the week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-6-and-bekaaboos-mahasangam-makes-it-to-top-20-top-tv-shows-of-the-week/articleshow/100336685.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Spin-off==
''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]'' is a spin-off of ''Naagin 5'', which takes place after the events of the latter.

==Reception==
In its launch week, the series topped the ratings charts. Season One proved to be highly successful.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/balaji-telefilms-naagin-a-profitable-affair-for-colors-160219|title=Balaji Telefilms' 'Naagin,' a slithering success for Colors|date=19 February 2016|work=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Naagin-Rules-The-Roost/18-12-2015-89526/|title=Naagin Rules The Roost|last=Singh|first=Gurbir|work=BW Businessworld|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

The second season also topped the ratings chart in its launch week and continued to do so.

Like the first 2 seasons, the third season also topped the ratings chart in its launch week and continued to do so for several months. But when the 3rd season was extended in January 2019, the season lost its top position in the TRP charts and even went out of the top 5 shows for several months but regained its top position in the last week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#TRPToppers: Woah! 'Naagin 3' drops SURPRISING numbers, but there is a TWIST |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/trptoppers-woah-naagin-3-drops-surprising-numbers-but-there-is-a-twist_139720 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

The fourth season topped the rating charts for 2 months and later managed to remain in top 5 shows. However, because of the lockdown, the season's original story was scrapped and it had to wrap up within 8 episodes post lockdown since it was not as successful like the previous seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-51-2019-naagin-bhagya-ka-zehrila-khel-becomes-no-1/2020/01/03|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 51 (2019); Naagin Bhagya Ka Zehrila Khel becomes no.1|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>

Unlike previous seasons which consistently maintained its positions in top 5, season 5 since its respective third week of telecast, wasn't able to enter the top 5 Hindi GEC while its ratings dropped weekly. The ratings of the season dropped to an all-time low.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=3 September 2020|title=TV Rating War: Kundali Bhagya No. 1, Naagin 5 slips from Top 5|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-rating-war-kundali-bhagya-no-1-naagin-5-slips-from-top-5-1718274-2020-09-03|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref>

The sixth season had a successful 2 months, but later on, met with slight fluctuations in ratings due to time slot changes. It got multiple extensions due to its success and became the longest-running season of the franchise

===Rating===
====Season 2====
In the table below, <span style="color:blue">the blue numbers</span> represent the lowest ratings and <span style="color:red">the red numbers</span> represent the highest ratings.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year / Week
!rowspan="2"| Episodes
!rowspan="2"| Broadcast date
!colspan="2"| BARC ratings (Urban)<ref name="barcindia1">{{cite web|url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|title=Data Insights - BARC India|website=BARC India}}</ref>
|-
! Nationwide
! Ranking (Nationwide)
|-
| Week 41, 2016
! 1 – 2
| 8 October 2016 – 9 October 2016
| '''8.8%''' (8838)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-ratings-week-41-2016-naagin-2-becomes-1-show-opening-week-161020|title=BARC ratings: Week 41 (2016); Naagin 2 becomes #1 show in opening week}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 42, 2016
! 3 – 4
| 15 October 2016 – 16 October 2016
| '''8.2%''' (8272)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-42-2016-colors-topples-star-plus-gain-the-1-slot-161027|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 42 (2016); Colors topples Star Plus to gain the #1 slot}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 43, 2016
! 5 – 6
| 22 October 2016 – 23 October 2016
| '''8%''' (7979)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-ratings-week-43-2016-161107|title=BARC Ratings: Week 43 (2016)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 44, 2016
! 7 – 8
| 29 October 2016 – 30 October 2016
| {{color|Blue|'''6.6%'''}} (6617)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-44-shakti-becomes-the-1-show-161110|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 44; Shakti becomes the #1 show}}</ref>
| 2
|-
| Week 45, 2016
! 9 – 10
| 5 November 2016 – 6 November 2016
| '''8.6%''' (8605)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-45-2016-161117|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 45 (2016)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 46, 2016
! 11 – 12
| 12 November 2016 – 13 November 2016
| '''9.2%''' (9168)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-ratings-week-46-2016-161124|title=BARC Ratings: Week 46 (2016)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 47, 2016
! 13 – 14
| 19 November 2016 – 15 November 2016
| '''9.1%''' (9133)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-47-2016-161201|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 47 (2016)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 48, 2016
! 15 – 16
| 26 November 2016 – 27 November 2016
| {{color|Red|'''10.2%'''}} (10214)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-48-2016-star-plus-clambers-the-top-slot-161208|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 48 (2016); Star Plus clambers up to the top slot}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 49, 2016
! 17 – 18
| 3 December 2016 – 4 December 2016
| '''9.4%''' (9370)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-49-2016-161215|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 49 (2016)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 50, 2016
! 19 – 20
| 10 December 2016 – 11 December 2016
| '''8.5%''' (8460)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-50-2016-161222|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 50 (2016)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 51, 2016
! 21 – 22
| 17 December 2016 – 18 December 2016
| '''8.8%''' (8753)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-51-2016-sony-tv-s-super-dancer-becomes-the-1-show-161229|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 51 (2016); Sony TV's Super Dancer becomes the #1 show}}</ref>
| 2
|-
| Week 52, 2016
! 23 – 24
| 24 December 2016 – 25 December 2016
| '''9.1%''' (9076)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-52-2016-colors-topples-star-plus-become-1-170105|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 52 (2016); Colors topples Star Plus to become #1}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 1, 2017
! 25 – 26
| 31 December 2016 – 1 January 2017
| '''8%''' (7986)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-ratings-week-1-2017-star-plus-back-1-170112|title=BARC Ratings: Week 1 (2017); Star Plus back to #1}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 2, 2017
! 27
| 7 January 2017
| '''8.4%''' (8414)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-2-2017-170119|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 2 (2017)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 3, 2017
! 28 – 29
| 14 January 2017 – 15 January 2017
| '''7.4%''' (7410)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-3-2017-170127|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 3 (2017)}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 4, 2017
! 30 – 31
| 21 January 2017 – 22 January 2017
| '''7.3%''' (7297)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-4-2017-170202 BARC India Ratings: Week 4 (2017)]</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 5, 2017
! 32 – 33
| 28 January 2017 – 29 January 2017
| '''7.4%''' (7416)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-5-2017-colors-topples-star-plus-170209 BARC India Ratings: Week 5 (2017); Colors topples Star Plus]</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 6, 2017
! 34 – 35
| 4 February 2017 – 5 February 2017
| '''8.1%''' (8126)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-6-2017-colors-1-zee-slums-further-170216 BARC India Ratings: Week 6 (2017); Colors #1, Zee slumps further]</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 7, 2017
! 36 – 37
| 11 February 2017 – 12 February 2017
| '''7.4%''' (7377)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-7-2017-star-plus-regains-top-slot-170223|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 7 (2017); Star Plus regains top slot}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 8, 2017
! 38 – 39
| 18 February 2017 – 19 February 2017
| '''7.9%''' (7940)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-8-2017-170302|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 8 (2017); Shani soars up to #3 slot}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 9, 2017
! 40 – 41
| 25 February 2017 – 26 February 2017
| '''7.8%''' (7829)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-9-2017-170309 BARC India Ratings: Week 9 (2017)]</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 10, 2017
! 42 – 43
| 4 March 2017 – 5 March 2017
| '''7.1%''' (7113)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-10-2017-170316 BARC India Ratings: Week 10 (2017)]</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 11, 2017
! 44 – 45
| 11 March 2017 – 12 March 2017
| '''7.7%''' (7732)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-11-2017-170323 BARC India Ratings: Week 11 (2017)]</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 12, 2017
! 46 – 47
| 18 March 2017 – 19 March 2017
| '''7.69%''' (7690)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-12-2017-sony-slumps-zee-steps-170330 BARC India Ratings: Week 12 (2017); Sony slumps, Zee steps up]</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 13, 2017
! 48 – 49
| 25 March 2017 – 26 March 2017
| '''7.9%''' (7987)<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-india-ratings-week-13-2017-170406 BARC India Ratings: Week 13 (2017)]</ref>
| 1
|}

====Season 3====
In the table below, <span style="color:blue">the blue numbers</span> represent the lowest ratings and <span style="color:red">the red numbers</span> represent the highest ratings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/trp-report-surbhis-naagin-3-records-highest-trp-season-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-jumps-points-422772?amp|title=TRP Report: Surbhi's Naagin 3 records highest TRP for the season; Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai jumps points|date=9 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year / Week
!rowspan="2"| Episodes
!rowspan="2"| Broadcast date
!colspan="2"| BARC ratings (Urban + Rural)<ref name="barcindia1"/>
|-
! Nationwide
! Ranking (nationwide)
|-
| Week 23, 2018
! 1 – 2
| 2 June 2018 – 3 June 2018
| 16.5% (16545)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2018/latest-trp-ratings-naagin-3-dance-deewane-get-huge-opening-bring-colors-tv-back-to-top-slot-274491.html|title=Latest TRP Ratings: Naagin 3 & Dance Deewane Get HUGE Opening, Bring Colors TV Back To Top Slot!|date=16 June 2018|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 24, 2018
! 3 – 4
| 9 June 2018 – 10 June 2018
| 14% (14103)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/editors-pick/barc-report-week-24-2018-naagin-3-continues-to-be-first-while-dus-ka-dum-and-silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-make-an-entry-in-the-top-20-list-1229787/|title=BARC Report, Week 24, 2018: Naagin 3 continues to be first while Dus Ka Dum and Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka make an entry in the Top 20 list|date=21 June 2018|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 25, 2018
! 5 – 6
| 16 June 2018 – 17 June 2018
| 14.5% (14559)<ref name="catchnews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/amp/.html|title=| Catch News|website=Catch News}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 26, 2018
! 7 – 8
| 23 June 2018 – 24 June 2018
| 14.5% (14579)<ref name="catchnews1"/>
| 1
|-
| Week 27, 2018
! 9 – 10
| 30 June 2018 – 1 July 2018
| 14.3% (14374)<ref name="catchnews1"/>
| 1
|-
| Week 28, 2018
! 11 – 12
| 7 July 2018 – 8 July 2018
| 13.9% (13910)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/barc-trp-report-week-28-2018-naagin-3-fans-you-will-be-excited-to-see-this-see-the-complete-list-inside-123442.html |title=BARC TRP Report Week 28, 2018: Naagin 3 fans, you will be excited to see this! See the complete list inside |publisher=Catch News |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 29, 2018
! 13 – 14
| 14 July 2018 – 15 July 2018
| 15.5% (15466)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/barc-trp-report-week-29-2018-you-will-be-shocked-to-hear-the-list-of-top-5-shows-on-tv-124954.html |title=BARC TRP Report Week 29, 2018: You will be shocked to hear the list of top 5 shows on TV! |publisher=Catch News |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 30, 2018
! 15 – 16
| 21 July 2018 – 22 July 2018
| 15.8% (15818)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/barc-trp-report-week-30-2018-another-week-another-surprise-for-the-fans-in-the-list-check-it-out-125802.html |title=BARC TRP Report Week 30, 2018: Another week, another surprise for the fans in the list! Check it out |publisher=Catch News |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 31, 2018
! 17
| 28 July 2018
| {{color|Red|'''16.7%'''}} (16677)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/barc-trp-report-week-31-2018-delight-for-naagin-3-fans-again-see-the-full-list-inside-127073.html |title=BARC TRP Report Week 31, 2018: Delight for Naagin 3 fans again! See the full list inside |publisher=Catch News |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 32, 2018
! 18 – 19
| 4 August 2018 – 5 August 2018
| 15.2% (15221)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-32-2018-yeh-rishta-climb-number-2/2018/08/17|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 32 (2018); Yeh Rishta climbs up to number 2|date=17 August 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 33, 2018
! 20 – 21
| 11 August 2018 – 12 August 2018
| 14.8% (14835)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-33-2018/2018/08/23|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 33 (2018)|date=23 August 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 34, 2018
! 22 – 23
| 18 August 2018 – 19 August 2018
| 15.2% (15528)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/barc-trp-report-week-34-2018-apart-from-naagin-3-these-tv-shows-remained-on-the-top-positions-130257.html|title=BARC TRP Report Week 34, 2018: Apart from Naagin 3, these TV shows remained on the top positions|website=Catch News}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 35, 2018
! 24 – 25
| 25 August 2018 – 26 August 2018
| {{color|Blue|'''13.6%'''}} (13612)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-ratings-are-here/2018/09/06|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 35 (2018)|date=6 September 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 36, 2018
! 26 – 27
| 1 September 2018 – 2 September 2018
| 14.2% (14294)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/barc-report-week-36-2018-amitabh-bachchans-kbc-fails-to-beat-naagin-3-opens-at-seventh-position-1273409/|title=BARC Report, Week 36, 2018: Amitabh Bachchan's KBC FAILS to beat Naagin 3, opens at seventh position|date=14 September 2018|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 37, 2018
! 28 – 29
| 8 September 2018 – 9 September 2018
| 14.2% (14422)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sony-tv-maintains-leadership-position-in-urban-marketbarc-week-37-ratings%0A-92171.html|title=Sony TV maintains leadership position in Urban market: BARC week 37 ratings - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=20 September 2018 }}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 38, 2018
! 30 – 31
| 15 September 2018 – 16 September 2018
| 15.4% (15402)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/here-come-the-ratings-for-the-week-2/2018/09/27|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 38 (2018); Bigg Boss in top 10|date=27 September 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 39, 2018
! 32 – 33
| 22 September 2018 – 23 September 2018
| 14.5% (14488)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-39-2018/2018/10/05|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 39 (2018)|date=5 October 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 40, 2018
! 34 – 35
| 29 September 2018 – 30 September 2018
| 14.6% (14641)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/time-to-check-out-the-barc-ratings/2018/10/11|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 40 (2018); KBC in top #3|date=11 October 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 41, 2018
! 36 – 37
| 6 October 2018 – 7 October 2018
| 13.4% (13406)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/barc-report-week-41-2018-bigg-boss-12-and-kasautii-zindagii-kay-2-drops-out-of-top-10-dance-plus-4s-blockbuster-entry-1293400/|title=BARC Report, Week 41, 2018: Bigg Boss 12 and Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 drops out of TOP 10; Dance Plus 4's blockbuster entry|date=18 October 2018|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 42, 2018
! 38 – 39
| 13 October 2018 – 14 October 2018
| 13.1% (13093)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/40857/2018/10/25|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 42 (2018)|date=25 October 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 43, 2018
! 40 – 41
| 20 October 2018 – 21 October 2018
| 13.1% (13135)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-43-2018/2018/11/01|title=BARC India Ratings: Week 43 (2018)|date=1 November 2018|website=IWMBuzz}}</ref>
| 1
|-
| Week 44, 2018
! 42 – 43
| 27 October 2018 – 28 October 2018
| 12.4% (12376)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/barc-report-week-44-2018-zee-anmols-kumkum-bhagya-beats-naagin-3-pan-india-hina-khans-entry-lifts-kasautii-zindagii-kay-2s-numbers-1306957/|title=BARC Report, Week 44, 2018: Zee Anmol's Kumkum Bhagya beats Naagin 3 pan India; Hina Khan's entry lifts Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2's numbers|date=12 November 2018|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
| 2
|}

====Season 4====
In the table below, <span style="color:blue">the blue numbers</span> represent the lowest ratings and <span style="color:red">the red numbers</span> represent the highest ratings.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year / Week
!rowspan="2"| Episodes
!rowspan="2"| Broadcast date
!colspan="2"| BARC ratings (Urban)
|-
! Nationwide
! Ranking (nationwide)
|-
|Week 51, 2019
!'''1-2'''
|14 December 2019 – 15 December 2019
|{{color|Red|'''8.9%'''}} (8953)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naagin 4 becomes no 1 show on TV; Bigg Boss 13 slips the TRP chart - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-4-becomes-no-1-show-on-tv-bigg-boss-13-slips-the-trp-chart/articleshow/73082254.cms |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=3 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|1
|-
|Week 52, 2019
!'''3-4'''
|21 December 2019 – 22 December 2019
|7.5% (7487)<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 52 (2019); Kundali overtakes Naagin Bhagya Ka Zehrila Khel |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-52-2019-kundali-overtakes-naagin-bhagya-ka-zehrila-khel/2020/01/03 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|2
|-
|Week 53, 2019
!'''5-6'''
|28 December 2019 – 29 December 2019
|7.6% (7632)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 53 (2019); Kundali Bhagya continues to rule |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-53-2019-kundali-bhagya-continues-rule/2020/01/09 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|3
|-
|Week 1, 2020
!'''7-8'''
|4 January 2020 – 5 January 2020
|8.4% (8410)<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 1 (2020); Naagin Bhagya Ka Zehrila Khel tops the chart |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-1-2020-naagin-bhagya-ka-zehrila-khel-tops-chart/2020/01/16 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|1
|-
|Week 2, 2020
!'''9-10'''
|11 January 2020 – 12 January 2020
|7.7% (7718)<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 2 (2020); Kundali Bhagya becomes no.1 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-2-2020-kundali-bhagya-becomes-no-1/2020/01/23 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|2
|-
|Week 3, 2020
!'''11-12'''
|18 January 2020 – 19 January 2020
|7.2% (7184)<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 3 (2020); Kundali Bhagya, Choti Sardarni and Naagin Bhagya Ka Zehrila Khel are top 3 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-3-2020-kundali-bhagya-choti-sardarni-naagin-bhagya-ka-zehrila-khel-top-3/2020/01/30 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|3
|-
|Week 4, 2020
!'''13-14'''
|25 January 2020 – 26 January 2020
|8.0% (8015)<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 4 (2020); Kundali Bhagya continues to rule |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-4-2020-kundali-bhagya-continues-rule/2020/02/06 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|2
|-
|Week 5, 2020
!'''15-16'''
|1 February 2020 – 2 February 2020
|8.0% (8004)<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 5 (2020); Kundali Bhagya reigns supreme |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-5-2020-kundali-bhagya-reigns-supreme/2020/02/13 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|2
|-
|Week 6, 2020
!17-18
|8 February 2020 – 9 February 2020
|7.1% (7139)<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 6 (2020); Kundali Bhagya, Naagin Bhagya Ka Zehrila Khel and Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai are top 3 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-6-2020-kundali-bhagya-naagin-bhagya-ka-zehrila-khel-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-top-3/2020/02/20 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|2
|-
|Week 7, 2020
!19-20
|15 February 2020 – 16 February 2020
|{{color|Blue|'''6.9%'''}} (6894)<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2020 |title=BARC India Ratings: Week 7 (2020); Bigg Boss 13 Grand Finale tops the chart |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/barc-india-ratings-week-7-2020-bigg-boss-13-grand-finale-tops-chart/2020/02/27 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|5
|}

====Season 5====
In the table below, <span style="color:blue">the blue numbers</span> represent the lowest ratings and <span style="color:red">the red numbers</span> represent the highest ratings.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year / Week
!rowspan="2"| Episodes
!rowspan="2"| Broadcast date
!colspan="2"| BARC ratings (Urban)
|-
! Nationwide
! Ranking (nationwide)
|-
| Week 32, 2020
! 1
| 9 August 2020
| 6.2% (6163)<ref>{{cite web|title=Naagin 5 premiere makes it most watched show on Colors channel, Hina Khan says 'we did it'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/naagin-5-premiere-makes-it-most-watched-show-on-colors-channel-hina-khan-says-we-did-it/story-wxvBWJkXbtL1TRqlBmKujP.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Naagin makes a comeback on the TRP chart; Kundali Bhagya continues to be the most watched show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-makes-a-comeback-on-the-trp-chart-kundali-bhagya-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-show/articleshow/77653370.cms|website=The Times of India|date=20 August 2020 }}</ref>
| 3
|-
| Week 33, 2020
! 2–3
| 15 August 2020 – 16 August 2020
| 5.7% (5758)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television-barc-trp-week-33-2020-kundali-bhagya-continues-to-lead-naagin-5-drops-indias-best-dancer-enters-list-of-tops-shows-1323059/amp|title=BARC TRP Report: Kundali Bhagya Continues To Lead, Naagin 5 ...|website=ABP Live}}</ref>
| 5
|}

Unlike previous seasons which consistently maintained its positions in top 5, season 5 since its third week of telecast could not be able to enter top 5 Hindi GEC while its ratings dropped weekly.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Surbhi Chandna & Ssharad Malhotra's 'Naagin 5' To Go OFF Air Next Month|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/surbhi-chandna-sharad-malhotra-naagin-5-off-air-date-on-colors-channel-naagin-5-to-end-soon-1434801|website=ABP Live|date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

====Season 6====
In the table below, <span style="color:blue">the blue numbers</span> represent the lowest ratings and <span style="color:red">the red numbers</span> represent the highest ratings.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year / Week
!rowspan="2"| Episodes
!rowspan="2"| Broadcast date
!colspan="2"| BARC ratings (Urban)
|-
! Impressions (in millions)
! Ranking (nationwide)
|-
|Week 7, 2022
!1-2
|12 February 2022 – 13 February 2022
|2.1<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Top TV News Today: Naagin 6 gets decent TRP ratings, and more |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/top-tv-news-today-naagin-6-gets-decent-trp-ratings-rakhi-sawant-calls-ex-ritesh-bewafa-and-more-article-89835704 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
|8
|-
|Week 8, 2022
!3-4
|19 February 2022 – 20 February 2022
|2.0<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India com Entertainment |title=TRP Report Week 8: Anupamaa Leads And Kumkum Bhagya Slips to Fourth Position, Fans Ask Where is Naagin |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/trp-report-week-8-anupamaa-lead-kumkum-bhagya-slips-fourth-position-fans-ask-where-is-naagin-5267335/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.india.com |date=3 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|8
|-
|Week 9, 2022
!5-6
|26 February 2022 – 27 February 2022
|1.9<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=TRP Report week 9: Anupamaa continues to rule, Smart Jodi opens well, Tejasswi Prakash's Naagin 6 slips |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/barc-trp-report-week-9-2022-anupamaa-continues-to-rule-smart-jodi-opens-well-tejasswi-prakashs-naagin-6-slips-article-90127731 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
|11
|-
|Week 10, 2022
!7-8
|5 March 2022 – 6 March 2022
|{{color|red|'''2.2'''}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP Report: Tejasswi Prakash's Naagin 6 reaches top 5; Anupamaa remains undefeated at number 1 {{!}} PINKVILLA |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/trp-report-tejasswi-prakash-s-naagin-6-reaches-top-5-anupamaa-remains-undefeated-number-1-1048084?amp |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.pinkvilla.com|date=17 March 2022 }}</ref>
|5
|-
|Week 11, 2022
!9-10
|12 March 2022 – 13 March 2022
|1.9<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP of Indian serials this week 11 (2022) {{!}} BOX OFFICE BUSINESS|date=24 March 2022 |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2022/03/trp-of-indian-serials-this-week-11-2022.html|access-date=2022-03-24 }}</ref>
|6
|-
|Week 26, 2022
!39
|26 June 2022
|2.0<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARC TRP Report: Anupamaa Ruling At No.1 Spot, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata, Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Out Of Top 5, Naagin 6, Bhagya Lakshmi Enters Top 5 List Of TV Shows {{!}} CELEBRITY TADKA|work=Celebrity Tadka |date=7 July 2022 |url=https://celebritytadka.com/barc-trp-anupamaa-at-no-1-imlie-naagin-6-bhagya-lakshmi-in-top-5-shows |access-date=2022-07-07 |last1=Singh |first1=Harinder pal }}</ref>
|4
|-
|Week 49, 2022
!85-86
|3 December 2022 – 4 December 2022
|{{color|blue|'''1.7'''}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARC Ratings! Naagin 6 enters top 10 shows, Bhagya Lakshmi sees a huge drop in ratings; Kundali and Kumkum Bhagya out of Top 10 shows; Bigg Boss sustains good TRP; Anupamaa tops the list followed by GHKKPM, Imlie, Pandya Store and YRKKH {{!}} PINKVILLA |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-ratings-naagin-6-enters-top-10-shows-bhagya-lakshmi-sees-huge-drop-ratings-kundali | date=15 Dec 2022 }}</ref>
|7
|-
|}

====Season 7====
In the table below, <span style="color:blue">the blue numbers</span> represent the lowest ratings and <span style="color:red">the red numbers</span> represent the highest ratings.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year / Week
!rowspan="2"| Episodes
!rowspan="2"| Broadcast date
!colspan="2"| BARC ratings (Urban)
|-
! Impressions (in millions)
! Ranking (nationwide)
|-
|Week 52, 2025
!1-2
|27 – 28 December 2025
|2.1 <ref>{{Cite news |title=TV TRP Race Week 52: Naagin 7 Makes Grand Entry In Top 5; KSBKBT 2 Remains At No 1, Anupamaa Ranking Slips To 3 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/trp-race-week-52-naagin-7-makes-grand-entry-in-top-5-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-remains-at-no-1-anupamaa-ranking-slips-to-3-article-153415394 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Times Now |date=8 January 2026 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219133350/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/trp-race-week-52-naagin-7-makes-grand-entry-in-top-5-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-remains-at-no-1-anupamaa-ranking-slips-to-3-article-153415394 |archive-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
|2
|-
|Week 01, 2026
!3-4
|3 – 4 January 2026
|2.1<ref>{{Cite news |title=TRP Race Week 1: KSBKBT 2, Naagin 7, and Anupamaa Lead the Rankings, WHILE THIS Major Show Drops Out of the Top 10 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/barc-week-1-trp-ratings-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-top-article-153473653 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Zoom TV |date=19 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|2
|-
|Week 02, 2026
!5-6
|10 – 11 January 2026
|1.9<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ayan |title=BARC TRP Week 02, 2026: Lakshmi Nivas Opens Well, Anupamaa Back in Top 2 as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Stays No.1 – Full Top 30 List Inside |url=https://www.filmymasalanow.in/barc-trp-week-02-2026-lakshmi-nivas-opens-well-anupamaa-back-in-top-2-as-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-stays-no-1-full-top-30-list-inside/#:~:text=Week%2002%20BARC%20TRP%20chart%20sees%20Kyunki%20Saas%20Bhi%20Kabhi,opening%20inside%20the%20Top%2015. |website=www.filmymasalanow.in |date=22 January 2026 |language=en|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
|3
|-
|Week 03, 2026
!7-8
|17 – 18 January 2026
|{{Color|red|'''2.4'''}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ayan |title=BARC TRP Week 03, 2026: Naagin 7 Smashes Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi–Anupamaa Duopoly to Claim the Top Spot |url=https://www.filmymasalanow.in/barc-trp-week-03-2026-naagin-7-smashes-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-anupamaa-duopoly-to-claim-the-top-spot/#:~:text=Naagin%207%20clinches%20Rank%201,despite%20posting%20the%20same%20TVR. |website=www.filmymasalanow.in |date=30 January 2026 |language=en|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
|1
|-
|Week 04, 2026
!9-10
|24 – 25 January 2026
|2.1<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ayan |title=BARC TRP Week 04, 2026: Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Holds Top Spot as Anupamaa Stays Close, Dr Aarambhi Debuts Strongly |url=https://www.filmymasalanow.in/barc-trp-week-04-2026-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-holds-top-spot-as-anupamaa-stays-close-dr-aarambhi-debuts-strongly/ |website=www.filmymasalanow.in |date=5 February 2026 |language=en|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
|3
|-
|Week 05, 2026
!11-12
|31 January – 1 February 2026
|1.9<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ayan |title=BARC TRP Week 05, 2026: Anupamaa Reclaims No.1 Spot, Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Slips to Second |url=https://www.filmymasalanow.in/barc-trp-week-05-2026-anupamaa-reclaims-no-1-spot-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-slips-to-second/ |website=www.filmymasalanow.in |date=12 February 2026 |language=en|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
|3
|-
|Week 06, 2026
!13-14
|7 – 8 February 2026
|2.0<ref>{{Cite news |title=TRP Race Week 6: KSBKBT 2 Dethrones Anupamaa Again; Naagin 7 Sees Growth Post Icchadhari Dragon Entry |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/trp-race-week-6-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-dethrones-anupamaa-again-naagin-7-sees-growth-post-icchadhari-dragon-entry-article-153646379 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Times Now |date=19 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|3
|-
|Week 07, 2026
!15-16
|14 – 15 February 2026
|{{color|blue|'''1.6'''}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharti |first=Anamika |title=TRP Report Week 7: Priyanka Choudhary's Naagin 7 Fails To Be In Top 5; Neil Bhatt's Mr. And Mrs. Parshuram Enters Top 10 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/trp-report-week-7-priyanka-choudharys-naagin-7-fails-to-be-in-top-5-neil-bhatts-mr-and-mrs-parshuram-enters-top-10 |website=www.freepressjournal.in |date=26 February 2026 |language=en|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
|6
|-
|Week 08, 2026
!17-18
|21 – 22 February 2026
|{{color|blue|'''1.6'''}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary|first=Aanchal |title=TRP Toppers: Kyunki 2 continues REIGNING, Anupamaa sees NO IMPROVEMENT, Naagin 7 FALLS |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/trp-toppers-kyunki-2-continues-reigning-anupamaa-sees-no-improvement-naagin-7-falls_232533 |website=www.indiaforums.com |date=6 March 2026|language=en|access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>
|8
|-
|Week 09, 2026
!19-20
|28 February – 1 March 2026
|{{color|blue|'''1.6'''}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=TRP Race Week 9: Udne Ki Aasha and Naagin 7 Make a Comeback; Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 Rises to the Top Once More |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/trp-race-week-9-top-10-shows-article-153818879 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=Zoom TV |date=12 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|5
|}

==Soundtrack==

{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist
| headline = Naagin: Tracklisting
| title1 = Kaun Hai Woh (Opening Theme)
| note1 = Duet
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]], Mounima
| length1 = 3:00
| title2 = Tere Sang Pyaar Mein (season 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
| note2 = Female
| extra2 = Pamela Jain
| length2 = 2:18
| title3 = Tera Pyaar Jivan Ka (season 3, 4, 5)
| note3 = Female
| extra3 = Pamela Jain
| length3 = 3:34
| title4 = O Re Piya (season 1)
| note4 = Male
| extra4 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| length4 = 4:07
| title5 = Bol Do Na Zara (season 3, 4, 5, 6)
| note5 = Male
| extra5 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length5 = 3:09
|title6 = Kaise Hua (season 4, 5, 6)
|note6 = Male
|extra6 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|length6 = 2:48
| title7 = Baarish (season 4)
| note7 = Duet
| extra7 = [[Ash King]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| length7 = 2:49
| title8 = Bulleya (season 4)
| note8 = Male
| extra8 = [[Amit Mishra]], [[Pritam]]
| length8 = 5.48
| title9 = Dil Ibaddat (season 5)
| note9 = Male
| extra9 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length9 = 5.29
| title10 = Tose Naina (season 6)
| note10 = Male
| extra10 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length10 = 4.24
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Season !! Result
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | 2016
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| [[Gold Awards]]
| ''Best Actress in Lead Role (Critics)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Adaa Khan]]
| rowspan="8" | Season 1
| rowspan="4" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2016.html|title=Winners of 9th Boroplus Gold Awards|website=weebly.com|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062316/http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2016.html|archive-date=6 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor in Lead Role (Critics)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Arjun Bijlani]]
|-
| ''Best Actress in Lead Role (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mouni Roy]]
|-
| ''Best Crime/Thriller/VFX''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| ''Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| ''Best TV Show (Fiction)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|16th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| ''Best Actress in Lead Role (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mouni Roy]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ita-awards-2016-full-winners-list-mouni-roy-divyanka-tripathi-karan-patel-rubina-dilaik-win-it-big/|title=ITA Awards 2016 full winners list: Mouni Roy, Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel, Rubina Dilaik win it big|first=Soumyata|last=Chauhan|website=bollywoodlife.com|date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Serial (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;" | 2017
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| [[Boroplus Gold Awards|10th Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| ''Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Adaa Khan]]
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;" | Season 2
| rowspan="5" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html|title=Winners of 10th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2017|website=weebly.com|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012609/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Boroplus Face of the Year''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Mouni Roy]]
|-
| ''Best Actress in Lead Role (Critics)''
|-
| ''Best Actor in Lead Role (Critics)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Karanvir Bohra]]
|-
| ''Best TV Show Based on Crime/Thriller/VFX''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| ''Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Arjun Bijlani]]
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
| ''Best Actress in Lead Role (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mouni Roy]]
|-
| ''Best TV Show (Fiction)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Zee Entertainment Awards]]
| ''BIG Zee Most Entertaining TV Actor (Female)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mouni Roy]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/big-zee-entertainment-awards-2017-winners-list-alia-bhatt-shahid-kapoor-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-see-photos-videos-4773646/|title=Big Zee Entertainment Awards 2017 winners list: Alia Bhatt, Shahid Kapoor and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan win top honors. See photos, videos|date=30 July 2017|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/big-zee-entertainment-awards-2017-list-of-winners-1731028|title=Big Zee Entertainment Awards 2017: List Of Winners|website=ndtv.com|date=29 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| ''BIG Zee Most Entertaining TV Show (Fiction)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| ''BIG Zee Most Entertaining TV Actor (Male)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Karanvir Bohra]]
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/|title=Big ZEE Entertainment Awards: Nominations list|date=22 July 2017|website=bizasialive.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| ''Best Actress (Jury)''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
| rowspan="15" |Season 3
|{{nom}}
|-
| ''Highest Rated Show on Television''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2018/ita-2018-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-surbhi-chandna-harshad-chopda-sunil-grover-others-bag-awards-280383.html|title=ITA 2018 Winners List: Divyanka Tripathi, Surbhi Chandna, Harshad Chopda & Others Bag Awards!|date=12 December 2018|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center;"| 2019
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| ''Best Actress in Supporting Role''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Anita Hassanandani]]
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners|date=21 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor In Lead Role Male (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pearl V Puri]]
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiantellyawards.com/winner.html|title=Indian Telly Awards - Gallery|website=indiantellyawards.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor In Lead Role Female (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
|-
| ''Best Jodi (Popular)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pearl V Puri]] & [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;"| [[Gold Awards]]
| ''Best Actress in a Supporting Role''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Anita Hassanandani]]
| rowspan="3" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goldawards.in|title=Nominations for 12th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2019|website=12th Gold Awards}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor in a Lead Role (Jury)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pearl V Puri]]
|-
| ''Best Television Show (Thriller)''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| ''Best Actress in a Negative Role''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rakshandha Khan]]
| rowspan="6" {{nom}}
|-
| ''Best Actor in a Negative Role''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rajat Tokas]]
|-
| ''[[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular)]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
|-
| ''[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular)]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pearl V Puri]]
|-
| ''Best On-screen Jodi''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Surbhi Jyoti]] & [[Pearl V Puri]]
|-
| ''[[Gold Award for Best Television Show (Fiction)|Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction)]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress (Popular)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
| rowspan="15" |Season 6
|rowspan="3"{{nom}}
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Show Popular|Best Show(Popular)]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role(Jury)]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mahek Chahal]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2023
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Fan Favorite Actress
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|rowspan="4"{{nom}}
|-
|Fan Favorite Show
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
|Fan Favorite Mytho/ Super Natural Show
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| Fan Favorite Actor/ Actress - Mytho/ Super Natural
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mahek Chahal]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Programming Awards - Weekly Serial
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress (Popular)]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Show Popular|Best Show(Popular)]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|rowspan="2"{{nom}}
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role(Jury)]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mahek Chahal]]
|-
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5323298}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Television series about snakes]]
[[Category:Television series about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Fiction about human–snake romance]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Gujarat]]

Param (given name)

2026-03-09T04:12:16Z

Yashpaul0: creating new post needs work

'''Param''' is a masculine given name and nickname which may refer to:

==Given name==
* [[Param Nath Bhaduri]] (1908–1992), Indian Bengali agricultural scientist
* [[Param Cumaraswamy]], Malaysian lawyer
* [[Param Gill]], American 21st century film director and screenwriter
* [[Param Jaggi]] (born 1994), American inventor and entrepreneur
* [[Param Singh (actor)]] (born 1988), Indian actor
* [[Param Singh (consultant)]], British 21st century entrepreneur and community activist
* [[Param Bir Singh]], Indian former police officer, former Police Commissioner of Mumbai and Director General of the Maharashtra Home Guard, a fugitive from extortion charges
* [[Param Uppal]] (born 1998), Australian cricketer

==Nickname==
* [[Parameswaran Iyer]] (born 1959), Indian civil servant and former CEO

{{given name}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

It's Not My Choice

2026-03-09T02:38:06Z

Yashpaul0: new new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|2015 Manipuri film based on transgender issues}}
{{Infobox film
| image = It's Not My Choice (2015 film) - Poster.jpg
| director = [[Priyakanta Laishram]]
| writer = [[Priyakanta Laishram]]
| producer = Harendra Laishram
| starring = [[Bishesh Huirem]]<br/>[[Ithoi Oinam]]<br/>Chakpram Idhou
| cinematography = Momo Khurai
| editing = Priyakanta Laishram
| music = Balli Ningthoujam
| studio = Priyakanta Productions
| released = {{film date|df=y|2015|9|1}}
| runtime = 14 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
}}
'''''It's Not My Choice''''' ([[Manipuri Language|Manipuri]]: ''Eina Khankhiba Natte'') is a 2015 [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri film]] written and directed by [[Priyakanta Laishram]] and produced by Harendra Laishram under the banner of Priyakanta Productions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=Manipuri film IT'S NOT MY CHOICE triumphs in every aspect |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/2/Brainee-HijamThe-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-Eina-Khankhiba-Natte-which-runs-for-14-minu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062543/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/2/Brainee-HijamThe-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-Eina-Khankhiba-Natte-which-runs-for-14-minu.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=The Sangai Express |access-date=8 February 2024 }}</ref> Starring [[Bishesh Huirem]], [[Ithoi Oinam]], and Chakpram Idhou, the film tells the story of a young [[transgender]] Sanathoi who is deprived of her basic rights. The film was released on 1 September 2015, in [[Imphal]] at the [[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences|Regional Institute Of Medical Sciences]] and screened at 25 film festivals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 February 2024 |title=It's Not My Choice: A Film To Endure For Many Years To Come |url=https://signpostnews.com/its-not-my-choice-a-film-to-endure-for-many-years-to-come/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120063658/https://signpostnews.com/its-not-my-choice-a-film-to-endure-for-many-years-to-come/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=Signpost News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2024 |title=Like Fireflies In The Endless Dark: Emerging Queer Narratives In The Region Of North East India |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2024/08/19/like-fireflies-in-the-endless-dark-emerging-queer-narratives-in-the-region-of-north-east-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062034/https://feminisminindia.com/2024/08/19/like-fireflies-in-the-endless-dark-emerging-queer-narratives-in-the-region-of-north-east-india/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=Feminism In India }}</ref> The film is the first [[Indian film|Indian short film]] to be adapted in [[Thai language|Thai]] and the first short film from [[Northeast India]] to surpass 1 [[lakh]] views and 1 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2024 |title=Manipuri film 'It's not my choice' becomes the first Indian short film to be adapted into Thai |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-film-its-not-my-choice-becomes-the-first-indian-short-film-to-be-adapted-into-thai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120110054/https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-film-its-not-my-choice-becomes-the-first-indian-short-film-to-be-adapted-into-thai/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=Ukhrul Times}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sanathoi, a young [[transgender]] person, is denied education by her father, who keeps her confined at home while allowing her younger sister to continue her education. Sanathoi is frequently subjected to neglect and abuse, oftentimes being given errands rather than treated with care and compassion.

While out to buy a box of cigarettes for her father, Sanathoi is ridiculed by a local shopkeeper who mocks her gender expression and blames her for the way others treat her. In response, Sanathoi questions whether her identity is something she ever chose, and leaves the shop.

On her way back home, she is stopped by two security personnel who harass and sexually shame her, suggesting that people like her exist only for others’ gratification. When Sanathoi tries to defend herself, the harassment intensifies. Ayeengbi, her friend, witnesses the incident, steps in to confront the men, and walks away with Sanathoi.

The two later sit together in a nearby park. There, Sanathoi opens up about the discrimination and emotional pain she experiences, both at home and in society. Ayeengbi listens, expresses solidarity, criticises the injustice Sanathoi faces, and encourages her to keep believing in herself and not give up hope.

After returning home, Sanathoi is confronted again by her father for forgetting to bring the cigarettes. His anger escalates, and he strikes her on the head. This time, Sanathoi stands up to him, expressing all the pain and injustice she has endured, not only from the outside world but also within her own family. She pleads for understanding, questioning how she can expect to find acceptance or love from the world when she is denied it in her own home. She affirms that her identity is not a matter of personal choice and asks why people like her are treated as less than human.

Her father, deeply affected but silent, sits down. The film ends with Sanathoi and her father sitting silently in the courtyard, Sanathoi weeping.

== Cast ==

* [[Bishesh Huirem]] as Sanathoi
* [[Ithoi Oinam]] as Ayeengbi
* Chakpram Idhou as Sanathoi's father
* Sophia Sapam as Local shopkeeper
* Terina Ningombam as Sanathoi's sister

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In an interview with ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Priyakanta Laishram stated that he developed the idea for the film during his senior secondary education in [[Chandigarh]], while meeting his sister's transgender friends and a friend shunned for being effeminate. He believed his films could express his authentic self and address societal taboo topics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2023 |title='I knew I wasn't transgender but I had no idea who I was': Manipuri filmmaker Priyakanta Laishram |url=https://scroll.in/article/1051143/i-knew-i-wasnt-transgender-but-i-had-no-idea-who-i-was-manipuri-filmmaker-priyakanta-laishram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120054548/https://scroll.in/article/1051143/i-knew-i-wasnt-transgender-but-i-had-no-idea-who-i-was-manipuri-filmmaker-priyakanta-laishram |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date= |work=Scroll.in }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
In a two-day schedule, [[principal photography]] for the film began in [[Imphal]] on 8 August 2015, and concluded on 9 August 2015.<ref name=":0" />

On [[Gaylaxy (magazine)|''Gaylaxy'']], Laishram stated that the entire film was shot in 2015 during the riots, curfews, mass processions, and strikes over the [[Inner Line Permit]] in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2017 |title=India's youngest filmmaker made a film on transgender. In Conversation with Priyakanta Laishram, A Young Manipuri Filmmaker |url=https://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/15405/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308063413/https://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/15405/ |archive-date=8 March 2017 |work=Gaylaxy Magazine}}</ref>

=== Post production and release ===
Balli Ningthoujam composed the film's music, while [[Priyakanta Laishram]] handled the editing.<ref name=":1" /> On 1 September 2015, the film was premiered at the [[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences]] in Imphal.<ref name=":0" /> Later, it was screened at Rajabhat University, [[Delhi University]], Punjab University, and [[Mumbai University]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2024 |title=Bishesh Huirem starrer "It's Not My Choice" screened at Rajabhat University, Thailand |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/7/IMPHAL-Feb-6The-multiple-award-winning-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-was-screened-at-Rajabha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120060725/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/7/IMPHAL-Feb-6The-multiple-award-winning-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-was-screened-at-Rajabha.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=The Sangai Express |access-date=8 February 2024 }}</ref>

The film became the first from [[Northeast India]] to receive more than one million views after it was made available for online streaming on [[YouTube]] on 15 January 2017.<ref name=":1" />

=== Adaptation ===
In 2024, the film has become the first [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] to be adapted into [[Thai language]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2024 |title=Indian short film on transgender issue to be adapted for Thai audiences |url=https://thethaiger.com/news/national/indian-short-film-on-transgender-issue-to-be-adapted-for-thai-audiences-video#google_vignette |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120110430/https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/environment/thailands-pm2-5-levels-soar-posing-health-risks-in-38-provinces?tie-ajax-post=1 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=Thaiger}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Upon release, the film received favorable reviews, with reviewers applauding the performances, writing, and direction in particular. ''[[The Sangai Express]]'' wrote, "It's Not My Choice triumphs in every aspect".<ref name=":1" />

''Signpost News'' wrote'','' "The 14-minute film does more in its brief running time than any other [[Meitei cinema|Manipuri feature film]] in its genre that is two or three hours long."<ref name=":0" />

''E-pao'' wrote, "A project like this comes full circle with the clear passion behind it. Definitely, a step towards more progressive Manipuri [[queer]] cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Atom |first=Sangita |date=25 November 2022 |title=It's Not My Choice (Eina Khankhiba Natte) |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Its_Not_My_Choice_Eina_Khankhiba_Natte_Review_By_Sangita_Atom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062807/https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Its_Not_My_Choice_Eina_Khankhiba_Natte_Review_By_Sangita_Atom |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=E-Pao |access-date=8 February 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15388308}}

[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2010s Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related short films]]
[[Category:2015 short films]]
[[Category:2015 LGBTQ-related films]]

Lakshya (TV series)

2026-03-07T12:00:25Z

Yashpaul0: added new pg!

{{Short description|Indian crime television series}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = 45 minutes
| num_seasons = 2
| director = Bharat Gaikwad
| theme_music_composer = '''Season 2''' - Raviraj Kotharkar
| opentheme = ''Lakshya'' by [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2022|10|30}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|08|25}}
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| company = Soham Productions
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| image = Nave Lakshya.jpg
| image_size =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Aadesh Bandekar]]|[[Suchitra Bandekar]]}}
| num_episodes = 1226 (season 1) + 78 (season 2)
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| starring = '''Season 1''' - {{Plainlist|
* Ashok Samarth
* [[Aditi Sarangdhar]]
* [[Pari Telang]]
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]]
* [[Shweta Shinde]]
}}
''' Season 2''' - {{Plainlist|
* Abhijeet Shwetchandra
* Soham Bandekar
* [[Uday Sabnis]]
* [[Amit Dolawat]]
* Shubhangi Sadavarte
* Bhushan Telang
}}
| writer = {{ubl|[[Satish Rajwade]]|Santosh Patil|Arti Mhaskar}}
| creative_director =
| creator = [[Aadesh Bandekar]]
| genre = {{unbulleted list|[[Crime fiction]]|[[Suspense]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]}}
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camera]]
}}

'''''Lakshya''''' is an Indian crime television series which was first aired on 25 August 2011 and ended on 17 September 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakshya – A gripping crime fiction series - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lakshya-a-gripping-crime-fiction-series/articleshow/9720295.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakshya' - A New Thriller from 25th August|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/lakshya-a-new-thriller-from-25th-august.php|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='लक्ष्य' संपले!|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/end-of-lakshya-serial/articleshow/54396207.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> Its sequel has launched from 7 March 2021 on every Sunday named as '''''Nave Lakshya'''''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular Marathi crime drama Lakshya to launch to its second season soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-crime-drama-lakshya-to-launch-to-its-second-season-soon/articleshow/81085687.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Series ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally Broadcast
|-
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"|[[#Season 1|1]]
|align="center"|1226
|align="center"|25 August 2011
|align="center"|17 September 2016
|-
|style="background:Blue" rowspan="2"|
|align="center" rowspan="2"|[[#Season 2|2]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"|78
|align="center"|7 March 2021
|align="center"|25 April 2021
|-
|align="center"|4 July 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Nave Lakshya begins shooting fresh episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/team-nave-lakshya-begins-shooting-fresh-episodes/articleshow/84059755.cms|access-date=2021-08-10|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|align="center"|30 October 2022
|}

== Plot ==
=== Lakshya (Season 1) ===
It is a story of Police team named ''Unit 8''. The team solves a new case and tactfully battles it out with the criminals. The team members shared a common goal to eradicating crime and they will go to any extent to ensure that justice is served.

=== Nave Lakshya (Season 2) ===
It is a story of Police team named ''Unit 9''. It revolves around a competent police team. It will show the police team trying to solve crime cases and several social cases to make the lives of the people in society better. It will focus on how a dedicated team of police shall bring about justice in an area using their skills and resources.

