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Rajkot–Veraval Express

2026-05-07T20:17:09Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rajkot–Veraval Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|08|04}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}} (RJT)
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}} (VRL)
| distance = {{convert|185|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4 hours 25 mins
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities = Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 19569/19570
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Somnath - Rajkot) Passenger (Veraval - Rajkot) Express route map.png|260px|(Veraval–Rajkot) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}
The 19569/19570 '''Rajkot–Veraval Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 19569/19570 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3580&did=1491226723917B3A2FA9C8AB8B777222CB1E53230A10F.web91 | title=Status & train number of three passenger trains changes to Mail Express trains....W.E.F 4th August, 2017 | date=3 April 2017 | publisher=Western Railway | accessdate=24 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3580&id=0,4,268 STATUS & TRAIN NUMBER OF THREE PASSENGER TRAINS CHANGES TO MAIL EXPRESS TRAINS....W.E.F 4th AUGUST, 2017]</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2918&did=1446208631975F92A1C190E1EC5026621ECF8B80E3514.web91 EXTRA COACHES ATTACHED IN 23 PAIRS OF TRAINS]</ref>

==Service==

*19569/Rajkot–Veraval Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and covers 185 km in 4 hrs 25 mins.
*19570/Veraval–Rajkot Express has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 185 km in 4 hrs 25 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhaktinagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Gondal}}
* {{stnlnk|Gomta}}
* {{stnlnk|Virpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Navagadh}}
* {{stnlnk|Jetalsar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Junagadh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Badodar}}
* {{stnlnk|Keshod}}
* {{stnlnk|Maliya Hatina}}
* {{stnlnk|Chorvad Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 9 General Unreserved
* 1 Railway Mail Service
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] or [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Rajkot to Veraval and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 59423/59424 [[Rajkot–Somnath Passenger]] and 59421/59422 [[Rajkot–Veraval Passenger]].

== See also ==

* [[Veraval Junction railway station]]
* [[Rajkot Junction railway station]]
* [[Rajkot–Veraval Passenger]]
* [[Rajkot–Somnath Passenger]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5350 19569/Rajkot–Veraval Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/3649 19570/Veraval–Rajkot Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkot-Veraval Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Rajkot]]
[[Category:Transport in Veraval]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mohandevji

2026-05-05T05:10:27Z

XuHzRuDLW: creating entry

{{Short description|Maharana of Dharampur from 1891 to 1921}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mohandevji
| title = [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]
| image = King_of_dharampur_MohanDevji_-_By_Rajendrakumar_Pavar_Dharampur..jpg
| alt = Statue of Mohandevji
| caption = Statue of Mohandevji at Lady Wilson Museum, [[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]]
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]
| reign = 7 August 1891 – 26 March 1921
| coronation = 7 August 1891
| predecessor = [[Narandevji]]
| successor = [[Vijayadevji]]
| suc-type =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1863|6|9|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1921|3|26|1863|6|9|df=yes}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Vijayadevji]]|Narasinhdevji}}
| full name = Mohandevji Narayandevji
| house = {{flagicon image|Drapeau_Dharampur.png}} [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]
| father = [[Narandevji]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Mohandevji Narandevji''' was the [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]] from 1891 until his death in 1921.

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 9 June 1863 to [[Narandevji]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=368 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pI-AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Administration of the Bombay Presidency for the year 1901-1902 |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1903 |location=Bombay |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==
He became the [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]] with full powers on 7 August 1891 following his father's death.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35690 |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, 1910 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |year=1910 |location=Calcutta |pages=263}}</ref> One of the first things he did was to cut palace expenses, and by 1898, to reduce palace expenses, he closed down many of its departments, including the garage, cattle farm, tailoring and washing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=S. Devadas |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rajahs_and_Prajas/aZscAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajahs and Prajas: An Indian Princely State, Then and Now |date=1976 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-057-0 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gujarat_State_Gazetteer/-qHiAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer |date=1989 |publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=302 |language=en}}</ref> He also sent the palace hakim away, and the palace stores were allowed to supply only tea and sugar.<ref name=":3" /> The next year in 1899, he fixed the amount of allowance for him and from that he also used to pay his staff and maintain his kitchen.<ref name=":4" /> He took great interest in educating his subjects and established many schools across various parts of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296 |title=Indian Princes and the Crown |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co., "Times of India" Office |location=Bombay |publication-date=1912 |pages=176}}</ref> He introduced free primary and high school education in his state and provided scholarships for deserving students to pursue college and advanced studies.<ref name=":2" /> He was well-known as a man of charitable disposition.<ref name=":2" /> He commissioned many temples and contributed substantial amounts to deserving philanthropic causes.<ref name=":2" /> He attended the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi durbar]] of 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WxBAQAAMAAJ |title=Coronation Durbar, Delhi 1911: Official Directory, with Maps |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=182 |language=en}}</ref> After the State entry of the [[Sultanate of Lahej|sultan of Lahej]], the [[Qu'aiti|sultan of Shihr and Mukalla]], and the [[Fadhli Sultanate|Fadhli sultan]] in [[Delhi]], he arrived in a carriage accompanied by a band, a police detachment, and his [[paraphernalia]].<ref name=":1" /> There was also a small escort on horseback and a second carriage carrying his principal officials.<ref name=":1" /> He paid homage to [[George V]] while dressed in white silk with gold embroidery, ornate decorations, and a yellow turban.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxQiAQAAMAAJ |title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=government of India |pages=84,165,374 |language=en}}</ref> He received the [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Medal]] in gold.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died on 26 March 1921 and was succeeded by his son [[Vijayadevji]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6487 |title=A Collection of treaties engagements and sanads relating to India and Nabouring countries |date=1931 |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch, Calcutta |pages=44}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Wikisource|The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Dharampur, Maharana of; H.H. Maharana Shri Mohandevji Narandevji|Mohandevji }}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohandevji}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Afcom Holdings

2026-05-02T19:53:00Z

XuHzRuDLW: made info

{{Short description|Indian cargo airline}}

{{Infobox airline
| airline = Afcom Holdings
| logo = Afcom Holdings logo.png
| logo_size =
| IATA = O9{{cn|date=April 2026}}
| ICAO =
| callsign =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2013}}
| commenced =
| key_people = Deepak Parasuraman (founder)
| website = {{URL|https://afcomcargo.com/}}
| hubs = [[Chennai International Airport]]
| fleet_size = 3
| destinations = 2
}}
'''Afcom Holdings''' is a [[cargo airline]] based out of [[Chennai]], India. The airline received the [[Air operator's certificate]] from the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] in December 2024.

== History ==
Afcom Holdings was established in 2013 by Captain Deepak Parasuraman. It received clearance from the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] to operate a [[cargo airline]] in 2017.<ref name="BSE">{{cite report|url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/download/345822/DRHPAFCOMfinal_merged(1)_20240719163553.pdf|title=Afcom|work=[[Bombay Stock Exchange]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/119767-indias-afcom-eyes-in-house-ops-as-first-b737f-arrives|title=India's Afcom eyes in-house ops as first B737F arrives|date=28 September 2022|access-date=1 December 2024|work=Ch aviation}}</ref> It went for a [[IPO]] and was listed in the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] in August 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/bse-sme-afcom-holdings-soars-on-listing-day-124081000434_1.html|title=BSE SME Afcom Holdings soars on listing day|date=10 August 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/ipos/how-to-check-afcom-holdings-ipo-allotment-status-online|title=Afcom Holdings makes a stellar debut, lists at 90% premium on BSE SME platform|date=9 August 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/afcom-holdings-makes-a-stellar-debut-lists-at-90-premium-on-bse-sme-platform-12791777.html|title=Afcom Holdings IPO: Check Allotment Status And Listing Date|date=7 August 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> It received the [[Air operator's certificate]] from the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] in December 2024.<ref name="Launch">{{cite news|url=https://cargofacts.com/allposts/fleets/afcom-receives-indian-aoc/|title=Afcom receives Indian NOC|date=13 December 2024|access-date=2 January 2025|work=Cargo facts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/148449-indias-afcom-secures-aoc-eyes-more-b737-freighters|title=Afcom receives Indian NOC|date=19 December 2024|access-date=2 January 2025|work=Ch aviation}}</ref> It landed its first aircraft at the [[Chennai International Airport]] in late December 2024, and is expected to regular scheduled operations in early 2025.<ref name="Dest">{{cite news|url=https://www.itln.in/aviation/afcom-holdings-to-begin-commercial-operations-1354143|title=Afcom Holdings to begin commercial operations|date=2 January 2025|access-date=2 January 2025|work=Indian Transport and Logistics News}}</ref>

== Destinations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Destinations<ref name="Dest"/>
|-
!Country
!City
!Airport
!Notes
|-
|India
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai International Airport]]
|{{airline hub}}
|-
|Thailand
|[[Bangkok]]
|[[Suvarnabhumi International Airport]]
|
|}

== Fleet ==
{{As of|2025|1}}, Afcom operates two leased [[Boeing 737-800BCF]] freighter aircraft.<ref name="Launch"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Afcom fleet
|-
! Aircraft
! In service
! Orders
! Passenger
! Notes
|-
| [[Boeing 737-800BCF]]
| 3
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Airlines established in 2013]]
[[Category:Airlines of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]

Kuljinder Singh Sidhu

2026-05-02T04:15:22Z

XuHzRuDLW: New bio

{{short description|Indian film actor, writer, screenwriter, producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Kuljinder Singh Sidhu
| image = Kuljinder Singh Sidhu at Punjabi Entertainment Festival & Awards.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], India
| alias =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|producer|screenplay writer}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| awards =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
| education =
}}

'''Kuljinder Singh Sidhu''' is an Indian actor, writer and film producer, who has appeared in Punjabi films.<ref name=yodha>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Yoddha-The-Warrior-feat-Kuljinder-Singh-Sidhu/articleshow/44156457.cms|title=Yoddha – The Warrior feat. Kuljinder Singh Sidhu|last1=TNN|date=10 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/this-is-how-kuljinder-singh-sidhu-is-prepping-up-for-gurmukh-the-eye-witness/articleshow/69008227.cms|title=This is how Kuljinder Singh Sidhu is prepping up for Gurmukh the eye witness|last1=TNN|date=23 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/new-on-screen-punjabi-jodies-to-look-forward-in-2019/gurmukh-kuljinder-singh-sidhu-shares-a-picture-of-him-and-sara-gurpal-from-the-sets/photostory/69458632.cms|title=kuljinder Singh Sidhu shares a picture of him and Sara Gurpal from the sets.|last1=TNN|date=23 May 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>
Kuljinder made his debut as an actor and writer with the movie [[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sadda-haq-box-office-collection-kuljinder-starrer-a-hit-in-uk-460341|title='Sadda Haq' Box Office Collection: Kuljinder Starrer a Hit in UK
|last1=Ankita Mehta|date=23 April 2013|work=[[International Business Times]]

|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/-let-people-take-a-call/825755.html|title=Let people take a call
|last1=Tribune India|date=30 April 2019|work=[[The Tribune]]|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref> which he also produced. Apart from this, he has produced and written the story and screenplay of the 2014 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film Yoddha: The Warrior,<ref name=yodha/> in which he played lead role antagonist [[Rahul Dev]]. He has received Ptc Best Actor Award by Critics and Ptc Best Screenplay Writer Award by Critics, for the film [[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== Filmography ==
=== As an actor ===
*''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]'' (2013)
*''Yoddha (2014 film)|Yoddha: The Warrior'' (2014)
* ''[[Shareek]]'' (2015)
* ''Jung e Azadi''
* ''Punjab Singh'' (2018)
* ''Asees'' (2018)
* ''[[Dakuaan Da Munda]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]'' (2019)
* ''Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di'' (2019)
* ''[[Baghi Di Dhee]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Maurh]]'' (2023)

=== As a writer and producer===
* Mini Punjab (2009)
*[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]] (2013)
*[[Yoddha (2014 film)|Yoddha: The Warrior]]<ref name=yodha/>(2014)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name |nm3951749}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidhu, Kuljinder Singh}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu

2026-04-30T07:19:02Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Protected areas of Tamil Nadu''' cover an area of {{convert|3305|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the {{convert|22643|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} recorded forest area of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[South India]]. It ranks 14th among all the [[states and union territories of India]] in terms of total protected area.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Tamil Nadu Forest Dept.|url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/wildbiodiversity_home.html|title=Wild Biodiversity|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206055559/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/wildbiodiversity_home.html|archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>

[[Protected areas of India|Protected areas]] in [[South India]] were created from [[Private protected areas of India#From the Southern princely states|private hunting grounds]] of the erstwhile Maharajas of the princely states. [[Mudumalai National Park]] was established in 1940 and was the first modern [[wildlife sanctuary]] in South India. The protected areas are administered by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of [[Government of India]] and the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]].



