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ICC Men's T20 World Cup

2023-10-13T00:48:34Z

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{{Short description|Twenty20 International Cricket Championship}}
{{About||the 50 over tournament|ICC Cricket World Cup|the equivalent women's tournament|ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}

{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = ICC Men's T20 World Cup
| image =
| caption = [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup Trophy|T20 World Cup Trophy]]
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC)
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 International]]
| tournament format = [[#Format|↓Various]]
| first = [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] [[ South Africa ]]
| next = [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] [[ United States ]] & [[West Indies]]
| last = [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] [[ Australia ]]
| participants = 20<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC announces expansion of global events|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2164062 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>
| champions = {{cr|England}} (2nd title)
| most successful = {{cr|England}} {{cr|West Indies}} (2 titles each)
| most runs = {{Flag icon|India}} [[Virat Kohli]] (1141)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=89;type=trophy |title=Records – ICC Men's T20 World Cup – Most Runs |website=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
| most wickets = {{Flag icon|Bangladesh}} [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (47)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=89;type=trophy |title= Records – ICC Men's T20 World Cup – Most Wickets |website=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
| website = [https://www.t20worldcup.com/ t20worldcup.com]
| current =
}}
{{Season sidebar
| title = Tournaments
| list =
* [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
* [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
* [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]]
* [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]
* [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
* [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]
* [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]
* [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
* [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]
* [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]
* [[2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2028]]
* [[2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2030]]
}}
The '''ICC Men's T20 World Cup''' (earlier known as '''ICC World Twenty20''')<ref>{{cite web |title=World T20 renamed as T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/917529 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |access-date=23 November 2018 |date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200931/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/917529 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> is the international championship of [[Twenty20]]. Organised by [[cricket]]'s governing body, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), the tournament consists of 20 teams, with top 12 teams from the previous tournament getting automatic qualifications. while the 8 other teams chosen through the Regional Qualifiers

The event has generally been held every two years. In May 2016, the ICC put forward the idea of having a tournament in 2018, with South Africa being the possible host,<ref name="2018SA">{{Cite web |title=ICC hopeful of World T20 return in 2018 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-hopeful-of-world-t20-return-in-2018-1019437 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804182242/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1019437.html |archive-date=4 August 2016 |access-date=26 May 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> but the ICC later dropped the idea of a 2018 edition at the conclusion of the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Champions Trophy to take place in 2021, No World T20 in 2018|work=Hindustan Times|first=Mukesh|last=Bhatt|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/no-icc-world-t20-in-2018-india-to-host-next-champions-trophy-in-2021/story-myhab0aP2U4ZM4n0pyVuZM.html|date=18 June 2017|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619124441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/no-icc-world-t20-in-2018-india-to-host-next-champions-trophy-in-2021/story-myhab0aP2U4ZM4n0pyVuZM.html|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2020 edition of the tournament was scheduled to take place but due to the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, the tournament was postponed until 2021, with the intended host changed to [[India national cricket team|India]]. The [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] was later relocated to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2021|title=T20 World Cup: It's India vs Pakistan in Dubai on October 24|url=https://www.thelivemirror.com/t20-world-cup-india-vs-pakistan-october-24/|access-date=17 August 2021|website=The Live Mirror}}</ref> due to problems relating to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], taking place 5 years after the previous (2016) iteration.

As of 2022, eight tournaments have so far been played and a total of 21 teams have competed. Only the West Indies and England have won the tournament on multiple occasions, both having won two titles. The inaugural [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 World Twenty20]], was staged in South Africa, and won by [[India national cricket team|India]], who defeated [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the final at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] in [[Johannesburg]]. The [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 tournament]] took place in England, and was won by the previous runner-up, Pakistan, who defeated [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the final at [[Lord's]]. The [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|third tournament]] was held in 2010, hosted by the countries making up the [[West Indies cricket team]]. [[England cricket team]] defeated [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the final in [[Barbados]], which was played at [[Kensington Oval]], winning their first international tournament. The fourth tournament, the [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012 World Twenty20]], was held in Asia for the first time, with all matches played in [[Sri Lanka]]. The West Indies won the tournament by defeating Sri Lanka in the final, winning its first international tournament since the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy|2004 Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/samuels-special-spur-epic-west-indies-win/29853|title=Samuels special the spur for epic West Indies win|work=Wisden India |date=7 October 2012|access-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210193232/http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/samuels-special-spur-epic-west-indies-win/29853|archive-date=10 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The fifth tournament, the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]], was hosted by [[Bangladesh]], and was won by Sri Lanka defeating India, Sri Lanka being the first team to play in three finals. The sixth tournament, the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]], was hosted by [[India]] and was won by West Indies defeating England. The seventh tournament, the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup ]], was hosted by [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and was won by Australia defeating New Zealand.

[[England cricket team|England]] are the reigning T20 World Cup holders, having beaten [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the 2022 final, winning their second title. They became the first men's team to hold both limited-overs World Cups (T20 and ODI) simultaneously.

==History==
{{Main|History of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="background:#F5FAFF; text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|+ Winners T20 Men's Cricket World Cup
|-
! Year !!style="width:200px"| Champions
|-
| [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|-
| [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|-
| [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}}
|-
| [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}}
|-
| [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SL}}
|-
| [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|WIN}} {{small|(2)}}
|-
| [[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|ENG}} {{small|(2)}}
|-
|}

===Background===
When the [[Benson & Hedges Cup]] ended in 2002, the [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] needed{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} another one-day competition to fill with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship. The Board wanted to deliver fast-paced, exciting cricket accessible to thousands{{quantify|date=November 2022}} of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game. Stuart Robertson, the marketing manager of the ECB, proposed a 20-over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001, and they voted 11–7 in favour of adopting the new format.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6985087.stm |title= The roots of Twenty20 |work= BBC Sport |date= 11 September 2007 |access-date=7 August 2020 | quote = Stuart Robertson was the marketing manager of the ECB when Twenty20 was launched. [...] His extensive research suggested women and children would only watch cricket if it was in a shorter format, and started in the late afternoon. [...] He also gave two presentations to the Professional Cricket Association's annual general meeting. [...] But it was only just enough to sway the counties, who voted 11-7 in favour of Twenty20.}}</ref>

====Domestic tournaments====
[[Image:2007t20.jpg|thumb|Bangladesh vs South Africa at the 2007 tournament]]
The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the [[T20 Blast]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/13JUN2003/ |title=Matches played 13 June 2003 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610070441/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/13JUN2003/ |archivedate= 10 June 2008 |website= ESPNcricinfo |accessdate= 9 June 2008 }}</ref> The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with the [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey Lions]] defeating the [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire Bears]] by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/KNOCK-OUTS/SURREY_WARWICKS_TWENTY-20-FINAL_19JUL2003.html Twenty20 Cup, 2003, Final – Surrey v Warwickshire] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080725173413/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2003/ENG_LOCAL/TWENTY-20/SCORECARDS/KNOCK-OUTS/SURREY_WARWICKS_TWENTY-20-FINAL_19JUL2003.html |date=25 July 2008 }} ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 9 June 2008</ref> The first Twenty20 match held at [[Lord's]], on 15 July 2004 between [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] and [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]], attracted a crowd of 27,509, the largest attendance for any [[county cricket]] game at the ground - other than a one-day final - since 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/may/25/usman-afzaal-surrey-middlesex-twenty20 |title=Usman Afzaal gives Surrey winning start but absent fans fuel concerns |first= Paul |last= Weaver |newspaper=The Guardian |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140317021026/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/may/25/usman-afzaal-surrey-middlesex-twenty20 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Soon after with the adoption of Twenty20 matches by other cricket boards, the popularity of the format grew with unexpected crowd attendance, new domestic tournaments such as Pakistan's [[National T20 Cup]] and [[Stanford 20/20]] tournament, and the financial incentive in the format.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the [[Stanford 20/20]] tournament. Convicted fraudster [[Allen Stanford]] backed the event financially, giving at least US$28,000,000 funding money, the fruit of his massive Ponzi scheme.{{citation needed|date= November 2021}} It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} [[Guyana national cricket team|Guyana]] won the inaugural event, defeating [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] by 5 wickets and securing US$1,000,000 in prize money.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2006 |title=Guyana crowned Stanford 20/20 champions |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/stanford-20-20-2006-228881/guyana-vs-trinidad-tobago-final-252990/match-report |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20060208T230000-0500_98302_OBS_DATES_FOR_STANFORD_TWENTY___ANNOUNCED.asp|title=Dates for Stanford Twenty20 announced|work=The Jamaica Observer|date=9 February 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205185816/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20060208T230000-0500_98302_OBS_DATES_FOR_STANFORD_TWENTY___ANNOUNCED.asp|archive-date=5 December 2008}}</ref> A spin-off tournament, the [[Stanford Super Series]], took place in October 2008 between [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]], the respective winners of the English and Caribbean Twenty20 competitions, and a [[2008 Stanford Super Series]] team formed from West Indies domestic players; Trinidad and Tobago won the competition, securing US$280,000 prize money.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2008 |title=Udal leads Middlesex for Stanford |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/udal-leads-middlesex-for-stanford-372261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621114630/http://www.espncricinfo.com/stanfordtwenty20/content/story/372261.html |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=17 May 2012 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McGlashan |first=Andrew |date=27 October 2008 |title=Ramdin leads T&T to big-money glory |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/stanford-super-series-2008-09-354384/middlesex-vs-trinidad-tobago-362442/match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420113135/http://www.espncricinfo.com/stanfordtwenty20/content/story/375624.html |archive-date=20 April 2012 |access-date=17 May 2012 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 1 November, the Stanford Superstars played England in what was expected to be the first of five fixtures in as many years with the winner claiming a US$20,000,000 in each match.<ref>{{cite web |last=McGlashan |first=Andrew |date=1 November 2008 |title=Gayle leads Superstars to millions |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-west-indies-oct-nov-2008-2008-09-354387/stanford-superstars-vs-england-354386/match-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622235419/http://www7.espncricinfo.com/stanfordtwenty20/content/story/376602.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=17 May 2012 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7895505.stm |title=US tycoon charged over $8bn fraud |work= BBC News |date=17 February 2009 |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

====Twenty20 Internationals====
{{Main|Twenty20 International}}

On 17 February 2005 [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] defeated [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in the first men's full international Twenty20 match, played at [[Eden Park]] in [[Auckland]]. The game was played in a light-hearted manner – both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s, the New Zealand team's a direct copy of that worn by the [[Beige Brigade]]. Some of the players also sported moustaches/beards and hair-styles popular in the 1980s, taking part in a competition amongst themselves for "best retro look", at the request of the Beige Brigade. Australia won the game comprehensively, and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings, the players and umpires took things less seriously – [[Glenn McGrath]] jokingly replayed the [[Trevor Chappell]] [[Underarm bowling incident of 1981|underarm incident]] from a 1981 ODI between the two sides, and [[Billy Bowden]] showed him a mock [[Penalty card]] (red cards are not normally used in cricket) in response.

===Inaugural tournaments===
[[File:T20 final 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Lasith Malinga]] bowling to Shahid Afridi in the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 final]] at [[Lord's]]]]
It was first decided that every two years an ICC World Twenty20 tournament is to take place, except in the event of a [[Cricket World Cup]] being scheduled in the same year, in which case it will be held the year before. The first tournament was in [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 in South Africa]] where [[India national cricket team|India]] defeated [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8604/report/287879/india-vs-pakistan-final-icc-world-twenty20-2007-08|title=India hold their nerve to win thriller|first=Dileep|last=Premachandran|date=24 September 2007|access-date=3 July 2019|website=ESPNCricinfo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703032605/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8604/report/287879/india-vs-pakistan-final-icc-world-twenty20-2007-08|archive-date=3 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] and [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] had to qualify via the [[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One]] which was a 50-over competition that took place in [[Nairobi]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2007 |title=Kenya crush Canada to book final place |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kenya-crush-canada-to-book-final-place-278951 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703032609/http://www.espncricinfo.com/worldcricketleague/content/story/278951.html |archive-date=3 July 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019 |website=ESPNCricinfo |location=Nairobi}}</ref> In December 2007 it was decided to hold a qualifying tournament with a 20-over format to better prepare the teams. With six participants, two would qualify for the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 World Twenty20]] and would each receive $250,000 in prize money.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2007 |title=ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier to be held in Ireland |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-to-be-held-in-ireland-325356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621114635/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/325356.html |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=17 May 2012 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|second tournament]] was won by [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] who beat [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] by 8 wickets in England on 21 June 2009. The [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]] tournament was held in West Indies in May 2010, where [[England cricket team|England]] defeated [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] by 7 wickets. The [[2012 ICC World Twenty20]] was won by the West-Indies, by defeating Sri Lanka at the finals. For the first time, a host nation competed in the final of the ICC World Twenty20. There were 12 participants for the title including [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] and [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] as [[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]]. It was the first time the T20 World Cup tournament took place in an Asian country.

===Expansion to 16 teams===
The [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]] edition was to be expanded into a 16 team format however this was reverted to 12.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC approves Test championship |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-icc-approves-test-championship-481373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621114622/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/481373.html |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=22 March 2014 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] tournament, held in [[Bangladesh]] was the first to feature 16 teams including all ten [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|full members]] and six [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members|associate members]] who qualified through the [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]]. However the top eight full member teams in the [[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|ICC Men's T20I Team rankings]] on 8 October 2012 were given a place in the [[#Super 10|Super 10]] stage. The remaining eight teams competed in the [[#Group stage|group stage]], from which two teams advance to the Super 10 stage.<ref name=ICC>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/media-releases/75604/west-indies-to-start-world-t20-title-defence-against-india|title=West Indies to start World T20 title defence against India|date=27 October 2013|publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|access-date=27 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185415/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2013/media-releases/75604/west-indies-to-start-world-t20-title-defence-against-india|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bcb-promises-stellar-t20-wc/|title=BCB promises stellar T20 WC|date=7 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192904/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bcb-promises-stellar-t20-wc/|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Three new teams (Nepal, Hong Kong and the UAE) made their debut in this tournament.

;COVID-19
{{main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket}}

In July 2020, the ICC announced that 2021 edition has been postponed by two year due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733391 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2020 postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> Therefore, the 2020 tournament (originally to be hosted by Australia) was moved to [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|November 2022]], and the 2021 tournament was originally to be hosted by India, due to Pandemic the matches was played in Oman and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733341 |title=Men's T20 World Cup postponement FAQs |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> Both retained the rights to host the tournaments, with India hosting in 2021 and Australia in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Men's T20WC 2021 in India, 2022 in Australia; Women's CWC postponed|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1749997}}</ref><ref name=sixsports.in /> The 2021 tournament ran from 17 October to 14 November 2021, The 2022 tournament ran from 16 October to 13 November 2022.

===Expansion to 20 teams===
In June 2021, the ICC announced that the T20 World Cup<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricinformer.com/category/t20-world-cup-2022/ |title=Get All Update About T20 World Cup 2022|work=CRICInformer |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> tournaments in 2024, 2026, 2028, and 2030 will be expanded to include 20 teams.<ref name=sixsports.in>{{Cite web|title=ICC announces World Cup schedule; 14 teams in 2027 And 2031|url=https://sixsports.in/icc-announces-world-cup-schedule-14-teams-in-2027-and-2031/|access-date=2 June 2021|website=Six Sports|date=2 June 2021 }}</ref> The teams will be divided into 4 groups (5 per group), with the top two teams from each group advancing to the Super Eights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC expands men's world events: ODI WC to 14 teams, T20 WC to 20 teams|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-expands-men-s-world-events-odi-world-cup-to-14-teams-t20-world-cup-to-20-teams-1264847|access-date=22 November 2021|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> They will be divided into two groups of four, with the top two from each group advancing to the semi-finals.

The 2024 T20 World Cup will be hosted by the West Indies and the United States. It will be the first time the US has hosted a World Cup, with multiple stadiums across the country either being newly built or repurposed for cricket. The 2026 tournament will be co-hosted by India and Sri Lanka, with the 2028 edition in Australia and New Zealand, as well as the 2030 tournament in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland following.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024-2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682|access-date=22 November 2021|website=icc-cricket.com}}</ref>

==Format==
===Hosts===
The International Cricket Council's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining bids from the nations which have expressed an interest in holding the event. After South Africa in 2007, the tournament was hosted by England, the West Indies and Sri Lanka in 2009, 2010 and 2012 respectively. Bangladesh hosted the tournament in 2014.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/465631.html Bangladesh to host World Twenty20 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705143709/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/465631.html|date=5 July 2010}} Cricinfo, retrieved 1 July 2010</ref> India hosted the tournament in 2016. After a gap of five years, India won the hosting rights of 2021 edition as well, but due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] the matches were played in Oman and the United Arab Emirates. The 2022 edition was hosted by Australia, who won the tournament in the previous year.

In December 2015, Tim Anderson, the ICC's head of global development, suggested that a future tournament be hosted by the United States. He believed that hosting the event could help spur growth of the game in the country, where it is relatively obscure and faces competition by other sports such as [[baseball]].<ref name="ndtv-t20usa2">{{cite web|title=International Cricket Council Targets World Twenty20 on United States Soil: Report|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/252894-international-cricket-council-targets-world-twenty20-on-united-states-soil-report|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107125712/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/252894-international-cricket-council-targets-world-twenty20-on-united-states-soil-report|archive-date=7 January 2016|access-date=14 January 2016|website=NDTV Sports}}</ref> In 2020, the United States and West Indies expressed interest in co-hosting a T20 World Cup after 2023,<ref>{{Cite news|title=USA looks to 1994 for T20 World Cup bid|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52885902|access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref> with Malaysia being another possible contender.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lavalette|first=Tristan|title=Malaysia Eyes Hosting A T20 Cricket World Cup In The 2023-31 Cycle|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tristanlavalette/2020/06/26/malaysia-eyes-hosting-a-t20-cricket-world-cup-in-the-2023-31-cycle/|access-date=10 September 2020|website=Forbes}}</ref> In November 2021, the ICC confirmed the hosts for the next four Men's T20 World Cup tournaments from 2024 to 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024-2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682|access-date=16 November 2021|work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> The United States and West Indies would co-host the 2024 edition, India and Sri Lanka to co-host the 2026 edition, Australia and New Zealand to co-host the 2028 edition and the 2030 edition is to be co-hosted by United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |title=USA co-hosts for 2024 T20 WC, Pakistan gets 2025 Champions Trophy, India and Bangladesh 2031 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/usa-co-hosts-for-2024-t20-wc-pakistan-gets-2025-champions-trophy-india-and-bangladesh-2031-world-cup-1289589 |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

===Qualification===
{{See also|ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier}}
All ICC full members qualify automatically for the tournament, with the remaining places filled by other ICC members through a qualification tournament, known as the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier|T20 World Cup Qualifier]]. Qualification for the inaugural [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 World Twenty20]] came from the results of the first cycle of the [[World Cricket League]], a 50-over league for ICC associate and affiliate members. The two finalists of the [[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One|2007 WCL Division One]] tournament, [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] and [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]], qualified for the World Twenty20 later in the year. A separate qualification tournament was implemented for the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 World Twenty20]], and has been retained since then. The number of teams qualifying through the World Twenty20 Qualifier has varied, however, ranging from two (in [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]] and [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]) to six (in [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] and [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]).

===Final tournament===
In each group stage (both the preliminary round and the Super 12 round), teams are ranked against each other based on the following criteria:<ref>[http://worldtwenty20.yahoo.com/abouttwenty20/icc_world_twenty20_playing_conditions_final.pdf Final WorldTwenty20 Playing conditions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035806/http://worldtwenty20.yahoo.com/abouttwenty20/icc_world_twenty20_playing_conditions_final.pdf |date=11 September 2008 }}, ICC World Twenty20, retrieved 12 September 2007</ref>
# Higher number of points
# If equal, higher number of wins
# If still equal, higher [[net run rate]]
# If still equal, lower [[strike rate#Bowling strike rate|bowling strike rate]]
# If still equal, result of head-to-head meeting.

In case of a [[Tie (draw)|tie]] (that is, both teams scoring the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings), a [[Super Over]] would decide the winner. In the case of a tie occurring again in the Super Over, subsequent super overs would be played until there is a winner. Earlier, the match would be won by the team that had scored the most boundaries in their innings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No more boundary countback as ICC changes Super over regulations | ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-more-boundary-countback-as-icc-changes-super-over-regulations-1203757 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015130845/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27844486/no-more-boundary-countback-icc-changes-super-regulations |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> During the 2007 tournament, a [[bowl-out]] was used to decide the loser of tied matches.<ref>[http://worldtwenty20.yahoo.com/abouttwenty20/playing-conditions.html Playing conditions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720113337/http://worldtwenty20.yahoo.com/abouttwenty20/playing-conditions.html |date=20 July 2008 }}, ICC World Twenty20, retrieved 12 September 2008</ref>

==Trophy==
The ICC Men's T20 World Cup trophy is presented to the winners of the final. It was designed and manufactured by [[Links of London]], and is made of silver and rhodium. It weighs approximately {{convert|7.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and stands {{convert|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, with a width of {{convert|19|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the top and {{convert|14|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the base.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2 width=5%|Edition
!rowspan=2 width=5%|Year
!rowspan=2 width=15%|Host(s)
!rowspan=2 width=15%|Final venue
!colspan=3|Final
!rowspan=2 width=5%|Teams
|-
!width=20%| Winner
!width=20%| Runners-up
!width=20%| Margin
|-
!1
|[[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
|align=left|{{Flag|South Africa}}
|[[Wanderers Stadium|Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg]]
|{{Cr|IND}} 157/5 (20 overs)
|{{Cr|PAK}} 152 all out (19.4 overs)
|'''[[2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final|5 runs]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287879.html Scorecard]
| rowspan="4" |12
|-
!2
|[[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|align=left|{{Flag|England}}
|[[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground, London]]
|{{Cr|PAK}} 139/2 (18.4 overs)
|{{Cr|SRI}} 138/6 (20 overs)
|'''[[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Final|8 wickets]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wt202009/engine/current/match/356017.html Scorecard]
|-
!3
|[[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]]
|align=left|{{Flag|West Indies}}
|[[Kensington Oval|Kensington Oval, Bridgetown]]
|{{Cr|ENG}} 148/3 (17 overs)
|{{Cr|AUS}} 147/6 (20 overs)
|'''[[2010 ICC World Twenty20 Final|7 wickets]]''' [http://www.cricinfo.com/world-twenty20-2010/engine/current/match/412703.html Scorecard]
|-
!4
|[[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]
|align=left|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[R Premadasa Stadium|R Premadasa Stadium, Colombo]]
|{{Cr|WIN}} 137/6 (20 overs)
|{{Cr|SRI}} 101 all out (18.4 overs)
|'''[[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Final|36 runs]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2012/engine/current/match/533298.html Scorecard]
|-
!5
|[[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
|align=left|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka]]
|{{Cr|SRI}} 134/4 (17.5 overs)
|{{Cr|IND}} 130/4 (20 overs)
|'''[[2014 ICC World Twenty20 Final|6 wickets]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2014/engine/match/682965.html Scorecard]
| rowspan="4" |16
|-
!6
|[[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]
|align=left|{{Flag|India}}
|[[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens, Kolkata]]
|{{Cr|WIN}} 161/6 (19.4 overs)
|{{Cr|ENG}} 155/9 (20 overs)
|'''[[2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final|4 wickets]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/engine/match/951373.html Scorecard]
|-
!7
|[[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]
|align=left|{{plainlist|
* {{flag|UAE}}
* {{flag|Oman}}
{{efn|The hosting rights was owned by [[India]], but matches were played in UAE and Oman.}}
}}
|[[Dubai International Stadium|Dubai International Stadium, Dubai]]
|{{Cr|AUS}} 173/2 (18.5 overs)
|{{Cr|NZ}} 172/4 (20 overs)
|
'''[[2021 ICC World Twenty20 Final|8 wickets]]''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/australia-vs-new-zealand-final-1273756/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
|-
!8
|[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
|align=left|{{Flag|Australia}}
|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne]]
|{{Cr|ENG}} 138/5 (19 overs)
|{{Cr|PAK}} 137/8 (20 overs)
|
'''[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Final|5 wickets]]''' [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1298179.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#DDEEFF"
!9
|[[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]
| align="left" |{{plainlist|
* {{flag|West Indies}}
* {{flag|United States}} }}
|''To be confirmed''
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|''To be confirmed''
| rowspan="4" | 20
|-
!10
|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]
| align="left" |{{plainlist|
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}} }}
|''To be confirmed''
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|''To be confirmed''
|-
!11
|[[2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2028]]
|align=left|{{plainlist|
* {{flag|Australia}}
* {{flag|New Zealand}} }}
|''To be confirmed''
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|''To be confirmed''
|-
!12
|[[2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2030]]
|align=left|{{plainlist|
*{{flag|England}}
*{{flag|Wales}}
*{{flag|Ireland}}
*{{flag|Scotland}} }}
|''To be confirmed''
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBD
|''To be confirmed''
|}

;Notes
{{color box|border=darkgray|#C0FEFF}} Upcoming Edition of the T20 World Cup.

==Team performance==
Correct as of final of the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].
''Teams are ordered by best result then by winning percentage, then alphabetically'':
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width:250px"|Team
!colspan=3|Appearances
!rowspan="2" style="width:300px"|Best result
!colspan="6"|Statistics<ref name="resultsummary">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=89;type=trophy |title=Records / ICC World T20 / Result Summary |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319015516/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=89;type=trophy |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-
!width=40|Total
!width=40|First
!width=40|Latest
!width=30|Played
!width=30|Won
!width=30|Lost
!width=30|Tie
!width=30|NR
!width=30|Win%
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|ENG}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||bgcolor="gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]], [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]) || 44 || 24 || 19 || 0 || 1 || 55.81
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|WIN}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||bgcolor="gold"| {{sort|1.1|'''Champions'''}} ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]], [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]) || 39 || 19 || 18 || 1(1) || 1 || 51.31
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|IND}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||bgcolor="gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]) || 44 || 27 || 15 || 1(1) || 1 || 63.95
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|AUS}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||bgcolor="gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]) || 40 || 25 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 62.50
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|SRI}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||bgcolor="gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]) || 51 || 31 || 19 || 1(1) || 0 || 61.76
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|PAK}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||bgcolor="gold"| {{sort|1.2|'''Champions'''}} ([[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]) || 47 || 28 || 18 || 1(0) || 0 || 60.63
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|NZL}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||bgcolor="silver"| {{sort|2.1|'''Runners-up'''}} ([[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]) || 42 || 23 || 17 || 2(0) || 0 || 57.14
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|RSA}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] ||style="background:#cc9966"| {{sort|3.1|'''Semi-finals'''}} ([[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]], [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]) || 40 || 24 || 15 || 0 || 1 || 61.53
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|IRE}}
| 7 || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|4.3|Super 8s}} ([[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]) || 25 || 7 || 15 || 0 || 3 || 31.81
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|BAN}}
| 8 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|4.1|Super 8s}} ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]) || 38 || 9 || 28 || 0 || 1 || 24.32
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|NED}}
| 5 || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|4.3|Super 10s}} ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]) || 23 || 9 || 13 || 0 || 1 || 40.90
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|AFG|2013}}
| 6 || [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|4.3|Super 10s}} ([[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]) || 22 || 7 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 31.81
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|ZIM}}
| 6 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|5.2|Super 12s}} ([[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]) || 20 || 8 || 11 || 0 || 1 || 42.10
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|NAM|2021}}
| 2 || [[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|4.4|Super 12s}} ([[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]) || 11 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 36.36
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|SCO}}
| 5 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|5.2|Super 12s}} ([[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]) || 18 || 5 || 12 || 0 || 1 || 29.41
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|OMA}}
| 2 || [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]] || [[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]] || {{sort|5.4|First round}} ([[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]], [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]) || 6 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 40.00
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|HKG}}
| 2 || [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] || [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]] || {{sort|5.3|First round}} ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]], [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]) || 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 16.66
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|UAE}}
| 2 || [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]|| {{sort|5.4|First round}} ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]], [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]) || 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 16.66
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|NEP}}
| 1 || [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] || [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] || {{sort|5.4|First round}} ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]) || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 66.66
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|KEN}}
| 1 || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || {{sort|5.4|First round}} ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]) || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|PNG}}
| 1 || [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] || [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] || {{sort|5.4|First round}} ([[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]) || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0.00

|}
''Note:''
* The number in bracket indicates number of wins in the tied matches (using methods of [[bowl-out]], [[Super Over]]).

==Team results by tournament==

;Legend
* {{bg|gold|'''W'''}} – Champions
* {{bg|silver|'''RU'''}} – Runners-up
* {{bg|#cc9966|'''SF'''}} – Semi-finalist
* {{bg|#BBF3BB|R2}} – Round 2 (Super 8s, Super 10s and Super 12s)
* R1 – Round 1 (group stage)
* Q – Qualified, Still in Competition
* × – Qualified but withdrew
* ×× – Ineligible for qualification (suspended)
* TBD- to be decided

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="1" {{diagonal split header 2| Team|Host}}
!{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] (12)
!{{flagicon|ENG}} [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]] (12)
!{{flagicon|WIN}} [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]] (12)
!{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]] (12)
!{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] (16)
!{{flagicon|IND}} [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]] (16)
!{{flagicon|UAE}} {{flagicon|OMA}} [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] (16)
!{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] (16)
!{{flagicon|WIN}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] (20)
!{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SRI}} [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] (20)
!{{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} [[2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2028]] (20)
!{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}} {{flagicon|IRE}} {{flagicon|SCO}} [[2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2030]] (20)
!{{tooltip|Apps.|Appearances}}
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| — || — || R1 || R1 || R1 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || Q
|
|
|
! 6
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|AUS}}
| bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || R1 || bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''|| style="border: 3px solid red; background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || Q
|
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|BAN}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || R1 || R1 || R1 || style="border: 3px solid red; background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || Q
|
|
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|CAN}}
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || | Q
|
|
|
! —
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|ENG}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="border: 3px solid red; background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''|| style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''|| Q
|
|
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|HKG}}
| — || — || — || — || R1 || R1 || — || — ||
|
|
|
! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|IND}}
| bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''|| style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' ||| Q
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
|
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|IRE}}
| — || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || R1 || R1 || R1 || R1 || R1 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || Q
|
|
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
! 7
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|KEN}}
| R1 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — ||
|
|
|
! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|NAM}}
| — || — || — || — || — || — || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || R1 ||
|
|
|
! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|NEP}}
| — || — || — || — || R1 || — || — || — ||
|
|
|
! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|NED}}
| — || R1 || — || — || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || R1 || R1 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || Q
|
|
|
! 5
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|NZL}}
| bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || Q
|
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|OMA}}
| — || — || — || — || — || R1 || style="border: 3px solid red"| R1 || — ||
|
|
|
! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|PAK}}
| bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || bgcolor="gold" | '''W''' || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || Q
|
|
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|PNG}}
| — || — || — || — || — || — || R1 || — ||Q
|
|
|
! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|SCO}}
| R1 || R1 || — || — || — || R1 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || R1 |R1
|Q
|
|
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
! 5
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|RSA}}
| style="border: 3px solid red; background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || Q
|
|
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}}
| style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="border: 3px solid red" bgcolor="silver" | '''RU''' || bgcolor="gold" | '''W''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || Q
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
|
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|UAE}}
| — || — || — || — || R1 || — || style="border: 3px solid red"| — || R1 ||
|
|
|
! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|USA}}
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
|
|
|
! —
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|WIN}}
| R1 || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || style="border: 3px solid red; background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || bgcolor="gold" | '''W''' || bgcolor="#cc9966" | '''SF''' || bgcolor="gold" | '''W''' || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 || R1 || style="border: 3px solid red"| Q
|
|
|
! 8
|-
| align="left" | {{cr|ZIM}}
| R1 || × || R1 || R1 || R1 || R1 || ×× || style="background:#BBF3BB"|R2 ||
|
|
|
! 6
|}

===Debutant teams by tournament===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Year
!Teams
|-
|[[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
|{{cr|AUS}}, {{cr|BAN}}, {{cr|ENG}}, {{cr|IND}}, {{cr|KEN}}, {{cr|NZ}}, {{cr|PAK}}, {{cr|SCO}}, {{cr|SL}}, {{cr|RSA}}, {{cr|WIN}}, {{cr|ZIM}}
|-
|[[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|{{cr|IRE}}, {{cr|NED}}
|-
|[[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]]
|{{cr|AFG}}
|-
|[[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]
|''none''
|-
|[[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
|{{cr|HKG}}, {{cr|UAE}}, {{cr|NEP}}
|-
|[[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]]
|{{cr|OMA}}
|-
|[[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]
|{{cr|NAM}}, {{cr|PNG}}
|-
|[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
|''none''
|-
|[[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]
|{{cr|CAN}}, {{cr|USA}}
|-
|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]]
|TBD
|-
|[[2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2028]]
|TBD
|-
|[[2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2030]]
|TBD
|}

==Tournament records==
{{Main|List of ICC Men's T20 World Cup records}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="4"|T20 World Cup records
|-
!colspan="4"|Batting
|-
|Most runs
|{{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]]
|1141 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]-[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Most Runs|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Highest score
|{{cricon|New Zealand}} [[Brendon McCullum]] v {{cr|BAN}}
|123 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - High Scores|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Batting average (cricket)|Highest average]] (min. 10 inns.)
|{{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]]
|81.50 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref name="espncricinfo_highest_career_batting_average_89">{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Highest Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Highest strike rate (min.125 balls)
|{{cricon|IND}} [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|181.29 ([[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref name="espncricinfo_highest_career_batting_average_89"/>
|-
|Most hundreds
|{{cricon|West Indies}} [[Chris Gayle]]
|2 ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]–[[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]])
|<ref name="espncricinfo_list_hundreds_89">{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/list_hundreds.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Most Hundreds|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Most fifties
| rowspan="2" |{{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]]
|14 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref name="espncricinfo_highest_career_batting_average_89"/>
|-
|Most fifty+
|14 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref name="espncricinfo_list_hundreds_89"/>
|-
|Most sixes
|{{cricon|West Indies}} [[Chris Gayle]]
|63 ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]–[[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]])
|<ref name="espncricinfo_list_hundreds_89"/>
|-
|Highest [[partnership (cricket)|partnership]]
|{{cricon|ENG}} [[Jos Buttler]] & [[Alex Hales]] v {{cr|IND}}
|170* ([[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Highest Partnership|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Most runs in a tournament
|{{cricon|India}} [[Virat Kohli]]
|319 ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Most Runs in a Series|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4"|Bowling
|-
|Most wickets
|{{cricon|BAN}} [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
|47 ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Most Wickets|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best [[bowling average]] (min. 250 balls bowled)
|{{cricon|Sri Lanka}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
|11.45 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2021]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Best Bowling Averages|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best [[strike rate]] (min. 250 balls bowled)
|{{cricon|SRI}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
|11.8 ([[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_strike_rate.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records – Best Strike Rates|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best [[economy rate]] (min. 250 balls bowled)
|{{cricon|West Indies}} [[Sunil Narine]]
|5.17 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]]–[[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_economy_rate.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Best Economy Rates|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best bowling figures
|{{cricon|SRI}} [[Ajantha Mendis]] v {{cr|ZIM}}
|6/8 ([[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Best Bowling Figures|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Most wickets in a tournament
|{{cricon|SRI}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
|16 ([[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Most Wickets in a Series|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4"|Fielding
|-
|Most dismissals ([[wicket-keeper]])
|{{cricon|IND}} [[MS Dhoni]]
|32 ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]–[[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Most Dismissals|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Most catches ([[fielding (cricket)|fielder]])
|{{cricon|South Africa}} [[AB De Villiers]]
|23 ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]–[[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Most Catches|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4"|Team
|-
|Highest team total
|{{cr|SRI}} (v {{cr|KEN}})
|260/6 ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Highest Totals|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Lowest team total
|{{cr|NED}} (v {{cr|SRI}})
|39 ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Lowest Totals|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Highest win % (min. 5 matches played)
|{{cr|IND}}
|63.95% (played 44, won 27, lost 15) ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]–[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Highest Win Percentage|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Largest victory (by runs)
|{{cr|SRI}} (v {{cr|KEN}})
|172 ([[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Largest Victories|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Highest match aggregate
|{{cr|ENG}} v {{cr|RSA}}
|459-12 ([[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Highest Match Aggregate|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|Lowest match aggregate
|{{cr|NED}} v {{cr|SRI}}
|79-11 ([[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=T20 World Cup Records - Lowest Match Aggregate|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center"|Last updated: 11 November 2022
|}

===By tournament===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Year !! Winning Captain !! Player of the final !! Player of the tournament !! Most runs !! Most wickets
|-
| [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] ||{{cricon|IND}} [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] || {{cricon|IND}} [[Irfan Pathan]] || {{cricon|PAK}} [[Shahid Afridi]] || {{cricon|AUS}} [[Matthew Hayden]] (265) || {{cricon|PAK}} [[Umar Gul]] (13)
|-
| [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]] ||{{cricon|PAK}} [[Younus Khan]] || {{cricon|PAK}} [[Shahid Afridi]]|| {{cricon|LKA}} [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] || {{cricon|LKA}} [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (317) || {{cricon|PAK}} [[Umar Gul]] (13)
|-
| [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]] ||{{cricon|ENG}} [[Paul Collingwood]] || {{cricon|ENG}} [[Craig Kieswetter]] || {{cricon|ENG}} [[Kevin Pietersen]] || {{cricon|LKA}} [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (302) || {{cricon|AUS}} [[Dirk Nannes]] (14)
|-
| [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]] ||{{cricon|WIN}} [[Darren Sammy]] || {{cricon|WIN}} [[Marlon Samuels]]|| {{cricon|AUS}} [[Shane Watson]] || {{cricon|AUS}} [[Shane Watson]] (249) || {{cricon|LKA}} [[Ajantha Mendis]] (15)
|-
| [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] ||{{cricon|LKA}} [[Dinesh Chandimal]] || {{cricon|LKA}} [[Kumar Sangakkara]] || {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]] (319) || {{cricon|RSA}} [[Imran Tahir]] / {{cricon|NED}} [[Ahsan Malik (cricketer)|Ahsan Malik]] (12)
|-
| [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]] ||{{cricon|WIN}} [[Darren Sammy]] || {{cricon|WIN}} [[Marlon Samuels]] || {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cricon|BAN}} [[Tamim Iqbal]] (295) ||{{cricon|AFG|2013}} [[Mohammad Nabi]] (12)
|-
| [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]] ||{{cricon|AUS}} [[Aaron Finch]] || {{cricon|AUS}} [[Mitchell Marsh]] || {{cricon|AUS}} [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || {{cricon|PAK}} [[Babar Azam]] (303) ||{{cricon|LKA}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (16)
|-
|[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || {{cricon|ENG}} [[Jos Buttler]] || {{cricon|ENG}} [[Sam Curran]] || {{cricon|ENG}} [[Sam Curran (cricketer)|Sam Curran]] || {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]] (296) || {{cricon|LKA}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (15)
|-
|[[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] || || || || ||
|-
|[[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] || || || || ||
|-
|[[2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2028]] || || || || ||
|-
|[[2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2030]] || || || || ||
|}

==See also==

* [[List of Twenty20 International records]]
*[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]
*[[ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]
*[[ICC Champions Trophy]]
*[[ICC World Test Championship]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://slitegroup.com/services/exhibition-setups/ Exhibition Setup]
*[https://t20worldcup.com/ Official T20 ICC World Cup website]

{{ICC World Twenty20}}
{{ICC World Twenty20 winners}}
{{International cricket}}
{{Main world cups}}
{{Main world championships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ICC World Twenty20}}
[[Category:ICC Men's T20 World Cup| ]]
[[Category:World championships in cricket]]
[[Category:International Cricket Council events|Twenty20]]
[[Category:Twenty20 International cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2007]]

COVID-19 pandemic

2023-10-06T18:35:43Z

Xuppi: Cleaned up

{{Short description|Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2}}
{{Redirect|The pandemic|other uses|Pandemic (disambiguation)|and|List of epidemics and pandemics}}

{{good article}}


{{Use British English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name = COVID-19 pandemic
| map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map Total Deaths per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.5
| legend1 = {{Center|Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population as of 19 May 2023}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin|div=y|{{nowrap|Cases per capita}}}}
| map2 = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.46
| legend2 = {{Center|Cumulative percentage of population infected as of 19 March 2022}}
{{plainlist}}
{{div col |colwidth=10em |gap=0}}
* {{legend inline|#290000|>10%}}
* {{legend inline|#510000|3–10%}}
* {{legend inline|#900000|1–3%}}
* {{legend inline|#c80200|0.3–1%}}
* {{legend inline|#ee7070|0.1–0.3%}}
* {{legend inline|#ffc0c0|0.03–0.1%}}
* {{legend inline|#ffdfe0|0–0.03%}}
* {{legend inline|#e0e0e0|None or no data}}
{{div col end}}
{{endplainlist}}
{{collapsed infobox section end|div=y}}
| image = Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg
| image_upright = 1.35
| caption = Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an [[intensive care unit]] in [[São Paulo]] in May 2020
| disease = [[COVID-19|Coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19)
| virus_strain = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS‑CoV‑2)
| location = [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|Worldwide]]
| index_case = [[Wuhan]], China {{coord|30|37|11|N|114|15|28|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-42}}
----
[[Public health emergency of international concern]]: 30 January 2020 – 5 May 2023 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=1|day1=30|year1=2020|month2=5|day2=5|year2=2023}})
| source = [[Bat virome|Bats]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Zoumpourlis V, Goulielmaki M, Rizos E, Baliou S, Spandidos DA | title = [Comment] The COVID‑19 pandemic as a scientific and social challenge in the 21st century | journal = Molecular Medicine Reports | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 3035–3048 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32945405 | pmc = 7453598 | doi = 10.3892/mmr.2020.11393 }}</ref> indirectly<ref name="who-origins-20210330" />
| confirmed_cases = {{COVID-19 data/Text|XW|cases}}
| suspected_cases =
| deaths = {{COVID-19 data/Text|XW|deaths}} (reported) 17.5–31.4 million<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=The pandemic's true death toll |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-estimates |orig-date=2 November 2021 |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref> (estimated)
| fatality_rate = {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ratio}}
}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}

The '''COVID-19 pandemic''', also known as the '''coronavirus pandemic''', is a global [[pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19) caused by [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2). The [[novel virus]] was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of [[Wuhan]] in December 2019. Attempts to contain it there failed, allowing the virus to spread to other areas of Asia and later [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|worldwide]] in 2020. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) declared the outbreak a [[public health emergency of international concern]] (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020. The WHO ended its PHEIC declaration on 5 May 2023. As of {{COVID-19 data/Date|format=j F Y}}, the pandemic had caused {{COVID-19 data/Text|XW|cases}} cases and {{COVID-19 data/Text|XW|deaths}} confirmed deaths, ranking it fifth in the [[deadliest pandemics in history|deadliest epidemics and pandemics in history]].