== Cast ==
=== Lakshya (Season 1) ===
* Ashok Samarth as ACP Abhay Kirtikar
* [[Aditi Sarangdhar]] as Sub-inspector Saloni Deshmukh
* [[Shweta Shinde]] as Inspector Renu
* [[Pari Telang]] as Inspector Disha Suryavanshi
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Head Constable Maruti Jagdale
* Gayatri Soham as Inspector Suvarna
* Jagannath Nivangune as Sub-inspector Virendra Kadam
* Dhanashree Kshirsagar as PSI Parna Desai
* Ramesh Wani as Hawaldar
* Mandar Kulkarni as Hacker Manas
* Sandesh Jadhav as Inspector Suryakant Bhaurao Bhosale
* Snehal Chandwadkar as multiple roles

=== Guest ===
* [[Sonam Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-10|title=मालवणी फिश, उकडीचे मोदक, छायागीत आणि लक्ष्य मालिका, सोनम कपूरचं मराठी कनेक्शन|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-sonam-kapoor-promotes-her-film-neeraja-in-marathi-tv-serial-lakshya-5245147-PHO.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-09|title=Sonam Kapoor will be seen in 'Lakshya'|url=https://marathistars.com/tv-serial/news-tv-serial/sonam-kapoor-in-star-pravah-serial-lakshya/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Marathi Stars}}</ref>

=== Nave Lakshya (Season 2) ===
* Abhijeet Shwetchandra as Vikrant Gaikwad
* Soham Bandekar as Jay Dixit
* Shubhangi Sadavarte as Mokshada Mohite
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Arjun Karandikar
* [[Uday Sabnis]] as Appa Malwankar
* Bhushan Telang as Sub-inspector
* [[Aditi Sarangdhar]] as Inspector Saloni Deshmukh
* [[Shweta Shinde]] as Inspector Renuka Rathore
* Snehal Chandwadkar as multiple roles

== Production ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{blockquote|text=Lakshya is a fast-paced narrative and its action packed sequences will differentiate it completely from other fictional shows on Marathi GECs. We are confident of a positive response from our audiences|sign=Nachiket Pantvaidya, General Manager of Star Pravah.}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakshya – A gripping crime fiction series - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lakshya-a-gripping-crime-fiction-series/articleshow/9720295.cms|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ACP Abhay Kirtikar played by well-known actor [[Ashok Samarth]] who also starred in [[Singham]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-26|title="Every film is an experiment" - Ashok Samarth|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/interviews/ashok-samarth-chitchat.php|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref> [[Aditi Sarangdhar]] comeback to television as Sub-inspector Saloni Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hello! This is Sub.Inspector Disha Suryavanshi speaking...|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/interviews/actress-pari-telang.php|access-date=2021-02-19|website=Marathi Movie World|date=3 July 2014 }}</ref> and Jagannath Nivangune was seen as Sub-inspector Virendra Kadam. [[Kamlesh Sawant]] and Mandar Kulkarni was essay constable Maruti Jagdale and ethical hacker Manas respectively. [[Shweta Shinde]] and Dhanashree Kshirsagar were selected to play the role of Inspector Renu and PSI Parna Desai respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-10|title='लक्ष्य'मध्ये इन्स्पेक्टर रेणूच्या भूमिकेत श्वेता शिंदे|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/shweta-shinde-in-lakshya-television-serial-1049683/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Season 2 ===
{{blockquote|text=We are proud to tell the story of our dutiful police and their department. This new goal will reveal what it takes to be fertile, what it takes to be smart, and how it can help you stay alert. While watching this series, you will realise that our Maharashtra Police Department is standing firmly behind you like brothers and sisters.|sign=[[Satish Rajwade]], Programme Head of Star Pravah.}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=नवी मालिका: महाराष्ट्र पोलिसांचं चातुर्य आणि साहसाची गोष्ट सांगणारी मालिका 'नवे लक्ष्य', आदेश बांदेकरांचा मुलगा करतोय पदार्पण|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/new-show-nave-lakshya-coming-soon-128255678.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> Soham Bandekar son of [[Aadesh Bandekar]] and [[Suchitra Bandekar]] debutante with the role of Police inspector Jay Dixit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=नवी मालिका: महाराष्ट्र पोलिसांचं चातुर्य आणि साहसाची गोष्ट सांगणारी मालिका 'नवे लक्ष्य', आदेश बांदेकरांचा मुलगा करतोय पदार्पण|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/new-show-nave-lakshya-coming-soon-128255678.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> Shubhangi Sadavarte playing the role of Police inspector Mokshada Mohite.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I got to know the value of a cop's uniform when I wore one: Nave Lakshya actress Shubhangi Sadavarte - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/i-got-to-know-the-value-of-a-cop-when-i-wore-the-uniform-nave-lakshya-actress-shubhangi-sadavarte/articleshow/81312950.cms|access-date=2021-03-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Mahaepisode (2 hours) ===
* 15 August 2021
* 13 March 2022
* 24 July 2022

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5762426}}
* {{IMDb title|tt14237410|Nave Lakshya}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/lakshya/1298 ''Lakshya''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/nave-lakshya/1260055764 ''Nave Lakshya''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Detective television series]]
[[Category:Police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Shivangi Pathak

2026-03-06T18:21:10Z

Yashpaul0: creating a post...

{{short description|Indian mountaineer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{notability|Sports|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Shivangi Pathak
| image = Shivangi Pathak.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = August 2002
| birth_place = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar, Haryana]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Mountaineer
| height =
| weight = 
| retired =
| website = 
| typeofclimber =
| highestgrade =
| highestredpoint =
| highestonsight =
| highestboulder =
| knownfor =
| firstascents =
| namedroutes =
| majorascents =
| worlds =
| medaltemplates =
| show-medals =
| updated =
}}
'''Shivangi Pathak''' is an Indian [[Mountaineering|mountaineer]] born in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar, Haryana]] in August 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivangi Pathak: Haryana girl scripts history! |url=https://www.drilers.com/post/shivangi-pathak-haryana-girl-scripts-history |website=Drilers |language=English |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> At age 16, she became India's youngest person to climb the world's highest peak, [[Mount Everest]], on 16 May 2018 from the Nepal side.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=At 16, Shivangi Pathak from Haryana becomes the youngest woman to scale Mount Everest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/at-16-shivangi-pathak-from-haryana-becomes-the-youngest-woman-to-scale-mount-everest-1236814-2018-05-19 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 May 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On top of the world! Shivangi Pathak, 16, becomes youngest Indian woman to climb Mount Everest |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/on-top-of-the-world-shivangi-pathak-16-becomes-youngest-indian-woman-to-climb-mount-everest/1175641/ |date=21 May 2018 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=4 August 2018 |title=Shivangi Pathak, India's youngest Everest summiteer : In Haryana, you'll now find girls wearing shorts and going for runs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/shivangi-pathak-indias-youngest-everest-summiteer-in-haryana-youll-now-find-girls-wearing-shorts-and-going-for-runs/articleshow/65259404.cms |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 May 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She climbed Russia's highest peak [[Mount Elbrus]] in Europe on 2 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everester Shivangi Pathak completes her 3rd summit to Mt. Elbrus |url=https://www.apnnews.com/everester-shivangi-pathak-completes-her-3rd-summit-to-mt-elbrus/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 May 2020 |website=apnnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She also climbed the highest peak of Africa, [[Kilimanjaro]], on 24 July 2018 at the age of 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana teen Shivangi Pathak scales Mount Kilimanjaro {{!}} India News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/haryana-teen-shivangi-pathak-scales-mount-kilimanjaro/260880 |website=www.timesnownews.com |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pathak was born in Hisar of Haryana in north-western India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiMay 19 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |title=At 16, Shivangi Pathak from Haryana becomes the youngest woman to scale Mount Everest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/at-16-shivangi-pathak-from-haryana-becomes-the-youngest-woman-to-scale-mount-everest-1236814-2018-05-19 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Everest climb ==
Training for climbing Mt. Everest, included climbing [[Stok Kangri|Stok Khangri]], a 6,053-metre peak in [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivangi Pathak: Haryana girl scripts history! |url=https://www.drilers.com/post/shivangi-pathak-haryana-girl-scripts-history |website=Drilers |language=English |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
On 17 May 2018 become the youngest Indian woman to climb the Mount Everest<ref>{{cite news |title=Shivangi Pathak Is India's Youngest Everester From The Nepal Side |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/shivangi-pathak-is-indias-youngest-everester-from-the-nepal-side-182641.html |work=femina.in |language=en}}</ref>

Her ascent of the peak began in April 2018 from the Nepal base camp of Everest,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivangi Pathak: Haryana girl scripts history! |url=https://www.drilers.com/post/shivangi-pathak-haryana-girl-scripts-history |website=Drilers |language=English |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> the entire Everest expedition took one month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana's Shivangi Pathak Becomes Youngest Indian Woman To Scale Mt Everest |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/haryanas-shivangi-pathak-becomes-youngest-indian-woman-to-scale-mt-everest/312071 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

== Awards ==
She was honored with the [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar|Bal Shakti Puraskar]] 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar: President Kovind Honours 26 Children |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-president-kovind-honours-26-children-2010893.html |date=23 January 2019 |website=News18 |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Ramnath Kovind confers national awards on children for outstanding contribution in various fields |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/president-kovind-confers-national-awards-on-children-for-outstanding-contribution-in-various-fields/1451659/ |date=22 January 2019 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Shivangi}}
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:People from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{climbing-bio-stub}}

Petromax (2022 film)

2026-03-03T12:10:15Z

Yashpaul0: creating the data from scratch

{{Short description|2022 Indian comedy-drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Petromax
| image = Petromax 2021 film.jpg
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Vijaya Prasad]]
| producer = Sudhir KM <br /> Rajashekar KG
| writer = Vijaya Prasad
| starring = [[Sathish Ninasam]]<br />[[Hariprriya]]<br />[[Karunya Ram]]
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Niranjan Babu
| editing = Suresh Aras
| studio = Satish Picture House <br/>Studio 18 <br />Petromax Pictures
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|07|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Petromax''''' is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Vijaya Prasad]]. The film is produced by Sathish Ninasam and Vijaya Prasad under the banner Sathish Picture House. It stars [[Sathish Ninasam]] and [[Hariprriya]] alongside [[Karunya Ram]]. The story of the film revolves around the lives of four [[orphan]]s and how they find love in an older woman.

==Synopsis==
[[Petromax]] is a brand name for a type of pressurised [[paraffin lamp]] that uses a [[Gas mantle|mantle]]. Petromax symbolises light, which is essential in the lives of four orphans around whom the plot revolves.

==Cast==
* [[Sathish Ninasam]] as "Oodubatti" Shivappa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Sep/28/sathish-ninasam-and-vijayaprasads-petromax-to-takeoff-with-new-story-2202702.html |title=Sathish Ninasam and Vijayaprasad's Petromax to take off with new story - The New Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203175647/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2020/sep/28/sathish-ninasam-and-vijayaprasads-petromax-to-takeoff-with-new-story-2202702.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Hariprriya]] as Meenakshi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hariprriya-teams-up-with-sathish-ninasam-in-petromax/articleshow/78741266.cms|title=Hariprriya teams up with Sathish Ninasam in Petromax - Times of India|date=19 October 2020|access-date=20 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710044222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hariprriya-teams-up-with-sathish-ninasam-in-petromax/articleshow/78741266.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Arun as "Agarbatti" Maadappa
* [[Nagabhushana]] as Krishnamurthy<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/nagabhushan-talks-about-his-upcoming-movie-petromax/videoshow/80116017.cms |title=Nagabhushan talks about his upcoming movie Petromax {{!}} Kannada Movie News |date=5 January 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114191706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/nagabhushan-talks-about-his-upcoming-movie-petromax/videoshow/80116017.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Karunya Ram]] as Kavitha Krishnamurthy
*[[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] as Sudha Murthy
*[[Sudha Belawadi]] as L Shanthakumari
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Meenakshi's Father
*[[Padmaja Rao]] as Meenakshi's Mother
* K S Sridhar as Anathashrama Head
* Ashwin Hassan as Surendranath
*[[Suman Ranganath]] as Subbalakshmi, Cameo appearance
* [[Veena Sundar]] as Petromax, Cameo appearance
* Mohan Juneja as Rangayana Ragu, Real Estate Agent

==Production==
[[Hariprriya]] was cast for the film in October 2020 alongside [[Sathish Ninasam]]. It is Hariprriya's second film with director Vijaya Prasad, after ''[[Neer Dose]]''. Principal photography began in October 2020 in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sathish-ninasam-and-hariprriya-to-work-right-through-dasara/articleshow/78789868.cms |title=Sathish Ninasam and Haripriya to work right through Dasara |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109224528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sathish-ninasam-and-hariprriya-to-work-right-through-dasara/articleshow/78789868.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming was 50 percent completed by the end of October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-petromax-completes-50-shoot-in-mysuru/articleshow/78969078.cms |title=Team Petromax completes 50% shoot in Mysuru |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221215354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-petromax-completes-50-shoot-in-mysuru/articleshow/78969078.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming was completed in the first week of January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/sathish-ninasam-and-hariprriya-starrer-petromax-movie-shooting-completed-in-mysuru/articleshow/80082661.cms |title=ಸತೀಶ್ 'ನೀನಾಸಂ' ನಟನೆಯ 'ಪೆಟ್ರೋಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌' ಚಿತ್ರದ ಲೇಟೆಸ್ಟ್ ಅಪ್‌ಡೇಟ್ ಏನು? ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ |trans-title=What is the latest update of 'Petromax' starring Satish 'Neenasam'? Here's the information |date=3 January 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=Kannada |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202175621/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/sathish-ninasam-and-hariprriya-starrer-petromax-movie-shooting-completed-in-mysuru/articleshow/80082661.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> With the release of trailer on 20 September 2021, the post-production work on the film was completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/videos/entertainment/2021/sep/20/petromax-kannada-trailer-3994.html |title=ಸಖತ್ ಡಬಲ್ ಮಿನಿಂಗ್ 'ಪೆಟ್ರೋಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್' ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟ್ರೈಲರ್|trans-title= Trailer of Sakat Double Mining 'Petromax' |date= 20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=Kannada Prabha |language=Kannada}}</ref> The film was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) where the film received [[A certificate]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100020292200000306 |title=CBFC |date=13 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=ecinepramaan.gov.in |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006122900/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100020292200000306 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sunayana Suresh reviewing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and praised the performances of Sathish Ninasam, Hariprriya, Karunya Ram, Arun and Nagabhushana along with other supporting cast. Praising dialogues and performances, Suresh wrote, "the film wins with its dialogues, characterisations and performances - all of them go hand in glove". She added, "editing deserves a special mention for mixing direct narration and scenes seamlessly, as also the background score, which is quirky and adds to the humour." Concluding, Suresh said, "the filmmaker definitely needs to be lauded for pushing the envelope in his space by choosing to speak about some relevant topics in his trademark style."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/petromax/movie-review/92896909.cms |title=Petromax Movie Review: A film about family values and relationships, masked by double entendres |author=Sunayana Suresh |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402021815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/petromax/movie-review/92896909.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A Sharadhaa reviewing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Petromax, highlighting light and life, is an honest and bold attempt by the director that ends with a hint of a sequel."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/16/petromax-kannada-film-review-mixing-mature-humour-with-important-values-2477014.html |title='Petromax' Kannada film review: Mixing mature humour with important values |author=A Sharadhaa |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215003440/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/16/petromax-kannada-film-review-mixing-mature-humour-with-important-values-2477014.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Seelin]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijaya Prasad]]
[[Category:Kannada-language comedy-drama films]]

Baaraan Ijlal

2026-02-28T02:52:23Z

Yashpaul0: Starting A Entry

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Baaraan Ijlal
| image = Baaraan Ijlal.jpg
| caption = Baaraan Ijlal in 2023
| birth_place = Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| occupation = Artist
| known_for = Visual Arts, Sound Art
| notable_works = Diary Entries (2020-); Hostile Witness (2014-); Change Room (2018-); Coal Couture (2018); Silent Minarets, Whispering Winds (2015-16); BirdBox (2016)
}}

'''Baaraan Ijlal''' is a self-taught artist based in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]. She was born and educated in [[Bhopal]], doing her Masters in English Literature. Through her work, she seeks to explore the themes of [[anonymity]] and individual [[liberty]] as to how anonymity serves as a cornerstone for [[Personal Freedom|personal freedom]]. This is punctuated by a dedicated focus on creating an atmosphere of attentive listening that invites viewers to become witnesses to the untold stories inhabiting her creations. Her artistic mediums include acrylic paint, sound, video, light, embroidery, galvanized iron, resin installations, among others. Her work has been prominently featured in solo exhibitions and collaborative showcases. It includes expositions and installations at prominent art galleries and museums such as the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] and [[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation]] at [[Mumbai]], Kiran Nadar Museum of Art at New Delhi, [[Kadist|KADIST Arts]] at [[Paris]], [[Conflictorium]] Museum at [[Ahmedabad]], the Devi Art Foundation, Colomboscope at [[Colombo]], [[India Art Fair]], [[Art Dubai]], Art Singapore, Chintretsukan Gallery at the [[Tokyo University of the Arts]], and other public spaces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Artists - Baaraan Ijlal - Bio |url=https://www.shrineempiregallery.com/artist/baaraan-ijlal/9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127212712/https://www.shrineempiregallery.com/artist/baaraan-ijlal/ |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Shrine Empire Gallery}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=11 October 2021 |title=Recording SIlence: Baaraan Ijlal |url=https://indiaartfair.in/recording-silence-baaraan-ijlal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224140/https://indiaartfair.in/recording-silence-baaraan-ijlal |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[India Art Fair]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Anushka |date=16 December 2021 |title=Listening for change: Baaraan Ijlal's practice of collecting stories |url=https://www.4a.com.au/articles/baaraan-ijlal-practice-anushka-rajendran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240610-025230/https://4a.com.au/articles/baaraan-ijlal-practice-anushka-rajendran |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=[[4A Centre for Contemporary Asian Art]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Works==
Baaraan Ijlal has experimented with various mediums over the years. Her first major exhibition, titled ''Retellings'', displayed thirty of her major paintings from two of her series, ''Stitched Wings'' and ''To Be Continued''. Installations from ''House of Commons (2010)'' consisting of [[almirah]]s were displayed that were "painted from inside to outside, with figures painted in specific landscapes." These are imagined as houses that would allow an imagining of personal and intimate spaces of "common people."<ref name=":0" />

''Diary Entries (2020–present''), is an ongoing series of paintings chronicling the everyday moments that carry the import of loss and violence. ''Locust Eaten Moon'' (2020–) serialized as a part of ''Diary Entries'', is described in the concept art as the "visual archives of the [[moon]], of the [[Self]], and of the passing time. These entries mark the everyday and the extraordinary, to make a note of a particular loss or act of resistance in a specific moment in the historic sequence of our time on this planet."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maddox |first=Georgina |date=24 May 2021 |title=Reaching Out From the Interior - In Touch Edition 6 Part 1 |url=https://www.mashindia.com/reaching-out-from-the-interior-in-touch-edition-6-part-i/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224138/https://www.mashindia.com/reaching-out-from-the-interior-in-touch-edition-6-part-i/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=My Art Shalini (MASH) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 June 2021 |title=Digital platform for artists and collectors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/delhi/2021/Jun/29/digital-platform-for-artists-and-collectors-2322787.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224137/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/jun/29/digital-platform-for-artists-and-collectors-2322787.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Another series, ''Mourners and Witnesses'' ''(2021-),'' described as a "narrative of loss and violence," are conceptualized as visual diary entries through Baaraan's paintings. Structures and sculptures in wood were designed by Moonis Ijlal, a frequent collaborator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists - Baaraan Ijlal - Mourners and Witnesses |url=https://www.shrineempiregallery.com/project/mourners-and-witnesses-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224137/https://www.shrineempiregallery.com/project/mourners-and-witnesses-3/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Shrine Empire Gallery}}</ref>

''Hostile Witness (2014–present)''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dastidar |first=Riddhi |date=3 December 2021 |title=Through 'Hostile Witness', artist Baaraan Ijlal is resisting erasure before the seas drown us |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/through-hostile-witness-artist-baaraan-ijlal-is-resisting-erasure-before-the-seas-drown-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224137/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/through-hostile-witness-artist-baaraan-ijlal-is-resisting-erasure-before-the-seas-drown-us |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> is an ongoing series on silenced narratives. It "explores the lasting phenomenon of mute spectatorship and its normalization at the expense of extreme violence." It was brought to life by listening to people's narratives between 2014 and 2019 around specific sites in Bhopal, Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, and Varanasi and painting the details into the canvas. Baaraan collaborated with Moonis Ijlal to further develop pictographic alphabets. Moonis also designed the wooden structures and [[sculpture]]s for the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhullar |first=Dilpreet |date=14 February 2022 |title=Of witnessing and listening: Baaraan Ijlal's art accepts the past to bequeath empathy |url=https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-of-witnessing-and-listening-baaraan-ijlal-s-art-accepts-the-past-to-bequeath-empathy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224138/https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-of-witnessing-and-listening-baaraan-ijlal-s-art-accepts-the-past-to-bequeath-empathy |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Stir World |language=English}}</ref> ''Hostile Witness'' seamlessly weaves fantastic creatures with factual details to create living records of human activity and their involvement with historical events.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bhuyan |first=Avantika |date=4 December 2021 |title=Baaraan Ijlal's work stands witness to everyday erasures |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/baaraan-ijlal-s-work-stands-witness-to-everyday-erasures-111638514207905.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516073520/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/baaraan-ijlal-s-work-stands-witness-to-everyday-erasures-111638514207905.html |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalra |first=Vandana |date=5 December 2021 |title=Artists Baaraan Ijlal and Moonis Ijlal's layered works share untold stories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/artists-baaraan-ijlal-and-moonis-ijlals-layered-works-share-untold-stories-7656983/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224141/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/artists-baaraan-ijlal-and-moonis-ijlals-layered-works-share-untold-stories-7656983/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It was the Arte Laguna Prize Finalist held in Venice (November 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baaraan Ijlal: Hostile Witness |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2024/07/criticspage/Baaraan-Ijlal-Hostile-Witness/ |website=The Brooklyn Rail|date=26 August 2024 }}</ref>

The latest series in the Hostile Witness series, titled ''The Partition Chapter'' (Between Dusk and Dawn: Women, Land, and Borders) focuses on the tragedy of the [[Partition of India|partition]]. As per the concept art, “the partition of a land is not a singular event confined to the past, but a living, breathing force that continues to reverberate, leaving its mark in the dissonant rhythms of divided lives and violent reconfigurations of power. The sky holds within it the tremors of these upheavals: a canvas for both hope and despair, for reckoning and restitution.” It served as part of the ''Collisions'' exhibition at People’s Hall, London (October 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaArtFair-Collisions |url=https://indiaartfair.in/programme/collisions-group-show}}</ref>

''Change Room (2018–present)'' is a traveling sound installation of voices of people sharing their fears, apprehensions, desires, and finding perspective through telling, listening and witnessing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2021 |title=Change Room |url=https://changeroomarchives.art/change-room/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224137/https://changeroomarchives.art/change-room/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Change Room Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> The concept art notes that "this sound installation is conceptualized as an open channel of voices telling their stories anonymously, with the artist as the witness. Those who have recorded their stories with artists as witnesses include students, nomads, climate refugees, and war refugees, to name a few. The viewers walk into a room with the prerecorded conversations playing. They can then opt to record their own reflections, which are then added to the audio being played. Thus, the installation grows on site."<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Monobina |date=9 June 2018 |title=Interview: The Art of Listening to Conversations |url=https://thewire.in/the-arts/baaraan-ijlal-interview-change-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224137/https://thewire.in/the-arts/baaraan-ijlal-interview-change-room |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bouissou |first=Julien |date=5 April 2019 |title=La « Change Room » de l'artiste Baaraan Ijlal sonde les peurs des Indiens |trans-title=The 'Change Room' by the artist Baaraan Ijlal probes the fears of the Indians |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/05/la-change-room-de-l-artiste-baaraan-ijlal-sonde-les-peurs-des-indiens_5446033_3232.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115016/https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/04/05/la-change-room-de-l-artiste-baaraan-ijlal-sonde-les-peurs-des-indiens_5446033_3232.html |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr}}</ref> It led to the creation of ''Change Room Archives'' that features the voices of people who have gone on record, anonymously, at the ''Change Room'' art installations around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Change Room Archives |url=https://changeroomarchives.art/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240610-040502/https://changeroomarchives.art/ |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Change Room Archives |language=en-US |type=Welcome page with embedded video}}</ref> Some select exhibitions include those at Khoj International Artists Association (2023), Chintretsukan Gallery, Tokyo (2019), CREA re-conference, Kathmandu (2019), Conflictorium Museum, Ahmedabad (2018), TENT Arts Space, Kolkata (2018).

''Coal Couture (2018)'' was launched at the World Health Organization's First Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health (2018) in Geneva.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 October 2018 |title=Coal Couture - a photo essay |url=https://carboncopy.info/coal-couture-a-photo-essay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240610-040915/https://carboncopy.info/coal-couture-a-photo-essay/ |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=Carbon Copy |language=en-US}}</ref> It is imagined as “a mock brand of luxury luggage made as a coveted couture object manufactured to meet the specific requirements of the few” in colonized regimes, exposing the larger population in those endangered areas to various evils. It does so by poignantly showcasing five objects belonging to children from across the world, highlighting their vulnerability and health risks in a precarious world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Baaraan Ijlal {{!}} Spotlight |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSt9Ppn4McI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240610-041209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSt9Ppn4McI |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=Mir Ijlal Shaani |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

''BirdBox (2016)'' is conceptualized as a portable bioscope that merges audio and video to recreate crucial moments from a woman's life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Catherine Rhea |date=13 December 2016 |title=Wind Beneath Her Wings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/wind-beneath-her-wings-sound-video-installation-girl-rights-condition-ngo-4423965/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224138/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/wind-beneath-her-wings-sound-video-installation-girl-rights-condition-ngo-4423965/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The concept art notes that "a reimagined bioscope, ''Birdbox'' is a traveling audio-video installation involving young girls from north Indian villages and towns mass viewing and ruminating anonymously over images of high and pop art representing young women, from the sculpture of the Indus Valley girl to Amrita Shergil, nudes, and Hindi film songs. ''Birdbox'' suspends us for a fraction of time into how the world looks, feels, sounds, and feels from a girl's perspective."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Zinnia Ray |date=1 December 2016 |title=What does the young Indian girl really, really want? |url=http://scroll.in/article/822756/what-does-the-young-indian-girl-really-really-want |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224137/https://scroll.in/article/822756/what-does-the-young-indian-girl-really-really-want |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Silent Minarets, Whispering Winds (2015–16),'' a ten-foot artwork installed at the T2 terminal of the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai International Airport]], epitomizes a village in [[Uttar Pradesh]] well known for its textile work. The representational objects are "letters" written by forty women embroiderers to themselves, articulating their deepest feelings.<ref name=":2" /> As the notes from the concept art of ''Silent Minarets, Whispering Winds'' mention, "[with] these letters as a base, the conversations between the artist and embroiderers flow. The conversations range from women making inquiries into tradition, their place in the village, home, and financial independence." Or, in the words of the artist, "the glowing minarets mark the silent revolution by these women embroiderers as they stitch along towards a dignified future for themselves."<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Divya |date=19 September 2015 |title=Between the Needles and Nightfall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/between-the-needles-and-nightfall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007224138/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/between-the-needles-and-nightfall/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and Recognitions ==

* Artist-in-Residence – Sharjah Art Foundation for Separation Songs (2025)
* Finalist, Arte Laguna Award (2024)
* Critical Voice of the Year Award, Hello! India Art Awards (2022)
* Artist-in-Residence – Conflictorium Museum, Ahmedabad (2018)
* Artist-in-Residence – Sanskriti Kendra, New Delhi (2013)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ijlal, Baaraan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Sound artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]

2019 Indian general election

2026-02-27T21:32:48Z

Yashpaul0: revised

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2014 Indian general election
| previous_year = 2014
| election_date = 11 April – 19 May 2019{{efn|The election for the [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore constituency]] was delayed and took place on 5 August 2019.}}
| next_election = 2024 Indian general election
| next_year = 2024
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for Anglo-Indians and filled through Presidential nomination.}}
| majority_seats = 272
| registered = 911,950,734
| turnout = 67.40% ({{increase}} 0.96[[Percentage point|pp]])
| opinion_polls = Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general election
| 1blank = Alliance
| 2blank = Alliance seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PM Modi Portrait(cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| last_election1 = 31.00%, 282 seats
| seats1 = '''303'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 21
| popular_vote1 = '''229,076,879'''
| percentage1 = '''37.36%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 6.36[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rahul Gandhi in Shillong (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=112|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = United Progressive Alliance
| last_election2 = 19.31%, 44 seats
| seats2 = 52
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 8
| popular_vote2 = 119,495,214
| percentage2 = 19.49%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 0.18[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:Indian General Election 2019.svg|300px]]|Result by Party|[[File:2019 Indian General Election Result Map Alliance Wise.svg|300px]]|Result by Alliance}}
| map_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| 2data1 = '''353'''
| 2data2 = 91
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 = {{increase}} 17
| 3data2 = {{increase}} 31
| 4blank = Alliance percentage
| 4data1 = '''45.3%'''
| 4data2 = 27.5%
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to elect the members of the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. Votes were counted and the result was declared on 23 May.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ec-may-announce-lok-sabha-poll-schedule-in-march-first-week-sources/articleshow/67588495.cms|title=EC may announce Lok Sabha election schedule in March first week: Sources – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2019 |access-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405132838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ec-may-announce-lok-sabha-poll-schedule-in-march-first-week-sources/articleshow/67588495.cms|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/915713/2019-general-elections-voting-to-be-held-in-seven-phases-to-start-on-april-11|title=2019 General Elections: Voting to be held in 7 phases from April 11 to May 19, counting on May 23|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507042256/https://scroll.in/latest/915713/2019-general-elections-voting-to-be-held-in-seven-phases-to-start-on-april-11|archive-date=7 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/blog/election-dates-2019-schedule-live-updates-lok-sabha-assembly-elections-arunachal-pradesh-andhra-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-jammu-and-kashmir-elections-date-india-elections-schedule-election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-2019-election-2019-dates-declared/184|title=Lok Sabha Election 2019 Dates Schedule LIVE, Assembly Elections Dates For Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, 2019 Election Date Time for Polling, Counting and Results|website=timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003525/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/blog/election-dates-2019-schedule-live-updates-lok-sabha-assembly-elections-arunachal-pradesh-andhra-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-jammu-and-kashmir-elections-date-india-elections-schedule-election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-2019-election-2019-dates-declared/184|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/election-commission-lok-sabha-poll-dates.html|title=Lok Sabha elections will begin on April 11 and polling will be held over seven phases through May 19, followed by counting of votes on May 23. Lok Sabha Election 2019 : Key Dates, Live News Updates, Election Calendar.|website=english.manoramaonline.com|language=en-GB|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003701/https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/election-commission-lok-sabha-poll-dates.html|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 912 million people were eligible to vote, and voter turnout was over 67 percent – the highest ever in any Indian general election, as well as the highest ever participation by women voters until the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms At 67.1%, 2019 turnout's a record: Election Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521074334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms |date=21 May 2019}}, The Times of India (20 May 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/world/asia/india-election-results.html Polls Are Closed in India's Election: What Happens Next?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519120903/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/world/asia/india-election-results.html |date=19 May 2019}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', Douglas Schorzman and Kai Schultz (19 May 2019)</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India created world record with 64.2 crore people voting in Lok Sabha polls: CEC Rajiv Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/india-created-world-record-with-642-crore-people-voting-in-lok-sabha-polls-cec-rajiv-kumar/article68245789.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |issn=0971-751X |date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603142426/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/india-created-world-record-with-642-crore-people-voting-in-lok-sabha-polls-cec-rajiv-kumar/article68245789.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|In 9 states and union territories of India – such as [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Kerala]] and [[Uttarakhand]] – more women turned out to vote than men in 2019.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/women-turn-out-in-greater-numbers-than-in-previous-elections/articleshow/69405687.cms Women turn out in greater numbers than in previous elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021030758/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/women-turn-out-in-greater-numbers-than-in-previous-elections/articleshow/69405687.cms |date=21 October 2020 }}, ''The Economic Times'', Aanchal Bansal (20 May 2019)</ref>}}

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won in a [[landslide victory|landslide]] receiving 37% of the vote, the highest vote share by a political party since the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 general election]], and winning 303 seats, further increasing its substantial majority.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Election Results: Modi and the B.J.P. Make History |work=The New York Times |date=23 May 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/india-election-results.html |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523031230/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/india-election-results.html |archive-date=23 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) won 353 seats. The BJP outperformed most [[exit polls]] which had predicted a much narrower mandate for the ruling alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|title=Modi thanks India for 'historic mandate'|date=23 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528223438/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP won 37.76%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/|title=Performance of National Parties|website=eci.gov.in|language=en|date=23 May 2019|access-date=21 May 2023|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073533/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/|url-status=live}}</ref> of votes, while the NDA's combined vote was 45% of the 603.7 million votes that were polled.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece|title=Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP|first=Srinivasan|last=Ramani|date=23 May 2019|access-date=22 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111071449/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/61-crore-voted-2019-lok-sabha-elections-66-voter-turnout_in_5ce22bd1e4b00e035b92e395|title=61 Crore Indians Voted In 2019 Lok Sabha Elections; 66% Estimated Voter Turnout|date=20 May 2019|website=HuffPost India|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604204112/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/61-crore-voted-2019-lok-sabha-elections-66-voter-turnout_in_5ce22bd1e4b00e035b92e395|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won 52 seats, failing to get 10% of the seats needed to claim the post of [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi government will not have Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/17th-lok-sabha-leader-of-opposition-bjp-congress-1533766-2019-05-24 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=24 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703042113/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/17th-lok-sabha-leader-of-opposition-bjp-congress-1533766-2019-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) won 91 seats, while other parties won 98 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final numbers are in: 300 paar for PM Modi, Congress stuck at 52 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/final-lok-sabha-election-results-nda-upa-others-modi-bjp-congress-1534175-2019-05-24 |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=24 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527110506/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/final-lok-sabha-election-results-nda-upa-others-modi-bjp-congress-1534175-2019-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative assembly]] elections in the states of [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]], [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]] and [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]] were held simultaneously with the general election,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/assembly-polls-lok-sabha-polls-jammu-and-kashmir.html|title=Assembly polls in 4 states with Lok Sabha elections but not in J&K- Malayala Manorama |website=english.manoramaonline.com |language=en-GB |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003833/https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/assembly-polls-lok-sabha-polls-jammu-and-kashmir.html |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-lok-sabha-elections-2019-congress-mp-favours-more-seats-for-rjd-in-bihar-461365 |title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: Congress MP favours more seats for RJD in Bihar |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044000/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-lok-sabha-elections-2019-congress-mp-favours-more-seats-for-rjd-in-bihar-461365 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as [[2019–20 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|by-elections]] of twenty-two seats of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-proves-it-mettle-in-tamil-nadu-maintains-hold-on-govt-after-winning-9-bypoll-seats-2157319.html |title=AIADMK Proves it Mettle in Tamil Nadu, Maintains Hold on Govt After Winning 9 Bypoll Seats |work=News18 |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708143002/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-proves-it-mettle-in-tamil-nadu-maintains-hold-on-govt-after-winning-9-bypoll-seats-2157319.html |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Electoral system==
All 543 elected [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MPs]] are elected from single-member constituencies using [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The President of India [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|appoints]] an additional two members from the [[Anglo-Indian]] community if he believes that community is under-represented.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2145_B.htm Electoral system] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506102836/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2145_B.htm |date=6 May 2017}} IPU</ref>

Eligible voters must be Indian citizens, 18 or older, an ordinary resident of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote (name included in the electoral rolls), possess a valid [[Voter ID (India)|voter identification card]] issued by the [[Election Commission of India]] or an equivalent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Election 2019 Phase 3 voting: How to vote without voter ID card |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/story/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card-191412-2019-04-22 |work=Business Today |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524095933/https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card/story/339375.html |archive-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> Some people convicted of electoral or other offences are barred from voting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecisveep.nic.in/voters/general-voters/|title=General Voters|website=Systematic Voters' Education and Electoral Participation|language=en-IN|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180432/http://ecisveep.nic.in/voters/general-voters/|archive-date=4 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elections are held on schedule and as per the [[Constitution of India]] that mandates parliamentary elections once every five years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/general-election-will-be-held-in-2019-as-per-schedule-says-rajnath-singh/article24844428.ece|title=General election will be held in 2019 as per schedule, says Rajnath Singh|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=1 September 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185934/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/general-election-will-be-held-in-2019-as-per-schedule-says-rajnath-singh/article24844428.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Election schedule==

[[File:2019 Lok Sabha Election Schedule.svg|alt=Election Dates of Indian General Election, 2019|thumb|Election schedule]]
The election schedule was announced by [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) on 10 March 2019, and with it the [[Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct|Model Code of Conduct]] came into effect.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/election-commission-live-updates-lok-sabha-elections-to-be-conducted-in-7-phases/articleshow/68343581.cms?from=mdr |title=Lok Sabha Elections dates announced: Polls to be held from April 11 in 7 phases, counting on May 23 |date=11 March 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091717/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/election-commission-live-updates-lok-sabha-elections-to-be-conducted-in-7-phases/articleshow/68343581.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ecipub2019">{{cite web |title=Announcement of Schedule for General Elections to Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha & Sikkim, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9396-announcement-of-schedule-for-general-elections-to-lok-sabha-and-legislative-assemblies-in-andhra-pradesh-arunachal-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-2019/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172458/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9396-announcement-of-schedule-for-general-elections-to-lok-sabha-and-legislative-assemblies-in-andhra-pradesh-arunachal-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-2019/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The election was scheduled to be held in seven phases. In Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, the election was held in all seven phases. The polling for the [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]] constituency in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was held in three phases, due to violence in the region.<ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card/story/339375.html Lok Sabha Election 2019 Phase 3 voting: How to vote without voter ID card] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524095933/https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card/story/339375.html |date=24 May 2019}}, Business Today (23 April 2019)</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmad |first1=Mudasir |title=Kashmir: Why Polls in Anantnag Lok Sabha Seat Will Be Held in Three Phases |url=https://thewire.in/politics/kashmir-ls-elections-anantnag-three-phases |access-date=4 April 2019 |work=The Wire |date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405000735/https://thewire.in/politics/kashmir-ls-elections-anantnag-three-phases |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|+Phase-wise polling constituencies in each state
! rowspan="3" |State/Union territory
! rowspan="3" |Total
constituencies
! colspan="7" |Election dates and number of constituencies
|-
!Phase 1
!Phase 2
!Phase 3
!Phase 4
!Phase 5
!Phase 6
!Phase 7
|-
!11 April
!18 April
!23 April
!29 April
!6 May
!12 May
!19 May
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
|''25''
|25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]
|''14''
|5
|5
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
|''40''
|4
|5
|5
|5
|5
|8
|8
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|''11''
|1
|3
|7
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Goa|Goa]]
|''2''
|
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|''26''
|
|
|26
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]
|''10''
|
|
|
|
|
|10
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|''4''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|4
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|''6''
|2
|2
|{{1/3}}<ref name=":02" group="n">Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.</ref>
|{{1/3}}<ref name=":02" group="n" />
|1{{1/3}}<ref name=":02" group="n" />
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|''14''
|
|
|
|3
|4
|4
|3
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|''28''
|
|14
|14
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
|''20''
|
|
|20
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|''29''
|
|
|
|6
|7
|8
|8
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|''48''
|7
|10
|14
|17
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Manipur|Manipur]]
|''2''
|1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Odisha|Odisha]]
|''21''
|4
|5
|6
|6
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]
|''13''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|13
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|''25''
|
|
|
|13
|12
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|''39''
|
|38<ref name=":12" group="n">Polling in [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]] was cancelled, with the election later held on 5 August 2019. ([[#Rescheduled voting, cancellations|see below]])</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Telangana|Telangana]]
|''17''
|17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Tripura|Tripura]]
|''2''
|1
|
|1<ref name=":12x" group="n">Polling in [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]] was rescheduled from 18 to 23 April.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|''80''
|8
|8
|10
|13
|14
|14
|13
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|''5''
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|''42''
|2
|3
|5
|8
|7
|8
|9
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|''1''
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Daman and Diu|Daman and Diu]]
|''1''
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]]
|''7''
|
|
|
|
|
|7
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Puducherry|Puducherry]]
|''1''
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Constituencies
!543
!91
!95
!116{{1/3}}
!71{{1/3}}
!50{{1/3}}
!59
!59
|-
!Total constituencies by end of phase
!542
!91
!186
!302{{1/3}}
!373{{2/3}}
!424
!483
!542<ref name=":12" group="n" />
|-
!% complete by end of phase
!
!17%
!34%
!56%
!69%
!78%
!89%
!100%
|-
!Result
!543
! colspan="7" | 23 May 2019
|}
<references group="n" />

===Rescheduled voting, cancellations===
* [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]: Over {{INRConvert|11|c}} in cash was seized in Vellore from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leaders – a regional party in Tamil Nadu. According to ''[[The News Minute]]'', this cash is alleged to have been for [[Political bribery|bribing]] the voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/election-cancelled-vellore-lok-sabha-seat-after-money-seized-dmk-leaders-100152|title=Election cancelled in Vellore Lok Sabha seat after money seized from DMK leaders|date=16 April 2019|website=The News Minute|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416163437/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/election-cancelled-vellore-lok-sabha-seat-after-money-seized-dmk-leaders-100152|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the evidence collected during the raids, the Election Commission of India cancelled the 18 April election date in the [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore constituency]]. The DMK leaders denied wrongdoing and alleged a conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-polls-in-vellore-cancelled-due-to-use-of-money-power/articleshow/68909824.cms|title=Lok Sabha polls in Vellore cancelled due to use of money power|date=16 April 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606051912/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-polls-in-vellore-cancelled-due-to-use-of-money-power/articleshow/68909824.cms|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]], [[Tripura]]: The [[Election Commission of India]] deferred polling from 18 to 23 April due to the law and order situation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-tier-security-at-17-counting-centres-in-tripura/article27212155.ece|title=Three-tier security at 17 counting centres in Tripura|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 May 2019|last1=Ali|first1=Syed Sajjad|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185909/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-tier-security-at-17-counting-centres-in-tripura/article27212155.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The poll panel took the decision following reports from the Special Police Observers that the circumstances were not conducive for holding free and fair elections in the constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/polling-in-tripura-east-deferred-to-april-23/article26858600.ece|title=Polling in Tripura East deferred to April 23|date=16 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 May 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185831/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/polling-in-tripura-east-deferred-to-april-23/article26858600.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Campaign==
{{Main|Campaigning in the 2019 Indian general election}}

===Issues===
====Allegations of undermining institutions====
The opposition parties accused the NDA government of destroying democratic institutions and processes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-tmc-united-opposition-rally-top-quotes-5545979/|title=Mamata's Opposition rally top quotes: 'One ambition — save India, save democracy'|date=19 January 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402043101/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-tmc-united-opposition-rally-top-quotes-5545979/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Modi denied these allegations, and blamed Congress and the communists for undermining institutions including the police, the CBI, and the CAG, and cited the [[Politics of Kerala#The epicenter of violence|murder of BJP activists in Kerala]] and Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-united-only-for-corruption-undermining-institutions-alleges-pm-modi/articleshow/67712721.cms|title=Opposition united only for corruption, undermining institutions, alleges PM Modi|author=T Ramavarman|date=27 January 2019|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326215021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-united-only-for-corruption-undermining-institutions-alleges-pm-modi/articleshow/67712721.cms|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress party, along with other opposition parties and a group of retired civil servants, accused the ECI of being compromised, and implied that they endorsed the model code of conduct violations by Narendra Modi and other BJP political leaders during their campaigns.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/election-commission-endorsing-modi-violations-congress/cid/1689564 Election Commission endorsing Modi violations: Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150659/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/election-commission-endorsing-modi-violations-congress/cid/1689564 |date=6 May 2019 }}, The Telegraph (28 April 2019)</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2021}} Another group of 81 retired civil servants, judges and academics disputed these allegations, made counter-allegations, and stated that the ECI acted fairly and similarly in alleged violations by either side. The group stated that such political attacks on the ECI were a "deliberate attempt to denigrate and delegitimise the democratic institutions".<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lok-sabha-elections-grand-alliance-bjp-election-commission-evm-machine-tampering-5701521/ In its attack on Modi government, the Opposition has failed to distinguish between political executive and independent institutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150659/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lok-sabha-elections-grand-alliance-bjp-election-commission-evm-machine-tampering-5701521/ |date=6 May 2019 }}, The Indian Express (30 April 2019)</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2021}}

====Economic performance====
According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the major economic achievements of the incumbent [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government included an inflation rate less than 4 per cent, the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST reform]], and the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]]. Its programs, in recent years, that have positively touched many among the Indian masses, include the [[Jan Dhan Yojana]], rural cooking gas and electricity for homes.<ref name="toiApril1420192">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Swaminomics/swot-analysis-shows-nda-well-ahead-of-upa/ SWOT analysis shows NDA well ahead of UPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503050824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Swaminomics/swot-analysis-shows-nda-well-ahead-of-upa/ |date=3 May 2019 }}, The Times of India, SA Aiyar (14 April 2019)</ref> According to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], the [[Indian economy]] has been growing in recent years, its GDP growth rate is among the highest in the world for major economies, and India is expected to be the fastest growing major economy in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, with real GDP projected to grow at 7.3 per cent.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2019/03/29/narendra-modis-challenge-in-indias-upcoming-elections/#3c52fabb650e Narendra Modi's Challenge In India's Upcoming Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421081518/https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2019/03/29/narendra-modis-challenge-in-indias-upcoming-elections/#3c52fabb650e |date=21 April 2019 }}, The Forbes, Harry Broadman (29 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-global-growth-leader-2019-20-imf-1436177-2019-01-22 India to be global growth leader in 2019–20: IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144553/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-global-growth-leader-2019-20-imf-1436177-2019-01-22 |date=14 April 2019 }}, India Today (22 January 2019);

[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/indian-economy-poised-to-pick-up-in-2019-says-imf/article26051905.ece At 7.5%, 7.7% India to be top growing economy in 2020: IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805220852/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/indian-economy-poised-to-pick-up-in-2019-says-imf/article26051905.ece |date=5 August 2019 }}, The Hindu (21 January 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/IND India: Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414142322/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/IND |date=14 April 2019 }}, International Monetary Fund (2019)</ref> The GDP growth data has been disputed<ref name="toiApril1420192" /> by a group of Indian social scientists, economists and the political opposition's election campaign, while a group of Indian chartered accountants has defended the data, the GDP calculation methodology, and questioned the motivations of those disputing the recent Indian GDP statistics.<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.in/131-cas-respond-to-letter-from-economists-disputing-govt-gdp-data/articleshow/68463411.cms 131 accountants from India just responded to the open letter from economists and social scientists challenging official GDP data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414142321/https://www.businessinsider.in/131-cas-respond-to-letter-from-economists-disputing-govt-gdp-data/articleshow/68463411.cms |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Insider, D Dhillon (18 March 2019)</ref>