== Biosphere reserves ==
<div>{{location map+|Tamil Nadu|float=right|width=150|caption=Biosphere Reserves|places=
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai]]|position=right|lat_deg=08|lat_min=39| lon_deg=77|lon_min=13}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]|position=right|lat=11.5|long=76.5}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve|Gulf of Mannar]]|position=right|lat=9.42|long=78.99}}
</div>
}}

There are three Biosphere Reserves in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|title=Bio-Diversity and Wild Life in Tamil Nadu |url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx |publisher=ENVIS|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | District
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Established
|-
| [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve|Gulf of Mannar]]
| [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]], [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| {{convert|10500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1989
|-
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiris]]
| [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| {{convert|5520|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1986
|-
| [[Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai]]
| [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|3500.36|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2001
|}

== National parks ==
<div>{{location map+|Tamil Nadu|float=right|width=150|caption=National Parks|places=
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]]|position=right|lat=10.66|long=76.97}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Guindy National Park|Guindy]]|position=left|lat=13.03|long=80.23}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai]]|position=right|lat=11.5|long=76.5}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]]|position=right|lat=11.27|long=76.56}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]]|position=left|lat=9.42|long=78.99}}
</div>
}}
Tamil Nadu has five [[National parks of India|National Parks]] covering {{convert|307.84|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ENVIS"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | District
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Established
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi National Park|Anamalai]]
| [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| {{convert|117.1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1989
|-
| [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai]]
| [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| {{convert|103.24|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1990
|-
| [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]]
| [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| {{convert|78.46|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1982
|-
| [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]]
| [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| {{convert|6.23|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1980
|-
| [[Guindy National Park|Guindy]]
| [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| {{convert|2.82|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1976
|-
|}

== Wildlife sanctuaries ==
Tamil Nadu has 18 [[Protected areas of India#Wildlife sanctuaries|wildlife sanctuaries]].<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|title=Tamil Nadu’s 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-notifies-cauvery-south-wildlife-sanctuary-as-states-17th-wildlife-sanctuary-8257478/
|title=Tamil Nadu notifies Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary as state’s 17th wildlife sanctuary|date=10 November 2022|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil Nadu notifies India's first slender loris sanctuary
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-government-notifies-indias-first-slender-loris-sanctuary-at-kadavur/article66000494.ece|date=12 October 2022|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=State gets exclusive sanctuary for spotted deer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-gets-exclusive-sanctuary-for-spotted-deer/article5214899.ece|date=9 October 2013|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | District
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Established
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary|Anamalai]]
| [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| {{convert|841.49|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1976
|-
| [[Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary|Cauvery North]]
| [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| {{convert|504.34|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2015
|-
| [[Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary|Cauvery South]]
| [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| {{convert|686.4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2022
|-
| [[Gangaikondan Spotted Deer Sanctuary|Gangaikondan]]
| [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|288.4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2013
|-
| [[Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|Grizzled Squirrel]]
| [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
| {{convert|485|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1988
|-
| [[Kadavur Wildlife Sanctuary|Kadavur]]
| [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]], [[Karur district|Karur]]
| {{convert|118.06|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2022
|-
| [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Kalakkad]]
| [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|223.58|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1962
|-
| [[Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary|Kanyakumari]]
| [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| {{convert|457.78|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2008
|-
| [[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Megamalai]]
| [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Theni district|Theni]]
| {{convert|269.1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2009
|-
| [[Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary|Mudumalai]]
| [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| {{convert|217.76|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1940
|-
| [[Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary|Kodaikanal]]
| [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| {{convert|608.95|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2008
|-
| [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Mundanthurai]]
| [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|282.08|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1962
|-
| [[Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary|Point Calimere]]
| [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
| {{convert|124.07|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1967
|-
| [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam]]
| [[Erode district|Erode]]
| {{convert|1411.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2008
|-
| [[Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary|Periyar]]
| [[Erode district|Erode]]
| {{convert|805.67|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2023
|-
| [[Tirunelveli Wildlife Sanctuary|Tirunelveli]]
| [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|356.73|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2015
|-
| [[Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary|Vallanadu]]
| [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| {{convert|16.41|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1987
|-
|}

== Elephant reserves ==
<div>{{location map+|Tamil Nadu|float=right|width=150|caption=Elephant reserves|places=
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai]]|position=right|lat_deg=08|lat_min=39|lon_deg=77|lon_min=13}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]]|position=left|lat_deg=10|lat_min=25|lon_deg=77|lon_min=3.4}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Coimbatore Elephant Reserve|Coimbatore]]|position=right|lat=10.87|long=76.86}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiris]]|position=right|lat_deg=11|lat_min=16|lon_deg=76|lon_min=33.5}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Srivilliputtur]]|position=left|lat=9.65|long=77.39}}
</div>
}}

There are five declared elephant sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu as per [[Project Elephant]].<ref name="ENVIS"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | District
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Established
|-
| [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai]]
| [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|1197.48|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2022
|-
| [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]]
| [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| {{convert|1457|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2003
|-
| [[Coimbatore Elephant Reserve|Coimbatore]]
| [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]], [[Erode district|Erode]]
| {{convert|566|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2003
|-
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiris]]
| [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| {{convert|4663|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2003
|-
| [[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Srivilliputtur]]
| [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[virudhunagar district|virudhunagar]] [[Theni district|Theni]]
| {{convert|1249|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2003
|-
|}

== Tiger reserves ==
<div>{{location map+|Tamil Nadu|float=right|width=150|caption=Tiger reserves|places=
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|KMTR]]|position=right|lat_deg=08|lat_min=39|lon_deg=77|lon_min=23}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]]|position=left|lat_deg=10|lat_min=25|lon_deg=77|lon_min=3.4}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve|Sathy]]|position=right|lat_deg=11|lat_min=24|lon_deg=77|lon_min=13.57}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Mudumalai Tiger Reserve|Mudumalai]]|position=right|lat_deg=11|lat_min=34|lon_deg=77|lon_min=30}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Megamalai-Srivilliputhur]]|position=left|lat=9.65|long=77.39}}
</div>
}}

Tamil Nadu participates in [[Project Tiger]] and has five declared [[tiger reserves of India|tiger reserves]].<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref name="Thousands">{{cite news|url=https://www.planetark.org/enviro-news/item/51067|title=Thousands Protest Against Indian Tiger Reserve|last=Murari|first=S.|date=31 December 2008|work=Planet Ark|publisher=Reuters|access-date=30 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716234126/https://www.planetark.org/enviro-news/item/51067|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="MOEF">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44799|title=Eight New Tiger Reserves|date=13 November 2008|work=Press Release|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India|access-date=2009-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 February 2021|title=Srivilliputhur–Megamalai Tiger Reserve in TN approved|language=en-IN|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/srivilliputhurmegamalai-tiger-reserve-in-tn-approved/article33766578.ece|access-date=28 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | District
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Established
|-
| [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve]]
| [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| {{convert|958.59|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2008
|-
| [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Kalakkad-Mundanthurai]]
| [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|895|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1988
|-
| [[Mudumalai Tiger Reserve|Mudumalai]]
| [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| {{convert|367.59|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2007
|-
| [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam]]
| [[Erode district|Erode]]
| {{convert|1,408.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2011
|-
| [[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Megamalai]]
| [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Theni district|Theni]]
| {{convert|1016.57|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2021
|-
|}

== Bird sanctuaries ==
There are seventeen declared bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Migratory birds flock to Vettangudi Sanctuary |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 November 2004 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/migratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary/article27715325.ece|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department|date=23 January 2008|url=http://www.tnrd.gov.in/Pt_Raj/linkfiles/19-23.1.2008.re.pdf|title=Declaring Viralimalai as a heritage place|type=pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu government notifies Nanjarayan tank in Tiruppur as bird sanctuary|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 September 2022|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tamil-nadu-government-notifies-nanjarayan-tank-in-tiruppur-as-bird-sanctuary/article65885848.ece|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazhuveli wetland in Tamil Nadu declared bird sanctuary|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | District
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Area
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Established
|-
| [[Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary|Chitrangudi]]
| [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| {{convert|.48|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1989
|-
| [[Kallaperambur Lake Bird Sanctuary|Kallaperambur]]
| [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| {{convert|.64|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2015
|-
| [[Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary|Kanjirankulam]]
| [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| {{convert|1.04|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1989
|-
| [[Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary|Karaivetti]]
| [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
| {{convert|4.54|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1989
|-
| [[Karikili Bird Sanctuary|Karikili]]
| [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| {{convert|0.612|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1988
|-
| [[Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary|Kazhuveli]]
| [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]
| {{convert|51.56|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2021
|-
| [[Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary|Koothankulam]]
| [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| {{convert|1.2933|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1994
|-
| [[Melaselvanur-Kilaselvanur Bird Sanctuary|Melaselvanur–Kilaselvanur]]
| [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| {{convert|5.93|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1998
|-
| [[Nanjarayan Tank Bird Sanctuary|Nanjarayan Tank]]
| [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| {{convert|1.26|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2022
|-
| [[Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary|Point Calimere]]
| [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| {{convert|17.26|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1987
|-
| [[Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary|Pulicat]]
| [[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
| {{convert|461.02|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1976
|-
| [[Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary|Suchindram Theroor]]
| [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| {{convert|0.94|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 2002
|-
| [[Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary|Udayamarthandapuram]]
| [[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
| {{convert|0.45|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1999
|-
| [[Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary|Vaduvoor]]
| [[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
| {{convert|1.28|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1999
|-
| [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary|Vedanthangal]]
|[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| {{convert|0.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1936
|-
| [[Vellode Birds Sanctuary|Vellode]]
| [[Erode district|Erode]]
| {{convert|0.772|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1996
|-
| [[Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary|Vettangudi]]
| [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]]
| {{convert|0.344|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| 1977
|-
| [[Viralimalai Bird Sanctuary|Viralimalai]]
| [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|
|
|-
|}

== Zoos, reserves and animal farms==
There is one conservation reserve at [[Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve|Tiruvidaimarudur]] in [[Thanjavur district]]. There are two [[List of protected areas in India#Zoos|zoos]] recognised by the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] namely [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] and [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], both located in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Guindy Children's Park upgraded to medium zoo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/28/guindy-childrens-park-upgraded-to-medium-zoo-2481397.html|date=28 July 2022|access-date=31 October 2022|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The state has other smaller zoos run by local administrative bodies such as [[VOC park and zoo|Coimbatore Zoo]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Amirthi Zoological Park]] in [[Vellore]], Kurumpampatti Wildlife Park in [[Salem district|Salem]], Yercaud Deer Park in [[Yercaud]], Mukkombu Deer Park in [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]] and Ooty Deer Park in [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]].<ref name="ENVIS"/>

There are five crocodile farms located at [[Amaravathi Dam#Crocodiles|Amaravati]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Hogenakkal (village)|Hogenakkal]] in [[Dharmapuri district]], Kurumbapatti in [[Salem district]], [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] in [[Chennai]] and [[Sathanur Reservoir|Sathanur]] in [[Tiruvannamalai district]].<ref name="ENVIS"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Protected Areas Of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Lists of protected areas of India]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu]]

Siege of Panhala (1660)

2026-04-23T23:20:10Z

XuHzRuDLW: Created Info!

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|1660 siege in India between the Maratha Empire and Bijapur Sultanate}}{{About|the 1660 siege|other sieges|Siege of Panhala (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = '''Siege of Panhala'''
| width =
| partof =
| image = Teen darwaza panhala.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 22 September 1660 A.D.
| place = [[Panhala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.82|N|74.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Maharashtra#India#South Asia
| map_relief =
| map_size = 260px
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = [[Panhala]] and [[Pavangad]] added to territory of [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
| result = [[Bijapur Sultanate]] victory<ref name=:2>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&q=shivaji+surrender+at+panhala |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=542–543 |language=en}}"At that time, Shivaji was engaged in the defence of Panhala against Bijapur. The Mughal attack on his territories compelled him to conclude peace with Bijapur by the surrender of Panhala."</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Shivaji]]{{Surrender}} Shiva Kashid{{KIA}} Kadtoji Gujar Siddi Hilal{{Surrendered}} [[Netaji Palkar]]{{Surrendered}} [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = Siddi Jauhar Fazl Khan [[Sidi Yaqub]]
| commander3 =
| units1 = 3,000 Cavalry 5,000 Infantry
| units2 = 10,000–15,000 Cavalry
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''siege of Panhala''' was led by Siddi Jauhar on behalf of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], dispatched by [[Ali Adil Shah II]] to reclaim the Panhala Fort, was a momentous undertaking. [[Shivaji]] had seized [[Panhala]] on 28 November 1659, just 18 days after the death of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] at [[Pratapgad]]. Despite the efforts of two of [[Bijapur Sultanate]]’s prominent commanders, Afzal Khan and [[Rustam Zaman]], who had both failed in their attempts to capture [[Shivaji]], victory eluded them. With [[Bijapur]] running short of options and facing the expanding influence of [[Shivaji]], the responsibility of bringing this campaign to a conclusion fell on Siddi Jauhar. By taking on this pivotal role, Siddi Jauhar finally earned favor at the Bijapur court, leading to the restoration of the [[Kurnool]] district to him, and Shivaji had to surrender the Panhala fort.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=774 |language=en}}"Maratha commander Shivaji killed the Bijapur General Afzal Khan at Pratabgarh then cap- tured Panhala near Kolhapur, where he was besieged by the Bijapur army under Fazl Khan, son of the murdered General. Shivaji fled after the fall of nearby Pavingarh (13 July) and Panhala finally had to surrender when Sultan Ali Adil Shah sent further reinforcements (2 March-22 September 1660)."</ref>