[[COVID-19 symptoms]] range from [[asymptomatic]] to deadly, but most commonly include fever, [[nocturnal cough]], and fatigue. [[Transmission of COVID-19|Transmission of the virus]] is often [[airborne transmission|through airborne particles]]. Mutations have [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|produced many strains]] (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and [[virulence]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Clinical questions about COVID-19: Questions and answers |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/89817 |website=stacks.cdc.gov |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>

[[COVID-19 vaccine]]s were [[Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines|widely deployed]] in various countries since December 2020. [[Treatment and management of COVID-19|Treatments]] include [[COVID-19 drug development|novel antiviral drugs]] and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]], [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]], business restrictions and closures, [[Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19|workplace hazard controls]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|mask mandates]], quarantines, [[COVID-19 testing|testing]] systems, and [[contact tracing]] of the infected.

The pandemic caused severe [[Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|social]] and [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|economic disruption]] around the world, including [[COVID-19 recession|the largest global recession]] since the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="RFXoH">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/|title=The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression|website=IMF Blog|date=14 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Widespread supply shortages]], including [[Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic|food shortages]], were caused by [[2021–2022 global supply chain crisis|supply chain disruptions]] and [[panic buying]]. Reduced human activity led to an [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment|unprecedented decrease in pollution]]. [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|Educational institutions]] and public areas were partially or fully closed in many jurisdictions, and events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021. Many [[white-collar worker]]s began [[Remote work|working from home]]. [[COVID-19 misinformation|Misinformation circulated]] through [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media|social media]] and [[Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|mass media]], and [[Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|political tensions intensified]]. The pandemic raised issues of [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic|racial and geographic discrimination]], [[health equity]], and [[Individual and group rights|the balance]] between [[public health]] imperatives and individual rights.

{{Toclimit|3}}

== Terminology ==
{{Further|COVID-19 naming}}
[[File:2020-3-20 黄冈送别山东援鄂医疗队黄梅戏大剧院.jpg|thumb|210px|Chinese medics in [[Huanggang]], Hubei, in 2020]]

In [[epidemiology]], a pandemic is defined as "an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people". During the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other pandemics, the meaning of this term has been challenged.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Doraiswamy S, Mamtani R, Cheema S |title=An in-depth analysis of 10 epidemiological terminologies used in the context of COVID-19 |journal=Scand J Public Health |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=819–826 |date=August 2022 |pmid=34903120 |pmc=9361413 |doi=10.1177/14034948211057736 |url=}}</ref>

During [[COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei|the initial outbreak]] in [[Wuhan]], the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite news||title=2nd U.S. Case Of Wuhan Coronavirus Confirmed|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/24/799208865/a-second-u-s-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-is-confirmed|access-date=4 April 2020|publisher=NPR}}
* {{#invoke:cite news||author-link=Donald McNeil Jr.|name-list-style=vanc|date=2 February 2020|title=Wuhan Coronavirus Looks Increasingly Like a Pandemic, Experts Say|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/health/coronavirus-pandemic-china.html|access-date=4 April 2020|issn=0362-4331|vauthors=McNeil Jr DG}}
* {{#invoke:cite news||name-list-style=vanc|title=Wuhan coronavirus deaths spike again as outbreak shows no signs of slowing|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/05/asia/wuhan-coronavirus-update-death-toll-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=4 April 2020|vauthors=Griffiths J}}</ref> "the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak",<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Zhu H, Wei L, Niu P|date=2 March 2020|title=The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|journal=Global Health Research and Policy|volume=5|issue=1|page=6|doi=10.1186/s41256-020-00135-6|pmc=7050114|pmid=32226823}}</ref> with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan [[pneumonia]]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Jiang S, Xia S, Ying T, Lu L | title = A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome | journal = Cellular & Molecular Immunology | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | page = 554 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32024976 | pmc = 7091741 | doi = 10.1038/s41423-020-0372-4 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW, Lo SK, Chan KH, Poon VK, Chan WM, Ip JD, Cai JP, Cheng VC, Chen H, Hui CK, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 514–523 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986261 | pmc = 7159286 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=21 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 1|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=30 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 10|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent [[social stigma]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite news||title=Novel coronavirus named 'Covid-19': WHO|work=Today|location=Singapore|url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-named-covid-19-who|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200321085608/https://www.todayonline.com/world/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-named-covid-19-who|archive-date=21 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:cite news||date=17 February 2020|title=The coronavirus spreads racism against – and among – ethnic Chinese|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/17/the-coronavirus-spreads-racism-against-and-among-ethnic-chinese|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217223902/https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/17/the-coronavirus-spreads-racism-against-and-among-ethnic-chinese|archive-date=17 February 2020}}
* {{#invoke:cite report||url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/163636/WHO_HSE_FOS_15.1_eng.pdf|title=World Health Organization Best Practices for the Naming of New Human Infectious Diseases|date=May 2015|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|hdl-access=free|hdl=10665/163636}}</ref> WHO finalized the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020.<ref name="WHO-naming">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228035651/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]] explained: CO{{spaces}}for ''corona'', VI{{spaces}}for ''virus'', D{{spaces}}for ''disease'' and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).<ref>{{#invoke:cite report||url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-rapid-risk-assessment-coronavirus-disease-2019-eighth-update-8-april-2020.pdf|title=Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eighth update|publisher=ecdc|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314223709/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-sixth-update-Outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.<ref name="WHO-naming" />

WHO named [[variant of concern|variants of concern]] and [[Variant of concern|variants of interest]] using [[Greek alphabet|Greek letters]]. The initial practice of naming them according to where the variants were identified (e.g. [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]] began as the "Indian variant") is no longer common.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=7 June 2021|title=Covid Indian variant: Where is it, how does it spread and is it more infectious?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57157496|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's [[Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages|PANGO lineage]] (e.g., [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]]'s lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants.<ref name="BBC.May.31.2021">{{#invoke:cite news||date=31 May 2021|title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Patel V |date=27 November 2021|title=How Omicron, the New Covid-19 Variant, Got Its Name|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|access-date=28 November 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128015620/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=27 November 2021|title=There are several COVID-19 variants you haven't heard of|url=https://www.newsnationnow.com/health/coronavirus/there-are-several-covid-19-variants-you-havent-heard-of/|access-date=27 November 2021|website=NewsNation Now|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127211302/https://www.newsnationnow.com/health/coronavirus/there-are-several-covid-19-variants-you-havent-heard-of/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Epidemiology ==
{{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate
|subheader=For country-level [[Template:COVID-19 pandemic data|data]], see:
|subheader2=<div style="padding:3px 0; font-size:larger;">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory]]'''</div>
|image=[[File:732-bar-chart.svg|link=COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|80px|732-bar-chart]]
|rowstyle1=text-align:center
|data1=
<div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic cases|Cases]]''' {{COVID-19 data/Text|XW|cases}}</div><div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic deaths|Deaths]]''' {{COVID-19 data/Text|XW|deaths}}</div>
<div>As of {{COVID-19 data/Date|format=j F Y}}</div>
{{flatlist|class=nowraplinks|style=margin:5px 10px 5px;font-weight:bold;|1=
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|Africa]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Asia|Asia]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|Europe]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America|North America]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania|Oceania]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in South America|South America]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica|Antarctica]]
}}
}}

=== Background ===
{{Main|Origin of COVID-19|COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei}}
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to [[Bat virome#Coronaviruses|bat coronaviruses]],<ref name="LancetNowcasting" /> [[pangolin]] coronaviruses,<ref name="ia56U" /><ref name="Zhang6April2020">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z|date=April 2020|title=Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak|journal=Current Biology|volume=30|issue=7|pages=1346–1351.e2|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022|pmc=7156161|pmid=32197085}}</ref> and [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]].<ref name="ECDC risk assessment" /> The first known [[outbreak]] (the [[2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China]]) started in [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China, in December 2019. Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the [[Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market]] there,<ref name="Sun2020epidemiology">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, Li G, Suchard MA, Tian J, Zhou J, Veit M, Su S | display-authors = 6 | title = COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives | journal = Trends in Molecular Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 483–495 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32359479 | pmc = 7118693 | doi = 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008 | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/03/15/977527808/who-points-to-wildlife-farms-in-southwest-china-as-likely-source-of-pandemic?t=1616302540855 |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=15 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Maxmen2021whoReport">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Maxmen A | title = WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs | journal = Nature | volume = 592 | issue = 7853 | pages = 173–174 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33785930 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8 | s2cid = 232429241 | bibcode = 2021Natur.592..173M |doi-access=free}}</ref> but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews" /><ref name="Graham2020immunity">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Graham RL, Baric RS | title = SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence | journal = Immunity | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 734–736 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32392464 | pmc = 7207110 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 }}</ref>

The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a [[zoonotic]] origin, from bats or another closely related mammal.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL | title = Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 141–154 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33024307 | pmc = 7537588 | doi = 10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite news ||work=[[EurekAlert!]] |publisher=Scripps Research Institute |title=The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say – Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-03/sri-tcc031720.php |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF | title = The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 450–452 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32284615 | pmc = 7095063 | doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 | doi-access = free }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, Zhu G, Zhang L, Li H, Chmura AA, Field HE, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Epstein JH, Li B, Zhang W, Wang LF, Shi ZL, Daszak P | display-authors = 6 | title = Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 4235 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32843626 | pmc = 7447761 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.4235L }}
* {{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Fox M |date=7 July 2021 |title=Coronavirus almost certainly came from an animal, not a lab leak, top scientists argue |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/07/health/origins-coronavirus-letter-virologists-scn/index.html |work=CNN |location= |access-date=9 July 2021}}
* {{#invoke:cite news ||author= |date=19 November 2021 |title=Market in China's Wuhan likely origin of COVID-19 outbreak – study |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/market-chinas-wuhan-likely-origin-covid-19-outbreak-study-2021-11-19/ |work=Reuters |location= |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="To2021lessons">{{#invoke:cite journal||display-authors=6|vauthors=To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, Hung DL, Li X, Hung IF, Tam AR, Chung TW, Chan JF, Zhang AJ, Cheng VC, Yuen KY|date=March 2021|title=Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections|volume=10|issue=1|pages=507–535|doi=10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291|pmc=8006950|pmid=33666147}}</ref> Controversies about the origins of the virus, including the [[COVID-19 lab leak theory|lab leak theory]], heightened geopolitical divisions, notably between the United States and China.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Frutos R, Gavotte L, Devaux CA | title = Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model | journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution | page = 104812 | date = March 2021 | volume = 95 | pmid = 33744401 | pmc = 7969828 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812 | quote = The origin of SARS-Cov-2 is still passionately debated since it makes ground for geopolitical confrontations and conspiracy theories besides scientific ones. }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Maxmen A |title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3 |journal=Nature |date=27 May 2021 |volume=594 |issue=7861 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3|pmid=34045757 |bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M |s2cid=235232290 }}
* {{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Ni V, Borger J |title=Biden move to investigate Covid origins opens new rift in US-China relations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/27/biden-china-coronavirus-origins-beijing |work=The Guardian |date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

The earliest known infected person fell ill on 1{{nbsp}}December 2019. That individual did not have a connection with the later [[Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market#Link to COVID-19|wet market]] cluster.<ref name="AutoDW-67" /><ref name="Wang24Jan2020" /> However, an earlier case may have occurred on 17 November.<ref name="November case">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |title=Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |archive-date=13 March 2020 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |vauthors=Ma J |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Two-thirds of the initial case cluster were linked with the market.<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Joseph24Jan2020" /><ref name="han24Jan2020" /> [[Molecular clock]] analysis suggests that the [[index case]] is likely to have been infected between mid-October and mid-November 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Pekar J, Worobey M, Moshiri N, Scheffler K, Wertheim JO | title = Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province | journal = Science | volume = 372 | issue = 6540 | pages = 412–417 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33737402 | pmc = 8139421 | doi = 10.1126/science.abf8003 | name-list-style = vanc | bibcode = 2021Sci...372..412P }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, Hung DL, Li X, Hung IF, Tam AR, Chung TW, Chan JF, Zhang AJ, Cheng VC, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic | journal = Emerging Microbes & Infections | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 507–535 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 33666147 | pmc = 8006950 | doi = 10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291 }}</ref>

=== Cases ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|COVID-19 pandemic cases}}
Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been [[COVID-19 testing|tested for COVID-19]] and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.<ref name="1ceLG">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117 |title=Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="J0rix">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-cumulative-total-tests-per-thousand |title=Total tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people |website=Our World in Data |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Due to the effect of [[sampling bias]], studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from a random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts.<ref name="WqXOo">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/departments/school-public-health/infectious-disease-epidemiology/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-13-europe-npi-impact/ |title=Report 13 – Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries |website=Imperial College London |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="BtFLV">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Lau H, Khosrawipour V, Kocbach P, Mikolajczyk A, Ichii H, Schubert J, Bania J, Khosrawipour T | display-authors = 6 | title = Internationally lost COVID-19 cases | journal = Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 454–458 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32205091 | pmc = 7102572 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.013 }}</ref> Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.<ref name="elpais640000">{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://english.elpais.com/society/2020-03-23/640000-rapid-coronavirus-tests-arrive-in-spain.html |title=640,000 rapid coronavirus tests arrive in Spain | vauthors = Sevillano EG, Linde P, Vizoso S |date=23 March 2020 |newspaper=El País English Edition |access-date=2 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="20200313reuters">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Parodi E, Jewkes S, Cha S, Park JM |date=12 March 2020 |title=Special Report: Italy and South Korea virus outbreaks reveal disparity in deaths and tactics |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-response-specialre-idUSKBN20Z27P |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312210714/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-response-specialre-idUSKBN20Z27P |archive-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, [[complications of diabetes]], anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Kompaniyets L, Pennington AF, Goodman AB, Rosenblum HG, Belay B, Ko JY, Chevinsky JR, Schieber LZ, Summers AD, Lavery AM, Preston LE, Danielson ML, Cui Z, Namulanda G, Yusuf H, Mac Kenzie WR, Wong KK, Baggs J, Boehmer TK, Gundlapalli AV | display-authors = 6 | title = Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19, March 2020 – March 2021 | journal = Preventing Chronic Disease | volume = 18 | pages = E66 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34197283 | pmc = 8269743 | doi = 10.5888/pcd18.210123 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}</ref>

During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic it was not clear whether young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.<ref name="vox21190033">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/23/21190033/coronavirus-covid-19-deaths-by-age |title=The Covid-19 risks for different age groups, explained | vauthors = Scott D |date=23 March 2020 |website=Vox |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> A retrospective [[cohort study]] in China found that [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children|children]] and adults were just as likely to be infected.<ref name="489Q3">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Bi Q, Wu Y, Mei S, Ye C, Zou X, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wei L, Truelove SA, Zhang T, Gao W, Cheng C, Tang X, Wu X, Wu Y, Sun B, Huang S, Sun Y, Zhang J, Ma T, Lessler J, Feng T | display-authors = 6 | title = Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 911–919 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32353347 | pmc = 7185944 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5 }}</ref>

Among more thorough studies, [[COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study|preliminary results]] from 9 April 2020, found that in [[Gangelt]], the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 percent of a population sample tested positive for [[antibody|antibodies]].<ref name="otW1O">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.land.nrw/sites/default/files/asset/document/zwischenergebnis_covid19_case_study_gangelt_0.pdf |title=Vorläufiges Ergebnis und Schlussfolgerungen der COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study (Gemeinde Gangelt) | vauthors = Streeck H |date=9 April 2020 |website=Land NRW – State of North Rhine-Westphalia |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|in New York City]], and [[blood donor]]s in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.<ref name="rCdvL">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Sutton D, Fuchs K, D'Alton M, Goffman D | title = Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 22 | pages = 2163–2164 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32283004 | pmc = 7175422 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMc2009316 }}</ref><ref name="20200416reuters">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-netherlands-study-idUSKCN21Y102 |title=Dutch study suggests 3% of population may have coronavirus antibodies |date=16 April 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> [[Seroprevalence]]-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.<ref name="0LgFK">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Interactive Serology Dashboard for Commercial Laboratory Surveys |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/commercial-labs-interactive-serology-dashboard.html |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=24 July 2020 |publisher=Centres for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>

Initial estimates of the [[basic reproduction number]] (R0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5,<ref name="WFNfK">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-on-the-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) |title=Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (n-CoV) on 23 January 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 percent [[confidence interval]] of 3.8 to 8.9).<ref name="mmCQc">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N, Ke R | title = High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 1470–1477 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32255761 | pmc = 7323562 | doi = 10.3201/eid2607.200282 | s2cid = 215410037 }}</ref>

In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28{{nbsp}}December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=ArcGIS Dashboards |url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 |publisher=gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> {{As of |2022|April|14}}, over 500 million cases were confirmed globally.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=B |first1=Kavya |last2=Mazumder |first2=Aparupa | name-list-style = vanc |title=Worldwide COVID cases surpass 500 mln as Omicron variant BA.2 surges |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/worldwide-covid-cases-surpass-500-mln-omicron-variant-ba2-surges-2022-04-14/ |website=Reuters |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en |date=14 April 2022}}</ref> Most cases are unconfirmed, with the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions.<ref name="57percent1" /><ref name="57percent2" />
{{clear}}

[[File:Covid-19 new cases in top 5 countries and the world.png|thumb|center|400px|Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the current top six countries (mean with deaths)]]

=== Deaths ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic deaths|COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country}}
{{Further|List of deaths due to COVID-19}}
[[File:COVID19 deceased in Hackensack NJ April 27.jpg|thumb|The deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]], US, in April 2020]]
[[File:Covid-19 São Paulo - Cemiterios.jpg|thumb|Gravediggers bury the body of a man suspected of having died of COVID-19 in the cemetery of Vila Alpina, east side of [[São Paulo]], in April 2020.]]
[[File:Global excess and reported COVID-19 deaths and death rates per 100,000 population.webp|thumb|Global excess and reported COVID-19 deaths and deaths per 100,000 according to the WHO study<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2"/>]]
As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}, more than {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=yes}} deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.<ref name="AutoDW-25" /> These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite magazine||title=The Best Global Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://time.com/5851633/best-global-responses-covid-19/|magazine=Time|access-date=18 August 2020}}
* {{#invoke:cite web||name-list-style=vanc|date=11 May 2020|title=Portugal and Spain: same peninsula, very different coronavirus impact|url=https://english.elpais.com/spanish_news/2020-05-11/portugal-and-spain-same-peninsula-very-different-coronavirus-impact.html|access-date=25 May 2020|website=El País|vauthors=Barrio PL, del Javier M}}
* {{#invoke:cite news||name-list-style=vanc|date=5 April 2020|title=Fewer deaths in Veneto offer clues for fight against virus|website=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9c75d47f-49ee-4613-add1-a692b97d95d3|access-date=25 May 2020|vauthors=Johnson M}}</ref> time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.<ref name="worldindata">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Ritchie H, Roser M|date=25 March 2020|title=What do we know about the risk of dying from COVID-19?|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-mortality-risk|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|access-date=28 March 2020|veditors=Chivers T}}</ref>

Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.<ref name="wBm2a">{{#invoke:cite web||date=18 February 2019|title=Principles of Epidemiology {{!}} Lesson 3 – Section 3|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section3.html|access-date=28 March 2020|website=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.<ref name="20200331reuters">{{#invoke:cite news||date=31 March 2020|title=Italy's coronavirus deaths could be underestimated in data: Official|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-data/italys-coronavirus-deaths-could-be-underestimated-in-data-official-idUSKBN21I250}}</ref> Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.<ref name="stuff120443722">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Coronavirus: Is Covid-19 really the cause of all the fatalities in Italy?|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120443722/coronavirus-is-covid19-really-the-cause-of-all-the-fatalities-in-italy|access-date=16 April 2020|website=Stuff|date=20 March 2020}}</ref> Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.<ref name="npr841005901">{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Schultz T |date=22 April 2020|title=Why Belgium's Death Rate Is So High: It Counts Lots Of Suspected COVID-19 Cases|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/22/841005901/why-belgiums-death-rate-is-so-high-it-counts-lots-of-suspected-covid-19-cases|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because [[Mortality displacement|excess mortality]] (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:cite news||title=Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-tracker|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 16.5 to 26.8 million (≈20.2 million) by 3 February 2023 by ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=The pandemic's true death toll |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-estimates |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> as well as over 18.5 million by 1 April 2023 by the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]]<ref name="COVID-19 Projections">{{#invoke:cite web || title=COVID-19 Projections|url=https://covid19.healthdata.org/|access-date=20 January 2022|website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation}}</ref> and ≈18.2 million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021, by a comprehensive international study.<ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3">{{#invoke:cite journal || title = Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21 | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 399 | issue = 10334 | pages = 1513–1536 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35279232 | pmc = 8912932 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3 | last1 = Wang | first1 = Haidong | last2 = Paulson | first2 = Katherine R. | last3 = Pease | first3 = Spencer A. | last4 = Watson | first4 = Stefanie | last5 = Comfort | first5 = Haley | last6 = Zheng | first6 = Peng | last7 = Aravkin | first7 = Aleksandr Y. | last8 = Bisignano | first8 = Catherine | last9 = Barber | first9 = Ryan M. | last10 = Alam | first10 = Tahiya | last11 = Fuller | first11 = John E. | last12 = May | first12 = Erin A. | last13 = Jones | first13 = Darwin Phan | last14 = Frisch | first14 = Meghan E. | last15 = Abbafati | first15 = Cristiana | last16 = Adolph | first16 = Christopher | last17 = Allorant | first17 = Adrien | last18 = Amlag | first18 = Joanne O. | last19 = Bang-Jensen | first19 = Bree | last20 = Bertolacci | first20 = Gregory J. | last21 = Bloom | first21 = Sabina S. | last22 = Carter | first22 = Austin | last23 = Castro | first23 = Emma | last24 = Chakrabarti | first24 = Suman | last25 = Chattopadhyay | first25 = Jhilik | last26 = Cogen | first26 = Rebecca M. | last27 = Collins | first27 = James K. | last28 = Cooperrider | first28 = Kimberly | last29 = Dai | first29 = Xiaochen | last30 = Dangel | first30 = William James | display-authors = 1 }} News article about the study: {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Adam D | title = COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records | journal = Nature | volume = 603 | issue = 7902 | page = 562 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35277684 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0 | s2cid = 247407282 | bibcode = 2022Natur.603..562A }}</ref> Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).<ref name="20200429reason">{{#invoke:cite web || date=29 April 2020|title=What 'Excess Deaths' Do and Don't Tell Us About COVID-19|url=https://reason.com/2020/04/29/what-excess-deaths-do-and-dont-tell-us-about-covid-19/|access-date=4 May 2020|website=Reason}}</ref> Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.<ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3"/>

In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths by the end of 2021 to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported COVID-19 deaths, with the majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|people with other conditions could not access medical services]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 |title=Covid: World's true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO|first1= Naomi |last1=Grimley|first2= Jack |last2=Cornish|first3= Nassos |last3=Stylianou|work=BBC News |date=5 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Nearly 15 million deaths directly or indirectly linked to COVID-19 {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117582 |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=news.un.org |date=5 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

A December 2022 [[WHO]] study estimated excess deaths from the pandemic during 2020 and 2021, again concluding ≈14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming and detailing their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like [[years of potential life lost]] and may make the pandemic 2021's [[List of causes of death by rate|leading cause of death]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Nearly 15 million excess deaths occurred globally in 2020 and 2021 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2351763-nearly-15-million-excess-deaths-occurred-globally-in-2020-and-2021/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Globale Übersterblichkeit durch COVID-19 |url=https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/research-in-context/details/news/globale-uebersterblichkeit-durch-covid-19/ |website=www.sciencemediacenter.de |access-date=17 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Msemburi |first1=William |last2=Karlinsky |first2=Ariel |last3=Knutson |first3=Victoria |last4=Aleshin-Guendel |first4=Serge |last5=Chatterji |first5=Somnath |last6=Wakefield |first6=Jon |title=The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Nature |date=January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=130–137 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2 |pmid=36517599 |pmc=9812776 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..130M |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The time between symptom onset and death ranges from{{nbsp}}6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.<ref name="pathogenesis" /> Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Yanez ND, Weiss NS, Romand JA, Treggiari MM | title = COVID-19 mortality risk for older men and women | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | page = 1742 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33213391 | pmc = 7675386 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09826-8 }}</ref><ref name="6XONR">{{#invoke:cite web || date=15 March 2021|title=People with Certain Medical Conditions|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html|access-date=19 March 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
 
<gallery mode="packed" widths="360px" heights="160">
File:Covid-19 daily deaths in top 5 countries and the world.png|Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)
File:Mapping estimated P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths).webp|alt=Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (the patterns indicate the quality of the all-cause mortality data that were available for each respective country)|Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (The patterns indicate the quality of the all-cause mortality data that were available for each respective country.)<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2"/>
File:COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths - global and WHO region P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths).webp|Excess deaths relative to expected deaths (global and WHO region)<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2"/>
File:The 25 countries with the highest total estimated COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths between January 2020 and December 2021.webp|The 25 countries with the highest total estimated COVID-19 pandemic excess deaths between January 2020 and December 2021<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2"/>
File:The 25 countries with the highest mean P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths).webp|The 25 countries with the highest mean P-scores (excess deaths relative to expected deaths)<ref name="10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2"/>
</gallery>

==== Infection fatality ratio (IFR) ====
{{See also|List of human disease case fatality rates}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ {{Nowrap|IFR estimate}} per {{Nowrap|age group}}<ref name="EJE_levinetal" />
|-
! Age group !! IFR
|-
| 0–34 || 0.004%
|-
| 35–44 || 0.068%
|-
| 45–54 || 0.23%
|-
| 55–64 || 0.75%
|-
| 65–74 || 2.5%
|-
| 75–84 || 8.5%
|-
| 85 + || 28.3%
|}

The [[Infection fatality rate|infection fatality ratio]] (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals).<ref name="fjMw6">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Tate N |title=What Changing Death Rates Tell Us About COVID-19|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200901/what-changing-death-rates-tell-us-about-covid|access-date=19 September 2020|website=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="WHOest">{{#invoke:cite web || date=4 August 2020|title=Estimating mortality from COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/estimating-mortality-from-covid-19|access-date=21 September 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="ovoEx">{{#invoke:cite web || last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/planning-scenarios.html|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> It is expressed in percentage points.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Mallapaty S | title = How deadly is the coronavirus? Scientists are close to an answer | journal = Nature | volume = 582 | issue = 7813 | pages = 467–468 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32546810 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-020-01738-2 | s2cid = 219726496 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020Natur.582..467M }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Alwan NA, Burgess RA, Ashworth S, Beale R, Bhadelia N, Bogaert D, Dowd J, Eckerle I, Goldman LR, Greenhalgh T, Gurdasani D, Hamdy A, Hanage WP, Hodcroft EB, Hyde Z, Kellam P, Kelly-Irving M, Krammer F, Lipsitch M, McNally A, McKee M, Nouri A, Pimenta D, Priesemann V, Rutter H, Silver J, Sridhar D, Swanton C, Walensky RP, Yamey G, Ziauddeen H | display-authors = 6 | title = Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now | journal = Lancet | volume = 396 | issue = 10260 | pages = e71–e72 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33069277 | pmc = 7557300 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32153-X }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Meyerowitz-Katz G, Merone L | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection fatality rates | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 101 | pages = 138–148 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33007452 | pmc = 7524446 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1464 }}</ref> Other studies refer to this metric as the ''infection fatality risk''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Yang W, Kandula S, Huynh M, Greene SK, Van Wye G, Li W, Chan HT, McGibbon E, Yeung A, Olson D, Fine A, Shaman J | display-authors = 6 | title = Estimating the infection-fatality risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City during the spring 2020 pandemic wave: a model-based analysis | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–212 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33091374 | pmc = 7572090 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30769-6 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Pastor-Barriuso R, Pérez-Gómez B, Hernán MA, Pérez-Olmeda M, Yotti R, Oteo-Iglesias J, Sanmartín JL, León-Gómez I, Fernández-García A, Fernández-Navarro P, Cruz I, Martín M, Delgado-Sanz C, Fernández de Larrea N, León Paniagua J, Muñoz-Montalvo JF, Blanco F, Larrauri A, Pollán M | display-authors = 6 | title = Infection fatality risk for SARS-CoV-2 in community dwelling population of Spain: nationwide seroepidemiological study | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4509 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33246972 | pmc = 7690290 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4509 }}</ref>

In November 2020, a review article in [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = O'Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, Cummings DA, Azman AS, Paireau J, Fontanet A, Cauchemez S, Salje H | display-authors = 6 | title = Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Nature | volume = 590 | issue = 7844 | pages = 140–145 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33137809 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0 | bibcode = 2021Natur.590..140O | s2cid = 226244375 | doi-access = free }}</ref> IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of ≈10,000 across the age groups.<ref name="EJE_levinetal" /> For comparison, the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude higher than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and much higher than the risk of dying from [[seasonal influenza]].<ref name="EJE_levinetal" />

In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.<ref name="EJE_levinetal">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G | title = Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1123–1138 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33289900 | pmc = 7721859 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> There have also been reviews that have compared the fatality rate of this pandemic with prior pandemics, such as MERS-CoV.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Pitlik |first1=SD |title=COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases. |journal=Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal |date=31 July 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=e0027 |doi=10.5041/RMMJ.10418 |pmid=32792043 |pmc=7426550 }}</ref>

For comparison the infection mortality rate of seasonal flu in the United States is 0.1%, which is 13 times lower than COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book ||last1=Spence |first1=Nicholas D. |last2=Sekercioglu |first2=Fatih |title=Indigenous Health and Well-Being in the COVID-19 Pandemic |date=31 August 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64420-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA5_EAAAQBAJ&dq=infection+fatality+ratio++influenza++is+0.1%25+united+states&pg=PT125 |access-date=12 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Case fatality ratio (CFR) ====
Another metric in assessing death rate is the [[case fatality rate|case fatality ratio]] (CFR),{{efn|Some refer to "fatality rate"; however, "fatality ratio" is more accurate as this is not per unit time.<ref name="WHOest" />}} which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals.<ref name="Hauser 2020">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Hauser A, Counotte MJ, Margossian CC, Konstantinoudis G, Low N, Althaus CL, Riou J|date=July 2020|title=Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 mortality during the early stages of an epidemic: A modeling study in Hubei, China, and six regions in Europe|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=17|issue=7|pages=e1003189|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003189|pmc=7386608|pmid=32722715}}</ref>

Based on [[Johns Hopkins University]] statistics, the global CFR is {{replace|{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ratio|editlink=|ref=no}}|%| percent}} ({{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=|ref=no}} deaths for {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=no}} cases) as of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}.{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} The number varies by region and has generally declined over time.<ref name="b0L7I">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Lazzerini M, Putoto G|date=May 2020|title=COVID-19 in Italy: momentous decisions and many uncertainties|journal=The Lancet. Global Health|volume=8|issue=5|pages=e641–e642|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30110-8|pmc=7104294|pmid=32199072}}</ref>

== Disease ==
{{Main|COVID-19}}

=== Variants ===
{{Main|Variants of SARS-CoV-2}}
Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as a [[variant of concern]] (VoC) or a [[variant of interest]] (VoI). Many of these variants have shared the more infectious [[D614G]]. As of May 2023, the WHO had downgraded all variants of concern to previously circulating as these were no longer detected in new infections.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 25 May 2023 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---25-may-2023 |website=www.who.int |access-date=26 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC2">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Statement on the update of WHO's working definitions and tracking system for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants of interest |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/16-03-2023-statement-on-the-update-of-who-s-working-definitions-and-tracking-system-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-and-variants-of-interest |website=www.who.int |access-date=26 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant (BA.1 - BA.5) were considered separate VoCs by the WHO until they were downgraded in March 2023 as no longer widely circulating.<ref name=CDC2/>
[[File:WHO EN 3 Working Together 03Mar2021.webm|thumb|279x279px|[[World Health Organization]] video which describes how variants proliferate in unvaccinated areas]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Variants of concern (past and present)<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=30 October 2022 |language=en-us |date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants |url=https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants |website=www.who.int |access-date=7 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
! Name !! Lineage !! Detected !! Countries !! Priority
|-
| [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]] || [[Lineage B.1.1.7|B.1.1.7]] ||UK|| 190 || VoC
|-
| [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] || [[Lineage B.1.351|B.1.351]] ||South Africa|| 140 || VoC
|-
| [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]] || [[Lineage B.1.617.2|B.1.617.2]] ||India|| 170 ||VoC
|-
|[[SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant|Gamma]] || [[Lineage P.1|P.1]] ||Brazil|| 90 ||VoC
|-
|[[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]] || [[Lineage B.1.1.529|B.1.1.529]] || Botswana || 149 ||VoC
|}

=== Signs and symptoms ===
{{Main|Symptoms of COVID-19}}
[[File:Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 4.0.svg|400px|thumb|[[Signs and symptoms|Symptoms]] of COVID-19]]
Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.<ref name="CDC2020Sym">{{#invoke:cite web||date=22 February 2021|title=Symptoms of Coronavirus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304195413/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|archive-date=4 March 2021|access-date=4 March 2021|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="Grant et al 2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, Wade RG | title = The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = e0234765 | date = 23 June 2020 | pmid = 32574165 | pmc = 7310678 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0234765 | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1534765G | s2cid = 220046286 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Common symptoms include headache, [[Anosmia|loss of smell]] and [[Ageusia|taste]], [[Nasal Obstruction|nasal congestion]] and [[rhinorrhea|runny nose]], cough, [[muscle pain]], [[sore throat]], fever, [[diarrhea|diarrhoea]], and [[breathing difficulties]].<ref name="CDC2020Sym"/> People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, [[sputum]], shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea.<ref name="ECDC">{{#invoke:cite web||title=COVID-19/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series at master · CSSEGISandData/COVID-19|url=https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series|website=GitHub|access-date=18 January 2022|language=en}}</ref> In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, [[hypogeusia|loss of taste]] combined with [[hyposmia|loss of smell]] is associated with [[COVID-19]] and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.<ref name="Krishnan">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Krishnan |first1=A |last2=Hamilton |first2=JP |last3=Alqahtani |first3=SA |last4=Woreta |first4=TA |title=COVID-19: An overview and a clinical update. |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |date=6 January 2021 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8–23 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v9.i1.8 |pmid=33511168 |pmc=7809683 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Docherty |first1=Annemarie B. |last2=Harrison |first2=Ewen M. |last3=Green |first3=Christopher A. |last4=Hardwick |first4=Hayley E. |last5=Pius |first5=Riinu |last6=Norman |first6=Lisa |last7=Holden |first7=Karl A. |last8=Read |first8=Jonathan M. |last9=Dondelinger |first9=Frank |last10=Carson |first10=Gail |last11=Merson |first11=Laura |last12=Lee |first12=James |last13=Plotkin |first13=Daniel |last14=Sigfrid |first14=Louise |last15=Halpin |first15=Sophie |last16=Jackson |first16=Clare |last17=Gamble |first17=Carrol |last18=Horby |first18=Peter W. |last19=Nguyen-Van-Tam |first19=Jonathan S. |last20=Ho |first20=Antonia |last21=Russell |first21=Clark D. |last22=Dunning |first22=Jake |last23=Openshaw |first23=Peter JM |last24=Baillie |first24=J. Kenneth |last25=Semple |first25=Malcolm G. |title=Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study |journal=BMJ |date=22 May 2020 |volume=369 |pages=m1985 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m1985 |pmid=32444460 |pmc=7243036 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1985 |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en |issn=1756-1833}}</ref><ref name="pmid32483687">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Niazkar HR, Zibaee B, Nasimi A, Bahri N | title = The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article | journal = Neurological Sciences | volume = 41 | issue = 7 | pages = 1667–1671 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32483687 | pmc = 7262683 | doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3 }}</ref>

=== Transmission ===

{{Main|Transmission of COVID-19}}
The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an [[aerosol]]) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing.<ref name="Wang_2021">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, Marr LC | title = Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses | language = EN | journal = Science | volume = 373 | issue = 6558 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34446582 | pmc = 8721651 | doi = 10.1126/science.abd9149 | bibcode = 2021Sci...373.....W | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Greenhalgh T, Jimenez JL, Prather KA, Tufekci Z, Fisman D, Schooley R | title = Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Lancet | volume = 397 | issue = 10285 | pages = 1603–1605 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33865497 | pmc = 8049599 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 }}</ref><ref name="AR2021">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Bourouiba L | title = Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases | journal = Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 547–577 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34255991 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 235823756 | hdl = 1721.1/131115 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P | title = The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 117 | issue = 22 | pages = 11875–11877 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32404416 | pmc = 7275719 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2006874117 | bibcode = 2020PNAS..11711875S | doi-access = free }}</ref> Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close to other non-infected individuals. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors.<ref name="Wang_2021" /><ref name="Miller_2021">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Miller SL, Nazaroff WW, Jimenez JL, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, Dancer SJ, Kurnitski J, Marr LC, Morawska L, Noakes C | display-authors = 6 | title = Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event | journal = Indoor Air | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 314–323 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 32979298 | pmc = 7537089 | doi = 10.1111/ina.12751 }}</ref>

=== Cause ===
{{Main|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2}}
[[File:Coronavirus virion structure.svg|thumb|right|Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 [[virion]]]]
SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as [[coronavirus]]es.<ref name="Fox2020">{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors=Fox D |title=What you need to know about the novel coronavirus |journal=Nature |date=January 2020 |pmid=33483684 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00209-y|s2cid=213064026 }}</ref> It is a [[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|positive-sense single-stranded RNA]] (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.<ref name="V'kovskik:21">{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors=V'kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, Stalder H, Thiel V |title=Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–170 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33116300 |pmc=7592455 |doi=10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6}}</ref>

Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the [[common cold]] to more severe diseases such as [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS, fatality rate ≈34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after [[Human coronavirus 229E|229E]], [[Human coronavirus NL63|NL63]], [[Human coronavirus OC43|OC43]], [[Human coronavirus HKU1|HKU1]], [[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|MERS-CoV]], and the original [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]].<ref name="NEJM-Novel">{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors=Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W | display-authors = 6 |title=A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=382 |issue=8 |pages=727–733 |date=February 2020 |pmid=31978945 |pmc=7092803 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001017}}</ref>

=== Diagnosis ===
{{Main|COVID-19#Diagnosis}}
[[File:2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg|thumb|right|A nurse at [[McMurdo Station]] sets up the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing equipment, in September 2020.]]
The standard method of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a [[nucleic acid test]],<ref name="20200130cdc">{{#invoke:cite web||date=30 January 2020|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Summary|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210549/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html|archive-date=26 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments.<ref name="WHO_InterimGuidance">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans |work=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315044138/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance |archive-date=15 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited."<ref name="2k0iS">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Bullard J, Dust K, Funk D, Strong JE, Alexander D, Garnett L, Boodman C, Bello A, Hedley A, Schiffman Z, Doan K, Bastien N, Li Y, Van Caeseele PG, Poliquin G | display-authors = 6 | title = Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–2666 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 32442256 | pmc = 7314198 | doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa638 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a [[nasopharyngeal swab]]; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.<ref name="CDC2020Testing">{{#invoke:cite web||date=11 February 2020|title=Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304165907/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="20200129cdc">{{#invoke:cite web||date=29 January 2020|title=Real-Time RT-PCR Panel for Detection 2019-nCoV|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-detection-instructions.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202031/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-detection-instructions.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|access-date=1 February 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317023052/https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>

=== Prevention ===
[[File:How to Contain COVID-19 icon (COVID19.GOV.PH).svg|thumb|left|170px|Common measures implemented to prevent the spread of the virus]]

{{Further|COVID-19#Prevention|Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home or spending more time outdoors, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, wearing a mask in public, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practicing good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.<ref name="cdc-prev">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVID-19: How to protect yourself and others |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html|date=26 January 2023 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="who2023">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Advice for the public on COVID-19 – World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public |website=www.who.int |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by healthcare authorities to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Isolation |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/isolation.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en-us |date=11 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Infection prevention and control and preparedness for COVID-19 in healthcare settings - sixth update |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en |date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=People with symptoms of a respiratory infection including COVID-19 |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/people-with-symptoms-of-a-respiratory-infection-including-covid-19 |website=GOV.UK |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en |date=10 June 2022}}</ref>

==== Vaccines ====
{{Main|COVID-19 vaccine}}
{{See also|History of COVID-19 vaccine development|Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines}}
[[File:Elderly Slovak woman receiving her third Covid-19 vaccine 02.jpg|thumb|An elderly woman receiving a COVID-19 vaccination in [[Slovakia]]]]
A COVID-19 [[vaccine]] is intended to provide [[acquired immunity]] against [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ([[COVID-19]]). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of [[coronavirus]]es causing diseases like [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS) and [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various [[vaccine platform]]s during early 2020.<ref name="pmid33341119">{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors=Li YD, Chi WY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC |date=December 2020 |title=Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=104 |doi=10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2 |pmc=7749790 |pmid=33341119}}</ref> The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic and severe illness.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Subbarao K |date=July 2021 |title=The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and challenges ahead |journal=Cell Host & Microbe |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1111–1123 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.016 |pmc=8279572 |pmid=34265245}}</ref> The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/mrna-covid-vaccine-success |title=COVID-19 Vaccines Work Way Better Than We Had Ever Expected. Scientists Are Still Figuring Out Why. |date=5 June 2021 | vauthors = Vergano D |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Mallapaty S, Callaway E, Kozlov M, Ledford H, Pickrell J, Van Noorden R | title = How COVID vaccines shaped 2021 in eight powerful charts | journal = Nature | volume = 600 | issue = 7890 | pages = 580–583 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34916666 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-03686-x | s2cid = 245262732 | bibcode = 2021Natur.600..580M }}</ref>

As of March 2023, more than 5.5 billion people had received one or more doses<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Holder J |date=29 January 2021 |title=Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html |access-date=23 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> (11.8 billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||author=The Visual and Data Journalism Team|title=Covid vaccines: How fast is progress around the world?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-56237778|access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 million to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors=Watson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, Hogan AB, Winskill P, Ghani AC |date=June 2022 |title=Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study |journal=[[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]] |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=1293–1302 |doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00320-6 |pmc=9225255 |pmid=35753318 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||date=24 June 2022 |title=COVID-19 vaccines saved nearly 20 million lives in a year, study says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-saved-nearly-20-million-lives-in-a-year-study-says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629025146/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-saved-nearly-20-million-lives-in-a-year-study-says/ |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>

On 8 November 2022, the first recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (Novavax's booster [[Nuvaxovid]]) was authorized for use in adults in the United Kingdom. It has subsequently received endorsement/authorization from the WHO, US, European Union, and Australia.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Hammershaimb |first1=E. Adrianne |last2=Tapia |first2=Milagritos D. |title=Can protein vaccines for COVID-19 win over the vaccine-hesitant? |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |date=31 December 2023 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=210–212 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2023.2182293 |pmid=36803364 |s2cid=257069394 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14760584.2023.2182293 |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en |issn=1476-0584}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Parums |first1=DV |title=Editorial: First Approval of the Protein-Based Adjuvanted Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) Novavax Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Could Increase Vaccine Uptake and Provide Immune Protection from Viral Variants. |journal=Medical Science Monitor |date=1 March 2022 |volume=28 |pages=e936523 |doi=10.12659/MSM.936523 |pmid=35228506 |pmc=8897963 }}</ref>