The opposition's election campaign has claimed that both the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]] and GST law have "seriously hit small business, farmers and casual labour", states ''The Times of India''.<ref name="toiApril1420192" /><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mayawati-again-blasts-both-bjp-congress-119040801043_1.html Mayawati again blasts both BJP, Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414152203/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mayawati-again-blasts-both-bjp-congress-119040801043_1.html |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, IANS (8 April 2019)</ref> The incumbent has claimed that they inherited a country from the previous Congress-led government that was "a legacy of policy paralysis, corruption and economic fragility", and that the BJP-led government policies have placed India on better economic fundamentals and a fast gear.<ref name="et04042019b2">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/congress-put-india-in-fragile-five-we-put-it-in-fastest-gear-even-in-challenging-environments-arun-jaitley/articleshow/68714515.cms Congress put India in fragile five, we put it in fastest gear even in challenging environments: Arun Jaitley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406060727/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/congress-put-india-in-fragile-five-we-put-it-in-fastest-gear-even-in-challenging-environments-arun-jaitley/articleshow/68714515.cms |date=6 April 2019 }}, The Economic Times, Deepshikha Sikarwar and Vinay Pandey (4 April 2019)</ref> Modi claims that his government pursued demonetisation in the national interest, his government has identified and de-registered 338,000 shell companies, identified and recovered {{INRConvert|130000|c}} in black money since 2014, and almost doubled India's tax base.<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/demonetisation-was-done-in-national-interest-pm-narendra-modi-1554504639418.html Demonetisation was done in national interest: PM Narendra Modi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406163345/https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/demonetisation-was-done-in-national-interest-pm-narendra-modi-1554504639418.html |date=6 April 2019 }}, Live Mint, Shashi Shekhar (6 April 2019)</ref><ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/16/exclusive-interview--corruption-free-government-is-possible-prime-minister-narendra-modi-1964762.html Corruption-free government is possible: Prime Minister Narendra Modi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418001250/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/16/exclusive-interview--corruption-free-government-is-possible-prime-minister-narendra-modi-1964762.html |date=18 April 2019 }}, The New Indian Express, GS Vasu, HK Singh and M Anand (16 April 2019)</ref> The Congress party disputes the incumbents' claims, and has alleged that BJP offices have "become hubs of creating black money", and seeks a judicial inquiry into the Rafale deal with France and BJP's role in corruption.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/nyay-will-be-a-game-changer-lead-to-creation-of-jobs/articleshow/68881136.cms Nyay will be game changer, lead to creation of jobs: Ashok Gehlot Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508174745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/nyay-will-be-a-game-changer-lead-to-creation-of-jobs/articleshow/68881136.cms |date=8 May 2019 }}, The Times of India, Subodh Ghildiyal (15 April 2019)</ref>

====National security and terrorism====
{{further|India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019)|2019 Balakot airstrike}}In response to the [[2019 Pulwama attack]], the [[Indian Air Force]] conducted [[2019 Balakot airstrike|airstrikes inside Pakistan]] — for the first time since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani war]]. The [[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019)|ongoing conflict with Pakistan]] became a significant factor in the election. The opposition parties accused of politicising the army, whilst the BJP countered their accusations by stating that such allegations raised by them were adversely affecting the morale of armed forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/10/india/indias-next-general-deciding-issues-intl/index.html|title=Unemployment a key issue as India's Narendra Modi seeks re-election|author=Kumar, Nikhil|date=14 March 2019|publisher=CNN|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330162529/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/10/india/indias-next-general-deciding-issues-intl/index.html|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Pew Research Center]], both before and after the outbreak of recent India-Pakistan tensions, their 2018 and 2019 surveys suggest that the significant majority of the voters consider Pakistan as a "very serious threat" to their country, and terrorism to be a "very big problem".<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ft_19-03-25_india_beforerecenttensions/ Indian Elections Nearing Amid Frustration with Politics, Concerns about Misinformation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414173047/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ft_19-03-25_india_beforerecenttensions/ |date=14 April 2019}}, Pew Research Center, Washington DC (25 March 2019)</ref><ref name="pewMarch252019a2">[https://www.pewglobal.org/2019/03/25/a-sampling-of-public-opinion-in-india/ A Sampling of Public Opinion in India: Optimism persists, but concerns about terrorism and Pakistan loom large] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414152518/https://www.pewglobal.org/2019/03/25/a-sampling-of-public-opinion-in-india/ |date=14 April 2019}}, 2019 polls, Kat Devlin; [https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ Survey Results] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414173053/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ |date=14 April 2019}} Kat Devlin and Courtney Johnson, Pew Research Center, Washington DC (25 March 2019)</ref>

====Unemployment====
{{Main|Unemployment in India}}
According to the [[Pew Research Center]], a majority of Indian voters consider the lack of employment opportunities as a "very big problem" in their country. "About 18.6 million Indians were jobless and another 393.7 million work in poor-quality jobs vulnerable to displacement", stated the Pew report.<ref name="pewMarch252019a2" />

A report on unemployment prepared by the National Sample Survey Office's (NSSO's) periodic labour force survey, has not been officially released by the government. According to ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'', this report is the "first comprehensive survey on employment conducted by a government agency after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced demonetisation move in November 2016". According to this report, the 2017–2018 "usual status"{{efn|name=jobs}} unemployment rate in India is 6.1 per cent, which is a four-decade high.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/india-unemployment-rate-hits-four-decade-high-of-6-pct-in-2017-says-nsso-survey/story/315420.html|title=India's unemployment rate hit four-decade high of 6.1% in 2017–18, says NSSO survey|website=businesstoday.in|date=31 January 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327222013/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/india-unemployment-rate-hits-four-decade-high-of-6-pct-in-2017-says-nsso-survey/story/315420.html|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=jobs|The unemployment data in India is not collected on a monthly or an annual basis, rather it is determined through a sample survey once every 5 years, with a few exceptions. The survey methodology is unlike those in major world economies, and sub-classifies unemployment into categories such as "usual status unemployment" and "current status unemployment" based on the answers given by the individuals interviewed. Its methodology and results have been questioned by various scholars.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Employment and Unemployment Situation in 1990s: How Good Are NSS Data?|author=Indira Hirway|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 37|number= 21|year= 2002|pages= 2027–2036}}</ref><ref name=bhalla04132019/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Some Aspects of the Implementation of India's Employment Guarantee|author1=Yoshifumi Usami|author2=Vikas Rawal|journal=Review of Agrarian Studies|volume=2|number=2|year=2012|pages=74–93 |doi=10.25003/RAS.02.02.0005 |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/308536 }}</ref> The report and the refusal of the BJP government to release it has been criticised by economist [[Surjit Bhalla]].<ref name=bhalla04132019>[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/modi-government-opposition-congress-unemployment-jobs-data-statistical-embarrassment-5673325/ A Statistical Embarrassment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416185254/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/modi-government-opposition-congress-unemployment-jobs-data-statistical-embarrassment-5673325/ |date=16 April 2019 }}, Surjit Bhalla, The Indian Express (13 April 2019)</ref> According to Bhalla, the survey methodology is flawed and its results absurd, because the sample survey-based report finds that India's overall population has declined since 2011–12 by 1.2 per cent (contrary to the Census data which states a 6.7 per cent increase). The report finds that India's per cent urbanisation and urban workforce has declined since 2012, which is contrary to all other studies on Indian urbanisation trends, states Bhalla.<ref name=bhalla04132019/> According to NSSO's report's data, "the Modi government has unleashed the most inclusive growth anywhere, and at any time in human history" – which is as unbelievable as the unemployment data it reports, states Bhalla.<ref name=bhalla04132019/> The NSSO report suggests the inflation-adjusted employment income of casual workers has dramatically increased while those of the salaried wage-earners has fallen during the 5-years of BJP government.<ref name=bhalla04132019/> The NSSO has also changed the sampling methodology in the latest round, state Bhalla and Avik Sarkar,<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/unemployment-in-india-the-real-reason-behind-low-employment-numbers/1500640/ Unemployment in India: The real reason behind low employment numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418003432/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/unemployment-in-india-the-real-reason-behind-low-employment-numbers/1500640/ |date=18 April 2019 }}, Financial Express, Avik Sarkar (28 February 2019)</ref> which is one of the likely sources of its flawed statistics and conclusions.<ref name=bhalla04132019/>}} The government has claimed that the report was not final.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/jobs-data-not-finalised-government-after-nsso-report/articleshow/67782769.cms|title=Jobs data not finalised: Government after NSSO 'Report'|date=1 February 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327221821/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/jobs-data-not-finalised-government-after-nsso-report/articleshow/67782769.cms|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) – a United Nations agency, unemployment is rising in India and the "unemployment rate in the country [India] will stand at 3.5 percent in 2018 and 2019 – the same level of unemployment seen in 2017 and 2016", instead of dropping to 3.4 per cent as it had previously projected.<ref name="ilojan20192">(a) [https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/more-joblessness-ilo-sees-india-s-unemployment-rate-rising-to-3-5-in-2018-118012300389_1.html More joblessness: ILO sees India's unemployment rate rising to 3.5% in 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414160724/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/more-joblessness-ilo-sees-india-s-unemployment-rate-rising-to-3-5-in-2018-118012300389_1.html |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, Somesh Jha (24 January 2019);

(b) Full Report: World Employment Social Outlook Report, International Labour Organization (2019), {{isbn|978-92-2-132952-7}}, pages 108–109, Appendix D and Southern Asia section</ref> According to the ILO's World Employment Social Outlook Report, the unemployment rate in India has been in the 3.4 to 3.6 per cent range over the UPA-government led 2009–2014 and the NDA-government led 2014–2019 periods.<ref name="ilojan20192" />

Opposition parties claimed in their election campaign that the unemployment in India had reached crisis levels. The NDA government has denied the existence of any job crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/business/denial-jobless-growth-unemployment-modi-bjp|title=Modi Government is in Deep Denial Over India's 'Jobless Growth' Crisis|website=The Wire|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327210221/https://thewire.in/business/denial-jobless-growth-unemployment-modi-bjp|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prime minister Narendra Modi claimed that jobs are not lacking but the accurate data on jobs has been lacking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jobs-not-lacking-issue-is-lack-of-data-on-jobs-says-pm-modi/story-733RdEQ4j3u1qAS7OGLP7K.html|title=Jobs not lacking, issue is lack of data on jobs, says PM Modi|date=2 July 2018|website=hindustantimes.com/|language=en|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228124722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jobs-not-lacking-issue-is-lack-of-data-on-jobs-says-pm-modi/story-733RdEQ4j3u1qAS7OGLP7K.html|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/03/modi-explains-the-unemployment-problem-not-the-lack-of-jobs-but-the-lack-of-data-on-jobs_a_23473355/|title=Modi Claims The Job Crisis Is Actually A Data Crisis|date=3 July 2018|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327233626/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/03/modi-explains-the-unemployment-problem-not-the-lack-of-jobs-but-the-lack-of-data-on-jobs_a_23473355/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The opposition has attacked the NDA government's performance with the NSSO reported 6.1 per cent unemployment data. Modi and his government have questioned this job statistics report, stating that "most surveys that try to capture unemployment rate are skewed since these did not cover the unorganised sector, which accounts for 85–90 per cent of jobs [in India]".<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/most-unemployment-surveys-are-skewed-pm-narendra-modi-tells-house-119020701599_1.html Most unemployment surveys are skewed, PM Narendra Modi tells House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414162229/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/most-unemployment-surveys-are-skewed-pm-narendra-modi-tells-house-119020701599_1.html |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, Archis Mohan (8 February 2019)</ref>

====Agrarian and rural distress====
The Congress party campaign highlighted "agrarian distress" as an election issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-maharashtra-congress-goes-on-the-attack-in-ads-5653803/|title=Maharashtra: Congress goes on the attack in ads|date=2 April 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402033040/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-maharashtra-congress-goes-on-the-attack-in-ads-5653803/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP campaign highlighted that the Congress party had been in power for five generations of the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru dynasty]] and its past promises and campaign issues have been empty. It claimed that the recent farmer loan waivers by Congress have not reached "even 10% of the farmers" nor has it helped the financial situation of the farmers. BJP highlights that its "Kisan Samman Nidhi" helps the small farmers at the time of seed planting through a direct deposit of ₹6000 to their accounts.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/what-kind-of-leadership-will-lead-india-is-the-biggest-issue-amit-shah-bjp-president/articleshow/68662952.cms What kind of leadership will lead India is the biggest issue: Amit Shah, BJP President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402052842/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/what-kind-of-leadership-will-lead-india-is-the-biggest-issue-amit-shah-bjp-president/articleshow/68662952.cms |date=2 April 2019 }}, The Economic Times, 1 April 2019</ref> The opposition accused this as being an attempt to lure voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/2019-lok-sabha-election-bjp-hopes-to-reap-poll-gains-from-pm-kisan-in-up-119031500566_1.html|title=2019 Lok Sabha Election: BJP hopes to reap poll gains from 'PM Kisan' in UP|last=Rawat|first=Virendra Singh|date=15 March 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328130957/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/2019-lok-sabha-election-bjp-hopes-to-reap-poll-gains-from-pm-kisan-in-up-119031500566_1.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to ''The Times of India'', a group of farmer associations demanded that the 2019 election manifesto of competing political parties should promise to "keep agriculture out of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO)" and that the interests of Indian farmers must not be compromised in global trade treaties.<ref name="toi031520192">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unconditional-loan-waiver-on-demand-list-of-farmer-outfits/articleshow/68417775.cms Unconditional loan waiver on-demand list of farmer outfits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316003428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unconditional-loan-waiver-on-demand-list-of-farmer-outfits/articleshow/68417775.cms |date=16 March 2019 }}, The Times of India, TNN (15 March 2019)</ref> They also demanded loan waivers and income support for the agriculture sector.<ref name="toi031520192" /> According to the ''[[Business Standard]]'' and the United Nation's [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], India has witnessed record crop harvests in recent years including 2017 when its farmers grew more foodgrains than ever before.<ref name="buNov3020182">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-why-farmers-are-angry-in-india-s-fastest-growing-farm-economy-118113000153_1.html Explained: Why farmers are angry in India's fastest-growing farm economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421092348/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-why-farmers-are-angry-in-india-s-fastest-growing-farm-economy-118113000153_1.html |date=21 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, B Tripathi (30 November 2018)</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/100 India: Country Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/100 |date=11 May 2017 }}, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2018)</ref> However, the farmers consider the "low remunerative prices" they receive in the free market to be too low and a need for the Indian government to establish higher minimum support prices for agricultural products. These farmers consider this an issue for the 2019 general elections.<ref name="buNov3020182" />

====Dynasty politics====
The BJP highlighted that the Congress party has relied on [[Rahul Gandhi]] for leadership since 2013, its lack of internal party institutions and claimed that whenever Congress has been in power, the freedom of press and Indian government institutions have "taken a severe beating".<ref name="it032020192">[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/honesty-over-dynasty-vikas-over-vote-bank-politics-pm-modi-presents-govts-report-card-asks-citizens-to-vote-wisely-1482365-2019-03-20 Honesty over dynasty, Vikas over vote-bank politics: PM Modi presents govt's report card, slams Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113541/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/honesty-over-dynasty-vikas-over-vote-bank-politics-pm-modi-presents-govts-report-card-asks-citizens-to-vote-wisely-1482365-2019-03-20 |date=19 April 2019 }}, India Today (20 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/prime-minister-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-congress-dynastic-politics-institutions-casualty-pm-modi-slams-congress-says-indias-institutions-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics/story/329451.html PM Modi slams Congress, says India's institutions biggest casualty of 'dynastic politics'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113538/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/prime-minister-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-congress-dynastic-politics-institutions-casualty-pm-modi-slams-congress-says-indias-institutions-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics/story/329451.html |date=19 April 2019 }}, Business Today (20 March 2019)</ref> During the election campaign, its leaders mentioned the Emergency of 1975, the nepotism, corruption and widespread abuses of human rights under the Congress rule in the past.<ref name="it032020192" /><ref>[https://www.asianage.com/india/politics/200319/indias-institutions-have-been-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics-pm-attacks-cong.html India's institutions biggest casualty of dynasty politics: PM attacks Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113539/https://www.asianage.com/india/politics/200319/indias-institutions-have-been-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics-pm-attacks-cong.html |date=19 April 2019 }}, The Asian Age (20 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rahul-priyanka-turned-mahatma-gandhi-s-fear-of-dynasty-politics-into-reality-adityanath-119040800621_1.html Rahul, Priyanka turned Mahatma Gandhi's fear of dynasty politics into reality: Adityanath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113541/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rahul-priyanka-turned-mahatma-gandhi-s-fear-of-dynasty-politics-into-reality-adityanath-119040800621_1.html |date=19 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, ANI (8 April 2019)</ref> Congress-led alliance leader [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] – the son of a former prime minister of India and the former chief minister of Karnataka, countered that "India developed because of dynasty politics", stating that "dynasty politics are not the main issue, rather country's problems are".<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/india-developed-because-of-dynasty-politics-kumaraswamy-counters-bjp/story-77HK1ydSqXtKzkYDB3nY2I.html 'India developed because of dynasty politics': Kumaraswamy counters BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418070055/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/india-developed-because-of-dynasty-politics-kumaraswamy-counters-bjp/story-77HK1ydSqXtKzkYDB3nY2I.html |date=18 April 2019 }}, The Hindustan Times (18 April 2019)</ref> The Congress alleged hypocrisy by the BJP, claiming that the BJP itself forms alliances with dynasty-based parties such as the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] in Punjab, and that family relatives of senior BJP leaders such as [[Rajnath Singh]] and [[Arun Jaitley]] have been in politics too.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-raking-up-dynasty-politics-to-divert-attention-from-real-issues-congress/articleshow/68551735.cms BJP raking up 'dynasty politics' to divert attention from real issues: Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-raking-up-dynasty-politics-to-divert-attention-from-real-issues-congress/articleshow/68551735.cms |date=4 April 2019 }}, The Times of India (24 March 2019)</ref>

According to an IndiaSpend report published by the BloombergQuint, the smaller and regional parties such as the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, Lok Jan Sakti Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Biju Janata Dal and Samajwadi Party have higher densities of dynasty-derived candidates and elected representatives in recent years.<ref name="bq032920192">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/bjp-is-no-less-dynastic-than-congress-lok-sabha-data-indicates|title=BJP Is No Less 'Dynastic' Than Congress, Lok Sabha Data Indicates|last1=Sanghera|first1=Tisha|date=2019|publisher=BloombergQuint|agency=BloombergQuint|issue=29 March|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426160247/https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/bjp-is-no-less-dynastic-than-congress-lok-sabha-data-indicates|archive-date=26 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/data-shows-up-india-s-largest-state-elected-most-dynasts-majority-in-bjp-119032900159_1.html Data shows UP, India's largest state, elected most dynasts, majority in BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001219/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/data-shows-up-india-s-largest-state-elected-most-dynasts-majority-in-bjp-119032900159_1.html |date=27 April 2019 }}, Tish Sanghera, IndiaSpend, Business Standard (7 April 2019)</ref> While both the Congress and the BJP have also nominated candidates from political dynasties, states the report, the difference between them is that in Congress "top party leadership has been handed down from generation to generation within the same [Nehru Gandhi dynasty] family", while there has been a historic non-dynastic diversity in the top leadership within the BJP. According to the report, while BJP has also nominated candidates from political dynasties, its better public relations operation "can leap to its defence when attacked on the same grounds".<ref name="bq032920192" /> In contrast to the IndiaSpend report, analysis of [[Kanchan Chandra]], a prominent professor of Politics, of the 2004, 2009 and 2014 general elections included a finding that the Congress party has had about twice or more dynastic parliamentarians than the BJP at those elections, and higher than all major political parties in India except the Samajwadi Party.<ref name="Chandra2016p152">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics|author=Kanchan Chandra|author-link=Kanchan Chandra|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-316-59212-0|pages=15–18|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010632/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|According to Chandra: in 2009 after the persistently dynastic Samajwadi party, the larger Biju Janata Dal ranked next, followed by the Congress party. In 2004 and 2014, Congress ranked second.<ref name="Chandra2016p15"/>}} Many of these dynastic politicians in India who inherit the leadership positions have never held any jobs and lack state or local experience, states Anjali Bohlken – a professor and political science scholar, and this raises concerns of rampant nepotism and appointments of their own friends, relatives and cronies if elected.<ref name=Chandra2016p15>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics|author=Anjali Bohlken|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-316-59212-0|editor=Kanchan Chandra|pages=240–247, 44, 114–115 (Adam Ziegfeld Chapter)|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010632/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP targeted the Congress party in the 2019 elections for alleged nepotism and a family dynasty for leadership.<ref name="it032020192" /><ref name="bq032920192" />

===Campaign controversies===
====Income tax raids====
In April 2019, raids conducted by the [[Income Tax Department]] found bundles of unaccounted for cash amounting to {{INRConvert|281|c}}, along with liquor and documentary evidence in premises of people with close connections to Madhya Pradesh chief minister [[Kamal Nath]] of the Congress. Modi has highlighted this evidence to attack the Congress in its election campaign, alleging corruption is part of Congress party's culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/they-say-chowkidar-chor-hai-but-look-where-money-is-found-pm-modi-jabs-congress-over-it-raids/story-PDfS18geveX5w73oJmQd8N.html|title='They say 'chowkidar chor hai' but look where money is found': PM Modi jabs Congress over IT raids|date=9 April 2019|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409180211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/they-say-chowkidar-chor-hai-but-look-where-money-is-found-pm-modi-jabs-congress-over-it-raids/story-PDfS18geveX5w73oJmQd8N.html|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-i-t-raids-on-properties-linked-to-kamal-nath-aides-narendra-modi-turns-corruption-into-chief-poll-plank-6416801.html|title=After I-T raids on properties linked to Kamal Nath aides, Narendra Modi turns corruption into chief poll plank|website=Firstpost|date=9 April 2019|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430214900/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-i-t-raids-on-properties-linked-to-kamal-nath-aides-narendra-modi-turns-corruption-into-chief-poll-plank-6416801.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Social media abuses and fake news====
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', the election attracted a systematic attempt to spread misinformation through social media.<ref name="wsj04012019a2">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-removes-hundreds-of-fake-accounts-ahead-of-indian-elections-11554129628 Facebook Removes Hundreds of Fake Accounts Ahead of India Elections] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402025115/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-removes-hundreds-of-fake-accounts-ahead-of-indian-elections-11554129628 |date=2 April 2019}}, Newley Purnell, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (1 April 2019)</ref><ref name="nyt04012019a2">[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/technology/india-elections-facebook.html As India Votes, False Posts and Hate Speech Flummox Facebook] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402023743/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/technology/india-elections-facebook.html |date=2 April 2019 }}, ''The New York Times'' (1 April 2019)</ref> [[Facebook]] said that over a hundred of these advocacy accounts spreading disinformation were traced to "employees of the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|Pakistani military public relations wing]]".<ref name="wsj04012019a2"/><ref name="nyt04012019a2"/> Some others have been linked to the INC and BJP.<ref name="wsj04012019a2"/><ref name="nyt04012019a2"/>

Political parties spent over {{INRConvert|53|c}} with the largest spending by BJP on digital platforms for online ads. The BJP placed 2,500 ads on Facebook while the Congress placed 3,686 ads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/political-advertisements-spend-on-facebook-google-tops-53-crore/article27177595.ece|title=BJP tops political advertisement spend on Facebook, Google in Feb–May|date=19 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 May 2019|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191955/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/political-advertisements-spend-on-facebook-google-tops-53-crore/article27177595.ece|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a study by Vidya Narayanan and colleagues at the [[Oxford Internet Institute]], social media was used by all the major parties and alliances, and all of them linked or posted divisive and conspiratorial content and images. According to Narayanan, "a third of the BJP's images, a quarter of the INC's images, and a tenth the SP-BSP's images were catalogued as divisive and conspiratorial".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-congress-share-more-junk-news-on-whatsapp-than-bsp-sp-says-oxford-study-5726345/|title=BJP, Congress share more 'junk news' on WhatsApp than BSP-SP, says Oxford study|date=14 May 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514152209/https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-congress-share-more-junk-news-on-whatsapp-than-bsp-sp-says-oxford-study-5726345/|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oii051320192">{{cite web|url=https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/india-election-memo/|title=News and Information over Facebook and WhatsApp during the Indian Election Campaign|author1=Vidya Narayanan|author2=Bence Kollanyi|date=13 May 2019|website=The Computational Propaganda Project|access-date=22 May 2019|display-authors=et al|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601102922/https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/india-election-memo/|archive-date=1 June 2019|url-status=live}}; Full paper: [https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/05/India-memo.pdf Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623024617/https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/05/India-memo.pdf |date=23 June 2019 }}</ref> The Narayanan et al. study added that "we observed very limited amounts of hate speech, gore or pornography in either platform samples" by BJP, Congress or SP-BSP, but the election did include proportionally more polarising information on social media than other countries except for the US presidential election in 2016.<ref name="oii051320192"/>

About 50,000 fake news stories were published during the recent Lok Sabha elections and shared 2 million times, according to a study conducted by fact-checking startup Logically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/oct/21/fake-news-shared-over-two-million-times-on-social-media-during-lok-sabha-polls-2050676.html|title=Fake news shared over two million times on social media during Lok Sabha polls|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 October 2019 |access-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023123837/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/oct/21/fake-news-shared-over-two-million-times-on-social-media-during-lok-sabha-polls-2050676.html|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, the [[BBC]] launched the [[Trusted News Initiative]] to help combat election-related disinformation, citing the 2019 general elections as a motivating factor.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |title=New collaboration steps up fight against disinformation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/bbc.com/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/disinformation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015182650/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/disinformation |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[BBC]] |date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

====ECI actions under Article 324====
The [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) curtailed West Bengal's campaigning by one day, after a bust of 19th century Bengali icon [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] was vandalised due to violence in the 7th phase of the election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/ec-invokes-article-324-orders-to-end-campaign-in-west-bengal/articleshow/69345878.cms|title=In an unprecedented action, EC curtails West Bengal campaigning after Kolkata violence|date=15 May 2019|access-date=22 December 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118180321/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/ec-invokes-article-324-orders-to-end-campaign-in-west-bengal/articleshow/69345878.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Party campaigns===
{{main|Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election|Indian National Congress campaign for the 2019 Indian general election}}
* 12 January 2019 – Prime Minister Modi launched the BJP's election campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/country-has-to-decide-what-kind-of-pradhan-sevak-it-wants-pm-modi/articleshow/67504012.cms|title=Country has to decide what kind of 'pradhan sevak' it wants: PM Modi – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/country-has-to-decide-what-kind-of-pradhan-sevak-it-wants-pm-modi/articleshow/67504012.cms|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 14 February 2019 – The INC president Rahul Gandhi launched his campaign from Lal Dungri village in Gujarat's [[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rahul-to-launch-campaign-from-village-where-indira-rajiv-sonia-started/articleshow/67986933.cms Rahul to launch campaign from village where Indira, Rajiv, Sonia started] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604032326/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rahul-to-launch-campaign-from-village-where-indira-rajiv-sonia-started/articleshow/67986933.cms |date=4 June 2019 }}, The Economic Times, IANS (14 February 2019)</ref>
* 24 March 2019 – The [[Aam Aadmi Party]] began its campaign in Delhi.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/aap-starts-delhi-poll-drive-with-multiple-rallies-119032400018_1.html AAP starts Delhi poll drive with multiple rallies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428012414/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/aap-starts-delhi-poll-drive-with-multiple-rallies-119032400018_1.html |date=28 April 2019 }}, Business Standard (24 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/arvind-kejriwal-rahul-gandhi-congress-aap-alliance-failed-inside-story-1511415-2019-04-27 Inside story of why AAP-Congress talks failed | Hear it from Arvind Kejriwal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428012431/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/arvind-kejriwal-rahul-gandhi-congress-aap-alliance-failed-inside-story-1511415-2019-04-27 |date=28 April 2019 }}, India Today (27 April 2019)</ref>
* 2 April 2019 – The [[Trinamool Congress]] party launched its campaign from Dinhata, Coochbehar.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/pm-modi-mamata-to-launch-poll-campaign-in-west-bengal-wednesday/articleshow/68688899.cms PM Modi, Mamata to launch poll campaign in West Bengal Wednesday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509040611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/pm-modi-mamata-to-launch-poll-campaign-in-west-bengal-wednesday/articleshow/68688899.cms |date=9 May 2019 }}, The Times of India (2 April 2019)</ref>
* 7 April 2019 – [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Samajwadi Party]] began campaigning together as an alliance (''[[Mahagathbandhan (Uttar Pradesh)|Mahagathbandhan]]'') along with regional parties such as the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref>{{Citation|title=SP-BSP Gathbandhan: How effective is the alliance?|date=12 April 2019|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sp-bsp-gathbandhan-how-effective-is-the-alliance/videoshow/68852110.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Their first joint campaign started in [[Deoband]] in [[Saharanpur district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-at-first-mahagathbandhan-rally-mayawati-says-bjp-will-lose-due-to-policy-inspired-by-hatred-2737186|title=At first 'Mahagathbandhan' rally, Mayawati says BJP will lose due to policy 'inspired by hatred'|date=7 April 2019|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408143122/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-at-first-mahagathbandhan-rally-mayawati-says-bjp-will-lose-due-to-policy-inspired-by-hatred-2737186|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/vote-for-change-beware-of-congress-mayawati-akhilesh-727377.html|title=Vote for change, beware of Congress: Mayawati, Akhilesh|date=7 April 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427054311/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/vote-for-change-beware-of-congress-mayawati-akhilesh-727377.html|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Party manifestos===

====Highlights of the Congress manifesto====
The Congress released its manifesto, titled ''Congress Will Deliver'' on 3 April.<ref name="etApril32019a2">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-releases-manifesto-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-details-here/articleshow/68684073.cms|title=Congress releases manifesto for 2019 Lok Sabha elections, promises wealth and welfare|date=3 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404051059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-releases-manifesto-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-details-here/articleshow/68684073.cms|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://manifesto.inc.in/en/index.html|title=Congress Manifesto 2019 – We Will Deliver|website=Indian National Congress|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104459/https://manifesto.inc.in/en/index.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of its highlights:<ref name="etApril32019a2" /><ref>[https://manifesto.inc.in/pdf/english.pdf Congress Will Deliver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403083956/https://manifesto.inc.in/pdf/english.pdf |date=3 April 2019 }}, Manifesto Lok Sabha Elections 2019, Indian National Congress</ref><ref name="itApril82019a2">[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-manifesto-2019-difference-congress-manifesto-nationalism-financial-stability-women-empowerment-1496986-2019-04-08 BJP Manifesto 2019: How it differs from Congress manifesto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409150516/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-manifesto-2019-difference-congress-manifesto-nationalism-financial-stability-women-empowerment-1496986-2019-04-08 |date=9 April 2019 }}, India Today, Nishtha Gupta (8 April 2019)</ref>
* Introduce a ''[[Nyuntam Aay Yojana]]'' welfare program wherein {{INRConvert|72000}} per year will be transferred directly to the bank account of a woman-member in each family in the poorest 20 per cent households.
* Create 1 million "Seva Mitra" jobs in rural and urban local government bodies. Fill all 400,000 central government vacancies before March 2020, and encourage state governments to fill their 2,000,000 vacancies. Enact a law that requires all non-government controlled employers with over 100 employees to implement an apprentice program.
* Enact a permanent National Commission on Agricultural Development and Planning and introduce a "Kisan Budget" (Farmer Budget) in the parliament every year. Waive all farmer loans in all states with any amounts outstanding.
* Enact a Right to Homestead Act that will provide free land to every household that does not own a home.
* Enact a Right to Healthcare Act and guarantee every citizen free diagnostics, free medicines, free hospitalisation, and free out-patient care. Double spending on healthcare to 3 per cent of its GDP by 2024.
* Double spending on education to 6 per cent of its GDP by 2024.
* Revise the national GST law from three tax tiers to a single moderate rate of tax. Reduce taxes on exported products to zero. Exempt from the GST essential goods and services that are currently not exempt. Enact a new Direct Taxes Code.
* Augment and rapid construction of national highways. Modernise Indian railway infrastructure. Promote green energy. Manufacturing promotion.
* Increase defence spending.
* Enact a National Election Fund, wherein public funds will be distributed to recognised political parties to run their campaign
* Preserve special status and special rights to natives of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A.<ref name="itApril82019a2" />
* Amend the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]]. End the Sedition law ([[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code]]).

====Highlights of the BJP manifesto====
The BJP released its manifesto sub-titled ''Sankalpit Bharat, Sashakt Bharat'' ({{Literal translation|Resolute India, Empowered India}}) on 8 April.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-amit-shah-to-launch-bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-today-2019503|title=PM Modi, Amit Shah Launch BJP Manifesto Sankalp Patra|date=8 April 2019|work=NDTV.com|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408062308/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-amit-shah-to-launch-bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-today-2019503|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bjpApril820192">{{cite web|url=https://www.bjp.org/manifesto2019|title=BJP Manifesto 2019|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607173715/https://www.bjp.org/manifesto2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of its highlights:<ref name="itApril82019a2" /><ref name="bjpApril820192" /><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/bjps-sankalp-patra-makes-75-resolutions-for-india/articleshow/68775256.cms BJP manifesto highlights: The 75 promises for India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422004005/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/bjps-sankalp-patra-makes-75-resolutions-for-india/articleshow/68775256.cms |date=22 April 2019 }}, The Economic Times (8 April 2019)</ref>
* Implementation of a nationwide [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC)<ref name="Wire 21 Dec CAA">{{cite news |title=As Anti-CAA Pressure Builds, BJP Govt Goes Discernibly on the Backfoot |date=21 December 2019 |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-anti-caa-nrc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221231703/https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-anti-caa-nrc |archive-date=21 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> to identify & deport [[Illegal immigration to India|undocumented immigrants]], an immigrant being defined in this context as a person who is unable to provide documentary evidence of his/her residency in India prior to 26 March 1971 or that of his/her immediate ancestors (parents & grandparents) in case of being born after the previously mentioned date, preceded by an [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|amendment in citizenship laws]] that will allow only undocumented Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who entered India before 31 December 2014 to automatically obtain Indian citizenship.<ref name=bjplsmanifesto>[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5798075-Bjp-Election-2019-Manifesto-English.html Sankalpit Bharat Sashakt Bharat] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110060600/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5798075-Bjp-Election-2019-Manifesto-English.html |date=10 November 2019 }}, BJP Sankalp Patra Lok Sabha 2019 (Manifesto, 2019)</ref><ref name="ITEndorsement">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/citizenship-amendment-bill-has-public-endorsement-was-part-of-manifesto-amit-shah-1626765-2019-12-09 |title=Citizenship Amendment Bill has public endorsement, was part of manifesto: Amit Shah |last1=Kaur Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit |date=9 December 2019 |first2=Mausami |last2=Singh |newspaper=India Today |quote=The Citizenship Amendment Bill ... was required to give protection to people who are forced to live in pathetic human condition due to their religious affiliation while rejecting the argument that a Muslim can also face religious persecution in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan saying that a Muslim is unlikely to face religious persecution in a country where Islam is the state religion |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210201121/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/citizenship-amendment-bill-has-public-endorsement-was-part-of-manifesto-amit-shah-1626765-2019-12-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|End the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir and the special rights granted to its citizens]] as per [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref name="itApril82019a2" />
* Double farmer incomes by 2022 via the completion of major and micro-irrigation infrastructure projects, open adequate markets and modern farm produce storage centres, implement minimum price supports for farmer produce, farmer loans, and construct of all-weather rural roads. Introduce a pension bill for small and marginal farmers to provide social security after 60 years of age.
* Bring all secondary schools under the national board quality purview. Invest {{INRConvert|100000|c}} in higher education, open new and increase seats at existing engineering, management and law schools. Establish skills and innovations centre at block-level in every town. Enhance higher education opportunities for women by introducing financial support and subsidies programs. Source 10 per cent of government procurement from companies with more than 50 per cent female employees.
* Ensure a ''pucca'' ({{Literal translation|Solid|Durable}}) house, with safe potable water, toilet, LPG gas cylinder, electricity, and banking account for every family in the country. Reduce the percentage of families living under the poverty line to a single digit by 2024.
* Double the length of national highways. Improve fuel quality by mandating 10 per cent ethanol in petrol. Scale renewable energy capacity to 175 GW.
* Electrify and convert to broad gauge all railway tracks.
* Establish 150,000 health and wellness centres. Start 75 new medical colleges. Raise doctor-to-population ratio to 1:1400. Triple childcare facilities. Achieve 100 per cent immunisation of all babies.
* Raise India's ranking further in "[[Ease of doing business index|ease of doing business]]". Double exports, introduce single-window compliance procedures for all businesses.
* Reduce air pollution by eliminating all [[crop residue burning]].
* Digitise paperwork and proceedings, modernise the courts.
* Launch and promote a National Digital Library with e-books and leading journals to provide free knowledge accessible to all students. Launch a "Study in India" program to bring foreign students to institutes of higher education.
* Privatisation of defence, space and agriculture sector for development of India.
* Zero tolerance for terrorism, fund resources to strengthen national security, guarantee veterans and soldier welfare, modernise police forces.

====Other parties====
Other national and regional parties released their manifestos too:
* The [[Tamil Nadu]]-based regional parties [[AIADMK]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] released their manifesto on 18 March 2019, with each promising to release the seven Tamils jailed after being found guilty for their role in the assassination of [[Rajiv Gandhi]], a former Congress party leader and prime minister of India. The AIADMK promised to press for the political rights of the Tamil people in the Eelam region of [[Sri Lanka]], while the DMK has promised Indian citizenship to all Sri Lankan expats. According to the Deccan Herald, the AIADMK has promised a cash transfer of {{INRConvert|18000}} per year to "all families below the poverty level, destitute women, widows without income, differently-abled, landless agricultural labourers, rural and urban manual labourers and destitute senior citizens". The AIADMK also promised to raise the tax exemption limit and revisions to the GST law. The DMK promised a probe into [[Rafale deal controversy|Rafale fighter jet deal]], and a plan to distribute free [[sanitary napkins]] to working women along with starting martial arts schools for girls.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/dmk-aiadmk-release-manifesto-724071.html DMK, AIADMK release manifesto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413213656/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/dmk-aiadmk-release-manifesto-724071.html |date=13 April 2019 }}, Deccan Herald, ETB Sivapriyan (19 March 2019)</ref>
* [[Biju Janata Dal|Biju Janata Dal (BJD)]] released its manifesto on 9 April 2019. It promised a {{INRConvert|100000}} zero-interest crop loan to farmers every year, a {{INRConvert|500000}} zero-interest loan to women-run self-help groups, 75 per cent jobs reservation in [[Odisha]]-based companies to Odisha youth, free education to all girls and a marriage assistance grant of {{INRConvert|25000}} to daughters of poor families. It also promised to complete two expressways.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bjd-launches-manifesto-with-focus-on-farmers-youth-and-women-119041000105_1.html BJD launches manifesto with focus on farmers, youth and women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413220551/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bjd-launches-manifesto-with-focus-on-farmers-youth-and-women-119041000105_1.html |date=13 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, ANI (10 April 2019)</ref>
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM) manifesto promised to raise the minimum wage to {{INRConvert|216000}} per year, an old age pension of {{INRConvert|72000}} per year and universal public distribution of 35 kilograms of foodgrains per family. It also stated the restoration of inheritance tax and an increase in the taxes on individuals and corporations.<ref name="cnbc032920192">[https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/analysis-cpm-manifesto-attempts-to-sell-old-socialist-wine-in-new-bottle-lacks-punch-to-woo-voters-2772961.htm Analysis: CPM manifesto attempts to sell old socialist wine in new bottle, lacks punch to woo voters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404104310/https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/analysis-cpm-manifesto-attempts-to-sell-old-socialist-wine-in-new-bottle-lacks-punch-to-woo-voters-2772961.htm |date=4 April 2019 }}, CNBC TV18 (29 March 2019)</ref> It also promised spending 6 per cent of GDP on education, enacting a Right to Free Health Care with 3.5 per cent of GDP on health in the short term and 5 per cent in the long term, introduction of price controls on essential drugs, breaking monopoly of drug multinationals, as well as enact a Right to Guaranteed Employment in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpim.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-ls-elc-manifesto.pdf|title=CPIM Election Manifesto: 17th Lok Sabha 2019|website=cpim.org|pages=28–30|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419073209/https://www.cpim.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-ls-elc-manifesto.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nationalist Congress Party|Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)]] promised to open talks with Pakistan on terrorism. It also promised to expand trade and political relationship with Russia, and seek to weaken Russia's ties with China and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/ncp-manifesto-lok-sabha-polls-talks-with-pakistan-1486017-2019-03-25|title=NCP releases manifesto for Lok Sabha polls, promises talks with Pakistan|last1=Vaktania|first1=Saurabh|date=2019|access-date=16 April 2019|magazine=India Today|issue=25 March|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416170117/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/ncp-manifesto-lok-sabha-polls-talks-with-pakistan-1486017-2019-03-25|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Samajwadi Party]] promised an annual pension of {{INRConvert|36000}} to poor families in a form of a cash transfer to women. It has also proposed a new property tax of 2 per cent on homes valued above {{INRConvert|25000000}} as well as raising income taxes on the affluent. It also promised to create 100,000 new jobs every year.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/sp-manifesto-promises-rs-3-000-monthly-pension-to-poor-higher-tax-on-rich-119040500742_1.html SP manifesto promises Rs 3,000 monthly pension to poor, higher tax on rich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211907/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/sp-manifesto-promises-rs-3-000-monthly-pension-to-poor-higher-tax-on-rich-119040500742_1.html |date=13 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, Virendra Singh Rawat (5 April 2019)</ref>
* [[Telugu Desam Party]] released its manifesto on 5 April 2019. It promised zero-interest loans to farmer without any caps, a grant of {{INRConvert|15000}} per year to each farmer as investment support, a grant of {{INRConvert|100000}} to each family with a daughter in the year of her marriage, an unemployment allowance of {{INRConvert|3000}} for any youth who has completed intermediate education, and free laptops to all students at the intermediate level.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/chandrababu-naidu-releases-tdp-manifesto-announces-rs-5000-crore-farmer-fund-1495743-2019-04-06 Chandrababu Naidu releases TDP manifesto, announces Rs 5000 crore farmer fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408195603/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/chandrababu-naidu-releases-tdp-manifesto-announces-rs-5000-crore-farmer-fund-1495743-2019-04-06 |date=8 April 2019 }}, India Today, Ashish Pandey (6 April 2019)</ref>
* [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITMC]]'s manifesto was released on 27 March 2019. It promised a judicial probe into demonetisation, a review of GST law, and sought to bring back the Planning Commission. It also promised free medical care, expanding the "100-day work scheme" currently operating in India to "200-day work scheme" along with a pay increase.<ref>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/trinamool-manifesto-promisesgst-review-probe-into-demo/article26655257.ece Trinamool manifesto promises GST review, probe into DeMo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092734/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/trinamool-manifesto-promisesgst-review-probe-into-demo/article26655257.ece |date=15 September 2019 }}, The Hindu Business Line, Abhishek Law (27 March 2019)</ref>
* [[Aam Aadmi Party]] released its manifesto on 25 April 2019 promising full statehood for [[Delhi]] to give the [[Delhi government]] control over police and other institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/aap-releases-party-manifesto-lok-sabha-elections-delhi-top-points-kejriwal-full-statehood-5693863/|title=AAP 2019 manifesto highlights: Upgrades for police and education, subject to full statehood|date=25 April 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427212051/https://indianexpress.com/elections/aap-releases-party-manifesto-lok-sabha-elections-delhi-top-points-kejriwal-full-statehood-5693863/|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The manifesto promised 85 per cent reservations in the Delhi-based colleges and jobs for the voters of Delhi and their families.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-promises-85-quota-in-colleges-jobs/article26947455.ece AAP promises 85% quota in colleges, jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-promises-85-quota-in-colleges-jobs/article26947455.ece |date=24 July 2020 }}, The Hindu (26 April 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/85-college-quota-not-possible-in-du-say-experts/story-8LWrHHoNx1yahCgE2l7KcI.html 85% college quota not possible in DU, say experts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150701/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/85-college-quota-not-possible-in-du-say-experts/story-8LWrHHoNx1yahCgE2l7KcI.html |date=6 May 2019 }}, The Hindustan Times (26 April 2019)</ref>

===Campaign finance===
Several organisations offered varying estimates for the cost of the election campaign. The Centre for Media Studies in New Delhi estimated that the election campaign could exceed $7 billion.<ref name="et041420192">{{cite news |date=15 April 2019 |title=Money, money, money: The tycoon factor in India's election |newspaper=Economynext |issue= |url=https://economynext.com/money-money-money-the-tycoon-factor-in-indias-election-13685/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418011259/https://economynext.com/money-money-money-the-tycoon-factor-in-indias-election-13685/ |archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> According to the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR), an election watchdog, in the financial year 2017–18 BJP received {{INRConvert|4370000000}}, about 12 times more donations than Congress and five other national parties combined.<ref name="et041420192" />

The [[electoral bond]]s in denominations ranging from 1,000 rupees to 10 million rupees ($14 to $140,000) can be purchased and donated to a political party. The bonds don't carry the name of the donor and are exempt from tax.<ref name="bb031620192">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-india-election-funds/|title=A Murky Flood of Money Pours Into the World's Largest Election|last1=Jeanette Rodrigues, Archana Chaudhary and Hannah Dormido|access-date=22 April 2019|agency=Bloomberg|issue=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422173143/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-india-election-funds/|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Stanley Kochanek in 1987 published about the "briefcase politics" tradition in Indian politics during the decades when the Congress party dominated Indian national politics.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Briefcase Politics in India: The Congress Party and the Business Elite|author=Stanley A. Kochanek| journal=Asian Survey | volume= 27| number= 12| year= 1987| pages= 1278–1301|publisher= University of California Press|jstor=2644635|doi=10.2307/2644635}}</ref> Similarly, Rajeev Gowda and E Sridharan in 2012 have discussed the history of campaign financing laws in India and the role of black money in Indian elections.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Gowda | first1=M. V. Rajeev | last2=Sridharan | first2=E. | s2cid=38948261 | title=Reforming India's Party Financing and Election Expenditure Laws | journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy | volume=11 | issue=2 | year=2012 | doi=10.1089/elj.2011.0131 | pages=226–240}}</ref> Devesh Kapur and Milan Vaishnav discuss the rise of "briefcase" black money donations in India triggered by the 1969 campaign financing bans proposed and enacted by Indira Gandhi, and the campaign finance law reforms thereafter through 2017. They call the recent reforms as yielding "greater transparency than ever before, though limited".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Devesh Kapur|author2=Milan Vaishnav|title=Costs of Democracy: Political Finance in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzxsDwAAQBAJ |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909313-7|pages=1–17, Chapter 1}}</ref>}} Factly – an India data journalism portal, traced the electoral bond donations for 2018 under India's Right to Information Act. According to Factly, electoral bonds worth about {{INRConvert|10600000000}} were purchased and donated in 2018. According to Bloomberg, this accounted for 31.2 per cent of political donations in 2018, while 51.4 per cent of the total donated amount were each below {{INRConvert|20000}} and these too were from unknown donors. About 47 per cent of the donations to political parties were from known sources.<ref name="bb031620192" /> Between 1 January and 31 March 2019, donors bought {{INRConvert|17100000000}} worth of electoral bonds and donated.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/28c89610-503c-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294 Indian election finance rules spark calls for greater transparency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422192323/https://www.ft.com/content/28c89610-503c-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294 |date=22 April 2019 }}, The Financial Times (3 April 2019)</ref> The spending in elections boosts national GDP, and the 2009 election spending contributed about 0.5 per cent to GDP.<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |author=Devesh Kapur and Milan Vaishnav|year=2011|title=Quid Pro Quo: Builders, Politicians, and Election Finance in India|publisher=Center for Global Development Washington DC, University of Pennsylvania}}</ref>

According to the Centre for Media Studies, the BJP spent over ₹280 billion (or 45%) of the ₹600 billion spent by all political parties during the polls.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cmsindia.org/cms-poll/Poll-Expenditure-the-2019-elections-cms-report.pdf |title=Poll Expenditure, The 2019 Elections |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608095617/http://cmsindia.org/cms-poll/Poll-Expenditure-the-2019-elections-cms-report.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Congress questioned the BJP over its poll expenditure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jun/07/was-it-black-money-congress-questions-bjps-rs-28000-crore-poll-expenditure-1987218.html|title=Was it black money? Congress questions BJP's Rs 28,000 crore poll expenditure|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608095611/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jun/07/was-it-black-money-congress-questions-bjps-rs-28000-crore-poll-expenditure-1987218.html|archive-date=8 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==
=== Political alliances ===
{{Main|National Democratic Alliance|United Progressive Alliance|Communism in India}}

With the exception of 2014, no single party has won the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha since 1984, and therefore, forming alliances is the norm in Indian elections.

There were three main national pre-poll alliances. They are the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) headed by the BJP, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) headed by the INC and the [[Communism in India#Alliances|Left Front]] of the communist leaning parties.