==Background==
Sidi Jauhar's forces were constantly on edge, never knowing when [[Netaji Palkar]] and his cavalry would strike next. The siege of [[Panhala]] became a test of endurance for both sides, with Shivaji's men fighting bravely to defend their fortress.
Despite the relentless attacks by [[Netaji Palkar]], Sidi Jauhar remained determined to capture Panhala. He ordered his troops to launch a full-scale assault on the fort. Shivaji and his men fought valiantly, but they were outnumbered and outgunned. The Bijapur forces managed to breach the defenses and enter the fort.
In the midst of the chaos, Shivaji made a strategic retreat, leaving Panhala in the hands of the enemy. It was a bitter blow to his forces, but he knew that the war was far from over. As Sidi Jauhar celebrated his victory, Shivaji was already planning his next move to reclaim what was rightfully his.
The fall of Panhala was a setback for Shivaji, but it only fueled his determination to continue fighting for his people's freedom. The war with [[Bijapur]] was far from over, and Shivaji was ready to do whatever it took to ensure the safety and prosperity of his kingdom. The battle for [[Panhala]] was just one chapter in the long and complex history of Shivaji's struggle for independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWwyDQAAQBAJ&q=panhala |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji |date=2016-10-05 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-007-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=:1>{{Cite book |last=Bhosle |first=Prince Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-RDDwAAQBAJ&q=surrender+of+Panhala+and+a+truce+between+Shivaji+and+Adilshah.+After |title=Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings: 2nd Edition (with a Brief History of Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj, Dharmaveer Sambhaji Maharajah, Swami Samartha Ramdas, Cholas, Nayakas and Indian Classical Art-Bharatanatyam) |date=2017-12-20 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-948230-95-7 |language=en}}"In 1660, Siddi Johar's huge and
daunting army attacked him at Panhala fort. Shivaji
managed to escape from the fort. However, he soon launched an attack on Siddi Johar.The result was the surrender of Panhala and a truce between Shivaji and
Adilshah."</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Naravane |first1=M. S. |title=Forts of Maharashtra |date=1995 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |isbn=9788170246961 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIrfAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century [3 Volumes] |date=2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780313335365 |page=774 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC}}"Maratha commander Shivaji killed the Bijapur General Afzal Khan at Pratabgarh then captured Panhala near Kolhapur, where he was besieged by the Bijapur army under Fazl Khan, son of the murdered General. Shivaji fled after the fall of nearby Pavingarh (13 July) and Panhala finally had to surrender when Sultan Ali Adil Shah sent further reinforcements (2 March-22 September 1660)"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYiBAAAQBAJ |title=Maratha Generals and Personalities: A gist of great personalities of Marathas |date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Pratik gupta |pages=126 |language=en}}"Other accounts state that after months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddhi Jahuar and handed over the fort on 22 Septem- ber 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad"</ref>

==The siege==
The siege initiated by Siddi Jauhar involved blocking all escape routes for [[Shivaji]], prompting Netaji to conduct nightly attacks on Jauhar's army to safeguard [[Shivaji]] from harm. Eventually, Shivaji managed to escape from Panhala with his family and reach Vishalgad, but he was pursued by Fazl Khan, the son of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] who had died in the [[Battle of Pratapgarh]]. Fazl Khan, fueled by anger and seeking revenge, began plundering and devastating Shivaji's possessions in the Konkan region. He successfully captured the [[Pavangad]] fort after a relentless campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulkarnee |first=Narayan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faodAAAAMAAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology |date=1975 |publisher=Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti |pages=1–2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=:0>{{Cite book |last=Deopujari |first=Murlidhar Balkrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ |title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War |date=1973 |publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal |pages=XIII |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=774 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CambridgeHistoryOfIndiaVol.4TheMughulPeriod |title=Cambridge History Of India, Vol. 4, The Mughul Period |pages=17}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{Gallery|File:Southern Gateway of Pavangad.jpg|[[Pavangad]] Fort captured by Fazl khan.
|File:Erstwhile Gateway of Panhala fort.jpg|[[Panhala Fort]]}}
Following the defeat of the [[Marathas]], all remaining Maratha soldiers within the fort were massacred. [[Shivaji]], acknowledging the situation, approached Siddi Jauhar and surrendered [[Panhala]] to the Adil Shahi army. Furthermore, Fazl Khan's successful capture of the Pavangad fort resulted in its incorporation into the Adil Shahi territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulkarnee |first=Narayan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faodAAAAMAAJ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji, Architect of Freedom: An Anthology |date=1975 |publisher=Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti |pages=1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghatwai |first=Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABoIEAAAQBAJ&q=panhala |title=Mata Jijabai: Mata Jijabai: The Revered Mother of Chhatrapati Shivaji by S.K. Agrawal |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-88322-07-7 |language=en}}</ref> This notable siege was orchestrated under the leadership of [[Ali Adil Shah II]], aimed at reclaiming the territories lost during the [[Battle of Pratapgarh]]. The siege culminated in great success, leading to the recapture of significant Adil Shahi dynasty territories.<ref name=":0" /> However, Shivaji recaptured the Panhala fort in 1673.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA321 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |page=321 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Siege of Panhala (1694–1696)|Siege of Panhala (1694-96)]]
* [[Siege of Panhala (1701)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:1660 in India]]

Shatruvu (2013 film)

2026-04-23T23:17:58Z

XuHzRuDLW: Created Info

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shatruvu
| image = Shatruvu (2013 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = N.S.R Prasad
| writer =
| producer = VS Ramireddy
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Aksha Pardasany]]}}
| cinematography = Rahul
| editing =
| music = Gana
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|1|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shatruvu''''' ({{translation|Enemy}}) is a 2013 Indian Telugu-language thriller film directed by N.S.R Prasad and starring [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Aksha Pardasany]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Srikanth exudes confidence over Shatruvu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanth-exudes-confidence-over-shatruvu/articleshow/18062308.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531072443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanth-exudes-confidence-over-shatruvu/articleshow/18062308.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Shankaranna a.k.a. Shankar
*[[Aksha Pardasany]] as Anusha a.k.a. Anu
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Arvind
*[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]]

==Production==
The film was shot in Hyderabad and Bangkok.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Srikanth's new movie is Shatruvu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanths-new-movie-is-shatruvu/articleshow/14733092.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531072443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanths-new-movie-is-shatruvu/articleshow/14733092.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music by Gana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://moviegq.com/movie/shatruvu-8078/songs | title=Shatruvu 2013 Telugu Movie Songs, Shatruvu Music Director Lyrics Videos Singers & Lyricists | access-date=2022-06-13 | archive-date=2022-10-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010090453/https://moviegq.com/movie/shatruvu-8078/songs | url-status=live }}</ref>
#Regupallu - [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
#Jabili - [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], Bhargavi Pillai
#Dhama Dhama - [[Vijay Prakash]]
#Ammevaro - Nitya Santhoshini, Rajesh
#Shalalalaa - [[Suchitra]], Kenny

==Reception==
Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "It seems like a B-Grade action film from the nineties and everything looks too outdated. There are too many loopholes in the script and the execution so analysis into what all went wrong will be a waste of time".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=24 January 2013 |title=Shatruvu Movie Review by The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shatruvu/movie-review/18169037.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021042935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Shatruvu/movie-review/18169037.cms |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]'' gave the film a rating of 1 out of 5. The critic called the film outdated and said that Srikanth should not do such films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2013 |title=సమీక్ష : శత్రువు – కాలం చెల్లిన కథ |trans-title=Review: Satruvu - Outdated story |url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/reviews/review-shatruvu-an-old-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323060343/http://www.123telugu.com/telugu/reviews/review-shatruvu-an-old-story.html |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=123telugu |language=te}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2013 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]

Snakes and Ladders (Indian TV series)

2026-04-20T22:14:21Z

XuHzRuDLW: Created A Article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Snakes and Ladders (2024 TV series).jpg
| genre = [[Black comedy]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on =
| story =
| screenplay =
| writer =
| director = Ashok Veerapan Bharath Muralidharan Kamala Alchemis
| starring = [[Naveen Chandra]] [[Nandaa]] [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] Muthukumar [[Srinda]] M. S. Samrith S. Surya Ragaveshwar S. Suryakumar Tarun Yuvraaj Sasha Bharen Vishnu Bala Ramachandran Durairajan Dileepan Sreejith Ravi Subash Selvan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Arjun Ukramakali
| producer = Kalyan Subramanian
| company = [[Stone Bench Creations]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| theme_music_composer = Prithvi Chandrasekhar
| composer =
| open_theme =
| cinematography =
| editor = Radha Sridhar
| runtime = approx.26–34 minutes per episode
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2024|10|18}}
| related =
| location =
| creator = Kamala Alchemis Dhivakar Kamal '''Creative Producer''' [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
}}

'''''Snakes and Ladders''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series created by Kamala Alchemis and Dhivakar Kamal for [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/snakes-ladders-on-ott-prime-video-releases-trailer-of-dark-humour-thriller-series/43fa94f32f726|title=Snakes & Ladders on OTT: Prime Video releases trailer of dark humour thriller series|website=www.ottplay.com|date=9 October 2024|language=en}}</ref> The show is directed by Ashok Veerapan, Bharath Muralidharan and Kamala Alchemis, Produced by Kalyan Subramanian under the banner of [[Stone Bench Creations]], the show revolves around journey of a group of school-going children, police, and a gang of brainless thugs.

The principal characters of the series include [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Nandaa]], [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], Muthukumar, [[Srinda]], M. S. Samrith, S. Surya Ragaveshwar, S. Suryakumar, Tarun Yuvraaj, Sasha Bharen, Vishnu Bala, [[Ramachandran Durairaj]], [[Dileepan]], [[Sreejith Ravi]] and Subash Selvan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/english/snakes-ladders-trailer-video-naveen-chandra-and-nandha-manoj-bharathiraja-starrer-snakes-ladders-official-trailer-video/videoshow/114106621.cms|title='Snakes & Ladders' Trailer: Naveen Chandra and Nandha, Manoj Bharathiraja starrer 'Snakes & Ladders' |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2024|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 18 October 2024 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tamil-series-snakes-ladders-to-stream-from-october-18-101728283350761.html|title=Tamil series 'Snakes & Ladders' to stream from October 18|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 October 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/tamil/karthik-subbarajs-thriller-series-snakes-ladders-to-stream-from-october-18/articleshow/114016945.cms|title=Karthik Subbaraj's thriller series 'Snakes & Ladders' to stream from October 18|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 October 2024|language=en|access-date=11 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009143925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/tamil/karthik-subbarajs-thriller-series-snakes-ladders-to-stream-from-october-18/articleshow/114016945.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Leonard
* [[Nandaa]] as Chezhian
* [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] as Mahalingam
* Muthukumar as Richard
* [[Srinda]] as Raagi's Mother
* M. S. Samrith Surya as Gilbert
* S. Surya Ragaveshwar as Iraiyan
* S. Suryakumar as Sandy
* Tarun Yuvraaj as Bala
* Sasha Bharen as Raagitha
* Vishnu Bala as Vinay
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] as Blade
* [[Dileepan]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]]
* Subash Selvan as Paari
* Samrithsajith as Gilbert
}}

==Episodes==
{{Episode table
| background = #1E6616
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| director =
| directorR =
| episodes =
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Square One
| DirectedBy = Bharath Muralidharan
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Four Feet Under
| DirectedBy = Bharath Muralidharan
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Friend or Foe?
| DirectedBy = Bharath Muralidharan
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = A Beautifull Mind
| DirectedBy = Ashok Veerapan
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Young Blood
| DirectedBy = Ashok Veerapan
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Back to Square One
| DirectedBy = Bharath Muralidharan
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = A New Hope
| DirectedBy = Ashok Veerapan
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Larcenist
| DirectedBy = Kamala Alchemis
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Sought
| DirectedBy = Kamala Alchemis
| LineColor = 1E6616
}}
}}

== Development ==
=== Production ===
The series was announced by [[Karthik Subbaraj]] in March 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/karthik-subbaraj-team-up-with-amazon-prime-video-for-thrilling-series-snakes-and-ladders/605bced8bd880|title=Karthik Subbaraj teams up with Amazon Prime Video for thrilling series Snakes and Ladders|website=www.ottplay.com|date=19 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> Creative producer of this series is [[Karthik Subbaraj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/snakes-ladders-curated-by-karthik-subbaraj-prime-videos-upcoming-tamil-series-gets-streaming-date/article68727608.ece|title='Snakes & Ladders': Curated by Karthik Subbaraj, Prime Video's upcoming Tamil series gets streaming date |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 October 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/karthik-subbaraj-stone-bench-production-snakes-and-ladders-amazon-prime-web-series-streaming-date-531935|title=கார்த்திக் சுப்புராஜ் கூட்டணியில் உருவாகி உள்ள புதிய வெப் சீரிஸ் ஸ்னேக்ஸ் & லாடர்ஸ்! |website=zeenews.india.com|date=17 October 2024|language=ta}}</ref> under the banner of [[Stone Bench Creations]], which has already produced an anthology film series, ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'', for [[Amazon Prime Video]] in 2020.