On 12 November 2022, the WHO released its Global Vaccine Market Report. The report indicated that "inequitable distribution is not unique to COVID-19 vaccines"; countries that are not economically strong struggle to obtain vaccines.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=WHO releases first data on global vaccine market since COVID-19 |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/09-11-2022-who-releases-first-data-on-global-vaccine-market-since-covid-19 |website=www.who.int |access-date=12 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 November 2022, the first inhalable vaccine was introduced, developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company [[CanSino Biologics#COVID-19 vaccine development|CanSino Biologics]], in the city of Shanghai, China.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Graham |first1=Flora |title=Daily briefing: China reports first roll-out of inhalable COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03548-0 |access-date=27 May 2023 |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Nature |date=1 November 2022 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-03548-0}}</ref>

=== Treatment ===
{{Main|Treatment and management of COVID-19}}
[[File:Respiradores da USP utilizados do Incor (50119127303).jpg|thumb|left|A critically ill patient receiving invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit of the [[Heart Institute, University of São Paulo]] in July 2020. Due to a shortage of mechanical ventilators, a [[resuscitator|bridge ventilator]] is being used to automatically actuate a [[bag valve mask]].]]
For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available.<ref name="BMJLivingReview">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, Pardo-Hernandez H, Qasim A, Martinez JP, Rochwerg B, Lamontagne F, Han MA, Liu Q, Agarwal A, Agoritsas T, Chu DK, Couban R, Cusano E, Darzi A, Devji T, Fang B, Fang C, Flottorp SA, Foroutan F, Ghadimi M, Heels-Ansdell D, Honarmand K, Hou L, Hou X, Ibrahim Q, Khamis A, Lam B, Loeb M, Marcucci M, McLeod SL, Motaghi S, Murthy S, Mustafa RA, Neary JD, Rada G, Riaz IB, Sadeghirad B, Sekercioglu N, Sheng L, Sreekanta A, Switzer C, Tendal B, Thabane L, Tomlinson G, Turner T, Vandvik PO, Vernooij RW, Viteri-García A, Wang Y, Yao L, Ye Z, Guyatt GH, Brignardello-Petersen R | display-authors = 6 | title = Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 370 | pages = m2980 | date = 31 March 2021 | pmid = 32732190 | pmc = 7390912 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m2980 }}</ref><ref name="cdcmuseum">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline |url=https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/covid19.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=27 May 2023 |language=en-us |date=15 March 2023}}</ref> In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral [[Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|protease inhibitor]], [[Paxlovid]] (nirmatrelvir plus AIDS drug [[ritonavir]]), to treat adult patients.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=17 December 2021|title=EMA CHMP advises use of Pfizer's Covid-19 oral antiviral Paxlovid|url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/ema-chmp-pfizer-paxlovid/|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2021|newspaper=Pharmaceutical Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218175759/https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/ema-chmp-pfizer-paxlovid/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |last1=Priyan |first1=Vishnu }}</ref> FDA later gave it an EUA.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Paxlovid LOA 12222021 {{!}} FDA|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/155049|access-date=23 December 2021|website=www.fda.gov}}</ref>

Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as [[paracetamol]] or [[NSAID]]s to relieve symptoms (fever,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Islam MA, Kundu S, Alam SS, Hossan T, Kamal MA, Hassan R | title = Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = e0249788 | date = 6 April 2021 | pmid = 33822812 | pmc = 8023501 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0249788 | s2cid = 233173405 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021PLoSO..1649788I }}</ref> body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest.<ref name="cdcmuseum" /><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q | title = Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures | journal = Journal of Medical Virology | volume = 92 | issue = 6 | pages = 568–576 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32134116 | pmc = 7228347 | doi = 10.1002/jmv.25748 | doi-access = free }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Martel J, Ko YF, Young JD, Ojcius DM | title = Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19? | journal = Microbes and Infection | volume = 22 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 168–171 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32387333 | pmc = 7200356 | doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.002 }}
* {{#invoke:cite web || title=Coronavirus recovery: breathing exercises|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-recovery-breathing-exercises|access-date=30 July 2020|website=hopkinsmedicine.org|publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine}}</ref> Good personal hygiene and a [[healthy diet]] are also recommended.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q | title = Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence | journal = International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | page = 105948 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32201353 | pmc = 7156162 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948 }}</ref>

[[Supportive care]] in severe cases includes treatment to [[Symptomatic treatment|relieve symptoms]], [[Fluid replacement|fluid therapy]], [[oxygen support]] and [[prone positioning]], and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Fisher D, Heymann D|date=February 2020|title=Q&A: The novel coronavirus outbreak causing COVID-19|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=18|issue=1|page=57|doi=10.1186/s12916-020-01533-w|pmc=7047369|pmid=32106852|doi-access=free}}
* {{#invoke:cite journal||display-authors=6|vauthors=Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, Xiao W, Wang YN, Zhong MH, Li CH, Li GC, Liu HG|date=May 2020|title=Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=133|issue=9|pages=1025–1031|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744|pmc=7147277|pmid=32044814|doi-access=free}}
* {{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, Jiang B|date=March 2020|title=Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19|journal=Lancet|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=395|issue=10228|pages=e52|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30558-4|pmc=7270177|pmid=32171074|doi-access=free}}</ref> More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid [[dexamethasone]] is recommended to reduce mortality.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = | title = Update to living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19 | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4475 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33214213 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4475 | s2cid = 227059995 | doi-access = free }}
* {{#invoke:cite web || title=Q&A: Dexamethasone and COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-dexamethasone-and-covid-19|access-date=11 July 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}
* {{#invoke:cite web || title=Home|url=https://covid19evidence.net.au/|access-date=11 July 2020|website=[[National COVID-19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce]]}}</ref> [[Noninvasive ventilation]] and, ultimately, admission to an [[intensive care unit]] for [[mechanical ventilation]] may be required to support breathing.<ref name="NIHGuidelines2020">{{#invoke:cite web || title=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/|access-date=18 January 2021|website=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health}}</ref> [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure.<ref name="Guan Ni Hu Liang p.">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DS, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS | display-authors = 6 | title = Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 18 | pages = 1708–1720 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32109013 | pmc = 7092819 | doi = 10.1056/nejmoa2002032 | publisher = Massachusetts Medical Society | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Henry 2020 p.">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Henry BM | title = COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution | journal = The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = e24 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32178774 | pmc = 7118650 | doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30119-3 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref>

Existing drugs such as [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[lopinavir/ritonavir]], and [[ivermectin]] are not recommended by US or European health authorities, as there is no good evidence they have any useful effect.<ref name="BMJLivingReview" /><ref name="Kim Read Fauci p=2149">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Kim PS, Read SW, Fauci AS | title = Therapy for Early COVID-19: A Critical Need | journal = JAMA | volume = 324 | issue = 21 | pages = 2149–2150 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33175121 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2020.22813 | publisher = American Medical Association (AMA) | s2cid = 226301949 | doi-access = free | author-link3 = Anthony Fauci }}</ref><ref name="NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement">{{#invoke:cite web || title=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management|access-date=18 January 2021|website=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health}}/</ref> The antiviral [[remdesivir]] is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO),<ref name="Hsu p=m4457">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Hsu J | title = Covid-19: What now for remdesivir? | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4457 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33214186 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4457 | s2cid = 227060756 | doi-access = free }}</ref> due to limited evidence of its efficacy.<ref name="BMJLivingReview" />

=== Prognosis ===
{{Further|COVID-19#Prognosis| Long COVID}}
The severity of COVID-19 varies. It may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the [[common cold]]. In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalization.<ref name="pmid33087398">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Doshi P | title = Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren't designed to tell us | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4037 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33087398 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4037 | s2cid = 224817161 }}</ref> Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged [[prothrombin]] time and elevated [[C-reactive protein]] levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to [[intensive care unit]]s (ICU).<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Baranovskii |first1=DS |last2=Klabukov |first2=ID |last3=Krasilnikova |first3=OA |last4=Nikogosov |first4=DA |last5=Polekhina |first5=NV |last6=Baranovskaia |first6=DR |last7=Laberko |first7=LA |title=Prolonged prothrombin time as an early prognostic indicator of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19 related pneumonia. |journal=Current Medical Research and Opinion |date=January 2021 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.1080/03007995.2020.1853510 |pmid=33210948 |pmc=7738209 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Christensen B, Favaloro EJ, Lippi G, Van Cott EM | title = Hematology Laboratory Abnormalities in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | journal = Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 845–849 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32877961 | pmc = 7645834 | doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1715458 }}</ref>

Between 5% and 50% of COVID-19 patients experience [[long COVID]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors=Ledford H |date=June 2022 |title=How common is long COVID? Why studies give different answers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01702-2 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |volume=606 |issue=7916 |pages=852–853 |bibcode=2022Natur.606..852L |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01702-2 |pmid=35725828 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008182108/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01702-2 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |s2cid=249887289}}</ref> a condition characterized by long-term [[sequela|consequences]] persisting after the typical convalescence period of the disease.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=Post-COVID Conditions|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects.html|access-date=12 July 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||date=12 May 2022 |title=Researching long COVID: addressing a new global health challenge |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/researching-long-covid-addressing-a-new-global-health-challenge/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_50331 |s2cid=249942230}}</ref> The most commonly reported clinical presentations are [[fatigue]] and memory problems, as well as [[malaise]], headaches, [[shortness of breath]], loss of smell, [[muscle weakness]], low fever and [[cognitive dysfunction]].<ref name="ref1">{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |date=10 June 2020 |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/clinical |access-date=26 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last=Leviner |first=Sherry |date=7 May 2021 |title=Recognizing the Clinical Sequelae of COVID-19 in Adults: COVID-19 Long-Haulers |journal=The Journal for Nurse Practitioners |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=946–949 |doi=10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.05.003 |issn=1555-4155 |pmc=8103144 |pmid=33976591}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Nearly half of people infected with COVID-19 experienced some 'long COVID' symptoms, study finds |language=en |work=[[University of Michigan]] |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-people-infected-covid-experienced-covid.html |access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Chen |first1=Chen |last2=Haupert |first2=Spencer R. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Lauren |last4=Shi |first4=Xu |last5=Fritsche |first5=Lars G. |last6=Mukherjee |first6=Bhramar |date=16 April 2022 |title=Global Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=226 |issue=9 |pages=1593–1607 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiac136 |pmc=9047189 |pmid=35429399}}</ref>

== Strategies ==
{{Main|Public health mitigation of COVID-19}}
[[File:20200410 Flatten the curve, raise the line - pandemic (English).gif|thumb|upright=1.5|Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (''[[flattening the curve]]'') and lessening overall cases and health impact.<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" /><ref name="RnW59" /> Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity (''[[raising the line]]'') such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, help to meet increased demand.<ref name="Vox_20200407">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Barclay E, Scott D, Animashaun A |title=The US doesn't just need to flatten the curve. It needs to "raise the line." |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/7/21201260/coronavirus-usa-chart-mask-shortage-ventilators-flatten-the-curve |work=Vox |date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407155950/https://www.vox.com/2020/4/7/21201260/coronavirus-usa-chart-mask-shortage-ventilators-flatten-the-curve |archive-date=7 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as "[[zero-COVID]]") that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,<ref name=Barcelona >Anna Llupià, Rodríguez-Giralt, Anna Fité, Lola Álamo, Laura de la Torre, Ana Redondo, Mar Callau and Caterina Guinovart (2020) ''[https://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/7943094/26_ISGlobal+COVID19+y+COVIDCero+o+Maxima+Supresion+EN/0a4e83bb-6257-4f5d-8960-16c323b464b2 What Is a Zero-COVID Strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103205923/https://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/7943094/26_ISGlobal+COVID19+y+COVIDCero+o+Maxima+Supresion+EN/0a4e83bb-6257-4f5d-8960-16c323b464b2 |date=3 January 2022 }}'', Barcelona Institute for Global Health – COVID-19 & response strategy. "''The strategy of control and maximum suppression (zero-COVID) has been implemented successfully in a number of countries. The objective of this strategy is to keep transmission of the virus as close to zero as possible and ultimately to eliminate it entirely from particular geographical areas. The strategy aims to increase the capacity to identify and trace chains of transmission and to identify and manage outbreaks, while also integrating economic, psychological, social and healthcare support to guarantee the isolation of cases and contacts. This approach is also known as "Find, Test, Trace, Isolate and Support" (FTTIS)''"</ref> and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "[[flattening the curve]]") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.<ref name=Livermore >{{#invoke:cite web||first=David|last=Livermore|author-link=David Livermore (microbiologist)|url=https://www.hartgroup.org/zero-covid-an-impossible-dream/|title='Zero Covid' – an impossible dream|date=28 March 2021|publisher=HART – Health Advisory & Recovery Team|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102070601/https://www.hartgroup.org/zero-covid-an-impossible-dream/|url-status=live}}</ref> These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the [[acquired immunity|acquired immunity phase]] through natural and [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccine-induced immunity]].<ref name="Bhopal2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Bhopal RS | title = To achieve "zero covid" we need to include the controlled, careful acquisition of population (herd) immunity | journal = BMJ | volume = 370 | pages = m3487 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32907816 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m3487 | s2cid = 221538577 | eissn = 1756-1833 }}</ref>

''Nature'' reported in 2021 that 90 percent of researchers who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Phillips N | title = The coronavirus is here to stay – here's what that means | journal = Nature | volume = 590 | issue = 7846 | pages = 382–384 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33594289 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-00396-2 | s2cid = 231945680 | bibcode = 2021Natur.590..382P }}</ref>

=== Containment ===
{{further| Zero-COVID}}
Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.<ref name="f4SpW">{{#invoke:cite news||title=Fever Screening | IntelliSEC | Durban, Johannesburg, Cape Town|url=https://intellisec.co.za/fever-screening/|website=IntelliSEC}}</ref> The [[Zero-COVID]] strategy involves using public health measures such as [[contact tracing]], [[COVID-19 testing|mass testing]], [[Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic|border quarantine]], [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]] and [[Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|mitigation software]] to stop [[Transmission of COVID-19|community transmission]] of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.<ref name=Barcelona /><ref name="Lancet-Li-2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Li Z, Chen Q, Feng L, Rodewald L, Xia Y, Yu H, Zhang R, An Z, Yin W, Chen W, Qin Y, Peng Z, Zhang T, Ni D, Cui J, Wang Q, Yang X, Zhang M, Ren X, Wu D, Sun X, Li Y, Zhou L, Qi X, Song T, Gao GF, Feng Z | display-authors = 6 | title = Active case finding with case management: the key to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic | journal = Lancet | volume = 396 | issue = 10243 | pages = 63–70 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32505220 | pmc = 7272157 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31278-2 }}</ref> Successful containment or suppression reduces [[Basic reproduction number#Effective reproduction number|Rt]] to less than 1.<ref name="ImpCollege16mar2020" />

=== Mitigation ===
{{further|Flattening the curve}}
Should containment fail, efforts focus on mitigation: measures taken to slow the spread and limit its effects on the healthcare system and society.
Successful mitigation delays and decreases the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the [[epidemic curve]]".<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" /> This decreases the risk of overwhelming health services and provides more time for developing vaccines and treatments.<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" /> Individual behaviour changed in many jurisdictions. Many people worked from home instead of at their traditional workplaces.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || author = US Census Bureau |title=Those Who Switched to Telework Have Higher Income, Education and Better Health |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/working-from-home-during-the-pandemic.html |website=Census.gov |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>

==== Non-pharmaceutical interventions ====
[[File:04.02 總統視察「中央流行疫情指揮中心」 49726568957 66543b616e o.jpg|thumb|The CDC and WHO advise that masks (such as worn here by Taiwanese President [[Tsai Ing-wen]]) reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.]]
[[Non-pharmaceutical intervention]]s that may reduce spread include personal actions such as wearing [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks]], self-quarantine, and [[Hand washing|hand hygiene]]; community measures aimed at reducing interpersonal contacts such as closing workplaces and schools and cancelling large gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as surface cleaning.<ref name="community mitigation" />

==== Other measures ====
More drastic actions, such as quarantining entire populations and strict travel bans have been attempted in various jurisdictions.<ref name="RwmYm" /> The [[Chinese government response to COVID-19|Chinese]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia#Responses|Australian government approaches]] have included many lockdowns and are widely considered the most strict. [[New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|The New Zealand government response]] included the most severe travel restrictions. As part of its [[K-Quarantine]] program, South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore#Government response|Singaporean government's response]] included so-called "[[2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures|circuit breaker lockdowns]]" and financial support for those affected while also imposing large fines for those who broke quarantine.<ref name="shZdf" />

==== Contact tracing ====
{{See also|Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|Public health mitigation of COVID-19#Information technology}}

[[Contact tracing]] attempts to identify recent contacts of newly infected individuals, and to screen them for infection; the traditional approach is to request a list of contacts from infectees, and then telephone or visit the contacts.<ref name="web" /> Contact tracing was widely used during the [[Western African Ebola virus epidemic]] in 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Webb |first1=Glenn |last2=Browne |first2=Cameron |last3=Huo |first3=Xi |last4=Seydi |first4=Ousmane |last5=Seydi |first5=Moussa |last6=Magal |first6=Pierre |title=A model of the 2014 ebola epidemic in west Africa with contact tracing |journal=PLOS Currents |date=30 January 2015 |volume=7 |pages=ecurrents.outbreaks.846b2a31ef37018b7d1126a9c8adf22a |doi=10.1371/currents.outbreaks.846b2a31ef37018b7d1126a9c8adf22a |pmid=25685636 |pmc=4323422 |issn=2157-3999}}</ref>

Another approach is to collect location data from mobile devices to identify those who have come in significant contact with infectees, which prompted privacy concerns.<ref name="IngramWard20200407">{{#invoke:cite web||date=7 April 2020|title=Behind the global efforts to make a privacy-first coronavirus tracking app|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/behind-global-efforts-make-privacy-first-coronavirus-tracking-app-n1177871|access-date=10 April 2020|publisher=NBC News|vauthors=Ingram D, Ward J}}</ref> On 10 April 2020, Google and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing.<ref name="0DF25">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/04/10/apple-and-google-are-launching-a-joint-covid-19-tracing-tool/ |title=Apple and Google are launching a joint COVID-19 tracing tool for iOS and Android |website=TechCrunch |date=10 April 2020 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200410apple">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing/ |title=Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing |date=10 April 2020 |website=Apple }}</ref> In Europe and in the US, [[Palantir Technologies]] initially provided COVID-19 tracking services.<ref name="0k3hR">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/palantir-coronavirus-cdc-nhs-gotham-foundry/ |access-date=22 April 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref>

=== Health care ===
{{Further|Flattening the curve|list of countries by hospital beds|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-technical-guidance/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak-technical-guidance-europe/hospital-readiness-checklist-for-covid-19 |title=Hospital readiness checklist for COVID-19 |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and [[primary health care|primary healthcare services]] for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing [[Intensive care unit|intensive care]] capabilities by training personnel and increasing [[ventilator]]s and beds.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse" /><ref name="ECDCresponse">{{#invoke:cite report ||url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/checklist-hospitals-preparing-reception-and-care-coronavirus-2019-covid-19 |title=Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients |date=26 February 2020 |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The pandemic drove widespread adoption of [[telehealth]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Smith AC, Thomas E, Snoswell CL, Haydon H, Mehrotra A, Clemensen J, Caffery LJ | title = Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | journal = Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–313 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32196391 | pmc = 7140977 | doi = 10.1177/1357633x20916567 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Ohannessian R, Duong TA, Odone A | title = Global Telemedicine Implementation and Integration Within Health Systems to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action | journal = JMIR Public Health and Surveillance | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = e18810 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32238336 | pmc = 7124951 | doi = 10.2196/18810 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Keshvardoost S, Bahaadinbeigy K, Fatehi F | title = Role of Telehealth in the Management of COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Previous SARS, MERS, and Ebola Outbreaks | journal = Telemedicine Journal and e-Health | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 850–852 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32329659 | doi = 10.1089/tmj.2020.0105 | s2cid = 216111135 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==== Improvised manufacturing ====
[[File:COVID-19 patient wearing scuba mask in absence of available artificial lung ventilation. Chernivtsi, Ukraine.jpg|thumb|A patient in Ukraine in 2020 wearing a [[Diving mask|scuba mask]] in the absence of [[artificial ventilation]]]]
Due to [[supply chain]] capacity limitations, some manufacturers began [[3D printing]] material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.<ref name="technologyreview615420">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Temple J |title=How 3D printing could save lives in the coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615420/3d-printing-coronavirus-covid-19-medical-supplies-devices/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=MIT Technology Review}}</ref><ref name="aCPem">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Tibken S |title=3D printing may help supply more essential coronavirus medical gear |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/3d-printing-may-help-supply-more-essential-coronavirus-medical-gear/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged [[patent infringement]] after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:cite news ||title=[Updating] Italian hospital saves Covid-19 patients lives by 3D printing valves for reanimation devices |url=https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/covid-19-3d-printed-valve-for-reanimation-device/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=3D Printing Media Network |date=14 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Peters J |title=Volunteers produce 3D-printed valves for life-saving coronavirus treatments |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/17/21184308/coronavirus-italy-medical-3d-print-valves-treatments |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=The Verge |date=17 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:cite web || url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6695286/coronavirus-italy-3d-print-valves/ |title=Engineers 3D-print patented valves for free to save coronavirus patients in Italy |website=Global News}}</ref> Individuals and groups of [[Maker culture|makers]] created and shared [[open source]] designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of [[face shield]]s, protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps, [[powered air-purifying respirator]]s, and [[hand sanitizer]]. Novel devices were created such as [[ear saver]]s, [[non-invasive ventilation]] helmets, and ventilator splitters.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book || vauthors = Cavalcanti G, Cocciole C, Cole C, Forgues A, Jaqua V, Jones-Davis D, Merlo S |title=Design, Make, Protect: A report on the Open Source Maker and Manufacturer Response to the COVID-19 PPE Crisis |date=2021 |publisher=Open Source Medical Supplies & Nation of Makers |pages=18–22 |url=https://opensourcemedicalsupplies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Design-Make-Protect_21.01.27.pdf |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>

=== Herd immunity ===
In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving [[herd immunity]] may not be possible because Delta can transmit among vaccinated individuals.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Dyer O|date=August 2021|title=Covid-19: Delta infections threaten herd immunity vaccine strategy|journal=BMJ|volume=374|pages=n1933|doi=10.1136/bmj.n1933|pmid=34340962|s2cid=236778544}}</ref> CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit Delta, something officials believed was less likely with other variants. Consequently, WHO and CDC encouraged vaccinated people to continue with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, social distancing, and quarantining if exposed.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:cite news||date=13 August 2021|title=5 Things To Know About the Delta Variant|work=Yale Medicine News|url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/5-things-to-know-delta-variant-covid|access-date=18 August 2021|vauthors=Katella K}}</ref>

== History ==
{{For timeline}}

{{further|Pandemic prevention|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019}}
[[File:Wuhan-location-MAP-in-Hubei-Province-in-China.jpg|right|thumb|370px|Map of Wuhan, China]]
The [[outbreak]] was discovered in Wuhan in November 2019. It is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before the discovery.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews" /><ref name="Graham2020immunity" /> Based on a retrospective analysis starting from December 2019, the number of cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December.<ref name="original_report" />

A [[pneumonia]] cluster was observed on 26 December and treated by Chinese pulmonologist [[Zhang Jixian]]. She informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.<ref name="D54YB">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Lu|first1=Zikang (路子康)|script-title=zh:最早上报疫情的她，怎样发现这种不一样的肺炎|url=https://news.china.com/zw/news/13000776/20200209/37780703.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302165302/https://news.china.com/zw/news/13000776/20200209/37780703.html|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=11 February 2020|location=Beijing|language=zh-cn|script-website=zh:中国网新闻}}</ref> After analyzing pneumonia patient samples, a genetic sequencing company named Vision Medicals reported the discovery of a [[novel coronavirus]] to the [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention|China CDC]] (CCDC) on 28 December.<ref name="AP OR">{{#invoke:cite news|| url=https://apnews.com/article/3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae|title=China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO|date=2 June 2020|work=Associated Press|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025163939/https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-health-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-public-health-3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="caixintrace">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Gao |first1=Yu (高昱) |script-title=zh:独家 {{!}} 新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的|trans-title=Exclusive {{!}} Tracing the New Coronavirus gene sequencing: when did the alarm sound|work=[[Caixin]]|date=26 February 2020|language=zh|url=https://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/https://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|archive-date=27 February 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 30 December, a test report from CapitalBio Medlab addressed to Wuhan Central Hospital reported an erroneous positive result for [[SARS]], causing doctors there to alert authorities. Eight of those doctors, including [[Li Wenliang]] (who was also punished on 3 January), were later admonished by the police for spreading false rumours. Director of the Emergency Department at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Ai Fen, was also reprimanded.<ref name="siStf" /><ref name="20200311theguardian">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/coronavirus-wuhan-doctor-ai-fen-speaks-out-against-authorities |title=Coronavirus: Wuhan doctor speaks out against authorities | vauthors = Kuo L |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 March 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> That evening, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) issued a notice about "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause".<ref name="promedmail6864153">{{#invoke:cite news || title=Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU): RFI |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153 |newspaper=Promed-Mail |publisher=ProMED |date=30 December 2019|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> The next day, WMHC made the announcement public, confirming 27 cases<ref name="AutoDW-69" /><ref name="AutoDW-68" />—enough to trigger an investigation.<ref name="bbc50984025" />

On 31 December, the WHO office in China was notified about the cluster of unknown pneumonia cases<ref name="WHO report">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 1 |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=7 June 2021 |date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="AutoDW-69" /> and immediately launched an investigation.<ref name="bbc50984025" />

Official Chinese sources claimed that the early cases were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.<ref name="characteristicsZH" /> In May 2020, CCDC director George Gao initially ruled out the market as a possible origin, as animal samples collected there had tested negative.<ref name="ALmAQ">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rules-out-animal-market-and-lab-as-coronavirus-origin-11590517508 |title=China Rules Out Animal Market and Lab as Coronavirus Origin | vauthors = Areddy JT |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

=== 2020 ===
{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020|April]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020|May]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020|June]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020|July]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020|August]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020|September]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020|October]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020|November]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020|December]]}}
[[File:COVID-19 highway sign in Toronto, March 2020.jpg|thumb|left|A highway sign discouraging travel in [[Toronto]] in March 2020]]
On 11 January, WHO was notified by the Chinese National Health Commission that the outbreak was associated with exposures in the market, and that China had identified a new type of coronavirus, which it isolated on 7 January.<ref name="WHO report" />

Initially, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.<ref name="Qun29Jan2020" /> In early and mid-January, the virus spread to other [[Provinces of China|Chinese provinces]], helped by the [[Chunyun|Chinese New Year migration]]. Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange.<ref name="WHO report 28 February 2020" /> On 10 January, the virus' genome was shared publicly.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Enserink |first1=Martin |title=Dispute simmers over who first shared SARS-CoV-2's genome |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/dispute-simmers-over-who-first-shared-sars-cov-2-s-genome |access-date=20 May 2023 |work=Science |date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230330125412/https://www.science.org/content/article/dispute-simmers-over-who-first-shared-sars-cov-2-s-genome |archive-date=30 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> A retrospective study published in March found that 6,174 people had reported symptoms by 20 January.<ref name="Epidemiology17Feb2020" /> A 24 January report indicated human transmission was likely occurring, and recommended [[personal protective equipment]] for health workers. It also advocated testing, given the outbreak's "pandemic potential".<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Horton 18 March" /> On 31 January, the first published modelling study warned of inevitable "independent self-sustaining outbreaks in major cities globally" and called for "large-scale public health interventions."<ref name="pmid32014114">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM | title = Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10225 | pages = 689–697 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32014114 | pmc = 7159271 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9 }}</ref>

On 30 January, 7,818 infections had been confirmed, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] (PHEIC).<ref name="WHO_PHEICSR">{{#invoke:cite web || date=30 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report – 10|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf|access-date=14 October 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref name="WHO_PHEIC_decl2" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Durrheim |first1=David N |last2=Gostin |first2=Laurence O |last3=Moodley |first3=Keymanthri |title=When does a major outbreak become a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2020 |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=887–889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30401-1 |pmid=32442526 |pmc=7237181 }}</ref> On 11 March, WHO announced its assessment that the situation could be characterized as a pandemic.<ref name="WHO_pandemicSR">{{#invoke:cite web || date=11 March 2020|title=Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report – 51|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf|access-date=14 October 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref name="WHOpandemic" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Piper |first1=Kelsey |title=The WHO just declared the coronavirus a pandemic. Here's what that means. |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/3/11/21175061/who-declares-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic |website=Vox |access-date=29 May 2023 |language=en |date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

By 31 January, Italy indicated its first confirmed infections had occurred, in two tourists from China.<ref name="Corriere_20Jan"/> On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most reported deaths.<ref name="sky11960412">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Coronavirus: Number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy surpasses China as total reaches 3,405 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-number-of-covid-19-deaths-in-italy-surpasses-china-as-total-reaches-3-405-11960412 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed infections.<ref name="NYT-20200326" /> Genomic analysis indicated that the majority of [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)|New York]]'s confirmed infections came from Europe, rather than directly from Asia.<ref name="20200408nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Studies Show N.Y. Outbreak Originated in Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/coronavirus-live-updates.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Testing of prior samples revealed a person who was infected in France on 27 December 2019<ref name="France-retest">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=After retesting samples, French hospital discovers COVID-19 case from December |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france-idUSKBN22G20L | vauthors = Irish J |date=4 May 2020 | veditors = Lough R, Graff P |work=Reuters |access-date=4 May 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="Deslandes 2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Deslandes A, Berti V, Tandjaoui-Lambotte Y, Alloui C, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR, Brichler S, Cohen Y | display-authors = 6 | title = SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019 | journal = International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | page = 106006 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32371096 | pmc = 7196402 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006 }}</ref> and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6{{nbsp}}February.<ref name="PBS-2wks">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Bean |first1=Adam |title=2 died with coronavirus weeks before 1st U.S. virus death |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/2-died-with-coronavirus-weeks-before-1st-u-s-virus-death |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=PBS NewsHour |date=22 April 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref>

[[File:Covid-19 San Salvatore 09.jpg|thumb|An exhausted [[Anesthesiology|anesthesiologist]] in [[Pesaro]], Italy, March 2020]]
In October, WHO reported that one in ten people around the world may have been infected, or 780 million people, while only 35 million infections had been confirmed.<ref name="bbc_oneinten">{{#invoke:cite news||date=5 October 2020|title=One in 10 worldwide may have had Covid – WHO|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54422023|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref>

On 9 November, Pfizer released trial results for a candidate vaccine, showing a 90 percent effectiveness in preventing infection. That day, Novavax submitted an FDA Fast Track application for their vaccine.<ref name="FEv4C">{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Boseley S, Olterman P |date=9 November 2020|title=Covid-19 vaccine candidate is 90% effective, says Pfizer|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/09/covid-19-vaccine-candidate-effective-pfizer-biontech|access-date=9 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="NPZ5P">{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Linnane C |title=Novavax wins FDA fast track designation for COVID-19 vaccine candidate|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/novavax-wins-fda-fast-track-designation-for-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-2020-11-09|access-date=9 November 2020|website=MarketWatch}}</ref>

On 14 December, [[Public Health England]] reported that a variant had been discovered in the UK's southeast, predominantly in [[Kent]]. The variant, later named [[Variant of Concern 202012/01|Alpha]], showed changes to the [[coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]] that could make the virus more infectious. As of 13 December, 1,108 infections had been confirmed in the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || title=PHE investigating a novel strain of COVID-19|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/phe-investigating-a-novel-strain-of-covid-19|website=GOV.UK|date=14 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Le Page |first1=Michael |last2=McNamara |first2=Alexander |title=Alpha covid-19 variant (B.1.1.7) |url=https://www.newscientist.com/definition/uk-covid-19-variant-b-1-1-7/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=New Scientist}}</ref>

On 4 February 2020, US Secretary of Health and Human Services [[Alex Azar]] waived liability for vaccine manufacturers in all cases except those involving "willful misconduct".<ref name="mXTUz">{{#invoke:cite web||name-list-style=vanc|date=4 February 2020|title=Notice of Declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for medical countermeasures against COVID-19|url=https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425015411/https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|vauthors=Azar A}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sigalos |first1=MacKenzie |title=You can't sue Pfizer or Moderna if you have severe Covid vaccine side effects. The government likely won't compensate you for damages either |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/16/covid-vaccine-side-effects-compensation-lawsuit.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=CNBC |date=17 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021|April]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021|May]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021|June]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021|July]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021|August]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021|September]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021|October]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021|November]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021|December]]}}
On 2 January, the [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]] variant, first discovered in the UK, had been identified in 33 countries.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Hauck G |title=More contagious COVID-19 strain identified in 3 states and 33 countries: What to know |date= 15 January 2021 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/01/02/new-covid-strain-b-117-explained/4112125001/ |website=USA Today |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> On 6 January, the [[Lineage P.1|Gamma variant]] was first identified in Japanese travellers returning from Brazil.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |website=Virological |access-date=6 May 2021 |date=12 January 2021}}</ref> On 29 January, it was reported that the Novavax vaccine was 49 percent effective against the [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] variant in a clinical trial in South Africa.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Nedelman M |title=South Carolina detects first US cases of coronavirus strain first seen in South Africa |date=28 January 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/28/health/south-carolina-variant-south-africa/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Johnson CY |title=Novavax vaccine protects against coronavirus in variant hot spots but proved less effective against strain in South Africa |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/28/covid-vaccine-variant-south-africa/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> The [[CoronaVac vaccine]] was reported to be 50.4 percent effective in a Brazil clinical trial.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=COVID variants test immunity, NIH chief and China's mixed vaccine data |journal=Nature |page=497 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00186-w |date=27 January 2021|volume=589 |issue=7843 |bibcode=2021Natur.589..497. |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Covid-19 SP - Santo Andre's hospital at peak of pandemic.jpg|thumb|left|A temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in Brazil in March 2021]]
On 12 March, several countries stopped using the [[Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine]]- due to blood clotting problems, specifically [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]] (CVST).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || title=AstraZeneca defends COVID vaccine as handful of nations pause use over fear of blood clots |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/astrazeneca-defends-covid-vaccine-as-handful-of-nations-pause-use-over-fear-of-blood-clots/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> On 20 March, the WHO and European Medicines Agency found no link to [[thrombosis]], leading several countries to resume administering the vaccine.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=20 March 2021|title=WHO renews backing for AstraZeneca's COVID-19 jab as European countries resume vaccinations|work=[[SBS News]]|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/who-renews-backing-for-astrazeneca-s-covid-19-jab-as-european-countries-resume-vaccinations|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> In March WHO reported that an animal host was the most likely origin, without ruling out other possibilities.<ref name="who-origins-20210330">{{#invoke:cite web||date=30 March 2021|title=WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part|access-date=31 March 2021|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="Maxmen2021whoReport" /> The [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta variant]] was first identified in India. In mid-April, the variant was first detected in the UK and two months later it had become a full-fledged third wave in the country, forcing the government to delay reopening that was originally scheduled for June.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Callaway E | title = Delta coronavirus variant: scientists brace for impact | journal = Nature | volume = 595 | issue = 7865 | pages = 17–18 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34158664 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-01696-3 | bibcode = 2021Natur.595...17C | s2cid = 235609029 }}</ref>

On 10 November, Germany advised against the [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna vaccine]] for people under 30, due to a possible association with [[myocarditis]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Germany Advises Against Moderna Covid Vaccine For People Under 30|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/germany-advises-against-moderna-covid-vaccine-for-people-under-30-2605574|access-date=23 December 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 24 November, the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]] was detected in South Africa; a few days later the World Health Organization declared it a VoC (variant of concern).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Fink |first1=Jenni |title=Omicron variant that may resist vaccines found in all U.S. states |url=https://www.newsweek.com/omicron-variant-that-may-resist-vaccines-found-all-us-states-1656826 |website=Newsweek |access-date=25 December 2021 |date=22 December 2021}}</ref> The new variant is more infectious than the Delta variant.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Karim SS, Karim QA | title = Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic | journal = Lancet | volume = 398 | issue = 10317 | pages = 2126–2128 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34871545 | pmc = 8640673 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6 }}</ref> {{clear}}

===2022===
[[File:Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) (52665469105).jpg|thumb|250px|Scanning electron micrograph (colorized) of cell infected with the Omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles ''green'']]
{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022|April]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022|May]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022|June]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022|July]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022|August]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022|September]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022|October]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022|November]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022|December]]}}

On 1 January, Europe passed 100 million cases amidst a surge in the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Europe Tops 100 Million Coronavirus Cases in Pandemic |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/omicron-coronavirus-variant-sweeps-across-the-globe/6377972.html |website=VOA |date=January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref> Later that month, the WHO recommended the [[rheumatoid arthritis]] drug [[Baricitinib]] for severe or critical patients. It also recommended the monoclonal antibody [[Sotrovimab]] in patients with non-severe disease, but only those who are at highest risk of hospitalization.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kmietowicz |first1=Zosia |title=Covid-19: WHO recommends baricitinib and sotrovimab to treat patients |journal=BMJ |date=13 January 2022 |volume=376 |pages=o97 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o97 |pmid=35027362 |s2cid=245907930 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj.o97 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

On 24 January, the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] estimated that about 57% of the world's population had been infected by COVID-19.<ref name="57percent1">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVID-19 Results Briefing |url=https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/1_briefing_Global_5.pdf |website=healthdata.org |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="57percent2">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVID Evaluation Model Estimates 57 Percent of World Population Infected at Least Once |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/covid-evaluation-model-estimates-57-percent-of-world-population-infected-at-least-once/ar-AAT6yyz?ocid=BingNewsSearch |website=MSN |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref> By 6 March, it was reported that the total worldwide death count had surpassed 6 million people.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||first=Deidre |last=McPhillips |title=Global Covid-19 deaths surpass 6 million |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/07/health/global-covid-deaths-surpass-six-million/index.html |website=CNN |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> By 6 July, Omicron subvariants [[BA.4]] and [[BA.5]] had spread worldwide.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=BA.5, now dominant U.S. variant, may pose the biggest threat to immune protection yet |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/omicron-ba5-ba4-covid-symptoms-vaccines-rcna36894 |website=NBC News |date=7 July 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> WHO Director-General Tedros Ghebreyesus stated on 14 September 2022, that "[The world has] never been in a better position to end the pandemic", citing the lowest number of weekly reported deaths since March 2020. He continued, "We are not there yet. But the end is in sight—we can see the finish line".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126621 | title=The end of the COVID-19 pandemic is in sight: WHO | date=14 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/who-chief-says-end-sight-covid-19-pandemic-2022-09-14/ | title=End of COVID pandemic is 'in sight' -WHO chief | newspaper=Reuters | date=14 September 2022 | last1=Mishra | first1=Manas }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/covid-pandemic-who-says-end-in-sight-deaths-drop-rcna47680 | title=WHO says 'end is in sight' for the Covid pandemic as global deaths hit lowest since March 2020 | website=[[NBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/14/health/pandemic-end-in-sight-who/index.html | title=The end of the pandemic is in sight, WHO director-general says, 'so let's seize this opportunity' | website=[[CNN]] | date=14 September 2022 }}</ref>

On 21 October, the United States surpassed 99 million cases of COVID-19, the most cases of any country.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Coronavirus Morning News Brief – Oct. 21: More Americans Are Getting the Updated Vaccine, BA.5 Continues Dominance in U.S. |url=https://www.frequentbusinesstraveler.com/2022/10/coronavirus-morning-news-brief-oct-21-more-americans-are-getting-the-updated-vaccine-ba-5-continues-dominance-in-u-s/ |website=Frequent Business Traveller |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> By 30 October, the worldwide daily death toll was 424, the lowest since 385 deaths were reported on 12 March 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVID-19 world weekly cases down 19% but new subvariant spreading |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2022/10/30/COVID-19-world-weekly-cases-down-19-but-new-subvariant-spreading/8241667141393/ |website=UPI |access-date=2 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> 17 November marked the three-year anniversary since health officials in China first detected COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=What day is the real anniversary of the COVID-19 pandemic? |url=https://theweek.com/articles/971043/what-day-real-anniversary-covid19-pandemic |website=The Week |access-date=5 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 November, the WHO reported that deaths since the month of February had dropped 90 percent. Director-General Tedros said this was "cause for optimism".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=WHO reports 90% drop in global COVID-19 deaths since February |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/who-reports-90-25-drop-in-global-covid-19-deaths-since-february/ar-AA13ZU6n |website=MSN |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> On 3 December, the WHO indicated that, "at least 90% of the world's population has some level of immunity to Sars-CoV-2".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=France-Presse |first1=Agence |title=WHO estimates 90% of world have some resistance to Covid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/03/who-estimates-90-of-world-have-some-resistance-to-covid |website=the Guardian |access-date=3 December 2022 |language=en |date=3 December 2022}}</ref> In early December, China began lifting some of its most stringent lockdown measures. Subsequent data from China's health authorities revealed that 248 million people, nearly 18 percent of its population, had been infected in the first 20 days of that month.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=China Estimates Covid Surge Is Infecting 37 Million People a Day |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-23/china-estimates-covid-surge-is-infecting-37-million-people-a-day |website=Bloomberg |date=23 December 2022}}</ref> On 29 December, the US joined Italy, Japan, Taiwan and India in requiring negative COVID-19 test results from all people traveling from China due to the new surge in cases. The EU refused similar measures, stating that the BF7 omicron variant had already spread throughout Europe without becoming dominant.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=US will require COVID-19 testing for travelers from China |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/health-news/us-will-require-covid-19-testing-for-travelers-from-china/ar-AA15KHjS |website=MSN |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=EU calls screening of travellers from China 'unjustified' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64119080 |access-date=29 December 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229164230/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64119080 |archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