The INC did not form alliances in states where it was in direct contest with the BJP. These states included Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It formed alliances with regional parties in Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/indian-general-election-2019-why-congress-has-no-alliance-partners-in-these-states/articleshow/68738378.cms|title=General election 2019: Why Congress has no alliance partners in these states|last1=Kumar Shakti Shekhar|date=2019|access-date=16 April 2019|newspaper=Times of India|issue=5 April|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407165130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/indian-general-election-2019-why-congress-has-no-alliance-partners-in-these-states/articleshow/68738378.cms|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The left parties, most notably the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] contested on its own in its strongholds [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Kerala]], confronting both NDA and UPA. In Tamil Nadu, it was part of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] led by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] while it was allied with the [[Jana Sena Party]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cpim.org/documents/review-17th-lok-sabha-elections| title = Review of the 17th Lok Sabha Elections| date = 14 June 2019| access-date = 25 January 2023| archive-date = 26 December 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221226044858/https://cpim.org/documents/review-17th-lok-sabha-elections| url-status = live}}</ref>

In January 2019, [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Samajwadi Party]] announced a grand alliance (''[[Mahagathbandhan (Uttar Pradesh)|Mahagathbandhan]]'') to contest 76 out of the 80 seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]] leaving two seats, namely [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]] and [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]], for INC and another two for other political parties.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sp-bsp-announce-tie-up-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-38-seats-each-in-up/articleshow/67499467.cms|title=SP, BSP announce tie-up for Lok Sabha polls, to contest 38 seats each in UP – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112201709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sp-bsp-announce-tie-up-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-38-seats-each-in-up/articleshow/67499467.cms|archive-date=12 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Political parties ===
More than 650 parties contested in these elections. Most of them were small with regional appeal. The main parties were the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). This was the first time that BJP (437) contested more seats than Congress (421) in the Lok Sabha elections.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/a-first-bjp-to-contest-more-seats-than-congress/articleshow/69017165.cms|title=A first: BJP to contest more seats than Congress – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2019 |access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509040529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/a-first-bjp-to-contest-more-seats-than-congress/articleshow/69017165.cms|archive-date=9 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-elections-2019-bjp-contests-more-lok-sabha-seats-than-congress-for-the-first-time-2028249|title=BJP Contests More Lok Sabha Seats Than Congress For The First Time|website=NDTV.com|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425083920/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-elections-2019-bjp-contests-more-lok-sabha-seats-than-congress-for-the-first-time-2028249|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Candidates ==
{{main| List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election| List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election}}

Altogether 8,039 candidates were in the fray for 542 parliamentary constituencies, i.e., 14.8 candidates per constituency on an average, according to PRS India, an NGO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/analysis-contesting-candidates-general-election-2019|title=Analysis of the contesting candidates in General Election 2019|date=13 May 2019|website=PRSIndia|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712060507/https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/analysis-contesting-candidates-general-election-2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 40% of the candidates fielded by the Bharatiya Janata Party had a criminal case against them. The key opposition party Indian National Congress was not far behind with 39% of the candidates having criminal charges while the proportion exceeded 50% for some political parties, according to the Association of Democratic Reforms analysis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/in-2019-general-elections-no-bar-on-candidates-charged-with-murder-or-rape/articleshow/69318220.cms?from=mdr|title=In 2019 general elections, no bar on candidates charged with murder or rape|date=14 May 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124024622/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/in-2019-general-elections-no-bar-on-candidates-charged-with-murder-or-rape/articleshow/69318220.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+{{nowrap|Parties and alliances contesting for the 2019 elections}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Parties'''
! rowspan="2" |States/UTs
! colspan="4" |Seats contested
! colspan="4" |Seats won
|-
! colspan="2" |2019
!2014
!Swing
! colspan="2" |2019
!2014
!Swing
|-
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| rowspan="9" |[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="9" |35
|
|
|0
| rowspan="9" |1
| rowspan="9" |4
| rowspan="9" | -3
|-
|Bihar
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|7
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|13
|
|
|1
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}" |
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]] (AJSU)
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |22
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|37
| -36
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|0
| rowspan="3" |2
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" | +1
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|
|1
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="7" |62
|
|
|0
| rowspan="7" |22
| rowspan="7" |34
| rowspan="7" | -12
|-
|Assam
|8
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|6
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|
|
|22
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|3
| -2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
| colspan="2" |2
|0
| +2
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="36" |
|
|
|0
| rowspan="36" |10
| rowspan="36" |0
| rowspan="36" | +10
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|0
|
|
|0
|-
|Assam
|
|
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|35
|
|
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|0
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|
|
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|8
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|14
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|28
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|16
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|
|
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|44
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|
|
|
|
|-
|Meghalaya
|
|
|
|
|-
|Mizoram
|
|
|
|
|-
|Nagaland-
|
|
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|17
|
|
|0
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|22
|
|
|0
|-
|Sikkim
|
|
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|35
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|
|
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|38
|
|
|10
|-
|Uttarakhand
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|36
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="36" |436
|
|
|0
| rowspan="36" |303
| rowspan="36" |282
| rowspan="36" | +21
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Assam
|10
|
|
|9
|-
|Bihar
|17
|
|
|17
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|9
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Goa
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Gujarat
|26
|
|
|26
|-
|Haryana
|10
|
|
|10
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|
|
|4
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|6
|
|
|3
|-
|Jharkhand
|13
|
|
|11
|-
|Karnataka
|27
|
|
|25
|-
|Kerala
|15
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|29
|
|
|28
|-
|Maharashtra
|25
|
|
|23
|-
|Manipur
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Meghalaya
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Mizoram
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Nagaland-
|
|
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|7
|
|
|10
|-
|Odisha
|21
|
|
|8
|-
|Puducherry
|
|
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|3
|
|
|2
|-
|Rajasthan
|24
|
|
|24
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|17
|
|
|4
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|76
|
|
|62
|-
|Uttarakhand
|5
|
|
|5
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|
|
|18
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |21
|
|
| colspan="2" |12
|20
| -8
|-
| rowspan="20" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="20" |[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party Of India]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="20" |49
|
|
|0
| rowspan="20" |2
| rowspan="20" |1
| rowspan="20" | +1
|-
|Assam
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|11
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="18" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="18" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party Of India (MARXIST)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="18" |69
|
|
|0
| rowspan="18" |3
| rowspan="18" |9
| rowspan="18" | -6
|-
|Assam
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|14
|
|
|1
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|31
|
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |24
|
|
| colspan="2" |24
|0
| +24
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|9
| rowspan="36" |3443
|
|
|0
| rowspan="36" |4
| rowspan="36" |3
| rowspan="36" | +1
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|99
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Assam
|44
|
|
|1
|-
|Bihar
|230
|
|
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|13
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|54
|
|
|0
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|4
|
|
|1
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Gujarat
|197
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|85
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|18
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|36
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|101
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|264
|
|
|1
|-
|Kerala
|115
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|0
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|175
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|418
|
|
|1
|-
|Manipur
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Meghalaya
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Mizoram
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Nagaland-
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|43
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|31
|
|
|0
|-
|Puducherry
|8
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|45
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|111
|
|
|0
|-
|Sikkim
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|542
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|299
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|9
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|284
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttarakhand
|17
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|100
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="36" |421
|
|
|1
| rowspan="36" |52
| rowspan="36" |44
| rowspan="36" | +8
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Assam
|14
|
|
|3
|-
|Bihar
|9
|
|
|1
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|2
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Gujarat
|26
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|10
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|7
|
|
|1
|-
|Karnataka
|21
|
|
|1
|-
|Kerala
|16
|
|
|15
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|29
|
|
|1
|-
|Maharashtra
|25
|
|
|1
|-
|Manipur
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Meghalaya
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Mizoram
|
|
|
|
|-
|Nagaland-
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|7
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|18
|
|
|1
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Punjab
|13
|
|
|8
|-
|Rajasthan
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|9
|
|
|8
|-
|Telangana
|17
|
|
|3
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|67
|
|
|1
|-
|Uttarakhand
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|40
|
|
|2
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
| rowspan="4" |9
|
|
|0
| rowspan="4" |3
| rowspan="4" |2
| rowspan="4" | +1
|-
|Kerala
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Maharashtra
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}" |
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (NC)
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|
|3
|0
| +3
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|0
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" | -1
|-
|Karnataka
|7
|
|
|1
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|Bihar
|17
| rowspan="7" |25
|
|
|16
| rowspan="7" |16
| rowspan="7" |2
| rowspan="7" | +14
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="4" |13
|
|
|0
| rowspan="4" |1
| rowspan="4" |2
| rowspan="4" | -1
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|1
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|4
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}" |
|[[Kerala Congress (M)|Kerala Congress(M)]]
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|1
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Jan Shakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
| colspan="2" |6
|6
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|[[Mizo National Front]] (MNF)
|Meghalaya
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|Arunachal Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="5" |11
|
|
|0
| rowspan="5" |1
| rowspan="5" |1
| rowspan="5" |0
|-
|Assam
|7
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Meghalaya
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Nagaland
|1
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|Assam
|2
| rowspan="8" |34
|
|
|0
| rowspan="8" |5
| rowspan="8" |6
| rowspan="8" | -1
|-
|Bihar
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Gujarat
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Maharashtra
|19
|
|
|4
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (NDPP)
|Nagaland
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} " |
| rowspan="2" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|Kerala
|1
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|1
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |0
|-
|West Bengal
|4
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="8" |49
|
|
|0
| rowspan="8" |5
| rowspan="8" |5
| rowspan="8" |0
|-
|Assam
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|37
|
|
|5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |10
|
|
| colspan="2" |2
|4
| -2
|-
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Shiv Sena|Shivsena]]
|Bihar
|14
| rowspan="13" |98
|
|
|0
| rowspan="13" |18
| rowspan="13" |18
| rowspan="13" |0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|9
|
|
|0
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|22
|
|
|18
|-
|Punjab
|6
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|11
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|16
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} |
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |16
|
|
| colspan="2" |9
|11
| -2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |25
|
|
| colspan="2" |3
|15
| -12
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} " |
| rowspan="4" |[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|0
| rowspan="4" |1
| rowspan="4" |0
| rowspan="4" | +1
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party|Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |25
|
|
| colspan="2" |22
|8
| +14
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}" |
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|Puducherry
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1086" |0
|1
| -1
|-
|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|1
| -1
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|Bihar
|19
| rowspan="2" |21
|
|
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" | -4
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|3
| -3
|-
|
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|1
| -1
|-
|
|[[Swabhimani Paksha]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|1
| -1
|-
|
|[[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |10
|
|
|2
| -2
|-
|
|Aap Aur Hum Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| rowspan="1077" |0
| rowspan="1077" |0
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Aam Adhikar Morcha
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Akhil Bhartiya Apna Dal
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="4" |5
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Adim Bhartiya Dal
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bhartiya Gondwana Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="3" |5
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bhartiya Jharkhand Party
|Jharkhand
|
| rowspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jharkhand Party
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="6" |6
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bharatiya Muslim League (Secular)
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bharatiya Manavata Paksha
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Navnirman Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Atulya Bharat Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Aajad Bharat Party (Democratic)
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Sarvadharma Samaj Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Andhra Chaitanya Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Adarshwaadi Congress Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Adhunik Bharat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Aadarsh Janata Sewa Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ahila India Dhayaga Makkal Munnetra Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Asli Deshi Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Aadarsh Sangram Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Dal United Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Adhikar Vikas Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|Assam
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Hind Forward Bloc (Krantikari)
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Akhand Hind Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ahimsa Socialist Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |
| rowspan="15" |[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="15" |34
|
|
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Assam
|3
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|4
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|2
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[All India Hindustan Congress Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="4" |4
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Jana Andolan Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Labour Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Minorities Front]]
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Agila India Makkal Kazhagam
|Kerala
|1
| rowspan="3" |4
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|
|All Indians Party
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Praja Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|All Indian Rajiv Congress Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Ulama Congress
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Uzhavargal Uzhaippalargal Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akila India Vallalar Peravai
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Asom Jana Morcha
|Assam
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Aam Janta Party (India)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Aam Janta Party Rashtriya
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Aapki Apni Party (Peoples)
|Haryana
|7
| rowspan="4" |21
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|6
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Ekata Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Lok Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Kisan Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhand Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Al-Hind Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|All India Peoples' Front (Radical)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All Pensioner'S Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Aasra Lokmanch Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Amra Bangalee
|Jharkhand
|2
| rowspan="3" |10
|
|
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|6
|
|
|-
|
|Anaithu Makkal Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Azad Mazdoor Kissan Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Aadarsh Mithila Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Anaithu Makkal Puratchi Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Ambedkar Yug Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Anaithu India Makkal Katchi
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Anjaan Aadmi Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="10" |Ambedkar National Congress
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="10" |21
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Annadata Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Andaman & Nicobar Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Aihra National Party
|Jharkhand
|3
| rowspan="4" |8
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Adarsh Nyay Rakshak Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ahinsa Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Anti Corruption Dynamic Party
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="4" |11
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|7
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Desh Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |
| rowspan="17" |[[Ambedkarite Party of India|Ambedkarite Party Of India]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="17" |77
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|3
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|16
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|6
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|4
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|15
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|Tripura
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Samaj Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All Peoples Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ambedkarist Republican Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Andhra Rastra Praja Samithi
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Akhand Rashtrawadi Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |4
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Assam Dristi Party
|Assam
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bharat Samagra Kranti Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Adarsh Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Ambedkar Samaj Party]]
|Karnataka
|4
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|
|All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Aarakshan Virodhi Party]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Awami Samta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Anna Ysr Congress Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|B. C. United Front
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Aavaam Ekta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bahujan Azad Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujan Samyak Party (Mission)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujan Awam Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Aam Awam Party
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Anarakshit Party
|Telangana
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Azad Sena
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Bahujan Congress
|Bihar
|5
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Bhrashtachar Mitao Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Bhaichara Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Bahujan Samta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatrashtra Democratic Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Gana Parishad
|Assam
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Amrit Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Bahujan Parivartan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Jan Morcha Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Praja Surajya Paksha
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Rashtravadi Samanta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Samta Samaj Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Janta Dal (Integrated)
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya National Janta Dal
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Bhartiya Lokmat Rashtrwadi Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="6" |7
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Manvadhikaar Federal Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Naujawan Inklav Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiyabahujankranti Dal
|Karnataka
|2
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharat Bhoomi Party
|Chhattisgarh
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Dalit Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Hind Fauj
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Janta Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Janraj Party
|Haryana
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |
| rowspan="7" |Bahujan Maha Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="7" |20
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|13
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Nirman Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Harit Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Peoples Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha]]
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Sampuran Krantikari Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Sarvodaya Party
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Insan Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Jan Aadhar Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Bharatiya Jan Kranti Dal (Democratic)
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Jan Nayak Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Jan Samman Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Jan Sampark Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Jan Satta Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bundelkhand Kranti Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Bhartiya Kisan Party
|Chandigarh
|4
| rowspan="6" |15
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Kisan Parivartan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Krishak Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Kisan Union Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Kranti Vir Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bihar Lok Nirman Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Baliraja Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="3" |7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Bhartiya Lok Seva Dal
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="3" |10
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharat Lok Sewak Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Bhartiya Manavadhikaar Federal Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="5" |9
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharateeya Manavadhikar party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Momin Front
|Bihar
|7
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Bharatiya Majdoor Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="18" |
| rowspan="18" |[[Bahujan Mukti Party]]
|Assam
|1
| rowspan="18" |120
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|12
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|6
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|5
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|5
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|35
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|6
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|10
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|6
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Manav Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Mitra Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bahujan Nyay Dal
|Bihar
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Nojawan Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Navodaya Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Nyay-Adhikar Raksha Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Navjawan Sena (Paksha)
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Pragatisheel Congress
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Panchyat Party
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bodoland People's Front|Bodoland Peoples Front]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |
| rowspan="13" |Bharat Prabhat Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="13" |53
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|16
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Prajagala Kalyana Paksha
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhapase Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Rashtriya Morcha
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujana Raajyam Party (Phule Ambedkar)
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Rakshak Party (Democratic)
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Republican Party (Insan)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bahujan Republican Socialist Party
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="2" |27
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|26
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Rashtrawadi Party
|Chandigarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="8" |Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|Chhattisgarh
|5
| rowspan="8" |35
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|5
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|11
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|10
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujan Suraksha Dal
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Sarvjan Hitey Samaj Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Tribal Party|Bhartiya Tribal Party]]
|Chhattisgarh
|2
| rowspan="6" |19
|
|
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|6
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)|Bahujan Samaj Party (AMBEDKAR)]]
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bajjikanchal Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Vanchitsamaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Corruption Abolition Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Christian Democratic Front]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Challengers Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Chandigarh Ki Aawaz Party
|Chandigarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party Of India (MARXIST-LENINIST) (LIBERATION)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="10" |18
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|4
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|3
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]] CPI(M)(L)
|
|
|4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star]]
|
|
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |
| rowspan="12" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star|Communist Party Of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="12" |25
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|2
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|3
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|5
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|5
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Chhattisgarh Swabhiman Manch
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Chhattisgarh Vikas Ganga Rashtriya Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Dalita Bahujana Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Democratic Corruption Liberation Front
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Democratic Party of India (Ambedkar)
|Punjab
|1
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Desh Janhit Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Daksha Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|8
|
|
|-
|
|Dogra Swabhiman Sangathan Party,
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Democratic Party of Indiana|Democratic Party Of India]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Democratic Prajakranthi Party Secularist
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Dalit Soshit Pichhara Varg Adhikar Dal
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Desiya Uzhavar Uzhaipalar Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Engineers Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ekta Samaj Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ezhuchi Tamilargal Munnetra Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Forward Democratic Labour Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Fauji Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Freethought Party Of India
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Gareeb Aadmi Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party|Gondvana Gantantra Party]]
|Chhattisgarh
|9
| rowspan="5" |23
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Garvi Gujarat Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Garib Janshakti Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Gujarat Janta Panchayat Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ganasangam Party Of India
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Gorkha Rashtriya Congress]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Hamari Apni Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Hardam Manavtawadi Rashtriya Dal
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Hind Congress Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Hindu Samaj Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindustan Janata Party|Hindustan Janta Party]]
|Karnataka
|3
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Hindusthan Praja Paksha
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Himachal Jan Kranti Party
|Himachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |
| rowspan="11" |Hindusthan Nirman Dal
|Assam
|5
| rowspan="11" |47
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|9
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|14
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Hamro Sikkim Party]]
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Hind Samrajya Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Hindustan Shakti Sena
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|8
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Hum Bhartiya Party
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="5" |9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Hum Sabki Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Christian Front]]
|Karnataka
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Indian Democratic Republican Front
|Punjab
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Gandhiyan Party]]
|Kerala
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Indian Indira Congress (R)]]
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Indian Labour Party (Ambedkar Phule)
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Ilantamilar Munnani Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Indian New Congress Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Independent People'S Party
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Indian National League]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |India Praja Bandhu Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|4
| rowspan="3" |11
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|Indigenousn People'S Front Of Tripura]]
|Tripura
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Indian Peoples Green Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Indian Rakshaka Nayakudu Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Indian Unity Centre
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Inqalab Vikas Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Adesh Akshuni Sena
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jan adhikar party|Jan Adhikar Party]]
|Bihar
|6
| rowspan="4" |19
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jan Adhikar Party Loktantrik|Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jharkhand Anushilan Party]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Jamat-E-Seratul Mustakim
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jago Hindustan Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Jharkhand Party (Secular)
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Janhit Bharat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Hind Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Hind Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Janhit Kisan Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|6
|
|
|-
|
|Jammu & Kashmir Pir Panjal Awami Party
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Lok Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Jai Maha Bharath Party
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan)
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|Janata Congress]]
|Jharkhand
|2
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jana Jagruti Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|[[Janata Party]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Jharkhand Party (Naren)
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Janvadi Party(Socialist)
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Janapaalana Party (Democratic)
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jai Prakash Janta Dal|Jai Prakash Janata Dal]]
|Bihar
|5
| rowspan="4" |11
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Jharkhand People's Party]]
|Jharkhand
|
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand People's Party
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Raj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Janral Samaj Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Raj Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Shakti Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|Jansatta Dal Loktantrik]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Shakti Ekta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Jan Samman Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|
|
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Sangh Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Jana Sena Party|Janasena Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|17
| rowspan="2" |24
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|7
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Satya Path Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Swaraj Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Seva Sahayak Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jansatta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Jan Sangharsh Virat Party
|Gujarat
|2
| rowspan="4" |5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Kranti Party (Rashtravadi)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Vijaya Bharathi Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jantantrik Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jwala Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="4" |
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] +
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|
|-
|
|Jammu & Kashmir People Conference
|Jammu & Kashmir
|3
|
|
|
|-
|
|Kamatapur People'S Party (United)
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Raj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Raksha Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Karnataka Janata Paksha|Karnataka Jantha Paksha]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Karnataka Karmikara Paksha
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Kalinga Sena
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Majdoor Berojgar Sangh
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Party Of India
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Karnataka Praja Party (Raithaparva)
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Kartavya Rashtriya Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Krupaa Party
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Kanshiram Bahujan Dal
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Khusro Sena Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kalyankari Jantantrik Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Chetna Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Lok Gathbandhan Party
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Lok Insaaf Party]]
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Jan Sangharsh Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Loktantrik Jan Swaraj Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Jan Vikas Morcha
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Lokdal|Lok Dal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|Lokjagar Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Loktantrik Janshakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lokpriya Samaj Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Loktantra Suraksha Party|Loktanter Suraksha Party]]
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Loktantrik Rashrtavadi Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Sewa Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Loksangram
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha|Maharashtra Swabhimaan Paksh]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Makkal Sananayaga Kudiyarasu Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Manipur Peoples Party|Manipur People'S Party]]
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Moulik Adhikar Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |13
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|12
|
|
|-
|
|Mera Adhikaar Rashtriya Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)|Marxist Communist Party Of India (United)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |6
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Mazdoor Dalit Kisaan Mahila Gareeb Party (Hindustani)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Minorities Democratic Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Manipur Democratic Peoples's Front
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mundadugu Praja Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Mahamukti Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mahasankalp Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Makkalatchi Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Manav Kranti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Maharashtra Kranti Sena
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Majdoor Kisan Union Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mazdoor Kirayedar Vikas Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Marxist Leninist Party Of India (Red Flag)]]
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Mithilanchal Mukti Morcha
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Makkal Needhi Maiam]]
|Puducherry
|1
| rowspan="2" |38
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|37
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Manvadhikar National Party
|Gujarat
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Manavtawadi Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Madhya Pradesh Jan Vikas Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Mulnibasi Party of India
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Moolniwasi Samaj Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Maanavvaadi Janta Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Manuvadi Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mahila & Yuva Shakti Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|New All India Congress Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|National Apni Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nationalist People'S Front
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nirbhay Bharteey Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Bhrashtachar Mukt Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Navsarjan Bharat Party
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Dalitha Dhal Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Development Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|New Democratic Party of India
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Navbharat Ekta Dal
|Himachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[North East India Development Party]]
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Nagrik Ekta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|National Fifty Fifty Front
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Naam Indiar Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Nationalist Janshakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|National Jagaran Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Labour Party
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Lokmat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nationalist Justice Party
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|National Nava Kranthi Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Navbharat Nirman Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nava Praja Rajyam Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Republican Congress
|Assam
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |The National Road Map Party Of India
|Assam
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Nava Samaj Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Netaji Subhash Chander Bose Rashtriya Azad Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
|Puducherry
|1
| rowspan="2" |38
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|37
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Naitik Party
|Maharashtra
|2
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Navarang Congress Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Navodayam Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Navnirman Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Navataram Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|New India Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |National Women'S Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Nawan Punjab Party
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Youth Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Odisha Pragati Dal
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Proutist Bloc, India
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="6" |9
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|
|PC
|
|
|3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Peace Party of India|Peace Party]]
|Maharashtra
|3
| rowspan="2" |14
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|11
|
|
|-
|
|Puducherry Development Party
|Puducherry
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|Party For Democratic Socialism]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|People's Party Of India(secular)
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|3
|
|
|-
|
|People'S Union Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Punjab Ekta Party]]
|Punjab
|3
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Pichhra Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Prajatantra Aadhar Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Prem Janata Dal
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Prahar Janshakti Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Purvanchal Janta Party (Secular)
|Assam
|6
| rowspan="6" |14
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Pragatisheel Lok Manch
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Punjab Labour Party
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Public Mission Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Pravasi Nivasi Party
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |
| rowspan="13" |Peoples Party Of India (Democratic)
|Bihar
|9
| rowspan="13" |56
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|6
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|6
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[People's Party of Arunachal|People'S Party Of Arunachal]]
|Arunachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="8" |Pyramid Party Of India
|Andhra Pradesh
|20
| rowspan="8" |48
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|6
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|11
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Prajatantrik Samadhan Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Peoples Representation For Identity And Status Of Mizoram (Prism) Party
|Mizoram
|1
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Prithviraj Janshakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Prabuddha Republican Party
|Maharashtra
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Praja Shanti Party|Praja Shanthi Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Praja Satta Party
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |
| rowspan="11" |Pragatishil Samajwadi Party (Lohia)
|Bihar
|8
| rowspan="11" |82
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|8
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|47
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Pichhara Samaj Party United
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="5" |Proutist Sarva Samaj
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="5" |7
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Uttar Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
|
|Pragatisheel Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Prajaa Swaraaj Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Purvanchal Mahapanchayat
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Parivartan Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Ambedkar Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Radical Democratic Party (India)|Radical Democrats]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Aadarsh Member Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Raita Bharat Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rajnaitik Vikalp Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Ahinsa Manch
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Aamjan Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rajyadhikara Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtrawadi Party of India,
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Independent Morcha
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Janasachetan Party]] (R.J.P.)
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansanchar Dal
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Party|Rashtriya Janta Party]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janwadi Party (Socialist)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Mahan Gantantra Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Mahila Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Matadata Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Naujawan Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Sahara Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rastriya Aam Jan Seva Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rastriya Insaaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Vikas Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Bhagidari Samaj Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Bharatiya Jan Jan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Backward Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Bahujan Sena
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Dal United
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Real Democracy Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Garib Dal
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Gondvana Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansena Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Hindu Sena|Rashtriya Hind Sena]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansabha Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party (United)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jatigat Aarakshan Virodhi Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jantantrik Bharat Vikas Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jan Gaurav Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janhit Sangharsh Party
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Rashtriya Jankranti Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janmat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansurajya Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janshakti Party- Secular|Rashtriya Janshakti Party (Secular)]]
|Maharashtra
|2
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="6" |Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|Bihar
|7
| rowspan="6" |13
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansangharsh Swaraj Party
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janutthan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtravadi Kranti Dal
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Kranti Party
|Rajasthan
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Lok Sarvadhikar Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Lokswaraj Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|6
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Mangalam Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Maratha Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]
|Haryana
|1
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Rashtra Nirman Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="3" |5
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Nav Nirman Bharat Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Paksha (Khoripa)
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Praja Congress (Secular)
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Pragati Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Republican Party of India|Republican Party Of India]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="6" |8
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Republican Party of India (Kamble)|Republican Party Of India (Kamble)]]
|Goa
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Republican Party of India (A)|Republican Party Of India (A)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|5
| rowspan="13" |33
|
|
|-
|Assam
|3
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|3
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|3
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|Republican Party Of India (KHOBRAGADE)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Party of India (Reformist)
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Party Of India (Karnataka)
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Party of India Ektavadi
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Power Party
|Gujarat
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Sena
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Rashtriya Rashtrawadi Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="5" |7
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Apna Dal
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtrawadi Shramjeevi Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Sangail Party
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Sahyog Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="6" |12
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Samrasta Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Samta Party (Secular)
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtravadi Party (Bharat)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)|Revolutionary Socialist Party Of India(Marxist)]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Samajwadi Party- Secular)|Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular)]]
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtra Sewa Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Samta Vikas Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Sarvjan Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Azad Manch
|Himachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janvikas Party (Democratic)
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="8" |Right to Recall Party
|Gujarat
|4
| rowspan="8" |14
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Rashtriya Ulama Council]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="3" |10
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtravadi Janata Party]]
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Viklang Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Vyapari Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtra Vikas Zumbes Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtrawadi Chetna Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sathi Aur Aapka Faisala Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)(Simranjit Singh Mann)
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Samaj Adhikar Kalyan Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Samajwadi Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sabse Achchhi Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Sarvshreshth Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Saman Aadmi Saman Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sabka Dal United
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]]a
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Sabhi Jan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Samaj Bhalai Morcha
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Swarna Bharat Party
|Assam
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|Bihar
|5
| rowspan="2" |24
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|19
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Socialist Party (India, 2011)|Socialist Party (India)]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)]]
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Secular Democratic Congress
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="3" |4
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Social Democratic Party of India|Social Democratic Party Of India]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="5" |14
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|10
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Samajwadi Forward Bloc
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="6" |11
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|6
|
|
|-
|
|Saaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Sangharsh Sena
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shane Hind Fourm
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)|Shiromani Akali Dal(Taksali)]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shri Janta Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Smart Indians Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Swatantra Jantaraj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|
|Samajwadi Janata Party(Karnataka)
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Social Justice Party Of India
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Sajag Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sanjhi Virasat Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sankhyanupati Bhagidari Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Samata Kranti Dal]]
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Satya Kranti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shiromani Lok Dal Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sarvjan Lok Shakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Samrat Ashok Sena Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Samajik Nyaya Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Samta Vikas Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Socialist Janata Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Swaraj Party (Loktantrik)
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Sapaks Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="3" |12
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|10
|
|
|-
|
|Samajtantric Party Of India
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Samaanya Praja Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Sarvadharam Party (MADHYA PRADESH)
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Sanman Rajkiya Paksha
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sikkim Republican Party
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sarvodaya Prabhat Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shakti Sena (Bharat Desh)
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shoshit Samaj Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Samata Samadhan Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Samdarshi Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Sanatan Sanskriti Raksha Dal
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Satya Bahumat Party
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Subhashwadi Bhartiya Samajwadi Party (Subhas Party)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="22" |
| rowspan="22" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre Of India (COMMUNIST)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="22" |114
|
|
|-
|Assam
|6
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|8
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|2
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|4
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|5
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|7
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|9
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|8
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|4
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|-
|Tripura
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|
|
|-
|
|Sikkim United Front (SUF)
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sunder Samaj Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Samagra Utthan Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="3" |7
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Svatantra Bharat Satyagrah Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Sarvodaya Bharat Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="5" |8
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Sarva Janata Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Sarv Vikas Party
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Sarvjan Sewa Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Swarnim Bharat Inquilab
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Swabhiman Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Swatantra Samaj Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Sanyukt Vikas Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="4" |6
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Tamil Nadu Ilangyar Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |16
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Communist Party Of India
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[The Future India Party]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Telangana Jana Samithi]]
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|Tamil Maanila Congress (MOOPANAR)]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Tola Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Prajala Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Sakalajanula Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Tamil Telugu National Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Yuva Shakti
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Tripura Peoples Party
|Tripura
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Universal Brotherhood Movement
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|United Democratic Front Secular
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|United Democratic Party
|Meghalaya
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (Democratic)
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Uttarakhand Parivartan Party
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|[[United People's Party (Liberia)|United People's Party, Liberia]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Uttarakhand Pragatisheel Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Uttar Pradesh Navnirman Sena]]
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Uttama Prajaakeeya Party]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |27
|
|
|-
|
|United States Of India Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |46
|
|
|-
|
|Vikassheel Insaan Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Vishwa Jana Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Vishwa Manav Samaj Kalyan Parishad
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Vikas Insaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Vivasayigal Makkal Munnetra Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Voters Party International
|Assam
|7
| rowspan="5" |20
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|6
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Vyavastha Parivartan Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Vanchitsamaj Insaaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Vishva Shakti Party
|Jharkhand
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Vanchit Samaj Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Voters Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Wazib Adhikar Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Welfare Party of India|Welfare Party Of India]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Jan Jagriti Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Krantikari Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Yekikrutha Sankshema Rashtriya Praja Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Sarkar
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Vikas Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|}

==Voter statistics==
According to the ECI, 900 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 84.3 million voters since the last election in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-three-pillars-of-elections/article26704196.ece|title=The three pillars of elections|last=Sinha|first=Shishir|website=@businessline|date=April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092658/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-three-pillars-of-elections/article26704196.ece|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-2019-90-crore-voters-10-lakh-polling-stations-statistics|title=LS Polls 2019 in Numbers: Key Voter Stats You Should Know|date=10 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402175019/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-2019-90-crore-voters-10-lakh-polling-stations-statistics|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> making it the largest-ever election in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/great-indian-elections-1951-2019-the-story-of-how-90-crore-voters-make-and-break-history-2062747.html|title=Great Indian Elections 1951–2019: The Story of How 90 Crore Voters Make and Break History|website=[[News18]]|date=11 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174902/https://www.news18.com/news/india/great-indian-elections-1951-2019-the-story-of-how-90-crore-voters-make-and-break-history-2062747.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 15 million voters aged 18–19 years became eligible to vote for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1569796/election-commission-to-certify-google-twitter-lok-sabha-poll-ads/|title=15 million teenagers and 38,000 transgender people: How India's 2019 elections are different|last1=Singh|first1=Kuwar|website=Quartz India|date=11 March 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522161657/https://qz.com/india/1569796/election-commission-to-certify-google-twitter-lok-sabha-poll-ads/|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-2019-more-than-90-crore-voters-register-to-vote/articleshow/68620296.cms|title=Lok Sabha 2019: More than 90 crore voters register to vote – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 March 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405012942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-2019-more-than-90-crore-voters-register-to-vote/articleshow/68620296.cms|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 468 million eligible voters were males, 432 million were females and 38,325 identified themselves belonging to [[third gender]]. Total 71,735 overseas voters also enrolled.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

The residents of the former [[Enclave and exclave|enclaves]] exchanged under the [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|2015 India-Bangladesh boundary agreement]] voted for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gupta |first1=Moushumi Das |url=https://theprint.in/politics/north-bengal-gets-ready-for-epic-mamata-modi-battle-didis-image-vs-dadas-charm/217438/|title=North Bengal gets ready for epic Mamata-Modi battle — Didi's image vs Dada's charm|work=ThePrint |date=6 April 2019|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406203358/https://theprint.in/politics/north-bengal-gets-ready-for-epic-mamata-modi-battle-didis-image-vs-dadas-charm/217438/|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electronic voting machines and security===
The ECI deployed a total of 1.74 million [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) units and 3.96 million [[Electronic voting in India|electronic voting machines]] (EVM) in 1,035,918 polling stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://graphics.reuters.com/INDIA-ELECTION-STATIONS/010092FY33Z/index.html|title=Roads, boats and elephants|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523171530/https://graphics.reuters.com/INDIA-ELECTION-STATIONS/010092FY33Z/index.html|archive-date=23 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/13/world/asia/india-election-results.html|title=What It Takes to Pull Off India's Gargantuan Election|work=The New York Times |date=13 April 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528201523/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/13/world/asia/india-election-results.html|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live |last1=Goldman |first1=Russell }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/after-sc-order-20600-polling-stations-to-have-evmvvpat-match/1511862|title=After SC order, 20,600 polling stations to have EVM-VVPAT match|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090434/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/after-sc-order-20600-polling-stations-to-have-evmvvpat-match/1511862|archive-date=12 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362|title=Zero Complaints Came Up After Lok Sabha Polls, Claims Expert Behind EVMs|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528144457/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 270,000 paramilitary and 2 million state police personnel provided organisational support and security at various polling booths.<ref>[http://www.orissapost.com/largest-ever-deployment-of-security-personnel-in-indian-elections/ Largest-ever deployment of security personnel in Indian elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032239/http://www.orissapost.com/largest-ever-deployment-of-security-personnel-in-indian-elections/ |date=30 April 2019 }}, Press Trust of India, Orissa Post (28 April 2019)</ref> On 9 April 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ordered the ECI to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which meant that the ECI had to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it could certify the final election results.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|title=Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat|website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2019 |access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409064533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|title=SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency|date=8 April 2019|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410141454/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|title=When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529074108/https://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Voting===
In the first phase, 69.58 per cent of the 142 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect their representatives for 91 Lok Sabha seats.<ref name=":52">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |title = Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 7 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 |website = Election Commission of India |language = en-IN |access-date = 25 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190525003910/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-date = 25 May 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[voter turnout]] was 68.77 per cent in the same constituencies in the 2014 general elections.<ref name=":52" /> In the second phase, 156 million voters were eligible to vote for 95 Lok Sabha seats and the turnout was 69.45 per cent, compared to 69.62 per cent in 2014.<ref name=":52" /> For the third phase, 189 million voters were eligible to elect 116 Lok Sabha representatives.<ref name=":52" /> According to ECI, the turnout for this phase was 68.40 per cent, compared to 67.15 per cent in 2014.<ref name=":52" /> In the fourth of seven phases, 65.50 per cent of the 128 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect 72 representatives to the Indian parliament while the turnout for the same seats in the 2014 election was 63.05 per cent.<ref name=":52" /> The fifth phase was open to 87.5 million eligible voters, who could cast their vote in over 96,000 polling booths.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/62-56-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-5-ec/articleshow/69206163.cms Lok Sabha elections: 63.5 per cent turnout in 5th phase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508113619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/62-56-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-5-ec/articleshow/69206163.cms |date=8 May 2019 }}, The Times of India (6 May 2019)</ref> In the sixth phase, 64.40 per cent of the 101 million eligible voters cast their vote in about 113,000 polling stations.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-polls-63-3-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-6-says-election-commission/articleshow/69296674.cms Lok Sabha polls: 63.48% voting in sixth phase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512192225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-polls-63-3-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-6-says-election-commission/articleshow/69296674.cms |date=12 May 2019 }}, The Times of India (12 May 2019)</ref>

==Turnout==
The final turnout stood at 67.11 per cent, the highest ever turnout recorded in any of the general elections till date. The percentage is 1.16 per cent higher than the 2014 elections whose turnout stood at 65.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms |title = Lok Sabha Elections 2019: At 67.1%, 2019 turnout's a record: Election Commission |date = 21 May 2019 |first = Bharti |last = Jain |website = The Times of India |language = en |access-date = 21 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190521074334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms |archive-date = 21 May 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> Over 600 million voters polled their votes in 2019 Indian General elections.

===Phase-wise voter turnout details===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 87%;"
|-
! rowspan="3" class="unsortable" |State/UT
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Total
! colspan="14" |Voter turnout by phase<ref name=":52" />{{efn|{{increase}}/{{decrease}} indicate change from the 2014 elections.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Phase 1
11 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 2
18 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 3
23 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 4
29 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 5
6 May
! colspan="2" |Phase 6
12 May
! colspan="2" |Phase 7
19 May
|-
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|'''25'''
|'''79.70''' {{increase}}
|25
|79.70 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|'''2'''
|'''78.47''' {{increase}}
|2
|78.47 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Assam
|'''14'''
|'''81.52 {{increase}}'''
|5
|78.27 {{decrease}}
|5
|81.19 {{increase}}
|4
|85.11 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Bihar
|'''40'''
|'''57.33''' {{Increase}}
|4
|53.44 {{increase}}
|5
|62.92 {{increase}}
|5
|61.21 {{increase}}
|5
|59.18 {{increase}}
|5
|57.08 {{increase}}
|8
|58.48{{increase}}
|8
|51.38
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|'''11'''
|'''71.48 {{increase}}'''
|1
|66.04 {{increase}}
|3
|74.95 {{increase}}
|7
|70.73 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Goa
|'''2'''
|'''74.94''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|2
|74.94 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Gujarat
|'''26'''
|'''64.11''' {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|26
|64.11 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Haryana
|'''10'''
|'''70.34{{decrease}}'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|10
|70.34{{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|'''4'''
|'''70.22'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|4
|70.22{{increase}}
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir{{efn|Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.}}
|'''6'''
|'''44.97''' {{Decrease}}
|2
|57.38 {{increase}}
|2
|45.66 {{decrease}}
|{{1/3}}
|13.68 {{decrease}}
|{{1/3}}
|10.32 {{decrease}}
|1{{1/3}}
|19.92 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Jharkhand
|'''14'''
|'''66.80''' {{Increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|3
|64.97 {{increase}}
|4
|65.99 {{increase}}
|4
|65.42{{increase}}
|3
|55.59
|-
|Karnataka
|'''28'''
|'''68.63 {{increase}}'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|14
|68.80 {{increase}}
|14
|68.47 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Kerala
|'''20'''
|'''77.67''' {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|20
|77.67 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|'''29'''
|'''71.10''' {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|6
|74.90 {{increase}}
|7
|69.14 {{increase}}
|8
|65.24 {{increase}}
|8
|75.64 {{increase}}
|-
|Maharashtra
|'''48'''
|'''60.79 {{increase}}'''
|7
|63.04 {{decrease}}
|10
|62.85 {{increase}}
|14
|62.36 {{decrease}}
|17
|57.33 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Manipur
|'''2'''
|'''82.75 {{increase}}'''
|1
|84.20 {{decrease}}
|1
|81.24 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Meghalaya
|'''2'''
|'''71.43''' {{increase}}
|2
|71.43 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Mizoram
|'''1'''
|'''63.12''' {{increase}}
|1
|63.12 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Nagaland
|'''1'''
|'''83.09''' {{decrease}}
|1
|83.09 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Odisha
|'''21'''
|'''73.06 {{decrease}}'''
|4
|73.82 {{decrease}}
|5
|72.56 {{increase}}
|6
|71.62 {{decrease}}
|6
|74.38 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Punjab
|'''13'''
|'''65.96'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|13
|65.96{{decrease}}
|-
|Rajasthan
|'''25'''
|'''66.34''' {{Increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|13
|68.17 {{increase}}
|12
|63.71 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Sikkim
|'''1'''
|'''78.81''' {{decrease}}
|1
|78.81 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Tamil Nadu{{efn|Tamil Nadu has 39 constituencies. Polling in Vellore was cancelled and later held on 5 August 2019.}}
|'''38'''
|'''72.02''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|38
|72.02 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Telangana
|'''17'''
|'''62.71'''
|17
|62.71
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Tripura
|'''2'''
|'''83.20 {{decrease}}'''
|1
|83.21 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|83.19 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|'''80'''
|'''59.21''' {{Increase}}
|8
|63.92 {{decrease}}
|8
|62.46 {{increase}}
|10
|61.42 {{decrease}}
|13
|59.11 {{increase}}
|14
|58.00 {{increase}}
|14
|54.44
|13
|47.82
|-
|Uttarakhand
|'''5'''
|'''61.48''' {{decrease}}
|5
|61.48 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|West Bengal
|'''42'''
|'''81.76''' {{Decrease}}
|2
|83.80 {{increase}}
|3
|81.72 {{increase}}
|5
|81.97 {{decrease}}
|8
|82.84 {{decrease}}
|7
|80.09 {{decrease}}
|8
|84.50
|9
|78.73
|-
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|'''1'''
|'''65.08''' {{decrease}}
|1
|65.08 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Chandigarh
|'''1'''
|'''70.62'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|70.62
|-
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli
|'''1'''
|'''79.59''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|79.59 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Daman and Diu
|'''1'''
|'''71.83''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|71.83 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Delhi
|'''7'''
|'''60.51'''{{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|7
|60.51{{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Lakshadweep
|'''1'''
|'''84.96''' {{decrease}}
|1
|84.96 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Puducherry
|'''1'''
|'''81.21''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|81.21 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
!'''Total'''
!'''542'''
!'''67.11 {{increase}}'''
!'''91'''
!'''69.58 {{increase}}'''
!'''95'''
!'''69.45 {{decrease}}'''
!'''116{{1/3}}'''
!'''68.40'''{{increase}}
!'''71{{1/3}}'''
!'''65.50''' {{increase}}
!'''50{{1/3}}'''
!'''64.16 {{increase}}'''
!'''59'''
!'''64.40'''
!'''59'''
!'''61.71'''
|}

===State/UT-wise voter turnout details===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! State/UT
! Total electors
! Total voters
! Total turnout
! Total seats
|-
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) || 318,471 || 207,398 || 65.12% || 1
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 39,405,967 || 31,674,526 || 80.38% || 25
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh || 803,563 || 659,766 || 82.11% || 2
|-
| Assam || 22,050,059 || 17,992,753 ||81.60% || 14
|-
| Bihar || 71,216,290 || 40,830,453 || 57.33% || 40
|-
| Chandigarh (UT) || 646,729 || 456,637 || 70.61% || 1
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 19,016,462 || 13,622,625 || 71.64% || 11
|-
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) || 250,029 || 198,984 || 79.58% || 1
|-
|Daman & Diu (UT) || 121,740 || 87,473 || 71.85% || 1
|-
| Goa || 1,136,113 || 853,724 || 75.14% || 2
|-
| Gujarat || 45,152,373 || 29,128,364 || 64.51% || 26
|-
| Haryana || 18,057,010 || 12,701,029 || 70.34% || 10
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 5,330,154 || 3,859,940 || 72.42% || 4
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir || 7,922,538 || 3,562,744 || 44.97% || 6
|-
| Jharkhand || 22,404,856 || 14,966,781 || 66.80% || 14
|-
| Karnataka || 51,094,530 || 35,159,448 || 68.81% || 28
|-
| Kerala || 26,204,836 || 20,397,168 || 77.84% || 20
|-
| Lakshadweep (UT) || 55,189 || 47,026 || 85.21% || 1
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 51,867,474 || 36,928,342 || 71.20% || 29
|-
| Maharashtra || 88,676,946 ||54,111,038 || 61.02% || 48
|-
| Manipur || 1,959,563 || 1,620,451 || 82.69% || 2
|-
| Meghalaya || 1,914,796 || 1,367,759 || 71.43% || 2
|-
| Mizoram || 792,464 || 500,347 || 63.14% || 1
|-
| Nagaland || 1,213,777 || 1,007,437 || 83.00% || 1
|-
| NCT of Delhi || 14,327,649 || 8,682,366 || 60.60% || 7
|-
| Odisha || 32,497,762 || 23,817,169 || 73.29% || 21
|-
| Puducherry (UT) || 973,410 || 790,895 || 81.25%|| 1
|-
| Punjab || 20,892,673 || 13,777,295 || 65.94% || 13
|-
| Rajasthan || 48,955,813 || 32,476,481 || 66.34% || 25
|-
| Sikkim || 434,128 || 353,415 || 81.41% || 1
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 59,941,832 || 43,419,753 || 72.44% || 39
|-
| Telangana || 29,708,615 || 18,646,856 || 62.77% || 17
|-
| Tripura || 2,614,718 || 2,154,550 || 82.40% || 2
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 146,134,603 || 86,531,972 || 59.21% || 80
|-
| Uttarakhand || 7,856,318 ||4,861,415 || 61.88% || 5
|-
| West Bengal || 70,001,284 || 57,230,018|| 81.76% || 42
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''India''' || '''911,950,734''' || '''614,684,398''' || '''67.40%''' || '''543'''
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{Excerpt|Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general election|fragment=Opinion polling}}