=== Release ===
The first trailer was released on Tuesday 9 October 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/amazon-prime-video-new-thriller-web-series-snakes-and-ladders-trailer-out-now-532361|title=அதிரடியாக வெளியானது Snakes & Ladders திரில்லர் வெப் சீரிஸ் ட்ரைலர்!|website=zeenews.india.com|date=9 October 2024|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/snakes-ladders-trailer-karthik-subbarajs-series-promises-a-quirky-thriller/article68739645.ece|title='Snakes & Ladders' trailer: Karthik Subbaraj's series promises a quirky thriller |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 October 2024|language=en}}</ref> featuring and revel of release date. The series was scheduled for a worldwide release on 18 October 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/snakes-ladders-tamil-series-gets-a-release-date-1503351267.html#google_vignette|title=Snakes & Ladders: Tamil series gets a release date |website=www.thestatesman.com|date=8 October 2024|language=en}}</ref> on [[Amazon Prime Video]] along with dubbed versions in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1324185-snakes-and-ladders-web-series-releasing-on-oct-18.html|title=அக்.18-ல் வெளியாகிறது ஸ்னேக்ஸ் அண்ட் லாடர்ஸ் வெப் தொடர்|website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|date=10 October 2024|language=ta|access-date=11 October 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130074203/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1324185-snakes-and-ladders-web-series-releasing-on-oct-18.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/prime-video-announces-global-premiere-of-tamil-series-snakes-ladders-to-stream-from-oct-18-1828660|title=Prime Video Announces Global Premiere of Tamil Series Snakes & Ladders, to stream from Oct 18|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|date=7 October 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|31843251}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

2001–02 National Football League (India)

2026-04-18T04:08:09Z

XuHzRuDLW: made new info...

{{Short description|6th season of National Football League}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| season = 2001–02
| dates = {{nobreak|12 December 2001 – 15 April 2002}}
| winners = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] 3rd NFL title 3rd [[List of Indian football champions|Indian title]]
| runners-up = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| relegated = {{ubl|[[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]|[[FC Kochin|Kochin]]}}
| continentalcup1 = [[2002–03 AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Mohun Bagan]] [[Churchill Brothers]]
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| continentalcup3 =
| continentalcup3 qualifiers =
| league topscorer = {{nobreak|[[Yusif Yakubu]] (18 goals)}}<ref>{{cite web |title= From the History Book|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |website=All India Football Federation |publisher=the-aiff.com |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717033518/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref>
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| total goals =
| average goals =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]]
| nextseason = [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]]
}}
The '''2001–02 Indian National Football League''', also known as '''Tata National Football League''' for sponsorship reasons, was the sixth season of [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], the top Indian league for association football clubs, since its inception in 1996.

==Overview==
It was contested by 12 teams, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Punjab Police were promoted from NFL2. [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] won the championship under the coach Subrata Bhattacharya and it was their third title after missing the last title by only a point. Churchill Brothers came second and Vasco came third. Punjab Police and FC Kochin were relegated from the National Football League next season.

==League standings==
{{Location map+|India |width=400|float=right|caption=Locations of teams in the 2001–02 National Football League|places={{Location map~ |India |lat=31.22000|long=75.77000 |label=[[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]|position=right }}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=9.93123|long=76.26730 |label=[[FC Kochin|Kochin]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=31.3260|long=75.5762 |label=[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.97500|long=72.82583 |label=[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Kolkata}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=19.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.49300|long=73.81800 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Goa}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=14.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Goa]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Vasco SC|Vasco]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=12.966667 |long=77.566667 |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|Bengaluru}}</div>|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=9.00 |long=86.00 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] clubs:}}''' 
{{nobreak|[[ITI Sports Club|ITI]]}} 
{{nobreak|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}}}{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_limit=5
|sortable_table=y

|team1=MB |name_MB =[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|team2=CB |name_CB =[[Churchill Brothers Sports Club|Churchill Brothers]]
|team3=VAS |name_VAS=[[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|team4=SAL |name_SAL=[[Salgaocar Sports Club|Salgaocar]]
|team5=EB |name_EB =[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|team6=MAH |name_MAH=[[Mahindra United]]
|team7=ITI |name_ITI=[[ITI Sports Club|Indian Telephone Industries]]
|team8=HIN |name_HIN=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Sports Club|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
|team9=TA |name_TA =[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|team10=JCT|name_JCT=[[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
|team11=FCK|name_FCK=[[FC Kochin|Kochin]]
|team12=PP |name_PP =[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]

|win_MB =13|draw_MB =5|loss_MB =4 |gf_MB =31|ga_MB =19
|win_CB =12|draw_CB =6|loss_CB =4 |gf_CB =44|ga_CB =19
|win_VAS=12|draw_VAS=4|loss_VAS=6 |gf_VAS=28|ga_VAS=20
|win_SAL=10|draw_SAL=9|loss_SAL=3 |gf_SAL=32|ga_SAL=17
|win_EB =11|draw_EB =3|loss_EB =8 |gf_EB =31|ga_EB =23
|win_MAH=9 |draw_MAH=6|loss_MAH=7 |gf_MAH=25|ga_MAH=19
|win_ITI=8 |draw_ITI=6|loss_ITI=8 |gf_ITI=26|ga_ITI=26
|win_HIN=8 |draw_HIN=4|loss_HIN=10|gf_HIN=18|ga_HIN=26
|win_TA =6 |draw_TA =5|loss_TA =11|gf_TA =26|ga_TA =37
|win_JCT=5 |draw_JCT=6|loss_JCT=11|gf_JCT=18|ga_JCT=26
|win_FCK=4 |draw_FCK=5|loss_FCK=13|gf_FCK=12|ga_FCK=32
|win_PP =3 |draw_PP =3|loss_PP =16|gf_PP =11|ga_PP =38

|update=complete
|source=[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india02.html rsssf.com]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india02.html 6th "Tata" National Football League] at [[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]

{{National Football League seasons (India)}}
{{I-League seasons}}
{{2001–02 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2001-02 Indian National Football League}}
[[Category:National Football League (India) seasons]]
[[Category:2001–02 in Indian football|1]]
[[Category:2001–02 in Asian association football leagues|India]]

Ghaspani I Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:14Z

XuHzRuDLW: starting new data - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Expand list|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghaspani I
| map_image = Ghaspani I Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]] and [[Niuland district|Niuland]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 4
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Jacob Zhimomi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:75372}}<ref name="election2023b">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Ghaspani I''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=NAGALAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

Previously part of [[Dimapur district]], it is now part of [[Chümoukedima district]] and [[Niuland district]]. It is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|[[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Y. Hewoto Awomi]]<ref name=election2008/> || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013/>
| rowspan=3|[[Jacob Zhimomi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2023|2023]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2018|2018]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|44.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2013|2013]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2008|2008]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2003|2003]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|50.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1993|1993]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|45.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1987|1987]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1982|1982]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|38.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|18.21}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I<ref name=election2023>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jacob Zhimomi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,037 |percentage=55.95 |change=11.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Phushika Awomi |party=Independent politician |votes=11,941 |percentage=20.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imsumongba Pongen |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=8,228 |percentage=14.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akavi N. Zhimomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,513 |percentage=7.88 |change=5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikato Aye |party=Naga People's Front |votes=277 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=264 |percentage=0.46 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,096 |percentage=35.10 |change=30.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,260 |percentage=75.97 |change= -2.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,372 |change =13.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 11.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jacob Zhimomi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,391 |percentage=44.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Z. Kasheto Yeptho |party=Independent politician |votes=20,796 |percentage=39.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akavi N. Zhimomi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=6,233 |percentage=11.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagavito Sumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,497 |percentage=2.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=387 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,595 |percentage=4.96 |change=2.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,304 |percentage=78.94 |change= -8.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,259 |change =12.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -6.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jacob Zhimomi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=26,287 |percentage=51.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=25,255 |percentage=49.00 |change=15.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,032 |percentage=2.00 |change=-1.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,543 |percentage=87.77 |change= 6.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,728 |change =-0.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Y. Hewoto Awomi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,646 |percentage=36.72 |change=15.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=16,132 |percentage=33.57 |change=-17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kakheto Zhimomi |party=Independent politician |votes=14,456 |percentage=30.08 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,514 |percentage=3.15 |change=-26.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,054 |percentage=81.86 |change= -0.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,926 |change =8.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -14.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=22,888 |percentage=50.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kanito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,600 |percentage=21.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patrick |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=7,846 |percentage=17.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Viyiezo Makritsu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,560 |percentage=10.16 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,288 |percentage=29.60 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,894 |percentage=82.50 |change= -13.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,453 |change =7.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Dr. V. Kanito |party=Indian National Congress |votes=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,657 |change =-0.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shikiho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,406 |percentage=58.86 |change=18.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Razouvotuo |party=Naga People's Front |votes=19,856 |percentage=41.14 |change=-4.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,550 |percentage=17.72 |change=12.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,262 |percentage=96.12 |change= 28.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,744 |change =52.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 13.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,000 |percentage=45.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shikiho Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,799 |percentage=39.90 |change=-16.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Z. Nihoto |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,251 |percentage=14.74 |change=-21.73 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,201 |percentage=5.45 |change=-14.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,050 |percentage=67.62 |change= 9.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,270 |change =1.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shikiho Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,551 |percentage=56.64 |change=29.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[H. Khekiho Zhimomi]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,795 |percentage=36.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokuho Suneho |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,283 |percentage=6.89 |change=-9.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,756 |percentage=20.16 |change=12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,629 |percentage=58.37 |change= -2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,923 |change =44.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 29.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shikiho Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,665 |percentage=27.17 |change=17.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Hekiye Yeptho |party=Independent politician |votes=2,681 |percentage=19.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihoto Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=2,354 |percentage=17.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niza |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,274 |percentage=16.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Giant |party=Independent politician |votes=1,217 |percentage=9.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adi Ritse |party=Independent politician |votes=944 |percentage=7.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Temjen Jamir |party=Independent politician |votes=213 |percentage=1.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huchoveyi Chakhenang |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=1.04 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=984 |percentage=7.30 |change=4.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,488 |percentage=61.16 |change= -5.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,772 |change =86.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -10.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Shikhu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,928 |percentage=38.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhouvisier |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,680 |percentage=34.91 |change=16.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yehovi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,093 |percentage=14.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhousao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=745 |percentage=9.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reubenson Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=3.01 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=248 |percentage=3.23 |change=3.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,677 |percentage=66.25 |change= 5.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,209 |change =31.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 19.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghaspani I}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhouvisier |party=Independent politician |votes=995 |percentage=18.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Niza Naleo |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=988 |percentage=18.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihoto Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=866 |percentage=15.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nithashe |party=Independent politician |votes=729 |percentage=13.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thepo Fuwheto |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=711 |percentage=13.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihot |party=Independent politician |votes=527 |percentage=9.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aphu |party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=8.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikhalie |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=3.68 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7 |percentage=0.13 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,464 |percentage=61.13 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,259 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dimapur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.79|93.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Chümoukedima district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Niuland district]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Umarkhadi Dongri Wadi Bunder Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:29:36Z

XuHzRuDLW: Created Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Umarkhadi Dongri Wadi Bunder
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 52,477
| mla = Divgi Bhawanishankar Padmanabha
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Umarkhadi Dongri Wadi Bunder Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Divgi Bhawanishankar Padmanabha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi Dongri Wadi Bunder <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Divgi Bhawanishankar Padmanabha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,712 |percentage = 49.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harris Moinuddin Burhanuddin |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,166 |percentage = 47.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Noorali Sakur |party = Independent politician |votes = 850 |percentage = 3.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 546 |percentage = 1.97% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,728 |percentage = 52.84% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,728}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,477 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Bharat24

2026-04-08T14:27:07Z

XuHzRuDLW: made new entry

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language television news channel}}

{{Notability|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{distinguish|Bharat Express}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Bharat24
| logo = File:News channel.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| founder = Ramesh Lamba(MD) and Jagdeesh Chandra(CEO)
| launch_date = 15 August 2022
| closed_date =
| picture_format =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| area = India
| affiliates =
| headquarters = [[Noida]], India
| former_names =
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels =
| timeshift_service =
| owner = Live News India Network Private Limited
| website = {{URL|https://www.bharat24live.com}}
| online_serv_1 =
| online_chan_1 =
| online_serv_2 =
| online_chan_2 =
}}

'''Bharat24''', Vision of New India, is an Indian Hindi-language television news channel, based in [[Noida]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh CM lauds Bharat 24 for being voice of common people|url= https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/chhattisgarh-cm-lauds-bharat-24-for-being-voice-of-common-people20220829144222/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
The channel, with bureaus in all major states throughout India and a team of more than 4,000 reporters in the field, was launched on 15 August 2022 by [[Anurag Thakur]], India's Information & Broadcasting Minister.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Ayush |date=26 November 2022 |title=After grand launch in August, grand exits follow at Bharat24 |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/11/26/after-grand-launch-in-august-grand-exits-follow-at-bharat24 |work=[[Newslaundry]] |location= |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Bharat24 news channel is owned by Jaipur Media and Broadcasting Pvt Ltd, a media company based in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Its broadcast centre is in Noida, India. Ramesh Lamba, the managing director of Bharat 24 Vision of New India oversaw the launch of the news channel on 15 August 2022, marking the channel's debut on India's Independence Day. The channel launched with the aim of delivering national news with a strong national presence, symbolizing a significant expansion in the Indian news broadcasting landscape.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.bharat24live.com/}}
[[Category:Godi media]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2022]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2022]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels based in Noida]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Tata Starbucks

2026-04-06T11:31:51Z

XuHzRuDLW: Created Entry!