===2023===
{{Hatnote|[[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023]]}}
On 4 January 2023, the World Health Organization said the information shared by China during the recent surge in infections lacked data, such as hospitalization rates.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=WHO worried about surge of COVID in China amid lack of info |url=https://apnews.com/article/health-china-covid-19-pandemic-world-organization-2576d9c8c1c1f75b76800edbb476894d |website=AP NEWS |access-date=6 January 2023 |language=en |date=4 January 2023}}</ref> On 10 January, the WHO’s Europe office said the recent viral surge in China posed "no immediate threat."<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=WHO Europe: no immediate COVID-19 threat from China |url=https://apnews.com/article/health-covid-19-pandemic-china-europe-world-organization-2cead41e96c46b8027c26510bddb0873 |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=AP NEWS |date=10 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 16 January, the WHO recommended that China monitor excess mortality to provide "a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19."<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Rigby |first2=Jennifer |last3=Farge |first3=Emma |title=WHO recommends that China monitor excess COVID-19 mortality |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/who-recommends-that-china-monitor-excess-covid-19-mortality-2023-01-16/ |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=Reuters |date=16 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 January, the three-year anniversary of the original declaration, the World Health Organization determined that COVID-19 still met the criteria for a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Lasarte |first1=Diego |last2=Sofia |first2=Lotto Persio |title=China's covid cases loom over upcoming WHO meeting on state of the pandemic |url=https://qz.com/covid-pandemic-public-health-emergency-end-who-1850035035 |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=Quartz |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 March, WHO Director-General Tedros indicated he was "confident" the COVID-19 pandemic would cease to be a public health emergency by the end of the year.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVID-19 pandemic expected to end this year 'as a public health emergency,' says World Health Organization |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/covid-19-pandemic-expected-to-end-this-year-as-a-public-health-emergency-says-world-health-organization/ar-AA18OUdE |website=MSN |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> On 5 May, the WHO downgraded COVID-19 from being a global health emergency, though it continued to refer to it as a pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/05/health/covid-who-emergency-end.html|title=W.H.O. Ends Global Health Emergency Designation for Covid|work=[[New York Times]]|first=Stephanie|last=Nolen|date=5 May 2023|accessdate=5 May 2023}}</ref> The WHO does not make official declarations of when pandemics end.<ref name="reuters">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Rigby|first=Jennifer|date=8 May 2023|title=WHO declares end to COVID global health emergency|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/covid-is-no-longer-global-health-emergency-who-2023-05-05/|website=Reuters|access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Gregory |first1=Andrew |title=Covid-19 is no longer a global health emergency, says WHO |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/05/covid-19-no-longer-global-health-emergency-world-health-organization |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=5 May 2023}}</ref> The decision came after Tedros convened with the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee, wherein the Committee noted that due to the decrease in deaths and hospitalisations, and the prevalence of vaccinations and the level of general immunity, it was time to remove the emergency designation and "transition to long-term management".<ref name="WHO Statement 5 May 2023">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic|title=Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=5 May 2023|accessdate=5 May 2023}}</ref> Tedros agreed, reducing the classification to an "established and ongoing health issue".<ref name="WHO Statement 5 May 2023"/>

By May 2023, most countries had returned to daily life as it was before the pandemic.<ref name="longterm">{{#invoke:cite web||title=From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-WHE-SPP-2023.1|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=9 May 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="npr">{{#invoke:cite web||date=5 May 2023|title=WHO ends global health emergency declaration for COVID-19|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/05/05/1174269442/who-ends-global-health-emergency-declaration-for-covid-19|website=NPR|first1=Giulia|last1=Heyward|first2=Marc|last2=Silver|access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref>

== Responses ==

{{Main|COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

National reactions ranged from strict lockdowns to public education campaigns.<ref name="IVdfl" /> WHO recommended that curfews and lockdowns should be short-term measures to reorganise, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect the health care system.<ref name="58tIM">{{#invoke:cite news || url =https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-12/world-health-organization-coronavirus-lockdown-advice/12753688 | title =WHO doctor says lockdowns should not be main coronavirus defence | vauthors = Doyle M | date =11 October 2020 | newspaper =ABC News | access-date =25 October 2020}}</ref>
As of 26 March 2020, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown.<ref name="theguardian500000">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Jones S, Kassam A |title=Spain defends response to coronavirus as global cases exceed 500,000 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/spanish-coronavirus-deaths-slow-as-world-nears-500000-cases |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=26 March 2020}}</ref> This increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April—more than half the [[World population|world's population]].<ref name="20200403euronews">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Coronavirus: Half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-in-europe-spain-s-death-toll-hits-10-000-after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hou |work=[[Euronews]] |date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200328businessinsider">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown – here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-on-lockdown-coronavirus-italy-2020-3 |work=Business Insider |date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

In several countries, [[Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|protests rose against restrictions]] such as lockdowns. A February 2021 study found that protests against restrictions were likely to directly increase the spread of the virus.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||date=9 February 2021 |title=German anti-lockdown protests led to more coronavirus cases, study finds |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/anti-corona-restrictions-protests-responsible-for-coronavirus-outbreak-study-shows/ |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=Politico}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Asia}}

As of the end of 2021, Asia's peak had come at the same time and at the same level as the world as a whole, in May 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=COVID-19 Data Explorer|url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=7-day+rolling+average&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Our World in Data|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209081315/https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=7-day+rolling+average&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL |archive-date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> However, cumulatively they had experienced only half of the global average in cases.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=COVID-19 Data Explorer|url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=Cumulative&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Our World in Data|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209081315/https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=Cumulative&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL |archive-date=9 December 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:塔子湖体育中心改造的方舱医院 07.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Fangcang Hospital|temporary hospital]] constructed in [[Wuhan]] in February 2020]]
China opted for containment, instituting strict lockdowns to eliminate viral spread.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Burki T | title = China's successful control of COVID-19 | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 1240–1241 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33038941 | pmc = 7544475 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8 }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite magazine|| vauthors = Hessler P |title=How China Controlled the Coronavirus|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/08/17/how-china-controlled-the-coronavirus|access-date=4 January 2021|magazine=The New Yorker}}
* {{#invoke:cite web || title=China's response shows how bold decision-making can contain coronavirus|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/chinas-response-shows-how-bold-decision-making-can-contain-coronavirus/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=World Economic Forum|date=11 March 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Kupferschmidt K, Cohen J |date=2 March 2020|title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.abb5426|s2cid=216508232|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
The vaccines distributed in China included the [[Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine|BIBP]], [[Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine|WIBP]], and [[CoronaVac]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||vauthors=Pike LL |title=In China, nearly 1 million people have reportedly already gotten a coronavirus vaccine |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/11/25/21612338/does-china-have-a-covid-19-vaccine-1-million-sinopharm-sinovac |website=Vox |access-date=26 November 2020 |date=25 November 2020}}</ref> It was reported on 11 December 2021, that China had vaccinated 1.162 billion of its citizens, or 82.5% of the total population of the country against COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=China vaccinates over 80% of its people against COVID-19 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/china-vaccinates-over-80-its-people-against-covid-19-2021-12-11/ |website=Reuters |access-date=11 December 2021 |date=11 December 2021}}</ref> China's large-scale adoption of [[zero-COVID]] had largely contained the first waves of infections of the disease.<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Burki T | title = China's successful control of COVID-19 | language = English | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 1240–1241 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33038941 | pmc = 7544475 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=China's response shows how bold decision-making can contain coronavirus|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/chinas-response-shows-how-bold-decision-making-can-contain-coronavirus/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104204702/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/chinas-response-shows-how-bold-decision-making-can-contain-coronavirus/|archive-date=4 January 2021|access-date=4 January 2021|website=World Economic Forum|date=11 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Kupferschmidt|first1=Kai|last2=Cohen|first2=Jon|date=2 March 2020|title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215013608/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|archive-date=15 February 2021|access-date=4 January 2021|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en}}</ref> When the waves of infections due to the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]] followed, China was almost alone in pursuing the strategy of zero-Covid to combat the spread of the virus in 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/59882774 |title=China: How is its zero-Covid strategy changing? |first1= Kai |last1=Wang |first2= Wanyuan |last2=Song|date=4 April 2022 |work=BBC }}</ref> Lockdown continued to be employed in November to combat a new wave of cases;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Mcdonald • |first1=Joe |title=China Returns to Lockdowns as Cases of COVID-19 Surge |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/china-returns-to-lockdowns-as-cases-of-covid-19-surge/3953615/ |website=NBC New York |date=12 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=World stocks on back foot as China COVID cases rise |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/world-stocks-on-back-foot-as-china-covid-cases-rise/ar-AA14mFDG |website=MSN |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref> however, [[2022 COVID-19 protests in China|protests erupted in cities across China]] over the country's stringent measures,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Magramo |first1=Kathleen |title=China's Covid cases hit record as dissent grows over tough restrictions |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/24/asia/china-covid-highest-daily-case-number-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=25 November 2022 |language=en |date=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||first1=Nectar|last1=Gan|first2=Philip|last2=Wang|title=China's security apparatus swings into action to smother Covid protests |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/29/china/china-protest-crackdown-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=29 November 2022 |language=en |date=29 November 2022}}</ref> and in December that year, the country relaxed its zero-COVID policy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-63855508 |title=China abandons key parts of zero-Covid strategy after protests|date=7 December 2022|work=BBC}}</ref> On 20 December 2022, the Chinese State Council narrowed its definition of what would be counted as a COVID-19 death to include solely respiratory failure, which led to skepticism by health experts of the government's total death count<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |last2=Chien |first2=Amy Chang |last3=Dong |first3=Joy |date=23 December 2022 |title=As Cases Explode, China's Low Covid Death Toll Convinces No One |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/23/world/asia/china-covid-death-toll.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||date=20 December 2022 |title=China's low covid death count is being criticized as implausible |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/20/china-covid-coronavirus-low-numbers/ |access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref> at a time when hospitals reported being overwhelmed with cases following the abrupt discontinuation of zero-COVID.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Some hospitals in China overwhelmed in national COVID-19 wave |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/china-covid-19-icus-emergency-wards-1.6697978 |website=CBC |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020. India ordered a nationwide lockdown starting 24 March 2020,<ref name="mrGsK">{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Gettleman J, Schultz K |date=24 March 2020|title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html|access-date=2 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> with a phased unlock beginning 1 June 2020. Six cities accounted for around half of reported cases—[[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra|Mumbai]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi|Delhi]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat|Ahmedabad]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu|Chennai]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra|Pune]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal|Kolkata]].<ref name="sHMHJ">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Infections over 1 lakh, five cities with half the cases: India's coronavirus story so far|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/infections-coronavirus-1-lakh-five-cities-with-half-the-cases.html|access-date=20 May 2020|website=The Week}}</ref> Post-lockdown, the Government of India introduced a contact tracking app called [[Aarogya Setu]] to help authorities manage contact tracing and vaccine distribution.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=India's Aarogya Setu becomes world's most downloaded contact-tracing app |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-aarogya-setu-becomes-worlds-most-downloaded-contact-tracing-app-313748 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref> India's vaccination program was considered to be the world's largest and most successful with over 90% of citizens getting the first dose and another 65% getting the second dose.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=India's Covid vaccination programme one of world's most successful: Govt |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indias-covid-vaccination-programme-one-of-worlds-most-successful-govt/articleshow/88648882.cms |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=India rolls out the world's largest COVID-19 vaccination drive |url=https://www.who.int/india/news/feature-stories/detail/india-rolls-out-the-world-s-largest-covid-19-vaccination-drive |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> A second wave hit India in April 2021, straining healthcare services.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Yeung J, Sud V |title=India's second Covid wave hits like a 'tsunami' as hospitals buckle under weight|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/21/india/india-covid-hospital-shortage-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=26 April 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> On 21 October 2021, it was reported that the country had surpassed 1 billion vaccinations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=India Has Hit The 100-crore Vaccination Mark |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-has-hit-the-100-crore-vaccination-mark-7607041.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Disinfection of Tehran subway wagons against coronavirus 2020-02-26 09.jpg|thumb|Disinfection of Tehran Metro trains to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Similar measures have also been taken in other countries.<ref name="2kQpo">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Coronavirus-en-Panama-Metro-limpieza_0_5531446820.html |title=Realizan jornada de limpieza en vagones del Metro de Panamá |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Tvn-2.com |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>]]
Iran reported its first confirmed cases on 19 February 2020, in [[Qom]].<ref name="wHBRB" /><ref name="4yrqM" /> Early measures included the cancellation/closure of concerts and other cultural events,<ref name="Xm5nq" /> Friday prayers,<ref name="Urdn6" /> and school and university campuses.<ref name="2YX6a" /> Iran became a centre of the pandemic in February 2020.<ref name="HHOnl" /><ref name="New Yorker" /> More than ten countries had traced their outbreaks to Iran by 28 February, indicating a more severe outbreak than the 388 reported cases.<ref name="New Yorker" /><ref name="D2Xpc" /> The [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] closed, after 23 of its 290 members tested positive on 3{{nbsp}}March 2020.<ref name="fXv2K" /> At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died by 17 March 2020.<ref name="oxtUC" /> By August 2021, the pandemic's fifth wave peaked, with more than 400 deaths in 1 day.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=5 August 2021|title=Iranian Hospitals Overflow As Number Of Reported COVID-19 Cases Passes 4 Million|newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-covid-4-million/31393785.html|access-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805130006/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-covid-4-million/31393785.html|archive-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>

COVID-19 was confirmed in South Korea on 20 January 2020. Military bases were quarantined after tests showed three infected soldiers.<ref name="b82186" /> South Korea introduced what was then considered the world's largest and best-organised screening programme, isolating infected people, and tracing and quarantining contacts.<ref name="science20200317" /> Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting by new international arrivals through mobile application,<ref name="nbcnews1167376">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-south-korea-flattened-its-coronavirus-curve-n1167376 |title=This is how South Korea flattened its coronavirus curve | vauthors = Moon G |date=24 March 2020 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> combined with [[drive-through]] testing,<ref name="CvyZS" /> and increasing testing capability to 20,000 people/day.<ref name="fdhQW" /> Despite some early criticisms,<ref name="imx38" /> South Korea's programme was considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.<ref name="science20200317" /><ref name="Wypis" /><ref name="joins23778577">{{#invoke:cite web || script-title=ko:'K방역 극찬' 빌 게이츠, KT 손잡고 제2 코로나 막을 연구에 60억 투자 |url=https://news.joins.com/article/23778577 |date=17 May 2020 |script-website=ko:중앙일보 |language=ko |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Europe}}
[[File:Persons died due to coronavirus COVID-19 per capita in Europe.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|left|Deaths per 100,000 residents]]
The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Europe with its first confirmed case in [[Bordeaux]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in France|France]], on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,<ref>{{cite tweet ||author=Government of Montenegro |author-link=Government of Montenegro |user=MeGovernment |number=1239992049350447104 |date=17 March 2020 |title=PM @DuskoMarkovicCG: #Montenegro confirmes first two #COVID19 cases #CoronaInfoCG https://t.co/Jxkrm4AMwK |language=en |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512133308/https://twitter.com/MeGovernment/status/1239992049350447104 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and all had reported at least one death, with the exception of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City|Vatican City]]. Italy was the first European nation to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national [[COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy|lockdown]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Saglietto A, D'Ascenzo F, Zoccai GB, De Ferrari GM | title = COVID-19 in Europe: the Italian lesson | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10230 | pages = 1110–1111 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32220279 | pmc = 7118630 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5 }}</ref> By 13 March 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Nebehay S |date=13 March 2020|title=Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who/europe-is-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic-who-idUSKBN2102Q0|work=Reuters|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=13 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Europe now epicentre of the pandemic, says WHO|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51876784|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> and it remained so until the WHO announced it had been overtaken by [[COVID-19 pandemic in South America|South America]] on 22 May.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Feuer W |date=22 May 2020|title=South America is a 'new epicenter' of the coronavirus pandemic, WHO says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/22/south-america-is-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-who-says.html}}</ref> By 18 March 2020, more than 250 million people were in [[Stay-at-home order|lockdown]] in Europe.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Henley J |date=18 March 2020|title=More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401085742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures|archive-date=1 April 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Despite [[deployment of COVID-19 vaccines]], Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=COVID-19's epicentre again: Europe faces fresh reckoning|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/12/covid-19s-epicentre-again-europe-faces-fresh-reckoning|access-date=19 November 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=With Covid cases rising, Europe is back at the epicenter of the pandemic |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/who-says-europe-back-epicenter-covid-pandemic-despite-vaccines-n1283263 |website=NBC News |date=4 November 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italian outbreak]] began on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.<ref name="Corriere_20Jan">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Severgnini |first1=Chiara |title=Coronavirus, primi due casi in Italia: sono due turisti cinesi |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_gennaio_30/coronavirus-italia-corona-9d6dc436-4343-11ea-bdc8-faf1f56f19b7.shtml |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=Corriere della Sera |date=30 January 2020 |language=it}}</ref> Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the government to suspend flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.<ref name="thelocal-flight" /> On 22 February 2020, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, which quarantined more than 50,000 people in northern Italy.<ref name="AutoDW-201" /> On 4 March, the Italian government ordered schools and universities closed as Italy reached a hundred deaths. Sport was suspended completely for at least one month.<ref name="Kv4Ld" /> On 11 March, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte closed down nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.<ref name="To26Y" /><ref name="ClzT6" /> On 19 April, the first wave ebbed, as 7-day deaths declined to 433.<ref name="thehill493586">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Coleman J |title=Italy sees fewest coronavirus deaths in a week |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/493586-italy-sees-fewest-coronavirus-deaths-in-a-week |website=The Hill |access-date=20 April 2020 |date=19 April 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> On 13 October, the Italian government again issued restrictive rules to contain the second wave.<ref name="KhaW7">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Conte firma il dpcm: stop a movida e gite, niente didattica a distanza |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2020/10/12/coronavirus-conte-dpcm-nuove-misure-anti-covid-stretta_f39a3a5d-1412-48eb-9e73-c2c0009fd90b.html |access-date=13 October 2020 |agency=ansa.it |date=13 October 2020}}</ref> On 10 November, Italy surpassed 1 million confirmed infections.<ref name="8XEwk">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Italy passes 1 million Covid-19 cases, France overtakes Russia |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3109462/coronavirus-italy-passes-1-million-cases-joining-10-worst-hit |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=13 November 2020 |date=12 November 2020}}</ref> On 23 November, it was reported that the second wave of the virus had led some hospitals to stop accepting patients.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || title=Coronavirus: Clinics in Naples, Italy, on the brink of collapse | date=23 November 2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-clinics-in-naples-italy-on-the-brink-of-collapse/a-55703503 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

[[File:2020 12 27 mas vacunados en la residencia mixta 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Vaccinations at a [[retirement home]] in [[Gijón]], Spain, in December 2020|alt=Elderly woman rolls up sleeve as two nurses administer a vaccine.]]
The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on [[La Gomera]] in the Canary Islands.<ref name="SanidadConfirmaEnLaGomera">{{#invoke:cite news||title=Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html|website=[[El Pais]]|access-date=31 January 2020|date=31 January 2020|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131225909/https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html|archive-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live | vauthors = Linde P }}</ref> Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and [[community transmission]] began by mid-February.<ref name="genetic analysis">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Ansede M |title=El análisis genético sugiere que el coronavirus ya circulaba por España a mediados de febrero |url=https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-04-22/el-analisis-genetico-sugiere-que-el-coronavirus-ya-circulaba-por-espana-a-mediados-de-febrero.html |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=El País |date=22 April 2020 |language=es}}</ref> On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/world/spain-poised-to-tighten-coronavirus-lockdown-after-record-daily-toll/ar-BB11S9Gj|title=Spain poised to tighten coronavirus lockdown after record daily toll|publisher=MSN|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> The number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including [[Barcelona]], [[Zaragoza]] and [[Madrid]], which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.<ref name=bbc25july>{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53539015 |title=Coronavirus: Spain drives fears of European 'second wave' |date=25 July 2020 |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref name="elpais6aug">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://english.elpais.com/spanish_news/2020-08-06/spains-basque-region-admits-to-second-wave-of-covid-19.html |title=Spain's Basque region admits to second wave of Covid-19 |work=El País |date=6 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="telegraph aug16">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/14/spain-shuts-nightlife-amid-fears-major-second-wave-coronavirus/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/14/spain-shuts-nightlife-amid-fears-major-second-wave-coronavirus/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Spain shuts down nightlife amid fears of major second wave of coronavirus| vauthors = Badcock J |date=14 August 2020 |work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/news/spain-wont-declare-another-national-state-of-alarm-allows-regions-to-lockdown-if-necessary/ |title=Spain won't declare another national state of alarm, allows regions to lockdown if necessary |date=26 August 2020 |work=Euroactiv }}</ref> By September 2021, Spain was one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose).<ref name="auto2">{{#invoke:cite journal|| vauthors = Ritchie H, Mathieu E, Rodés-Guirao L, Appel C, Giattino C, Ortiz-Ospina E, Hasell J, Macdonald B, Beltekian D, Roser M | display-authors = 6 |date=5 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> Italy is ranked second at 75%.<ref name="auto2"/>

Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open.<ref name="NYT20200515">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Leatherby L |title=Sweden Stayed Open. A Deadly Month Shows the Risks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/15/world/europe/sweden-coronavirus-deaths.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Per the [[Swedish constitution]], the [[Public Health Agency of Sweden]] has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency favoured remaining open. The Swedish strategy focused on longer-term measures, based on the assumption that after lockdown the virus would resume spreading, with the same result.<ref name="7ys2k">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Milne R |date=8 May 2020|title=Architect of Sweden's no-lockdown strategy insists it will pay off|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a2b4c18c-a5e8-4edc-8047-ade4a82a548d|access-date=16 August 2020|website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref name="I06mN">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Sverige diskuterar inte exitstrategier: "Vår strategi är hållbar, vi kan ligga kvar med den en väldigt lång tid"|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2020/04/22/sverige-diskuterar-inte-exitstrategier-var-strategi-ar-hallbar-vi-kan-ligga-kvar|access-date=16 August 2020|website=svenska.yle.fi|language=sv-FI}}</ref> By the end of June, Sweden no longer had [[excess mortality]].<ref name="HEUrz">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Inte längre någon överdödlighet i Sverige|url=https://www.dagensmedicin.se/artiklar/2020/06/25/inte-langre-nagon-overdodlighet-i-sverige/|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Dagens Medicin|language=sv}}</ref>

[[Devolution in the United Kingdom]] meant that each of its four [[Countries of the United Kingdom|countries]] developed its own response. England's restrictions were shorter-lived than the others.<ref name="8VnMf">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2020/06/06/devolution-has-become-less-dysfunctional-during-the-pandemic |title=Ignore the squabbling Devolution has become less dysfunctional during the pandemic |newspaper=The Economist |date=6 June 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]] started enforcing social distancing and quarantine measures on 18 March 2020.<ref name="PkWGD" /><ref name="Pkx25" /> On 16 March, Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] advised against non-essential travel and social contact, praising [[Remote work|work from home]] and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.<ref name="5Q93q" /><ref name="hYdUy" /> On 20 March, the government ordered all leisure establishments to close,<ref name="dmBNt" /> and promised to prevent unemployment.<ref name="mV2p3" /> On 23 March, Johnson banned gatherings and restricted non-essential travel and outdoor activity. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through fines and dispersal of gatherings. Most non-essential businesses were ordered to close.<ref name="bbc-pm-2403" /> On 24 April 2020, it was reported that a promising vaccine trial had begun in England; the government pledged more than £50 million towards research.<ref name="vKeXC">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Large-scale human trial of potential COVID-19 vaccine kicks off at Oxford |date=24 April 2020 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-vaccine-covid-19-human-clinical-trial-oxford-england/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> On 16 April 2020, it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine, due to a prior contract; should the trial be successful, some 30 million doses would be available.<ref name="Lbt4o">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Coronavirus updates: Texas reports single highest daily rate increase of infections |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/coronavirus-updates-texas-reports-single-highest-daily-rate-increase-of-infections/ar-BB14cpOY?ocid=spartan-dhp-feeds |publisher=MSN |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first developed country to approve the Pfizer vaccine; 800,000 doses were immediately available for use.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Mueller B |title=U.K. Approves Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine, a First in the West |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/world/europe/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-approved-uk.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 December 2020 |date=2 December 2020}}</ref> In August 2022 it was reported that viral infection cases had declined in the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey, UK: 19 August 2022|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/coronaviruscovid19infectionsurveypilot/19august2022 |publisher=UK Office for National Statistics |access-date=6 July 2023 |language=en |date=19 August 2022}}</ref>

=== North America ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in North America}}

The virus arrived in the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|United States]] on 13 January 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0124-second-travel-coronavirus.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |date=18 February 2020}}</ref> Cases were reported in all North American countries after [[COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire|Bonaire]] confirmed a case on 16 April.<ref name="FirstBonaire_local">{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.infobonaire.com/update-on-coronavirus-covid-19-by-bonaires-lt-governor/| title=Update on Coronavirus (COVID-19) by Bonaire's Lt. Governor InfoBonaire | website=The Bonaire Information Site| date=16 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>

[[File:USNS Comfort New York City 2020.jpg|thumb|The hospital ship [[USNS Comfort (T-AH-20)|USNS ''Comfort'']] arrives in [[Manhattan]] on 30 March 2020.]]
Per ''Our World in Data'', {{COVID-19 data/Text|US|cases}} confirmed cases have been reported in the United States with {{COVID-19 data/Text|US|deaths}} deaths, the most of any country, and [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country|the nineteenth-highest]] per capita worldwide.<ref name="JH Mortality">{{#invoke:cite web||url= https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality|title=Mortality Analyses|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref> COVID-19 is the [[List of disasters in the United States by death toll|deadliest pandemic in US history]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=21 September 2021|title=COVID-19 surpasses 1918 flu as deadliest pandemic in U.S. history|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/covid-19-is-now-the-deadliest-pandemic-in-us-history|access-date=2 October 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> it was the third-leading cause of death in the US in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://apnews.com/article/us-coronavirus-deaths-top-3-million-e2bc856b6ec45563b84ee2e87ae8d5e7|title=US deaths in 2020 top 3 million, by far most ever counted| vauthors = Stobbe M |date=21 December 2020|access-date=22 December 2020|work=Associated Press }}</ref> From 2019 to 2020, US life expectancy dropped by 3{{nbsp}}years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9{{nbsp}}years for African Americans, and 1.2{{nbsp}}years for white Americans.<ref name=Bosman>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/us/american-life-expectancy-report.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/us/american-life-expectancy-report.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|title=U.S. Life Expectancy Plunged in 2020, Especially for Black and Hispanic Americans| vauthors = Bosman J, Kasakove S, Victor D |date=21 July 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|name-list-style=vanc}}{{cbignore}}</ref> These effects have persisted as US deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Shapiro E, Pereira I, Deliso M |date=6 October 2021|title=COVID-19 live updates: More Americans died of COVID this year than all of 2020|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/live-updates/covid-delta-surge/?id=80391228|access-date=6 October 2021|website=ABC News }}</ref> In the United States, COVID-19 vaccines became available under emergency use in December 2020, beginning the [[COVID-19 vaccination in the United States|national vaccination program]]. The first COVID-19 vaccine was officially approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] on 23 August 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite press release || title=FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=23 August 2021 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine | access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> By 18 November 2022, while cases in the U.S. had declined, COVID variants BQ.1/BQ.1.1 had become dominant in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVID variants BQ.1/BQ.1.1 make up nearly half of U.S. cases – CDC |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/covid-variants-bq1bq11-make-up-nearly-half-us-cases-cdc-2022-11-18/ |website=Reuters |access-date=19 November 2022 |language=en |date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||date=14 October 2022 |first=Lisa |last=Schnirring |title=US COVID levels decline as new subvariants rise steadily |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2022/10/us-covid-levels-decline-new-subvariants-rise-steadily |website=CIDRAP |access-date=19 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed across [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|Canada]], all of its provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = McQuigge M |date=25 March 2020|title=The Quarantine Act explained, as isolation becomes mandatory for some|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/the-quarantine-act-explained-as-isolation-becomes-mandatory-for-some-1.4868457|access-date=4 April 2021|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> Cases surged across Canada, notably in the provinces of [[COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia|British Columbia]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta|Alberta]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec|Quebec]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario|Ontario]], with the formation of the [[Atlantic Bubble]], a [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel-restricted]] area of the country (formed of the four [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic provinces]]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://vocm.com/2020/12/23/covid-cases-in-atlantic-bubble-remain-low-as-cases-grow-across-canada/|title=COVID Cases in Atlantic Bubble Remain Low as Cases Grow Across Canada| vauthors = Grimes J }}</ref> Vaccine passports were adopted in all provinces and two of the territories.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/covid-nl-sept-7-2021-1.6166699 |title=Vaccine passports coming, Furey says, as N.L. reports 5 new cases |publisher=CBC News |date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/world/canada/vaccine-passports-protests.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903220325/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/world/canada/vaccine-passports-protests.html |archive-date=3 September 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Vaccine Passports Roll Out, and So Do Unruly Anti-Vaccine Protests| vauthors = Austen I |date=3 September 2021|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Per a report on 11 November 2022, Canadian health authorities saw a surge in influenza, while COVID-19 was expected to rise during winter.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Canada is seeing an early rise in flu cases. Is a 'tidal wave' of infection coming? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/early-flu-cases-canada-1.6647860 |website=cbc |access-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>

=== South America ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in South America}}
[[File:(2020.04.17) Higienização entrada estação da CPTM (49784811813).jpg|thumb|Disinfection of public area in [[Itapevi]], Brazil, in April 2020]]
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020, when Brazil confirmed a case in [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.as-coa.org/articles/where-coronavirus-latin-america |title=Where Is the Coronavirus in Latin America? | vauthors = orwitz L, Nagovitch P, Sonneland HK, Zissis C |website=AS/COA|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322095058/https://www.as-coa.org/articles/where-coronavirus-latin-america|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.<ref name="Stuff/Fairfax">{{#invoke:cite web ||url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120818001/uncollected-bodies-lie-for-days-in-the-streets-of-ecuador-the-emerging-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-in-latin-america |title=Uncollected bodies lie for days in the streets of Ecuador the emerging epicentre of the coronavirus in Latin America |publisher= Stuff/Fairfax |date=4 April 2020}}</ref> On 13 May 2020, it was reported that Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] had reported over 400,000 cases of COVID-19 infection with 23,091 deaths. On 22 May 2020, citing the rapid increase of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|infections in Brazil]], the [[World Health Organization]] WHO declared South America the epicentre of the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=WHO declares that South America is the new coronavirus epicenter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/22/coronavirus-update-us/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Ward A |title=How South America became a coronavirus epicenter |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/5/26/21270376/south-america-covid-19-coronavirus-brazil-peru-chile |website=Vox |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> As of 16 July 2021, South America had recorded 34,359,631 confirmed cases and 1,047,229 deaths from COVID-19. Due to a shortage of testing and medical facilities, it is believed that the outbreak is far larger than the official numbers show.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Ankel |first1=Sophia |title=How Brazil went from carnival floats to mass graves. Photos show what it's like in the world's latest coronavirus hotspot. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-brazil-emerging-as-new-global-coronavirus-hotspot-2020-5#in-early-april-brazilian-health-officials-confirmed-that-covid- |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=Business Insider}}</ref>

The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/46435-brasil-confirma-primeiro-caso-de-novo-coronavirus|title=Brasil confirma primeiro caso da doença|date=26 February 2020|publisher=[[Ministry of Health (Brazil)]] |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306155723/https://www.saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/46435-brasil-confirma-primeiro-caso-de-novo-coronavirus|archive-date=6 March 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> when a man from [[São Paulo]] who had traveled to Italy tested positive for the virus.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Oliveira |first1=Elida |last2=Ortiz |first2=Brenda |title=Ministério da Saúde confirma primeiro caso de coronavírus no Brasil |url=https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2020/02/26/ministerio-da-saude-fala-sobre-caso-possivel-paciente-com-coronavirus.ghtml |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=G1 |date=26 February 2020 |language=pt-br}}</ref> The disease had spread to every [[Federative units of Brazil|federative unit of Brazil]] by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Charner F |date=19 June 2020|title=Brazil tops 1 million Covid-19 cases. It may pass the US next, becoming the worst-hit country on the planet|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/americas/brazil-one-million-coronavirus-jair-bolsonaro-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=19 June 2020|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Painel Coronavírus|url=https://covid.saude.gov.br/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=}}</ref> One estimate of [[Under-reporting#Disease|under-reporting]] was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Kupek E | title = How many more? Under-reporting of the COVID-19 deaths in Brazil in 2020 | journal = Tropical Medicine & International Health | volume = 26 | issue = 9 | pages = 1019–1028 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34008266 | pmc = 8242696 | doi = 10.1111/tmi.13628 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Ibrahim NK | title = Epidemiologic surveillance for controlling Covid-19 pandemic: types, challenges and implications | journal = Journal of Infection and Public Health | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | pages = 1630–1638 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32855090 | pmc = 7441991 | doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.019 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Santos AM, Souza BF, Carvalho CA, Campos MA, Oliveira BL, Diniz EM, Branco MD, Queiroz RC, Carvalho VA, Araújo WR, Silva AA | display-authors = 6 | title = Excess deaths from all causes and by COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 | journal = Revista de Saúde Pública | volume = 55 | page = 71 | date = 2021 | pmid = 34730751 | pmc = 8522736 | doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055004137 }}</ref> As of {{COVID-19 data/Date|format=d F Y}}, Brazil, with {{COVID-19 data/Text|BR|cases}} confirmed cases and {{COVID-19 data/Text|BR|deaths}} deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|those of the United States]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|India]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Brazil "falls" to third place among covid-19 affected countries behind the U.S. and now India |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/04/12/brazil-falls-to-third-place-among-covid-19-affected-countries-behind-the-u.s.-and-now-india |website=MercoPress |access-date=5 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Africa}}
[[File:Air Forces Africa delivers medical supplies to Ghana (49829156488).jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] personnel unload a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] aircraft carrying medical supplies in [[Niamey]], Niger, in April 2020.]]
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt|Egypt]].<ref name="bbc_51509248">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=EgyptToday |date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection |archive-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> The first confirmed case in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] was announced in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria|Nigeria]] at the end of February 2020.<ref name="bbc_51671834">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Nigeria confirms first coronavirus case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302181240/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent; [[COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho|Lesotho]], the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported its first case on 13 May 2020.<ref name=reuters_idUSKBN22P1R4>{{#invoke:cite news||date=13 May 2020|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="latimes.com">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited.<ref name=theguardian_20200526_africa>{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Akinwotu E |date=26 May 2020|title=Experts sound alarm over lack of Covid-19 test kits in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/26/africa-concerned-over-lack-of-coronavirus-testing-kits|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529155322/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/26/africa-concerned-over-lack-of-coronavirus-testing-kits|archive-date=29 May 2020|access-date=29 May 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated.<ref name="Africa Braces">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth | name-list-style = vanc |title=Africa Braces for Coronavirus, but Slowly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/africa/coronavirus-africa-burkina-faso.html |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325014602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/africa/coronavirus-africa-burkina-faso.html |archive-date=25 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many preventive measures [[National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|were implemented]] by different countries in Africa including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, and event cancellations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Adebayo |first1=Bukola |last2=Busari |first2=Stephanie |title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=2 June 2023 |language=en |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> Despite fears, Africa reported lower death rates than other, more economically developed regions.<ref name="NYT Africa deaths">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Nolen |first1=Stephanie |title=Trying to Solve a Covid Mystery: Africa's Low Death Rates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/23/health/covid-africa-deaths.html |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 March 2022}}</ref>

In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries.<ref name=theguardian_20210607_third>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=correspondent |first2=Jason Burke Africa |title=Third wave sweeps across Africa as Covid vaccine imports dry up |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/07/third-wave-sweeps-across-africa-as-covid-vaccine-imports-dry-up |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=7 June 2021}}</ref> By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new COVID cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi|Malawi]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal|Senegal]], recorded an uptick in new cases.<ref name="Mendez">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Mendez R |date=8 July 2021 |title=Africa suffers worst surge in Covid cases as delta variant spurs third wave of pandemic |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/08/delta-variant-africa-suffers-worst-surge-in-covid-cases-officials-brace-for-third-wave.html |access-date=9 July 2021|website=CNBC}}</ref> The World Health Organization labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Dahir AL |date=8 July 2021|title=Africa marks its 'worst pandemic week' yet, with cases surging and vaccine scarce, the W.H.O. says.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/africa-coronavirus-cases-who.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/africa-coronavirus-cases-who.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In October 2022, WHO reported that most countries on the African continent will miss the goal of 70 percent vaccination by the end of 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Schlein |first1=Lisa |title=Africa Lags Behind Rest of World in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa-lags-behind-rest-of-world-in-covid-19-vaccination-coverage/6798185.html |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=VOA |date=20 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania}}
[[File:Empty shelves at Coles during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brisbane, Australia.jpg|thumb|right|Empty shelves at a [[Coles Supermarkets|Coles]] grocery store in [[Brisbane]], Australia, in April 2020]]
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020, with the first confirmed case reported in [[Melbourne]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australia]].<ref name="AustraliaCase1">{{#invoke:cite web ||url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|title=First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia|date=25 January 2020|website=Australian Government Department of Health |access-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171557/https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brisbane2021">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Lynch |first1=Lydia |title=Going viral: Timeline shows how COVID-19 infected Queensland |url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/going-viral-timeline-shows-how-covid-19-infected-queensland-20210112-p56tj7.html |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=Brisbane Times |date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It has since spread elsewhere in the region.<ref name="WHO Dashboard">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://covid19.who.int/|title=WHO COVID-19 Dashboard|date=24 April 2020|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416183953/https://covid19.who.int/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brisbane2021"/> [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australia]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|New Zealand]] were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction into the community.<ref name="reuters-oz-10days">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Pandey S |title=Australia records 10th day of no local COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-australia/update-1-australia-set-for-10th-day-of-no-local-covid-19-cases-idUSL1N2K201P |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=Reuters |date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg-oz-tassie-price">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Scott J |title= Australia's Island State Pays High Price for Virus Victory |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-24/the-high-price-of-beating-the-virus-on-one-pristine-island |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=www.bloomberg.com |date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Cave D |title=One Case, Total Lockdown: Australia's Lessons for a Pandemic World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/world/australia/perth-lockdown.html |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331200902/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/world/australia/perth-lockdown.html |archive-date=31 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant, however, by August 2021, the Australian states of [[New South Wales]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Briggs C |date=1 September 2021|title=Another state has given up on COVID zero. It shows Delta is a formidable foe|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-02/victoria-and-nsw-abandon-covid-zero-analysis/100426124|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.<ref name="The Guardian NZ abandons elimination">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Corlett E |title=New Zealand Covid elimination strategy to be phased out, Ardern says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/04/new-zealand-covid-strategy-in-transition-ardern-says-as-auckland-awaits-lockdown-decision |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004002428/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/04/new-zealand-covid-strategy-in-transition-ardern-says-as-auckland-awaits-lockdown-decision |archive-date=4 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In November and December, following vaccination efforts, the remaining states of Australia, excluding Western Australia, voluntarily gave up COVID-zero to open up state and international borders.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Dayman |first1=Isabel |title=SA opened its borders to COVID-19 this week. Here's what we've learned |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-27/sa-borders-open-what-we-have-learnt-so-far/100655534 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=ABC News |date=27 November 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Lewin |first1=Rhiannon |title=Everything you need to know as Queensland's border FINALLY reopens to Australia |url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/everything-you-need-to-know-as-queenslands-border-finally-reopens-to-australia-c-4914002 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=7NEWS |date=12 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Humphries |first1=Alexandra |title=5,000 arrivals in a day: Hobart Airport predicted to have busiest day on record |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-15/tasmania-open-again-after-almost-two-years-shut-due-to-covid-19/100699854 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=ABC News |date=14 December 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref> The open borders allowed the Omicron Variant of COVID-19 to enter quickly and cases subsequently exceeded 120,000 a day.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Truu |first1=Maani |title=Hitting the Omicron peak is just the beginning: This is what's in store next for Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-30/covid-whats-next-after-omicrons-peak/100786176 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=ABC News |date=29 January 2022 |language=en-AU}}</ref> By early March 2022, with cases exceeding 1,000 a day, Western Australia conceded defeat in its eradication strategy and opened its borders.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mercer |first1=Phil |title=Western Australia Finally Opens Border After COVID-19 Closure |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/western-australia-finally-opens-border-after-covid-19-closure-/6468095.html |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=VOA |date=3 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Despite record cases, Australian jurisdictions slowly removed restrictions such as close contact isolation, mask wearing and density limits by April 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = McNeill H |date=26 April 2022 |title=WATCH LIVE: WA to ditch masks, proof of vaccination and capacity limits |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/wa-health-minister-to-make-covid-19-announcement-20220426-p5ag8v.html |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=WAtoday |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 September 2022 restrictions were significantly relaxed. The aircraft mask mandate was scrapped nationwide and daily reporting transitioned to weekly reporting.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last=Young |first=Emma |date=2 September 2022 |title=WA public health rules to change as COVID-19 case numbers drop |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/western-australia/wa-to-drop-public-transport-taxi-and-rideshare-mask-requirements-20220902-p5bevh.html |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVID-19 update 9 September 2022 |url=https://ww2.health.wa.gov.au/Media-releases/2022/September/COVID19-update-9-September-2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=ww2.health.wa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Australia to move away from reporting daily COVID-19 case numbers |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-07/covid-19-statistics-to-be-reported-weekly-health-ministers-say/101414964 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=ABC News |date=7 September 2022 |language=en-AU}}</ref> On 14 September, COVID-19 disaster payment for isolating persons was extended for mandatory isolation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Brown |first1=Andrew |title=Paid pandemic leave extended while mandatory isolation continues |url=https://indaily.com.au/news/2022/09/14/paid-pandemic-leave-extended-while-mandatory-isolation-continues/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=InDaily |date=14 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> By 22 September, all states had ended mask mandates on public transport, including in Victoria, where the mandate had lasted for approximately 800 days.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Taylor |first1=Hayley |title=Victoria becomes final state to scrap COVID mask rule |url=https://7news.com.au/news/coronavirus-vic/final-australian-state-scraps-public-transport-mask-mandate-c-8314730 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=7NEWS |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 30 September 2022, all Australian leaders declared the emergency response finished and announced the end of isolation requirements. These changes were due in part to high levels of 'hybrid immunity' and low case numbers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Jose |first1=Renju |last2=Jackson |first2=Lewis |title=As Australia calls end to COVID emergency response, doctors warn of risk to public |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australia-end-mandatory-home-isolation-covid-patients-2022-09-30/ |website=Reuters |language=en |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Antarctica ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica}}
Due to its remoteness and sparse population, [[Antarctica]] was the last continent to have confirmed cases of COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Taylor A, Pitrelli S |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/24/one-continent-remains-untouched-by-coronavirus-antarctica/|title=One continent remains untouched by the coronavirus: Antarctica|date=24 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401225655/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/24/one-continent-remains-untouched-by-coronavirus-antarctica/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Torres E |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/life-antarctica-continent-case-coronavirus/story?id=69716325|title=What life is like on Antarctica, the only continent without a case of coronavirus|date=20 March 2020|work=ABC News|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401135314/https://abcnews.go.com/International/life-antarctica-continent-case-coronavirus/story?id=69716325|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3077724/pacific-islands-antarctic-bases-coronavirus-free-living-some|title=Pacific islands, Antarctic bases: coronavirus-free living in some of Earth's most isolated places|date=31 March 2020|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403015046/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3077724/pacific-islands-antarctic-bases-coronavirus-free-living-some|url-status=live}}</ref> The first cases were reported in December 2020, almost a year after the first cases of COVID-19 were detected in China. At least 36 people were infected in the first outbreak in 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Miranda |first1=Natalia A. Ramos |title=Coronavirus reaches end of earth as first outbreak hits Antarctica |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/coronavirus-reaches-end-earth-first-outbreak-hits-antarctica-2020-12-22/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=22 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> with several other outbreaks taking place in 2021 and 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/08/antarcticas-biggest-covid-outbreak-yet-puts-us-station-mcmurdo-on-pause |title=Antarctica's biggest Covid outbreak yet puts US station McMurdo on pause |last=McClure |first=Tess |date=8 November 2022 |work=The Guardian |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>