=== Exit polls ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Poll type
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[List of political parties in India|Others]]
! rowspan="2" | Majority
! rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="13" |[[Exit poll]]s
|''[[India Today]]''-Axis
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''{{nowrap|352 ± 13}}'''
| {{nowrap|93 ± 15}}
| {{nowrap|82 ± 13}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|70 ± 13}}
|<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections|title=Lok Sabha Election 2019: Vote Counting, Stats and Election 2019 Analysis|website=indiatoday.in|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321211213/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]]-Today's Chanakya
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|350 ± 14}}'''
| {{nowrap|95 ± 9}}
| {{nowrap|97 ± 11}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|68 ± 14}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha-2019-analysis.html|title=Lok Sabha 2019 Analysis|author=Today's Chanakya|date=19 May 2019|publisher=News24 India|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525112803/http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha-2019-analysis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[News18 India|News18]]-[[Ipsos|IPSOS]]<br />[[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]-IPSOS
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''336'''
| 82
| 124
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |64
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/clean-sweep-for-bjp-crisis-for-congress-rise-of-regional-satraps-what-the-exit-poll-results-mean-for-india-2146841.html|title=Clean Sweep for BJP, Crisis for Congress, Rise of Regional Satraps: What Exit Poll Results Mean|website=[[News18]]|date=20 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092737/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/clean-sweep-for-bjp-crisis-for-congress-rise-of-regional-satraps-what-the-exit-poll-results-mean-for-india-2146841.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-exit-poll-results-2019-live-updates-news18-ipsos-chanakya-india-today-axis-cvoter-to-announce-predictions-after-6-pm/330584|title=Exit Poll Results: Narendra Modi Projected To Return As PM; NDA Headed For Landslide Victory|website=outlookindia.com|date=19 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520003605/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-exit-poll-results-2019-live-updates-news18-ipsos-chanakya-india-today-axis-cvoter-to-announce-predictions-after-6-pm/330584|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|VDP Associates
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''333'''
| 115
| 94
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |61
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1130097857262784512|title=Lok Sabha Exit Poll 2019 Sea Share Projection #LokSabhaElections2019 NDA-333 UPA-115 Others-94 pic.twitter.com/1JUh8MkSZJ|last=VDPAssociates|date=19 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092700/https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1130097857262784512|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sudarshan News]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''313'''
| 121
| 109
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |41
|<ref name="asianage.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/190519/india-elections-end-wait-for-exit-polls-result.html|title=2019 Lok Sabha elections: Exit polls indicate sweep for BJP|date=19 May 2019|website=The Asian Age|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194442/https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/190519/india-elections-end-wait-for-exit-polls-result.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Times Now]]-VMR
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|306 ± 3}}'''
| {{nowrap|132 ± 3}}
| {{nowrap|104 ± 3}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|34 ± 3}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TimesNow/status/1130095864540565504|title=#TimesNowExitPoll BREAKING - TIMES NOW-VMR 2019 Exit Poll National (Overall) Tally: Seat Share: BJP+ (NDA): 306 Cong+ (UPA): 132 Others: 104 Vote Share: BJP+ (NDA): 41.1% Cong+ (UPA): 31.7% Others: 27.2%pic.twitter.com/Y9te9W4wwL|first=TIMES|last=NOW|date=19 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191951/https://twitter.com/TimesNow/status/1130095864540565504|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Suvarna News]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''305'''
| 124
| 102
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |33
|<ref name="asianage.com" />
|-
|[[India TV]]-CNX
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|300 ± 10}}'''
| {{nowrap|120 ± 5}}
| {{nowrap|122 ± 6}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|28 ± 10}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-india-tv-cnx-exit-poll-lok-sabha-election-bjp-congress-modi-rahul-live-updates-521030|title = India TV-CNX Exit Poll 2019: As it happened|date = 19 May 2019|access-date = 26 May 2019|archive-date = 26 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190526195211/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-india-tv-cnx-exit-poll-lok-sabha-election-bjp-congress-modi-rahul-live-updates-521030|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|[[India news|India News]]-Polstrat
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''287'''
| 128
| 127
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |15
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-exit-polls-result-live-updates/articleshow/69398185.cms?from=mdr|title=Exit Poll highlights: Most polls predict majority to BJP-led NDA|date=22 May 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618215415/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-exit-polls-result-live-updates/articleshow/69398185.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[CVoter]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''287'''
| 128
| 127
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |15
|<ref name="outlookindia.com" />
|-
|[[News Nation]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''286'''
| 122
| 134
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |14
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-elections-phase-7-voting-live-updates-polling-in-59-constituencies-narendra-modi-varanasi-shatrughan-sinha-patna-sahib-article-224610.html|title=Lok Sabha Elections Exit Poll 2019 LIVE: Modi set to return as PM, NDA to get 286 seats- News Nation|date=19 May 2019|website=newsnation.in|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519063547/https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-elections-phase-7-voting-live-updates-polling-in-59-constituencies-narendra-modi-varanasi-shatrughan-sinha-patna-sahib-article-224610.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[ABP News|ABP]]-[[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''277'''
| 130
| 135
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |5
|<ref name="indiatoday.in" />
|-
|[[NewsX]]-Neta
| '''242'''
| 164
| 137
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="outlookindia.com" />
|}

== Results ==
{{Main list|Results of the 2019 Indian general election|List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|17th Lok Sabha}}
[[File:India 2019 grid cartogram.png|thumb|240px|A [[cartogram]] showing the popular vote in each constituency.]]
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
|caption='''Seat share of parties in the election'''|other=yes
|value1=55.80|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|value2=9.57|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|value3=4.41|label3=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|color3={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|value4=4.05|label4=[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|color4={{party color|Trinamool Congress}}
|value5=4.05|label5=[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]|color5={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}
|value6=3.31|label6=[[Shiv Sena|SS]]|color6={{party color|Shiv Sena}}
|value7=2.95|label7=[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]|color7={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|value8=2.21|label8=[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]|color8={{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|value9=1.84|label9=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]|color9={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|value10=1.66|label10=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]|color10={{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|other-color={{Party color|Other}}
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
|caption='''Vote share of parties in the election'''|other=yes
|value1=37.7|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|value2=19.67|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|value3=4.1|label3=[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|color3={{party color|Trinamool Congress}}
|value4=3.66|label4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]|color4={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|value5=2.55|label5=[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]|color5={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
|value6=2.53|label6=[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]|color6={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}
|value7=2.26|label7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|color7={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|value8=2.10|label8=[[Shiv Sena|SS]]|color8={{party color|Shiv Sena}}
|value9=2.04|label9=[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]|color9={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|value10=1.77|label10=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|color10={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|other-color={{Party color|Other}}
}}
<onlyinclude>{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 2019.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes1=229076879|seats1=303|sc1=+21
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=119495214|seats2=52|sc2=+8
|party3=[[Trinamool Congress]]|votes3=24929330|seats3=22|sc3=–12
|party4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes4=22246501|seats4=10|sc4=+10
|party5=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes5=15647206|seats5=5|sc5=0
|party6=[[YSR Congress Party]]|votes6=15537006|seats6=22|sc6=+13
|party7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes7=14363332|seats7=24|sc7=+24
|party8=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes8=12858904|seats8=18|sc8=0
|party9=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes9=12515345|seats9=3|sc9=–13
|party10=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes10=10744908|seats10=3|sc10=–6
|party11=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes11=10174021|seats11=12|sc11=–8
|party12=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes12=8926679|seats12=16|sc12=+14
|party13=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes13=8500331|seats13=5|sc13=–1
|party14=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes14=8307345|seats14=1|sc14=–36
|party15=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|votes15=7696848|seats15=9|sc15=–2
|party16=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes16=6632247|seats16=0|sc16=–4
|party17=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes17=3778574|seats17=2|sc17=–2
|party18=[[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]]|votes18=3743560|seats18=0|sc18=New
|party19=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes19=3576184|seats19=2|sc19=+1
|party20=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes20=3457107|seats20=1|sc20=–1
|party21=[[Lok Janshakti Party]]|votes21=3206979|seats21=6|sc21=0
|party22=[[Aam Aadmi Party]]|votes22=2716629|seats22=1|sc22=–3
|party23=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes23=2297431|seats23=0|sc23=–1
|party24=[[Jana Sena Party]]|votes24=1915127|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes25=1901976|seats25=1|sc25=–1
|party26=[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]|votes26=1695074|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=[[Makkal Needhi Maiam]]|votes27=1613708|seats27=0|sc27=New
|party28=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes28=1592467|seats28=3|sc28=+1
|party29=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes29=1480697|seats29=0|sc29=0
|party30=[[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]|votes30=1462518|seats30=0|sc30=–3
|party31=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes31=1447363|seats31=0|sc31=0
|party32=[[All India United Democratic Front]]|votes32=1402088|seats32=1|sc32=–2
|party33=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes33=1201542|seats33=2|sc33=+1
|party34=[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]|votes34=1039478|seats34=2|sc34=New
|party35=[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]|votes35=956501|seats35=0|sc35=New
|party36=[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|votes36=929590|seats36=0|sc36=0
|party37=[[Swabhimani Paksha]]|votes37=834380|seats37=0|sc37=–1
|party38=[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]|votes38=750799|seats38=0|sc38=0
|party39=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes39=711715|seats39=0|sc39=0
|party40=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes40=709685|seats40=1|sc40=0
|party41=[[Vikassheel Insaan Party]]|votes41=660706|seats41=0|sc41=New
|party42=[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]|votes42=660051|seats42=1|sc42=New
|party43=[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]|votes43=648277|seats43=1|sc43=+1
|party44=[[Jannayak Janta Party]]|votes44=619970|seats44=0|sc44=New
|party45=[[Bharatiya Tribal Party]]|votes45=539319|seats45=0|sc45=New
|party46=[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]|votes46=507643|seats46=1|sc46=+1
|party47=[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]|votes47=500510|seats47=1|sc47=New
|party48=[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]|votes48=491596|seats48=0|sc48=0
|party49=[[Lok Insaaf Party]]|votes49=469784|seats49=0|sc49=New
|party50=[[Bodoland People's Front]]|votes50=446774|seats50=0|sc50=0
|party51=[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]|votes51=425986|seats51=1|sc51=0
|party52=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes52=421046|seats52=1|sc52=0
|party53=[[United People's Party Liberal]]|votes53=416305|seats53=0|sc53=New
|party54=[[Bahujan Mukti Party]]|votes54=405949|seats54=0|sc54=0
|party55=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]|votes55=403835|seats55=0|sc55=0
|party56=[[Ambedkarite Party of India]]|votes56=381070|seats56=0|sc56=0
|party57=[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|votes57=380847|seats57=0|sc57=New
|party58=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes58=363527|seats58=1|sc58=0
|party59=Pragatishil Samajwadi Party (Lohia)|votes59=344546|seats59=0|sc59=New
|party60=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes60=322507|seats60=0|sc60=0
|party61=[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes61=313925|seats61=0|sc61=0
|party62=[[Punjab Ekta Party]]|votes62=296620|seats62=0|sc62=New
|party63=[[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]]|votes63=281578|seats63=0|sc63=New
|party64=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes64=280356|seats64=3|sc64=+3
|party65=[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]|votes65=267256|seats65=0|sc65=0
|party66=[[All India N.R. Congress]]|votes66=247956|seats66=0|sc66=–1
|party67=[[Indian National Lok Dal]]|votes67=240258|seats67=0|sc67=–2
|party68=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes68=224286|seats68=1|sc68=New
|party69=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes69=220849|seats69=0|sc69=New
|party70=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes70=210088|seats70=0|sc70=0
|party71=[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)]]|votes71=203369|seats71=0|sc71=New
|party72=[[Social Democratic Party of India]]|votes72=169680|seats72=0|sc72=0
|party73=[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]|votes73=166922|seats73=1|sc73=+1
|party74=[[Nawan Punjab Party]]|votes74=161645|seats74=0|sc74=New
|party75=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes75=155135|seats75=0|sc75=New
|party76=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes76=154489|seats76=0|sc76=–1
|party77=Peoples Party of India (Democratic)|votes77=153103|seats77=0|sc77=New
|party78=[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]|votes78=133612|seats78=0|sc78=0
|party79=Hindusthan Nirman Dal|votes79=122972|seats79=0|sc79=0
|party80=[[Uttama Prajaakeeya Party]]|votes80=120800|seats80=0|sc80=New
|party81=Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party|votes81=105997|seats81=0|sc81=0
|party82=Voters Party International|votes82=105972|seats82=0|sc82=New
|party83=587 other parties with fewer than 100,000 votes|votes83=5343894|seats83=0
|party84=Independents|votes84=16485773|seats84=4|sc84=+1
|row85=None of the above|votes85=6522772
|total_sc=0
|row87=Appointed [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats87=2
|invalid=511575
|electorate=911950734
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ ECI], [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13569-18-partywise-seat-won-valid-votes-polled-in-each-state/ ECI]
}}</onlyinclude>

== Aftermath ==

=== Reactions ===

==== National ====
Congress party leaders, such as [[Rahul Gandhi]] and others, conceded defeat and congratulated Modi and his party.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Rahul Gandhi concedes defeat, congratulates PM Modi, Smriti Irani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/video/rahul-gandhi-concedes-defeat-congratulates-pm-modi-smriti-irani-1532940-2019-05-23 |magazine=India Today |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182138/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/video/rahul-gandhi-concedes-defeat-congratulates-pm-modi-smriti-irani-1532940-2019-05-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other opposition parties and political leaders such as [[Sharad Pawar]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-result-2019-sharad-pawar-says-wont-blame-voting-machines-2041991 | title="Doubts Were Raised but Won't Blame EVMs": Sharad Pawar on Poll Result | access-date=3 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603041442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-result-2019-sharad-pawar-says-wont-blame-voting-machines-2041991 | archive-date=3 June 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]], and [[Omar Abdullah]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-election-results-omar-mamata-congratulate-modi-historic-win-1533379-2019-05-24|title=Lok Sabha Election Results: Omar was first, Mamata second to congratulate PM Modi for historic win|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603131409/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-election-results-omar-mamata-congratulate-modi-historic-win-1533379-2019-05-24|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> congratulated Modi and the BJP for their victory.

On 20 November 2019, the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] filed a petition with the [[Supreme Court of India]] over alleged ballot-counting discrepancies in the Lok Sabha voting and seeking a probe by the ECI.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Karan |title=PIL In SC Seeks ECI Action On Reports Of EVM Voter Data Discrepancies [Read Petition] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/pil-in-sc-seeks-eci-action-on-reports-of-electronic-voting-machine-data-discrepancies-149979 |access-date=25 November 2019 |work=LiveLaw.in |date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010645/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/pil-in-sc-seeks-eci-action-on-reports-of-electronic-voting-machine-data-discrepancies-149979 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== International ====
The leaders of [[Afghanistan]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Botswana]], [[Brazil]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Burundi]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Comoros]], [[Cyprus]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[France]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Germany]], [[Ghana]], [[Iceland]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Jamaica]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kenya]], [[Kuwait]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Latvia]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liechtenstein|Lichtenstein]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Malta]], [[Mexico]], [[Mongolia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Namibia]], [[Nepal]], [[Netherlands]], [[Nicaragua]], [[North Korea]], [[Nigeria]], [[New Zealand]], [[Oman]], [[Pakistan]], [[Palestine]], [[Portugal]], [[Qatar]], [[Russia]], [[Rwanda]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Senegal]], [[Seychelles]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uganda]], [[Ukraine]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Venezuela]], [[Vietnam]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]] congratulated [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[BJP]] on their victory.<ref>*Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and United Arab Emirates: [https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/election-results-world-leaders-congratulate-narendra-modi-on-his-landslide-victory-1.1558612196940 Election results: World leaders congratulate Narendra Modi on his landslide victory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524003022/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/election-results-world-leaders-congratulate-narendra-modi-on-his-landslide-victory-1.1558612196940 |date=24 May 2019 }}, Gulf News (23 May 2019)
* Argentina: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|title=Mauricio Macri "@mauriciomacri"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071725/https://twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Argentina: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|title=Mauricio Macri "@mauriciomacri"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071725/https://twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Australia, Israel, Nepal and Portugal: [https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/international-leaders-congratulate-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-purported-landslide-win/423932 International leaders congratulate Prime Minister Narendra Modi on purported landslide win] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182143/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/international-leaders-congratulate-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-purported-landslide-win/423932 |date=23 May 2019 }}, TimesNow News (23 May 2019)
* Austria: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/sebastiankurz/status/1131841711137853440|title=Sebastian Kurz "@sebastiankurz"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929180058/https://twitter.com/sebastiankurz/status/1131841711137853440|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}
* Bahrain: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/bna_en/status/1132388447430336512|title=Bahrain News Agency "@bna_en"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006012423/https://twitter.com/bna_en/status/1132388447430336512|url-status=live}}
* Bhutan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/PMBhutan/status/1131498760444399616|title=PM Bhutan "@PMBhutan"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081352/https://twitter.com/PMBhutan/status/1131498760444399616|url-status=live}}
* Botswana: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133731449616474113|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=29 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006035752/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133731449616474113|url-status=live}}
* Brazil: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1132313619885121536|title=Jair M. Bolsonaro "@jairbolsonaro"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071653/https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1132313619885121536|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Bulgaria: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133318664227311616|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021649/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133318664227311616|url-status=live}}
* Burundi: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/pnkurunziza/status/1131571065392644097|title=Pierre Nkurunziza "@pnkurunziza"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070410/https://twitter.com/pnkurunziza/status/1131571065392644097|url-status=live}}
* Canada: {{cite web|url=https://www.voiceonline.com/trudeau-congratulates-indian-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-his-re-election/|title=Trudeau congratulates Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on his re-election|last=Mall|first=Rattan|date=23 May 2019|website=Indo-Canadian Voice|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524013806/https://www.voiceonline.com/trudeau-congratulates-indian-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-his-re-election/|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* China, Japan, Pakistan, Russia: [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/xi-putin-and-netanyahu-among-first-to-congratulate-modi-on-election-victory/articleshow/69465396.cms Xi, Putin and Netanyahu among first to congratulate Modi on election victory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001412/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/xi-putin-and-netanyahu-among-first-to-congratulate-modi-on-election-victory/articleshow/69465396.cms |date=8 November 2020 }}, The Economic Times (23 May 2019)
* Comoros: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/Azali_officiel/status/1133661681211592704|title=Azali Assoumani "@Azali_officiel"|date=29 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081039/https://twitter.com/Azali_officiel/status/1133661681211592704|url-status=live}}
* Cyprus: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/AnastasiadesCY/status/1131509106622312448|title=Nicos Anastasiades "@AnastasiadesCY"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520191717/https://twitter.com/AnastasiadesCY/status/1131509106622312448|url-status=live}}
* Czech Republic: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/AndrejBabis/status/1131493202224140288|title=Andrej Babiš "@AndrejBabis"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520192344/https://twitter.com/AndrejBabis/status/1131493202224140288|url-status=live}}
* Estonia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/ratasjuri/status/1131676210621243392|title=Jüri Ratas "@ratasjuri"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070541/https://twitter.com/ratasjuri/status/1131676210621243392|url-status=live}}
* France: [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/french-president-macron-congratulates-pm-modi-119052301811_1.html French President Macron congratulates PM Modi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182139/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/french-president-macron-congratulates-pm-modi-119052301811_1.html |date=23 May 2019 }}, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
* Georgia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132177586308694016|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006035748/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132177586308694016|url-status=live}}
* Germany: {{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/may-merkel-saudi-crown-prince-congratulate-modi-119052600144_1.html|title=May, Merkel, Saudi Crown Prince congratulate Modi|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 May 2019|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531152806/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/may-merkel-saudi-crown-prince-congratulate-modi-119052600144_1.html|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Ghana: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/NAkufoAddo/status/1131541159946399744|title=Nana Akufo-Addo "@NAkufoAddo"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520212645/https://twitter.com/NAkufoAddo/status/1131541159946399744|url-status=live}}
* Iceland: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132146026117238784|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013723/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132146026117238784|url-status=live}}
* Indonesia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/jokowi/status/1131765490244902912|title=Joko Widodo "@jokowi"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070257/https://twitter.com/jokowi/status/1131765490244902912|url-status=live}}
* Iran: {{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/iran-eu-leaders-also-greet-pm-modi-on-poll-win20190524230740/|title=Iran, EU leaders also greet PM Modi on poll win|date=24 May 2019|work=ANI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527160521/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/iran-eu-leaders-also-greet-pm-modi-on-poll-win20190524230740/|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Italy: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/GiuseppeConteIT/status/1131562597587804160|title=Giuseppe Conte "@GiuseppeConteIT"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191959/https://twitter.com/GiuseppeConteIT/status/1131562597587804160|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Jamaica: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/AndrewHolnessJM/status/1131610111577874433|title=Andrew Holness "@AndrewHolnessJM"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520225216/https://twitter.com/AndrewHolnessJM/status/1131610111577874433|url-status=live}}
* Kenya: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/RailaOdinga/status/1131486983040192512|title=Raila Odinga "@RailaOdinga"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071548/https://twitter.com/railaodinga/status/1131486983040192512|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Kuwait: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131770386721452037|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191950/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131770386721452037|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Latvia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/krisjaniskarins/status/1131784521865736194|title=Krišjānis Kariņš "@krisjaniskarins"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070201/https://twitter.com/krisjaniskarins/status/1131784521865736194|url-status=live}}
* Lesotho: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133665696557277184|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=29 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927222515/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133665696557277184|url-status=live}}
* Lichtenstein: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133419106710036481|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191950/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133419106710036481|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Luxembourg: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132259445629628416|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021654/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132259445629628416|url-status=live}}
* Madagascar: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/SE_Rajoelina/status/1131657454968856576|title=Andry Rajoelina "@SE_Rajoelina"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070806/https://twitter.com/SE_Rajoelina/status/1131657454968856576|url-status=live}}
* Malaysia: [https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/26/dr-m-congratulates-modi-on-election-victory/ Dr M congratulates Modi on Indian election victory ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105041/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/26/dr-m-congratulates-modi-on-election-victory/ |date=26 May 2019 }}, Nation, The Star (26 May 2019)
* Maldives: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MohamedNasheed/status/1131506360615485440|title=Mohamed Nasheed "@MohamedNasheed"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081331/https://twitter.com/MohamedNasheed/status/1131506360615485440|url-status=live}}
* Malta: {{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/JosephMuscat_JM/status/1131634996580634626|title=Joseph Muscat "@JosephMuscat_JM"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191949/https://mobile.twitter.com/JosephMuscat_JM/status/1131634996580634626|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Mexico: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/SRE_mx/status/1132044324190003201|title=SRE México "@SRE_mx"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054034/https://twitter.com/SRE_mx/status/1132044324190003201|url-status=live}}
* Mongolia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132993212874932224|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=27 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021709/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132993212874932224|url-status=live}}
* Myanmar: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131862377509658625|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013715/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131862377509658625|url-status=live}}
* Namibia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/hagegeingob/status/1131588821160726529|title=Hage Geingob "@hagegeingob"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081209/https://twitter.com/hagegeingob/status/1131588821160726529|url-status=live}}
* Netherlands: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MinPres/status/1131938574415351816|title=Mark Rutte "@MinPres"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021658/https://twitter.com/MinPres/status/1131938574415351816|url-status=live}}
* New Zealand: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MFATgovtNZ/status/1131770399644037120|title=MFAT govt NZ "@MFATgovtNZ"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter}}
* Nicaragua: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131802549181399042|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021645/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131802549181399042|url-status=live}}
* Nigeria: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/NGRPresident/status/1131652274361651201|title=Presidency Nigeria "@NGRPresident"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081247/https://twitter.com/NGRPresident/status/1131652274361651201|url-status=live}}
* North Korea: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132978735576211460|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=27 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016051212/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132978735576211460|url-status=live}}
* Oman: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132588896724721664|title=Raveesh Kumar"@MEAIndia"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013704/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132588896724721664|url-status=live}}
* Palestine: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/ROIRamallah/status/1131670575095656450|title=India in Palestine "@ROIRamallah"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013730/https://twitter.com/ROIRamallah/status/1131670575095656450|url-status=live}}
* Qatar: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/QNAEnglish/status/1132398401574907906|title=Qatar News Agency "@QNAEnglish"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016051222/https://twitter.com/QNAEnglish/status/1132398401574907906|url-status=live}}
* Rwanda: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/PaulKagame/status/1131605740685275141|title=Paul Kagame "@PaulKagame"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209185908/https://twitter.com/PaulKagame/status/1131605740685275141|url-status=live}}
* Saudi Arabia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/spagov/status/1131705003633201152|title=SPA "@spagov"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191952/https://twitter.com/spagov/status/1131705003633201152|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Senegal: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/Macky_Sall/status/1131871342377295873|title=Macky Sall "@Macky_Sall"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520211922/https://twitter.com/Macky_Sall/status/1131871342377295873|url-status=live}}
* Seychelles: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/hci_seychelles/status/1131854089103564800|title=India in Seychelles "@hci_seychelles"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927222508/https://twitter.com/hci_seychelles/status/1131854089103564800|url-status=live}}
* Singapore: [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/singapore-pm-congratulates-modi-on-poll-victory-hopes-for-enhanced-cooperation-in-digital-space-119052301910_1.html Singapore PM congratulates Modi on poll victory, hopes for enhanced cooperation in digital space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182138/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/singapore-pm-congratulates-modi-on-poll-victory-hopes-for-enhanced-cooperation-in-digital-space-119052301910_1.html |date=23 May 2019 }}, PTI, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
* South Africa: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/CyrilRamaphosa/status/1132698920927268865|title=Cyril Ramaphosa "@CyrilRamaphosa"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191954/https://twitter.com/CyrilRamaphosa/status/1132698920927268865|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* South Korea: {{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/moonriver365/status/1131812472283729920|title=@moonriver365|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070551/https://twitter.com/moonriver365/status/1131812472283729920|url-status=live}}
* St. Vincent and the Grenadines: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/ComradeRalph/status/1131882064779915266|title=Ralph Gonsalves "@ComradeRalph"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054040/https://twitter.com/ComradeRalph/status/1131882064779915266|url-status=live}}
* Switzerland: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133426647988936705|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006034540/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133426647988936705|url-status=live}}
* Tajikistan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131905621245218816|title=Raveesh Kumar@MEAIndia|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927105451/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131905621245218816|url-status=live}}
* Thailand: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/IndiainThailand/status/1131876148143509504|title=India in Thailand "@IndiainThailand"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927105413/https://twitter.com/IndiainThailand/status/1131876148143509504|url-status=live}}
* Turkmenistan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131921382982520832|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191952/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131921382982520832|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Uganda: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/KagutaMuseveni/status/1131871961452298240|title=Kaguta Museveni "@KagutaMuseveni"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520202512/https://twitter.com/KagutaMuseveni/status/1131871961452298240|url-status=live}}
* Ukraine: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131928496949694464|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016051215/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131928496949694464|url-status=live}}
* United Kingdom: [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uk-govt-welcomes-modi-s-inspiring-re-election-119052302141_1.html UK govt welcomes Modi's 'inspiring' re-election] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182138/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uk-govt-welcomes-modi-s-inspiring-re-election-119052302141_1.html |date=23 May 2019 }}, PTI, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
* United States: [https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1131609042227482625 Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523190721/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1131609042227482625 |date=23 May 2019 }}, Twitter (23 May 2019)
* Uzbekistan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132129802096300033|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191952/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132129802096300033|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Venezuela: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132193034278510592|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927072826/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132193034278510592|url-status=live}}
* Vietnam: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131522353966538754|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927105433/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131522353966538754|url-status=live}}
* Zambia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133397407067197441|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006035755/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133397407067197441|url-status=live}}
* Zimbabwe: {{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/edmnangagwa/status/1131541818422812672|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa "@edmnangagwa"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728194232/https://mobile.twitter.com/edmnangagwa/status/1131541818422812672|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Government formation ===
{{Excerpt|Timeline of the 2019 Indian general election|fragment=Government formation}}

===Swearing-in ceremony===
{{Excerpt|Second swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|fragment=lead section}}

===Impact===
The benchmark [[Sensex|BSE Sensex]] and [[CNX Nifty|Nifty50]] indices hit intraday record highs and the [[Indian rupee]] strengthened after the exit polls and on the day the election results were announced.<ref>[https://www.zeebiz.com/market-news/news-lok-sabha-election-result-impact-sensex-creates-history-breaches-40000-mark-to-set-record-high-99856 Lok Sabha Election Result Impact: Sensex creates history, breaches 40,000 mark to set record high] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182145/https://www.zeebiz.com/market-news/news-lok-sabha-election-result-impact-sensex-creates-history-breaches-40000-mark-to-set-record-high-99856 |date=23 May 2019 }}, Zee Business (23 May 2019)</ref>

==Timeline==
{{Excerpt|Timeline of the 2019 Indian general election|Electoral events|subsections=yes|bold=yes}}
== By statewise ==
[[Category:2019 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
==See also==
* [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha]]
* [[2019 Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[2019 elections in India]]
* [[Politics of India]] [[:Category:2019 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Surjit S. Bhalla. ''Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019'' (2019 [https://www.amazon.in/Citizen-Raj-Indian-Elections-1952-2019/dp/9388689127 Buy Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019 Book Online at Low Prices in India | Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019 Reviews & Ratings - Amazon.in]
* Prannoy Roy, Dorab R. Sopariwala. ''The Verdict: Decoding India's Elections'' (2019) [https://penguin.co.in/book/uncategorized/the-verdict/ The Verdict]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Indian general election, 2019}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2019 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:2019 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2019 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:April 2019 in India|General]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]
[[Category:May 2019 in India|General]]

Oxygen Express

2026-02-21T17:03:10Z

Yashpaul0: creating new entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Liquid medical oxygen train service}}
{{Infobox train
| name = Oxygen Express
| image = Oxygen-Express Ro-Ro Kalamboli 1.jpg
| caption = Oxygen Express Ro-Ro Service at Kalamboli in Maharastra, 26 April 2021
| interiorimage =
| interiorcaption =
| service = MEDICAL PRODUCT transport
| manufacturer = INOX
| factory =
| family = Liquid Medical Oxygen trains
| refurbishment = -
| replaced = -
| formation = 2019
| fleetnumbers = 10
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| depots = [[Amingaon]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Tondiarpet]], [[Vishakhapatnam]]
| yearconstruction = 2020
| yearservice = 2021
}}

'''Oxygen Express''' was a series of long- and short-haul train services jointly operated by the [[Ministry of Railways]] and [[Indian Railways]] to overcome a severe shortage of medical-grade [[oxygen]] by supplying to various hospitals in different parts of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] during the second-wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Changoiwala|first=Puja|date=2021-05-01|title=India at breaking point|journal=New Scientist|language=en|volume=250|issue=3332|pages=7|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00715-6|pmid=33967368|pmc=8087419|issn=0262-4079}}</ref>

== Background ==
Oxygen Express trains were operated in two formats: by using cryogenic ISO tanks which can carry 16 metric-tonnes of liquid medical oxygen each;<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mehdiratta|first1=Lalit|last2=Sharma|first2=Ridhima|last3=Jain|first3=Sarvesh|date=October 2021|title=Anaesthesiology as an oasis amid the crisis of the vital medicine 'Oxygen'- innovations and local modifications|journal=Indian Journal of Anaesthesia|volume=65|issue=Suppl 4|pages=S145–S148|doi=10.4103/ija.ija_904_21|issn=0019-5049|pmc=8613475|pmid=34908565 |doi-access=free }}</ref> using fixed tankers on semis such as [[Tata Motors]] 1618s,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Railways to run 'Oxygen Express' to meet high demand amid surge in COVID-19 cases|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-to-run-oxygen-express-to-meet-high-demand-amid-surge-in-covid-19-cases/articleshow/82130000.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref> which are then further loaded on to the trains at the [[Roll-on/roll-off discharge facility|roll-on/roll-off discharge facilities]] of the Indian Railways and [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2021|title=Indian Railways' Oxygen Express train to reach Maharashtra with medical oxygen|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-railways-oxygen-express-train-to-reach-maharashtra-with-medical-oxygen/roll-on-roll-off-service/slideshow/82158994.cms|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

At the peak of pandemic, the trains ran on signal-free "Green Corridor" routes, transporting oxygen from various steel plants to various parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-11|title=Oxygen Express from Jamshedpur arrives in Bengaluru|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/oxygen-express-from-jamshedpur-arrives-in-bengaluru/article34532892.ece|access-date=2022-01-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In July 2021, 200 metric-tonnes of liquid medical oxygen were transported to the [[Benapole Border Crossing]] in [[Bangladesh]], from the [[Tatanagar Junction railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-24|title=In a first, Oxygen Express to supply LMO to Bangladesh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-a-first-oxygen-express-to-supply-lmo-to-bangladesh-101627121343320.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:WR's Oxygen Express Train.jpg|[[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]' Oxygen Express Train with LMO tanker truck, 23 May 2021
File:WR's Oxygen Express Train from Hapa.jpg|[[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]' Oxygen Express Train with LMO tanker trucks from [[Hapa railway station|Hapa]] to [[Delhi]], 23 May 2021
File:Oxygen-Express Ro-Ro Kalamboli 2.jpg|Oxygen Express carrying [[Reliance Foundation]]'s tankers at [[Kalamboli]] in [[Maharastra]], 26 April 2021
File:Loading of Liquid Medical Oxygen at Visakhapatnam Steel Plant.jpg|[[Linde plc]]'s Tata Motors 1618 road tanker is being loaded with Liquid Medical Oxygen at [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]], 22 April 2021
File:Oxygen Express Empty Tanker at Kalamboli.jpg|Empty LMO tankers of [[Inox Air Products]] departing from Kalamboli goods yard for the [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]], 19 April 2021
File:Oxygen_Express_Empty_Tankers_at_Kalamboli.jpg|[[Taiyo Nippon Sanso]]'s Empty LMO Tankers at Kalamboli, Maharastra, 19 April 2021
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2021]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

The Aryan School

2026-02-21T12:38:58Z

Yashpaul0: creating a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Aryan School}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The Aryan School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo = The aryan school logo.gif
| seal_image =
| image =
| image_size =
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| caption =
| motto = Be a guiding star
| motto_translation =
| location = Malsi Greens
| address =
| region =
| city = [[Dehradun]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| province =
| county =
| postal_code = 248001
| zipcode =
| country = India
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| type = [[International School]], [[Boarding School]], [[Day School]]
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| founded = 2001
| opened =
| founder = Sunny Gupta
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| principal = Mrs. B. Dasgupta
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| grades = 1-12
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| gender = [[Coeducational]]
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| other_grade_label =
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| ratio = 15:1
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| campus_size =
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| campus_type = Green and pollution free
| campus_area =
| houses = Rig, Sama, Atharva, Yajur
| colours =
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| fight_song =
| athletic_conference =
| sports = [[Basketball]], [[cricket]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111011/dplus.htm#5 |title=Aryan School are super 8s champions |work=The Tribune |date= |accessdate=2012-10-10}}</ref> [[badminton]], [[table tennis]], [[Association football|football]], [[lawn tennis]], [[field hockey]]
| mascot =
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| yearbook = Sanskar <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101102/dplus.htm#6 |title=Founder's Day Function, Anupam Kher released Sanskar |work=The Tribune |date= |accessdate=2012-11-10}}</ref>
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}}

'''The Aryan School''' is a co-educational [[independent school|independent]] [[boarding school]] in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.appine.com/schools/the-aryan-school-dehradun |title=Best Schools in Dehradun |publisher=Appine Education |date= |accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> Founded in 2001 by Sunny Gupta director of Wheezal Labs, "the biggest homoeopathic combinations unit in northern India".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wheezal.com/ui/list/chairman.php |title=Wheezal Director Message |publisher=Wheezal Lab |date= |accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> The school offers modern education based on the Vedic principle.

==Campus==

The school campus is in the heart of the Dehradun Valley located at Malsi Green area on Mussoorie Road near to Mussoorie diversion, ten minutes from the Clock Tower. 'Smart' classrooms are in place. The school has an auditorium for functions and for movies. [[Dehradun]] is known for its weather<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/dehradun/climate.html |title=Climate of Dehradun |publisher=Maps of India |date= |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref> and the school is located near a wooded hillock and the valley of [[Dehradun]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

===Curriculum===
The school is affiliated by the ICSE Board, New Delhi, which conducts the ICSE (Std. 10) and ISC (Std. 12) examinations. As required by the CISCE, the subjects for ICSE and ISC examinations are taught in English.

===Co-curricular===

[[File:Academic Block of The Aryan School.jpg|thumb|left|Academic building in 2011]]
Co-curricular activities consist of hobbies, publications, special interest clubs, community service, art and craft, clay modeling, pottery, sculpture, Indian dance and Indian and Western music.

===Sports===
A multi-purpose indoor stadium with a seating capacity for 200 spectators has facilities for indoor games.
Cricket,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://garhwalpost.in/sport_details.php?nid=spt_61 |title=Aryan School scores win in GPL |publisher=Garhwal Post |date= |accessdate=2012-05-04}}</ref> Football, hockey, basketball, swimming, lawn tennis, table tennis, badminton, skating, rifle-shooting, yoga and physical training are played.

===Admission===
The school houses 500 students aged 6 to 18. Admission to the school is based on a competitive entrance examination and an interview.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thearyanschool.com/admission-process |title=Admission Process |publisher=The Aryan School |date= |accessdate=2013-01-18}}</ref> The Aryan School pupils take the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] in [[tenth grade]] and are thereafter for the final two years: [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC).

===Houses===
There are four houses ('''Rig''', '''Sama''', '''Atharva''' and '''Yajur''' named after Vedas). Each house is run by a housemaster, who is also a member of the teaching staff. The housemaster is assisted by a senior boy and girl known as the house captains. One senior boy and girl serve as school captains and is assisted by [[Prefect#Academic|prefects]] from each house. Students are assigned to houses at the time of admission and develop great loyalty to them.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|1=http://www.thearyanschool.com/}}

{{Dehradun}}

{{coord|30.3789|78.0761|type:edu_region:IN-UT|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryan School, The}}
[[Category:Private schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Schools in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

Adi Badri, Uttarakhand

2026-02-17T23:52:38Z

Yashpaul0: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sapta Badri#Adi Badri]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Vipra Mehta

2026-02-16T21:31:36Z

Yashpaul0: creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian actress and beauty pageant titleholder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Vipra Mehta
| photo =
| image_size =
| caption = Mehta in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| title = [[Miss Diva 2024|Miss Cosmo India 2025]]
| competitions = {{Ubl|Miss Diva 2024|(Winner – Miss Cosmo India 2025)|[[Miss Cosmo 2025]]|(Top 21)}}
}}
'''Vipra Mehta''' ([[Hindi]]: विप्रा मेहता) is an Indian actress and beauty pageant titleholder. She won [[Miss Diva 2024|Miss Cosmo India 2025]] at Miss Diva 2024 on 7 March 2025 in [[Mumbai]]. Mehta represented India at [[Miss Cosmo 2025]], which was held in Vietnam on December 20, 2025 where she finished as Top 21.

== Pageantry ==
=== Miss Universal Grand India 2023 ===
Mehta won Miss Universal Grand India 2023, on 26 October 2023 in Bangalore, against 31 other contestants.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/udaipur/vipra-mehta-miss-universal-grand-india-2023-winner-will-be-seen-in-mexico/articleshow/104852406.cms | title=Who is Vipra from Udaipur, set to showcase her talent in Mexico? | newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |editor=Pulkit Saxena | date=31 October 2023 | accessdate=8 March 2025 | language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://udaipurtimes.com/news/udaipur-vipra-mehta-won-miss-universal-grand-india/cid12595892.htm | title=Udaipur's Vipra Crowned Miss Universal Grand India | publisher=UdaipurTimes | work=Heena Moiwala | date=30 October 2023 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Miss Diva 2024 ===
On 27 January 2025, Mehta was shortlisted as a top 20 contestant for Miss Diva Beauty Queen 2024, at Miss Diva 2024. She reached the top eight as a wildcard entrant.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/meet-the-wildcard-winners-of-liva-miss-diva-2024/eventshow/151180874.cms | title=Meet the Wildcard Winners of LIVA Miss Diva 2024! | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=13 February 2025 | accessdate=9 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/liva-miss-diva-2024-grand-finale-leading-queens-of-the-fashion-hunt-are-article-151245787 | title=LIVA Miss Diva 2024 Grand Finale: Leading Queens Of The Fashion Hunt Are | publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] | work=Risha Ganguly | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/pride-of-rajasthan/rajasthan-udaipur-vipra-mehta-became-miss-cosmo-2025-7878808 | title=Rajasthan's daughter created history, won the crown of Miss Cosmo 2025; defeated 7 contestants selected from all over the country | publisher=[[NDTV|Rajasthan NDTV]] | work=Sanjay Vyas | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref>

On the grand finale held on 7 March 2025, at The LaLit in Mumbai, Mehta won the title of Miss Diva Cosmo 2025. She was crowned by [[Miss Cosmo 2024]] [[Ketut Permata Juliastrid]], from Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tienphong.vn/dien-vien-bollywood-dang-quang-hoa-hau-post1723344.tpo | title=Diễn viên Bollywood đăng quang hoa hậu | publisher=[[Tiền Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] | work=Duy Nam | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025 | language=Vietnamese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/meet-vipra-mehta-an-artist-who-is-all-for-embracing-challenges-to-chase-her-pageant-dreams/articleshow/151198665.cms | title=Meet Vipra Mehta, an artist who is all for embracing challenges to chase her pageant dreams | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | work=Jinta Jose | date=6 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/ayushree-malik-and-vipra-mehta-crowned-miss-diva-2024-winners-8833847 | title=Ayushree Malik and Vipra Mehta crowned Miss Diva 2024 winners | publisher=[[WION]] | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/liva-miss-diva-2024-announces-its-winners-historic-night-of-fashion-talent-and-triumph-indias-most-promising-stars-in-beauty-fashion-design-and-content-creation-article-118799142 | title=LIVA Miss Diva 2024 announces its winners - Meet India's most promising stars in beauty, fashion design, and content creation, Historic night of fashion, talent and triumph! | publisher=[[ET Now]] | work=Prashant V Singh | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Miss Cosmo 2025 ===

Mehta represented India at [[Miss Cosmo 2025]], which took place in late 2025 in Vietnam where she placed among the Top 21 finalists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-cosmo/indias-vipra-mehta-advances-to-top-21-at-miss-cosmo-2025/articleshow/153323020.cms | title=India's Vipra Mehta Advances to Top 21 at Miss Cosmo 2025 | publisher=Femina Beauty Pageants | date=20 December 2025 | accessdate=22 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/usas-yolina-lindquist-crowned-miss-cosmo-2025-in-vietnam-india-s-vipra-mehta-finishes-in-the-top-21-101766283888258.html|title=USA's Yolina Lindquist crowned Miss Cosmo 2025 in Vietnam; India's Vipra Mehta finishes in the top 21|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=21 December 2025|accessdate=24 December 2025}}</ref>

== Film ==
Mehta appeared in the movie ''Kesar Kasturi'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/kesar-kasturi-film-posterlaunch-7165852 | title=A glimpse of Rajasthani culture will be seen in 'Kesar Kasturi' | publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] | work=Rakhi Hajela | date=10 November 2021 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm14255126}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=Rajashree Dowarah}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Diva|Miss Cosmo India]]
|years=[[Miss Diva 2024|2025]]}}
{{S-aft|after=Avani Kakekochhi }}
{{S-end}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Miss Cosmo 2025 delegates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Vipra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Miss Cosmo 2025 contestants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sadanam P. V. Balakrishnan

2026-02-10T03:14:28Z

Yashpaul0: creating details...

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali dancer (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sadanam P. V. Balakrishnan
| image = A portrait of Shri Sadanam P.V. Balakrishnan who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Kathakali Dance by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg
| caption = Sadanam P. V. Balakrishnan
| birth_date = {{birth year and age |1944}}
| birth_place = [[Taliparamba]], [[Malabar district]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Kathakali exponent
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| parents = A. V. Krishnan, Umayamma
| children =
| years_active=
| awards= {{bullet list|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2003)|[[Padma Shri]] (2024)|Kerala state Kathakali award (2020)|[[Kerala Kalamandalam]] fellowship (2017)|Kerala Kalamandalam Award (2007)}}
}}

'''Sadanam Puthiya Veettil Balakrishnan''' popularly known as '''Sadanam Balakrishnan''' is an exponent of [[Kathakali]], a form of Indian classical dance, from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He has received several notable awards, including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2003, Kerala state Kathakali award in 2020, and [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] fellowship in 2017. Balakrishnan taught Kathakali at the International Center for Kathakali in [[Delhi]] from 1974 to 2006 and became the Principal of Perur Gandhi Seva Sadanam in 1980. He has written four books. In 2024, he received [[Padma Shri]] the fourth-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[Republic of India]].

==Biography==
Puthiya Veettil Balakrishnan was born in 1944 in [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur district]] to A. V. Krishnan and Umayamma.<ref name="danceindia"/><ref name="kathakali">{{cite web |title=സദനം ബാലകൃഷ്ണന്‍ |url=https://kathakali.info/ml/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D |website=kathakali.info |access-date=2022-01-19 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119114756/https://kathakali.info/ml/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D |url-status=live }}</ref> His Kathakali training began at the age of eleven, when he was a seventh-grade student at Kurumathur School.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam">{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Babu P. |title=ജീവശ്വാസംകൊണ്ട് അഭിനയിക്കുന്നയാള്‍ |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/essays/life-of-kathakali-legend-sadanam-balakrishnan |work=Samakalika Malayalam |agency=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 April 2024 |language=ml}}</ref> His first teacher was Kondiveetil Narayanan Nair.<ref name="Manorama2">{{cite news |title=പത്മശ്രീ എത്തിച്ചത് കഥകളിയിലെ വൈഭവം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kannur/2024/01/26/sadanam-balakrishnan-padma-shri-award.html |work=പത്മശ്രീ എത്തിച്ചത് കഥകളിയിലെ വൈഭവം |language=ml}}</ref>

Kurumathur Narayanan Namboothiripad, the manager of the school where he studied and the landlord of his native place, played a major role in encouraging and nurturing him from the very beginning.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> From the age of 12, Narayanan Namboothiripad arranged his accommodation at his own house, along with food, and facilities for Kathakali training.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> Even the [[Dakṣiṇā|dakshina]] given to the Guru for his debut was given by Namboodiripad.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> It was Namboodiripad who later forced him to send in applications for admission to the Perur Gandhi Seva Sadan Kathakali School and [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] and ensured the expenses for him to attend the interviews.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

Although he passed the interview at Kalamandalam, he decided to study at Sadanam since he had been admitted to the institution the day before.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> He underwent intensive training for 10 years at the Gandhi Seva Sadan Kathakali Academy under [[Thekkinkattil Ravunni Nair]] and [[Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]], with a Central Government Scholarship.<ref name="Manorama2"/><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Keshavdas |first1=Sanjana |title=Sadanam Balakrishnan looks back on his career |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kathakali-maestro-sadanam-balakrishnan-looks-back-on-his-75-years-in-the-arts/article28618800.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 July 2019 |language=en-IN |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119095143/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kathakali-maestro-sadanam-balakrishnan-looks-back-on-his-75-years-in-the-arts/article28618800.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Personal life===
Balakrishnan is married to Janaki.<ref name="Manoramanews">{{cite news |title=67 വർഷത്തെ കഥകളി ജീവിതത്തിനുള്ള അംഗീകാരം; പത്മശ്രീ നിറവില്‍ സദനം |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/kerala/latest/2024/01/26/sadanam-balakrishnan-about-his-kadhakali-life.html |work=Manoramanews |date=26 January 2024}}</ref> They have two son, Prasad and Pradeep.<ref name="Manorama2"/> A native of Kannur, he now lives in Kochi with his son.<ref name="Manoramanews"/>

==Career==
Balakrishnan is specialized in the ''Kalluvazhi'' style of Kathakali performance.<ref name="Akademi"/> He has worked as an artist and teacher at institutions like Parassinikkadavu Muthappan Kathakali Yogam, Gandhi Seva Sadan Kathakali Academy, Perur.<ref name="Manorama2"/>

Balakrishnan has adapted stories from many languages, including Greek, English, French, Hindi, and Tamil, into [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]] form and performed according to that.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> He has done Aattakatha adaptation of French writer [[Pierre Corneille]]'s famous tragic play [[Le Cid]], under the title 'Maharathi', and performed as Kathakali.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> [[Psyché (play)|Psyché]], written by Corneille and Molière, was adapted and presented under the title 'Sumana'.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> He has also adapted and performed [[William Shakespeare]]'s '[[Othello]]' and '[[Macbeth]]' as well as [[Euripides]]' Greek plays 'Alcistes' and 'Helen'.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

He has collaborated with the organization SPIC MACAY for over forty years in conducting Kathakali and lecture demonstrations across India and abroad, and has worked for many years for the promotion and promotion of Kathakali through central government institutions such as CCRT and [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR]].<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/>

Balakrishnan joined as a teacher in Kathakali at the International Center for Kathakali in Delhi in 1974, took charge as its Principal and Chief Artiste in 1980 and retired in 2006.<ref name="Akademi">{{cite web |title=SADANAM P.V: BALAKRISHNAN |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/S_P_V_Balakrishnan.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=2022-01-19 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050048/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/S_P_V_Balakrishnan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After the retirement of Keezpadam Kumaran Nair in 1980, he became the Principal of Perur Gandhi Seva Sadanam.<ref name="kathakali"/> He proved his mettle in all disciplines of Kathakali including acting, choreography, direction and teaching.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Admin |first1=Super |title=Sadanam P.V. Balakrishnan |url=http://ccrt.addsofttech.com/artists_profile/sadanam-p-v-balakrishnan/ |website=CCRT |language=en |access-date=2022-01-19 |archive-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120060739/http://ccrt.addsofttech.com/artists_profile/sadanam-p-v-balakrishnan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Books written==
Balakrishnan has also written four books. Among the published books, ''Kathakali'' ({{cite book |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Sadanam |title=Kathakali |date=2004 |publisher=Wisdom Tree |isbn=978-81-86685-13-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJ_wPgAACAAJ |language=en}}) is part of a series on the six classical Indian dances, published by Wisdom Tree and another ''Kathakali: A Practitioner’s Perspective'' was published by Poorna Publications.<ref name="danceindia">{{cite web |title=A MAN OF COMMITMENT FROM GOD'S OWN COUNTRY |url=https://thedanceindia.com/2235-2/ |website=THE DANCE INDIA |date=14 November 2020 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050102/https://thedanceindia.com/2235-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Two books are about to publish soon. One is a compilation of 14 [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]] texts and other is about his Guru Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Awards and honors==
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2003<ref name="Akademi"/>
*Kerala state Kathakali award 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=വാഴേങ്കട വിജയനും സദനം ബാലകൃഷ്ണനും സംസ്ഥാന കഥകളി പുരസ്കാരം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2021/02/16/state-kathakali-awards.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=2022-01-19 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119095137/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2021/02/16/state-kathakali-awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Kerala Kalamandalam]] fellowship 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=സദനം ബാലകൃഷ്ണന് കലാമണ്ഡലം ഫെലോഷിപ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/announcements/2017/11/04/Kalamandalam-awards-announced.html |work=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2022-01-19 |archive-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119222628/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/announcements/2017/11/04/Kalamandalam-awards-announced.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Kerala Kalamandalam Award 2007<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Natyarathanam Kannan Pattali Kathakali Trust's Natyacharya Award 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=കഥകളി ആചാര്യൻ സദനം കൃഷ്ണൻ കുട്ടിക്ക് നാട്യാചാര |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/12/12/469766.html |work=Kairali News |date=12 December 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050050/https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/12/12/469766.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Swathi Thirunal Nadalaya Award 1986<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Mookambika Kathakali Vidyalaya Award 2003<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Natana Bhaskara Award 2003 from Bharata Kalanjali and Bhaskara<ref name="danceindia"/>
* 2006 "Guru Pattikamthodi Smaraka Puraskara" from Gandhi Seva Sadanam Kathakali Academy<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Natyakalaratnam and Gold Medal from Mattannur Mahadeva Kshetram & Mattannur Pancha Vadya Sangham 2007<ref name="danceindia"/>
*"Guru Sree" Award from Kaladarpan 2008<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Kalamandalam Krishnan Kutty Poduval Smaraka Award 2009<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Dr. K.N.Pisharody Smaraka Award 2010 from K.N. Pisharody Smaraka Kathakali Club<ref name="danceindia"/>
*"Nritya Sagaram Award" 2015 from Cleveland Bhairavi Finance Society<ref name="danceindia"/>
*First International Center for Kathakali Award 2015<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Gold Medal in the event ''Mudralaya'' in London 1990<ref name="danceindia"/>
*Padma Shri in arts in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=പത്മശ്രീ എത്തിച്ചത് കഥകളിയിലെ വൈഭവം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kannur/2024/01/26/sadanam-balakrishnan-padma-shri-award.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=പത്മശ്രീ എത്തിച്ചത് കഥകളിയിലെ വൈഭവം |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishnan, Sadanam P. V.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Mu Eka Tumara

2026-01-30T19:19:30Z

Yashpaul0: added new pg!