{{Short description|Joint venture company}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Starbucks Private Limited
| image = Tata Starbucks Orion Mall outlet.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| image_caption = Tata Starbucks' outlet in [[Orion Mall]] at [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| trade_name =
| former_name = Tata Starbucks Limited<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.starbucks.in/about-us/company-information |title=Company Information | Starbucks Coffee Company |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107074840/http://www.starbucks.in/about-us/company-information |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| fate =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|10|19}} [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| founder =
| hq_location = Tower 2, Indiabulls Finance Center, Senapati Bapat Marg, [[Elphinstone Road]]
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starbucks.in/about-us/company-information/online-policies/terms-of-use |title=Terms of Use | Starbucks Coffee Company |publisher=Starbucks.in |date=2012-09-18 |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref>
| defunct = 
| locations = Over 500 stores (Nov 2025) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/business/2023/05/08/tata-starbuck-s-total-store-count-at-341-in-43-cities | title=Tata Starbucks total store count at 341 in 43 cities | website=[[DT Next]] | date=9 May 2023 }}</ref>
| area_served = India
| key_people = Sushant Dash (CEO)
| industry = [[Coffeehouse|Coffee shop]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Coffee]]|[[Tea]]|[[Pastries]]|[[Frappuccino|Frappuccino beverages]]|[[Smoothies]]}}
| production =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1218|c}}<ref name = "FY22>{{cite web |last1=Manghat |first1=Sajeet |title=How Starbucks Is Performing In India |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/starbucks-india-revenue-up-12-in-fy24-loss-widens-to-rs-81-crore-11716449226478.html |website=Livemint |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = FY24
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|-81|c}}<ref name = "FY22/>
| net_income_year = FY24
| assets =
| assets_year =
| equity =
| owner = {{ubl|[[Starbucks|Starbucks Corporation]] (50%)|[[Tata Consumer Products]] (50%)}}
| num_employees = 4,383 (August 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Starbucks Company Profile |url=https://tracxn.com/d/legal-entities/india/tata-starbucks-private-limited/__NYZ2tdfE-jteFhYxDXrUKyRQWrV3QlzA-jnpCZWv8TY#about |access-date=11 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|starbucks.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tata Starbucks Private Limited''' is an Indian [[coffeehouse]] company, which owns and operates [[Starbucks]] outlets in India. It is a 50:50 joint venture between [[Tata Consumer Products]] and [[Starbucks|Starbucks Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/starbucks-first-india-store-appoints-chief-executive-117266-2012-09-27 |title=Starbucks to open first India store in Oct, appoints chief executive : India, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=3 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pinto |first=Viveat |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/the-lady-who-knows-what-s-brewing-at-tata-starbucks-112092900054_1.html|title=The lady who knows what's brewing at Tata Starbucks |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=29 September 2012 |access-date=3 October 2012}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Starbucks, Mumbai.JPG|thumb|India's first Starbucks outlet at the Elphinstone Building, [[Horniman Circle]], Mumbai.]]
[[File:Starbucks Bangalore (11450307004).jpg|thumb|A Starbucks outlet in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka.]]
In January 2011, Starbucks Corporation and [[Tata Coffee]] announced plans to begin opening [[Starbucks]] locations in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tata-coffee-brings-starbucks-to-india/421757/ |title=Tata Coffee brings Starbucks to India |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> Starbucks had previously attempted to enter the Indian market in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 June 2012 |title=Starbucks set for festive season flag-off from Mumbai |work=The Times Of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/news/32424796_1_starbucks-flag-festive-season |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112211314/https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/news/32424796_1_starbucks-flag-festive-season |archive-date=12 January 2013}}</ref>

On 19 October 2012, Starbucks opened its first store in India, measuring 4,500 sq ft in Elphinstone Building, [[Horniman Circle]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/photoplay/us-coffee-giant-starbucks-enters-india-with-mumbai-store/1/326.html |title=First look at Starbucks' India store |publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in |date=7 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayursha.com/blog/where-is-starbucks-in-india-mumbai |title=Business / Companies : Starbucks India Store in Mumbai 28 |access-date=19 October 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303013337/http://www.mayursha.com/blog/where-is-starbucks-in-india-mumbai |url-status=dead }}</ref> Starbucks opened its first roasting and packaging plant to supply its Indian outlets in Kodagu, Karnataka in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Piyush|title=Tata, Starbucks to extend their partnership beyond India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Tata-Starbucks-to-extend-their-partnership-beyond-India/article14404953.ece|website=The Hindu|date=27 June 2016 |access-date=12 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Starbucks expanded its presence to [[Delhi]] on 24 January 2013 by opening 2 outlets at Terminal III of the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/tata-starbucks-opens-two-outlets-in-delhi/article4340703.ece |title=Tata Starbucks opens two outlets in Delhi |work=The Hindu|date=25 January 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and later one in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/corporate-industry/starbucks-opens-in-central-delhi-to-compete-with-established-chains/starbucks-opens-first-outlet-in-connaught-place/slideshow/18380146.cms |title=Starbucks opens in central Delhi |work=The Economic Times|date=7 February 2013 |access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> Tata Global Beverages announced in 2013 that they would have 50 locations by the end of the year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714638_1_tata-starbucks-today-opening-50-outlets-starbucks-coffee-company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912094549/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news/39714638_1_tata-starbucks-today-opening-50-outlets-starbucks-coffee-company |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2013 |title=Starbucks adds three more outlets to its network in India |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 June 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> with an investment of {{INRConvert|4|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/starbucks-adds-two-more-stores-in-mumbai-113091000852_1.html |title=Starbucks adds two more stores in Mumbai | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2013-09-10 |access-date=2015-03-03|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> However, the company would open its 50th store in India only on 8 July 2014 in Chennai.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-08/news/51191395_1_tata-starbucks-starbucks-coffee-company-john-culver |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714073639/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-08/news/51191395_1_tata-starbucks-starbucks-coffee-company-john-culver |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |title=Tata Starbucks forays into Chennai; takes tally of stores to 50 – Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2014-07-08 |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref><ref name="financialexpress1">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tata-starbucks-opens-chennai-outlet-hyderabad-next/1268023 |title=Tata Starbucks opens Chennai outlet; Hyderabad next |publisher=Financial Express |date=2014-07-09 |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref><ref name="livemint1">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/bqjODYMDcvGJBimWXoUyjJ/Tata-Starbucks-opens-first-Chennai-store.html |title=Tata Starbucks opens first Chennai store |date=8 July 2014 |publisher=Livemint |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref>

The third city of India to get a Starbucks outlet was [[Pune]], where the company opened an outlet at [[Koregaon Park]], on 8 September 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-05/news/41802483_1_starbucks-coffee-company-unique-starbucks-experience-tata-starbucks-ltd | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910044154/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-05/news/41802483_1_starbucks-coffee-company-unique-starbucks-experience-tata-starbucks-ltd | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 September 2013 | work=The Times Of India | title=Tata Starbucks to open Pune outlet on Sunday | date=5 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cooks.ndtv.com/article/show/starbucks-to-open-first-store-in-pune-414770 |title=Starbucks to Open First Store in Pune – NDTV Food |publisher=Cooks.ndtv.com |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref> Starbucks opened a 3,000-square-foot flagship store at [[Koramangala]], [[Bangalore]] on 22 November 2013, making it the fourth city to have an outlet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.starbucks.com/news/starbucks-continues-expansion-in-india-with-opening-of-new-flagship-store-i |title=Starbucks Continues Expansion in India with Opening of New Flagship Store in Bangalore | Starbucks Newsroom |publisher=News.starbucks.com |access-date=2015-03-03 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131241/https://news.starbucks.com/news/starbucks-continues-expansion-in-india-with-opening-of-new-flagship-store-i |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/3cHjvn2l5O7NUGo3ttq3iK/Tata-Starbucks-opens-its-first-cafe-in-Bangalore.html |title=Tata Starbucks opens its first cafe in Bangalore |date=22 November 2013 |publisher=Livemint |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2022312384_starbucksindiaxml.html |title=Starbucks opens first store in Bangalore |publisher=The Seattle Times |date=2013-11-22 |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/starbucks-opens-first-store-in-bangalore-plans-2-more-by-yr-end-1244147.html |title=Starbucks opens first store in Bangalore, plans 2 more by yr-end |publisher=Firstpost |date=2013-11-22 |access-date=2015-03-03}}</ref>

Starbucks opened the largest coffee-forward store in the country at Vittal Mallya Road, Bangalore on 18 March 2019. The store measures 3,000 sq ft, and is Starbucks' 140th outlet in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Starbucks Opens India's Largest Coffee Forward Store in Bangalore |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/starbucks-opens-indias-largest-coffee-forward-store-in-bangalore/1500072 |website=Outlook India |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Starbucks' new outlet in Bangalore is in a quaint bungalow |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/starbucks-new-outlet-in-bangalore-is-in-a-quaint-bungalow/#s-cust0 |website=Architectural Digest India |access-date=17 April 2019 |date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Tata Starbucks opened 25 stores in 2017–18 and 30 in the 2018–19 fiscal year.<ref name="Mint1"/> On 21 February 2019, CEO Navin Gurnaney announced that Tata Starbucks would transition to using only compostable and recyclable packaging materials across all its stores from June 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Starbucks to use only fully compostable/recyclable items from next World Environment Day: CEO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/tata-starbucks-to-use-only-fully-compostable/recyclable-items-from-next-world-environment-day-ceo/articleshow/68098546.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=7 May 2019 |date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=Starbucks to switch to compostable and recyclable packaging in India by June |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/starbucks-to-switch-to-compostable-and-recyclable-packaging-in-india-by-june-1550757100454.html |website=Mint|access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

Starbucks announced its entry into the [[Gujarat]] market on 7 August 2019. The company simultaneously opened five stores in [[Surat]] and [[Ahmedabad]] the next day. Starbucks' flagship store in the state is located at [[Prahlad Nagar]], Ahmedabad and offers more vegetarian options than other Indian outlets.<ref name="Mint1">{{cite web |last1=Tandon |first1=Suneera |title=Starbucks enters Gujarat, set to open a lot more cafes in India this year |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/starbucks-to-embark-on-aggressive-expansion-plan-in-india-1565183371325.html |website=Mint |access-date=10 August 2019 |language=en |date=7 August 2019}}</ref> CEO Navin Gurnaney stated that the company would open more than 30 stores in the 2019–20 fiscal year, of which 11 had already opened.<ref name="Mint1"/> The company opened its 170th outlet and the first in Vadodara in December 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=FNB News – Tata Starbucks continues expansion in Gujarat; Launches Vadodara outlet |url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/tata-starbucks-continues-expansion-in-gujarat-launches-vadodara-outlet-53629 |website=www.fnbnews.com |access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> The first [[drive-through]] Starbucks outlet in India was opened at [[Zirakpur]], Punjab on 13 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Starbucks opens first drive-thru store in India {{!}} Tata Consumer Products |url=https://www.tataconsumer.com/news/tata-starbucks-opens-first-drive-thru-store-india |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.tataconsumer.com}}</ref> The company opened its 200th store at [[Amritsar]], Punjab on 22 October 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Starbucks opens 200th store, adds new one at Amritsar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/oct/22/tata-starbucks-opens-200th-store-adds-new-one-at-amritsar-2213700.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> Starbucks entered into [[Madhya Pradesh]] in February 2021 by opening 3 stores in [[Indore]] and [[Bhopal]] with further expansion plans in Indore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grab your daily dose of caffeine at the recently launched Starbucks store in Indore! |url=https://www.knocksense.com/indore-city/starbucks-kick-starts-operations-in-indore-promising-satiating-delights-to-the-city-folks |website=Knocksense |access-date=16 September 2021 |language=en |date=3 February 2021}}</ref> Starbucks entered Rajasthan by opening 2 stores in [[Jaipur]] in August 2021.<ref name="Livemint">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/starbucks-enters-rajasthan-with-two-stores-in-jaipur-11628145311035.html|title=Starbucks enters Rajasthan with two stores in Jaipur|work=Livemint|date=5 August 2021}}</ref>