=== United Nations ===
{{Main|United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
The [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNSC) was criticised for its slow response, especially regarding the UN's [[global ceasefire]], which aimed to open up humanitarian access to conflict zones.<ref name=":22">{{#invoke:cite web ||date=9 April 2020 |title=Global Ceasefire Call Deserves UN Security Council's Full Support |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/global-ceasefire-call-deserves-un-security-councils-full-support |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=Crisis Group}}</ref><ref name="Krm4a">{{#invoke:cite web ||date=25 June 2020 |title=UN tallies action so far to fight COVID-19, and roadmap out of the pandemic |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1067132 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=UN News}}</ref> The United Nations Security Council was criticized due to the inadequate manner in which it dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic, namely the poor ability to create international collaboration during this crisis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Charbonneau |first1=Bruno |title=The COVID-19 test of the United Nations Security Council |journal=International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis |date=March 2021 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=6–16 |doi=10.1177/0020702020986897 |s2cid=233202171 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020702020986897 |access-date=5 June 2023 |language=en |issn=0020-7020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Gladstone |first1=Rick |title=U.N. Security Council 'Missing In Action' in Coronavirus Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/americas/coronavirus-united-nations-guterres.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=2 April 2020}}</ref>

On 23 March 2020, United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres|António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres]] appealed for a global [[ceasefire]];<ref name="tFb4N">{{#invoke:cite web || date=23 March 2020|title=Transcript of the Secretary-General's virtual press encounter on the appeal for global ceasefire|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2020-03-23/transcript-of-the-secretary-generals-virtual-press-encounter-the-appeal-for-global-ceasefire|access-date=1 August 2020|website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref name="lzoeV">{{#invoke:cite web || date=23 March 2020|title=COVID-19: UN chief calls for global ceasefire to focus on 'the true fight of our lives'|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059972|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> 172 UN member states and observers signed a non-binding supporting statement in June,<ref name="AGhvz">{{#invoke:cite web || date=24 June 2020|title=170 signatories endorse UN ceasefire appeal during COVID crisis|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066982|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> and the [[UN Security Council]] passed a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2532|resolution]] supporting it in July.<ref name="9rN79">{{#invoke:cite web || title=S/RES/2532(2020) – E – S/RES/2532(2020)|url=https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2532(2020)|access-date=1 August 2020|website=undocs.org}}</ref><ref name="nJTuX">{{#invoke:cite news || date=1 July 2020|title=Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1067552|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref>

On 29 September 2020, Guterres urged the [[International Monetary Fund]] to help certain countries via debt relief and also call for countries to increase contributions to develop vaccines.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=U.N. chief urges increase in funding for IMF to help pandemic-hit countries |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-un-idUSKBN26K2VK |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=29 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== WHO ===
{{Main|World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic|l1 = World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:13981214000744637189356214810969 نشست مدیران شهری با نمایندگان سازمان بهداشت جهانی.jpg|thumb|[[World Health Organization]] representatives holding joint meeting with [[Tehran]] city administrators in March 2020]]
The WHO spearheaded initiatives such as the [[COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund]] to raise money for the pandemic response, the [[UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force]], and the [[solidarity trial]] for investigating potential treatment options for the disease. The [[COVAX]] program, co-led by the WHO, [[GAVI]], and the [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI), aimed to accelerate the development, manufacture, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access across the world.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=COVAX |url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=www.who.int}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Factbox: Vaccines delivered under COVAX sharing scheme for poorer countries |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/vaccines-delivered-under-covax-sharing-scheme-poorer-countries-2022-01-03/ |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=25 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Restrictions ==
{{Further|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic|International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:China COVID19 test kit PH donation 8.jpg|thumb|Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines|alt=Workers unloading boxes of medical supplies at Villamor Air Base.]]
The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe and Latin America.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/FAQ/imf-response-to-covid-19|title=The IMF's Response to COVID-19|author=IMF}}</ref><ref name="Effect of COVID-19 on food security">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kakaei |first1=Hojatollah |last2=Nourmoradi |first2=Heshmatollah |last3=Bakhtiyari |first3=Salar |last4=Jalilian |first4=Mohsen |last5=Mirzaei |first5=Amin |title=Effect of COVID-19 on food security, hunger, and food crisis |journal=COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals |date=2022 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-91307-2.00005-5 |pmc=9335023 |isbn=9780323913072 }}</ref> A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalized groups." COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Barnes JE | title=U.S. Intelligence Report Warns of Global Consequences of Social Fragmentation | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=8 April 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=8 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Travel restrictions ===
{{Main|Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,<ref name="20200326nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html |title=Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> or for all travellers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Menon |first1=Praveen |title=New Zealand sets date for reopening to tourists after nearly two years |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/new-zealand-reopen-foreign-travellers-april-30-2021-11-24/ |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Staff |first1=C. N. N. |title=Travel to Australia during Covid-19: What you need to know before you go |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/australia-travel-covid-19/index.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=CNN |date=11 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.<ref name="20200224nationalgeographic">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Nsikan A |title=Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/ |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=National Geographic |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other [[infection prevention and control]] measures.<ref name="DJYtB">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Pastore Y, Piontti A, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, Viboud C, Xiong X, Yu H, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Vespignani A | display-authors = 6 | title = The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak | journal = Science | volume = 368 | issue = 6489 | pages = 395–400 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32144116 | pmc = 7164386 | doi = 10.1126/science.aba9757 | author-link15 = Ira M. Longini, Jr. | author-link16 = Alessandro Vespignani | bibcode = 2020Sci...368..395C }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kim |first1=Karl E. |title=Ten Takeaways from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Transportation Planners |journal=Transportation Research Record |date=April 2023 |volume=2677 |issue=4 |pages=517–530 |doi=10.1177/03611981221090515 |pmid=37153166 |pmc=10149348 |issn=0361-1981}}</ref> Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".<ref name="283GD">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=COVID-19: Study shows that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic |url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/covid-19-travel-restrictions-study/ |work=Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford |date=25 March 2020}}</ref> The [[European Union]] rejected the idea of suspending the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen free travel zone]].<ref name="dw52497811">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak/a-52497811 |title=Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak |date=24 February 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name="20200313euractiv">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans/ |work=[[EURACTIV]] |date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Repatriation of foreign citizens ===
{{Main|Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from Wuhan 16.jpg|thumb|Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian citizens from [[Wuhan]], China.]]
Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surrounding areas, primarily through [[Air charter|charter flights]]. Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany and Thailand were among the first to do so.<ref name="AutoDW-169" /> Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.<ref name="AutoDW-171" /><ref name="6l9jG" /> On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.<ref name="auto3">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/repatriated-citizens-be-reunited-families |title=Repatriated citizens to be reunited with families |website=SANews.gov.zanews24.com |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.<ref name="20200131dialoguepakistan" />

On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the [[Diamond Princess outbreak|''Diamond Princess'']] cruise ship,<ref name="AutoDW-174" /> and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.<ref name="AutoDW-175" /> In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.<ref name="czjOG" /><ref name="indiatimes74647353">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/4th-batch-of-53-indians-evacuated-from-iran-s-jaishankar/articleshow/74647353.cms |title=4th batch of 53 Indians evacuated from Iran: S Jaishankar |date=16 March 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.<ref name="USWithdraw">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/488618-us-led-coalition-in-iraq-drawing-down-over-coronavirus-concerns |title=US-led coalition in Iraq drawing down over coronavirus concerns |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=20 March 2020 | vauthors = Kheel R |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>

== Impact ==
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{Further|Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}

=== Economics ===
{{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|l1=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology|l2=on science and technology|Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|l3=on financial markets|2020 stock market crash|COVID-19 recession}}
[[File:Stock-indices-2020crash+recovery.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|A [[stock index]] chart shows the [[2020 stock market crash]].]]
The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.<ref name="U7teI" />

Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline [[Flybe (1979–2020)|Flybe]] collapsed.<ref name="z2VrM" /> The cruise line industry was hard hit,<ref name="smh20200227">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Turner B |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/most-significant-crisis-in-the-history-of-travel-where-to-now-for-tourism-20200227-p5450j.html |title='Most significant crisis in the history of travel': where to now for tourism? |date=4 April 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> and train stations and ferry ports closed.<ref name="wnn7L" /> International mail stopped or was delayed.<ref name="wsj1158868721">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/another-coronavirus-business-problem-skyrocketing-cost-of-air-cargo-11588687216 |title=You've Got Mail ... Finally: The Pandemic Is Jamming Up the World's Post |access-date=15 May 2020 |date=5 May 2020 | vauthors = Cherney M, Craymer L |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>

The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Tyko |first1=kelly |title=How COVID permanently changed shopping and restaurants |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/03/17/stores-restaurants-covid-changes |access-date=5 June 2023 |date=17 March 2023}}</ref> Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 percent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60 percent drop.<ref name="20200402aislelabs">{{#invoke:citation/CS2 ||url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/04/02/how-retailers-globally-are-responding-to-coronavirus-updated-frequently/ |title=How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs |newspaper=Aislelabs |date=2 April 2020|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Shopping centres faced a 33–43 percent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.<ref name="J6Y6Z" />

Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost,<ref name="aljazeera2004271718">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Half the world's workers face losing their jobs, says ILO |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/world-workers-face-losing-jobs-ilo-200427171840169.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200506csmonitor">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Temko |first1=Ned |title=No jobs, so what future? Half the world's workforce on the edge. |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2020/0506/No-jobs-so-what-future-Half-the-world-s-workforce-on-the-edge |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> including more than 40 million jobs in the US.<ref name="20200528WaPo">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Americans have filed more than 40 million jobless claims in past 10 weeks, as another 2.1 million filed for benefits last week | vauthors = Romm T |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/28/unemployment-claims-coronavirus/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 May 2020}}</ref> According to a report by [[Yelp]], about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.<ref name="vLHxV">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sundaram |first1=Anjali |title=Yelp data shows 60% of business closures due to the coronavirus pandemic are now permanent |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/16/yelp-data-shows-60percent-of-business-closures-due-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic-are-now-permanent.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=CNBC |date=16 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7 percent, or $3.5 trillion.<ref name="rd8bm">{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ilo/pandemic-slashes-worldwide-income-from-work-by-a-tenth-ilo-idUSKCN26E1SM|title=Pandemic slashes worldwide income from work by a tenth: ILO|access-date=23 September 2020|work=Reuters|date=23 September 2020| vauthors = Nebehay S }}</ref>

==== Supply shortages ====
{{Main|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:Ntuc super store, Singapore (49505410793).jpg|thumb|left|COVID-19 fears led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including toilet paper, instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and rubbing alcohol (picture taken in February 2020).]]
Pandemic fears led to [[panic buying]], emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g. [[social influence]] and trust).<ref name="cSvA4">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Yuen KF, Wang X, Ma F, Li KX|date=May 2020|title=The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=17|issue=10|page=3513|doi=10.3390/ijerph17103513|pmc=7277661|pmid=32443427|doi-access=free|s2cid=218856048}}</ref>

[[Shortage|Supply shortages]] were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations; shortages were worsened by [[supply chain]] disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.<ref name="XvcU9" />

Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of [[semiconductor]] demand for vehicles and other products.<ref name="AutoDW-263" />

According to WHO Secretary-General Tedros Ghebreyesus, demand for [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.<ref name="AutoDW-275" /><ref name="AutoDW-276" /> PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.<ref name="Mycfo" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Lewis |first1=Amanda Chicago |title=The hustlers and scammers behind the pandemic supply chain nightmare |url=https://www.theverge.com/c/23010055/pandemic-ppe-supply-chain-gloves-coronavirus |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Verge |date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Bauchner |first1=Howard |last2=Fontanarosa |first2=Phil B. |last3=Livingston |first3=Edward H. |title=Conserving Supply of Personal Protective Equipment—A Call for Ideas |journal=JAMA |date=19 May 2020 |volume=323 |issue=19 |pages=1911 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.4770 |pmid=32196543 |s2cid=214600902 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2763590 |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>

In September 2021, the [[World Bank]] reported that food prices remained generally stable and the supply outlook remained positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Ventura |first1= Luca |title=Global Finance Magazine - Poorest Countries in the World 2023 |url=https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/the-poorest-countries-in-the-world |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Global Finance Magazine |date=2 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Anyanwu |first1=John C. |last2=Salami |first2=Adeleke O. |title=The impact of COVID‐19 on African economies: An introduction |journal=African Development Review |date=April 2021 |volume=33 |issue=S1 |pages=S1–S16 |doi=10.1111/1467-8268.12531 |pmid=34149237 |pmc=8207010 }}</ref> The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilized in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Food Security and COVID-19|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-and-covid-19|access-date=23 December 2021|website=World Bank}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/>

By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.<ref name="BBC, US oil prices, 21 April 2020">[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52350082 US oil prices turn negative as demand dries up], BBC, 21 April 2020.</ref> The [[2021 global energy crisis]] was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Energy crunch: How high will oil prices climb? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/27/energy-crunch-how-high-will-oil-prices-climb |work=Al-Jazeera |date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Smith |first1=Alexander |title=Cascade of problems fuels world energy crisis as another winter looms |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/covid-center-world-energy-crunch-cascade-problems-fuel-rcna2688 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=NBC News |date=8 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Arts and cultural heritage ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage}}
The performing arts and [[cultural heritage sector]]s were profoundly affected by the pandemic. Both organisations' and individuals' operations have been impacted globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.<ref name="v5Qlx">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=MCGIVERN|first1=HANNAH|last2=KENNEY|first2=NANCY|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus |title=Here are the museums that have closed (so far) due to coronavirus |website=theartnewspaper.com |date=14 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329062120/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2021 [[UNESCO]] report estimated ten million job losses worldwide in the culture and creative industries.<ref name="Ottone">{{#invoke:cite book ||last=Ottone |first=Ernesto |title=UNESCO The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity: Marking the 20th Anniversary |publisher=[[Khalili Foundation]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-3999-1149-8 |location=London |pages=13–15 |language=en |chapter=Foreword |author-link=Ernesto Ottone}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=UNESCO: 10 million creative jobs lost in Covid crisis |url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/unesco-10-million-creative-jobs-lost-in-covid-crisis |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Stage |language=En}}</ref> Some services continued through digital platforms,<ref name="ZljIY">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://mcn.edu/a-guide-to-virtual-museum-resources/ |title=The Ultimate Guide to Virtual Museum Resources |date=15 March 2020 |website=MCN |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Burke2020" /><ref name="SxIEK" /> such as live streaming concerts<ref name="SZ5Mc" /> or web-based arts festivals.<ref name="mYlLn" />

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics}}

{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations}}
The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,<ref name="20200313nationalpost">{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-parliament-suspended-until-april-due-to-coronavirus-crisis |title=Federal government announces aggressive measures to battle COVID-19 as parliament suspended until April | vauthors = Tumilty R |date=13 March 2020 |newspaper=Nationalpost |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> isolations or deaths of politicians,<ref name="20200318foreignpolicy">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-corridors-power-which-world-leaders-have-covid-19/ |title=Coronavirus in the Corridors of Power | vauthors = Mackinnon A, Palder D | date=18 March 2020 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> and rescheduled elections.<ref name="20200427nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Corasaniti N, Saul S |url= https://www.nytimes.com/article/2020-campaign-primary-calendar-coronavirus.html |title=15 States Have Postponed Primaries During the Pandemic. One Has Canceled. |date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 April 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.<ref name="74OHE">''The Economist'', 4 April 2020, p. 14.</ref>

====Brazil====
The pandemic (and the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil#Responses|response of Brazilian politicians]] to it) led to widespread panic, confusion, and pessimism in Brazil.<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Sott | first1=Michele Kremer | last2=Bender | first2=Mariluza Sott | last3=da Silva Baum | first3=Kamila | title=Covid-19 Outbreak in Brazil: Health, Social, Political, and Economic Implications | journal=International Journal of Health Services | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=52 | issue=4 | date=4 September 2022 | issn=0020-7314 | doi=10.1177/00207314221122658 | pages=442–454| pmid=36062608 | pmc=9445630 }}</ref> When questioned regarding record deaths in the country in April 2020, Brazilian President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] said “So what? I'm sorry. What do you want me to do about it?”<ref name="Conde 2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || last=Conde | first=Maite | title=Brazil in the Time of Coronavirus | journal=Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder | publisher=Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) | volume=11 | issue=Especial | date=11 May 2020 | issn=2172-7155 | doi=10.5209/geop.69349 | pages=239–249| s2cid=219439973 }}</ref> Bolsonaro disregarded WHO-recommended mitigation techniques and instead [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil#Comments by Bolsonaro|downplayed the risks of the virus]], promoted increased economic activity, spread [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil#Presidential responses|misinformation]] about the efficacy of masks, vaccines and public health measures, and distributed unproven treatments including [[Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic|hydroxychloroquine]] and [[ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic|ivermectin]].<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022"/> A series of [[List of Ministers of Health of Brazil|federal health ministers]] resigned or were dismissed after they refused to implement Bolsonaro's policies.<ref name="Londono2020">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Londoño |first1=Ernesto |title=Another Health Minister in Brazil Exits Amid Chaotic Coronavirus Response |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/world/americas/brazil-health-minister-bolsonaro.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=15 May 2020}}</ref>

Disagreements between federal and state governments led to a chaotic and delayed response to the rapid spread of the virus,<ref name="Dantas2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || last=Dantas | first=E. | title=Brazilian report on the coronavirus crisis: A clash of pandemics | journal=Medicine and Law | date=2020 | pages=153–160 | url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-824117 | language=pt | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref> exacerbated by preexisting social and economic disparities in the country.<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022"/><ref name="CarnutMendesGuerra2020">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Carnut | first1=Leonardo | last2=Mendes | first2=Áquilas | last3=Guerra | first3=Lucia | title=Coronavirus, Capitalism in Crisis and the Perversity of Public Health in Bolsonaro's Brazil | journal=International Journal of Health Services | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=51 | issue=1 | date=18 October 2020 | issn=0020-7314 | doi=10.1177/0020731420965137 | pages=18–30| pmid=33070682 | s2cid=224782017 }}</ref> Employment, investment and valuation of the [[Brazilian real]] plummeted to record lows.<ref name="BenderdaSilvaBaum2022"/><ref name="ReutersBrazil2020">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Brazil stocks post steepest fall since 1998, real hits historic low 5.00 per dollar |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-markets/brazil-stocks-post-steepest-fall-since-1998-real-hits-historic-low-5-00-per-dollar-idUSKBN20Z3J1 |work=Reuters |date=12 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Brazil was also heavily affected by the Delta and Omicron variants.<ref name="AlcantaraNogueiraShuabTosta2022">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Alcantara | first1=Luiz Carlos Junior | last2=Nogueira | first2=Elisson | last3=Shuab | first3=Gabriel | last4=Tosta | first4=Stephane | last5=Fristch | first5=Hegger | last6=Pimentel | first6=Victor | last7=Souza-Neto | first7=Jayme A. | last8=Coutinho | first8=Luiz Lehmann | last9=Fukumasu | first9=Heidge | last10=Sampaio | first10=Sandra Coccuzzo | last11=Elias | first11=Maria Carolina | last12=Kashima | first12=Simone | last13=Slavov | first13=Svetoslav Nanev | last14=Ciccozzi | first14=Massimo | last15=Cella | first15=Eleonora | last16=Lourenco | first16=José | last17=Fonseca | first17=Vagner | last18=Giovanetti | first18=Marta | title=SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Brazil: how the displacement of variants has driven distinct epidemic waves | journal=Virus Research | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=315 | year=2022 | issn=0168-1702 | doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198785 | page=198785| pmid=35461905 | pmc=9022374 }}</ref> At the height of the outbreak in the spring of 2021, 3,000+ Brazilians were dying per day.<ref name="BBCBrazilMarch2021">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Covid: Brazil's daily deaths surpass 3,000 for first time |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56260570 |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="NPRBrazilApril2021">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Reeves |first1=Philip |title=Brazil COVID-19: 'Humanitarian Crisis' With More Than 3,000 Deaths A Day |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/15/987741403/brazil-covid-19-humanitarian-crisis-with-more-than-3-000-deaths-a-day |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=NPR |date=15 April 2021}}</ref> Bolsonaro's loss to [[Lula da Silva]] in the [[2022 Brazilian general election|2022 presidential election]] is widely credited to the former's [[Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro#Response to COVID-19 pandemic|mishandling of the pandemic]].<ref name="ChomskyPolychroniou2023">{{#invoke:cite book || last1=Chomsky | first1=Noam | last2=Polychroniou | first2=C.J. | title=Illegitimate Authority | publisher=Haymarket Books | date=9 May 2023 | isbn=978-1-64259-934-3 | page=}}</ref><ref name="EconomistBolsonaroLoss2022">{{#invoke:cite news || title=Jair Bolsonaro is poised to lose the Brazilian election | newspaper=The Economist | date=8 September 2022 | url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/09/08/jair-bolsonaro-is-poised-to-lose-the-brazilian-election | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Milhorance2022October">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Milhorance |first1=Flávia |title=Bolsonaro, in defeat, may now face charges. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/30/world/americas/bolsonaro-charges-lost.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=30 October 2022}}</ref>

==== China ====
{{Further|China–United States relations#COVID-19}}

Multiple provincial-level administrators of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP General Secretary [[Xi Jinping]].<ref name="vLpPa" /> The [[US intelligence community]] claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.<ref name="20200402nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Barnes|first1=Julian |title=C.I.A. Hunts for Authentic Virus Totals in China, Dismissing Government Tallies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/us/politics/cia-coronavirus-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.<ref name="hMc3w">{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-07/china-denies-cover-up-rejects-politicization-of-coronavirus?sref=nAHOTXiV |title=China Denies Cover-Up, Rejects 'Politicization' of Coronavirus |access-date=7 June 2020 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=7 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=China says there has never been a cover-up on coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-mofa-idCAKBN21Z0XC |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=Reuters |date=17 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=24 September 2020|title=Chen Qiushi: Chinese journalist missing since February 'under state supervision'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54277439|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=23 April 2020|title=Li Zehua: Journalist who 'disappeared' after Wuhan chase reappears|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52392762|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> including [[Zhang Zhan]], who was arrested and tortured.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=28 December 2020|title=Zhang Zhan: China jails citizen journalist for Wuhan reports|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55463241|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web || date=10 December 2020|last1=Davidson|first1=Helen|title=Citizen journalist detained over Wuhan reporting 'restrained and fed by tube'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/10/citizen-journalist-detained-over-wuhan-reporting-restrained-and-fed-by-tube|access-date=16 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
[[File:Palazzo Margherita lit in Italian flag to show solidarity under COVID-19 pandemic.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palazzo Margherita lit in Italian flag to show solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic on 26 March 2020]]

In early March 2020, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Boffey |first1=Daniel |title=Italy criticises EU for being slow to help over coronavirus epidemic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/italy-criticises-eu-being-slow-help-coronavirus-epidemic |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Braw |first1=Elisabeth |title=The EU Is Abandoning Italy in Its Hour of Need |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-eu-abandoning-italy-china-aid/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=Foreign Policy |date=14 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="politico-corona">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1= Karnitschnig|first1=Matthew |title=China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/ |work=Politico |date=18 March 2020}}</ref> On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]], Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] ordered the [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian army]] to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.<ref name="reuters219081">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Russian army to send coronavirus help to Italy after Putin phone call |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-italy/russian-army-to-send-coronavirus-help-to-italy-after-putin-phone-call-idUSKBN219081 |work=Reuters |date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200328insideover">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Vivaldelli R |title=Quelle polemiche infondate sugli aiuti russi all'Italia |url=https://it.insideover.com/politica/quelle-polemiche-infondate-sugli-aiuti-russi-allitalia.html |work={{Lang|it|[[Il Giornale]]}} |date=28 March 2020}}</ref> In early April, Norway and EU states like Romania and Austria started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,<ref name="eumedicalteams">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Coronavirus: EU Medical Teams deployed to Italy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_613 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> and [[European Commission]] President [[Ursula von der Leyen]] offered an official apology to the country .<ref name="euapology">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=EU offers 'heartfelt apology' to Italy over coronavirus response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/eu-offers-heartfelt-apology-italy-coronavirus-response-herd-immunity |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

==== United States ====
[[File:Open Ohio Rally IMG 0910 (49799974031).jpg|thumb|left|Anti-lockdown [[Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|protesters]] rallied at [[Ohio Statehouse]] 20 April 2020.<ref name="Columbus Dispatch">{{#invoke:cite news ||vauthors=Rouan R |title=Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425004821/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
[[File:COVID migration.webp|thumb|Population change by county during the COVID-19 Pandemic July 2020 - July 2022]]

Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and assembly.<ref name="5YqAF">"Coronavirus: Anti-Lockdown Protests Grow Across US". BBC News. 17 April 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52330531 Archived] from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref> Simultaneously, [[essential workers]] protested unsafe conditions and low wages by participating in a brief [[general strike]].<ref name="c114M">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Russ H |title=Instacart, Amazon workers strike as labor unrest grows during coronavirus crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-instacart-idUSKBN21H3AV |work=Reuters |access-date=24 July 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to President [[Donald Trump]]'s [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] defeat.<ref name="TrumpChances">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Haberman M, Martin M, Jonathan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html |title=Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier |date=12 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 March 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="AtlanticChances">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Lowrey A |title=The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/most-important-number-trumps-re-election-chances/609376/ |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=3 April 2020}}</ref>

The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [[universal health care]], [[universal child care]], [[paid sick leave]], and higher levels of funding for public health.<ref name="NYT Calls">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Miller CC |title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hill5">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Swanson I |title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Hill |date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ddn2P">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Cohen|first1=Michael| url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/americas-botched-response-coronavirus-is-problem-bigger-than-donald-trump/ |title=America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump |website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> The [[Kaiser Family Foundation]] estimated that preventable hospitalizations of unvaccinated Americans in the second half of 2021 cost US$13.8 billion.<ref name="Amin">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Amin K, Cox C |title=Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost billions of dollars |journal=Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker |date=22 December 2021 |url=https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/#Preventable%20COVID-related%20hospitalization%20costs%20for%20unvaccinated%20adults%20in%20the%20U.S.,%20June-November%202021 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

There were also protest in regards to vaccine mandates in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Hughes |first1=Trevor |title=As Biden vaccine mandates loom, protests for personal freedoms swell. What happens next? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/10/29/biden-vaccine-mandates-loom-protests-personal-freedoms-swell/8539853002/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=USA TODAY}}</ref> In January 2022, the US Supreme Court struck down an OSHA rule that mandated vaccination or a testing regimen for all companies with greater than 100 employees.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Kimball |first1=Spencer |title=Biden administration withdraws Covid vaccine mandate for businesses after losing Supreme Court case |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/25/covid-vaccine-mandate-osha-withdraws-rule-for-businesses-after-losing-supreme-court-case.html |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=CNBC |date=25 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=National Federation of Independent Business v. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/national-federation-of-independent-business-v-osha/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=SCOTUSblog}}</ref>

==== Other countries ====
The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide; some detentions were related to the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||author=|date=15 December 2020|title=Record number of journalists imprisoned in 2020 – report|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-global-rights-journalists-idUKKBN28P0DO|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=14 December 2020|last1=Berry|first1=Alex|title=Press freedom: Journalists end up in jail for reporting on coronavirus crisis|url=https://www.dw.com/en/press-freedom-journalists-end-up-in-jail-for-reporting-on-coronavirus-crisis/a-55929247|access-date=16 February 2021|publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> The planned [[NATO]] "[[List of NATO exercises#2020|Defender 2020]]" military exercise in Germany, [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic states]], the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the [[Cold War]], was held on a reduced scale.<ref name="20200320spectator">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Simes|first1=Dimitri |title=How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-coronavirus-derailed-the-largest-nato-exercise-in-25-years |work=The Spectator |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200319reuters">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Emmott R |title=NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-nato/nato-scales-down-exercises-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKBN21627V |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Reuters |date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.<ref name="D2Xpc" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Berman |first1=Ilan |title=Will Iran's Regime Survive Coronavirus? |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/03/will-irans-regime-survive-coronavirus/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=National Review |date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Iran President [[Hassan Rouhani]] wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.<ref name="u2rRX" /> Saudi Arabia, which had launched a [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]] in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.<ref name="20200409foreignpolicy">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Haverty D, Gramer R, Detsch J |title=Coronavirus Pandemic Forces a Cease-Fire in Yemen |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/09/coronavirus-pandemic-forces-cease-fire-yemen-humanitarian-crisis-saudi-arabia-houthis/ |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Foreign Policy |date=9 April 2020}}</ref>

Diplomatic relations between [[Japan–South Korea relations|Japan and South Korea]] worsened.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sposato |first1=William |title=Japan and Korea Won't Let A Pandemic Stop Them Fighting |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/12/japan-and-korea-wont-let-a-pandemic-stop-them-fighting/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=Foreign Policy |date=12 March 2020}}</ref> South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.<ref name="HnqN4" /> South Korean society was initially polarised on President [[Moon Jae-in]]'s response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's [[impeachment]] or praising his response.<ref name="imx38" />

Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.<ref name="20200331theguardian">{{#invoke:cite web || last1=Walker|first1=Shaun|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-is-a-chance-for-authoritarian-leaders-to-tighten-their-grip |title=Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip |website=The Guardian |date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200330nytimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/world/europe/coronavirus-governments-power.html |last1=Gebrekidam|first1=Salem|title=For Autocrats, and Others, Coronavirus Is a Chance to Grab Even More Power |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.<ref name="20200330cnn">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/30/europe/hungary-viktor-orban-powers-vote-intl/index.html |last1=Picheta|first1=Rob|title=Hungarian parliament votes to let Viktor Orban rule by decree in wake of coronavirus pandemic |publisher=CNN |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In countries such as [[Egypt]],<ref name="dw53009293">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Michaelson|first1=Ruth|title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists |url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="20200401foreignpolicy">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1= Mchangama|first1=Jacob|title=Coronavirus Has Started a Censorship Pandemic |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-censorship-pandemic-disinformation-fake-news-speech-freedom/ |work=The Foreign Policy |date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and [[Thailand]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Peck |first1=Grant |title=Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/coronavirus-crisis-provides-excuses-for-curbs-on-free-speech/ |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=The Seattle Times |date=16 April 2020}}</ref> opposition activists and government critics were [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]].<ref name="20200410straitstimes">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Asia cracks down on coronavirus 'fake news' |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/coronavirus-asia-cracks-down-on-virus-fake-news |work=The Straits Times |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> In India, journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web || date=4 October 2020|last1= BAGRI|first1=NEHA|title=As COVID-19 spreads, India tries to control the narrative by targeting journalists|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/india-targets-journalists-who-report-on-covid-19|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

=== Food systems ===
{{Further|Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic}}
The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,<ref name=":9b">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Q&A: COVID-19 pandemic – impact on food and agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/2019-ncov/q-and-a/impact-on-food-and-agriculture/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Pryor |first1=Sydney |last2=Dietz |first2=William |title=The COVID-19, Obesity, and Food Insecurity Syndemic |journal=Current Obesity Reports |date=1 September 2022 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=70–79 |doi=10.1007/s13679-021-00462-w |pmid=35138590 |pmc=9399358 |language=en |issn=2162-4968}}</ref> hitting at a time when hunger and undernourishment were rising- an estimated 690 million people lacked food security in 2019.<ref name=":10">{{#invoke:cite book ||title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/2020/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|year=2020|doi=10.4060/CA9692EN|isbn=978-92-5-132901-6 | author = FAO|author-link=Food and Agriculture Organization|author2=IFAD|author2-link=International Fund for Agricultural Development|author3=UNICEF|author3-link=UNICEF|author4=WFP|author4-link=World Food Programme|author5=WHO|author5-link=World Health Organization|s2cid=239729231}}</ref> Food access fell – driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Swinnen |first1=Johan |last2=Vos |first2=Rob |title=COVID‐19 and impacts on global food systems and household welfare: Introduction to a special issue |journal=Agricultural Economics |date=May 2021 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=365–374 |doi=10.1111/agec.12623 |pmid=34149127 |pmc=8206861 |language=en |issn=0169-5150}}</ref> In some cases, food prices rose.<ref name=":9b" /><ref name=":10" /> The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. According to the WHO, 811 million people were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=UN report: Pandemic year marked by spike in world hunger |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/12-07-2021-un-report-pandemic-year-marked-by-spike-in-world-hunger |website=www.who.int |access-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Effect of COVID-19 on food security"/>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education}}

[[File:امتحانات نهایی در شرایط کرونا 3470479.jpg|thumb|Students take end-of-year exams in [[Tabriz]], Iran, during the pandemic.]]
The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by [[online education]]. Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077 billion [[Learning|learners]] were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Hoffman JA, Miller EA | title = Addressing the Consequences of School Closure Due to COVID-19 on Children's Physical and Mental Well-Being | journal = World Medical & Health Policy | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 300–310 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32904951 | pmc = 7461306 | doi = 10.1002/wmh3.365 }}</ref> They shed light on social and economic issues, including [[student debt]], [[digital learning]], food insecurity, and [[homelessness]], as well as access to [[Child care|childcare]], health care, housing, internet, and [[Disability rights movement|disability services]]. The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://comunicacion.senado.gob.mx/index.php/informacion/boletines/50929-covid-afecta-salud-educacion-y-entorno-familiar-de-ninas-y-ninos-senala-estudio-del-ibd.html|title=COVID afecta salud, educación y entorno familiar de niñas y niños, señala estudio del IBD|work=Senado de la República|date=1 May 2021|access-date=25 July 2021|language=es|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206184055/http://comunicacion.senado.gob.mx/index.php/informacion/boletines/50929-covid-afecta-salud-educacion-y-entorno-familiar-de-ninas-y-ninos-senala-estudio-del-ibd.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=31 March 2021|title=Covid: Many students say their mental health is worse due to pandemic|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-56570061|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic}}

The pandemic impacted global health for many conditions. Hospital visits fell.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Yu |first1=Steven |last2=Wan |first2=Rongjun |last3=Bai |first3=Lu |last4=Zhao |first4=Bingrong |last5=Jiang |first5=Qiaoling |last6=Jiang |first6=Juan |last7=Li |first7=Yuanyuan |title=Transformation of chronic disease management: Before and after the COVID-19 outbreak |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |date=29 March 2023 |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1074364 |pmid=37064686 |pmc=10090362 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Visits for heart attack symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, Schmidt C, Garberich R, Jaffer FA, Dixon S, Rade JJ, Tannenbaum M, Chambers J, Huang PP, Henry TD | display-authors = 6 | title = Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 75 | issue = 22 | pages = 2871–2872 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32283124 | pmc = 7151384 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011 }}</ref> The head of cardiology at the [[University of Arizona]] said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital."<ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23">[https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/coronavirus-phobia-keeping-heart-patients-away-from-er/ 'Where are all our patients?': Covid phobia is keeping people with serious heart symptoms away from ERs], ''Stat News'', Usha Lee McFarling, 23 April 2020.</ref> People with strokes and [[appendicitis]] were less likely to seek treatment.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Dula |first1=Adrienne Nicole |last2=Gealogo Brown |first2=Gretchel |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Aarushi |last4=Clark |first4=Kal L |title=Decrease in Stroke Diagnoses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Where Did All Our Stroke Patients Go? |journal=JMIR Aging |date=21 October 2020 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e21608 |doi=10.2196/21608 |pmid=33006936 |pmc=7581311 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Orthopoulos |first1=Georgios |last2=Santone |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Izzo |first3=Francesca |last4=Tirabassi |first4=Michael |last5=Pérez-Caraballo |first5=Aixa M. |last6=Corriveau |first6=Nicole |last7=Jabbour |first7=Nicolas |title=Increasing incidence of complicated appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The American Journal of Surgery |date=1 May 2021 |volume=221 |issue=5 |pages=1056–1060 |doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.026 |pmid=33012500 |pmc=7521886 |language=en |issn=0002-9610}}</ref><ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23" /> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Medical supply shortages]] impacted many people.<ref name="Atlantic Shortages">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Faust JS |title=Medication Shortages Are the Next Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/medication-shortages-are-next-crisis/610798/ |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=28 April 2020}}</ref> The pandemic impacted [[mental health]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html|last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Stix_2021">{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Stix G |title=Pandemic Year 1 Saw a Dramatic Global Rise in Anxiety and Depression|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/|access-date=10 October 2021|website=Scientific American}}</ref> increasing [[anxiety]], depression, and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Luo Y, Chua CR, Xiong Z, Ho RC, Ho CS | title = A Systematic Review of the Impact of Viral Respiratory Epidemics on Mental Health: An Implication on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 11 | page = 565098 | date = 23 November 2020 | pmid = 33329106 | pmc = 7719673 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565098 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Santomauro_2021">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Santomauro DF, Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL | display-authors = 6 |date=8 October 2021|title=Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The Lancet | volume = 398 | issue = 10312 | pages = 1700–1712 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7 | pmid = 34634250 | pmc = 8500697 | s2cid = 238478261 }}</ref>

In late 2022, during the first northern hemisphere autumn and winter seasons following the widespread relaxation of global public health measures, North America and Europe experienced a surge in respiratory viruses and coinfections in both adults and children.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Principi |first1=Nicola |last2=Autore |first2=Giovanni |last3=Ramundo |first3=Greta |last4=Esposito |first4=Susanna |title=Epidemiology of Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Viruses |date=13 May 2023 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1160 |doi=10.3390/v15051160 |pmid=37243246 |pmc=10224029 |issn=1999-4915 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This formed the beginnings of the [[2022–2023 pediatric care crisis]] and what some experts have termed a "[[tripledemic]]" of seasonal influenza, [[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)]], and SARS-CoV-2 throughout North America.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Wu |first1=Katherine |title=The Worst Pediatric-Care Crisis in Decades |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/10/rise-of-rsv-flu-covid-infections-kids/671947/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |publisher=The Atlantic |date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031233050/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/10/rise-of-rsv-flu-covid-infections-kids/671947/ |archive-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mandavilli |first1=Apoorva |title=A 'Tripledemic'? Flu, R.S.V. and Covid May Collide This Winter, Experts Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/23/health/flu-covid-risk.html |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028223843/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/23/health/flu-covid-risk.html |archive-date=28 October 2022}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, pediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as [[Group A streptococcal infection]] and resultant [[scarlet fever]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Turner |first1=Claire E |title=Can group A streptococcus infections be influenced by viruses in the respiratory tract? |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=February 2023 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00865-9 |pmid=36566769 |s2cid=255018859 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(22)00865-9/fulltext |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="United Kingdom">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mackintosh |first1=Thomas |last2=Durbin |first2=Adam |title=Father of girl, 4, fighting for life with Strep A infection is 'praying for a miracle' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63844880 |access-date=4 December 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125723/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-63844880 |archive-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> As of mid-December 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to [[Streptococcus pyogenes|Strep A]] and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.<ref name="Strep A death">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Davis|first1=Nicola|title=Strep A kills three more children as UK activates alternative medicines plan: At least 19 children have died and scarlet fever cases are more than treble what they were in previous high season |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/dec/15/strep-a-kills-three-more-children-as-uk-activates-new-medicines-plan|access-date=17 December 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217040228/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/dec/15/strep-a-kills-three-more-children-as-uk-activates-new-medicines-plan |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Strep Expansion">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Wetsman |first1=Nicole |last2=McLean |first2=Nicole |title=US children's hospitals are tracking increases in severe strep infections |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/us-childrens-hospitals-tracking-increases-severe-strep-infections/story?id=95388618 |access-date=17 December 2022 |publisher=ABC News |date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217100006/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/us-childrens-hospitals-tracking-increases-severe-strep-infections/story?id=95388618 |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

=== Environment ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment}}

[[File:Pollutant Drops in wuhan china due to virus.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Images from the [[NASA Earth Observatory]] show a stark drop in pollution in [[Wuhan]], when comparing [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO2]] levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |title=Earth Observatory |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402162640/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |archive-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the [[Natural environment|environment]] and [[climate]] as a result of reduced human activity. During the "[[anthropause]]", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.<ref name=":9">{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Rume T, Islam SM | title = Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability | journal = Heliyon | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = e04965 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32964165 | pmc = 7498239 | doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965 | bibcode = 2020Heliy...604965R }}</ref> [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic#Transportation|Planned air travel]] and vehicle transportation declined. In China, [[COVID-19 lockdown in Hubei|lockdowns]] and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Hotle |first1=Susan |last2=Mumbower |first2=Stacey |title=The impact of COVID-19 on domestic U.S. air travel operations and commercial airport service |journal=Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives |date=1 March 2021 |volume=9 |pages=100277 |doi=10.1016/j.trip.2020.100277 |s2cid=230597573 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198220301883 |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en |issn=2590-1982}}</ref>