{{Short description|2013 Odia film directed by Sushant Mani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mu Eka Tumara
| image = File:Mun eka tumara.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Susant Mani]]
| producer = Sitaram Agrawal,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaboutmusic.in/sitaram-agarwal-2/|title = Sitaram Agarwal|date = 18 August 2019}}</ref> Namita Agrawal
| starring = [[Sabyasachi Mishra|Sabyasachi]]<br />[[Archita Sahu|Archita]]<br />[[Mihir Das]]<br />[[Bijay Mohanty]]<br />[[Mahasweta Ray]]<br />[[Usashi Mishra]]
| music = [[Bikash Das]]
| cinematography = Abhiram Mishra
| distributor = [[Sarthak Production]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|6|14}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| editing = [[Sukumar Mani]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}4.16 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itsboxoffice.com/506910/highest-collecting-ollywood-language-film-industry|title=Top 10 Highest Collecting Films in Ollywood(The Odia Language Film Industry)}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mu Eka Tumara''''' ({{langx|en|I am only for you}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Odia language|Odia]] language [[romantic drama film]]. The film is written by Sidharth and directed by [[Susant Mani]] and stars [[Sabyasachi Mishra|Sabyasachi]] and [[Archita Sahu|Archita]] in their Seventh movie together. This film won the Best [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia film]], Best Oriya Direction, [[Sabyasachi Mishra|Best Oriya Actor (Male)]] and [[Archita Sahu|Best Oriya Actor (Female)]] categories in the [[Filmfare Awards East]] 2013. The film was a remake of 2003 Kannada blockbuster film ''[[Chandra Chakori]]'' starring [[Sriimurali|Sri Murali]].

==Plot==
The Movie premise is of a big [[Odia people|Odia]] wedding where Virendra ([[Mihir Das]])'s son Mahesh (Debashis) is all set to marry Pratap (Prutiviraj Nayak)'s daughter Chitralekha ([[Archita Sahu|Archita]]). Both families have come together to stay at Virendra's farm-house for the next four days for this grand wedding. Introduced here is Raju ([[Sabyasachi Mishra|Sabyasachi]]) who works as a [[Domestic worker|servant]] at Virendra's place. Raju is an innocent person who can hear and understand everything but is unable to speak a word. Circumstances lead to Raju rescuing Chitra from danger. Later Chitra finds out that Raju is not a natural mute. He can actually speak but has chosen not to utter a word due to unknown reasons. After knowing about Raju's past, Chitra fall in love with him. She decides to marry Raju instead of Mahesh. The reason behind Raju's Mutism and the consequences thereafter form the crux of the movie.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sabyasachi Mishra|Sabyasachi]] as Raju
*[[Archita Sahu|Archita]] as Chitralekha
*[[Bijay Mohanty]]
*[[Mihir Das]] as Virendra
*Debasis as Mahesh
*Prutiviraj Nayak as Pratap
*Priyanka
*Ushashi Mishra
*Satyaki Mishra
*[[Harihara Mahapatra|Harihara Mohapatra]]
*Mahasweta
}}

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mun Eka Tumara
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bikash Das]]
| cover =
| released = 9 June 2013 (India)
| recorded = Sarthak Music
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[Sitaram Agrawal]]
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Fullorissa]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}}
}}

Music has been well composed by Bikash Das

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Song !! Artist !!Length
|-
|"Tuma bina kaha ku " || [[Udit Narayan]] & [[Namita Agrawall]] ||05:02
|-
|"Dine Ei Ranga" || [[Saurin Bhatt]] & [[Namita Agrawall]] ||04.48
|-
|"Mu Eka Tumara " || [[Udit Narayan]] & [[Namita Agrawall]] ||05:02
|-
|"Suna Jhia Mo Sate" || ||
|-
|"Maalo Mali Bichha" || ||
|-
|"Kiese Kahinki" || ||
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odiahits.com/odia-film/mun-eka-tumara/|title=Mu Eka Tumara|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=OdiaHits.com 2013|access-date=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2986548}}
* [http://muekatumara.fullodisha.com/ Official Website of Mu eka tumara]
* [http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=40906 Mun eka tumara]
* [http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/mahurat-of-mun-eka-tumara-held.html Muhurat of mun eka tumara]

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Films set in Odisha]]
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Susant Mani]]

Walter Samuel Millard

2026-01-29T19:20:45Z

Yashpaul0: creating new details

{{short description|British naturalist}}
[[File:Wsmillardpicture.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Walter Samuel Millard (1864–1952), driving force behind [[Bombay Natural History Society|Bombay Natural History Society's]] ''Mammal Survey'' of the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]

'''Walter Samuel Millard''' (1864–1952) was a British [[entrepreneur]] and [[Natural history|naturalist]] who was honorary secretary of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], editor of the ''[[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]]'' from 1906 to 1920, co-author (with [[Ethelbert Blatter]]) of the classic, ''Some Beautiful Indian Trees'', and the driving force behind the Mammal Survey of the [[Indian subcontinent]] conducted by the society between 1911 and 1923.

==Early life==
Millard, the seventh son of Rev. J.H. Millard, was born in [[Huntingdon]], [[England]] in 1864. He came out to [[Bombay]] at age 20 to assist in the wine business of [[H. M. Phipson|Herbert (Musgrave) Phipson]], then Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and the editor of its journal. Joining the Society in 1893, he was made assistant editor of the Journal. Upon Phipson's retirement in 1906, Millard became editor and remained so until 1920.<ref name=kinnear>{{cite journal|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/186193#page/1155/mode/thumb|author=Kinnear, N.B. |year= 1952|title=W. S. Millard|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=50|issue=4304 |pages=910–913}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/169690b0 | title=Mr. W. S. Millard | year=1952 | last1=Kinnear | first1=N. B. | journal=Nature | volume=169 | issue=4304 | page=690 | pmid=14956984 | bibcode=1952Natur.169..690K | s2cid=29652369 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Millard was married to a woman named Sybilla, who had a species of [[flying squirrel]] named after her, the [[Chindwin giant flying squirrel]], ''Petaurista sybilla''.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A new Flying Squirrel from the Chin Hills | year=1916 | last1=Thomas| first1=O. |last2=Wroughton| first2=R.C.| journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| volume=24 | page=423-424|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30152380#page/511/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Journal editor and gardening==
During the years of Phipson's editorship, the ''Journal of BNHS'' had emerged as the premier natural history journal in Asia. Although other excellent Asian journals in the field were being published during Millard's editorial tenure, the ''Journal of BNHS'' remained the only one with both scholarly ''and'' general interest articles. During this time the Society began to publish serial articles from the ''Journal'' in book form. One of the best received such books was [[E. C. Stuart Baker|Stuart Baker's]] [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001502120 ''Indian Ducks and their Allies''] (1908).<ref name=kinnear/>

Millard's main [[avocation]] was gardening, especially the cultivation of flowering trees. He is credited with introducing the Burmese ''[[Cassia renigera]]'', the ''[[Pterocarpus indicus]]'', and the South American ''[[Gliricidia maculata]]'' to the city of Bombay. Upon his suggestion, Fr. [[Ethelbert Blatter]], [[Society of Jesus|SJ]], Principal and Professor of Botany at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College]], Bombay, wrote the series ''Palms of India'' for the ''Journal''. A few years later Blatter and Millard coauthored the series ''Some Beautiful Indian Trees'', resulting in a book of the same name, which has since become a classic, and remains in print.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blatter|first1=Ethelbert|last2=Millard|first2=Walter Samuel|authorlink1=Ethelbert Blatter|author-link2=Walter Samuel Millard|title=Some Beautiful Indian Trees|date=1954|orig-date=1937|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U660AAAAIAAJ|isbn= 978-0195621624}}</ref> [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]] credited his initiation into ornithology as a young boy to Millard, who helped identify a [[yellow-throated sparrow]] he had shot.<ref>Ali, S. (1985). ''The fall of a sparrow''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref>

==Mammal survey==
[[R. C. Wroughton]], who, after retiring from the [[Indian Forest Service]], was studying [[mammals]] at the [[British Museum]], began to correspond with Millard and urged him to employ a ''collector'' (and [[taxidermist]]) for collecting small mammals for the Society. In 1910, C. A. Crump who had just arrived in Bombay offered his services as collector. Calling an urgent meeting of the Society, Millard helped build consensus for both employing Crump and launching a fund drive for a mammal survey. Within a year, enough funds had been raised to hire four full-time collectors, and with that the ''Mammal Survey'' began. Lasting 12 years, the survey helped build collections that became the basis for [[Reginald Innes Pocock|R.I. Pocock's]] two volumes, ''Mammalia'', in the series'' [[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]''. Both the commencement and the success of the survey depended largely on Millard's fund-raising and organizational work; this, he undertook in addition to his work as editor of the ''Journal'' and as manager of his employer's wine business, Messrs. Phipson and Co.<ref name=kinnear/>

Millard was an early conservationist. Through his efforts, a "close time" was established for the hunting of certain birds, and other animals were given extra protection. After he left India in 1920, Millard spent many years in retirement, managing the Bombay Natural History Society's business in London. Millard died on 21 March 1952.

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Millard, Walter Samuel}}
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]

Himachal Road Transport Corporation

2026-01-25T03:58:48Z

Yashpaul0: brief improved citations based on references additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|State owned road Transport Corporation of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox bus company
| name = Himachal Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
| logo =HRTCHP.jpg
| logo_size =150px
| image = HRTC Bus.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption =Bus in Shimla's Old Bus Stand
| parent = [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
| founded = {{start date|1958}} as Mandi-Kullu Road Transport Corporation ( HRTC 02-10-1974)
| commenced =
| ceased =
| defunct =
| headquarters = HRTC Head Office, Shimla-171003,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/page/Contact-Us.aspx |title=Contact Us |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504053546/http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/page/Contact-Us.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| locale = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| service_area = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[New Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]
| service_type = Bus service
| service =
| alliance =
| routes = 3,700<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/loss-making-hrtc-to-privatise-107-routes-637186/ |title=Himachal: Loss-making HRTC to privatise 107 routes }}</ref>
| stops =
| destinations =
| hubs =
| lounge =
| depots =
| fleet = 3,302<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/loss-making-hrtc-to-privatise-107-routes-637186/ |title=Himachal: Loss-making HRTC to privatise 107 routes }}</ref>
| ridership = 
| annual_ridership =
| fuel_type = Diesel, Electric
| operator =
| ceo =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| website = [http://www.hrtchp.com/ www.hrtchp.com]
}}

'''Himachal Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation''', also referred to as '''HPSRTC''', is the state-owned [[road transport]] corporation of the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Himachal-Roadways-strike-ends/article14425038.ece|title=State owned Himachal Road Transport Corporation (HRTC) strike ends|website=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/25/himachal-road-transport-corporation-buses-still-not-plying-on-nearly-47-per-cent-routes-minister-bi-2227957.html|title=Himachal Road Transport Corporation (HRTC) buses still not playing on some routes|website=thenewindianexpress.com}}</ref> HRTC provides bus services to towns and cities within Himachal Pradesh and the adjoining and nearby states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Rajasthan]]. HRTC is one of the first RTC's in India to offer a facility for online booking of tickets for all types of buses.

==History==
The corporation was jointly founded by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]], [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Indian Railways|Railways]] as Mandi-Kullu Road Transport Corporation in 1958 to operate in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The corporation was merged with Himachal Govt. Transport
on 2 October 1974 and was renamed as Himachal Road Transport Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/page/History.aspx |title=History |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-date=1 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501010210/http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/page/History.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Supporting infrastructure==
HRTC has its corporate office at [[Shimla]] and four divisional offices at [[Shimla]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] and [[Dharamshala]], each having integrated workshop. It has 31 [[Bus station|depots]] each with a regional workshop and 11 sub-depots. HRTC also owns 3 bus body building units along with 3 [[Tire|tyre]] pre-cure re-treading plants at Mandi, [[Parwanoo]] and Jassur.
HRTC routinely upgrades driving skills of its staff and train new drivers at its Driver Training Institutes located at Jassur, Mandi, Taradevi, Hamirpur, [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Sarkaghat]] and [[Kullu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/page/Infrastructure.aspx |title=Infrastructure |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414011815/http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/page/Infrastructure.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Operating Conditions ==
Other than regular services connecting Himachal to Chandigarh, Delhi and Haridwar; HRTC operates buses on some of the highest motorable roads in the world. These routes include Leh-Delhi, Shimla-Kaza, Kullu-Kaza, Manali – Reckongpeo, Shri Chintpurni Ji - Khatu Shyam and others. The Leh-Delhi routes operated by HRTC is 1203 km long and is the longest route by any RTC in India with a travel time of approx. 36 hours. The roads to Keylong & leh are also termed as the world's most treacherous roads.

==Fleet==

HRTC has a fleet of 3302 buses running on around 3700 routes within and outside the state & has categorized its buses into 5 categories as

* HIMSUTA- [[Volvo Buses]] & [[Scania AB]] buses
* HIMGAURAV- [[Isuzu]] and Deluxe AC buses
* HIMMANI-[[Ashok Leyland]] Deluxe (Non-AC) buses
* HIM TARANG- (Electric buses)
* HIM DHARA-(AC-ORDINARY 3×2) [[Ashok Leyland]]
* ORDINARY and mini/local city buses [[Tata Marcopolo]], [[Ashok Leyland]][that ply in association with [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|JnNURM]] to fulfill urban transportation needs.]

===HIMSUTA (HRTC [[Volvo]] & [[Scania AB]]) ===

HRTC was the first operator in North India to start Volvo services on Shimla-Delhi and Manali-Delhi routes in 2005 on trial basis. The total Volvo and Scania AB fleet currently stands at 100+ buses with daily buses running from Delhi to Shimla, Manali, Dharamshala, Joginder Nagar, Baijnath, Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Mandi, Nalagarh, Chintpurni, Jawala Ji, Pathankot, Chamba, Una, Palampur, Rewalsar, Bir, Rohru, Jispa, Paonta Sahib and Sarkaghat. Also some new routes are started from Chandigarh Airport to Shimla, Manali, Dharmshala. Also new route started from Mata Vaishno Devi Katra to Shimla. HRTC's 'Himsuta' bus fleet include the Volvo 9400 model made on B7R/B8R chassis, Volvo 9600 made on B8R chassis and Scania AB Metrolink HD 12.0m. These 12 meter buses have ten rows of luxury semi-sleeper seats and charging ports. Additional facilities include free Wifi, entertainment on board and water bottles. The buses are also equipped with CCTV camera's for passenger security.

=== HIMGAURAV (Air-conditioned Deluxe buses) ===

HRTC operates air-conditioned Deluxe buses with 2X2 seating configuration on all important routes including Delhi-Shimla, Delhi-Manali, Delhi-Dharamshala and others. The buses also run on a few intrastate routes including Manali-Shimla. Besides the 11.4 meter luxury Isuzu buses, this class also includes buses built by [http://www.jcbl.com JCBL] and Amar on 210", 243" and 222" WB chassis by TATA or Ashok Leyland. The buses are provided with 35 comfortable and luxurious passenger seats with pushback.

=== HIM-MANI (NON AC – Deluxe buses) ===

HRTC operates Deluxe buses with 2X2 seating configuration on Delhi-Dehra, Delhi-Shimla, Delhi-Manali, Delhi-Dharamshala, Delhi-Joginder nagar, Delhi-Baijnath, Delhi-Dharampur, Chamba-Shimla, Chamba-Deheradun, Deheradun-Shimla and Manali-Shimla routes. The buses are provided with 31 comfortable and luxurious passenger seats with pushback. Along with LED facility, charging ports are available for each seat.

=== ORDINARY Buses ===

HRTC operates 47 and 37 seater ordinary buses on all routes. The buses come in 2X3 seating configuration and ply on ordinary fare. The buses are manufactured by ACGL and Tata Marcopolo on TATA 1512 (BS3) and 1613 (BS4) chassis. In 2022, 150 New Ashok Leyland build by SMK Prakash added in the fleet with USB charging for every seat in 47 and 37 seat configuration, Moreover In 2023, 150 TATA ACGL buses also introduced by Government in 47 and 28 seat configuration, All are these buses complies BS6 emission norms.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.hrtcbustiming.com/|title=Services offered by HRTC|access-date=27 June 2022|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204181133/https://www.hrtcbustiming.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== JnNURM (City buses) ===

The bus are purchased from TATA and Ashok-leyland. The buses are provided with 2X2 passenger seats. The buses are fitted with digital destination boards. The buses are also fitted with air Brakes and power steering. and a new technology is added like automated doors etc.

=== HIM-DHARA (AC-ORDINARY Buses)===
Made by Ashok Leyland and Body by Prakash. Purchased in may/June 2022. Currently in operation.Some routes are Joginder Nagar-Chandigarh, Mandi-Delhi, Sundernagar-Chamba, Shimla-Delhi, Palampur-Delhi, Joginder Nagar- Ludhiana, Mcleodganj-Delhi, Manali-Jammu, Dharampur-Delhi, Hamirpur-Delhi, Dehradun-chandigarh, Poanta sahib-Delhi, Shimla-Dehradun etc. Seat capacity is 51. Buses are provided with 3×2 passenger seat. Air conditioning above every seat and 2 USB post in every column.2 cctvs, first aids and co2 cylinders. Bus is BS6 type and have 2 entry gates.

=== HIM TARANG (Electric buses) ===

Made by Goldstone, the buses are capable of running 250 km on a single charge. However, that depends on road conditions and driving style. Apart from the zero emission completely electric, the bus also comes equipped with several advanced technologies. Named as ‘Him Tarang’ the bus runs between the Manali and Rohtang Pass as part of the state government's initiative to save the environment. It covers this 50 km route regularly which is very popular among the tourists. With the initiative, this electric bus is the first zero emission bus that runs at the highest place anywhere in the world. Also, recently it has been introduced in local routes in Shimla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/goldstone-infratechs-electric-bus-joins-hrtc-fleet/article19738227.ece|title=Goldstone infratechs Electric Bus joins Himachal Road Transport Corporation (HRTC) fleet|website=thehindu.com}}</ref>

==List of depots with Division ==
Following are the HRTC depots Of Himachal Pradesh:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Depot'''
|'''Division'''
|-
|[[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]
|[[Dharmshala]]
|-
|[[Keylong]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|-
|[[Dharmshala]]
|[[Dharmshala]]
|-
|[[Palampur]]
|[[Dharmshala]]
|-
|[[Pathankot]]
|[[Dharmshala]]
|-
|[[Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh|Baijnath]]
|[[Dharmshala]]
|-
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]]
|[[Dharmshala]]
|-
|[[Jogindernagar]]
|[[Dharmshala]]
|-
|[[Jaisinghpur]]
|[[Dharamshala]]
|-
|Sansarpur Terrece
|[[Dharamshala]]
|-
|[[Dera Gopipur|Dehra]]
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|-
|[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|-
|[[Sundernagar]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|-
|[[Kullu]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|-
|[[Karsog]]
|[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|-
|[[Sarkaghat]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|-
|[[Dharmpur, Mandi|Dharampur]]
|[[Mandi district|Mandi]]
|-
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|[[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|-
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|-
|[[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|[[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|-
|[[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh|Rampur]]
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Shimla]]-1
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Shimla]]-2
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Shimla]]-3
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Rohru]]
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Solan]]
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Nalagarh]]
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|-
|[[Parwanoo]]
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Nerwa, Shimla|Nerwa]]
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Nahan]]
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|[[Reckong Peo]]
|[[Shimla]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/default.aspx Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428120644/http://hrtc.gov.in/hrtc/default.aspx |date=28 April 2016 }}
*[http://www.asrtu.org/ Association of State Road Transport Undertakings (ASRTU)]
{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}

{{State owned road transport companies in India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State agencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1958]]

Kanyakumari

2026-01-21T14:58:57Z

Yashpaul0:

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Other uses|Kanyakumari (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanyakumari
| settlement_type = Town
| other_name = Cape Comorin
| official_name = Kanniyakumari
| image_skyline = Vivekananda Rock Memorial, Kanyakumari.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Vivekananda Rock Memorial, Kanyakumari
| nicknames = Kumari, Thiruvenisangam
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.088300|N|77.538500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Devi Kanya Kumari]]
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Kanyakumari Municipality
| leader_title = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name = Alagumeena R, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = [[District magistrate|District commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Stalin R, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 25.89
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 60
| population_total = 29761
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_density_km2 = 665
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 629 702
| area_code = 91-4652 & 91-4651
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN 74 & TN 75
| website = {{URL|www.kanniyakumari.nic.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| leader_name2 = [[Vijay Vasanth]]
| leader_title2 = Member of Parliament
| leader_name3 = [[Thalavai Sundaram]]
| leader_title3 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name4 =Kumari Stephen
| leader_title4 = Municipality leader
}}

'''Kanyakumari''' ({{Lit|The virgin Girl}}, referring to [[Devi Kanya Kumari]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almeida |first1=Elita|date=5 April 2017 |title=48 hours in Kanyakumari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/48-hours-in-kanyakumari/articleshow/53632853.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> officially known as '''Kanniyakumari''',<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kanniyakumari' is now official spelling |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2016/05/12/kanniyakumari-is-now-official-spelling |work=[[DT Next]] |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> formerly known as '''Cape Comorin''')<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bawa |first1=Sameer |date=11 March 2019 |title=Comorin with a casual vibe is offering comfort food that one just can't say no to |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/delhi/2019/Mar/11/comorin-with-a-casual-vibe-is-offering-comfort-food-that-one-just-cant-say-no-to-1949517.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> is a town and municipality in [[Kanyakumari district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is the southernmost tip of the contiguous [[Indian subcontinent]] and the southernmost city in [[mainland India]], and thus it is informally referred to as "The Land's End".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Land's End of India Kanyakumari |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/The-Land-s-End-of-India-Kanyakumari/131-125421 |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=Daily Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Kanyakumari town is about {{Convert|90|km|mi|}} from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and {{convert|20|km|mi|}} south of [[Nagercoil]], the headquarters of Kanyakumari district.

Kanyakumari is a popular tourist destination and [[pilgrimage]] centre in India. Notable tourist spots include its unique sunrise and sunset points, the {{convert|133|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}} ''[[Thiruvalluvar Statue]]'', and [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] off the coast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel |url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/india-getaways-16-reasons-why-you-should-be-holidaying-in-tamil-nadu/ |website=National Geographic |access-date=20 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Lying at the tip of peninsular India, the town is bordered on the west, south, and east by the [[Laccadive Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|page=21|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> It has a coastline of {{Convert|71.5|km|mi|}} stretched along these three sides.<ref>[https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/ Kanniyakumari]</ref>

On the shores of the city is a temple dedicated to the [[Hindu deities|goddess]] [[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kanya Kumari]] (the unmarried goddess), after which the town is named.<ref name="thehinduimages.com">{{Cite web |title=The eternal charm of Kanyakumari, that is situated at the tip of peninsular India... |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=157918128 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=The Hindu Images}}</ref> Kanyakumari has been a town since the [[Sangam period]] and was referred to in old [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam literature]] and in the accounts of [[Ptolemy]] and [[Marco Polo]].<ref name="thehinduimages.com"/><ref name="kanaka">{{cite book | last =Kanakasabhai | first =V | title =The Malayalees Eighteen Hundred Years Ago | publisher =Asian Educational Services |year=1997 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&q=malayalam&pg=PA1 | isbn =8120601505 | page =10 }}</ref><ref name="shinu">{{cite journal | last =Abraham | first =Shinu | title =Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India. | journal =Asian Perspectives | volume =42 |year=2003 | issue =2 | pages =207–223 | doi =10.1353/asi.2003.0031 | hdl =10125/17189 | s2cid =153420843 | url =https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=GfpTLJYcL1XJGP4Vv1mSvT1hvmCvCxGMhrrDBZ23l2vmKVN1JkYG!-2096127210?docId=5002047766| hdl-access =free | url-access =subscription }}</ref>

==History==
{{main| Kanya Kumari Temple}}

===Etymology===
The place derives its name from the [[Hindu deities|goddess]] [[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kanya Kumari]], considered to be the sister of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KanniyaKumari - Etymology |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kanyakumari#:~:text=The%20place%20gets%20its%20name,Kanniyakumari%20was%20shortened%20to%20Comorin.}}</ref> The goddess is believed to remove the rigidity from the mind, and women pray for marriage at her temple. In 1656, the [[Dutch East India Company]] conquered [[Portuguese Ceylon]] from the [[Portuguese East Indies]], and the name eventually corrupted to "Comorin" and was called "Cape Comorin" during [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari - Etymology |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kanyakumari#:~:text=The%20place%20gets%20its%20name,Kanniyakumari%20was%20shortened%20to%20Comorin.}}</ref> In 2016, the town and its district were renamed to "Kanniyakumari" by the [[Government of India]] and the [[Madras State|Government of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=13 May 2016 |title=It is now officially Kanniyakumari |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/it-is-now-officially-kanniyakumari/article8598255.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=8 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanniyakumari District, Government of TamilNadu {{!}} Land of Cash Crops {{!}} India |url=https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/ |work=kanniyakumari.nic.in |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

===Legend ===
According to a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] legend, [[Kanya Devi]], an [[avatar]] of [[Parvati]], was to marry [[Shiva]], who failed to show up on his wedding day. Rice and other grains meant for the wedding feast remained uncooked and unused.<ref name="Legends of Kanya Kumari- Amritapuri"/> The uncooked grains turned into stones as time went by. Some believe that the small stones on the shore today, which look like rice, are indeed grains from the wedding that was never solemnised. Kanya Devi is now considered a virgin goddess who blesses pilgrims and tourists who flock to the town. Her temple in Kanyakumari is a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]]: a holy shrine in the [[Shaktism]] tradition of Hinduism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaktipeeth|url=http://zeenews.india.com/navratra2012/Shaktipeeth.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210250/http://zeenews.india.com/navratra2012/Shaktipeeth.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=6 April 2016|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2019|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Divyanshi|title=Navratri 2019: Know the origin and existence of the 51 Shaktipeethas|url=https://zeenews.india.com/culture/navratri-2019-know-the-origin-and-existence-of-the-51-shaktipeethas-2238173.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228122250/https://zeenews.india.com/culture/navratri-2019-know-the-origin-and-existence-of-the-51-shaktipeethas-2238173.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shankar|first=Ravi|date=26 September 2021|title=Motherlodes of Power: The story of India's 'Shakti Peethas'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926061553/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Upadhyay|first=Lipi|date=23 September 2017|title=Navratri for travellers: Visit these 51 Shakti-peeths and learn about their significance|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/festivals/story/navratri-durga-puja-51-shakti-peeths-shiva-sati-amarnath-kamakhya-kolkata-kalighat-lifetr-1050105-2017-09-23|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228135918/https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/festivals/story/navratri-durga-puja-51-shakti-peeths-shiva-sati-amarnath-kamakhya-kolkata-kalighat-lifetr-1050105-2017-09-23}}</ref>

According to another Hindu legend, [[Hanuman]] dropped a piece of earth near Kanyakumari as he was carrying a mountain with his life-saving herb, Mrita Sanjivani, from the Himalayas to Lanka ([[Sri Lanka]]) during the [[Ramayana|Ramayana War]]. The fallen earth formed an area called [[Marunthuvazh Malai]], literally "hills where medicine lives". This legend explains the abundance of unique native medicinal plants in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236612162|title=Natural products used by the Kanikkars of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India|website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289102068|title=Medicinal plants of sacred groves in Kanyakumari district Southern Western Ghats|website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Marunthuvazh Malai is located near Kottaram, about {{convert|7|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Kanyakumari town on the Kanyakumari–Nagercoil highway. The sage [[Agasthya]], who was an expert in medicinal herbs, is believed to have lived around this site in ancient days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Kanyakumari, Tourist Places & Information, Thiruvalluvar Statue, Sun Rise & Sun Set |url=https://www.tamilselvi.com/History-Of-Kanyakumari.html |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=www.tamilselvi.com}}</ref>{{By whom|date=May 2022}} There is an [[ashram]] on the middle of the hillside; tourists trek up to visit the ashram and to glimpse the sea near Kanyakumari town, a few kilometres away.<ref name="Legends of Kanya Kumari- Amritapuri">{{cite web |url= http://www.amritapuri.org/3687/kanya-kumari.aum |title= Legends of Kanya Kumari |publisher= Amritapuri |date=8 February 2000 |access-date= 24 July 2013}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title= Religion in Kanyakumari town (2011)|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|61.16}}{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|DarkOrange|32.97}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|5.47}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.39}}}}As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Kanyakumari town consisted of 61.16% [[Christians]], 32.97% [[Hindus]], and 5.47% [[Muslims]].<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}, Town code: 803939, Area Name: Kanyakumari (TP); [https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS Table C-1 Tamil Nadu (XLS)]</ref> It had a population of 19,739, comprising 9,884 males and 9,855 females, making the sex ratio (number of females per thousand males) of the town 1,003. A total of 2,403 people were under six years of age and the child sex ratio (number of females per thousand males under six years of age) stood at 1,024. The town had an average literacy of 88.62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. There were a total of 4,236 households in the town.

As of 2001, Kanyakumari had a total of 5,929 main workers: 11 cultivators, 78 [[Farmer|agricultural labourers]], 66 in household industries, and 5,774 other workers. There were a total of 119 marginal workers: 4 marginal cultivators, 3 marginal agricultural labourers, 11 marginal workers in household industries, and 101 other marginal workers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Primary census abstract 2001 |url=http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations – Tamil Nadu |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217153857/http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2011 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{wide image|Kanyakumari - panoramic view.png|1000px|align-cap=center|Panoramic full view of the ''Thiruvalluvar Statue'' and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial, on the [[Laccadive Sea]]}}

Kanyakumari is located at {{Coord|8.08|N|77.57|E}} <ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Kanniyakumari.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Kanyakumari]</ref> and has an average elevation of 30 metres. The peninsular tip of Kanyakumari is bordered on three sides by the [[Laccadive Sea]]. It is located at the confluence of the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]]. The nearest city is [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala ({{convert|85|km|abbr=on|0}} away), and the nearest town is [[Nagercoil]], the administrative headquarters of [[Kanyakumari district]] ({{convert|22|km|abbr=on|0}} away).{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Kanyakumari is at the southern tip and is the southernmost point of the contiguous [[Indian subcontinent]]. As such, it is part of the common [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] phrase used to describe the length of India: "Kashmir se Kanyakumari"; before the partition, the phrase in [[colonial India|undivided India]] was "Khyber se Kanyakumari".<ref name="Rajghatta2017">{{cite news |last1=Rajghatta |first1=Chidanand |title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=23 June 2020 |language=en |date=27 June 2017}}</ref> However, the southernmost point of [[India|Republic of India]] is at [[Indira Point]] on [[Great Nicobar Island]], at 6°45’10″N and 93°49’36″E.

===Climate===

The climate is a hot [[semi arid]] climate, bordering on a [[tropical savanna climate]], influenced by monsoons.

{{Weather box
| location = Kanyakumari (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 34.4
| Feb record high C = 35.0
| Mar record high C = 36.0
| Apr record high C = 36.8
| May record high C = 38.2
| Jun record high C = 36.2
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 36.7
| Sep record high C = 35.5
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 34.6
| year record high C = 38.2
| Jan high C = 31.3
| Feb high C = 32.1
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 33.1
| May high C = 32.5
| Jun high C = 30.8
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 30.7
| Sep high C = 30.7
| Oct high C = 30.8
| Nov high C = 30.6
| Dec high C = 30.6
| year high C = 31.4
| Jan low C = 23.5
| Feb low C = 24.0
| Mar low C = 25.2
| Apr low C = 26.1
| May low C = 26.1
| Jun low C = 24.6
| Jul low C = 24.2
| Aug low C = 24.2
| Sep low C = 24.3
| Oct low C = 24.4
| Nov low C = 24.1
| Dec low C = 23.8
| year low C = 24.5
| Jan record low C = 19.7
| Feb record low C = 18.8
| Mar record low C = 21.4
| Apr record low C = 20.9
| May record low C = 21.3
| Jun record low C = 19.3
| Jul record low C = 19.0
| Aug record low C = 20.8
| Sep record low C = 21.0
| Oct record low C = 20.2
| Nov record low C = 20.1
| Dec record low C = 19.0
| year record low C = 18.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15.1
| Feb rain mm = 7.9
| Mar rain mm = 9.7
| Apr rain mm = 47.4
| May rain mm = 75.3
| Jun rain mm = 74.4
| Jul rain mm = 44.5
| Aug rain mm = 37.1
| Sep rain mm = 60.3
| Oct rain mm = 154.2
| Nov rain mm = 191.5
| Dec rain mm = 63.2
| year rain mm = 780.6
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 0.7
| Mar rain days = 1.1
| Apr rain days = 2.6
| May rain days = 3.3
| Jun rain days = 6.4
| Jul rain days = 3.9
| Aug rain days = 2.9
| Sep rain days = 4.0
| Oct rain days = 7.7
| Nov rain days = 9.2
| Dec rain days = 3.6
| year rain days = 46.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 67
| Feb humidity = 68
| Mar humidity = 71
| Apr humidity = 75
| May humidity = 79
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 81
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 69
| year humidity = 75
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Kanyakumari Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 383–384
| access-date = 19 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M195
| access-date = 19 March 2020}}</ref>
| source =
}}

==Notable landmarks==
===Thiruvalluvar Statue===
[[File:Tiruvalluvar statue LIC.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Thiruvalluvar Statue]]]]
The [[Thiruvalluvar Statue]] is a 7,000-ton stone statue of poet and philosopher [[Valluvar]]. It has a height of {{convert|29|m|ft|abbr=off}} and stands upon an {{convert|11.5|m|ft|0|adj=on}} rock that represents the 38 chapters of virtue in the [[Kural|''Thirukkural'']]. The statue standing on the rock represents wealth and pleasures, signifying that wealth and love be earned and enjoyed on the foundation of solid virtue.<ref>[http://districts.ecourts.gov.in/tn/kanyakumari "Kanyakumari"], District Court, Kanyakumari.</ref> The combined height of the statue and pedestal is {{convert|40.5|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}}, denoting the 133 chapters in the ''Thirukkural''.

The statue is reminiscent of a dancing pose of [[Nataraja]]. It was sculpted by the Indian sculptor [[V. Ganapati Sthapati]], who also created the [[Iraivan Temple]], and its opening ceremony was on 1 January 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheIndianTrip |title=Top things to do in Nagercoil - Thiruvalluvar Statue |url=https://theindiantrip.com/things-to-do/thiruvalluvar-statue-nagercoil-activity |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=TheIndianTrip |language=English}}</ref> The monument was hit by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Indian Ocean tsunami]] on 26 December 2004,<ref name="Places of Tourist Interest">{{cite web |url=http://www.kanyakumari.tn.nic.in/tourist.html |title=Details About the Statue of Thiruvalluvar|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618134330/http://www.kanyakumari.tn.nic.in/tourist.html|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> but stood unaffected. The statue is designed to survive earthquakes of high magnitude.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} During maintenance work, as well as during rough sea, entry is restricted for tourists.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/entry-to-thiruvalluvar-statue-suspended-for-6-months-for-maintenance-work/articleshow/58230822.cms "Entry to Thiruvalluvar statue suspended for 6 months for maintenance work"], ''The Times of India'', 17 April 2017.</ref><ref>[http://districts.ecourts.gov.in/kanyakumari/our-district "Our District"], District Court, Kanyakumari.</ref>

===Vivekananda Rock Memorial===
[[File:Entrance view Vivekananda rock temple.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]]]]
The [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] is a popular tourist monument in Vavathurai, Kanyakumari, India. The memorial stands on one of two rocks in the Laccadive Sea, located about {{convert|500|m|ft}} east of the mainland of Vavathurai. It was built in 1970 in honour of [[Swami Vivekananda]] who is said to have attained enlightenment on the rock.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham |date=12 January 2018 |title=Swami Vivekananda Jayanti: take pride in these memorials built in his honour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/swami-vivekananda-jayanti-take-pride-in-these-memorials-built-in-his-honour/articleshow/62475226.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> According to local legends, it was on this rock that Goddess Kumari performed austerity. A meditation hall (Dhyana Mandapam) is also attached to the memorial for visitors to meditate. The design of the [[mandapa]] incorporates different styles of temple architecture from all over India. It houses a statue of Vivekananda.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam|title=India through the ages |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/179 179] |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The memorial consists of two main structures: the Vivekananda Mandapam and the Shripada Mandapam.[[File:A view of Kumariamman temple and Indian ocean.JPG|thumb|199x199px|Bhagavathy Amman Temple, Kanyakumari]]

===Bhagavathy Amman Temple===
Bhagavathy Amman Temple is a 3,000-year-old temple dedicated to Goddess [[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kumari Amman]] located at Kanyakumari on the shore of the Laccadive Sea. Kumari Amman is one of the forms of Devi, popularly known as "Kumari Bhagavathy Amman". The temple is the first Durga temple created by Lord Parasurama and one of the 108 Shakthi Peethas. It is mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and ''[[Purananuru]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Kumari Amman Temple |date=10 January 2016|url=http://www.onlinekanyakumari.com/history-of-kumari-amman-temple-kanyakumari-bhagavathy-temple-devi-kumari-temple/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumari Amman Temple, Kanyakumari - Hello Prabhu |url=https://www.helloprabhu.com/kumari-amman-temple-kanyakumari/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=www.helloprabhu.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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===Gandhi Memorial Mandapam===
[[File:Gandhi Memorial Kanyakumari.jpg|thumb|200px|Gandhi Memorial Mandapam, Kanyakumari]]
The Gandhi Memorial Mandapam has been built on the spot where the urn containing [[the Mahatma]]'s ashes was kept for public viewing before immersion. Resembling central Indian Hindu temples in form,the memorial was designed such that on Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, the first rays of the sun fall on the exact place where his ashes were kept.<ref name="Madan" />
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=== Kanyakumari Pier ===
[[File:Kanyakumari View Point.jpg|thumb|206x206px|Kanyakumari Pier]]
Kanyakumari Pier or Sunset View Point is considered one of the iconic locations in Kanyakumari. It is situated at a point where three oceans meet: the [[Bay of Bengal]], the [[Laccadive Sea]], which is connected to the [[Indian Ocean]], and the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunset Point Kanyakumari (Entry Fee, Timings, Images & Location) - Kanyakumari Tourism 2023 |url=https://kanyakumaritourism.in/sunset-point-kanyakumari |website=kanyakumaritourism.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Kamarajar Mani Mantapa Monument===
Kamarajar Mani Mantapa Monument was raised and dedicated to [[K. Kamaraj]]ar, a freedom fighter, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and President of Indian National Congress. He is also popularly known as "Black Gandhi" among the masses. Like the Gandhi Memorial Mandapam, this monument is where Kamarajar's ashes were kept for the public to pay homage before immersion into the sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamarajar ManiMandapam at Kanniyakumari |work=Kanniyakumari District, Government of Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/tourist-place/kamarajar/ |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref>

===Tsunami Memorial Park===
[[File:Tsunami Memorial Kanyakumari.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Tsunami Memorial, Kanyakumari]]
Near Kanyakumari's southern shore stands a monument to the memory of those who died in the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], an underwater megathrust earthquake that claimed around 230,000 lives in many countries, including India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Thailand, Maldives, and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goff |first1=James |last2=Dudley |first2=Walter |title=Boxing Day: The World's Worst Disaster of the 21st Century |journal=Tsunami |date=March 2021 |pages=189–202 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197546123.003.0016}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Localities==


*[[Peyode]]{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Tourism==
[[File:Kanyakumari as seen from Tiruvalluvar Statue.JPG|thumb|Ferries transport tourists from the mainland to Vivekananda Rock Memorial and ''Tiruvalluvar Statue'' (where this photo was taken).]]
The state-owned [[Poompuhar Shipping Corporation]] runs ferry services between the town and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial and ''Thiruvalluvar Statue'', both situated on rocky islets off the coast. The operation of the ferry service began in 1984. Two ferries were used until June 2013, after which a third ferry was added to the service on the occasion of 150th birth anniversary of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/third-ferry-service-launched-in-kanyakumari/article4835966.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Third ferry service launched in Kanyakumari|date=21 June 2013|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Roadways===
There are two major [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] (NH) roads originating from Kanniyakumari town. One is the National Highway 44 which connects Kanniyakumari with Srinagar of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. NH 44 connects North India with South India. The road passes through [[Madurai]], [[Hosur]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Delhi]] and [[Jalandhar]]. It covers 3745 kilometres. The other is the National Highway 66 that connects Kanniyakumari with [[Panvel]] (38 km from [[Mumbai]]) in Maharashtra. NH 66 roughly runs north–south parallel to the western ghats. It passes through [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Udupi]], [[Margoa]] and [[Ratnagiri]]. Nagercoil, the district capital is well connected with the rest of [[Tamil Nadu]].

====SETC Buses====
The government transport body [[State Express Transport Corporation]] (SETC) is operating direct buses to [[Chennai]], [[Ootacamund]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Vellore]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Thiruchirappalli]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tirupur]], [[Erode]], [[Kalpakkam]], [[Velankanni]], and [[Thiruvannamalai]]. It also operates direct buses to [[Bengaluru]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Tirupati]]. Some bus services to the aforesaid destinations are originating from Kanniyakumari, [[Colachel]], [[Marthandam]], [[Kulasekaram]], [[Kaliyakkavilai]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

====TNSTC Buses====
Another government transport body known as [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC) operates direct buses to various destinations inside [[Tamil Nadu]]. Some of the terminating stations are [[Chennai]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Periyakulam]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Thiruchirappalli]], [[Dindigul]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Palani]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Kumily]], [[Bodinayakkanur]], [[Erode]], and [[Sivakasi]]. Most of these buses starts their journey from [[Nagercoil]] while some buses starts from Kanniyakumari, [[Marthandam]], [[Colachel]], [[Kulasekaram]], and [[Kaliyakkavilai]]. TNSTC also operates frequent bus services to [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Tuticorin]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

====KSRTC Buses====
The [[Government of Kerala]] operating [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC Buses]] between [[Kerala]] and [[Tamilnadu]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Nagercoil]], Kanniyakumari and [[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC Bus]] between Holy Places [[Haripad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Mylaudy]], [[Athankarai Dargah|Athankarai Pallivasal]] (Tirunelveli dist).

===Rail===
The [[Kanyakumari railway station]] and nearby [[Nagercoil railway station]] offer direct connection by [[Indian Railways|Indian railways]] to almost all metropolitan cities in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kanyakumari-railway-station-needs-better-infrastructure/article4426766.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Kanyakumari railway station needs better infrastructure|date=18 February 2013|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

===Airways===
The nearest international airport is [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] which is 76 km from Kanniyakumari. The Civil Aviation Ministry is planning to construct an airport near Swamithoppu in Kanniyakumari District as the initiative attracts international tourists to the district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2021 |title=MP seeks airport in Kanyakumari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/mp-seeks-airport-in-kanyakumari/articleshow/84934640.cms |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Kanyakumari has [[heliport]]s for [[Very important person|VVIP]] visitors at the Tri Sea Hotel on Beach Road.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/ Kanyakumari District Government Portal]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Regions of Kanyakumari}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kanyakumari| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:Tourism in Tamil Nadu]]

Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)

2026-01-20T20:58:45Z

Yashpaul0:

{{short description|Swedish political scientist and author (born 1947)}}
{{Other people|Ishtiaq Ahmad}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English |date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ishtiaq Ahmed
| image = Ishtiaq Ahmed.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Ishtiaq Ahmed
| caption = Ishtiaq Ahmed
| birth_name = Ishtiaq Ahmed
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1947|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] <br /> (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| field = [[Political science]]
| work_institution = Visiting Professor, Government College University Lahore, [[Pakistan]]
| alma_mater = [[Stockholm University]]<br />[[University of the Punjab]]<br />[[Forman Christian College]]<br />[[St. Anthony's High School, Lahore|St. Anthony's High School]]
}}
'''Ishtiaq Ahmed''' (Punjabi, Urdu: ا ش ت یاق احمد; born 24 February 1947) is a Pakistani-Swedish [[Political science|political scientist]], academic, and author. He is [[Emeritus#In academia|Professor Emeritus]] of [[Political science|Political Science]] at [[Stockholm University|Stockholm University, Sweden]]. Ahmed is known for his research on the political history of South Asia, particularly [[Partition of India|the partition of India]] in 1947. His scholarly work examines the ideological foundations and consequences of the partition, with a focus on the role of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and the [[Two-nation theory|Two-Nation Theory]].<ref name="OUP">{{cite web |title=The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed |url=https://oup.com.pk/the-punjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed.html |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502233157/https://oup.com.pk/the-punjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=18 April 2006 |title=There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715223745/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date= |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |quote=Additionally, the Arain group, to which I belong [...]}}</ref>

Ahmed’s research integrates themes of religion, ethnicity, language, and identity in South Asian politics. His academic contributions include books such as ''The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed'', which received the Best Non-Fiction Book Award at both the [[Karachi Literature Festival|Karachi]] and [[Lahore Literary Festival|Lahore Literature Festivals in 2013]], and ''Jinnah: His Successes, Failures and Role in History''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Nirupama |date=4 June 2023 |title=Roundabout: The importance of being Ishtiaq Ahmed in Punjab here and there |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundaboutthe-importance-of-being-ishtiaq-ahmed-in-punjab-here-and-there-101685827343614.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=Jinnah: His Successes, Failures and Role in History – VI |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/816404/jinnah-his-successes-failures-and-role-in-history-vi/}}</ref>

In addition to his academic publications, Ahmed has been a visiting professor at institutions including the [[National University of Singapore]], [[Lahore University of Management Sciences|Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)]], and [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University Lahore.]] His views on nationalism, religious politics, and the garrison state model of Pakistan have been featured in South Asian newspapers and journals.