On 10 February 2021, the company announced that Navin Gurnaney was stepping down as CEO. Sushant Dash, who is currently President, Packaged beverages at Tata Consumer Products, replaced him as CEO effective 1 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tandon |first1=Suneera |title=Sushant Dash to take over as new Tata Starbucks chief |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/sushant-dash-to-take-over-as-new-tata-starbucks-chief-11612932087931.html |website=mint |access-date=22 February 2021 |language=en |date=10 February 2021}}</ref> Tata Starbucks opened 40 new stores in 2020–21, including expanding to 7 new cities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Starbucks set to record highest store growth in FY2020-21, enters Kanpur |url=https://restaurant.indianretailer.com/news/tata-starbucks-set-to-record-highest-store-growth-in-fy2020-21-enters-kanpur.n19735 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Restaurant India |language=en-in |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228165018/https://restaurant.indianretailer.com/news/tata-starbucks-set-to-record-highest-store-growth-in-fy2020-21-enters-kanpur.n19735 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the company opened 50 new stores in 2021–22,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Market |first=Capital |date=2022-05-05 |title=Tata Consumer Products records robust growth in Q4 PAT FY22 |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/tata-consumer-products-records-robust-growth-in-q4-pat-fy22-122050500328_1.html |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> including expanding to 8 new cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=Tata Starbucks Revenue Up 76% To Rs 636 Crore In FY22 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/tata-starbucks-revenue-up-76-to-rs-636-crore-in-fy22-news-200493 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the company launched an advertisement campaign called #ItStartsWithYourName, featuring the transgender model and actress [[Siya Malasi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Suliman |first1=Adela |last2=Hassan |first2=Jennifer |date=2023-05-21 |title=Why a Starbucks ad on trans rights sparked joy and fury in India |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/20/starbucks-india-transgender-ad/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Products==
{{further|Starbucks#Products}}
Apart from the usual products offered internationally, Starbucks in India has some Indian-style product offerings such as Tandoori Paneer Roll, Chocolate Rossomalai Mousse, Malai Chom Chom Tiramisu, Elaichi Mewa Croissant, Chicken Kathi Roll and Murg Tikka Panini to suit Indian customers.<ref name="menu">{{cite web |url=http://www.starbucks.in/menu-list |title=Menu-Drinks and Food |publisher= Tata Starbucks}}</ref> All espressos sold in Indian outlets are made from Indian roasted coffee beans supplied by [[Tata Coffee]]. Starbucks also sells Himalayan bottled mineral water.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Starbucks revenue up 39% in 2015–16 at Rs 235 cr|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-starbucks-revenue-up-39-in-2015-16-at-rs-235-cr-116092700979_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=12 May 2017|date=27 September 2016|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> Free Wi-Fi is available at all Starbucks stores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaretailing.com/news.aspx?topic=1&Id=7005 |title=Starbucks opens three new stores in Delhi and Mumbai |publisher=Indiaretailing.com |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624183217/http://www.indiaretailing.com/news.aspx?topic=1&Id=7005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 2017, Tata Starbucks introduced Starbucks' tea brand [[Teavana]] offering 18 different varieties of tea across its outlets in India. One of the varieties, called the India Spice Majesty Blend, was specifically developed for the Indian market and is only available in India. India Spice Majesty Blend is a blend of full leaf [[Assam tea|Assam]] [[black tea]] infused with whole cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, pepper, star anise and ginger.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Starbucks introduces Teavana to serve tea in India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Tata-Starbucks-introduces-Teavana-to-serve-tea-in-India/article17055965.ece|website=The Hindu|date=18 January 2017|access-date=12 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>

On 15 June 2015, Tata Starbucks announced that it was suspending the use of ingredients that had not been approved by the [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI). The company did not specify what the ingredients were or which products they were used. The company also stated that it was in the process of applying for FSSAI approval for these ingredients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-starbucks-suspends-use-of-ingredients-not-approved-by-fssai-2095724|title = Starbucks suspends use of ingredients not approved by FSSAI|date = 15 June 2015}}</ref>

Tata Starbucks launched the Starbucks Delivers program in early 2019. The service offers home delivery from Starbucks outlets through a partnership with [[Swiggy]]. The service was first launched in Mumbai, with plans to roll it out to other cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Starbucks CEO Interview: We will be thoughtfully aggressive in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/tata-starbucks-ceo-interview-we-will-be-thoughtfully-aggressive-in-india/1531095/ |website=The Financial Express |access-date=17 April 2019 |date=29 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Starbucks to open 10 new stores in India within two months |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/starbucks-to-open-10-new-stores-in-india-within-two-months/story/318416.html |website=Business Today |date=10 February 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

==Locations==
As of October 2024, Starbucks operates over 457 outlets in more than 70 cities of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Starbucks becomes the largest branded coffee shop chain in India|url=https://www.worldcoffeeportal.com/news/tata-starbucks-becomes-the-largest-branded-coffee-shop-chain-in-india/|website=Allegra World Coffee Portal}}</ref>

==Legal issues==
The US-based Starbucks Corporation filed a lawsuit in the Delhi High Court in July 2018 against Delhi-based coffee chain SardarBuksh for allegedly copying their name and logo. The owner of SardarBuksh agreed to change its name on 28 September 2018. Sanmeet Singh Kalra, co-founder of SardarBuksh, said, "Our name rhymed with Starbucks which is why the court has ruled in their favour."<ref>{{cite web |title=Sued by Starbucks, Indian coffee chain changes name – ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/food-services/sued-by-starbucks-indian-coffee-chain-changes-name/65991711 |website=ETRetail.com |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507010944/https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/food-services/sued-by-starbucks-indian-coffee-chain-changes-name/65991711 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalra also stated that his company would not change its logo. Its logo features a circle of green and black with a figure at the centre, similar to the Starbucks logo, except with a man in a turban instead of a mermaid.<ref>{{cite web |title=Starbucks vs SardarBaksh: Local coffee chain agrees to change logo, name to Sardarji-Bakhsh |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/starbucks-vs-sardarbaksh-local-coffee-chain-agrees-change-logo-name-sardarji-bakhsh/story/283023.html |website=Business Today |date=28 September 2018 |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, an investigation by the Directorate General of Anti Profiteering (DGAP) found Tata Starbucks guilty of [[Profiteering (business)|profiteering]] {{INRConvert|45.1|m}} by not reducing the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|goods and services tax]] (GST) charged on coffee. The GST Council had reduced the tax rate on restaurants from 18% to 5% from 17 November 2017. However, the DGAP found that Tata Starbucks had raised the base price of one coffee variant such that its retail price remained the same even after the tax rate was reduced. The case was pending before the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA), which will issue the final verdict.<ref>{{cite news |title=GST investigation arm finds Tata Starbucks guilty of profiteering Rs 4.51 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/gst-investigation-arm-finds-tata-starbucks-guilty-of-profiteering-rs-4-51-crore/articleshow/69112155.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=30 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GST evasion: DGAP finds Tata Starbucks guilty of profiteering Rs 4.51 cr, firm says it complies with local laws, regulations |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/gst-evasion-dgap-finds-tata-starbucks-guilty-of-profiteering-rs-4-51-cr-firm-says-it-complies-with-local-laws-regulations-6544351.html |website=Firstpost |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> In November 2020, the NAA upheld the findings of the DGAP's investigation, fined Tata Starbucks an amount of {{INRConvert|1.04|c}} plus 18% interest, and ordered the company to "reduce the prices of products so that the benefits of tax reduction is passed on to the recipients".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |title=Starbucks fined for not passing on GST cut benefits |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/starbucks-fined-for-not-passing-on-gst-cut-benefits/articleshow/79048099.cms |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starbucks fined Rs 1.4 crore for profiteering, told to reduce prices |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/starbucks-fined-rs-1-4-crore-for-profiteering-told-to-reduce-prices-6069251.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Moneycontrol |date=5 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==International presence==
The [[Tata Group]] and Starbucks Corporation also collaborate on some ventures outside India. Starbucks Reserve Tata Nullore Estates, the first-ever [[Starbucks Reserve]] coffee sourced exclusively from India, became the first Indian coffee to be roasted and sold at Starbucks home city of [[Seattle]] in 2016. The coffee was later rolled out across Starbucks outlets in the United States. In the same year, Starbucks began selling Himalayan bottled mineral water at its outlets in Singapore and also began retailing its products on board all flights of [[Vistara]], a joint venture between the Tata Group and [[Singapore Airlines]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/starbucks-extends-tata-partnership-beyond-india/articleshow/52933742.cms|title=Starbucks extends Tata partnership beyond India – The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=12 May 2017|last1=Malviya|first1=Sagar}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Coffee}}
* [[Café Coffee Day]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Starbucks Coffee in India}}
*{{Official website|http://www.starbucks.in/}}
{{Starbucks}}
{{Tata Group}}

[[Category:Starbucks| ]]
[[Category:Coffee brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2012]]
[[Category:Tata Group subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Multinational joint-venture companies]]
[[Category:Coffeehouses and cafés in India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]

Manoj Kumar Tiwari

2026-04-05T17:40:36Z

XuHzRuDLW: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoj Kumar Tiwari
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|09|18}}
| birth_place = [[Pithoragarh]], Uttarakhand
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| office = Acting Chief Justice of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| term_start = 11 October 2024
| term_end = 25 December 2024
| predecessor = [[Ritu Bahri]]
| successor = [[Guhanathan Narendar]]
| occupation = Judge
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start1 = 27 October 2023
| term_end1 = 3 February 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Vipin Sanghi]]
| successor1 = [[Ritu Bahri]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start2 = 19 May 2017
| nominator2 = [[Jagdish Singh Khehar]]
}}

'''Manoj Kumar Tiwari''' (born 18 September 1965) is an Indian judge of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]], who served as the acting chief justice of that High Court from 11 October 2024 till 25 December 2024 and previously from 27 October 2023 till 3 February 2024.<ref name="Official Gov Website of Uttarakhand High Court">{{cite news |title=Justice Manoj Kumar Tiwari - Uttarakhand High Court |url= https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/221-honble-the-acting-chief-justice#:~:text=Born%20on%2019th%20September,2024. |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Justice Tiwari has served as a judge in the Uttarakhand High Court. He was appointed as the acting chief justice of the Uttarakhand High Court on 11 October 2024, following a vacancy created by the departure of the previous chief justice and served their till 25 December 2024.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Justice Manoj Kumar Tiwari appointed as Acting Chief Justice of Uttarakhand High Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref> He also previously served as the Acting Chief ustice of Uttarakhand High Court from 27 October 2023 till 3 February 2024.

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in Uttarakhand High Court Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Manoj Kumar}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Chidambaram Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T10:54:46Z

XuHzRuDLW: slightly improved section for clarity further and updated info per sources