A [[List of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2|wide variety]] of largely mammalian species, both captive and wild, have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, with some encountering particularly fatal outcomes.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Pappas |first1=Georgios |last2=Vokou |first2=Despoina |last3=Sainis |first3=Ioannis |last4=Halley |first4=John M. |title=SARS-CoV-2 as a Zooanthroponotic Infection: Spillbacks, Secondary Spillovers, and Their Importance |journal=Microorganisms |date=31 October 2022 |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=2166 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms10112166 |pmid=36363758 |pmc=9696655 |issn=2076-2607 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In particular, both [[SARS-CoV-2 in mink|farmed and wild mink]] have developed highly symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infections, with a mortality rate as high as 35–55% according to one study.<ref name="Frontiers Spread">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Devaux |first1=Christian |last2=Pinault |first2=Lucile |last3=Delerce |first3=Jérémy |last4=Raoult |first4=Didier |last5=Levasseur |first5=Anthony |last6=Frutos |first6=Roger |title=Spread of Mink SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Humans: A Model of Sarbecovirus Interspecies Evolution |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=20 September 2021 |volume=12 |page=675528 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.675528 |pmid=34616371 |pmc=8488371 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Eckstrand |first1=Chrissy |last2=Baldwin |first2=Thomas |last3=Rood |first3=Kerry |last4=Clayton |first4=Michael |last5=Lott |first5=Jason |last6=Wolking |first6=Rebecca |last7=Bradway |first7=Daniel |last8=Baszler |first8=Timothy |title=An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with high mortality in mink (Neovison vison) on multiple Utah farms |journal=PLOS Pathogens |date=12 November 2021 |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=e1009952 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009952 |pmid=34767598 |pmc=8589170 }}</ref> [[SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer|White-tailed deer]], on the other hand, have largely avoided severe outcomes but have effectively become [[natural reservoir]]s of the virus, with large numbers of free-ranging deer infected throughout the US and Canada, including approximately 80% of [[Iowa]]'s wild deer herd.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Jacobs |first1=Andrew |title=Widespread Coronavirus Infection Found in Iowa Deer, New Study Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/02/science/deer-covid-infection.html |access-date=5 November 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102164643/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/02/science/deer-covid-infection.html |archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Nature April">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Mallapaty |first1=Smriti |title=COVID is spreading in deer. What does that mean for the pandemic? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01112-4 |access-date=26 April 2022 |publisher=Nature |date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426133110/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01112-4 |archive-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> An August 2023 study appeared to confirm the status of white-tailed deer as a disease reservoir, noting that the viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in deer occurs at triple the rate of its evolution in humans and that infection rates remained high, even in areas rarely frequented by humans.<ref name="Triple Evolution">{{cite journal |last1=McBride |first1=Dillon S. |last2=Garushyants |first2=Sofya K. |last3=Franks |first3=John |last4=Magee |first4=Andrew F. |last5=Overend |first5=Steven H. |last6=Huey |first6=Devra |last7=Williams |first7=Amanda M. |last8=Faith |first8=Seth A. |last9=Kandeil |first9=Ahmed |last10=Trifkovic |first10=Sanja |last11=Miller |first11=Lance |last12=Jeevan |first12=Trushar |last13=Patel |first13=Anami |last14=Nolting |first14=Jacqueline M. |last15=Tonkovich |first15=Michael J. |last16=Genders |first16=J. Tyler |last17=Montoney |first17=Andrew J. |last18=Kasnyik |first18=Kevin |last19=Linder |first19=Timothy J. |last20=Bevins |first20=Sarah N. |last21=Lenoch |first21=Julianna B. |last22=Chandler |first22=Jeffrey C. |last23=DeLiberto |first23=Thomas J. |last24=Koonin |first24=Eugene V. |last25=Suchard |first25=Marc A. |last26=Lemey |first26=Philippe |last27=Webby |first27=Richard J. |last28=Nelson |first28=Martha I. |last29=Bowman |first29=Andrew S. |title=Accelerated evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer |journal=Nature Communications |date=28 August 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=5105 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-40706-y |pmid=37640694 |pmc=10462754 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.5105M }}</ref>

=== Discrimination and prejudice ===
{{Main|Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

[[File:Memorial Day 2020 - San Francisco Under Quarantine (49935630543).jpg|thumb|A socially distanced homeless encampment in San Francisco, California, in May 2020<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=McCormick |first1=Erin |title='Homelessness is lethal': US deaths among those without housing are surging |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/07/homelessness-is-lethal-deaths-have-risen-dramatically |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Heightened prejudice, [[xenophobia]], and racism toward people of [[Sinophobe|Chinese and East Asian descent]] were documented around the world.<ref name="AutoDW-251" /><ref name="zogcf" /> Reports from February 2020, when most confirmed cases were confined to China, cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.<ref name="bangkokpost1854094">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Wangkiat P |title=Virus-induced racism does no one any good |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1854094/virus-induced-racism-does-no-one-any-good |date=10 February 2020 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref name="psychologytoday202002">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Bartholomew R |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/its-catching/202002/the-coronavirus-and-the-search-scapegoats |title=The Coronavirus and the Search for Scapegoats |date=6 February 2020 |work=Psychology Today}}</ref><ref name="20200201telegraph">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Smith N |title=Anti-Chinese racism spikes as virus spreads globally |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live |date=1 February 2020 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |quote='Some Muslims were claiming the disease was "divine retribution" for China's oppression of the Uighur minority. The problem lay in confusing the Chinese population with the actions of an authoritarian government known for its lack of transparency,' he said.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Individuals of Asian descent in Europe and North America reported increasing instances of racially-motivated abuse and assaults as a result of the pandemic.<ref name="NYT Racism">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Tavernise S, Oppel Jr RA |title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="05O7n" /><ref name="NYT_April_Racism">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = La Gorce T |title=Chinese-Americans, Facing Abuse, Unite to Aid Hospitals in Coronavirus Battle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/nyregion/coronavirus-chinese-americans-supplies.html |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> US President [[Donald Trump]] was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", terms which were condemned as being racist and xenophobic.<ref name="trumpnyt">{{#invoke:cite news || vauthors = Rogers K, Jakes L, Swanson A |title=Trump Defends Using 'Chinese Virus' Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320001747/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20200320BI">{{#invoke:cite web || url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-using-racism-against-china-to-distract-from-coronavirus-failures-2020-3 |last1=Haltiwanger|first1=john|title=Republicans are using racism against China to try to distract from Trump's disastrous coronavirus response |work=Business Insider |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="MNCw4">{{#invoke:cite web || vauthors = Lee BY |title=Trump Once Again Calls Covid-19 Coronavirus The 'Kung Flu' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/06/24/trump-once-again-calls-covid-19-coronavirus-the-kung-flu/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

[[Ageism|Age-based discrimination]] against older adults increased during the pandemic. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and loneliness.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Silva MF, Silva DS, Bacurau AG, Francisco PM, Assumpção D, Neri AL, Borim FS | title = Ageism against older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review | journal = Revista de Saúde Pública | volume = 55 | page = 4 | year = 2021 | pmid = 33886953 | pmc = 8023321 | doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003082 }}</ref>

In a correspondence published in [[The Lancet]] in 2021, German epidemiologist Günter Kampf described the harmful effects of "inappropriate stigmatisation of unvaccinated people, who include our patients, colleagues, and other fellow citizens", noting the evidence that vaccinated individuals play a large role in transmission.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=COVID-19: stigmatising the unvaccinated is not justified|first=Günter|last=Kampf|date=20 November 2021|journal=The Lancet|volume=398|issue=10314|pages=1871|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02243-1|pmid=34801101|pmc=8601682 }}</ref> American bioethicist Arthur Caplan responded to Kampf, writing "Criticising [the unvaccinated] who... wind up in hospitals and morgues in huge numbers, put stress on finite resources, and prolong the pandemic... is not stigmatising, it is deserved moral condemnation."<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Caplan |first1=Arthur L |title=Stigma, vaccination, and moral accountability |journal=The Lancet |date=February 2022 |volume=399 |issue=10325 |pages=626–627 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00189-1 |pmid=35151392 |pmc=8830899 }}</ref>

In January 2022, [[Amnesty International]] urged [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]] to change their anti-COVID-19 restrictions to avoid discrimination against unvaccinated people, saying that "the government must continue to ensure that the entire population can enjoy its fundamental rights." The restrictions included mandatory vaccination over the age of 50, and mandatory vaccination to use public transport.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news || url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dont-discriminate-against-unvaccinated-amnesty-international-tells-italy-2022-01-16/ | title=Don't discriminate against the unvaccinated, Amnesty International tells Italy | newspaper=Reuters | date=16 January 2022 }}</ref>

=== Lifestyle changes ===
[[File:Wee Annie, Kempock Street, face mask.jpg|thumb|upright|The "Wee Annie" statue in [[Gourock, Scotland|Gourock]], Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.]]

The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the workplace. Online retailers in the US posted $791.70 billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from $598.02 billion the year before.<ref name="DDCV1ECMR">{{#invoke:cite web || title=Data dive: How COVID-19 impacted ecommerce in 2020|url=https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/article/coronavirus-impact-online-retail/|access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Digital Commerce 360}}</ref> Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.<ref name="Fo18zrty783">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Kats|first1=Rimma| title=More Consumers Are Turning to Food Delivery Apps amid Indoor Dining Restrictions|url=https://www.emarketer.com/content/more-consumers-turning-food-delivery-apps-amid-indoor-dining-restrictions|access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=eMarketer.com}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty784">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Scotto|first1=Michael| title=NYC Indoor Dining To Shut Down Monday, Cuomo Announces|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/12/11/cuomo--indoor-dining-to-be-suspended-starting-monday/|access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref> Hackers, [[cybercriminal]]s and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new online attacks.<ref name="Fo18zrty787">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=DeLisi|first1=Bill| title=The future of hacking: COVID-19 shifting the way hackers work and who they target|url=https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/93086-the-future-of-hacking-covid-19-shifting-the-way-hackers-work-and-who-they-target|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=SECURITY magazine}}</ref>

Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.<ref name="Fo18zrty790">{{#invoke:cite web || title=The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=World Economic Forum|date=29 April 2020 }}</ref> Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.<ref name="Fo18zrty6966">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Benshoff|first1=Laura|title=Pandemic Threatens Long-Term Job Security After Hospitality Industry Layoffs |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/917756656/pandemic-threatens-long-term-job-security-after-hospitality-industry-layoffs|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty9999">{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Woodyard|first1=Chris| title=Travel industry layoffs begin as Congress fails to come up with new relief package|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2020/09/30/covid-19-travel-industry-layoffs-could-start-congress-fails-act/5868989002/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Despite most corporations implementing measures to address COVID-19 in the workplace, a poll from [[Catalyst (nonprofit organization)|Catalyst]] found that as many as 68% of employees around the world felt that these policies were only performative and "not genuine".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||date=30 June 2022 |last1=Chong|first1=Joshua|title=Workers feel corporate COVID-19, equity policies 'not genuine,' study says |language=en-CA |work=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2022/06/28/workers-feel-corporate-covid-19-equity-policies-not-genuine-study-says.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |issn=0319-0781}}</ref>

The pandemic led to a surge in [[remote work]]. According to a [[Gallup poll]], only 4% of US employees were fully remote before the pandemic, compared to 43% in May 2020. Among white collar workers, that shift was more pronounced, with 6% increasing to 65% in the same period.<ref name="The New York Times 2022">{{#invoke:cite web || title=After Two Years of Remote Work, Workers Question Office Life | website=The New York Times | date=10 March 2022 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/10/business/remote-work-office-life.html | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> That trend continued in later stages of the pandemic, with many workers choosing to remain remote even after workplaces reopened.<ref name="Mitchell 2022">{{#invoke:cite web || last=Mitchell | first=Travis | title=COVID-19 Pandemic Continues To Reshape Work in America | website=Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project | date=16 February 2022 | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/02/16/covid-19-pandemic-continues-to-reshape-work-in-america/ | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Kagubare 2023">{{#invoke:cite web || last=Kagubare | first=Ines | title=Nearly 30 percent of work remains remote as workers dig in | website=The Hill | date=20 February 2023 | url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3862069-nearly-30-percent-of-work-remains-remote-as-workers-dig-in/ | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref> Many Nordic, European, and Asian companies increased their recruitment of international remote workers even as the pandemic waned, partially to save on labor costs.<ref name="ComputerWeekly.com 2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title=As Covid fades away, what's the future of remote work in Europe? | website=ComputerWeekly.com | date=14 March 2023 | url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/As-Covid-fades-away-whats-the-future-of-remote-work-in-Europe | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Braesemann Stephany Teutloff Kässi 2022 p=e0274630">{{#invoke:cite journal || last1=Braesemann | first1=Fabian | last2=Stephany | first2=Fabian | last3=Teutloff | first3=Ole | last4=Kässi | first4=Otto | last5=Graham | first5=Mark | last6=Lehdonvirta | first6=Vili | title=The global polarisation of remote work | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=17 | issue=10 | date=20 October 2022 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0274630 | page=e0274630 | pmid=36264859 | pmc=9584402 | arxiv=2108.13356 | bibcode=2022PLoSO..1774630B | doi-access=free }}</ref> This also led to a talent drain in the global south and in remote areas in the global north.<ref name="Braesemann Stephany Teutloff Kässi 2022 p=e0274630"/><ref name="EuropeanStingWEF2023">{{#invoke:cite web || title=What does remote working look like around the world? | website=The European Sting | date=13 February 2023 | url=https://europeansting.com/2023/02/13/what-does-remote-working-look-like-around-the-world/ | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref> High cost of living and dense urban areas also lost office real estate value due to remote worker exodus.<ref name="Economist2022Jan">{{#invoke:cite news || title=Will remote work stick after the pandemic? | newspaper=The Economist | date=15 January 2022 | url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/01/15/will-remote-work-stick-after-the-pandemic | access-date=14 June 2023}}</ref> By May 2023, due to increasing layoffs and concerns over productivity, some white collar workplaces in the US had resorted to performance review penalties and indirect incentives (e.g. donations to charity) to encourage workers to return to the office.<ref name="Peck 2023">{{#invoke:cite web || last=Peck | first=Emily | title=Companies get aggressive on return-to-office | website=Axios | date=13 June 2023 | url=https://www.axios.com/2023/06/13/companies-aggressive-return-to-office | access-date=13 June 2023}}</ref>

=== Historiography ===
A 2021 study noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased interest in epidemics and infectious diseases among both historians and the general public. Prior to the pandemic, these topics were usually overlooked by "general" history and only received attention in the [[history of medicine]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last=Fonzo |first=Erminio |date=18 July 2021 |title=Historiography and Covid-19. Some considerations |url=https://www.mediterraneanknowledge.org/publications/index.php/journal/article/view/205 |journal=Journal of Mediterranean Knowledge |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=129–158 |issn=2499-930X}}</ref> Many comparisons were made between the COVID-19 and [[1918 influenza pandemic]]s,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Tambolkar |first1=S |last2=Pustake |first2=M |last3=Giri |first3=P |last4=Tambolkar |first4=I |title=Comparison of public health measures taken during Spanish flu and COVID-19 pandemics: A Narrative Review. |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |date=May 2022 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1642–1647 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1612_21 |pmid=35800503 |pmc=9254789 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Beach |first1=Brian |last2=Clay |first2=Karen |last3=Saavedra |first3=Martin |title=The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Lessons for COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |date=March 2022 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=41–84 |doi=10.1257/jel.20201641 |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20201641 |language=en |issn=0022-0515}}</ref> including the development of anti-mask movements,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Ewing |first1=Thomas |title=Flu Masks Failed In 1918, But We Need Them Now |date=12 May 2020 |doi=10.1377/forefront.20200508.769108 |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/flu-masks-failed-1918-but-we-need-them-now |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Mask Resistance During a Pandemic Isn't New – in 1918 Many Americans Were 'Slackers' |url=https://www.michiganmedicine.org/health-lab/mask-resistance-during-pandemic-isnt-new-1918-many-americans-were-slackers |website=www.michiganmedicine.org |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en |date=29 October 2020}}</ref> the widespread promotion of misinformation<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Devega |first1=Chauncey |title=Fake news, conspiracy theories and a deadly global pandemic — and that was in 1918 |url=https://www.salon.com/2021/05/08/fake-news-conspiracy-theories-and-a-deadly-global-pandemic--and-that-was-in-1918/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=Salon |date=8 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Cohut |first1=Maria |title=What the COVID-19 pandemic and the 1918 flu pandemic have in common |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/the-flu-pandemic-of-1918-and-early-conspiracy-theories |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=www.medicalnewstoday.com |date=29 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and the impact of [[Social determinants of health|socioeconomic disparities]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Krishnan |first1=Lakshmi |last2=Ogunwole |first2=S. Michelle |last3=Cooper |first3=Lisa A. |title=Historical Insights on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, and Racial Disparities: Illuminating a Path Forward |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=15 September 2020 |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=474–481 |doi=10.7326/M20-2223 |pmid=32501754 |pmc=7298913 |language=en |issn=0003-4819}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion}}

[[File:Religious service live-streaming during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.jpg|alt=A man wearing purple vestments and standing at an altar uses a mobile phone camera to record himself. Empty pews are visible in the background.|thumb|An American Catholic military chaplain prepares for a live-streamed [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in an empty chapel at [[Offutt Air Force Base]] in March 2020.]]
In some areas, religious groups exacerbated the spread of the virus, through large gatherings and the dissemination of misinformation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Lee |first1=Mikyung |last2=Lim |first2=Heejun |last3=Xavier |first3=Merin Shobhana |last4=Lee |first4=Eun-Young |title="A Divine Infection": A Systematic Review on the Roles of Religious Communities During the Early Stage of COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |date=1 February 2022 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=866–919 |doi=10.1007/s10943-021-01364-w |pmid=34405313 |pmc=8370454 |language=en |issn=1573-6571}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kalocsányiová |first1=Erika |last2=Essex |first2=Ryan |last3=Fortune |first3=Vanessa |title=Inequalities in Covid-19 Messaging: A Systematic Scoping Review |journal=Health Communication |date=19 July 2022 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2022.2088022 |pmid=35850593 |s2cid=250642415 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10410236.2022.2088022 |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en |issn=1041-0236}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Lee Rogers |first1=Richard |last2=Powe |first2=Nicolette |title=COVID-19 Information Sources and Misinformation by Faith Community |journal=INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing |date=January 2022 |volume=59 |pages=004695802210813 |doi=10.1177/00469580221081388 |pmid=35634989 |pmc=9152626 |language=en |issn=0046-9580}}</ref> Some religious leaders decried what they saw as violations of religious freedom.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Majumdar |first1=Samirah |title=Key findings about COVID-19 restrictions that affected religious groups around the world in 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/11/29/key-findings-about-covid-19-restrictions-that-affected-religious-groups-around-the-world-in-2020/ |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> In other cases, religious identity was a beneficial factor for health, increasing compliance with public health measures and protecting against the negative effects of isolation on mental wellbeing.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Li |first1=Heng |last2=Cao |first2=Yu |title=Rules We Live by: How Religious Beliefs Relate to Compliance with Precautionary Measures Against COVID-19 in Tibetan Buddhists |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |date=1 April 2022 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=1671–1683 |doi=10.1007/s10943-022-01512-w |pmid=35122555 |pmc=8817637 |language=en |issn=1573-6571}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Syed |first1=Uzma |last2=Kapera |first2=Olivia |last3=Chandrasekhar |first3=Aparajita |last4=Baylor |first4=Barbara T. |last5=Hassan |first5=Adebola |last6=Magalhães |first6=Marina |last7=Meidany |first7=Farshid |last8=Schenker |first8=Inon |last9=Messiah |first9=Sarah E. |last10=Bhatti |first10=Alexandra |title=The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Improving Vaccination Confidence & Addressing Vaccination Disparities to Help Improve Vaccine Uptake: A Systematic Review |journal=Vaccines |date=February 2023 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=449 |doi=10.3390/vaccines11020449 |pmid=36851325 |pmc=9966262 |language=en |issn=2076-393X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Sisti |first1=Leuconoe Grazia |last2=Buonsenso |first2=Danilo |last3=Moscato |first3=Umberto |last4=Costanzo |first4=Gianfranco |last5=Malorni |first5=Walter |title=The Role of Religions in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=January 2023 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1691 |doi=10.3390/ijerph20031691 |pmid=36767057 |pmc=9914292 |language=en |issn=1660-4601 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Information dissemination ==
{{Further|Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism}}
Some news organizations removed their online paywalls for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Jerde |first1=Sara |title=Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage |url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/major-publishers-take-down-paywalls-for-coronavirus-coverage/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=www.adweek.com}}</ref> Many scientific publishers provided pandemic-related journal articles to the public free of charge as part of the National Institutes of Health's COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Initiative.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Call to Make COVID-19 Data/Research Publicly Available |url=https://www.imagwiki.nibib.nih.gov/sites/default/files/COVID19%20Open%20Access%20Letter%20from%20CSAs.Equivalents_0.pdf |website=NIH |publisher=imagwiki.nibib.nih.gov |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=PMC COVID-19 Collection |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/covid-19/ |website=PubMed Central (PMC) |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Coronavirus (COVID-19): sharing research data |url=https://wellcome.org/press-release/sharing-research-data-and-findings-relevant-novel-coronavirus-ncov-outbreak |website=Wellcome |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en |date=31 January 2020}}</ref> According to one estimate from researchers at the University of Rome, 89.5% of COVID-19-related papers were open access, compared to an average of 48.8% for the ten most deadly human diseases.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Capocasa |first1=Marco |last2=Anagnostou |first2=Paolo |last3=Destro Bisol |first3=Giovanni |title=A light in the dark: open access to medical literature and the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Information Research: An International Electronic Journal |date=15 June 2022 |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.47989/irpaper929 |s2cid=249615157 |url=https://informationr.net/ir/27-2/paper929.html |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The share of papers published on preprint servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.<ref>{{#invoke:cite magazine ||last1=Rogers |first1=Adam |title=Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed—With a Catch |url=https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-research-preprint-servers/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |magazine=Wired}}</ref>

{{anchor|Disinformation}}

=== Misinformation ===
{{Main|COVID-19 misinformation}}
[[Misinformation]] and [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] about the pandemic were widespread; they travelled through [[Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|mass media]], [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media#Misinformation|social media]] and text messaging.<ref name="FTTextMsg">{{#invoke:cite web|| vauthors = Murphy H, Di Stefano M, Manson K |url=https://www.ft.com/content/34b6df5a-ea4a-471f-8ac9-606580480049|title=Huge text message campaigns spread coronavirus fake news|date=20 March 2020|work=Financial Times}}</ref> WHO declared an "[[infodemic]]" of incorrect information.<ref name="Lowy">{{#invoke:cite news|| vauthors = Kassam N |date=25 March 2020|title=Disinformation and coronavirus|work=The Interpreter|publisher=Lowy Institute|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/disinformation-and-coronavirus }}</ref> [[Cognitive biases]], such as [[confirmation bias]], were linked to conspiracy beliefs, including [[COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Kuhn SA, Lieb R, Freeman D, Andreou C, Zander-Schellenberg T | title = Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs in the German-speaking general population: endorsement rates and links to reasoning biases and paranoia | journal = Psychological Medicine | pages = 4162–4176 | date = March 2021 | volume = 52 | issue = 16 | pmid = 33722315 | pmc = 8027560 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291721001124 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Culture and society ==
{{Further|COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture}}

The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on popular culture. It was included in the narratives of ongoing pre-pandemic television series and become a central narrative in new ones, with mixed results.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.augustman.com/my/culture/film-tv/how-the-covid-19-pandemic-is-affecting-popular-culture/|title=How The Covid-19 Pandemic Is Affecting Popular Culture|author=|date=24 November 2020|website=augustman.com|publisher=[[August Man]]|access-date=18 December 2020|quote=In addition to existing shows, streaming platforms and cable channels have tried putting together new series centred on coronavirus, like HBO's "Coastal Elites" or Netflix's "Social Distance" – but with no real success.}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'' about the then-upcoming [[BBC]] sitcom [[Here We Go (TV series)#Pilot (2020)|''Pandemonium'']] on 16 December 2020, [[David Segal (journalist)|David Segal]] asked, "Are we ready to laugh about Covid-19? Or rather, is there anything amusing, or recognizable in a humorous way, about life during a plague, with all of its indignities and setbacks, not to mention its rituals and rules."<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Segal|first=David|author-link=David Segal (journalist)|date=16 December 2020|title=Are We Ready to Laugh About Covid-19? A British Sitcom Hopes So|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/16/business/media/pandemonium-bbc-coronavirus.html|access-date=18 December 2020|website=[[The New York Times]]|quote=Are we ready to laugh about Covid-19? Or rather, is there anything amusing, or recognizable in a humorous way, about life during a plague, with all of its indignities and setbacks, not to mention its rituals (clapping for [[health care worker]]s) and rules ([[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks]], please).}}</ref>

The pandemic had driven some people to seek peaceful [[escapism]] in media, while others were drawn towards fictional pandemics (e.g. [[zombie apocalypse]]s) as an alternate form of escapism.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Nobel|first=Emma|date=13 April 2020|title=COVID-19 will shape pop culture for years to come, but for now we love pandemic stories|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-13/why-we-read-pandemic-stories-in-a-pandemic/12138290|access-date=18 December 2020|website=abc.net.au|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|quote=Fictitious stories about pandemics give us a way to experience the horror in a controlled way, with the pacing we've grown to expect, where resolution is always possible, and where we can always turn off the TV if it gets a bit too much.}}</ref> Common themes have included [[Contagious disease|contagion]], [[Isolation (health care)|isolation]] and loss of [[Control (psychology)|control]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite magazine||last=McCluskey|first=Megan|date=7 October 2020|title=Horror Films Have Always Tapped Into Pop Culture's Most Urgent Fears. COVID-19 Will Be Their Next Inspiration|url=https://time.com/5891305/horror-movies-coronavirus-history-genre/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=19 December 2020|quote=}}</ref> Many drew comparisons to the fictional film ''[[Contagion (2011 film)|Contagion]]'' (2011),<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Rogers|first1=Kristen|title='Contagion' vs. coronavirus: The film's connections to a real life pandemic|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/movies/contagion-movie-versus-coronavirus-scn-wellness/index.html|access-date=9 June 2023|work=CNN|date=2 April 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Kritz|first1=Fran|title=Fact-Checking 'Contagion' — In Wake Of Coronavirus, The 2011 Movie Is Trending|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/16/802704825/fact-checking-contagion-in-wake-of-coronavirus-the-2011-movie-is-trending|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> praising its accuracies while noting some differences,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=I've seen 'Contagion' four times. No, the coronavirus outbreak isn't the same|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-03-11/coronavirus-contagion-outbreak-movie-comparison|access-date=9 June 2023|work=Los Angeles Times|date=11 March 2020}}</ref> such as the lack of an orderly vaccine rollout.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=McGuire|first1=Kelly|title=COVID-19, Contagion, and Vaccine Optimism|journal=Journal of Medical Humanities|date=March 2021|volume=42|issue=1|pages=51–62|doi=10.1007/s10912-021-09677-3|pmid=33587203|pmc=7882858}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Freyne|first1=Patrick|title=The things my movie Contagion got wrong: The slow vaccine, the damaging president|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/the-things-my-movie-contagion-got-wrong-the-slow-vaccine-the-damaging-president-1.4276784|access-date=9 June 2023|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>

As people turned to music to relieve emotions evoked by the pandemic, [[Spotify]] listenership showed that [[Classical music|classical]], [[Ambient music|ambient]] and [[Children's music|children's]] genres grew, while [[Pop music|pop]], [[Country music|country]] and [[Dance music|dance]] remained relatively stable.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=23 April 2020|last1=Jason|first1=Joven|title=How the Coronavirus Pandemic Affects Music Genres on Spotify|url=https://blog.chartmetric.com/covid-19-effect-on-the-global-music-business-part-1-genre/|access-date=10 April 2021|website=How Music Charts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite magazine||last1=Chow|first1=Andrew|title=The Pandemic Could Have Hurt Country Music. Instead, the Genre Is Booming|url=https://time.com/5898001/country-music-streaming-numbers-coronavirus/|magazine=Time|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

== Transition to later phases ==

On 5 May 2023, the WHO declared that the pandemic was no longer a [[public health emergency of international concern]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=WHO declares end to Covid global health emergency|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/who-ends-covid-global-health-emergency-rcna83046|access-date=6 May 2023|website=NBC News|date=5 May 2023|language=en}}</ref> This led several media outlets to incorrectly report that this meant the pandemic was "over". The WHO commented to [[Full Fact]] that it was unlikely to declare the pandemic over "in the near future" and mentioned [[cholera]], which it considers to have continued to be a [[seventh cholera pandemic|pandemic since 1961]].<ref name="ff">{{cite web |publisher=FullFact.org |date=12 May 2023 |url=https://fullfact.org/health/who-covid-pandemic-over/ |author=Fergus Brown |title=The WHO has not declared the Covid-19 pandemic over}}</ref> The WHO does not have an official category for pandemics or make declarations of when pandemics start or end.<ref name="reuters" /><ref name="guardian" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nebehay |first1=Stephanie |title=WHO says it no longer uses 'pandemic' category, but virus still emergency |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-health-who-idUKKCN20I0PD |access-date=5 August 2023 |work=Reuters |date=24 February 2020 |language=en |quote=“There is no official category (for a pandemic),” WHO spokesman Tarik Jasarevic said.}}</ref>

In June 2023, [[Hans Kluge]], director of the WHO in Europe, commented that "While the international public health emergency may have ended, the pandemic certainly has not". The WHO in Europe launched a transition plan to manage the public health response to COVID-19 in the coming years and prepare for possible future emergencies.<ref name="kluge">{{cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=With the international public health emergency ending, WHO/Europe launches its transition plan for COVID-19 |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/12-06-2023-with-the-international-public-health-emergency-ending--who-europe-launches-its-transition-plan-for-covid-19 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>

=== Future endemic phase ===
{{Main article|Endemic COVID-19}}
In June 2022, an article in ''[[Human Genome Organisation|Human Genomics]]'' said that the pandemic was still "raging", but that "now is the time to explore the transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase."<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||doi=10.1186/s40246-022-00392-1|title=COVID-19 2022 update: Transition of the pandemic to the endemic phase|year=2022|last1=Biancolella|first1=Michela|last2=Colona|first2=Vito Luigi|last3=Mehrian-Shai|first3=Ruty|last4=Watt|first4=Jessica Lee|last5=Luzzatto|first5=Lucio|last6=Novelli|first6=Giuseppe|last7=Reichardt|first7=Juergen K. V.|journal=Human Genomics|volume=16|issue=1|page=19|pmid=35650595|pmc=9156835|s2cid=249274308}}</ref>

A March 2022 review declared the transition to endemic status to be "inevitable".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koelle |first1=Katia |last2=Martin |first2=Michael A. |last3=Antia |first3=Rustom |last4=Lopman |first4=Ben |last5=Dean |first5=Natalie E. |date=11 March 2022 |title=The changing epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Science |volume=375 |issue=6585 |pages=1116–1121 |doi=10.1126/science.abm4915 |issn=1095-9203 |pmc=9009722 |pmid=35271324|bibcode=2022Sci...375.1116K }}</ref> A June 2022 review predicted that the virus that causes COVID-19 would become the fifth endemic seasonal coronavirus, alongside four other [[HCoV|human coronaviruses]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Lily E. |last2=Spiro |first2=David J. |last3=Viboud |first3=Cecile |date=30 June 2022 |title=Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations |journal=PLOS Pathogens |language=en |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=e1010591 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1010591 |issn=1553-7374 |pmid=35771775 |pmc=9246171 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A February 2023 review of the four [[common cold]] coronaviruses concluded that the virus would become seasonal and, like the common cold, cause less severe disease for most people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Cameron M. |last2=Doster |first2=Jayden M. |last3=Landwehr |first3=Emily H. |last4=Kumar |first4=Nidhi P. |last5=White |first5=Ethan J. |last6=Beachboard |first6=Dia C. |last7=Stobart |first7=Christopher C. |title=Evaluating the Virology and Evolution of Seasonal Human Coronaviruses Associated with the Common Cold in the COVID-19 Era |journal=Microorganisms |date=10 February 2023 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=445 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms11020445 |pmid=36838410 |pmc=9961755 |issn=2076-2607 |quote=After evaluating the biology, pathogenesis, and emergence of the human coronaviruses that cause the common cold, we can anticipate that with increased vaccine immunity to SARS-CoV-2, it will become a seasonal, endemic coronavirus that causes less severe disease in most individuals. Much like the common cold CoVs, the potential for severe disease will likely be present in those who lack a protective immune response or are immunocompromised. |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{asof|2023}} the transition to endemic COVID-19 may take years or decades.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Markov PV, Ghafari M, Beer M, Lythgoe K, Simmonds P, Stilianakis NI, Katzourakis A |title=The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Nat Rev Microbiol |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=361–379 |date=June 2023 |pmid=37020110 |doi=10.1038/s41579-023-00878-2 |s2cid=257983412 |type=Review}}</ref>

== Long-term effects ==

=== Economic ===
Despite strong economic rebounds following the initial lockdowns in early 2020, towards the latter phases of the pandemic, many countries began to experience long-term economic effects. Several countries saw high [[inflation rate]]s which had global impacts, particularly in developing countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Post-pandemic world economy still feeling COVID-19's sting {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/05/1136727 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Some economic impacts such as [[supply chain]] and [[trade]] operations were seen as more permanent as the pandemic exposed major weaknesses in these systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=Not Everything Is Getting Back to Normal In the Post-Pandemic Economy |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-23/podcast-not-everything-is-getting-back-to-normal-in-the-post-pandemic-economy |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

In Australia, the pandemic caused an increase in [[occupational burnout]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Churchill |first1=Brendan |last2=Bissell |first2=David |last3=Ruppanner |first3=Leah |date=19 March 2023 |title=The 'great resignation' didn't happen in Australia, but the 'great burnout' did |url=http://theconversation.com/the-great-resignation-didnt-happen-in-australia-but-the-great-burnout-did-201173 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref>

During the pandemic, a large percentage of workers in Canada came to prefer working from home, which had an impact on the traditional work model. Some corporations made efforts to force workers to return to work on-site, while some embraced the idea.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Granja |first1=Aracelly Denise |last2=Champagne |first2=Eric |last3=Choinière |first3=Olivier |date=27 April 2023 |title=Post-pandemic work in the public sector: A new way forward or a return to the past? |url=http://theconversation.com/post-pandemic-work-in-the-public-sector-a-new-way-forward-or-a-return-to-the-past-204008 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref>

=== Travel ===
There was a "travel boom" causing air travel to recover at rates faster than anticipated, and the aviation industry became profitable in 2023 for the first time since 2019, before the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=IATA says airline industry is rapidly returning to profitability |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/05/iata-says-air-passenger-numbers-have-almost-recovered-to-pre-covid-19-levels |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> However, economic issues meant some predicted that the boom would begin to slow down.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Brooke |date=28 July 2023 |title=Post-pandemic travel boom is running out of steam |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2023/07/28/world/covid-travel-boom/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> Business travel on airlines was still below pre-pandemic levels and is predicted not to recover.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sugiura |first1=Eri |last2=Wright |first2=Robert |date=7 July 2023 |title=Can the post-pandemic travel boom endure? |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f9cb24f5-8da8-4956-966b-a1348b79e151 |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Health ===
An increase in excess deaths from underlying causes not related to COVID-19 has been largely blamed on systematic issues causing delays in health care and screening during the pandemic, which has resulted in an increase of non-COVID-19 related deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Excess' Deaths Surging, but Why? |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989530 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Medscape |language=en}}</ref>

=== Immunizations ===
During the pandemic, millions of children missed out on vaccinations as countries focused efforts on combating COVID-19. Efforts were made to increase vaccination rates among children in [[low-income countries]]. These efforts were successful in increasing vaccination rates for some diseases, though the UN noted that post-pandemic [[measles vaccination]]s were still falling behind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Global immunisation rates show sign of post-pandemic rebound {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/07/1138767 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the decrease in immunization was driven by an increase in mistrust of public health officials. This was seen in both low-income and high-income countries. Several [[African countries]] saw a decline in vaccinations due to misinformation around the pandemic flowing into other areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID pandemic created immunisation gaps in Africa. Over half a million children are at risk {{!}} Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/covid-pandemic-created-immunisation-gaps-africa-over-half-million-children-are-risk |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=www.gavi.org |language=en}}</ref> Immunization rates have yet to recover in the United States<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Andrew |date=12 January 2023 |title=Routine vaccinations drop among U.S. kindergartners for the third year in a row |url=https://www.statnews.com/2023/01/12/routine-vaccinations-kindergartners/ |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=STAT |language=en-US}}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Teenagers at risk after drop in vaccine take-up |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-65372941 |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Coronavirus diseases]]
* [[Emerging infectious disease]]
* [[Globalization and disease]]
* [[List of epidemics and pandemics]]


== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha"/>

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}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = | title = Progress report on the coronavirus pandemic | journal = Nature | volume = 584 | issue = 7821 | page = 325 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32814893 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-020-02414-1 | doi-access = free }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LF | title = The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention | journal = Nature Reviews. Immunology | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 363–374 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32346093 | pmc = 7187672 | doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 | doi-access = free }}
* {{#invoke:cite report || title=COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings: first update | website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) | url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care | date=October 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R | title = SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers | journal = eLife | volume = 9 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32228860 | pmc = 7224694 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.57309 | ref = none | name-list-style = vanc | arxiv = 2003.12886 | bibcode = 2020arXiv200312886B }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Brüssow H | title = The Novel Coronavirus - A Snapshot of Current Knowledge | journal = Microbial Biotechnology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 607–612 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32144890 | pmc = 7111068 | doi = 10.1111/1751-7915.13557 | ref = none | name-list-style = vanc }}
* {{#invoke:cite book || vauthors = Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R |chapter=Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus |title=StatPearls |date=2020 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32150360 | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/ }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Funk CD, Laferrière C, Ardakani A | title = A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 11 | page = 937 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32636754 | pmc = 7317023 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.00937 | doi-access = free }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || title=Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download | format=PDF | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=June 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || title = COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC – United States, January 1 – April 30, 2021 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 70 | issue = 21 | pages = 792–793 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 34043615 | pmc = 8158893 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm7021e3 | vauthors = Birhane M, Bressler S, Chang G, Clark T, Dorough L, Fischer M, Watkins LF, Goldstein JM, Kugeler K, Langley G, Lecy K, Martin K, Medalla F, Mitruka K, Nolen L, Sadigh K, Spratling R, Thompson G, Trujillo A | display-authors = 6 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Bieksiene K, Zaveckiene J, Malakauskas K, Vaguliene N, Zemaitis M, Miliauskas S | title = Post COVID-19 Organizing Pneumonia: The Right Time to Interfere | journal = Medicina | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | page = 283 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33803690 | pmc = 8003092 | doi = 10.3390/medicina57030283 | doi-access = free }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Chen Q, Allot A, Lu Z | title = LitCovid: an open database of COVID-19 literature | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 49 | issue = D1 | pages = D1534–D1540 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33166392 | pmc = 7778958 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkaa952 }}
* {{#invoke:cite journal || vauthors = Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Katchur NJ, Chaves-Sell F, Asaad WF, Murphy SA | title = Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review | journal = Neurocritical Care | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 1062–1071 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 32661794 | pmc = 7358290 | doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01049-4 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Scholia}}

=== Health agencies ===

* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 COVID-19] ([https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses Questions & Answers], [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH5PLTT1yfXxcxDsNM40N1uG instructional videos]; [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters Facts/MythBusters]) by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
* [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html COVID-19] by the [[Government of Canada]]
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china COVID-19] ([https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers Q&A]) by the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]
* [https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19 COVID-19] ([https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs Q&A]) by the [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]], Singapore
* [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html COVID-19] ([https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html Q&A]) by the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/2019_ncov_default.html COVID-19 Information for the Workplace] by the US [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH)

=== Data and graphs ===
* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports] and [https://covid19.who.int/ map] by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
* [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ COVID-19 Resource Center], [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html map], and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]]
* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data COVID-19 data sets] published by the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)
* [https://covid.observer COVID-19 Observer] based on [[Johns Hopkins University]] data
* [https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus COVID-19 Statistics and Research] published by [[Our World in Data]]
* [https://www.statnews.com/feature/coronavirus/covid-19-tracker/ COVID-19 Tracker] from [[Stat (website)|Stat News]]
* [https://covid19.healthdata.org/global COVID-19 Projections] for many countries published by [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]]

=== Medical journals ===

* [https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus Coronavirus (COVID-19)] by ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]''
* [https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hub] by [[BMJ (company)|BMJ Publishing Group]]
* [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)] by ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association]]''
* [https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924195411/https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ |date=24 September 2020 }} by [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley Publishing]]
* [https://collections.plos.org/covid-19 COVID-19 pandemic (2019–20) Collection] by [[Public Library of Science]] (PLOS)
* [https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/ COVID-19 Portfolio], a curated collection of publications and preprints by [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
* [https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus COVID-19 Research Highlights] by [[Springer Nature]]
* [https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus COVID-19 Resource Centre] by ''[[The Lancet]]''
* [https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center Novel Coronavirus Information Center] by [[Elsevier]]

{{COVID-19 pandemic|short=yes}}
{{Epidemics}}
{{History of infectious disease}}
{{2020s}}
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COVID-19 pandemic

2023-10-06T18:35:43Z

Xuppi: Cleaned up

Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2005–06

2023-08-24T04:29:32Z

Xuppi: /* Test series */

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Infobox cricket tour |
series_name = Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2005-06 |
team1_image = Flag of India.svg |
team1_name = India |
team2_image = Flag of Pakistan.svg |
team2_name = Pakistan |
from_date = 7 January |
to_date = 20 February 2006 |
team1_captain = [[Rahul Dravid]] |
team2_captain = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] |
no_of_tests = 3 |
team1_tests_won = 0 |
team2_tests_won = 1 |
team1_tests_most_runs = [[Virender Sehwag]] (294) |
team2_tests_most_runs = [[Younis Khan]] (553) |
team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Zaheer Khan]] (10) |
team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]] (9) |
player_of_test_series = [[Younis Khan]] (Pak) |
no_of_ODIs = 5 |
team1_ODIs_won = 4 |
team2_ODIs_won = 1 |
team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (344) |
team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Shoaib Malik]] (314) |
team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Irfan Pathan]] (9) |
team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] (5) [[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan]] (5) |
player_of_ODI_series = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind) |
}}
The [[India national cricket team]] toured Pakistan for [[cricket]] matches during the [[International cricket in 2005–06|2005–06]] season. Both [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] had already played Test matches during this season; India were coming off a [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2005–06|2–0 series win at home over Sri Lanka]], while Pakistan [[English cricket team in Pakistan in 2005–06|beat England by the same margin]]. In [[One Day International|ODI]] cricket, India's last series, in November 2005, ended in a [[South African cricket team in India in 2005–06|2–2 draw with South Africa]], while Pakistan beat England 3–2 in December 2005. The tour began on 7 January 2006 with India playing [[Pakistan A cricket team|Pakistan A]] in a non-[[first-class cricket|first class]] game, and continued till 19 February.

Pakistan's [[captain (cricket)|captain]], [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]], said that India started as favourites in the Test series,<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/231323.html 'India are favourites' - Inzamam] from Cricinfo, published 1 January 2006</ref> while former fast bowler [[Sarfraz Nawaz]] has said that "it's easy to get them (Indian batsmen) out".<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/231757.html Reverse swing can undo India, claims Sarfraz] from Cricinfo, published 5 January 2006</ref> The official [[ICC Test Championship]] had India in second place and Pakistan in fourth,<ref>[http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/test/archive.html ICC Test Championship Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104013704/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/test/archive.html |date=2006-01-04 }} from the International Cricket Council, retrieved 7 January 2006</ref> while the [[ICC ODI Championship]] had Pakistan in the third place and India in the fifth place, at the end of 2005.<ref>[http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/odi/archive.html ICC ODI Championship Table] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107125137/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/odi/archive.html |date=2006-01-07 }} from the International Cricket Council, retrieved 7 January 2006</ref>

Pakistan won the Test series, claiming the third Test after 36 wickets Fall in the first two games combined, while India took the ODI series by a comfortable 4–1 margin.

To date, this is the most recent tour by an Indian cricket team of Pakistan.