== Early life and education ==
Ishtiaq Ahmed was born on 24 February 1947 in [[Lahore]], within the [[British Punjab|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) into the [[Arain]] community of [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabis]].<ref name="OUP2">{{cite web |title=The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed |url=https://oup.com.pk/the-punjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed.html |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502233157/https://oup.com.pk/the-punjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=18 April 2006 |title=There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715223745/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/18-Apr-2006/comment-there-is-many-a-slip-betwixt-cup-and-lip-ishtiaq-ahmed |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date= |work=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |quote=Additionally, the Arain group, to which I belong [...]}}</ref> He grew up in the [[Mozang Chungi|Mozang]] area of Lahore; his father Mian Ghulam Muhammad Ghazi represented [[Forman Christian College]] in [[field hockey|hockey]] and [[kabaddi]] and finished second in the one-mile race at the annual Punjab University sports competition held on 18–19 November 1932.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=2006 |title=The Lahore Effect |url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2006/567/567_ishtiaq_ahmed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720053142/https://www.india-seminar.com/2006/567/567_ishtiaq_ahmed.htm |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date= |website=India-Seminar |publisher=}}</ref> Ahmed also studied at the Forman Christian College, where from 1964 to 1968 he received an honorable mention each year and in 1968 he was awarded the Mehta Chunni Lal Gold Medal for securing the highest marks in English and History at the same institution.<ref name=":0" /> He later earned a PhD in [[Political science|Political Science]] from [[Stockholm University]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=5 June 2013 |title=CHANGE OF DATE: Pakistan – The Garrison State, Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947–2011) |url=https://www.isdp.eu/event/change-date-pakistan-garrison-state-origins-evolution-consequences-1947-2011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230121541/https://www.isdp.eu/event/change-date-pakistan-garrison-state-origins-evolution-consequences-1947-2011/ |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date= |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |publisher=ISDP}}</ref>

In his early life he was close to [[Socialism|socialist]] ideologies, including [[Marxism]] and [[Maoism]], having been a co-founder of the [[National Students Federation]] (NSF).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sadhu |first=Naeem |date=2018-07-30 |title=The salt of the earth |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1423730 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

Fond of [[Hindi film music]] from the 1940s to the 1960s, during his college days he won several awards as a singer in youth festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Nirupama |date=4 June 2023 |title=Roundabout: The importance of being Ishtiaq Ahmed in Punjab here and there |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundaboutthe-importance-of-being-ishtiaq-ahmed-in-punjab-here-and-there-101685827343614.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=In his college days, he was an award-winning singer at youth festivals (...)}}</ref> His father introduced him to music when he asked him to recit a [[Naʽat|na'at]] (poetry in the praise of [[Muhammad|prophet Mohammed]]) from [[Mohammed Rafi]].<ref name=":1" />

==Academic career==
His first posting as a teacher was in [[Gordon College (Rawalpindi)|Gordon College, Rawalpindi]].<ref name=":1" /> He taught at Stockholm University from 1987 to 2007, after which he served as Senior Research Fellow and Visiting Research Professor at the Institute of South Asian Studies, [[National University of Singapore]], from 2007 to 2010. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Stockholm University and Honorary Senior Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore. He has published extensively on Pakistani and South Asian politics, with research interests including political Islam, ethnicity and nationalism, human and minority rights, and Partition studies.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |date=5 June 2013 |title=CHANGE OF DATE: Pakistan – The Garrison State, Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947–2011) |url=https://www.isdp.eu/event/change-date-pakistan-garrison-state-origins-evolution-consequences-1947-2011/ |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |publisher=ISDP}}</ref> Ahmed has also given lectures in various institutions including the [[University of Central Punjab]] (UCP), where he discussed politics, the [[Kashmir issue]] and the [[economy of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2023 |title=Dr Ishtiaq Ahmad delivers lecture in UCP |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/693758-Dr-Ishtiaq-Ahmad-delivers-lecture-in-UCP}}</ref>

== Views and opinions ==

=== State of Punjabi language in Pakistan ===
Irfan Aslam in his article ''Punjabis themselves are oppressing their own language'', about the persecution of [[Punjabi language]] in Pakistan, argues that Ishtiaq Ahmed asserts that the Punjabi bureaucracy and politicians are responsible for oppressing the Punjabi language, and imposing Urdu as the national language.<sup>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1738234]</sup>

=== Two Nation Theory ===
Ishtiaq Ahmed has provided a critique of the [[Two-nation theory|Two-Nation Theory]] by quoting [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] to the effect that the founder of Pakistan consistently argued that Hindus and Muslims could not live in peace together in one state and therefore India must be partitioned to create Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Misreading the Two Nation Theory? |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/jinnah-his-successes-failures-and-role-in-history-review-setting-the-record-straight/article33634044.ece |last1=Ayoob |first1=Mohammed }}</ref>

Quoting from March 22, 1940 onwards Jinnah’s speeches, statements and messages Ishtiaq Ahmed demonstrates that Jinnah’s two – nation theory was deployed by him to argue that Hindus and Muslims can never constitute a cohesive and coherent nation. Rather, both were the antithesis of one another. Upon such a basis, he took an uncompromising stand on the absolute imperative of partitioning India to create Pakistan, and rejected out of hand that he was using the demand for Pakistan as a bargaining chip to achieve a power-sharing deal with the Indian National Congress.<ref name="m647">{{cite web | last=Zafar | first=Dr. Hasan | title=Jinnah: Successes, Failures and Role in History | website=The Friday Times | date=16 July 2021 | url=https://thefridaytimes.com/16-Jul-2021/jinnah-successes-failures-and-role-in-history | access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Military meddling in Pakistan's politics ===
Ahmed has written about [[Pak Army|military]] spending in Pakistan. In his article "Garrison state: Academic urges government to cut back on military spending", he urges the [[Pakistani government]] to reduce military spending.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/635183/garrison-state-academic-urges-government-to-cut-back-on-military-spending/ | title=Garrison state: Academic urges government to cut back on military spending | date=21 November 2013 }}</ref>

=== Jinnah ===
In his article "Many Promises of Jinnah", Ahmed discusses various promises and pledges of Jinnah. He criticises Jinnah's tendency to focus on one speech, ignoring his consistent assertion from 1940 to 1947 that Hindus and Muslims could never be one nation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/164925/jinnaha-multifarious-pledges/ | title=Jinnah'a multifarious pledges | date=22 December 2017 }}</ref>

=== Partition of Punjab ===

Ahmed has conducted research on the partition of Punjab in 1947, examining the events and consequences surrounding the division of the region. In his book ''The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed'', he presents an account of the communal violence, migrations, and political decisions that shaped the partition of Punjab. He explores how the division of Punjab led to significant human displacement and loss of life, and analyses the political and social factors that contributed to the escalation of violence.<ref>Mahir Ali, "Blood on the Tracks of History", Dawn, 12 April 2012. https://www.dawn.com/news/711379/blood-on-the-tracks-of-history</ref>

Ahmed argues that violence in Punjab was not inevitable and highlights the role of various political actors in the unfolding events. His work has been cited in discussions of the partition's legacy and its long-term impact on South Asian history.<ref>Vishav Bharti, "Jinnah most responsible for partition, says Pak-Swede academic", The Tribune, 28 May 2023. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/jinnah-most-responsible-for-partition-says-pak-swede-academic-511883</ref>

== Books ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Publisher
!Notes
|-
|1987
|''The Concept of an Islamic State: An Analysis of the Ideological Controversy in Pakistan''
| rowspan="2" |Author
|New York: St. Martin's Press
|Based on his 1986 PhD thesis.
|-
|1996
|''State, Nation, and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia''
|Pinter (London & New York)
|Study of ethnicity, nationalism, and state formation in South Asia.
|-
|2005
|''The Politics of Group Rights: The State and Multiculturalism''
| rowspan="2" |Editor
|University Press of America
|Edited academic volume on minority rights and multiculturalism.
|-
|2011
|''The Politics of Religion in South and Southeast Asia''
|Routledge
|Edited volume on religion and politics in South and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Religion-Politics Interface">{{cite journal |last1=GHOSH |first1=PARTHA S |date=2012 |title=Religion-Politics Interface |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065604 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=34–36 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=23065604}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed: Unravelling the 1947 Tragedy through Secret British Reports and First-Person Accounts''
| rowspan="5" |Author
| rowspan="2" |Oxford University Press
|Archival study of Partition-era violence in Punjab.<ref name="Blood on the tracks of history">{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Mahir |date=18 April 2012 |title=Blood on the tracks of history |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/711379/blood-on-the-tracks-of-history |access-date=26 April 2023 |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''Pakistan – The Garrison State: Origins, Evolution, Consequences, 1947–2011''
|Analysis of Pakistan’s civil–military relations.
|-
|2020
|''Jinnah: His Successes, Failures and Role in History''
| rowspan="2" |Penguin Random House India (Viking)
|Political biography and reassessment of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.<ref name="Watch: 'Jinnah Did Not2">{{cite news |last1=Thapar |first1=Karan |date=23 March 2022 |title=Watch: 'Jinnah Did Not Just Want Partition, He Wanted to Dismember India' |url=https://thewire.in/history/jinnah-partition-ishtiaq-ahmed |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref><ref name="How Jinnah Dismissed2">{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |date=15 September 2020 |title=How Jinnah Dismissed Congress's Minority Rights Proposals to Justify Two-Nation Theory |url=https://thewire.in/books/muhammad-ali-jinnah-foundational-two-nation-speech-ishtiaq-ahmed-book-excerpt |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Pre-Partition Punjab’s Contribution to Indian Cinema''
|Study of ethnic [[Punjabis]]' contributions to [[Hindi cinema]].
|-
|2024
|''Reflections of a Concerned Global Citizen''
|Fiction House
|Collection of political and ethical reflections.
|}

==Honours and awards==

* 1964–1968 – Honorable mention each year at [[Forman Christian College]], Lahore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=FORMUN |title=A NOTABLE ALUMNI: Dr ISHTIAQ AHMED |url=http://formun.fccsocieties.org/a-notable-alumni-dr-ishtiaq-ahmed/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=FORMUN Society |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1968 – Mehta Chunni Lal Gold Medal for highest marks in English and History at Forman Christian College, Lahore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FORMUN |title=A NOTABLE ALUMNI: Dr ISHTIAQ AHMED |url=http://formun.fccsocieties.org/a-notable-alumni-dr-ishtiaq-ahmed/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=FORMUN Society |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2013 – ''The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed'' awarded the Best Non-Fiction Book Award at the [[Karachi Literature Festival]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=klf 2013 {{!}} Karachi Literature Festival |url=https://www.karachiliteraturefestival.com/klf_archive/klf-2013/ |access-date=26 April 2023 |publisher=[[Karachi Literature Festival]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salman |first1=Peerzada |date=18 February 2013 |title='Pakistan is open for business' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/786908/pakistan-is-open-for-business |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>
* 2013 – ''The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed'' awarded the Best Non-Fiction Book Award at the [[Lahore Literary Festival|Lahore Literature Festival]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lecture: Understanding the Partition of Punjab in the Context of the Partition of India and Bengal by Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed {{!}} Centre for India and South Asia Research |url=https://cisar.iar.ubc.ca/events/event/understanding-the-partition-of-the-punjab-in-the-context-of-the-partition-of-india-and-bengal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210093648/https://cisar.iar.ubc.ca/events/event/understanding-the-partition-of-the-punjab-in-the-context-of-the-partition-of-india-and-bengal/ |archive-date=2024-02-10 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=cisar.iar.ubc.ca |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.ishtiaqahmed.se/}}
*[http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/person.jsf?dswid=8420&pid=authority-person%3A91156 Ahmed, Ishtiaq] at [[Stockholm University]]
*[https://www.thefridaytimes.com/author/ishtiaq-ahmed/ Ishtiaq Ahmed], articles at ''[[The Friday Times]]''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Ishtiaq}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Stockholm University alumni]]
[[Category:Swedish political scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish male writers]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Lahore University of Management Sciences]]
[[Category:St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Academics from Lahore]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Pride of Tamil Cinema

2026-01-13T09:24:30Z

Yashpaul0: creating some post from scratch

{{short description|Book by G. Dhananjayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013
| image = Pride of Tamil Cinema- 1931–2013 cover.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[G. Dhananjayan]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = Tamil cinema
| genre = Non-fiction
| set_in =
| publisher = Blue Ocean Publishers
| published = 21 November 2014
| media_type = Print
| pages = 594
| isbn = 978-93-84301-05-7
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 898765509
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}
'''''Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013''''' is a book by the Indian film historian and producer [[G. Dhananjayan]], detailing information about the production and release of 163 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films that were released between 1931 and 2013. It was released on 21 November 2014 by Blue Ocean Publishers during the [[45th International Film Festival of India]] and received widespread critical acclaim. The book won the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Book on Cinema)]].

== Development and writing ==
''Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013'' is [[G. Dhananjayan]]'s second book after ''The Best of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2010''. His first book, which details [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films that made landmarks and set trends in the cinema, was met with some negative response from filmmakers since they felt that their films deserve to be included in it. By March 2011, after the book's publication, Dhananjayan had started researching for updating it. While working on it, he found many Tamil films that received national and international recognition, and thought that he could write another book on those films. He then searched for all Tamil films winning the [[National Film Awards]] and screened at the Indian Panorama{{efn|Indian Panorama is a flagship component of the IFFI under which the best of contemporary Indian films are selected for the promotion of film art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Panorama |url=https://dff.nic.in/IndianPanorama.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505210755/https://dff.nic.in/IndianPanorama.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>}} section of the [[International Film Festival of India]]; the total was 163.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |date=2013 |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |isbn=978-93-84301-05-7 |pages=vii–viii |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013'' was released on 21 November 2014 by Blue Ocean Publishers at the [[45th International Film Festival of India]]. The Secretary of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] Bimal Julka praised Dhananjayan's effort to compile all National Film Award-winning Tamil-language films in the book.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2014 |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema gets rave response from I & B ministry |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pride-of-tamil-cinema-gets-rave-response-from-i--b-ministry-news-tamil-oltjELihfhfgg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024093324/https://www.sify.com/movies/pride-of-tamil-cinema-gets-rave-response-from-i--b-ministry-news-tamil-oltjELihfhfgg.html |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It received the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Book on Cinema)]].<ref name="62ndaward">{{Cite press release |title=62nd National Film Awards |date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123148/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |format=PDF}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=4y_IzQEACAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]

Nongdamba Singh Naorem

2026-01-08T12:48:51Z

Yashpaul0:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Western name order|Naorem Nongdamba Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Naorem|Nongdamba|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nongdamba Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Nongdamba Singh Naorem
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|1|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Wabagai]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.70}}
| currentclub = United Kolkata SC
| clubnumber = 16
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]
| youthyears1 = 2015–2016
| youthclubs1 = [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]]
| youthyears2 = 2016–2017
| youthclubs2 = [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
| years1 = 2017–2018
| clubs1 = [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
| caps1 = 2
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2017–2018
| clubs2 = → [[Indian Arrows]] (loan)
| caps2 = 11
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2018–2019
| clubs3 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves|Kerala Blasters B]]
| caps3 = 6
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2019–2020
| clubs4 = → [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (loan)
| caps4 = 16
| goals4 = 2
| years5 = 2020–2021
| clubs5 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps5 = 3
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2021
| clubs6 = → [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] (loan)
| caps6 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2021–2023
| clubs7 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps7 = 12
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2023
| clubs8 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| caps8 = 0
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2023–2024
| clubs9 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps9 = 8
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2024
| clubs10 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
| caps10 =
| goals10 =
| years11 = 2025
| clubs11 = United Kolkata SC
| caps11 =
| goals11 =
| nationalyears1 = 2017
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2017
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update =
| ntupdate = 25 March 2020
}}

'''Nongdamba Singh Naorem''' ({{langx|mni|Naorem Nongdamba Singh}}, born 2 January 2000) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for [[Calcutta Football League]] club United Kolkata SC. He also represented India in the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup]] in 2017.

==Club career==
===Youth and early career===
Born in [[Wabagai]], [[Manipur]], Nongdamba Naorem was part of the [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]] youth team. After the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup]], Nongdamba Naorem was selected to play for the [[Indian Arrows]], an [[All India Football Federation]]-owned team that would consist of [[India national under-20 football team|India under-20]] players to give them playing time, on loan from [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]].<ref name="U17">{{cite news|title=Matos Names 25-member Indian Arrows Squad for Hero I-league 2017-18|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|access-date=29 November 2017|work=The All India Football Federation|date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617024057/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8674|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Minerva Punjab loaned players|url=https://twitter.com/Minerva_AFC/status/935784717382586369|website=Minerva Punjab (Twitter)}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the side in the Arrow's first match of the season against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]. He came on as an 86th-minute substitute for [[Edmund Lalrindika]] as Indian Arrows won 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Arrows 3-0 Chennai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/india/i-league/aiff-xi/chennai-city/2683965/?ICID=PL_MS_04|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

A month later, on 26 December, Naorem scored the first professional goal of his career against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]. Nongdamba Neorem took the ball on the wing, proceeded to beat three Shillong Lajong defenders to get into the box, and then went past one more defender before slotting the ball home past the goalkeeper as Indian Arrows won 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nongdamba Naorem provides moment of magic in Indian Arrows' 3-0 win over Shillong Lajong, watch video|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/i-league-nongdamba-naorem-provides-moment-of-magic-in-indian-arrows-3-0-win-over-shillong-lajong-watch-video-4999809/|website=Indian Express|date=26 December 2017}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters===
In 2018 he was signed by [[Kerala Blasters]] on a three-year deal. He then became the part of the reserve team of the Blasters that competes in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Kerala Blasters sign Nongdamba Naorem {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-isl-nongdamba-naorem-minerva-punjab/1or3abxef74m91dp436qish2at|access-date=2020-10-14|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref> After making 6 appearances there, he was loaned to [[Mohun Bagan]] for getting some playing time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League: Mohun Bagan sign Nongdamba Naorem on loan from Kerala Blasters {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-mohun-bagan-nongdamba-naorem-kerala-blasters/5aiqxwge8fk31pd0hs1o8ypq4|access-date=2020-10-14|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}</ref>

====Mohun Bagan (loan)====
Naorem was one of the key member of Mohun Bagan's [[I-League]] winning campaign under [[Kibu Vicuna]]. He made 16 appearances for the Mariners and also scored two important goals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 19, 2020|first=Abhishek |last=Ganguly|title=Mature Naorem flourishes at Bagan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/mature-naorem-flourishes-at-bagan/articleshow/74712684.cms|access-date=2020-10-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The deal was done with the swap of [[Subha Ghosh]] from [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]].

====Return to the Blasters====
In 2020, Kibu Vicuna took over the manager role at Kerala Blasters. He then also brought back Naorem from Mohun Bagan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Kibu Vicuna heaps praise on Kerala Blasters duo Sahal Samad and Nongdamba Naorem|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/isl-kibu-vicuna-heaps-praise-094953446.html|access-date=2020-10-14|website=sports.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> He made his debut for the Blasters against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] on 20 November 2020 which ended 1-0 in favour of Mohun Bagan SG.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2020-21: Kerala Blasters vs ATK Mohun Bagan - Talking Points|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/kerala-blasters-atk-mohun-bagan-hero-isl-2020-21-talking-points-kbfc-vs-atkmb-roy-krishna-ogbeche/article33144434.ece|access-date=2020-11-21|website=Sportstar|date=21 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Mohun Bagan SG===
On 29 December 2020, [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] announced that they have signed Naorem from the Blasters on an undisclosed transfer fee plus the swap of [[Subha Ghosh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29|title=ISL Transfers Nongdamba Naorem Returns To Mohun Bagan, Subha Ghosh Goes To Kerala Blasters {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/17844-isl-transfers--nongdamba-naorem-returns-to-mohun-bagan-subha-ghosh-goes-to-kerala-blasters|access-date=2020-12-29|website=thefangarage.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29|title=Young Indian Forward Subha Ghosh Joins KBFC|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/young-indian-forward-subha-ghosh-joins-kbfc/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Kerala Blasters FC|language=en-US}}</ref>

===FC Goa===
On 26 June 2021, FC Goa signed a deal with the midfielder Nongdamba Naorem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naorem seals transfer to FC Goa|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-nongdamba-naorem-seals-the-deal-with-fc-goa/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Football Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

==International career==
Naorem scored the equalizer for India U-17 vs Chile U-17 in a friendly match in Mexico before the FIFA U-17 World Cup in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=U-17 football: India hold Chile 1-1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/2017-u-17-world-cup/news/u-17-football-india-hold-chile-1-1/articleshow/59957112.cms|website=Times of India|date=7 August 2017 |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Naorem went on to represent the [[India national under-17 football team|India under-17]] side, that participated in the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]].<ref name="U17"/>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|25 March 2020}}<ref>{{soccerway|nongdamba-naorem/513924}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|[[I-League|2017–18]]
|rowspan="2"|[[I-League]]||2||0||0||0||—||—||2||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Indian Arrows]] (loan)
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
||11||1||0||0||—||—||11||1
|-
|rowspan="1"| [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves|Kerala Blasters B]]
|[[I-League 2|2018–19]]
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]||6||1||0||0||—||—||6||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (loan)
|{{nowrap|[[I-League|2019–20]]}}
|[[I-League]]||16||2||0||0||—||—||16||2
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|2020-21
|[[Indian Super League]]
|3
|0
|
|
|
|
|3
|0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!38!!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!38!!4
|}

=== International (Youth) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Team!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[India national under-17 football team|India U-17]]
||6||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[India national under-20 football team|India U-20]]
||3||0
|-
!colspan="1"|Career total
!9!!1
|}

==Honours==
''' Mohun Bagan '''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]
*[[I-League]]: [[2019-20 I-League|2019–20]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{soccerway|513924}}
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/43294?type=club Naorem Nongdamba Singh] at AIFF
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/sports/football/nongdambas-unbelievable-solo-goal/2001606833 |title=Nongdamba's Unbelievable Solo Goal |website=[[Hotstar]]}}

{{FC Goa squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naorem, Naorem Nongdamba}}
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Minerva Academy FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy players]]
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Periyar River

2025-12-27T16:22:19Z

Yashpaul0: expand content for clarity after review

{{short description|River in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Periyar
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Fish net over Periyar River 0.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Fishing nets over Periyar
| map = Location_of_Peiryar_River_Kerala.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = Labelled map of Periyar River {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center
|type=shape|id=Q2634049|stroke-color=#0000FF|stroke-width=2
|type2=line|id2=Q2634049|stroke-color2=#0000FF|stroke-width2=2
}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Kochi]], [[Neriamangalam]], [[Kalady]], [[Malayattoor]]

| length = {{convert|244|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="theprint">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/in-monsoon-battered-kerala-idukki-dam-has-stood-tall-to-prevent-floods/97579/|title=Understanding the 42-year-old Idukki dam which is now saving Kerala|author=James Wilson|date=13 August 2018 |publisher=The Print |access-date=2020-09-08}}</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[mouth]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|295|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= Kalady (1980–2004)<ref>{{cite web
| title = UNEP GEMS/Water Programme
| url = http://www.gemstat.org/docs/031018StationProfile.pdf
| access-date = 2014-02-27
| archive-date = 27 February 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227234403/http://www.gemstat.org/docs/031018StationProfile.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|223|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max =

| source1 = Chokkampatti Mala, [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]]
| source1_location = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = Arabian Sea, Vembanad Lake
| mouth_location = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| waterfalls =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|5398|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = [[Cheruthoni]]
| tributaries_right = [[Mullayar]], [[Perinjankutti River|Perinjankutti]], [[Muthirapuzha River|Muthirapuzha]], [[Edamala River|Edamala]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
[[File:Periyar river in Monsoon 2025 at Abhayaranyam Kaprikkadu Ecotourism VID 20250618 124639697.webm|thumb|Periyar river in Monsoon 2025 at Abhayaranyam Kaprikkadu Ecotourism]]
The '''Periyar''' ({{IPA|ml|peɾijaːr|lang}}, meaning: ''big river'') is the longest river and has the largest discharge potential in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="shodhganga2">{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/171/12/07_chapter2.pdf|title=Study area and methods|pages=7|access-date= 31 October 2012|location=India}}</ref> It is one of the few [[Perennial stream|perennial]] rivers in the region and provides drinking water for several major towns.<ref name="idukki">{{cite web |url=http://idukki.nic.in/dam-hist.htm |title=Idukki District Hydroelectric projects |access-date=2007-03-12 }}</ref> The Periyar is vital to the [[economy of Kerala]] because it generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power via the [[Idukki Dam]] and it flows along a region of industrial and commercial activity. The river also provides water for irrigation, domestic water use, and supports a rich fishery.<ref name="experteyes">{{cite web |url=http://expert-eyes.org/deepak/idukki.html |title=Salient Features – Dam|access-date=2007-03-12}}</ref><ref name= "shodhganga3">{{cite web|url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11646/9/09%20ch.2.pdf | title = Growth response of phytoplankton exposed to industrial effluents in River Periyar |publisher= CUSAT|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> Due to these reasons, the river has been named the "Lifeline of Kerala".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Periyar_1822.aspx |title=Periyar|publisher= ENVIS Centre: Kerala |access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> [[Kochi]] city, in the vicinity of the river mouth, draws its water supply from [[Aluva]], an upstream site sufficiently free of seawater intrusion. Twenty five percent of Kerala's industries are along the banks of the Periyar. These are mostly crowded within a stretch of {{convert|5|km|mi|0}} in the [[Eloor]]-Edayar region (Udhyogamandal), about {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} north of Kochi harbor.<ref name= "shodhganga3"/>

== Origin and path ==
[[File:Periyarriver-bh.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Periyar river at Bhoothathankettu near [[Kothamangalam]], Ernakulam]] The Periyar has a total length of approximately {{convert|244|km|mi}} and a catchment area of {{convert|5398|km2|mi2}}, of which {{convert|5284|km2|mi2}} is in Kerala and {{convert|114|km2|mi2}} is in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="nias"/><ref name="water resources"/>

=== Sources ===
The source of the Periyar lies high in the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="hinduperiyar">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/folio/fo0107/01070460.htm|title=Periyar: A confluence of cultures|year=2001|work= The Hindu |access-date= 3 March 2014|location=India}}</ref><ref name="frontlineperiyar">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2826/stories/20111230282612200.htm|title=Heightened tensions|year=2011|publisher= Frontline |access-date= 3 March 2014|location=India}}</ref> The state of Kerala asserted during the hearings on the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] issue in the [[Supreme Court of India]] that the Periyar originates in Kerala, flows entirely through Kerala and joins the sea in Kerala.<ref name="NIEmullaperiyar">{{cite web| url = http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Mullaperiyar-Kerala-contests-TNs-rights-over-river/2013/08/14/article1733626.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130816195613/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Mullaperiyar-Kerala-contests-TNs-rights-over-river/2013/08/14/article1733626.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 August 2013 |title=Mullaperiyar: Kerala contests TN's rights over river|year=2013|publisher= The New Indian Express |access-date= 3 March 2014 |location=India}}</ref><ref name="experteyes2">{{cite web |url=http://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar/EC_Report/chapters/index.html|title=Report of the Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court on Mullaperiyar Dam|pages=60|access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> This was also admitted by the state of Tamil Nadu in the court.<ref name="Timesmullaperiyar"/><ref name="Janamtvmullaperiyar"/><ref name="MOmullaperiyar">{{cite web|url=http://mymanorama.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/eweek.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentType=EDITORIAL&channelId=-1073865028&contentId=14945915&catId=-206121&BV_ID=@@@|title=Final legal arguments submitted by Kerala|year=2013|publisher=manoramaonline.com|access-date=3 March 2014|location=India}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Periyar originates at the southeastern border of [[Idukki district]].<ref name="cgwbidukki">{{cite web |title=GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF IDUKKI DISTRICT, KERALA|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Kerala/Idukki.pdf|website=cgwb.gov.in|publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India| page=2 | accessdate=19 September 2020 |date=December 2013}}</ref> The source of the river lies in the remote forests of the [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="KerTourismPTR">{{cite web|url= http://www.keralatourism.org/periyar/periyar-tiger-reserve.php|title= Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary/Periyar Tiger Reserve|publisher= keralatourism.org|access-date= 3 March 2014|location= India|archive-date= 18 November 2013|archive-url= https://archive.today/20131118155324/http://www.keralatourism.org/periyar/periyar-tiger-reserve.php|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="PTR">{{cite web| url=http://www.periyartigerreserve.org/home.php|title=Periyar Tiger Reserve -> Values of P.T.R. -> Catchment Value|publisher= Periyar Tiger Reserve|access-date= 3 March 2014|location=India}}</ref> The river originates from Chokkampatti Mala,<ref name="shodhganga"/><ref name="KFRI2">{{cite web|url=http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR150.pdf|title=STUDIES ON THE FLORA OF PERIYAR TIGER RESERV|year=1998|publisher=Kerala Forest Research Institute|pages=8|access-date=3 March 2014|location=India|archive-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040109/http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR150.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Botanyproceddings">{{cite web|url= http://www.nsscollegemanjeri.in/Documents/BotanyPROCEEDINGS%20FINAL%2003%20June%202013%20Standard.pdf |title=Proceedings, Western Ghats – Biogeography, Biodiversity and Conservation|year=2013|publisher=DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NSS COLLEGE, MANJERI, MALAPPURAM, KERALA |pages=19–24|access-date= 3 March 2014|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024845/http://www.nsscollegemanjeri.in/Documents/BotanyPROCEEDINGS%20FINAL%2003%20June%202013%20Standard.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> a peak on the southern boundary of the Periyar Tiger Reserve.<ref name="PeriyarTRnotification">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/pryrtgrrsrventfcon.pdf |title=Periyar Tiger Reserve Notification|publisher= GOVERNMENT OF KERALA, FORESTS & WILDLIFE(F) DEPARTMENT|access-date=2014-03-03|location=India }}</ref>{{refn|name=length|group=n|There is an alternate claim for a Tamil Nadu origin according to some non-governmental sources, indicating that the Periyar originates in the Sivagiri peaks of Sundaramala, Tamil Nadu.<ref name="indiawaterportal.org PDF">[http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Joseph%20M.L.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115074559/https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Joseph%20M.L.pdf |date=15 January 2020 }} indiawaterportal.org, Status Report on Periyar River</ref><ref name="irenees.net">[http://www.irenees.net/fr/fiches/analyse/fiche-analyse-633.html] irenees.net</ref><ref name="INFLIBNET">{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/34506/8/08_chapter3.pdf|title=Visual simulation and optimization Model for water release from Vaigai reservoir system|publisher= Anna University|author=Balamurugan R|pages=25|access-date=2016-01-29|location=India}}</ref> However, the [[Supreme Court of India]] in its judgement on the Mullaperiyar issue in 2014, made it clear that the state of Tamil Nadu cannot claim to be a riparian state of the river Periyar.<ref name="SCverdict2014v1">{{cite web|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/41511.pdf|title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION ORIGINAL SUIT NO. 3 OF 2006 State of Tamil Nadu vs. State of Kerala & Anr.|pages=147–148|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>}}

=== Course ===
In its early course, the river flows in a narrow north sloping valley starting from the Chokkampatti hills and extending north about {{convert|25|km|mi}}, with a number of sharp lateral ridges running down to it from east and west.<ref name="westernghatconservation">{{cite web |url=http://keralapages.org/info/articles/links/0068_sathish_wghats.pdf |title=Long term conservation potential of Natural Forest in the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala |year=1988 |publisher= Department of Environment, Govt. of India |pages=24 |access-date= 7 November 2013 |location=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302031908/http://keralapages.org/info/articles/links/0068_sathish_wghats.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After flowing {{convert|48|km|mi}} from its origin and on reaching Mount Plateau at its eastern end, it is joined by the west-flowing Mullayar—an important tributary—at Mullakudy.<ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/423/11/11_chapter2.pdf|title=Fishery Management in Periyar Lake |author= Minimol K. C.|year=2000|publisher= Mahatma Gandhi University|pages=10|access-date= 19 September 2020|location=India}}</ref> During this journey the Periyar traverses through the Periyar Tiger Reserve, flowing across or forming the boundaries between various sections of the reserve. Going downstream, it defines a part of the border between Periyar section<ref name="periyar section">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/pryrsectn.pdf |title=Periyar Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve |access-date=2012-11-05|location=India }}</ref> of the reserve in the east and Sundaramala section<ref name="sundaramala section">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/sndramlasec.pdf |title=Sundaramala Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve |access-date=2012-11-05|location=India }}</ref> in the west and then the borders between Moolavaigai<ref name="moolavaigai section">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/moolavgasec.pdf |title=Moolavaigai Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve |access-date=2012-11-05|location=India }}</ref> and Thannikudy<ref name="tannikudi section">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/thannikdysec.pdf |title=Thannikudy Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve |access-date=2012-11-05|location=India }}</ref> sections in the east and Ummikuppan,<ref name="ummikuppan section">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/umikupmsec.pdf |title=Ummikuppan Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve |access-date=2012-11-05|location=India }}</ref> Mlappara<ref name="mlappara section">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/mlaprasec.pdf |title=Mlappara Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve |access-date=2012-11-05|location=India }}</ref> and Aruvioda<ref name="aruvioda section">{{cite web |url=http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/images/notifications/aruvydasec.pdf |title=Aruvioda Section, Periyar Tiger Reserve |access-date=2012-11-05|location=India }}</ref> sections in the west before reaching the Periyar Lake.

The [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] is constructed at the confluence of the Periyar and Mullayar to create the Periyar Thekkady lake and reservoir, as well as the [[Periyar National Park]]. The area belonging to Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin is located far down the river from the Mullaperiyar Dam site.<ref name="experteyes3">{{cite web|url=http://expert-eyes.org/mullaperiyar/studyarea.html|title=Dam break analysis, study area|year=2012|publisher= Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee|pages=17|access-date= 12 September 2012|location=India}}</ref> This area is drained by the tributary Nirar, which is diverted to Tamil Nadu as a part of inter-state Parambikulam-Aliyar Project (PAP) agreement.<ref name="nias">{{cite web|url=http://eprints.nias.res.in/297/1/B4-2010-_Mullaperiyar.pdf|title=The Mullaperiyar Conflict|year=2010|publisher=National Institute of Advanced Studies |pages=7–9|access-date=10 August 2012|location=India}}</ref>

From Periyar Thekkady lake and reservoir, some water is diverted eastwards to Tamil Nadu via a tunnel. The diverted water, after power generation, is let into the Suruliar river (a tributary of the [[Vaigai River]]) thereby resulting in an inter-basin transfer of water.<ref name="nias"/> Downstream of the Mullaperiyar dam, the Periyar continues to flow northwestward for {{convert|35|km|mi}}, exiting the Periyar Tiger Reserve and passing through [[Vandiperiyar]], [[Elappara]] and [[Ayyappancoil]] to the Idukki reservoir formed by the Idukki, Cheruthoni and Kulamavu dams. The Idukki dam is constructed across the Periyar river on the famous Idukki gorge formed by the Kuravan and Kurathi hills.<ref name="workingplan">{{cite web|url=http://117.239.77.10/~forusr/tckottayam/images/pdf/workingplan/1tract.pdf|title=The tract dealt with|pages=5|access-date=7 November 2013|location=India}}</ref>

The main Periyar below the Idukki reservoir flows due north parallel to the western edge of the Idukki plateau and is joined by the Perinjakutty from the east and Muthirapuzha from the north.<ref name="westernghatconservation1">{{cite web|url=http://keralapages.org/info/articles/links/0068_sathish_wghats.pdf|title=Long term conservation potential of Natural Forest in the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala|year=1988|publisher=Department of Environment, Govt. of India|pages=41|access-date=7 November 2013|location=India|archive-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302031908/http://keralapages.org/info/articles/links/0068_sathish_wghats.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the confluence with Muthirapuzha, the river flows northwestwards and enters Ernakulam district at [[Neriamangalam]]. It is joined by its major tributary, the Idamalayar, {{convert|1.5|km|mi|1}} upstream of the [[Bhoothathankettu]] barrage.<ref name="cgwbernakulam"/><ref name="ijee">{{cite web | url = http://www.ijee.ieefoundation.org/vol4/issue1/IJEE_13_v4n1.pdf|title=Flood moderation by large reservoirs in the humid tropics of Western ghat region of Kerala, India|year=2013|publisher=International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 1|pages=142|access-date=7 November 2013|location=India}}</ref> After receiving the waters of the Idamalayar river, the Periyar flows west along the midlands of Ernakulam district.<ref name="westernghatconservation2">{{cite web|url=http://keralapages.org/info/articles/links/0068_sathish_wghats.pdf|title=Long term conservation potential of Natural Forest in the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala|year=1988|publisher=Department of Environment, Govt. of India|pages=69|access-date=7 November 2013|location=India|archive-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302031908/http://keralapages.org/info/articles/links/0068_sathish_wghats.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At Aluva, the river bifurcates into the Marthandavarma and the Mangalapuzha branches. The Mangalapuzha branch joins [[Chalakudy River]] and empties into the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] at [[Munambam]], and the Marthandavarma branch flows southwards, again dividing into two near Kunjunnikkara island, going through the Udhyogamandal area and finally draining into the Cochin backwater system (part of [[Vembanad]] Lake) at [[Varappuzha]]. The Vembanad backwaters are connected to the Lakshadweep Sea at Cochin and [[Kodungallur]].<ref name="KSCSTE">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Environmental_monitoring_programme_on_water_quality_in_Kerala_KSCSTE_CWRDM_2009.pdf|title=Environmental Monitoring Programme on Water Quality|year=2010|publisher=Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment|pages=57|access-date=29 August 2012|location=India|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030214/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Environmental_monitoring_programme_on_water_quality_in_Kerala_KSCSTE_CWRDM_2009.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="shodhreservoir"/>

[[File:Periyar River from Dam DSW.jpg|thumb|centre|1000px|Panoramic view of Periyar River from Bhoothathankettu Dam]]

== Tributaries ==
Its major [[tributary|tributaries]] are:
* [[Muthirapuzha River]]
* [[Mullayar River]]
* [[Cheruthoni River]]
* [[Perinjankutti River]]
* [[Edamala River]]

Minor tributaries are:
Muthayar, Perunthuraiar, Chinnar, Deviyar, Cheruthony, Kattappanayar

Although the Chalakudy river in strict geological sense is a tributary of the Periyar, for all practical purposes it is treated as a separate river by Government and other agencies. Chalakudy river itself has a catchment area of {{convert|1704|km2|mi2}}, with {{convert|1404|km2|mi2}} in Kerala and {{convert|300|km2|mi2|0}} in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="dyuthi.cusat">{{cite web
|url=http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/98/Dyuthi-T0237.pdf
|title=Studies on the nature and chemistry of sediments and water of Periyar and Chalakudy Rivers, Kerala, India by Maya K.
|access-date=2005-03-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705052926/https://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/98/Dyuthi-T0237.pdf
|archive-date=5 July 2017
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="water resources">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&q=chalakudy+river+1404+300&pg=PA47|title=Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International...
|isbn=9788177645484|access-date=2005-03-01
|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay P.|last2=Yadava|first2=Ram Narayan|year=2003}}</ref>

== Basin ==
[[File:Anamudi from Munnar Gundumalai road.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Anamudi]] peak, on the right, is the highest point of the Periyar basin at {{convert|2695|m|abbr=on}}.]]
The Periyar basin spreads over an area of {{convert|5398|km2|mi2}}, most of it in central Kerala. It lies between latitudes 9°15’30"N and 10°21’00"N and longitudes 76°08’38"E and 77°24’32"E. The river drains parts of [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] districts in Kerala<ref name="shodhreservoir"/> and [[Coimbatore district]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="cgwmcoimbatore">{{cite web | url = http://cgwb.gov.in/district_profile/tamilnadu/coimbatore.pdf|title=District Groundwater Brochure Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Central Ground Water Board |pages=57|access-date=29 August 2012|location=India}}</ref> The basin has an inverted "L" shape with a maximum width at the intersection. The length-width ratio is 6:1. Most of the streams flow in deep gorges with steep valleys along the highlands of the basin.<ref name="shodhreservoir"/> Coming out of the hills, the Periyar flows west and its basin occupies the northern part of Ernakulam district, covering the region from Neriamangalam through Aluva<ref name="cgwbernakulam">{{cite web|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Kerala/Ernakulam.pdf|title=GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET OF ERNAKULAM DISTRICT KERALA STATE|year=2007|access-date= 6 November 2013|location=India}}</ref> to Varapuzha and Munambam.<ref name="KSCSTE"/>

The Periyar is an [[Strahler number|8th order stream]] with considerable development of tributary network. The average drainage density of the basin is 2.46 km/ km<sup>2</sup> with a total number of first order streams of 15,773. The total stream length inclusive of all orders in the basin is {{convert|13291|km|mi}}. The river originates from the high hills of the Western Ghats and the influence of tectonism can be evidenced from the stream pattern and presence of structural valleys. Forests occupy nearly {{convert|1500|km2|mi2}} (28%) of the basin area whereas cardamom and settlement with mixed tree crops occupy an area of {{convert|322|km2|mi2}} and {{convert|2176|km2|mi2}} respectively. The basin is ecologically sensitive. Nearly 80% of the total area situated in the high ranges are susceptible to erosion and mass movements.<ref name="cess200910">{{cite web | url = http://cess.res.in/wp-content/themes/cess/downloads/annual_report_2009-10.PDF|title=Annual Report 2009-10, Centre for Earth Science Studies |year=2010 |publisher =Centre for Earth Science Studies |pages=29|access-date=27 February 2014|location=India}}</ref>

[[Anamudi]], at {{convert|2695|m|ft}} the highest peak in South India, is the highest point in the basin.<ref name="dyuthi.cusat"/>

=== Cardamom Hills ===
[[File:Cardamom Hills.jpg|thumb|300x300px|left|Cardamom Hills, Southern [[Western Ghats]], Near [[Thekkady]] in Kerala]]

The upper part of the Periyar basin extends across the [[Cardamom Hills]]. In the north, these hills extend up to the high [[Munnar]] saddle running east to Chokkanad Mala and further on to Kolukkumala on the eastern edge of the Ghats. In the south, the hills reach up to the westerly spur at Chokkampatti Mala.<ref name="Botanyproceddings"/> This section of the basin is divided into three parts.<ref name="Periyar foundation1">{{cite web|url=http://www.periyarfoundation.org/pdf/GoodrickalRBA.pdf|title=The Landscape, Ecological Status, Conservation Potential, Threats to the Forests and Biodiversity of the Gudarakal Range, Ranni Forest Division (Southern Forest Circle, Kerala)|year=2006|pages=11|access-date= 6 November 2013|location=India}}</ref>

==== Source – Southern Cardamom Hills ====
The southernmost part of the Cardamom Hills i.e. the source of Periyar River is a narrow valley extending south of [[Kumily]]. This is the southern extreme of the Periyar basin. It is less than {{convert|20|km|mi}} wide and is about {{convert|40|km|mi}} long.<ref name="Periyar foundation1"/> The upper catchments of Periyar extend as a wedge deep into the northeastern corner of the neighboring Pandalam Hills. This section of the Cardamom Hills extends deep into but is clearly separated from the Pandalam Hills. The main Western Ghats watershed line forming the eastern border of the Cardamom Hills is highest to the southeast of the Kumily Gap. Here the High Wavies branch off towards north-west into Tamil Nadu, with some peaks reaching elevations of over {{convert|1900|m|ft}} along the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Further south, the ridge along the watershed line is heavily forested. This part of the Cardamom Hills is called the Sivagiri Range and it extends south up to Chokkampatti Mala which is at the junction of [[Pamba River|Pamba]] and Periyar River basins. The southern boundary of the Cardamom Hills runs along a westerly spur hill starting from the Chokkampatti Mala which initially runs north and then turns northwest almost parallel to the Sivagiri Range. This ridge separates the basin of Pamba from Periyar. From its source near Chokkampatti Mala initially Periyar flows north between these two heavily forested ridges. The valley floor is at an elevation of {{convert|1000|m|ft}} and the ridges on either side often reach {{convert|1800|m|ft}}. This valley of Periyar at its source and the valley of Kunthi River in the Silent Valley are the only two forested higher valleys in the Western Ghats left intact even now. The {{convert|925|km2|mi2|adj=on}} Periyar Tiger Reserve is mostly within this southernmost part of the Cardamom Hills.<ref name="Botanyproceddings"/>

==== Cardamom Hills plateau ====
A poorly defined ridge that runs from near Chakkupallam (north of Kumily) on the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu extending southwest to near Vallakkadavu segregates the upper reaches of Periyar from the rest of the Cardamom Hills. Immediately downstream of Mullaperiyar dam, Periyar cuts through this ridge. North of this ridge, the Cardamom Hills extend up to the high Munnar saddle.<ref name="Botanyproceddings"/> Here, east of the river channel, the undulating plateau rises up to the watershed line of the Western Ghats. This section drains into the Periyar through the Perinjankutty Ar and the drainage channel is essentially from south-east to north-west.<ref name="Periyar foundation1"/> This portion of the Cardamom Hills is on an average {{convert|800|m|ft}} high. The northern edge of the Cardamom Hills bordering the High Range Plateau on the other hand slopes steeply to the south and is drained by Panniyar. The Panniyar joins the Muthirapuzha, which drains the High Range Plateau section of the Periyar Basin in the north. The crestline of the Cardamom Hills in this section along the border with [[Theni]] and [[Kambam]], in comparison with the rest of the main watershed line of the Cardamom Hills and the High Ranges, is low, reaching up to only about {{convert|1000|m|ft}}. East of Chakkupallom, a small part of the adjacent Vaigai basin protrudes from Tamil Nadu into Kerala in this section. This portion of the Periyar basin is drier than all other west sloping parts of the Western Ghats. It has no significant extent of natural forests remaining anywhere. At the turn of the 20th century, it was fully covered by evergreen forests.<ref name="Botanyproceddings"/>

==== Idukki Sub-plateau ====
The portion west of the main Periyar channel which flows from south to north here, is the true Idukki sub-plateau. This is the lowest part of the Cardamom Hills sloping towards the north in which the Idukki reservoir is located.<ref name="Periyar foundation1"/> It is separated from the rest of the Cardamom Hills by the deep channel of the Periyar River. The sub-plateau extends north from near Ayyappankoil to near Neriamangalam. Its western border is the clearly demarcated scarp face of the Ghats descending to the plains of [[Thodupuzha]]. This {{convert|900|to|1000|m|ft|adj=on}} high western crestline separates the Periyar catchment from the [[Manimala River|Manimala]], [[Meenachil River|Meenachil]] and Moovattupuzha drainage basins. It ends in the north along the channel of Periyar from Neriamangalam to Panamkutty. The catchment of Kattappana Ar located beyond the southeastern corner of the Idukki reservoir also falls in this portion. A southwest to northeast ridge called the Chekuthan Mala separates the Idukki Sub-plateau from the Peermade Plateau as well as the main mass of Cardamom Hills. Its eastern boundary is a northwest to southeast ridge separating the Idukki reservoir from the Kallar/Perinjankutty tributary of Periyar which drains the main Cardamom Hills. The Idukki Subplateau is at an average elevation of {{convert|700|m|ft}}. This area was heavily forested till the 1950s but now only three small fragments of forest vegetation alone remain. The largest is within the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name="Botanyproceddings"/> South of [[Vagamon]], the tributaries of Meenachil, Manimala and Pamba have eroded away extensive areas of the Periyar basin between Ayyappankovil and Vallakkadavu. The Periyar only has a narrow strip of the Cardamom Hill tableland to flow northward here.<ref name="Periyar foundation1"/>