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chidambaram
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| constituency_no = 158
| map_image = Constitution-Chidambaram.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[K. A. Pandian]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 229,136
}}
'''Chidambaram''' is a legislative assembly in [[Cuddalore district]], which includes the city of [[Chidambaram]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is a part of [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1952
|[[Swami Sahajanada (Chidambaram MLA)|Swami Sahajananda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1957
| [[G. Vagheesam Pillai]]
|-
| 1962
| [[S. Sivasubramanian (Chidambaram)|S. Sivasubramanian]]
|-
| 1967
| [[R. Kanagasabai Pillai]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]
| P. Ponchokkalingam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]
| Kaliyamoorthy Durai
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2 | [[K. R. Ganapathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]
| D. Krishnamoorthy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan=2 | [[K. S. Alagiri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]
| K. Durai Saravanan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]
| [[A. Arunmozhithevan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)|K. Balakrishnan]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=2 | [[K. A. Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| TBD
|
| TBD
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thamimun Ansari]] |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. Pandian]]|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tamizh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= N. Pari|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229136|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,961 |percentage=50.49% |change=16.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Abdul Rahman |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=75,024 |percentage=41.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan Krishnamoorthy |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,071 |percentage=4.98% |change=4.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Devasagayam |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,953 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nanthinidevi |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,388 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,202 |percentage=0.66% |change=-0.34% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,937 |percentage=9.30% |change=8.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,82,150 |percentage=72.57% |change= -1.88% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=378 |percentage=0.21% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,50,998 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. A. Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,543 |percentage=34.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthilkumar K R |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,037 |percentage=33.43% |change=-12.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arul R |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=24,226 |percentage=14.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balakrishnan (Tamil Nadu politician)|K. Balkrishnan]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,314 |percentage=13.66% |change=-34.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Satthar G |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=1,775 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,714 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathishkumar B (A) Baakyaa |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,295 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manimaran G |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,079 |percentage=0.63% |change=-2.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vinoba C |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhivakar S |party=Independent politician |votes=388 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthilkumar R |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,506 |percentage=0.88% |change=-1.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,70,619 |percentage=74.45% |change= -3.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,29,162 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -13.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)|Balakrishnan. K]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=72,054 |percentage=48.30% |change=12.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sridhar Vandaiyar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,175 |percentage=46.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kannan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,034 |percentage=2.70% |change=1.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Panneer |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,010 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Vinoba |party=Independent politician |votes=933 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sankar |party=Independent politician |votes=591 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arulprakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sathyamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=459 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chellaiah |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=432 |percentage=0.29% |change=-0.12% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,879 |percentage=1.93% |change=-13.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,91,446 |percentage=77.92% |change= 2.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,49,166 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Arunmozhithevan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,327 |percentage=50.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Balakrishnan (Tamil Nadu politician)|Balakrishnan. K]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=39,517 |percentage=35.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamannan. P |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,303 |percentage=9.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasan. A. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,054 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velmurugan. P |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vinoba. C |party=Independent politician |votes=797 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Barathidasan. K |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=453 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaravinayagam. N |party=Independent politician |votes=326 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balakrishnan. R |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaisankar. P |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balakrishnan. K |party=Independent politician |votes=147 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,810 |percentage=15.14% |change=3.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,066 |percentage=75.44% |change= 13.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,220 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanan Durai K. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,647 |percentage=52.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Arivuselvan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=42,732 |percentage=41.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Mohana Sundar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,765 |percentage=3.63% |change=-2.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayaraj. V |party=Independent politician |votes=1,089 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anbazhagan |party=Independent politician |votes=958 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Aravamuthan |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=262 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramamoorthy |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=249 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,915 |percentage=11.49% |change=-16.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,03,702 |percentage=62.12% |change= -8.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,67,006 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 2.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Alagiri]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=52,066 |percentage=50.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,050 |percentage=22.37% |change=-28.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Devadoss |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=19,737 |percentage=19.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Krishnamoorthy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,121 |percentage=5.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanivel |party=Independent politician |votes=238 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Azhappan |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=149 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Santhanam |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,016 |percentage=28.16% |change=7.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,03,050 |percentage=70.91% |change= 1.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,992 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Alagiri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,767 |percentage=51.20% |change=28.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,114 |percentage=30.57% |change=-11.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Devadasu K. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=15,913 |percentage=16.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanjeevi K. |party=Independent politician |votes=443 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Deivanayagam K. |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangaraj R. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=246 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharman K. |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Azeezkhan M. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=148 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian Thanga |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,653 |percentage=20.63% |change=0.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,244 |percentage=69.14% |change= 1.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,369 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnamoorthy. D. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,738 |percentage=42.14% |change=-1.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Radhakrishnan. A. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,018 |percentage=22.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=12,363 |percentage=14.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Panneerselvam. K.P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,088 |percentage=11.89% |change=-42.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manivasagam. T. |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,371 |percentage=6.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharuman. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=706 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Umapathi. B. |party=Independent politician |votes=496 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathinasamy. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=450 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arasan. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=359 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paramaguru. R.K. |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasekaran. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,720 |percentage=19.71% |change=9.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,813 |percentage=67.60% |change= -11.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,893 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Ganapathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,067 |percentage=54.55% |change=2.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Subramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,824 |percentage=43.84% |change=-3.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Arulmozhi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,171 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Tharuman Pathar |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,243 |percentage=10.71% |change=6.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,285 |percentage=79.20% |change= 6.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,114 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Ganapathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,728 |percentage=51.71% |change=24.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaliyamoorthy Durai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,461 |percentage=47.66% |change=16.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan. A |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharuman Pathar. K |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,267 |percentage=4.05% |change=-0.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,699 |percentage=72.83% |change= 5.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,269 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 20.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Kaliyamoorthy Durai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,917 |percentage=31.30% |change=-19.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthugovindarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,586 |percentage=26.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Umapathy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,644 |percentage=21.36% |change=-26.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sambandam |party=Janata Party |votes=10,960 |percentage=14.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rathinasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,817 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sanjeevi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,422 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dharuman |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kannusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,331 |percentage=4.55% |change=2.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,226 |percentage=67.68% |change= -8.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,561 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponchokkalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,750 |percentage=50.33% |change=3.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gopalkrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,071 |percentage=47.97% |change=-1.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Satchidanandama |party=Independent politician |votes=1,206 |percentage=1.70% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,679 |percentage=2.36% |change=0.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,027 |percentage=76.60% |change= -4.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,620 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kanagasabai Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,911 |percentage=49.18% |change=-4.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponchockalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,356 |percentage=46.99% |change=8.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,881 |percentage=2.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=834 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,555 |percentage=2.19% |change=-13.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,982 |percentage=81.46% |change= 15.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,560 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivasubramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,438 |percentage=53.34% |change=30.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugham K. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,837 |percentage=38.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Munusami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,413 |percentage=8.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,601 |percentage=15.32% |change=15.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,688 |percentage=66.31% |change= -32.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,172 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 30.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Vagheesam Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,255 |percentage=22.75% |change=-4.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chockalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=30,345 |percentage=18.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivasubramanian]] |party=Independent politician |votes=26,489 |percentage=16.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopalakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=23,546 |percentage=14.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kuppusamy (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=5,420 |percentage=3.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Shanmugam (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=3,643 |percentage=2.22% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=166 |percentage=0.10% |change=-4.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,63,787 |percentage=99.14% |change= -10.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,203 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chidambaram<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Swami Sahajanada (Chidambaram MLA)|Swami Sahajananda]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,509 |percentage=27.31% |change=27.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Swamikannu |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=30,517 |percentage=21.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppuswami |party=Republican Party of India |votes=9,606 |percentage=6.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindarajan |party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=5,861 |percentage=4.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,992 |percentage=4.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,680 |percentage=109.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,550 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.4|N|79.7|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Jessie Hillel

2026-03-26T13:06:01Z

XuHzRuDLW: New a details

{{Short description|Jessie Hillel (JHM)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jessie Hillel
| background = person
| image = Jessie Hillel-JHM.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Hillel in 2021
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Jessie Hillel
| alias = JHM
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|2002}}
| birth_place = [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| occupation = Singer, songwriter and producer
| instrument =
| years_active = 2008–present
| label = Push Records, [[Sony Music New Zealand]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jessie-hillel-mn0003115693|title=Jessie Hillel|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|www.jhmsmusic.com}}
}}

'''Jessie Hillel''', also known professionally as '''Jessie Hill'''<ref name=":8" /> and '''JHM''', is a singer, songwriter, and producer based in [[Melbourne|Melbourne, Australia]].<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2021/09/23/indian-origin-singer-jessie-hillels-exuberant-music/|title=The exuberance of Indian origin singer Jessie Hillel |magazine=The Indian Sun|first=Indira|last=Laisram|date=September 23, 2024|access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SKF">{{cite news| url=https://www.stkildafestival.com.au/artists-bands/jhm|title=Artists & Bands > JHM|work=[[St Kilda Festival]]|first=|last=|date=February 18, 2023|access-date=May 7, 2024}}</ref>

She is known for her runner-up placement in [[New Zealand's Got Talent (series 2)|series 2 of ''New Zealand's Got Talent'']] and her win at the first Fed Live music competition held by Melbourne's [[Federation Square]] in association with [[MTV Australia]], [[Mushroom Records]], Melbourne Music Week and [[Ditto Music]] to promote upcoming artists in Melbourne.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Matt |date=27 October 2020 |title=Fed Square announces 'Fed Live' competition for Victorian musicians |url=https://fortemag.com.au/fed-square-announces-fed-live-competition-for-victorian-musicians/ |access-date= |website=Forte}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fed Live Winner - Jessie Hillel |url=https://fedsquare.com/events/fed-live-winner-jessie-hillel |website=[[Federation Square|Fed Square]]}}</ref>

== Early years ==
As a child, Hillel performed in local shows and contests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Little Jessie shows off her giant talent |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/2607947/Little-Jessie-shows-off-her-giant-talent |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> She appeared on New Zealand [[TVNZ 2|TV2]]'s ''[[What Now (TV programme)|What Now]]'' performing ''[[Con te partirò|Time to Say Goodbye]]'' and on [[TVNZ 1|TV1]]'s ''Find A Star'' performing "[[O mio babbino caro|O Mio Babbino Caro]]".<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nowtolove.co.nz/celebrity/celeb-news/nzgts-jessie-hillel-faces-the-music-2563/|title=NZGT's Jessie Hillel faces the music|work=Now To Love|first=Emma|last=Rawson|date=November 21, 2012|access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Jessie Hillel {{!}} NZ Artist Directory {{!}} NZ Music Commission |url=https://nzmusic.org.nz/artists/classical/jessie-hillel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605111657/https://nzmusic.org.nz/artists/classical/jessie-hillel/ |archive-date=2014-06-05 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=[[New Zealand Music Commission]]}}</ref> She is featured on the album ''Kids Sing Bob Dylan'', covering popular [[Bob Dylan]] songs such as "[[Mr. Tambourine Man]]".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Dallas |first1=Matthew |last2=Tuckey |first2=Karoline |date=October 24, 2011 |title=Child singers tackle Dylan songbook |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/local-papers/kapi-mana-news/5844355/Child-singers-tackle-Dylan-songbook |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Stuff}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== New Zealand's Got Talent ===
Hillel auditioned for [[New Zealand's Got Talent (series 2)|''New Zealand's Got Talent series 2'']] at the age of 10. Her rendition of "[[Pie Jesu (Lloyd Webber)|Pie Jesu]]" earned the praise from judges, with [[Rachel Hunter]] commenting "You are absolutely stunning."<ref name=":9" /> She advanced to the semi-finals and her performance of "[[O mio babbino caro|O Mio Babbino Caro]]" earned her a spot in the grand finals on judges' vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wannan |first=Olivia |date=October 28, 2012 |title=All fun and no fear for talented Jessie |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/northern-suburbs/7874563/All-fun-and-no-fear-for-talented-Jessie |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Stuff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-24 |title=Kottayam girl in New Zealand TV music reality show final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kottayam-girl-in-new-zealand-tv-music-reality-show-final/articleshow/17344362.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Hillel performed [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s version of "[[Ave Maria (Schubert)|Ave Maria]]" in the finals and ultimately placed second through public vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Tom |date=December 2, 2012 |title=Wellington schoolgirl second in New Zealand's Got Talent |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/culture/8026739/Wellington-schoolgirl-second-in-New-Zealands-Got-Talent |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Stuff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Jaikrishnan |date=2012-12-03 |title=Kerala girl wows New Zealand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-girl-wows-new-zealand/articleshow/17459237.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> "You are mesmerizing, you are enchanting, what you do is enduring" said [[Jason Kerrison]] of Hillel's performance in the finals.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Following her success on the show, she performed in shows both in New Zealand and overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lenin |first=Amrita |date=2023-12-28 |title=Jessie's Got Talent !: Journey of Indian-Australian singer Jessie Hillel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Dec/28/jessies-got-talent--journey-of-indian-australian-singer-jessie-hillel-2645486.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, Hillel was invited to Beijing to appear on International Children's Music Festival and her performance of ''Memory'' was broadcast by [[CCTV-1]] on New Year's Eve.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wannan |first=Olivia |date=April 17, 2013 |title=First album excites young singer |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/editors-picks/8564305/First-album-excites-young-singer |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Stuff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Elias |first=Esther |date=2014-01-24 |title=A slice of soul: New Zealand's young singing sensation Jessie Hillel has her heart in the classical |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-slice-of-soul/article5614613.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Michael |date=December 3, 2012 |title=NZGT's Jessie celebrated in India |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/8032105/NZGTs-Jessie-celebrated-in-India |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Stuff}}</ref>

In 2013, Hillel was a guest artist at [[TEDx|TEDxChristchurch]] where she performed "Non So Piu" and "Serenade".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvie |first=Will |date=October 31, 2014 |title=Top five moments at TEDx ChCh 2013 |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/opinion/blogs/where-theres-a-will/9305282/Top-five-moments-at-TEDx-ChCh-2013 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Stuff}}</ref>

=== Recording ===
Hillel's solo debut album ''With Love'' was released on April 26, 2014, through [[Sony Music New Zealand]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2013 |title=Jessie Hillel Releases Her Debut Album "With Love" |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU1304/S00009/jessie-hillel-releases-her-debut-album-with-love.htm |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=[[Scoop (website)|Scoop]]}}</ref> The album is a collection of classical and opera songs.<ref name=":2" /> It peaked at #3 on the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 20]] album chart<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart NZ Top 20 |url=https://nztop40.co.nz/https://chart/nzalbums?chart=2210 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart]] |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507100342/https://nztop40.co.nz/https:/chart/nzalbums?chart=2210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and at #16 on the NZ Top 40 album chart.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart NZ Top 40 |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2013-05-31|access-date=2024-02-21 |website=THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART NZ TOP 40 |language=en}}</ref> The song "Pie Jesu" off the album peaked at #15 on the NZ Top 20 Singles chart.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Official Top 20 NZ Singles |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/aotearoa-singles/2014-04-18 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:JHM - Jessie Hillel - Southside Live, Melbourne, Australia.jpg|thumb|Hillel performing at Southside Live, Melbourne (2022)]]

She moved to Melbourne, Australia to continue her music aspirations and to take up a scholarship to study music at the [[Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School]].{{When|date=April 2024}} She along with her college mates formed the soul-funk band Jakal, which in 2019 won the Battle of the Bands at the [[St Kilda Festival|St. Kilda Music Festival]].<ref name="SKF" /> Hillel was the band's lead vocalist and composer.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-01 |title=Jakal {{!}} triple j Unearthed |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplejunearthed/artist/jakal/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |language=en}}</ref>