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
! colspan="2" |Tests
! colspan="2" |ODIs
|-
!{{Cr|Pakistan}} <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cricinfo - India in Pakistan, Jan-Feb 2006 - Pakistan Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_PAK/SQUADS/IND_IN_PAK_JAN-FEB2006_PAK-SQUAD.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=static.espncricinfo.com}}</ref>
!{{Cr|India}} <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Cricinfo - India in Pakistan, Jan-Feb 2006 - India Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_PAK/SQUADS/IND_IN_PAK_JAN-FEB2006_IND-SQUAD.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=static.espncricinfo.com}}</ref>
!{{Cr|Pakistan}} <ref name=":0" />
!{{Cr|India}}<ref name=":1" />
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Younis Khan]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]]
* [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
* [[Shoaib Akhtar]]
* [[Shahid Afridi]]
* [[Mohammad Sami]]
* [[Shoaib Malik]]
* [[Salman Butt]]
* [[Naved-ul-Hasan]]
* [[Kamran Akmal]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshad Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
* [[Danish Kaneria]]
* [[Imran Farhat]]
* [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]]
* [[Faisal Iqbal (cricketer)|Faisal Iqbal]]
* [[Umar Gul]]
|
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Wasim Jaffer]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Sourav Ganguly]]
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[R. P. Singh]]
|
* [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Younis Khan]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]]
* [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
* [[Shoaib Malik]]
* [[Kamran Akmal]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshad Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
* [[Salman Butt]]
* [[Naved-ul-Hasan]]
* [[Imran Farhat]]
* [[Faisal Iqbal (cricketer)|Faisal Iqbal]]
* [[Umar Gul]]
* [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]]
* [[Yasir Arafat (cricketer)|Yasir Arafat]]
* [[Mohammad Sami]]
* [[Iftikhar Anjum|Rao Iftikhar Anjum]]
* <s>[[Shoaib Akhtar]]</s>
* [[Shahid Afridi|<s>Shahid Afridi</s>]]
|
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[R. P. Singh]]
* [[Sreesanth]]
* [[Murali Kartik]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
|}

==Test series==

===Tour match: Pakistan A v Indians (7–9 January)===
{{Test match
| date = 7–9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = {{cricon|PAK}} [[Pakistan A]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 414/7[[declaration and forfeiture|d]] (104 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 74 (102)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammad Irshad]] 2/79 (19 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 358/9[[declaration and forfeiture|d]] (95 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Imran Farhat]] 107 (162)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/82 (22 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 72/0 (13 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 35* (43)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Iftikhar Anjum]] 0/17 (5 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-pakistan-2005-06-208839/pakistan-a-vs-indians-tour-match-231961/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore|Bagh-e-Jinnah]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Riazuddin (umpire)|Riazuddin]] ([[Pakistan|Pak]]) and [[Zameer Haider]] ([[Pakistan|Pak]])
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes =
}}

'''''Match drawn'''''<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/match/231961.html Pakistan A v Indians, 7-9 Jan 2006 at Lahore], scorecard from Cricinfo, retrieved 9 January 2006</ref>

[[India national cricket team|The Indians]] won the toss and chose to bat at the [[Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)|Bagh-e-Jinnah]] in [[Lahore]], and in 77 overs on the first day, they made 298 for four after half-centuries from [[Gautam Gambhir]], [[Wasim Jaffer]], [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. [[V. V. S. Laxman]] and [[Yuvraj Singh]] retired after making half-centuries on the second day, and after 27 second-day overs the tourists declared 414 ahead. The Indian seamers [[Ajit Agarkar]] and [[Irfan Pathan]] got a wicket each in their opening spell, but a 162-run stand between [[Imran Farhat]] and [[Hasan Raza (cricketer, born 1982)|Hasan Raza]] closed the gap. Pathan eventually broke the partnership when Raza, the captain of Pakistan A, was caught behind for 75 off 62 balls, and Farhat was also out shortly afterwards, ending with 107. [[Faisal Iqbal (cricketer)|Faisal Iqbal]] made 87 for Pakistan A on the final day before they declared on 358 for 9, and Gambhir and Jaffer batted out 13 overs before the game was declared a draw.
----

===First Test===
{{Test match
| date = 13–17 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 679/7[[declaration and forfeiture|d]] (143.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Younis Khan]] 199 (336)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/122 (24 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 410/1 (77.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 254 (247)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan]] 1/94 (16 overs)
| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/232615.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] ([[Australia|Aus]]) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] ([[South Africa|SA]])
| motm = [[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
}}

====Day 1====
[[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] won the toss, and after losing [[Salman Butt]] in a [[run out]] with the thirteenth ball of the match, but as [[Irfan Pathan]] was the only one to take a wicket, Pakistan built a lead of 326 on the first day of the match in [[Lahore]]. The BBC described their batsman as "dominating India" in a headline,<ref name=BBCT1Day1>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4605258.stm Pakistan batsmen dominate India], from BBC Sport, published 13 January 2006</ref> with [[Shoaib Malik]], [[Younis Khan]] and [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricket)|Mohammad Yousuf]] all passing fifty on the first day.

[[Sourav Ganguly]] returned for India, after being left out of the ODI side on recent tours, and the former captain saw action in the first session when he was called upon to bowl four overs of medium pace,<ref name=BBCT1Day1/> but neither he nor any of the two spinners [[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Anil Kumble]] could get a wicket in the morning session, and Malik completed his half-century off 109 balls just before the lunch break when he turned a ball from Kumble around to make two runs. The century stand came up shortly afterwards, before Pathan got the only wicket to a bowler's name on the first day; Malik was caught by Harbhajan for 59 off 145 balls. However, another century stand was to follow - Pakistan were 220 for 2 at tea, and Yousuf and Younis added a further 106 in the evening session, 30 of those coming in the last five overs against the new ball. With five overs remaining on the clock, bad light stopped play, with Yousuf five short of his century; in the previous over, he had been dropped by Sehwag in the gully.<ref name=BBCT1Day1/>

'''Close of play:''' Pakistan '''326/2''' (Younis Khan 147*, Mohammad Yousuf 95*; 85 overs)

====Day 2====

Pakistan continued to build their first innings total in the morning. Yousuf reached 173 before being stumped off an Anil Kumble delivery. Younis increased his score to 199 before being runout. Shahid Afridi scored a quick century, plundering 27 off a Harbhajan Singh over in the process. This equalled the second highest score off a single over in Test matches. Harbhajan had some small measure of revenge however, taking the catch that dismissed Afridi for 103. Wicketkeeper Kamran Akmal also scored a century, the fastest ever by a wicketkeeper, and Pakistan declared immediately thereafter with a mammoth total of 679 for 7.

Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid opened India's first innings. They successfully withstood 13 overs before bad light stopped play and had scored 65 runs in the process.

'''Close of play:''' Pakistan '''679/7d''', India '''65/0''' (Sehwag 36*, Dravid 22*; 13 overs)

====Day 3====

In a rain interrupted day reduced to just 15 overs, Sehwag and Dravid advanced India's score to 145, with Sehwag finishing the day on 96 not out.

'''Close of Play:''' India '''145/0''' (Sehwag 96*, Dravid 37*; 28 overs)

====Day 4====

Sehwag and Dravid continued their partnership throughout the day, with Sehwag recording the second-fastest double century in test history by reaching 200 off 181 balls. By the end of the day Sehwag and Dravid were just 11 runs short of the record opening stand set by India fifty years ago.

'''Close of play:''' India '''403/0''' (Sehwag 247*, Dravid 128*; 75 overs)

====Day 5====

India resumed at 403 for no wicket and there was no prospect of a result in another interrupted day's play. Sehwag finally fell for 254, leaving India just three runs short of the record partnership. Play was abandoned at the tea interval.

'''Close of Play:''' India '''410/1''' (Sehwag 254; Dravid 128*)
----

===Second Test===
{{Test match
| date = 21–25 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 588 (136.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shahid Afridi]] 156 (128)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[R. P. Singh]] 4/89 (25 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 603 (165.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 148 (153)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Danish Kaneria]] 3/165 (54 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 490/8[[declaration and forfeiture|d]] (116.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Younis Khan]] 194 (299)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 4/61 (19.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 21/0 (8 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[VVS Laxman]] 8[[Not out|*]] (19)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/233797.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] ([[South Africa|SA]]) and [[Simon Taufel]] ([[Australia|Aus]])
| motm = [[R. P. Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[R. P. Singh]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
}}

====Day 1====
Both sides made two changes, with India dropping [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Ajit Agarkar]] for [[Zaheer Khan]] and [[R. P. Singh]], with Agarkar suspected to have a hamstring injury. India elected to choose five bowlers on what was an excellent batting pitch. This is the first time that a Test team has fielded three left-arm fast bowlers. Pakistan dropped [[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan]] and the ill [[Mohammad Sami]], with [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]] and [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] coming in.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2006/jan/21team.htm Ganguly, Agarkar dropped] from rediff.com, published 21 January 2006</ref> Pakistan won the toss, batting first to reach 4/379 at stumps with [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] & [[Shahid Afridi]] approaching centuries, on 79 and 85 respectively. On a tough day for bowling, R. P. Singh made a promising debut, taking three wickets.

====Day 2====
Play resumed on day two with Razzaq replacing Inzamam, who was confined to the dressing room due to a back injury. Afridi reached 156 from just 128 deliveries before being dismissed, ending a combined partnership of 257 with Inzamam and Razzaq. Inzamam returned to complete his century (119), and free-spirited hitting on a benign pitch by [[Shoaib Akhtar]] (47) allowed Pakistan to reach 588. R. P. Singh took 4/89, the best bowling figures. India started their reply confidently until [[Virender Sehwag]] (31) was dismissed. Captain [[Rahul Dravid]] (46*)and [[V. V. S Laxman]] (28*) proceeded cautiously to end the day at 1/110.

====Day 3====
Laxman and Dravid batted fluently throughout the first session to reach lunch at 83 and 97 respectively. India suffered a collapse after lunch, losing 4/45 as Laxman (90), Dravid (103, run out), [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (14, walking despite replays suggesting he missed the ball) and [[Yuvraj Singh]] (4) were all dismissed. However, [[MS Dhoni]] (116*) and [[Irfan Pathan]] (49*) counter-attacked to save the follow-on to close at 5/441.

====Day 4====
Dhoni and Pathan continued their partnership until Dhoni (148) was stumped trying to loft Kaneria over midwicket, ending a 210-run partnership. Pathan fell short of a century (90), but the tail wagged ([[Harbhajan Singh]] 38, Zaheer Khan 20*) to give India 603, and a slender lead of 15. Pakistan started their second innings confidently, reaching 1/152 at the close with [[Younis Khan]] on 64 and [[Kamran Akmal]] (opening in place of [[Shoaib Malik]] who had returned to [[Sialkot]] to be with his gravely ill father) on 59.

====Day 5====
Akmal was dismissed on 78, but Younis reached his fourth century in as many Tests against India. Along with [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricket)|Mohammad Yousuf]] (126), they added 262 for the third wicket. The loss of Razzaq (32) and Younis (194) caused a collapse of 5/2 reduced Pakistan to 8/490. This was the end of the innings, as both Inzamam and Malik were unavailable to bat. Zaheer Khan took 4/61. India batted 8 overs to reach 0/21 were the match was drawn.

As the game faded away, Indian wicket-keeper MS Dhoni and Pakistani batsman Younis Khan, both infrequent bowlers at international level, took the new ball. R. P. Singh was named the Man of the Match, on his debut.
----

===Third Test===
{{Test match
| date = 29 January–2 February
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 245 (60.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kamran Akmal]] 113 (148)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 5/61 (17.1 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 238 (54.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 45 (74)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] 4/78 (19.1 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 599/7d (140.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Faisal Iqbal (cricketer)|Faisal Iqbal]] 139 (220)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 3/151 (37.1 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 265 (58.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 122 (144)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]] 4/88 (18.4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 341 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/234783.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] ([[Australia|Aus]]) and [[Simon Taufel]] ([[Australia|Aus]])
| motm = [[Kamran Akmal]] (Pak)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}

==ODI series==

===First ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 6 February
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 328 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 311/7 (47 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 100 (113)
| wickets1 = [[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan]] 4/62 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Salman Butt]] 101 (111)
| wickets2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/58 (9 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 7 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/235831.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]], [[Peshawar]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] ([[Pakistan|Pak]]) and [[Simon Taufel]] ([[Australia|Aus]])
| motm = [[Salman Butt]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Bad light stopped play and Pakistan's target was reduced to 305 runs from 47 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===Second ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 February
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 266/3 (43.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Shoaib Malik]] 95 (110)
| wickets1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 82[[Not out|*]] (89)
| wickets2 = [[Shoaib Malik]] 1/24 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/236520.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] ([[Pakistan|Pak]]) and [[Simon Taufel]] ([[Australia|Aus]])
| motm = [[Irfan Pathan]] (Ind)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
}}

===Third ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 February
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 288/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 292/5 (47.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Shoaib Malik]] 108 (120)
| wickets1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/49 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 95 (104)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/236809.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] ([[Pakistan|Pak]]) and [[Simon Taufel]] ([[Australia|Aus]])
| motm = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}

===Fourth ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 February
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 161 (41.5 overs)
| score2 = 162/5 (32.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 59 (63)
| wickets1 = [[R. P. Singh]] 4/40 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 59 (72)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Sami]] 3/42 (9 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/237222.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] ([[Pakistan|Pak]]) and [[Steve Bucknor]] ([[West Indies|WI]])
| motm = [[R. P. Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}

===Fifth ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 February
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 286/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 287/2 (46.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Younis Khan]] 74[[Not out|*]] (79)
| wickets1 = [[Sreesanth]] 4/58 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 107[[Not out|*]] (93)
| wickets2 = [[Iftikhar Anjum]] 1/44 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/237571.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] ([[Pakistan|Pak]]) and [[Steve Bucknor]] ([[West Indies|WI]])
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*

{{International cricket in 2005–06}}
{{International cricket tours of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Cricket Team In Pakistan In 2005-06}}
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2006 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Pakistan|2005-06]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2005–06]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket seasons from 2000–01]]

2006 ICC Champions Trophy

2023-08-14T15:46:07Z

Xuppi:

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2006 ICC Champions Trophy
| image = ICC Champions Trophy 2006 logo.svg
| caption =
| fromdate = 7 October
| todate = 5 November 2006
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{cr|India}}
| champions = {{cr|Australia}}
| count = 1
| runner up = {{cr|WIN}}
| participants = 10
| matches = 21
| attendance =
| player of the series = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Chris Gayle]]
| most runs = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Chris Gayle]] (474)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Jerome Taylor]] (13)
| previous_year = 2004
| previous_tournament = 2004 ICC Champions Trophy
| next_year = 2009
| next_tournament = 2009 ICC Champions Trophy
| imagesize = 180px
}}

The '''2006 ICC Champions Trophy''' was a [[One Day International]] [[cricket]] tournament held in India from 7 October to 5 November 2006. It was the fifth edition of the [[ICC Champions Trophy]] (previously known as the ICC Knock-out). The tournament venue was not confirmed until mid-2005 when the Indian government agreed that tournament revenues would be free from tax (the 2002 tournament had been due to be held in India, but was switched to [[Sri Lanka]] when an exemption from tax in India was not granted).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/4582215.stm India to keep Champions Trophy] [[BBC News]], 26 May 2005</ref> [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] won the tournament, their first Champions Trophy victory. They were the only team to get one loss in the tournament, as all other teams lost at least two matches. [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], their final opponents, beat Australia in the group stage but were bowled out for 138 in the final and lost by eight wickets on the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]. West Indies opening batsman [[Chris Gayle]] was named Player of the Tournament.

English writer [[Tim de Lisle]] said the tournament "had been fun" because "it had been unpredictable."<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/266329.html Why it has been fun this time], Tim de Lisle, from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref> The unpredictability was in part shown by the fact that no Asian side qualified for the semi-final, for the first time in a major ICC tournament since the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975 World Cup]]. De Lisle also claimed that "the pitches" had been the "tournament's secret," saying that they were "sporting and [[Quixotism|quixotic]]" and "quite untypical of both one-day cricket and the subcontinent." His viewed were echoed by panelists in a roundtable discussion organized by Cricinfo, "who hoped that the tournament would not be a one-off in a batsman-dominated game," according to news site rediff.com.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2006/nov/05cric.htm Indian batsmen's bad habits exposed], by Deepti Patwardhan, from Rediff. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref> The tournament recorded five of the 10 lowest team totals in the tournament's history, and totals of 80 (for West Indies v Sri Lanka) and 89 (for Pakistan v South Africa) were the lowest recorded in matches involving the top eight ranked One-day International sides of the world.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715170721/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/TEAM/ICCCT_LOWEST_TEAM_TOTALS.html Champions Trophy – Lowest Team Totals], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>


==Qualifying==
The Ten full member teams competed in the tournament and were seeded according to the [[ICC ODI Championship]] standings on 1 April 2006. [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] became the last team to qualify, claiming tenth place ahead of [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] on 23 March 2006. The first six teams on the ICC ODI table ([[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[India national cricket team|India]], and [[England cricket team|England]]) qualified automatically; the next four teams ([[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], the defending champions [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]) played a pre-tournament [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] qualifying round from 7 to 14 October to determine which two will proceed to play in the tournament proper.<ref>[http://www.sportsfeatures.com/index.php?section=pp&action=show&id=30369 Bangladesh confirm final ICC Champions Trophy 2006 place] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927074509/http://www.sportsfeatures.com/index.php?section=pp&action=show&id=30369 |date=27 September 2007 }} ICC media release, 23 March 2006</ref>

==Tournament structure==
Two teams from the qualifying round, plus the other six teams, played in a group stage, split into two groups of four in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] competition, played from 15 to 29 October.

The top two teams from each group qualified for the semi-finals played on 1 November and 2 November. The final was played on 5 November.

== Venues ==
Matches in the preliminary round and the group round were played in the [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Mohali]], [[Sardar Patel Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], the [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Man Singh Stadium]] in [[Jaipur]], and the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]]. The matches in Mumbai were the first [[One Day International|ODI]]s at Brabourne Stadium for 11 years.

The semi-finals are played in Mohali and Jaipur. The final was played in Mumbai. {{location map+|India|float=center|width=250|caption=Cricket grounds hosting the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy|places=
{{location map~|India|label=[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh]] (Jaipur)|position=right|lat = 26.55|long=75.52}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne]] (Mumbai)|position=right|lat = 18.96|long=72.82}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Sardar Patel Stadium|Sardar Patel]] (Ahmedabad)|position=right|lat = 23.03|long=72.58}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|PCA]] (Mohali)|position=left|lat = 30.78|long=76.69}}
}}
==Participating teams==
{{see also|2006 ICC Champions Trophy squads}}

The 10 [[Test cricket|Test]]-playing nations had taken part.

{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{cr|AUS}}
* {{cr|BAN}}
* {{cr|ENG}}
* {{cr|IND}}
* {{cr|NZL}}
* {{cr|PAK}}
* {{cr|RSA}}
* {{cr|SRI}}
* {{cr|West Indies}}
* {{cr|ZIM}}
{{div col end}}

==Umpires and match referees==
Three match referees and eight [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]] were named for the tournament. Of the ten umpires on the ICC elite panel, neither [[Darrell Hair]], who was not nominated due to security concerns, nor [[Billy Doctrove]] was employed for the tournament. Those were two umpires calling Pakistan for [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006|ball tampering]] in August. An ICC spokesman said, "this didn't mean Billy Doctrove is a bad umpire," and that there was "nothing sinister" about the decision.<ref>[http://www.cricketweb.net/article.php?CategoryIDAuto=1&NewsIDAuto=2572 Doctrove will not stand]</ref>

'''Match referees'''
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Mike Procter]]
* {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Jeff Crowe]]
* {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Ranjan Madugalle]]
{{div col end}}

'''Umpires'''
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Aleem Dar]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Asad Rauf]]
* {{flagicon|England}} [[Mark Benson]]
* {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Billy Bowden]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Steve Bucknor]]
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Daryl Harper]]
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Rudi Koertzen]]
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Simon Taufel]]
{{div col end}}

==Qualifying round==

West Indies and Sri Lanka had qualified with a game to spare, and their match only determined position on the ICC ODI Championship table as well as group opposition in the main stage.

<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/points-table-standings EspnCricinfo]

|section=Q

|team1=SL |team2=WI |team3=BDESH |team4=ZIM
|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_BDESH=1 |loss_BDESH=2 |nr_BDESH=0 |rs_BDESH=657 |or_BDESH=150 |rc_BDESH=596 |ob_BDESH=136.4
|win_SL=3 |loss_SL=0 |nr_SL=0 |rs_SL=670 |or_SL=113.2 |rc_SL=486 |ob_SL=150
|win_WI=2 |loss_WI=1 |nr_WI=0 |rs_WI=334 |or_WI=101 |rc_WI=329 |ob_WI=113.2
|win_ZIM=0 |loss_ZIM=3 |nr_ZIM=0 |rs_ZIM=356 |or_ZIM=150 |rc_ZIM=606 |ob_ZIM=114.2

|name_BDESH={{cr|BAN}}
|name_SL={{cr|SRI}}
|name_WI={{cr|West Indies}}
|name_ZIM={{cr|ZIM}}

|col_Q=green1
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 7 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 302/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 265/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 105 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Abdur Razzak]] 2/49 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 67[[not out|*]] (107)
| wickets2 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 3/47 (7 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 37 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-1st-qualifying-match-249739/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
| motm = [[Upul Tharanga]] (SL)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, Bangladesh 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 8 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|West Indies}}
| score1 = 85 (30.1 overs)
| score2 = 90/1 (14.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Prosper Utseya]] 27[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 3/3 (3.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 41 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Elton Chigumbura]] 1/17 (3 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/west-indies-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-qualifying-match-249740/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, Zimbabwe 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 285/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 141 (42.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 110 (130)
| wickets1 = [[Tafadzwa Kamungozi]] 2/55 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brendan Taylor]] 30 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 3/25 (9.3 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 144 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-3rd-qualifying-match-249741/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Upul Tharanga]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, Zimbabwe 0
*''As a result of this match, Sri Lanka qualified for the group stage and Zimbabwe were eliminated.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 161 (46.3 overs)
| score2 = 164/0 (36.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Aftab Ahmed]] 59 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/14 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 104[[not out|*]] (118)
| wickets2 =
| result = West Indies won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-4th-qualifying-match-249742/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, Bangladesh 0
*''As a result of this match, West Indies qualified for the group stage and Bangladesh were eliminated.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = {{anchor|match9}} 13th October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 231/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 130 (44.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shahriar Nafees]] 123[[not out|*]] (161)
| wickets1 = [[Ed Rainsford]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brendan Taylor]] 52 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 3/18 (10 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 101 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/bangladesh-vs-zimbabwe-5th-qualifying-match-249743/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
| motm = [[Shahriar Nafees]] (Ban)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Bangladesh 2, Zimbabwe 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 80 (30.4 overs)
| score2 = 83/1 (13.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Wavell Hinds]] 28 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 6/14 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 45 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Fidel Edwards]] 1/17 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-6th-qualifying-match-249744/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Farveez Maharoof]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, West Indies 0
*''As a result of this match, West Indies qualified for Group A and Sri Lanka qualified for Group B''
}}

==Group stage==

===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/points-table-standings EspnCricinfo]

|section=A
|sortable_table=yes

|team1=AUS |team2=WI |team3=INDIA |team4=ENG
|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_AUS=2 |loss_AUS=1 |nr_AUS=0 |rs_AUS=646 |or_AUS=132.3 |rc_AUS=652 |ob_AUS=150
|win_ENG=1 |loss_ENG=2 |nr_ENG=0 |rs_ENG=570 |or_ENG=148.3 |rc_ENG=568 |ob_ENG=116.2
|win_INDIA=1 |loss_INDIA=2 |nr_INDIA=0 |rs_INDIA=598 |or_INDIA=129.3 |rc_INDIA=601 |ob_INDIA=145.2
|win_WI=2 |loss_WI=1 |nr_WI=0 |rs_WI=730 |or_WI=149.4 |rc_WI=723 |ob_WI=148.3

|name_AUS={{cr|AUS}}
|name_ENG={{cr|ENG}}
|name_INDIA={{cr|IND}}
|name_WI={{cr|West Indies}}

|col_Q=#bfc
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 125 (37 overs)
| score2 = 126/6 (29.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Paul Collingwood]] 38 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/18 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 35 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Jamie Dalrymple]] 2/5 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/india-vs-england-7th-match-249745/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: India 2, England 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 234/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 224/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Runako Morton]] 90[[not out|*]] (103)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 2/42 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 92 (120)
| wickets2 = [[Jerome Taylor]] 4/49 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 10 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-west-indies-10th-match-249748/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Runako Morton]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, Australia 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 169 (45 overs)
| score2 = 170/4 (36.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andrew Strauss]] 56 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Watson]] 3/16 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Damien Martyn]] 78 (91)
| wickets2 = [[Sajid Mahmood]] 2/57 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-england-12th-match-249750/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Damien Martyn]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia 2, England 0
*''As a result of this match, England were eliminated.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 223/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 224/7 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 51 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Ian Bradshaw]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 51 (72)
| wickets2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/52 (9.4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/india-vs-west-indies-15th-match-249753/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, India 0
*''As a result of this match, West Indies qualified for the semifinals.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 28 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 272/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 276/7 (48.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 112[[not out|*]] (124)
| wickets1 = [[Sajid Mahmood]] 2/44 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 90[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 3/31 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/england-vs-west-indies-17th-match-249755/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: England 2, West Indies 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 249/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 252/4 (45.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 65 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Damien Martyn]] 73[[not out|*]] (104)
| wickets2 = [[Sreesanth]] 2/43 (8 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/india-vs-australia-18th-match-249756/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
| motm = [[Damien Martyn]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia 2, India 0
*''As a result of this match, Australia qualified for semifinals and India were eliminated''
}}

===Group B===

<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/points-table-standings EspnCricinfo]

|section=B
|sortable_table=yes

|team1=SA |team2=NZ |team3=SL |team4=PAK
|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_NZ=2 |loss_NZ=1 |nr_NZ=0 |rs_NZ=634 |or_NZ=150 |rc_NZ=497 |ob_NZ=136
|win_PAK=1 |loss_PAK=2 |nr_PAK=0 |rs_PAK=567 |or_PAK=148.1 |rc_PAK=740 |ob_PAK=150
|win_SA=2 |loss_SA=1 |nr_SA=0 |rs_SA=540 |or_SA=150 |rc_SA=425 |ob_SA=150
|win_SL=1 |loss_SL=2 |nr_SL=0 |rs_SL=560 |or_SL=136 |rc_SL=639 |ob_SL=148.1

|name_SA={{cr|RSA}}
|name_NZ={{cr|NZL}}
|name_SL={{cr|SRI}}
|name_PAK={{cr|PAK}}

|col_Q=#bfc
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| score1 = 195 (45.4 overs)
| score2 = 108 (34.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Stephen Fleming]] 89 (112)
| wickets1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 3/28 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 42 (57)
| wickets2 = [[Kyle Mills]] 3/18 (6 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 87 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-8th-match-249746/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Stephen Fleming]] (NZ)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand 2, South Africa 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 17 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 253 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 255/6 (48.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 48 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Abdul Razzaq]] 4/50 (7.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Imran Farhat]] 53 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 2/61 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-9th-match-249747/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Abdul Razzaq]] (Pak)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Pakistan 2, Sri Lanka 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 165 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 166/3 (36 overs)
| runs1 = [[Daniel Vettori]] 46[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 4/23 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 56 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Jeetan Patel]] 2/32 (9 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-11th-match-249749/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (SL)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, New Zealand 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 219/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 141 (39.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 54 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 4/53 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 36 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Andre Nel]] 3/41 (9 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 78 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/south-africa-vs-sri-lanka-13th-match-249751/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shaun Pollock]] (RSA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: South Africa 2, Sri Lanka 0
*''As a result of this match, Sri Lanka were eliminated.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 274/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 223 (46.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Scott Styris]] 86 (113)
| wickets1 = [[Umar Gul]] 2/47 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]] 71 (92)
| wickets2 = [[Shane Bond]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 51 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-14th-match-249752/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Stephen Fleming]] (NZ)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand 2, Pakistan 0
*''As a result of this match, New Zealand qualified for semi-finals.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 27 October 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 213/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 89 (25 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mark Boucher]] 69 (98)
| wickets1 = [[Umar Gul]] 3/36 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yasir Arafat]] 27 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Makhaya Ntini]] 5/21 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 124 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/pakistan-vs-south-africa-16th-match-249754/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Makhaya Ntini]] (RSA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Points: South Africa 2, Pakistan 0
*''As a result of this match, South Africa qualified for semifinals and Pakistan were eliminated.''
}}

==Knock-out stage==

{{4TeamBracket
| RD2 = Final

| seed-width =
| team-width = 120px
| score-width = 110px

| RD1-seed1 = A1
| RD1-team1 = '''{{cr|AUS}}'''
| RD1-score1 = '''240/9 (50 overs)'''
| RD1-seed2 = B2
| RD1-team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| RD1-score2 = 206 (46 overs)

| RD1-seed3 = B1
| RD1-team3 = {{cr|RSA}}
| RD1-score3 = 258/8 (50 overs)
| RD1-seed4 = A2
| RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|WIN}}'''
| RD1-score4 = '''262/4 (44 overs)'''

| RD2-seed1 = A1
| RD2-team1 = '''{{cr|AUS}}'''
| RD2-score1 = '''116/2 (28.1 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = A2
| RD2-team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| RD2-score2 = 138 (30.4 overs)
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 1 November 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| score1 = 240/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 206 (46 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 58 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Kyle Mills]] 4/38 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Daniel Vettori]] 79 (103)
| wickets2 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 3/22 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 34 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-new-zealand-1st-semi-final-249757/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|PCA Stadium, Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Glenn McGrath]] (Aus)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 2 November 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 258/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 262/4 (46 overs)
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 77 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Jerome Taylor]] 2/48 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 133[[not out|*]] (135)
| wickets2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 1/43 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/south-africa-vs-west-indies-2nd-semi-final-249758/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Final===
{{see also|2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 5 November 2006
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 138 (30.4 overs)
| score2 = 116/2 (28.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 37 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 3/22 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shane Watson]] 57[[not out|*]] (88)
| wickets2 = [[Ian Bradshaw]] 1/21 (6 overs)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|(D/L method)]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-west-indies-final-249759/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (RSA)
| motm = [[Shane Watson]] (Aus)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat
| rain = Australia were set a revised target of 116 runs to win from 35 overs.
*''Rain interrupted play during the 10th over of Australian innings.''
| notes = Australia won the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy.
}}

==Tournament statistics==
Statistics include performances in preliminary round matches.

===Batting===
{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|-
! colspan="12" | Most runs<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Batting – Most Runs], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
|-
! No
! Player
! Team
! Matches
! [[Innings|Inns]]
! [[Not out|NO]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! HS<ref>Highest score.</ref>
! [[Batting average (cricket)|Ave]]
! [[Strike rate|SR]]
! 100s
! 50s
|- align="right"
|| 1
| align="left" | [[Chris Gayle]]
| align="left" | {{cr|West Indies}} || 8 || 8 || 2 || 474 || 133[[not out|*]] || 79.00 || 92.94 || 3 || 0
|-align="right"
|| 2
| align="left" | [[Upul Tharanga]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 6 || 0 || 320 || 110 || 53.33 || 76.37 || 2 || 1
|-align="right"
|| 3
| align="left" | [[Damien Martyn]]
| align="left" | {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 5 || 2 || 241 || 78 || 80.33 || 70.05 || 0 || 2
|-align="right"
|| 4
| align="left" | [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
| align="left" | {{cr|West Indies}} || 7 || 7 || 3 || 222 || 57[[not out|*]] || 55.50 || 67.06 || 0 || 3
|-align="right"
|| 5
| align="left" | [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 6|| 1 ||188 || 48 || 37.60 || 80.68 || 0 || 0
|-align="right"
|| 6
| align="left" | [[Stephen Fleming]]
| align="left" | {{cr|NZL}} || 4 || 4 || 0 ||184 || 89 || 46.00 || 71.87 || 0 || 1
|-align="right"
|| 7
| align="left" | [[Shahriar Nafees]]
| align="left" | {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 3 || 1 || 166 || 123[[not out|*]] || 83.00 || 66.13 || 1 || 0
|-align="right"
|| 8
| align="left" | [[Dwayne Bravo]]
| align="left" | {{cr|West Indies}} || 8 || 5 || 1 || 164 || 112[[not out|*]] || 41.00 || 75.22 || 1 || 0
|-align="right"
|| 9
| align="left" | [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 5 || 1 || 160 || 80 || 40.00 || 81.21 || 0 || 1
|-align="right"
|| 10
| align="left" | [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} ||6 || 6 || 1 || 156 || 48 || 31.20 || 91.76 || 0 || 0
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Highest scores<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BAT_HIGH_INNS_SCORES.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Highest Individual Scores], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
|-
! No
! Player
! Team
! Runs
! Opposition
! Stadium
! Date
|-
| align="right" | 1 || [[Chris Gayle]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" | 133[[not out|*]] || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || 2 November
|-
| align="right" | 2 || [[Shahriar Nafees]] || {{cr|BAN}}
| align="right" | 123[[not out|*]] || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || 13 October
|-
| align="right" | 3 || [[Dwayne Bravo]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" | 112[[not out|*]] || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 28 October
|-
| align="right" | 4 || [[Upul Tharanga]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| align="right" | 110 || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 10 October
|-
| align="right" | 5 || [[Upul Tharanga]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| align="right" | 105 || {{cr|BAN}} || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] || 7 October
|-
| align="right" | 6 || [[Chris Gayle]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" | 104[[not out|*]] || {{cr|BAN}} || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || 11 October
|-
| align="right" | 7 || [[Chris Gayle]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" | 101 || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 28 October
|-
| align="right" | 8 || [[Adam Gilchrist]] || {{cr|AUS}}
| align="right" | 92 || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 18 October
|-
| align="right" | 9 || [[Runako Morton]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" | 90[[not out|*]] || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 18 October
|-
| align="right" | 9 || [[Kevin Pietersen]] || {{cr|ENG}}
| align="right" | 90[[not out|*]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 28 October
|}

===Bowling===
{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|-
! colspan="14" | Most wickets<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Bowling – Most Wickets], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
|-
! No
! Player
! Team
! Matches
! [[Over (cricket)|Ovs]]
! [[Maiden over|Mdns]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! [[Bowling average|Ave]]
! [[Strike rate|SR]]
! [[Economy rate|Econ]]
! [[Bowling analysis|BBI]]
! 4s
! 5s
|- align="right"
|| 1
| align="left" | [[Jerome Taylor]]
| align="left" | {{cr|West Indies}} || 7 || 57 || 3 || 287 || 13 || 22.07 || 26.3 || 5.03 || 4–49 || 1 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 2
| align="left" | [[Farveez Maharoof]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 36 || 2 || 190 || 12 || 15.83 || 18.0 || 5.27 || 6–14 || 0 || 1
|- align="right"
|| 3
| align="left" | [[Lasith Malinga]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 50.3 || 3 || 210 || 11 || 19.09 || 27.5 || 4.15 || 4–53 || 1 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 4
| align="left" | [[Kyle Mills]]
| align="left" | {{cr|NZL}} || 4 || 28.3 || 2 || 118 || 10 || 11.80 || 17.1 || 4.14 || 4–38 || 1 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 4
| align="left" | [[Glenn McGrath]]
| align="left" | {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 44 || 7 || 158 || 10 || 15.80 || 26.4 || 3.59 || 3–22 || 0 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 4
| align="left" | [[Nathan Bracken]]
| align="left" | {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 41 || 4 || 194 || 10 || 19.40 || 24.6 || 4.73 || 3–22 || 0 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 7
| align="left" | [[Chaminda Vaas]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} || 5 || 46 || 8 || 170 || 9 || 18.88 || 30.6 || 3.69 || 2–6 || 0 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 7
| align="left" | [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
| align="left" | {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 55 || 3 || 181 || 9 || 20.11 || 36.6 || 3.29 || 4–23 || 1 ||0
|- align="right"
|| 9
| align="left" | [[Makhaya Ntini]]
| align="left" | {{cr|RSA}} || 4 || 28 || 3 || 129 || 8 || 16.12 || 21.0 || 4.60 || 5–21 || 0 || 1
|- align="right"
|| 9
| align="left" | [[Shane Watson]]
| align="left" | {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 34 || 0 || 136 || 8 || 17.00 || 25.5 ||4.00 || 3–16 || 0 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 9
| align="left" | [[Chris Gayle]]
| align="left" | {{cr|West Indies}} || 8 || 46.1 || 2 || 185 || 8 || 23.12 || 34.6 || 4.00 || 3–3 || 0 || 0
|- align="right"
|| 9
| align="left" | [[Ian Bradshaw]]
| align="left" | {{cr|West Indies}} || 6 || 51 || 2 || 192 || 8 || 24.00 || 38.2 || 3.76 || 3–30 || 0 || 0
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Best bowling analysis<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/STATS/ICCCT_OCT-NOV2006_ODI_BOWL_BEST_INNS_FIGS.html ICC Champions Trophy, 2006 Best Innings Bowling], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
|-
! No
! Player
! Team
! [[Bowling analysis|Analysis]]
! Opposition
! Stadium
! Date
|-
| align="right" | 1 || [[Farveez Maharoof]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| align="right" | 6–14 || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 14 October
|-
| align="right" | 2 || [[Makhaya Ntini]] || {{cr|RSA}}
| align="right" |5–21 || {{cr|PAK}} || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] || 27 October
|-
| align="right" | 3 || [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| align="right" | 4–23 || {{cr|NZL}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 20 October
|-
| align="right" | 4 || [[Kyle Mills]] || {{cr|NZL}}
| align="right" | 4–38 || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]] || 1 November
|-
| align="right" | 5 || [[Jerome Taylor]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" |4–49 || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 18 October
|-
| align="right" | 6 || [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] || {{cr|PAK}}
| align="right" | 4–50 || {{cr|SRI}} || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || 17 October
|-
| align="right" | 7 || [[Lasith Malinga]] || {{cr|SRI}}
| align="right" | 4–53 || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 24 October
|-
| align="right" | 8 || [[Chris Gayle]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" | 3–3 || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium]] || 8 October
|-
| align="right" | 9 || [[Jeetan Patel]] || {{cr|NZL}}
| align="right" | 3–11 || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || 16 October
|-
| align="right" | 10 || [[Dwayne Bravo]] || {{cr|West Indies}}
| align="right" | 3–14 || {{cr|BAN}} || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || 11 October
|}

==Records==
Records broken during the tournament:

* Most consecutive defeats, 9, Zimbabwe (carried over from previous tournaments).<ref>[https://archive.today/20120722183227/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/RESULTS/CONSECUTIVE_ICCCT_DEFEATS.html Champions Trophy – Most Consecutive Defeats], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Most consecutive wins: 6, West Indies (carried over from previous tournaments).<ref>[https://archive.today/20120731040521/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/RESULTS/CONSECUTIVE_ICCCT_WINS.html Champions Trophy – Most Consecutive Wins], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Number of centuries in a tournament: 3, [[Chris Gayle]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20120723121444/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/ICCCT_AVS_BAT_ALL_INNS_100S.html Champions Trophy Centuries], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Most runs in a tournament: 474, Gayle<ref>[https://archive.today/20120724090408/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/ICCCT_BAT_MOST_SERIES_RUNS.html Champions Trophy – Most Runs in a Tournament], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Most consecutive ducks: 3, [[Habibul Bashar]] (carried over from previous tournaments)<ref>[https://archive.today/20120722203044/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/MOST_CONSECUTIVE_DUCKS_IN_ICCCTS.html Champions Trophy – Most Consecutive Ducks], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Youngest centurion in a Champions Trophy: [[Shahriar Nafees]], 123 not out, Bangladesh v Zimbabwe, aged 20 years 261 days.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120730073309/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BATTING/ICCCT_YOUNGEST_CENTURIONS.html Champions Trophy – Youngest to Score Century], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Highest third wicket [[partnership (cricket)|partnership]]: 165, [[Upul Tharanga]] and [[Kumar Sangakkara]], Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe at [[Sardar Patel Stadium]], 10 October.<ref name=partnership>[https://archive.today/20130120000444/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/PARTNERSHIPS/ICCCT_PARTNERSHIP_RECORDS.html Champions Trophy – Partnership Records], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* Highest fifth wicket partnership: 137, [[Brian Lara]] and [[Runako Morton]], West Indies v Australia at [[Brabourne Stadium]], 18 October.<ref name=partnership/>
* Highest sixth wicket partnership: 131, [[Mark Boucher]] and [[Justin Kemp]], South Africa v Pakistan at [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], 27 October.<ref name=partnership/>
* Highest seventh wicket partnership: 103, [[Jacob Oram]] and [[Daniel Vettori]], New Zealand v Australia at [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], 1 November.<ref name=partnership/>
* Best bowling analysis: 9–2–14–6, [[Farveez Maharoof]], Sri Lanka v West Indies, [[Brabourne Stadium]], 14 October.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120731032055/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ICCCT/BOWLING/ICCCT_AVS_BOWL_BEST_INNS_FIGS.html Champions Trophy Best Innings Bowling], from Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 November 2006</ref>
* First [[One Day International cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick]]: [[Jerome Taylor]] v Australia, [[Brabourne Stadium]], 18 October.

== Off the field issues==
The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], Indian cricket's governing body, made efforts to ensure that this is the last ICC Champions Trophy. They stated that it was a "financial burden" for host nations and that the ICC should host only one international tournament, the World Cup.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/231644.html India to call for the scrapping of Champions Trophy] Cricinfo, 4 January 2006</ref> However, in April, BCCI president [[Sharad Pawar]] said that he would "respect the decision" if the ICC unanimously agreed to keep the Champions Trophy on the calendar.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/245532.html BCCI not against Champions Trophy – Pawar] Cricinfo 27 April 2006</ref>

After the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|bombings in Mumbai in July 2006]], there were concerns raised about the security of players, but no team decided to withdraw on these grounds.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/253216.html Concern over Champions Trophy] Cricinfo, 12 July 2006</ref>

[[Herschelle Gibbs]] returned to India for the first time in six years; he had refused to tour the country following the match-fixing scandal on the tour of India in 2000, over fears he might be arrested. He eventually agreed to a questioning session with the Delhi police, incriminating several more people in the scandal.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/262454.html Gibbs reveals more names to Indian police] Cricinfo, 12 October 2006</ref>

Pakistan's team composition frequently changed; the original captain [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] was suspended following his decision to forfeit the fourth Test of Pakistan's match against England over an umpiring decision. [[Younis Khan]] was instated as captain, withdrew himself, then was appointed for the job again. On 16 October, the day before their first match, Pakistan fast bowlers [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]] and [[Shoaib Akhtar]] were sent home following a positive A sample of a drugs test.