=== High Range Plateau ===
The High Range Plateau is located around Munnar and [[Devikulam]]. It has an average elevation of about {{convert|1800|m|ft}} and drains to the south through Muthirapuzha into Periyar. The high [[Rajamala]]-Anamudi-Umayamala part of the main Anamalai ridge forms its northern boundary. A spur ridge starting from the main Anamalai ridge, going south immediately to the west of Munnar and continuing on to Parvathi Mala forms the western boundary of the High Range Plateau. This ridge separates the High Ranges from the Lower Periyar Valleys further to the west. The eastern edge of the High Range plateau runs north from Kolukkumala, at the junction of the High Range Plateau with the Cardamom Hills, and continues onto the Top Station along the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The High Range portion is essentially the south and west draining slopes of the main Anamalai ridge with the Cardamom Hills located to its south. All the northern slopes of the main Anamalai ridge falling within Kerala drain into Idamalayar and Pooyamkutty Ar, both tributaries of Periyar.<ref name= "Botanyproceddings"/>

The High Range Plateau has been almost totally transformed by tea plantations and hydroelectric dams. The original forest was mostly of the Shola-Grassland type. From the biodiversity value, this unit is of special importance because of its specialized high altitude flora and fauna.<ref name= "Botanyproceddings"/>

=== Lower Periyar Valleys ===
The Lower Periyar Valleys includes Idamalayar and Pooyamkutty Ar and were formed from heavy rainfall on a likely geologically unstable part of the Western Ghats. The heavy rains have led to rapid weathering and erosion, creating a topographically complex segment along the western edge of the High Range Plateau. This region extends from Neriamangalam in the southwest to Panamkutty in the southeast, following the Periyar River. It reaches north to divide the Periyar and the Chalakudy Basins and its eastern border is the Anamalai ridge.<ref name="Botanyproceddings" />

The western slope of the Western Ghats is deeply carved and has distinct geographical and ecological characteristics that are unique the Western Ghats. The southern part of the Lower Periyar Valleys includes the Idukki sub-plateau and the Cardamom Hills to the southeast. The eastern boundary is formed by the western edge of Panniyar and Muthirapuzha Basins and the Parvathimudi-Umayamala ridge forms the northeastern edge of the Lower Periyar Valleys.<ref name="Botanyproceddings" />

Towards north, the Lower Periyar Valleys and the Periyar Basin extend up to the Idamala gorge cut by Periyar’s northernmost tributary – Idamalayar. The basin is bounded in the north by the ridge separating Sholayar from the Idamala River. This ridge is a spur hill extending from near Valaparai in Tamil Nadu, projecting far west into Kerala.<ref name="Botanyproceddings"/> The Idamala gorge separates the Sholayar forests in the Nelliyampathies towards the north from the southern Anamudi Reserved Forest and High Range Plateau.<ref name="Periyar foundation1"/> The area belonging to Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin is situated here. This area forms the north-eastern corner of the Periyar basin. It is drained by the tributary Nirar, which runs in a South Westerly Direction and falls into Idamalayar.<ref name="nias"/><ref name="indwrispap"/><ref name="indwrispap2"/> Within this section there are a series of deep west-sloping valleys where the valley floors are often at elevations less than {{convert|300|m|ft}}. Separating these valleys are a jumble of steep hills and flat topped plateaux with scarp faces rearing up to elevations of around {{convert|900|to|1500|m|ft}}. The Idamala and Pooyamkutty rivers drain most of this section while its southern edge drains into the main Periyar. This tract is almost entirely forested and the forests extend northwest between Periyar and Chalakudy rivers along the plains almost up to [[Kalady]].<ref name="Botanyproceddings"/>

=== Periyar Midlands and Lowlands ===
To the west of the Lower Periyar Valleys are the midlands, which are characterized by undulating topography with small hills separated by valleys. The general gradient is towards the west here. The lowlands occur as a narrow belt almost parallel to the present shoreline. The landforms of this section are broad valleys, submerged lands with swamps and marshes and subdued sand dunes. Many parts of the area are directly connected to the backwaters with a network of canals. The river bifurcates near Aluva into two major distributaries; one continues to flow through Desam as Mangalappuzha and finally drains into the Lakshadweep Sea. The Chalakudy river also joins to this branch of the Periyar {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} south-east of Kodungalloor which expands to its maximum width at Munambam. The Marthandavarma branch flows southwards, again dividing into two near Kunjunnikkara Island, and finally drains into the Vembanad backwaters at Varapuzha.<ref name="shodhreservoir2">{{cite web|url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2121/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |title=Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical studies of the Periyar Basin, Central Kerala| year=2011|publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology|pages=10–15|access-date=2 March 2014|location=India}}</ref> The most industrialized zone of Periyar lies in this part of the basin between Angamaly and Cochin, with over 50 large and medium scale industries. The Edayar branch of Periyar caters to the needs of these industries.<ref name="shodhganga4">{{cite web|url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/2625/10/10_chapter%202.pdf |title=Salinity intrusion and seasonal water quality variations in the tidal canals of Cochin|pages=34|access-date=2 March 2014|location=India}}</ref>

== Dams ==

=== Hydro-electric projects ===
[[File:Idukki dam.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Idukki Dam across the Periyar river]]
The Idukki Dam is the largest hydro-electric project in Kerala and lies on the Periyar. It is the biggest dam of its kind (a concrete, double curvature parabolic, thin arc dam<ref name="experteyes"/>) in Asia and the second-biggest in the world. Its generators have a power output of 780 MW ({{nowrap|6 × 130}}), and generate electricity through the underground facility at Moolamattam, built by an India-Canada joint venture. Power generation at Idukki is minimal during the [[monsoon]]. The dam also permits storage of water for the dry summer period when many other reservoirs in the area are low. Since the commissioning of the Idukki project in 1976, tail-race water (between 19.83–78.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s) has been diverted from the Idukki reservoir through the Moolamattom power station into the Thodupuzha tributary of the Muvattupuzha river.<ref name="Dyuthi-T0158">{{cite web|url= http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/32/Dyuthi-T0158.pdf?sequence=9 |title=An Integrated Hydrogeological study of the Muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India |year=2003 |publisher= Cochin University of Science and Technology|pages=14|access-date= 30 August 2012 |location=India}}</ref>

There are other hydro-electric generation facilities on the river at Pallivasal, Chenkulam, Panniyar, Neriyamangalam and Lower Periyar.<ref name="Waterquality">{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/waterquality.pdf |title=Environmental Monitoring Programme on Water Quality |year=2009 |publisher= Centre for Water Resources Development & Management|pages=57|access-date= 12 March 2014 |location=India}}</ref>

=== Reservoirs ===
The important reservoirs in the Periyar basin within Kerala are Bhoothathankettu,<ref name="periyarirrigation">{{cite web|url=http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/pjt_%26_pgm/Periyar.php|title=Periyar Valley Irrigation Project|publisher=Department of Irrigation, Government of Kerala|access-date=6 November 2013|location=India|archive-date=19 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131119041639/http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/pjt_&_pgm/Periyar.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Idamalayar Dam|Idamalayar]], Lower Periyar, [[Mattupetty Dam|Mattupetty]], Anayirangal, Kundala, [[Ponmudi Dam|Ponmudi]], Kallarkutti, Idukki (formed by construction of three dams—[[Idukki Dam|Idukki]], [[Cheruthoni Dam|Cheruthoni]] and Kulamavu),<ref name="KFRI">{{cite web|url=http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR172.pdf|title=PATTERNS AND PROCESSES OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN PERIYAR LAKE VALLEY SYSTEM OF SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS|year=1999|publisher=Kerala Forest Research Institute|pages=7|access-date=6 November 2013|location=India|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110150332/http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR172.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sengulam, Kallar, Erattayar and Mullaperiyar.<ref name="shodhreservoir">{{cite web|url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2121/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |title=Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical studies of the Periyar Basin, Central Kerala| year=2011|publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology|pages=7|access-date=6 November 2013|location=India}}</ref> The dams falling within Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin are the Upper Nirar Weir and the Lower Nirar Dam. These dams help divert water from the Nirar tributary of Periyar to the adjacent Sholayar basin.<ref name="indwrispap"/><ref name="indwrispap2">{{cite web|url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Nirar_D00884 |title=Lower Nirar D00884|publisher=Water Resource Information System of India|access-date=10 November 2013|location=India}}</ref>

=== Irrigation ===
The Periyar valley Irrigation project in Ernakulam district envisages the utilization of the tail race discharge from the completed Hydel scheme in the Muthirapuzha tributary of river Periyar together with the controlled release from Ennackal dam constructed by [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] under Hydel scheme across the Idamalayar tributary and the dependable run off from the uncontrolled catchment of Periyar river, for irrigating an area of {{convert|32800|ha|acre}} of land lying on the left bank of Periyar river through a network of canal system and controlling devices. The scheme consists of the Periyar Barrage at Bhoothathankettu with a catchment area of {{convert|3048|km2|mi2}} along with a network of canals.<ref name="periyarirrigation"/>

Apart from irrigation on left bank of Periyar, the project also enables a supply of minimum quantity of water through the river to check the intrusion of salinity at lower reaches of the river as well as to meet the requirements of many lift irrigation schemes of river Periyar. Supply of water for drinking and industrial purposes are met by a portion of storage water by the barrage of Bhoothathankettu.

=== Inter-basin transfer of water ===
[[Mullaperiyar dam]] was one of the earliest instances of inter-basin transfers in the peninsular India. While it met the demand for water on one hand, it led to the deterioration of water quality downstream of the river. Salinity intrusion and pollution dispersion problems arose in the lower reaches of the Periyar due to non-availability of sufficient quantity of water for flushing. Another inter-basin transfer from the Periyar to the Muvattupuzha river due to the Idukki project has further adversely affected the downstream flow in the Periyar river.<ref name="interlinking rivers">{{cite web|url= http://hindu.com/2002/12/11/stories/2002121103970500.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050130223411/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/11/stories/2002121103970500.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 30 January 2005 |title=Inter-linking rivers – the Kerala experience|year=2002|access-date=6 September 2012|work= [[The Hindu]] |location=India}}</ref>

The Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) agreement was conceived to harness and share the waters in the inter-State rivers in [[Bharathappuzha]], Chalakkudypuzha and Periyar basins. Nirar and Anamalayar, tributaries of Periyar are covered under this agreement.<ref name="papperiyar">{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/revise-water-release-chart-of-pap-experts/article4223058.ece |title=Revise water release chart of PAP: experts|year=2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 December 2012|location=India}}</ref> Water from these rivers are transferred to the adjacent Sholayar basin as part of the PAP agreement.<ref name="indwrispap">{{cite web|url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Parambikulam_Aliyar_(Irrigation)_JI02563 |title=Parambikulam Aliyar (Irrigation) JI02563|publisher=Water Resource Information System of India|access-date=6 November 2013|location=India}}</ref>

Due to all the diversions in its basin, the Periyar has lost 22 per cent of its average flow.<ref name="interlinking rivers 2">{{cite web|url= http://www.indiatogether.org/2003/oct/env-nolink.htm |title=Interlinking? No, thanks |year=2003|publisher=India Together|access-date=16 September 2012|location=India}}</ref>

{{wide image|Bhoothathankettu Panorama.JPG|1400px|Periyar Barrage, Bhoothathankettu }}

== Ecological significance ==
[[File:Thattekkad Bird.jpg|thumb|300px|Thattekad Bird Sanctuary is an evergreen low-land forest located between the branches of Periyar River]]

South of the Mullaperiyar reservoir, at the source of Periyar River, there is an unbroken stretch of about {{convert|350|km2|mi2}} of sheltered, unmodified rainforests within the Periyar Tiger Reserve. These rainforests extend further west into the adjacent Pamba basin within the Gudarakal Forest Range and continue south beyond the Gudarakal Range into the forests of the Achankovil Division. This entire stretch contains about {{convert|600|to|700|km2|mi2}} of undisturbed wet evergreen forests typical of the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="Periyar foundation">{{cite web|url=http://www.periyarfoundation.org/pdf/GoodrickalRBA.pdf|title=The Landscape, Ecological Status, Conservation Potential, Threats to the Forests and Biodiversity of the Gudarakal Range, Ranni Forest Division (Southern Forest Circle, Kerala)|year=2006|pages=6|access-date= 4 November 2012|location=India}}</ref> The forests on the upper reaches of Periyar are mostly inaccessible and is one of the least disturbed evergreen forests left in the Western Ghats.<ref name="KFRI-RR024">{{cite web|url=http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR024.pdf|title=An Ecological Study in Periyar Tiger Reserve with special reference to wildlife|year=1985|publisher=Kerala Forest Research Institute |pages=21|access-date= 4 November 2012|location=India}}</ref>

The Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) is also one of the most ecologically diverse regions in India. The flora of the reserve is very rich and diverse. Out of the estimated 3,800 species of angiosperms of Kerala, 1,966 have been reported from within the reserve. Nowhere in the subcontinent, has such a large number of taxa been reported from an area comparable to that of the PTR. Apart from this, the reserve also contains an estimated 323 species of birds, 38 species of fish and 44 species of reptiles.<ref name="Thattekad">{{cite web|url= http://www.periyartigerreserve.org/admin/resources/doc/Birds%20of%20PeriyarBirds%20periyar%20Indian%20Forester.pdf|title=Status and distribution of birds in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala, India |publisher=The Indian Forester|pages=144–145|access-date=5 November 2013|location=India}}</ref>

The Periyar plateau forms a part of the [[Project Elephant]] Reserve 10, which also includes the [[Agasthyamalai Hills|Agasthyamalai]]-Mahendragiri hills. The landscape on the Periyar Plateau portion of Elephant Reserve 10 maintains the most intact elephant range in Southern India. This area is believed to harbour about 2,000 elephants and is one of the potential landscapes for the long-term conservation of the species. This population is genetically more diverse and distinct from the much larger elephant population further north in the Ghats. This region is also known for its rich biodiversity. On the other hand, the landscape has also witnessed a variety of developmental activities including commercial plantations, hydroelectric and irrigation projects and other forms of infrastructural development that impede the movement of elephants.<ref name="Thattekad2">{{cite web|url= http://www.asiannature.org/sites/default/files/Conservation%20of%20the%20Periyar-Agasthyamalai%20-%20Summary%20data%20sets.pdf|title=Conservation of the Periyar-Agasthyamalai Corridor in the Southern Western Ghats |publisher=Asian Nature Conservation Foundation|pages=27|location=India}}</ref>

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, one of the important bird sanctuaries of India, is an evergreen low-land forest located between the branches of Periyar River. It has a rich and varied birdlife. Several species of birds, both forest birds as well as the water birds visit the sanctuary. [[Salim Ali|Dr. Salim Ali]], India's greatest ornithologist, once described this tiny, {{convert|25|km2|mi2|0|adj=on}} bird sanctuary, located about {{convert|60|km|mi}} north-east of Kochi, as "The richest bird habitat in peninsular India".<ref name="Thattekad3">{{cite web|url= http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/05/28/stories/2006052800100200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130101194811/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/05/28/stories/2006052800100200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 1 January 2013|title=Inside a magical rainforest |access-date=4 November 2012|work= [[The Hindu]]|location=India}}</ref>

Periyar is one of the six major rivers flowing into the Vembanad lake. Vembanad Kol Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.<ref name="Ramsar">{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance |work=The Hindu |pages=18 |access-date=4 November 2012 |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102104335/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref> It is home to more than 20,000 waterfowls—the third largest such population in India.

== Religious and cultural significance ==
There are several places of religious significance along the banks of the Periyar. The famous [[Aluva Sivarathri festival]] is celebrated on the banks of the Periyar River in Aluva.<ref name="KerGreenhills">{{cite web|url= http://www.kerala-green-hills.com/aluva-sivaratri-fair.html|title=Kerala: Festivals and Fairs|access-date=5 November 2013|location=India}}</ref> The temple festival is conducted every year on Sivarathri day of the [[Kumbham]] month of Malayalam calendar. The Siva temple on the sand bank of Periyar River throngs with devotees every year on Mahasivarathri day.<ref name="Thiruvair">{{cite web|url=http://www.thiruvairanikkulamtemple.org/index.php/home/local_temple|title=Thiruvairanikkulam Temple|access-date=5 November 2013|location=India}}</ref>

[[Kalady]] is a town located on the banks of the Periyar river. It is the birthplace of Sri [[Adi Shankara]], the [[Hindu]] philosopher who consolidated the doctrine of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. Kalady started featuring in the spiritual map of India only after its rediscovery in the late 19th century by the then Shankaracharya of [[Sringeri]] and the subsequent consecration of a temple for Sri Adi Shankara in 1910.<ref name="Sharadapeetham">{{cite web|url=http://www.sringeri.net/branches/kerala/kalady|title=Sri Sri Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam Dakshinamnaya Sri Sharada Peetham, Sringeri|access-date=5 November 2013|location=India}}</ref>

Located {{convert|52|km|mi}} from Kochi, the [[Malayatoor]] Church is situated atop the {{convert|609|m|ft|adj=on}} high Malayatoor Hill. The church is dedicated to [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], who is believed to have prayed at this shrine. One of the most important Christian pilgrim centres in Kerala, it attracts devotees in very large numbers not only from Kerala but also from the neighbouring states. This famous church is situated at Kurisumudi,<ref name="Malayattoorchurch">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayattoorkurisumudy.in/|title=Malayattoor Church|access-date=5 November 2013|location=India}}</ref> a verdant hill in the Western Ghats girdled partially by the Periyar (river). The Church has a life-size statue of St. Thomas and the imprint of the feet of the Apostle on a rock. This shrine has now been accorded an international pilgrimage station.

== Environmental issues ==

=== Pollution ===
The lower reaches of the Periyar are heavily polluted. Industries in the Eloor industrial zone discharge waste into the river. Greenpeace India describes the lower Periyar as "a cesspool of toxins, which have alarming levels of deadly poisons like [[DDT]], [[endosulfan]], [[Hexavalent chromium|hexa]] and [[chromium|trivalent chromium]], [[lead]], [[cyanide]], [[Hexachlorobenzene|BHC]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/india/campaigns/toxics-free-future/toxic-hotspots/eloor-kerala/history-and-chronology |title=Greenpeace India |access-date=3 November 2007 |archive-date=2 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502085220/http://www.greenpeace.org/india/campaigns/toxics-free-future/toxic-hotspots/eloor-kerala/history-and-chronology |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/files/water-quality/periyar.pdf Periyar River Basin, Chapter 2, Environmental Program on Water Quality, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]</ref> Several studies have pointed out that the riverbed has deposits of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, nickel, cobalt and zinc and the ecosystem of the river has many dead zones. Some of the major recommendations are ensuring zero effluent discharge from the industrial units in the Eloor-Edayar stretch and zero emission from companies. Pollution of the river and surrounding wetlands has almost wiped out traditional occupations, including fishing and farming.<ref name="DecChron">{{cite web|url= http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130520/news-current-affairs/article/save-river-campaign-set-engulf-kerala|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130811235503/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130520/news-current-affairs/article/save-river-campaign-set-engulf-kerala|url-status= dead|archive-date= 11 August 2013|title=Save river campaign set to engulf Kerala|year=2013|publisher=The Deccan Chronicle|access-date=20 May 2013|location=India}}</ref>

=== Illegal sand mining ===
[[File:Periyar.jpg|thumb|250px| Sand mining]]
[[Sand theft|Illegal sand mining]] from the Periyar is another major environmental issue. Studies have pointed out that the quantity of sand being mined from the Periyar is at least 30 times the actual quantity that can be taken out without causing damage to the river’s environmental system.<ref name="SandminingHindu">{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cms-office-okayed-ghats-for-sand-mining-against-cess-advice/article5205106.ece|title=CM's office okayed ghats for sand mining against CESS advice|year=2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 October 2013|location=India}}</ref> In the Periyar river basin, land sand mining is widespread in the plateau region in the highlands. Mining of sands from these areas impose severe environmental problems to the river basin environment.<ref name="SandminingShodh">{{cite web|url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8987/13/13_chapter%209.pdf|title=Environmental impact of sand mining: a case study in the river catchments of Vembanad lake, Southwest India|year=2008|author=Sreebha S|publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology|pages=202–203|location=India}}</ref>

===Environmental protection efforts===

Efforts have been made to prevent soil erosion on the banks of river periyar at [[Aluva Sivarathri festival|Aluva Sivarathri]] manappuram (sand bank) through afforestation programs headed by renowned environmentalist, [[Sitaraman Sankaranarayana Iyer|Prof. S. Sitaraman]], since 1992.<ref>{{cite web|author=Priyadershini S. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/in-a-green-urban-jungle/article4856943.ece |title=In a green urban jungle |work=The Hindu |date=2013-06-27 |access-date=2013-08-15}}</ref> The Aluva Environmental Protection Forum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/24/stories/2002022401710200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041129104357/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/24/stories/2002022401710200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-11-29 |title=A crusader for Periyar |date=2002-02-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-08-15}}</ref> started by Sitaraman and others have played a pivotal role in the prevention of illegal sand mining and water pollution in the lower reaches of the river.

== Dispute ==
The control and safety of the Mullaperiyar dam on the river and the validity and fairness of the corresponding lease agreement have been points of dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. Intertwined with this, there is a dispute as to whether the Periyar should be classified as an inter-state river or not. Kerala states that the Periyar is an intrastate river since no part of it flows through Tamil Nadu. The river originates in Kerala, flows entirely through Kerala and joins the Arabian Sea in the Kerala. Although these facts have been admitted by Tamil Nadu,<ref name="Timesmullaperiyar">{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Mullaperiyar-deal-unsustainable-Kerala/articleshow/21495939.cms|title=Mullaperiyar deal unsustainable: Kerala|year=2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 July 2013|location=India}}</ref><ref name="Janamtvmullaperiyar">{{cite web|url= http://www.janamtv.com/news/Mullaperiyar_pact_legally_unsustainable_says_Keral_987342.php|title=Mullaperiyar pact legally unsustainable, says Kerala; Justifies fixing water level at 136 ft|year=2013|publisher=Janam TV|access-date=31 July 2013|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105152550/http://www.janamtv.com/news/Mullaperiyar_pact_legally_unsustainable_says_Keral_987342.php|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hindumullaperiyar">{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kerala-law-wont-amount-to-usurpation-of-judicial-power/article5019780.ece|title=Kerala: law won't amount to usurpation of judicial power|year=2013|work=the Hindu|access-date=14 August 2013|location=India}}</ref> it counters that the Periyar should be considered an inter-state river since a part of the catchment of the river lies in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="DuraiPeriyar">{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/periyar-is-an-interstate-river/article2772258.ece?ref=relatedNews|title=Periyar is an inter-State river|year=2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2012|location=India}}</ref> It has also cited a 1950 report signed by the then Kerala state irrigation minister V R Krishna Iyer recording that Periyar is an inter-state river since some of its drainage area lay in [[Madras state]].<ref name="Timesmullaperiyar2">{{cite web|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/india/41436354_1_1886-agreement-mullaperiyar-dam-issue-water-dispute|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130825164524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/india/41436354_1_1886-agreement-mullaperiyar-dam-issue-water-dispute|url-status= dead|archive-date= 25 August 2013|title=Mullaperiyar dam case: SC reserves order|year=2013|access-date=22 August 2013|work= [[The Times of India]]|location=India}}</ref> Essentially, the dispute over the status of the river comes down to the definition of an inter-state river, with Kerala supporting the definition to be according to the course of the river,<ref name="Timesmullaperiyar"/><ref name="Janamtvmullaperiyar"/> while Tamil Nadu favouring the definition to be according to the catchment area of the river.<ref name="DuraiPeriyar"/><ref name="Timesmullaperiyar2"/>

The Supreme Court of India, in its verdict on 7 May 2014, stated that although the Periyar rises in and traverses only in the territory of Kerala before entering into Arabian sea, no part of the land in Tamil Nadu abuts river Periyar and that Tamil Nadu is not a riparian state of the Periyar river, the fact that a small part of the Periyar river basin lies in Tamil Nadu is enough to make the river interstate in nature.<ref name="SCverdict2014">{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/41511.pdf|title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION ORIGINAL SUIT NO. 3 OF 2006 State of Tamil Nadu vs. State of Kerala & Anr.|pages=145–147|access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2018 Kerala floods]]
* [[List of most-polluted rivers]]

==Notes==

{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Periyar River}}
{{maplink|display=inline|text=Waterway map|type=shape}}
{{coord|10|10|36|N|76|09|46|E|display=title}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Periyar (river)| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]

Mustard plant

2025-12-11T18:09:04Z

Yashpaul0: corrected section for accuracy and improved wording

{{short description|Flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae used for mustard}}
{{About||the prepared condiment|Mustard (condiment)|other uses of the term "mustard"|Mustard (disambiguation)}}

[[File:Mustard plant flower.jpg|thumb|Flower of mustard plant]]

The '''mustard plant''' is any one of several plant species in the genera ''[[Brassica]]'', ''[[Rhamphospermum]]'' and ''[[Sinapis]]'' in the family [[Brassicaceae]] (the mustard family). [[Mustard seed]] is used as a [[spice]]. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as [[Mustard (condiment)|prepared mustard]]. The seeds can also be pressed to make [[mustard oil]], and the edible leaves can be eaten as [[Brassica juncea|mustard greens]]. Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants; domestication may have begun 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nyerges|first=Christopher|title=Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods|publisher=Falcon Guides|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4930-2534-3|location=Guilford, CT|oclc=965922681}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flora.org.il/en/books/plant-stories-2/chapter-e/useful_plants_e2/|title=Edible Leaves and Fruits}}</ref><ref>Warnock, Barton H. (1977) "Wildflowers of the Davis Mountains and the Marathon Basin, Texas", p. 111</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mustard Plant and Butterflies.jpg|thumb|''Mustard Plant and Butterflies'', early or middle [[Ming dynasty]] c. 1368–1550|left]]

Although some varieties of mustard plants were well-established crops in [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, [[Archaeology|archeological]] records for any of these crops are not reported. Wild forms of mustard and its relatives, the [[radish]] and [[turnip]], can be found throughout West Asia and Europe, suggesting their [[domestication]] took place somewhere in that area.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2= Maria |last2=Hopf |first3= Ehud |last3=Weiss|title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition= Fourth |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK |year=2012 |page=139|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11300}}</ref> The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' states that mustard was grown by the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Civilization]] of 2500–1700 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Indus civilization {{!}} History, Location, Map, Artifacts, Language, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> According to the Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission, "Some of the earliest known documentation of mustard's use dates back to [[Sumer]]ian and Sanskrit texts from 3000 BC".<ref>"What is Mustard?". Saskatchewan Mustard Development Commission. Mustard Consumer Website. SMDC 2011. Web. 16 March 2016 <{{cite web |url=http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |title=The Mustard Site | What is Mustard? |access-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325032401/http://www.saskmustard.com/consumer/mustard/index.html |archive-date=2016-03-25 }}>.</ref>

A 2021 genetic study of ''B. rapa'' concluded that the species may have been domesticated as long as 6,000 years ago in [[Central Asia]], and turnips or oilseeds might have been the first product. The results also suggested that a taxonomic re-evaluation of the species might be needed.<ref name="mbe">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAlvay AC, Ragsdale AP, Mabry ME, Qi X, Bird KA, Velasco P, An H, Pires JC, Emshwiller E |title=Brassica rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=3358–3372 |date=July 2021 |pmid=33930151 |pmc=8321528 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab108}}</ref>

==Species==
[[File:WhiteMustard.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wild white mustard (''Sinapis alba'')]]
[[White mustard]] (''Sinapis alba'') grows wild in [[North Africa]], [[West Asia]], and [[Mediterranean]] Europe, and has spread further by long [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]]; brown mustard (''[[Brassica juncea]]''), initially from the foothills of the Himalayas, is grown commercially in India, Canada, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=Excellent mustard production likely in Rangpur region|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/agriculture/2021/01/21/excellent-mustard-production-likely-in-rangpur-region|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> and the United States; black mustard (''[[Brassica nigra]]'') is grown in Argentina, Chile, the US, and some European countries. Canada and Nepal are the world's major producers of mustard seed, between them accounting for around 57% of world production in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title=FAOSTAT Countries by Commodity | url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx | publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization | access-date=2012-05-08 | archive-date=2016-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016200146/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> White mustard is commonly used as a [[cover crop]] in Europe (between UK and Ukraine). Many varieties exist, e.g., in Germany<ref>BSL Getreide 2015 [https://www.bundessortenamt.de/bsa/media/Files/BSL/bsl getreide 2015.pdf www.bundessortenamt.de/bsa/media/Files/BSL/bsl_getreide_2015.pdf]</ref> and the Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brancheorganisatie Akkerbouw|url=https://www.kennisakker.nl/files/Kennisdocument/Rassenbulletin_groenbemesters_2014.pdf|access-date=2023-02-07|website=www.kennisakker.nl}}</ref> mostly differing in lateness of flowering and resistance against white beet-cyst nematode (''[[Heterodera schachtii]]''). Farmers prefer late-flowering varieties, which do not produce seeds; they may become weeds in the subsequent year. Early vigor is important to cover the soil quickly and suppress weeds and protect the soil against erosion. In rotations with [[sugar beets]], suppression of the white beet-cyst nematode is an important trait. Resistant white mustard varieties reduce nematode populations by 70–90%.{{citation needed|date = July 2021}}

Mustard species are a common host plant to ''[[Phaedon cochleariae]]'', a beetle native to Europe.<ref name="Reifenrath-2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Reifenrath |first1=Kerstin |last2=Müller |first2=Caroline |date=March 2008 |title=Multiple feeding stimulants in Sinapis alba for the oligophagous leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00049-007-0389-5 |journal=Chemoecology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |bibcode=2008Checo..18...19R |doi=10.1007/s00049-007-0389-5 |issn=0937-7409|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warchałowski |first=Andrzej |title=Chrysomelidae: the leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean area |publisher=Natura Optima dux Foundation |year=2003 |isbn=978-83-918040-0-1 |location=Warsawa |oclc=77850541}}</ref> Due to their particular diet, they have been colloquially referred to as mustard leaf beetles.<ref name="Reifenrath-2008"/>

Species in another Brassicacea genus, [[Sisymbrium]], are also commonly referred to as mustards, and their seeds and leaves are used for culinary purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+officinale |title=''Sisymbrium officinale''|accessdate=29 July 2025|publisher=Plants for a Future|date=2025}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|align=left|
Bangladeshi mustard plants.jpg|Mustard field|
Mustard plant Flower1.jpg|Flower|
Flower of Mustard Plant.jpg|Flower close-up|
Black-mustard-seeds.jpg|Close-up of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3 mm in diameter)|
Mustard plant bangladesh.jpg|[[Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] mustard plants
}}

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Black mustard]]
* [[Brown mustard]]
* [[Green manure]]
* [[Sisymbrium]]
* [[List of mustard brands]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{Brassica}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustard Plant}}
[[Category:Brassica]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Plant common names]]

Veerlapalem

2025-12-06T07:08:04Z

Yashpaul0: creating a post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Veerlapalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Guntur District
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1100
| population_as_of = 1100
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 522305
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Mangalagiri
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Veerlapalem''', is a major village in [[Duggirala]] [[tehsil|mandal]] in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[South India]].

== Geography ==
Veerlapalem lies on the south side of the river Krishna in Guntur Dist It is about {{convert|12|mi|km}} south west from [[Vijayawada]] Repalle to vijayawada bus services available in vijayawada bustand and {{convert|17|mi|km}} south to [[Tenali]]. It is in the historic southern route from Vijayawada to Repalle along with River Krishna and is bounded on its south side by the Pedapalem route and on the west by road Connected to Nuthakki Village.

==History==
We are located {{convert|10|mi|km}} from Vijayawada Railway Station, Krishna River. Veerlapalem is known for its rich cultural and literary legacy. There is a famous temple in Veerlapalem village (approximately 100 years old) Ramalayam Temple and Ganganamma Thalli temple . It is surrounded by nature and green fields. Famous festival celebrated here is Sri Ram Navmi

==Demographics==
The total population is about 1000. The population divides by age group roughly into: 25% aged 18 and under, 50% aged between 18 and 60, 25% aged 60 or over.

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=7 November 2016|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|accessdate=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> There are no student enrollment in any school of the village.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281732&mandalName=TENALI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=8 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154727/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281732&mandalName=TENALI|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

Herman, Shopian

2025-11-26T16:45:57Z

Yashpaul0: new page...

{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Herman
| other_name = Hermain
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7|N|74.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Jammu and Kashmir}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km3 =
| area_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf
|title = district census handbook - Census of India
|work = [[2011 Census of India]]
|publisher = [[Government of India]]
|accessdate = 2016-05-24
}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1,728 [[female|♀]]/ 1,606 [[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 62.60%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Shopian
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|8.71|km|mi}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Srinagar
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|46.43|km|mi}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 513 families<ref>{{cite news |title=Herman Population - Shupiyan, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3448-herman-jammu-and-kashmir.html}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 192303
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Herman''' or '''Hermain''' is a village and tehsil located in [[Shopian district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/Rep_CoverageHabs2011_2012PopWiseBlockWiseDetail.aspx?blockid=0000002396&statename=JAMMU%20AND%20KASHMIR&districtname=SHOPIAN&flag=p11 |title=Coverage of Habitations ( with 100% populationas ) on 01/04/2011 |website=indiawater.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224651/http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/RWS/Physical/R10_11/Rep_CoverageHabs2011_2012PopWiseBlockWiseDetail.aspx?blockid=0000002396&statename=JAMMU%20AND%20KASHMIR&districtname=SHOPIAN&flag=p11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fuel shortage, power breakdown trigger water crisis in Shopian villages |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/fuel-shortage-power-breakdown-trigger-water-crisis-in-shopian-villages/302558.html}}</ref> It is situated {{cvt|8.71|km}} away from its main town [[Shopian]], the district headquarters of [[Shopian district]]. Herman was made a tehsil in 2014 by the State government of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who {{!}} Shopian District, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India|url=https://shopian.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|access-date=2021-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Herman has 29 villages. In Herman there is a tehsil office in which a Tehsildar is serving the people.

==Agriculture==
[[Agriculture]] is the main occupation of Herman village. Apple growing is the main source of livelihood of majority of households.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=T.|date=2014|title=Economic of Apple Industry:A Primary Survey in District Shopian Kashmir (India)|s2cid=166638356 |language=en}}</ref>

==Financial institutions==
Banks and finance institutions has also established their branches in the village. In Hermain there is a branch of J&K Bank having an ATM.
Ellaqui Dehatti Bank Branch. A branch of central cooperative bank also is working there.<ref>{{cite news |title=IFSC Code For JAMMU AND KASHMIR BANK LIMITED SHOPIAN - JAMMU AND KASHMIR |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-jammu-and-kashmir-bank-limited,state-jammu-and-kashmir,district-shopian,branch-herman,ifsccode-JAKA0HERMAN.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JkPsc |url=http://www.jkpsc.nic.in/pdf/SELECTION_ARABIC_2017.pdf}}</ref>

==Population and geographical area==
According to the 2011 census, Herman has a total population of 3,334 peoples. There are about 513 houses in Herman village. In 2011, the literacy rate of Herman village was 62.60%. In Herman, Male literacy stands at 72.44% while female literacy rate was 53.66%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Herman Population - Shupiyan, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3448-herman-jammu-and-kashmir.html}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses || 513 || - || -
|-
| Population || 3,334 || 1,606 || 1,728
|-
| Child (0-6) || 462 || 238 || 224
|-
| Literacy || 62.60% || 72.44% || 53.66%
|}

== See also ==
* [[Aloorah Shopian]]
* [[Dreri Kali Pora]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Shopian district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Debes Mondal

2025-06-24T14:42:59Z

Yashpaul0: Starting pg.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Debes Mondal
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]]
| term_start = 2016
| predecessor = Anandamoy Mondal
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]], West Bengal
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| education = Graduation ([[University of Calcutta]])
}}

'''Debes Mondal''' (born 1965)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Debes Mandal(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- HINGALGANJ (SC)(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1205 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[North 24 Parganas district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Hingalganj (Sc) (West Bengal) Assembly Election Results 2021 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/hingalganj-sc-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7294530/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mandal is from Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He is the son of Binod Bihari Mandal. He completed his graduation in 1990 at [[Basirhat College]], which is affiliated with [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mandal won from Hingalganj Assembly constituency representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 104,706 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nemai Das of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 24,916 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Hingalganj, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hingalganj-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797206-2021-05-01 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Hingalganj-sc Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Hingalganj-sc Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-hingalganj-sc-constituency-126.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Anandamay Mandal by a margin of 30,304 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hingalganj Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Debes Mandal of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/hingalganj-election-result-2021-live-updates-hingalganj-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696398.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Debes}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:People from Basirhat subdivision]]

Sippy Pallippuram

2025-05-24T15:33:33Z

Yashpaul0: slightly fix details per standard format and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sippy Pallipuram
| image = Sippy PallipuramDSC 0057.JPG
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| caption = Sippy Pallippuram
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|5|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Unnikalkku Noottiyettu Gurudeva Kathakal''|''Oridathoru Kunjunni''|''Thathakalude Gramam''|''Appuppan Thadiyude Swarga Yathra''|''Pooram''}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Endowment]]|2010 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]]|2013 [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature (Bal Sahitya Puraskar)|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]]}}
}}

'''Sippy Pallippuram''' is an Indian writer of children's literature in [[Malayalam]] who has won several awards including [[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lsquoChildrens-literature-has-been-neglected/article15764763.ece|title='Children's literature has been neglected' | date=1 October 2010 | newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]].

== Works ==
His novel about the memories of [[Kunjunni Mash]] ''Oridathoru Kunjunni'' won the national award for children's literature by Kendra Sahitya Akademi.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article209993.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204511/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article209993.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Writer Sippy Pallipuram honoured | newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> His book ''Unnikalkku Noottiyettu Gurudeva Kathakal'' received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/AkademiAward-2013_final.pdf |title=2013-ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> A teacher by profession, he has over 80 (as of 2008)<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1242487.ece|title=Award for Pallippuram - KERALA | newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> poetries and stories to his credit in the children's category of [[Malayalam literature]]. Sippy has been into children's literature for more than four decades.<ref name="newindianexpress" />

He is a native of [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Pallippuram]], [[Vypeen]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], and was born on 18 May 1943
in a [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]] family and belongs to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram|Diocese of Kottapuram]].<ref name="newindianexpress2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/KRLCC-Awards-Announced/2014/05/17/article2229251.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301054300/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/KRLCC-Awards-Announced/2014/05/17/article2229251.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2016|title=KRLCC Awards Announced - The New Indian Express|publisher=newindianexpress.com|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>

List of awards Sippy has received over the years
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Book !! Award
|-
| 2013 || Unnikalkku Noottiyettu Gurudeva Kathakal || Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
|-
| 2010 || Oridathoru Kunjunni || Kendra Sahitya Akademi
|-
| 1988 || Thathakalude Gramam || Kairalee Children's Book Trust Award
|-
| || Appuppan Thadiyude Swarga Yathra || Kerala Sahitya Akademi Endowment
|-
| || Pooram || Bheema Children's Literature Award
|-
| || Thathakalude Gramam || Thrissur Sahrudaya Vedi Award
|}

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallippuram, Sippy}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Thalangara Thoppi

2025-02-26T03:37:51Z

Yashpaul0: creating new article...

{{Orphan|date=July 2023}}

'''Thalangara Thoppi (Thalangara Cap)''' is a traditional hand-made prayer cap of [[Muslims]] made at [[Thalangara]], in the southern side of [[Kasaragod]] town of [[Kerala]]. This caps are made out of pure [[cotton]] and have found mention even in the [[14th century]] writings of [[Ibn Battuta]]. It is also called as ''Omani caps'' in [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thalangara caps - a feather in the cap of Kasaragod's artisans|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2017/11/13/thalangara-cap-omani-kasaragod-kerala.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

== Significance ==
This caps are made out of pure cotton and they have stiff sides and designs like [[Persian carpet|Persian]] [[prayer rug]]s. Before mechanized [[Taqiyah (cap)]] manufacturing, this caps were widely exported to [[Persian Gulf]] [[Southeast Asia]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala|url=https://tv.mathrubhumi.com/en/news/kerala/thalangara-thoppi-1.18646|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Mathrubhumi|date=6 June 2019 }}</ref> Presently the bulk arrival of caps from [[Bangladesh]] and [[China]] have reduced demand and production of caps from Thalangara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aboobacker Musliyar, expert in making Thalangara cap, bids adieu|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/aboobacker-musliyar-expert-in-making-thalangara-cap-bids-adieu-1.2064289|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Mathrubhumi|date=5 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> A single Thalangara cap has exquisite detailing and it requires 15 – 20 days of hand work and it costs 5 times the price of a machine made cap.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Handmade traditional Muslim caps of Kerala - Thalankara Thoppi|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2019/thalankara-thoppi/971|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref> There is currently only a single craftsman named Abdul Raheem in Thalangara who manufacture this caps.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=2018-06-07|title=The prayer cap and the Islamic fashion industry|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-prayer-cap-and-the-islamic-fashion-industry/article24101986.ece|access-date=2021-05-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
[[File:Aboobaker Musliar Thalangara Cap.jpg|thumb|Renowned Thalangara thoppi craftsman Aboobacker Musaliyar]]

In olden times cap making was a very active [[Cottage industries|cottage industry]] in the region employing significant numbers. There are many who buy this caps as souvenirs during the visit to [[Malik Dinar Mosque]] in [[Ramadan]] month. It is one among the remarkable [[Islam in Kerala|Islamic traditions in Malabar]] in lines of [[Uru (boat)|Beypore Uru]], Koyilandy hookah, [[Mappila Theyyam]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Thalangara tradition of cap-making|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/the-thalangara-tradition-of-cap-making-1.3782179|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Malik Dinar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Culture of Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:History of Kasaragod district]]

{{clothing-stub}}

Thanjavur Sankaranarayanar Temple

2025-02-15T05:39:45Z

Yashpaul0:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File: Thanjavur sankaranarayanar temple.jpg |200px|right|thumb|Temple entrance]]
'''Thanjavur Sankaranarayanar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Thanjavur in the [[Thanjavur taluk]] of [[Thanjavur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]].<ref name="Seeralan" />

The presiding deity of the temple is known as [[Ardhanarishvara|Sankaranayanar]],<ref name="Seeralan">M.Seeralan, Thanjavur Sri Sankaranarayanaswami Temple and Pradosham worship (in Tamil), Tirumagal Publishers, Thanjavur, 1996</ref> and a sculpture of the deity is found in the temple. The right part of the sculpture represents Shiva, and the left part represents [[Vishnu]]. The Consort of the presiding deity, Balambikai, is found in a separate shrine.<ref> Based on the field work to the temple </ref> The history of the temple is found in ''Brahadisvara Mahatmiyam'' and ''Thanjapuri Mahatmiyam''.<ref name="Seeralan" />

==Palace Devasthanam==
[[Thanjavur Palace Devastanam Temples|Thanjavur Palace Devasthanam]] comprises 88 temples, of which this temple is the one. They are maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=13967 Thanjavur Palace Devasthanam, Thanjavur 613 009]</ref><ref>தஞ்சாவூர் அரண்மனை தேவஸ்தானத்தைச் சேர்ந்த ஆலயங்கள், தஞ்சை இராஜராஜேச்சரம் திருக்குட நன்னீராட்டுப் பெருவிழா மலர், 1997</ref><ref>J.M.Somasundaram Pillai, The Great Temple at Tanjore, [Tanjore Palace Devastanams, II Edn 1958] Rpt 1994, Tamil University, Thanjavur</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Thanjavur Sankaranarayanar Temple|url= http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=6703&Cat=3?Nid |publisher =[[Dinakaran]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Other temples in Thanjavur: Thanjavur Sankaranarayanar Temple|url= http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/lA100/lA100pd1.jsp?bookid=222&pno=138 |publisher =TVU}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Uttarakhand Forest Department

2024-12-09T14:54:07Z

Yashpaul0: creating article...

{{Short description|Ministry and department of the Government of Uttarakhand in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Uttarakhand Forest Department
|nativename =
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed = 9 November 2000
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Uttarakhand]]
|headquarters = [[Dehradun]]
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name = [[Subodh Uniyal]]
|minister1_pfo = [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers|Minister of Forest and Environment]]
|minister2_name =
|minister2_pfo =
|chief1_name = Dhananjai Mohan, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
|chief1_position = [[Head of Forest Forces]]
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|parent_agency = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website = http://forest.uk.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Uttarakhand Forest Department''' is one of the departments of [[Government of Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Forest, Government Of Uttarakhand, India|url=http://forest.uk.gov.in/}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)]]
*[[List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Government departments of Uttarakhand|F]]
[[Category:State forest departments of India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2000]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Ambika Udaya

2024-02-21T15:56:31Z

Yashpaul0: Starting New Details

{{notability|Books|date=December 2017}}
'''Ambika Udaya''' is a popular devotional literature composed by [[Shridhar Swami Nazarekar]] (1658–1729), a popular Marathi poet in the 17-18th century.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|page=371|author=Ayyappappanikkar|year=1997}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Marathi-language literature]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]

{{India-lit-stub}}
{{Hindu-theo-stub}}

Arenpura, Rajasthan

2023-07-26T13:28:57Z

Yashpaul0: Starting New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arenpura
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = rural
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sumerpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02933
| registration_plate = RJ-22
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pali (Lok Sabha Constituency)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Sumerpur
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|22.5|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|45|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|00|°C|°F}}
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Arenpura''' is a [[gram panchayat]] village in the [[Sumerpur Tehsil]] of the [[Pali district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India. It contains Sonpura, Galthani, Balwana and Ramnagar villages.<ref>[http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=37074&rlbtype=V National Panchayat Directory]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pali district}}
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Pali district]]

Doramangalam

2022-12-22T18:56:56Z

Yashpaul0:

{{orphan|date=February 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Doramangalam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing the location of the town in Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|41|51|N|77|53|23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mettur taluk|Mettur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.33
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,322
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics_type1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| website =
| registration_plate =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Doramangalam''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Mettur taluk]] of [[Salem District]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

==Geography==
Doramangalam is within Mettur taluk, which is in the northwestern part of Salem District. It covers {{convert|6.33|km2|sqmi}} of land in the southern part of the taluk, near the border with [[Idappadi taluk|Idappadi]] and [[Omalur taluk]]s. It is located {{convert|13|km|mi}} southeast of [[Mettur]], the taluk headquarters, {{convert|28|km|mi}} west of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], the district headquarters, and {{convert|300|km|mi}} southwest of the state capital of [[Chennai]]. Nearby towns include [[Avadattur]] and [[Jalakandapuram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Salem District Census Handbook (A)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3307_PART_A_DCHB_SALEM.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-21}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In 2011 Doramangalam had a population of 5,322 people. 2,810 (52.8%) of the inhabitants were male, while 2,512 (47.2%) were female. 497 children in the town, about 9% of the population, were at or below the age of 6. The literacy rate in the town was 58.5%. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 8.1% and 0% of the population, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salem District Census Handbook (B)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3307_PART_B_DCHB_SALEM.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Salem district]]

{{SalemIN-geo-stub}}

India under-19 cricket team

2020-06-19T09:42:51Z

Yashpaul0: put up a data

#REDIRECT [[India national under-19 cricket team]]