===Award ceremony controversy===
During the Award ceremony after the finals, [[Ricky Ponting]] tapped the shoulders of BCCI President [[Sharad Pawar]] and rudely gestured him to hand over the trophy. Soon after the trophy was handed over, [[Damien Martyn]] nudged Sharad Pawar off the stage, eager to relish the moment and to pose for the waiting photographers. Former Indian batsman [[Sunil Gavaskar]] who was also present on the stage, later disclosed that one of the [[Australia national cricket team|Australian team members]] referred to Pawar as "Hiya Buddy."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketnext.com/news/pawar-was-addressed-as-hiya-buddy-gavaskar/21579-13.html |title='Hiya buddy,' said Aussies to Pawar |access-date=8 November 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928074222/http://www.cricketnext.com/news/pawar-was-addressed-as-hiya-buddy-gavaskar/21579-13.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Although Pawar tried to play down the incident by stating that "it wasn't intentional," some cricketers, including the usually diplomatic [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Nikhil Chopra]] reacted strongly to this. In [[Mumbai]], a section of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] workers took to the streets demanding an apology from the [[Australian cricket team]]. [[Chaggan Bhujbal]], a [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] leader, said, "This is an insult to a senior leader. We will make a formal complaint to the Australian embassy." 

The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], however, decided not to complain to [[Cricket Australia]] officially.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketnext.com/news/bcci-wont-officially-complain-to-ca/21587-13.html |title=BCCI won't officially complain to Cricket Australia |access-date=8 November 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928074212/http://www.cricketnext.com/news/bcci-wont-officially-complain-to-ca/21587-13.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the issue soon got resolved when Ricky Ponting tended his apology to Pawar.

==See also==
*[[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]]
*[[2007 Cricket World Cup]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040911024047/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/events/championstrophy/ ICC Champions Trophy] ([[International Cricket Council]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061020133107/http://www.iccchampionstrophy.indya.com/ 2006 Champions Trophy], official site
*[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/232685.html ICC names Champions Trophy venues] ([[Cricinfo]], 12 January 2006)
*[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/243032.html Groups announced for Champions Trophy] ([[Cricinfo]], 2 April 2006)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060519210941/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-iccct/content/story/245513.html Venues announced], [[International Cricket Council]] press release, 27 April 2006
*[http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/ Match Scorecards] ([[Cricinfo]]), 1 April 2007
*[http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/ICCCT/SQUADS/ Squads] ([[Cricinfo]]), 1 April 2007

{{ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{2006 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{International cricket in 2006–07}}

[[Category:2006 ICC Champions Trophy| ]]
[[Category:ICC Champions Trophy tournaments]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket|Icc Champions Trophy, 2006]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2006]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in India|Cricket]]

Desan Kaur

2023-08-10T17:41:28Z

Xuppi: Will add more later

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = Sardarni of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]]
| consort = yes
| name = Desan Kaur
| title =
| image =
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| succession1 = Regent of [[Sukerchakia Misl]]
| reign = 1756 - 1770
| successor = [[Raj Kaur]]
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 = [[Maha Singh]]
| reign-type2 = [[Regency]]
| reign2 = {{circa}} 1770 – 1780
| birth_date = 1740
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
| death_date = 1794
| death_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
| spouse = [[Charat Singh]] (m. 1756)
| issue = [[Mahan Singh]]
 Sahej Singh Raj Kaur Saher Kaur
| house = [[Warraich]] (by birth) 
[[Sandhawalia]] (by marriage)
| father = Sardar Amir Singh Waraich
}}
'''Sardarni Desan Kaur Waraich''' (1740 – 1794), also known as '''Mai Desan''' was the regent of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]] during the minority of her son from 1770. She was the wife of [[Sardar]] [[Charat Singh]] and the mother of Sardar [[Maha Singh]]. Her grandson, [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], was the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]].

==Early life and marriage==
Bibi Desan Kaur Waraich was born to Sardar Amir Singh Waraich possibly in the year 1740. Sardar Amir Singh, was a very old Sikh Chieftain of Gujranwala, belonging to the Waraich Jat Clan. She had two elder brothers Dal Singh and Gurbaksh Singh, and a sister.

In 1756 <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Amarinder|title=The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar|year=2010|pages=7}}</ref> she married [[Charat Singh|Sardar Charat Singh]] of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]]. The couple had four children two sons, [[Mahan Singh]] also known as [[Maha Singh]], and Sahej Singh followed by two daughters, Bibi Raj Kaur (not to be confused with the wife of Mahan Singh) and Saher Kaur.

Sardarni Desan Kaur administered the Sukerchakia Misl since her husband was mostly away to battle.<ref>{{Cite web|last=indica|date=2020-10-24|title=Women in the Building of Sikh Shrines|url=https://indicanews.com/2020/10/24/women-in-the-building-of-sikh-shrines/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Indica news|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Regent of Sukerchakia Misl==
In 1770, her spouse died and was succeeded by her son, who was a minor. Mai Desan Kaur assumed the leadership of the Sukerchakia Misl as Mahan Singh was too young to run his affairs. Desan Kaur was an able administrator, her people prospered and were happy under her rule.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luoKAQAAMAAJ&q=desan+kaur|title=Studies in Sikhism and Comparative Religion|date=2006|publisher=Guru Nanak Foundation|language=en}}</ref> She was courageous and had tact and ability.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=desan+kaur&pg=PA14|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref> One of the first tasks she undertook was the rebuilding of the fort at Gujranwala which had been destroyed by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1751-1752. She renamed the new fort Mahan Singh ki Garhi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&dq=maha+singh&pg=PA3|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|language=en}}</ref>

She formed a political alliance with [[Sardar]] [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] of the Kanhaiya Misl.<ref name=":0" /> She arranged for her son Maha Singh to be married to [[Mananwala|Man Kaur]], daughter of Sardar Jai Singh Mann of Mogalchak-[[Mananwala]] and [[Raj Kaur]], daughter of Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind; she became popularly known as Mai Malwain. Desan Kaur married her daughter, Raj Kaur to Sahib Singh, the son of Gujar Singh of the [[Bhangi Misl]]. Her youngest daughter was married to Sohel Singh. By setting up these alliances she ensured the sympathies of the [[Phulkian Misl|Phulkians]] and the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangis]]( who were jealous of the growing fame of her late husband); these matrimonial alliances helped consolidate her power. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=desan+kaur&pg=PA14|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Simmi Sekhon portrays Desan Kaur in the 2010 historical TV series ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' telecasted on [[DD National]].

== References ==
<references />

{{improve categories|date=October 2020}}

[[Category:18th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:1736 births]]
[[Category:1788 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]

Rila Mukherjee

2023-07-18T00:20:05Z

Xuppi: Finished writing a new contribution.

'''Rila Mukherjee''' is a historian and author.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The French East India Company at Home and Abroad |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/46/review-article/french-east-india-company-home-and-abroad.html |language=en |volume=54 |issue=46}}</ref> She is a professor at the University of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rila Mukherjee - AMESA |url=https://amesa.library.columbia.edu/scholars/797?locale=en |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=amesa.library.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |title=The Bay and the Straits: The Melaka Era (1402-1641) in the Bengal Region |url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/17.3/Melaka.html |journal=World History Connected |volume=17 |issue=3}}</ref> She is a scholar of [[Indian Ocean studies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Artists Are Returning to ‘Oceanic Thinking’ |url=https://artreview.com/artists-oceanic-thinking-consciousness-water-aquatic-turn/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=artreview.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mukherjee's father, [[Ramkrishna Mukherjee]], and mother, Prabhati Mukherjee, were academics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munshi |first=Surendra |title=Life and Works of Ramkrishna Mukherjee: A Preliminary Appreciation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26368038 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=262–271 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref>

Mukherjee completed her PhD from the [[School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Rila Mukherjee, Ph.D |url=https://socialsciences.uohyd.ac.in/history/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/09/Rila.pdf |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=[[University of Hyderabad]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Mukherjee taught history at [[Jadavpur University]] from 1992 to 2007.<ref name=":0" /> She joined the [[University of Hyderabad]] in 2007.<ref name=":0" /> She is a fellow of the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" /> She is a staff member of the [[International Institute for Asian Studies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rila Mukherjee {{!}} IIAS |url=https://www.iias.asia/profile/rila-mukherjee |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.iias.asia}}</ref> She is the editor of the [[Asian Review of World Histories|''Asian Review of World Histories'']] published by the Asian Association of World Historians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Review of World Histories |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/arwh/arwh-overview.xml |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Brill |language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* India in the Indian Ocean World: From the Earliest Times to 1800 CE<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |title=India in the Indian Ocean world: from the earliest times to 1800 CE |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-16-6580-6 |location=Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |title=India in the Indian Ocean World |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-6581-3 |journal=SpringerLink |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-6581-3}}</ref>
* Indian Ocean Histories<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |title=Indian ocean histories: the many worlds of Michael Naylor Pearson |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-0-367-78459-1 |location=Abingdon (GB)}}</ref>
* From Mountain Fastness to Coastal Kingdoms<ref>{{Cite book |title=From mountain fastness to coastal kingdoms: hard money and 'cashless' economies in the medieval Bay of Bengal world |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-367-41915-8 |editor-last=Deyell |editor-first=John S. |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Mukherjee |editor-first2=Rila}}</ref>
* Oceans Connect: Reflections on Water Worlds across Time and Space (Issues in History)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Oceans connect: reflections on water worlds across time and space |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-40-5 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Rila |edition=1. publ |series=Issues in history |location=Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oceans and empires |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/oceans-and-empires/cid/1286077 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Living with Water: Peoples, Lives and Livelihoods in Asia and Beyond<ref>{{Cite book |title=Living with water: peoples, lives, and livelihoods in Asia and beyond |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-84092-00-9 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Rila |series=Issues in history |location=Delhi}}</ref>
* Rethinking Connectivity: Region, Place and Space in Asia (Issues in History)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rethinking connectivity: region, place and space in Asia |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-84082-84-0 |editor-last=Ghosh |editor-first=Lipi |series=Issues in history |location=Delhi |editor-last2=Mukherjee |editor-first2=Rila}}</ref>
* Beyond National Frames (Issues in History)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Beyond national frames: South Asian pasts and the world |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-84082-41-3 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Rila |series=Issues in history |location=Delhi}}</ref>
* Subversive Sovereigns Across the Seas Indian Ocean Ports of Trade From Early Historic Times to Late Colonialism<ref>{{Cite book |title=Subversive sovereigns across the seas: Indian Ocean ports-of-trade from early historic times to late colonialism |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-81574-70-6 |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kenneth R. |location=Kolkata |editor-last2=Mukherjee |editor-first2=Rila |editor-last3=Ghosh |editor-first3=Suchandra}}</ref>
* Vanguards of Globalization (Issues in History)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vanguards of globalization: port-cities from the classical to the modern |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-94-8 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Rila |edition=1. publ |series=Issues in history |location=Delhi}}</ref>
* Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pelagic passageways: the northern Bay of Bengal before colonialism |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Rila |edition=1. publ |location=Delhi}}</ref>
* Networks in the First Global Age: 1400-1800<ref>{{Cite book |title=Networks in the First Global Age 1400 - 1800 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research [u.a.] |isbn=978-93-80607-09-2 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Rila |edition=1. publ |series=Indian Council of Historical Research monograph series |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Indian Council of Historical Research}}</ref> published by the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ajit |title=The story of Kasimbazar's networks |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/column/column-the-story-of-kasimbazar-networks/20111007.htm |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
* Cross-Cultural Networking in the Eastern Indian Ocean Realm, c. 100-1800<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cross-cultural networking in the Eastern Indian ocean realm: c.100-1800 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-5290-695-6 |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kenneth R. |location=Delhi |editor-last2=Ghosh |editor-first2=Suchandra |editor-last3=Gangopadhyay |editor-first3=Kaushik |editor-last4=Mukherjee |editor-first4=Rila}}</ref>
* Europe Transformed: 1350-1789<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe Transformed: 1350-1789 - Rila, Mukherjee: 9788180640506 - AbeBooks |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9788180640506/Europe-Transformed-1350-1789-Rila-Mukherjee-8180640507/plp |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Strange Riches: Bengal in the Mercantile Map of South Asia<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |title=Strange riches: Bengal in the mercantile map of South Asia |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-324-5 |location=Delhi}}</ref>
* Locality, History, Memory: The Making of the Citizen in South Asia (Pasts and Futures: Readings in a Contemporary World)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Locality, history, memory: the making of the citizen in South Asia |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publ |isbn=978-1-4438-0188-1 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=Rila |edition=1. publ |location=Newcastle}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Rila}}
[[Category:Living people]]
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
[[Category:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]

1992 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2023-05-10T14:44:55Z

Xuppi: Wrote an inspiring manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[1992 Rajya Sabha elections]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

2004 ICC Champions Trophy

2023-05-09T03:10:19Z

Xuppi:

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2004 ICC Champions Trophy
| image =
| caption =
|fromdate=10|todate=25 September 2004| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{cr|ENG}}
| champions = {{cr|WIN}}
| count = 1
| runner up = {{cr|ENG}}
| participants = 12
| matches = 15
| attendance =
| player of the series = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]
| most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Marcus Trescothick]] (261)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Flintoff]] (9)
| previous_year = 2002
| previous_tournament = 2002 ICC Champions Trophy
| next_year = 2006
| next_tournament = 2006 ICC Champions Trophy
| imagesize =
}}
The '''2004 ICC Champions Trophy''' was held in [[England]] in September 2004. Twelve teams competed in 15 matches spread over 16 days at three venues: [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]] and [[The Oval]].
The nations competing included the ten [[Test cricket|Test]] nations, [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] (ODI status), and – making their [[One Day International]] debut – the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] who qualified by winning the [[2004 ICC Six Nations Challenge]] by the smallest of margins (coming down to [[net run rate]] over Canada, Namibia, and the Netherlands who had all recently played in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]).

The [[ICC Champions Trophy]] was won by the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in front of a sell-out Oval crowd. [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] was named the Player of the Tournament.<ref name="finalreport">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/233573.html|title=Wisden – Final: England v West Indies, 2004|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=7 October 2009|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66210.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2004 – Final: England v West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=7 October 2009|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==Participating nations==
{{see also|2004 ICC Champions Trophy squads}}

* Group A: [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[United States national cricket team|United States]]
* Group B: [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]
* Group C: [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]]
* Group D: [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], [[England cricket team|England]], [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]

==Group stage==

===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|section=A

|team1=AUS |team2=NZL |team3=USA
|result1=Q

|win_AUS=2 |loss_AUS=0 |rs_AUS=265 |or_AUS=45.1 |rc_AUS=263 |ob_AUS=100
|win_NZL=1 |loss_NZL=1 |rs_NZL=545 |or_NZL=100 |rc_NZL=336 |ob_NZL=87.2
|win_USA=0 |loss_USA=2 |rs_USA=202 |or_USA=100 |rc_USA=413 |ob_USA=57.5

|name_AUS={{cr|AUS}}
|name_NZL={{cr|NZL}}
|name_USA={{cr|USA}}

|col_Q=green1
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 347/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 137 (42.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}
| runs1 = [[Nathan Astle]] 145[[not out|*]] (151)
| wickets1 = [[Richard Staple]] 2/76 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Clayton Lambert]] 39 (84)
| wickets2 = [[Jacob Oram]] 5/36 (9.4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 210 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66197.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Nathan Astle]] (NZ)
| toss = United States won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Aijaz Ali]], [[Rohan Alexander]], [[Jignesh Desai]], [[Howard Johnson (cricketer)|Howard Johnson]], [[Mark Johnson (cricketer, born 1963)|Mark Johnson]], [[Steve Massiah]], [[Rashid Zia]], [[Tony Reid]], [[Leon Romero]] and [[Richard Staple]] (all USA) made their ODI debuts.
*''[[Rashid Zia]] (USA) made his List A debut.''
*''[[Nathan Astle]] (NZ) made the highest individual score by a player in ICC Champions Trophy history.''
*''Points: New Zealand 2, United States 0.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}}
| score1 = 65 (24 overs)
| score2 = 66/1 (7.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Steve Massiah]] 23 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Michael Kasprowicz]] 4/14 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 24[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets2 = [[Howard Johnson (cricketer)|Howard Johnson]] 1/26 (3 overs)
| result = Australia won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66200.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Michael Kasprowicz]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Donovan Blake]] and [[Nasir Javed]] (both USA) made their ODI debuts.
*''Points: Australia 2, United States 0.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 198/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 199/3 (37.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Brendon McCullum]] 47 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Michael Kasprowicz]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 71[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Scott Styris]] 1/9 (2 overs)
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66204.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Andrew Symonds]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia 2, New Zealand 0.
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|section=B

|team1=WIN |team2=RSA |team3=BAN
|result1=Q

|win_BAN=0 |loss_BAN=2 |rs_BAN=224 |or_BAN=100 |rc_BAN=363 |ob_BAN=67.5
|win_RSA=1 |loss_RSA=1 |rs_RSA=340 |or_RSA=67.5 |rc_RSA=342 |ob_RSA=98.5
|win_WIN=2 |loss_WIN=0 |rs_WIN=518 |or_WIN=98.5 |rc_WIN=377 |ob_WIN=100

|name_BAN={{cr|BAN}}
|name_RSA={{cr|RSA}}
|name_WIN={{cr|WIN}}

|col_Q=green1
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 93 (31.3 overs)
| score2 = 94/1 (17.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Nafees Iqbal]] 40 (59)
| wickets1 = [[Charl Langeveldt]] 3/17 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 42[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Tapash Baisya]] 1/39 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66199.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[Jeremy Lloyds]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Charl Langeveldt]] (SA)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Aftab Ahmed (cricketer, born 1985)|Aftab Ahmed]] and [[Nazmul Hossain]] (both Ban) made their ODI debuts.
*''[[Nazmul Hossain]] (Ban) made his List A debut.''
*''Points: South Africa 2, Bangladesh 0.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 269/3 (50 overs)
| score2 = 131 (39.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| runs1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 99 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Tapash Baisya]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Khaled Mahmud]] 34[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Mervyn Dillon]] 5/29 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 138 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66203.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Jeremy Lloyds]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, Bangladesh 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18–19 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 246/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 249/5 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 101 (135)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 3/50 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] 75 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Makhaya Ntini]] 2/26 (5 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66206.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Jeremy Lloyds]] (Eng) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain meant that only 6 overs of the West Indies innings could be played; the remainder was played on the reserve day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Windies to resume run chase as rain hits again|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-19/windies-to-resume-run-chase-as-rain-hits-again/554638|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=19 September 2004|access-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027195949/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-19/windies-to-resume-run-chase-as-rain-hits-again/554638|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>
| notes = Points: West Indies 2, South Africa 0
}}

===Group C===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|section=C

|team1=PAK |team2=IND |team3=KEN
|result1=Q

|win_IND=1 |loss_IND=1 |rs_IND=490 |or_IND=100 |rc_IND=393 |ob_IND=99.2
|win_KEN=0 |loss_KEN=2 |rs_KEN=286 |or_KEN=100 |rc_KEN=385 |ob_KEN=68.4
|win_PAK=2 |loss_PAK=0 |rs_PAK=296 |or_PAK=68 |rc_PAK=294 |ob_PAK=100

|name_IND={{cr|IND}}
|name_KEN={{cr|KEN}}
|name_PAK={{cr|PAK}}

|col_Q=green1
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 290/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 192/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 90 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Thomas Odoyo]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morris Ouma]] 49 (93)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 3/33 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 98 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66198.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (Ind)
| toss = Kenya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ragheb Aga]] and [[Maurice Ouma]] (both Ken) made their ODI debuts.
*''Points: India 2, Kenya 0.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14–15 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}}
| score1 = 94 (32 overs)
| score2 = 95/3 (18.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Kennedy Otieno]] 33 (73)
| wickets1 = [[Shahid Afridi]] 5/11 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yasir Hameed]] 41 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Ragheb Aga]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66202.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] (WI) and [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shahid Afridi]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No play was possible on 14 September, so the reserve day had to be used.
| notes = [[Malhar Patel]] (Ken) made his ODI debut.
*''Points: Pakistan 2, Kenya 0.''
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 19 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 200 (49.5 overs)
| score2 = 201/7 (49.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 67 (108)
| wickets1 = [[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan|Naved-ul-Hasan]] 4/25 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammed Yousuf]] 81[[not out|*]] (114)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/34 (9 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66207.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammed Yousuf]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Group D===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|section=D

|team1=ENG |team2=SRI |team3=ZIM
|result1=Q

|win_ENG=2 |loss_ENG=0 |rs_ENG=443 |or_ENG=74 |rc_ENG=242 |ob_ENG=74
|win_SRI=1 |loss_SRI=1 |rs_SRI=290 |or_SRI=67.5 |rc_SRI=335 |ob_SRI=74
|win_ZIM=0 |loss_ZIM=2 |rs_ZIM=338 |or_ZIM=100 |rc_ZIM=494 |ob_ZIM=93.5

|name_ENG={{cr|ENG}}
|name_SRI={{cr|SRI}}
|name_ZIM={{cr|ZIM}}

|col_Q=green1
}}</onlyinclude>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10–11 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 299/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 147 (39 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Paul Collingwood]] 80 (93)
| wickets1 = [[Ed Rainsford]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Elton Chigumbura]] 42[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 3/11 (6 overs)
| result = England won by 152 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66196.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Paul Collingwood]] (Eng)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain meant that only 38 overs of the England innings could be played; the remainder was played on the reserve day.
| notes = Points: England 2, Zimbabwe 0.
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 191 (49.1 overs)
| score2 = 195/6 (43.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Elton Chigumbura]] 57 (71)
| wickets1 = [[Nuwan Zoysa]] 3/19 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 43 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Elton Chigumbura]] 3/37 (8.5 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66201.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Elton Chigumbura]] (Zim)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Sri Lanka 2, Zimbabwe 0
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 17–18 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 251/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 95/5 (24 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 104 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 2/51 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 27 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 2/21 (5 overs)
| result = England won by 49 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2004-61157/england-vs-sri-lanka-10th-match-66205/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Andrew Flintoff]] (ENG)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain meant that only 32 overs of the England innings could be played; the remainder was played on the reserve day.
*'' Rain on the reserve day reduced Sri Lanka's innings to 24 overs, with a revised target of 145 runs.''
*'' Points: Sri Lanka 0, England 2.''
}}

==Knock-out stage==
{{4TeamBracket
| RD2 = Final

| seed-width =
| team-width = 120px
| score-width = 110px

| RD1-seed1 = A1
| RD1-team1 = {{cr|AUS}}
| RD1-score1 = 259/9 (50 overs)
| RD1-seed2 = D1
| RD1-team2 = '''{{cr|ENG}}'''
| RD1-score2 = '''262/4 (46.3 overs)'''

| RD1-seed3 = C1
| RD1-team3 = {{cr|PAK}}
| RD1-score3 = 131 (38.2 overs)
| RD1-seed4 = B1
| RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|WIN}}'''
| RD1-score4 = '''132/3 (28.1 overs)'''

| RD2-seed1 = D1
| RD2-team2 = '''{{cr|WIN}}'''
| RD2-score2 = '''218/8 (48.5 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = B1
| RD2-team1 = {{cr|ENG}}
| RD2-score1 = 217 (49.4 overs)
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 259/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 262/4 (46.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Damien Martyn]] 65 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Darren Gough]] 3/48 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Vaughan]] 86 (122)
| wickets2 = [[Brett Lee]] 2/65 (8.3 overs)
| result = England won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2004-61157/england-vs-australia-1st-sf-66208/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Michael Vaughan]] (ENG)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 22 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 131 (38.2 overs)
| score2 = 132/3 (28.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Yasir Hameed]] 39 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Corey Collymore]] 2/24 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] 56[[not out|*]] (85)
| wickets2 = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] 2/18 (7 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66209.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] (WI)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Salman Butt]] (Pak) made his ODI debut.
}}

===Final===

{{main|2004 ICC Champions Trophy Final}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 September 2004
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 217 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 218/8 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Marcus Trescothick]] 104 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Wavell Hinds]] 3/24 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 47 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2004-61157/england-vs-west-indies-final-66210/full-scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ian Bradshaw]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = West Indies won the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy.
}}

==Statistics==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Most runs'''<ref>{{cite web |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/ENG/ICC_Champions_Trophy_2004/Batting_by_Runs.html| title=Batting and Fielding in ICC Champions Trophy 2004| publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Player!!Runs!![[Batting average (cricket)|Average]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Marcus Trescothick]] || 261 || 65.25
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] || 166 || 83.00
|-
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Nathan Astle]] || 163 || 163.00
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Collingwood]] || 141 || 70.50
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[Chris Gayle]] || 139 || 34.75
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Flintoff]] || 129 || 32.25
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] || 127 || 63.50
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Damien Martyn]] || 125 || 125.00
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Most wickets'''<ref>{{cite web |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/ENG/ICC_Champions_Trophy_2004/Bowling_by_Wickets.html| title=Bowling in ICC Champions Trophy 2004| publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#bdb76b
! Player!!Wickets!![[Bowling average|Average]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Flintoff]] || 9 || 14.00
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steve Harmison]] || 8 || 17.12
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Michael Kasprowicz]] || 7 || 14.00
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[Chris Gayle]] || 7 || 17.85
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Shoaib Akhtar]] || 6 || 10.66
|-
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Jacob Oram]] || 6 || 11.66
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Gillespie]] || 6 || 15.50
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[Ian Bradshaw]] || 6 || 23.66
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61157.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2004/Results|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}
*{{cite web|url-access=subscription|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/2004_ENG_ICC_Champions_Trophy_2004.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2004|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095956/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/2004_ENG_ICC_Champions_Trophy_2004.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/events/championstrophy/|title=2004 ICC Champions Trophy|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=11 September 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911024047/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/events/championstrophy/|archive-date=11 September 2004|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/638550.html|first=Martin|last=Williamson|title=Rewind to 2004: ICC Champions Trophy – A turkey of a tournament|date=1 June 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}

{{ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{2004 English cricket season}}
{{International cricket in 2004}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2004 Icc Champions Trophy}}
[[Category:2004 ICC Champions Trophy| ]]
[[Category:ICC Champions Trophy tournaments]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 in cricket|Icc Champions Trophy]]

Administrative divisions

2022-01-31T00:14:36Z

Xuppi: New page structure.

#REDIRECT [[Administrative division]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R from plural}}
}}

Vishal Dadlani

2022-01-06T09:26:30Z

Xuppi: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{Short description|Indian singer, songwriter and music composer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishal Dadlani
| image = Vishal Dadlani Indian Idol Junior launch (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Dadlani at the Indian Idol Junior, in 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|06|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| education = [[Hill Grange High School]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Priyali|1999|2017|end=div}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/310117/vishal-dadlani-files-for-divorce-from-wife-after-18-years-of-marriage.html |title=Vishal Dadlani files for divorce from wife after 18 years of marriage |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=2022-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vishal-dadlani-files-for-divorce-from-wife-priyali-4498636/ |title=Vishal Dadlani files for divorce from wife Priyali | Entertainment News,The Indian Express |publisher=Indianexpress.com |accessdate=2022-05-08}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Jai Hind College]], [[University of Mumbai|MU]] [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics|HR College]], [[HSNC University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Music composer|film score composer|playback singer|lyricist|actor|screenwriter|TV judge ([[Indian Idol]])}}
| yearsactive = 1994–present
}}

'''Vishal Dadlani''' (born 28 June 1973) is an Indian singer, songwriter, actor and music composer. He is one half of the duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]], Front Man and vocalist of one of India's leading rock bands [[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram]].

As a singer he has sung various hit songs for various genre's notably ''Dhoom Again'', ''Kurban Hua'', ''Jee le Zara'', ''Marjaiyann'', ''I feel Good'', ''Jab Mila Tu'', ''Tu Meri'', ''[[Swag Se Swagat]]'', ''[[Bala (song)|Bala]]'', ''Har funn Maula'', ''[[Khuda Hafiz]]''. In an interview he has claimed to be able to "sing any genre from Rock to Romantic, as he has particular voice texture for kind of genre".{{To whom?}}{{Citation needed}}
As a vocalist of band [[Pentagram]], notable works are ''Voice, Tomorrow's Decided, Must I, Love Drug Climbdown'' and more to go.
As music director, he has composed some Songs for Films such as [[Om Shanti Om]], Anjana Anjani, [[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]], [[I Hate Luv Storys]], [[Bang Bang!|Bang Bang]], [[Sultan]], [[Student of the Year]], [[Befikre]], [[War (2019 film)|War]] etc.

Dadlani has been in collaboration with many international artists like [[Imogen Heap]], [[Diplo]], [[The Vamps (British band)|The Vamps]] and [[Akon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/happy-birthday-vishal-dadlani-the-pioneer-of-original-independent-music-turns-43-2881286/lite/|title=Happy Birthday Vishal Dadlani,The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vishal Dadlani says Metallica's influence reflects in his music in subliminal way |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/exclusivevishal-dadlani-says-metallica-s-influence-reflects-in-his-music-in-subliminal-way-101626411252367.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal, Shekhar are working with Imogen Heap - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vishal-shekhar-are-working-with-imogen-heap/articleshow/9455187.cms |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal Dadlani collaborates with Diplo and MÏ |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180730-vishal-dadlani-collaborates-diplo-and-m%C2%B0 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal-Shekhar, UK-based Band The Vamps Collaborate For Beliya |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vishal-shekhar-uk-based-band-the-vamps-collaborate-for-beliya-1450494 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Music review: SRK's RA.One |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-srk-s-ra-one/story-CWMa3TRI5sWsACfnePor3H.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dadlani was born and raised in a [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi Hindu]] family in [[Bandra, West Bombay]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/tonguetied-in-sindhi/article8418394.ece|title=Tongue-tied in Sindhi|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 August 2016|first=Rutam|last=Vora}}</ref> He went to [[Hill Grange High School]] in [[Gopalrao Deshmukh Marg|Pedder Road]], [[Cumbala Hill]], [[South Mumbai|South Bombay]] and subsequently attended [[Jai Hind College]], [[University of Mumbai]] for two years (1989–90), after which he went to [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]], [[HSNC University]], both in [[Churchgate]], [[South Mumbai|South Bombay]]. He graduated in 1994 with a bachelor's degree in commerce.

==Career==
Dadlani's musical journey started in 1994 with the [[Mumbai]]-based electronica/indie-rock band [[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram]], which he fronted. Pentagram has gained recognition as one of the pioneers of Indian independent music.<ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/play/indie-rock-mumbai-decade-review-894176/ Travel CNN] – Retrieved 21 July 2010</ref><ref>[https://maverickvedam.wordpress.com/2011/03/24/best-rock-bands-of-india/ Maverickvedem Blog]. Retrieved 24 March 2011</ref>

While active with the band, Dadlani found fame as a [[Bollywood]] music composer, singer, and lyricist, with movies like [[Jhankaar Beats]], [[Bluffmaster!|Bluff Master]], and [[Salaam Namaste]].

===Collaboration with Shekhar===
{{Main|Vishal–Shekhar}}
In 1999, [[Vishal–Shekhar]], the Bollywood composing/producing and performing music duo, was formed. Dadlani and [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] have worked together on Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, and Marathi films. Their notable works include ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' (2003), ''[[Dus]]'' (2005), ''[[Bluffmaster]]'' (2005), ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' (2006), ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008), ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' (2008), ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010), ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011), ''[[Student Of The Year (film)|Student of the Year]]'' (2012), ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013), ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014), ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014), ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' (2016), and ''[[Befikre]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m092014054254 |title=Vishal Dadlani music director of Happy New Year |publisher=PlanetBollywood |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> The duo has gained nationwide recognition, and today are credited with being amongst the architects of the modern Bollywood sound, having composed music for over 60 films, released over 300 songs, and performed over 1,000 shows worldwide. The two rose to prominence in 2003 when they wrote the score for the film ''Jhankaar Beats'', which included the song "Tu Aashiqui Hai". They won the [[Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent]] for their work on the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0347278/awards|title=Jhankaar Beats|publisher=IMDb}}</ref>

==Controversies==
* In the aftermath of the [[Panama Papers|Panama Paper]] leaks, the names of Dadlani and some of his family members surfaced due to investments they made through his company Sunny Blessing Holding Inc. in the [[British Virgin Islands]]. Some of these transactions are currently under investigation by the enforcement directorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?c=&cat=1&e=&j=&q=Dadlani&utf8=%E2%9C%93|title=Offshoreleaks ICIJ (Indian Names)|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>
* In 2016, Dadlani received strong opposition for criticizing the [[Jainism|Jain]] monk [[Tarun Sagar|Muni Tarun Sagar ji]] in a tweet. He was accused of hurting religious sentiments and several [[First information report]]s were filed against him, though the monk is said to not have taken the issue seriously. Dadlani later wrote an open letter, saying that the tweets had been his biggest mistake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/vishal-dadlanis-tweet-on-jain-monk-unfortunate-delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-2999812/|title=Vishal Dadlani offers to quit political work after controversial tweet on Jain monk|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> He was fined by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] for the tweet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tehseen-poonawalla-vishal-dadlani-fined-20l-for-tweets-against-monk/articleshow/69122337.cms|title=Tehseen Poonawalla, Vishal Dadlani fined 20L for tweets against monk|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref>

==Playback singer==
Dadlani got his first break as a playback singer when [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] asked him to sing "Kiss Of Love" for the movie ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''.{{Citation needed}} But because of some reasons{{Prove it}} the track delayed and he had recorded a track called "[[Dhoom Again]]" for [[Pritam]] as asked by Aditya Chopra which came out before "Kiss of Love".{{Citation needed}}

{{Main|List of songs recorded by Vishal Dadlani}}

Partial list of films Dadlani has recorded vocals for:
{{div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
* ''[[ShyamSinghaRoy]]'' (2021)
* ''DNA mein Dance'' (2020)
* ''[[Kareeb]]'' (2021)
* ''Har Funn Maula'' (2021)
* ''[[Khuda Hafiz]]'' (Titletrack)(2020)
* ''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Khaali Peeli]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Bunty Aur Babli 2]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Baaghi 3]]'' (2020)
* ''Lage Raho Kejriwal'' (2020)
* ''[[Housefull 4]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]'' (2019)
* ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral (miniseries)|Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' (2019)
* ''Malal'' (2019)
* ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'' (2018)
* ''Open Tuborg (with Diplo)'' (2018)
* ''[[Namaste England]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Bogda]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Kaalakaandi]]'' (2018)
* ''[[One (2017 film)|One]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]'' (2017)
* ''[[A Gentleman]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Befikre]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Banjo]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Miruthan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[ABCD 2]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Ungli]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Gippi]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Akaash Vani]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Student of the Year]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Talaash (2012 film)|Talaash]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Vicky Donor]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Pyar Ka Punchnama]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Patiala House]]'' (2011)
* ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Break Ke Baad]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Knock Out (2010 film)|Knock Out]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' (2010)
* ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'' (2010)
* ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kites]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Paathshaala]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Pyaar Impossible]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Aladin (2009 film)|Aladin]]'' (2009)
* ''[[London Dreams]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Kaminey]]'' (2009)
* ''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Krazzy 4]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Cash (2007 film)|Cash]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2007)
* ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Golmaal (2006 film)|Golmaal]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Taxi Number 9211]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Bluffmaster]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Ek Ajnabee]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Karam (film)|Karam]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Shabd (film)|Shabd]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' (2003)
{{div col end}}

==Lyrics by Vishal Dadlani==
{{div col|rules=yes}}
* ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' – "Musu Musu Hasi", "Woh Naujawan Hai", "Lakhon Deewane", "Pehli Baar" Along with [[Raj Kaushal]] (1993)
* ''[[Waisa Bhi Hota Hai Part II]]'' - "Allah ke Bande" (2003)
* ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' – All songs (2003)
* ''[[Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]'' – All songs (2004)
* ''[[Karam (film)|Karam]]'' – "Tinka Tinka" (2005)
* ''[[Bluffmaster!]]'' – (2005)
* ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' - All songs (2006)
* ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited|Golmaal]]'' – Aage Peeche (2006)
* ''[[Cash (2007 film)|Cash]]'' – All songs except for "Reham Kare" (2007)
* ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' - "Ajab Si" (2007)
* ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' – "Kuch Kum" (2008)
* ''[[Aladin (film)|Aladin]]'' – All songs except for "Bachke O Bachke" (2009)
* ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]'' – "Bin Tere", "Bin Tere (Reprise)", "Jab Mila Tu" (2010)
* ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'' – "Hairat,"I Feel Good", "Tujhe Bhula Diya" (Along with Kumar), "Aas Pas Khuda" & "Aas Pas Khuda (Reprise)" (Along with Shekhar) (2010)
* ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' – "[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]" (2010)
* [[Ra.One]]'' - "Chamak Chalo" (Along with Shekhar and [[Niranjan Iyengar]]), "Raftarein" (2011)
* ''[[Kahaani]]'' – "Ami Shotti Bolchi," Kahaani (Male), Kahaani (Female) (2012)
* ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]'' – (2012)
* ''[[Gippi]]'' – Along with [[Anvita Dutt]] (2013)
* ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' – Tu Meri", "Bang Bang" (2014)
* ''[[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]'' – "Banjo Party" Along with [[Ravi Jadhav]] (2016)
* ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' – "Tuk Tuk Rap" (2016)
* ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' – "Swag Se Swagat Rap"(2017)
* ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' – "Khalid's theme English Rap" (2019)
* ''[[Bob Biswas]]'' - "Tu Toh Gaya Re" (2021)
* ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]'' - "Firecracker (English)" along with [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]] and [[Kumaar]] (2022)
* ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' - "[[Besharam Rang]]" along with [[Kumaar]] (2023)
{{div col end}}

==Discography==
{{main|Vishal–Shekhar discography}}

'''Pentagram'''
* ''We're Not Listening'' (1996)
* ''Up'' (2002)
* ''[[It's OK, It's All Good]]'' (2007)
* ''Bloodywood'' (2011)

==Filmography==
* [[Om Shanti Om]] (2007) as a director
* [[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]] (2010) as a director in the song "Sheila Ki Jawani"
* [[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]] (2014) as a Judge

==Awards and nominations==
The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Vishal Dadlani alone. A list of awards and nominations received by Vishal—Shekhar can be seen [[Vishal–Shekhar#Awards and nominations|here]].

===Apsara Film and Television Producers Guild Award===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; textcolor:#000"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|'''Year'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Category'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Recipient'''
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|'''Result'''
! scope="col" style="width:2%;"|'''Ref.'''
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| Best Lyricist
| "Ankhon Mein Teri" (from ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'')''''
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=Nominations for 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |publisher=Apsara Awards|access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2010
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| "Dhan Te Nan" (from ''[[Kaminey]]'') (along with [[Sukhwinder Singh]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apsaraawards.org/5th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=Nominations for 5th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |publisher=Apsara Awards|access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|}

===BIG Star Entertainment Awards===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; textcolor:#000"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|'''Year'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Category'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Recipient'''
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|'''Result'''
! scope="col" style="width:2%;"|'''Ref.'''
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Singer (Male)|Most Entertaining Singer (Male)]]
| "[[Balam Pichkari]]" (from ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'')
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890/ |title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|}

===Filmfare Awards===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; textcolor:#000"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|'''Year'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Category'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Recipient'''
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|'''Result'''
! scope="col" style="width:2%;"|'''Ref.'''
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| "Ankhon Mein Teri" (from ''Om Shanti Om'')
| rowspan=5 {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/53rd-filmfare-award-nominations/ |title=53rd Filmfare Award Nominations |publisher=Indicine |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2010
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| "Dhan Te Nan" (from ''[[Kaminey]]'') (along with [[Sukhwinder Singh]])
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/725/ |title=Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| rowspan="2"| Best Lyricist
| "Bin Tere" (from ''I Hate Luv Storys'')
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/ |title=Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2012
| "[[Chammak Challo]]" (from ''[[Ra.One]]'') (along with Niranjan Iyengar)
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2974/2974 |title=Nominations for 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| "Chammak Challo" (from ''Ra.One'') (along with [[Akon]])
|}

===Global Indian Music Academy Awards===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; textcolor:#000"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|'''Year'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Category'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Recipient'''
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|'''Result'''
! scope="col" style="width:2%;"|'''Ref.'''
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| Best lyricist
| "Tujhe Bhula Diya" (from ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]'') (shared with [[Kumaar]])
| rowspan=3 {{nom}}
|<ref name="GiMA 2011 nom">{{cite news | url=http://www.gima.co.in/film-nominees-2011.php | work=GiMA | title=Film Nominations: Chevrolet GiMA Awards 2011 Powered By Lava Music Phones | date=19 October 2014 | access-date=4 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715151836/http://gima.co.in/film-nominees-2011.php | archive-date=15 July 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| rowspan="2"| Best Duet
| "Radha" (from ''Student of the Year'') (shared with [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]])
|<ref name="GiMA 2013 nom film">{{cite news | url=http://gima.co.in/2013_film_nominees.php | work=GiMA | title=Film Music Nominations: 5th Gionne Star Global Indian Music Academy (GiMA) Awards 2013 Powered By Reliance 3G | date=19 October 2014 | access-date=21 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107173055/http://gima.co.in/2013_film_nominees.php | archive-date=7 November 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2014
| "Balam Pichkari" (from ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'') (shared with [[Shalmali Kholgade]])
|<ref name="GiMA 2014 nom film">{{cite news | url=http://www.gima.co.in/2014_film_nominees.php | work=GiMA | title=Film Music Nominations: 4th Gionne Star Global Indian Music Academy (GiMA) Awards 2014 Powered By Reliance 3G | date=19 October 2014 | access-date=29 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053318/http://gima.co.in/2014_film_nominees.php | archive-date=8 February 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|}

===International Indian Film Academy Awards===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; textcolor:#000"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|'''Year'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Category'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Recipient'''
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|'''Result'''
! scope="col" style="width:2%;"|'''Ref.'''
|-
! scope="row"| 2010
| rowspan="2"| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| "Dhan Te Nan" (from ''[[Kaminey]]'') (along with [[Sukhwinder Singh]])
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=3 Idiots win big at IIFA awards|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/07/slide-show-1-winners-at-iifa-awards.htm|access-date=7 January 2013|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2011
| "Adhoore" (from ''[[Break Ke Baad]]'')
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners at the big IIFA Awards 2011|url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/winners-at-the-big-iifa-awards-2011-10791|publisher=NDTV|access-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>
|}

=== Mirchi Music Awards ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; textcolor:#000"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|'''Year'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Category'''
! scope="col" style="width:39%;"|'''Recipient'''
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|'''Result'''
! scope="col" style="width:2%;"|'''Ref.'''
|-
! scope="row" | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| ''[[Ra.One]]''
| rowspan=3 {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[5th Mirchi Music Awards|2012]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| "Jee Le Zaara" (from ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|Talaash]]'')
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/nomination.html|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012|website=radiomirchi.com|access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]]
| "Tu Meri" (from ''[[Bang Bang!]]'')
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2014|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref>
|}

{{authority control}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb name|1318670}}
* [https://twitter.com/VishalDadlani Vishal Dadlani on Twitter]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadlani, Vishal}}
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Bollywood playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian rock singers]]
[[Category:Tamil playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Hill Grange High School alumni]]
[[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]