She was a principal vocalist of Victorian State School Spectacular in 2016 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victorian State Schools Spectacular 2017 |url=https://www.girl.com.au/vic-state-school-spectacular-2017.htm |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.girl.com.au |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Jessie Hillel - JAKAL.jpg|alt=Jessie Hillel - JAKAL|thumb|Hillel is performing with the soul/ funk band JAKAL (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-04 |title=Wangaratta Festival of Jazz & Blues 2018 |url=https://www.pbsfm.org.au/news/wangaratta-festival-jazz-blues-2018 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=[[PBS 106.7FM]] |language=en}}</ref>]]
In 2020, she was won the first [[Federation Square|Fed Live]] music competition for her song "The Rain".<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Jessie Hill / JHM ===
In 2020, Hillel formed the pop band JHM. The group released the single "Santorini" through Push Records in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Dilpreet |date=1 October 2021 |title=Malayalee-Australian singer, Jessie Hillel, releases 'Santorini' |url=https://www.southasiantoday.com.au/article-10188-malayalee-australian-singer-jessie-hillel-releases-santorini-details.aspx |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=South Asian Today |language=en}}</ref> The song contains a mix of classical, hip hop rhythms, and orchestral elements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santorini |url=https://amrap.org.au/track/jhm-santorini-santorini |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Australian Music Radio Airplay Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=van Montfort |first=Gwen |title=Jhm Santorini Interview |url=https://www.female.com.au/jhm-santorini-interview.htm |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.female.com.au |language=en}}</ref>

JHM, working with multi-instrumentalist and producer Fractures, released the song "Fever Dream" in 2023.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=JHM {{!}} triple j Unearthed |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplejunearthed/artist/jessie-hill/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" />

In 2024, going by the artist name Jessie Hill, she collaborated with DJ Noiz and released the song "From this moment" that peaked at #14 on NZ Top 20 Hot Singles chart.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Explore our 50 year history |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-aotearoa-singles/2024-11-22 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album details
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:95%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ 20]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:95%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ 40]]
|-
! scope="row"|''With Love''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/with-love-mw0002544796|title=With Love Jessie Hillel|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
| 3 || 16
|
* Released: 26 April 2013
* Label: [[Sony Music]]
* Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[music download|Digital download]]
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Details
|-
|2025
|''Folded''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore our 50 year history |url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz |language=en}}</ref>
|
*Single, Released: 10 October 2025
* Jessie Hill, DJ Noiz
* Label: Acts Music Group/ FutureNow Music
* ''[https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-aotearoa-singles/2025-10-17 NZ Top 20 Hot Singles Chart] #7''
|-
|2025
|''Motions''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radbourne |first=Lucas |date=2025-06-25 |title=Jessie Hill talks Indian influences and fighting 'casual hate towards South Asians' |url=https://beat.com.au/jessie-hill-talks-indian-influences-and-fighting-casual-hate-towards-south-asians/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Beat Magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|
*Single, Released: 30 May 2025
*Jessie Hill, Jalmar
* Label: Acts Music Group
|-
|2024
|''GMT''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Jessie Hill {{!}} triple j Unearthed |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplejunearthed/artist/jessie-hill/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.abc.net.au |language=en}}</ref>
|
*Single, Released: 13 December 2024
*Jessie Hill, Jalmar
* Label: Acts Music Group
|-
|2024
|''From this moment''<ref name=":13" />
|
* Single, Released: 15 November 2024
* Jessie Hill, DJ Noiz
* Label: Acts Music Group/ FutureNow Music
* ''[https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-aotearoa-singles/2024-11-22 NZ Top 20 Hot Singles Chart] #14''
|-
|2023
|''Fever Dream''<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Melbourne's JHM and Fractures team up and set temperatures soaring with new disco-fuelled single, 'Fever Dream' |url=https://thepointmusicnews.com.au/news/2023/6/30/melbournes-jhm-and-fractures-team-up-and-set-temperatures-soaring-with-new-disco-fuelled-single-fever-dream |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Point Music News |language=en-AU}}</ref>
|
* Single, Released: 23 June 2023
* JHM, Fractures
* Label: Acts Music Group
|-
|2021
|''Santorini''<ref name=":0" />
|
* Single, Released: 9 July 2021
* Label: Push Records
|-
|2020
|''Good Grades''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jessie Hillel Good Grades |url=https://www.female.com.au/jessie-hillel-good-grades.htm |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.female.com.au |language=en}}</ref>
|
* Single, Released: 3 July 2020
|-
|2018
|''JAKAL''<ref name=":7" />
|
* EP, Released: 18 February 2018
* Lead vocalist, composer, Jakal
|-
| 2013
|''With Love''<ref name=":11" />
|
* EP, Released: 26 April 2013
* Label: Sony Music New Zealand
* Peak Chart Positions:
* ''[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40]] [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|World Albums Chart]] #16''<ref name=":6" />
* ''[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 20]] [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Albums Chart]] #3''<ref name=":4" />
* ''[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 20]] [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Singles Chart]] #15<ref name=":3" />'' ''(''"[[Pie Jesu (Lloyd Webber)|Pie Jesu]]"'')''
|-
|2011
|Starbugs - Kids Sing Bob Dylan<ref name=":5" />
|
* EP, Released 10, September 2011
* Label: Universal Children's Audio
* Vocalist
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.jhmsmusic.com Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/jhmsmusic Facebook page]
* [https://soundcloud.com/jhmsmusic Soundcloud page]
* [https://www.youtube.com/jhmsmusic YouTube channel]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hillel, Jessie}}
[[Category:Australian pop singers]]
[[Category:Got Talent contestants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New Zealand women pop singers]]
[[Category:New Zealand women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Wellington City]]
[[Category:2002 births]]

D. G. Kulkarni

2026-03-26T09:03:00Z

XuHzRuDLW: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian painter (1921–1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = D. G. Kulkarni.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|12|28|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1992|11|16|1921|12|28|df=y}}
| known_for = [[Painting]]
}}

'''D. G. "Dattatray Gundo" Kulkarni''' (1921–1992), known as '''Dizi''', was an Indian painter, cartoonist and sculptor.

Considered "one of the most interesting Modernist artists in India",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brettell|first1=Richard R.|last2=Tucker|first2=Paul Hayes|last3=Lee|first3=Natalie H.|title=The Robert Lehman Collection, Vol. 3, Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Paintings|date=2009|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=978-0691145365}}</ref> he remained independent throughout his career apart from brief affiliations with the Progressive Artists’ Group and the Bombay Group.

As a student at the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]] and in the early years of his career, D. G. worked as a part-time illustrator and cartoonist to support his passion for painting. It was at this time that he acquired the sobriquet '''Dizi'''.

Dizi's versatility as an artist is reflected in the three distinct media he explored – drawings, paintings and sculpture. His work reflects an honesty of expression rather than a desire for external approval. His closest friends and contemporaries in the art world, [[V. S. Gaitonde]] and S. B. Palsikar, shared this philosophy that their artistic integrity must never be compromised.

Dizi received the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] Award in 1967 and the Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar in 1990.

==Style==

Nina Rege, assistant director, [[Nehru Centre Art Gallery]], states: "Dizi was not only a master painter, but also a master sculptor, caricaturist and a poet. Generally, an artist becomes famous because of his style. But when his style and his personality mirror each other, he is a different artist altogether, Dizi was one such artist. He was different. A contemporary of the Progressive group of artists. Yet he was a rebel with his own independent style."<ref>{{cite book|title=Nehru Centre Pays Tribute to D.G. Kulkarni (DIZI), 1921–1992, the Indian Master Painter, Sculptor and Cartoonist A Retrospective Exhibition at the Nehru Centre Art Gallery, Worli, Mumbai, 18th December 2001 to 4th January 2002|date=2001|publisher=Nehru Centre|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

[[Jehangir Sabavala]] reminisced: "It wasn’t as an illustrator or as a cartoonist that he ever came into his own. Unquestionably, his inclination was towards a more serious aspect of art, which, obviously in his case, first led him to painting. In his earlier days, the palette was bright, more colourful, gayer, lighter, which he eschewed as he grew into a more mature man and painter. He left it behind in favour of a more sombre representation where, I think, the lighter, more lyrical colour was put aside and he went into deeper and more restricted tones. Also, mass, form and volume became very important to him. He simplified the paintings, and they became, in a way, monumental. The legacy left behind is of one who worked seriously and for the purpose of the work itself and did not worry whether he should sell or be famous or these other tawdry aspects of the profession."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nath|first1=Asha|title=Illusion and Reality D G Kulkarni Master Painter, Sculptor and Cartoonist|date=2007|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7525-511-1}}</ref>

Artist Prabhakar Kolte observes: "You cannot read his paintings as you would a contemporary artist’s. You have to make a concerted effort to read them by forgetting your own language and script since you have to understand the graphic mood of his lines which were not meant to be tools of expression but ends in themselves."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nath|first1=Asha|title=Illusion and Reality D G Kulkarni Master Painter, Sculptor and Cartoonist|date=2007|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Professor V. M. Sholapurkar, Founder Dean of [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts|CAVA]] (Chamarajendra Academy Of Visual Arts) comments: "Viewing Dizi’s paintings bestows an illuminating glimpse of the world he chose to inhabit. His work may not be acceptable to all but it is an authentic documentation of what the art world considers a vigorous, sensitive, independent and iconoclastic mind. If one were to see Dizi’s works, untitled and unsigned, it would be difficult to tell that they were all by the same artist. His ceaseless quest for new forms and style; constant experimentation; lack of stereotypes; perfection in drawing and composition and an instinctive understanding of colours stamp him as an enduring and fascinating master artist."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nath|first1=Asha|title=Illusion and Reality D G Kulkarni Master Painter, Sculptor and Cartoonist|date=2007|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7525-511-1}}</ref>

Art historian and former Honorary Director of the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], Mumbai, Dr. Saryu Doshi concludes: "The life and works of Dizi provide insightful glimpses into the art scene of his times and serve as a valuable documentation of uncharted areas in Mumbai’s art history."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nath|first1=Asha|title=Illusion and Reality D G Kulkarni Master Painter, Sculptor and Cartoonist|date=2007|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7525-511-1}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dizi was born in [[Shedbal]] village, [[Karnataka]] in 1921 to a family of impoverished landowners. He was a lonely child who exhibited a raw intensity and eagerness to learn and create. A teacher in the village school recognized his potential and invited him to share his library. Words and images became poems in the child's mind and the pen that inked the poems gradually began to transform words into lines drawn from his visual memory that were his to move and compose at will.

==Career==

===Mumbai, 1939-1971===

====A cartoonist's wit, an artist's sensitivity====

Dizi came to Mumbai in 1939 and began his studies in drawing and painting at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]. As he absorbed the cadence of life in the city, he was engulfed by the surging tide of nationalism and participated in the [[Quit India]] movement in 1942. His patriotic fervour earned him a prison sentence, serious injuries and a lifelong limp. On his release, he returned to his studies and completed his diploma. Poverty did not concern him; his wealth was in the hours spent painting and with kindred spirits [[K. H. Ara]], V. S. Gaitonde, [[M. F. Husain]], S. B. Palsikar, [[S. H. Raza]] and [[F. N. Souza]].

"During this unsettled and self-supporting student’s life, I let myself flow with the country’s social and political current. I came across men, and political apes alike, who drove me to find my own values. These encounters made me realize that creativity, expressed through art, is more dynamic and satisfying than any social, political or individual existence. Life is exciting, exhilarating, intoxicating, but with its full measure of pain." – Dizi<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nath|first1=Asha|title=DIZI Paintings|date=2014|publisher=Dizi Kulkarni Foundation/TF Editores|isbn=9788415931126|url=http://www.accdistribution.com/uk/store/pv/9788415931126/dizi/asha-nath}}{{Dead link|date=August 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1951, Dizi married Alaka. An artist herself – a sitarist – she understood with sensitivity that the man and the artist in Dizi were two distinct, yet inseparable entities. Together, Alaka and Dizi traveled through the villages and towns of India, studying ancient cave and temple sculptures and contemplating the folklore of generations. The landscapes Dizi traversed and the traditions he encountered were his inspiration. His sketchbook was an extension of himself and the impressions he drew were extensions of his imagination, stroked with confidence and conviction.

"My journey is a kaleidoscope of verdant foliage, sunbaked earth tones, the crimson, saffron and indigo swirl of turban, loincloth and sari. The rippling contours and primal energy of horses and cattle – fleeting, yet powerful impressions, a subconscious harvest." – Dizi

His work affirms the freedom of expression that was his birthright; his drawings and cartoons mirror the moments and experiences he made his own.

====The labyrinth Of colours====

While cartoons provided income and sustenance, Dizi yearned to transcend pure drawing and explore the realm of colour. His early paintings of faces and figures were experiments in proportion, characterized by a strong cursive line and spontaneous brushwork. Portrayed in ochre, green and rust, enlivened by white and a generous measure of red they feature almond-shaped eyes below a straight brow, elongated fingers and feet.

Richard R. Brettell's essay on ‘Rest’ (1945) in the Robert Lehman Collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, states: "Although the picture is firmly rooted in the tradition of Indian painting in the vibrancy of its palette and the exaggeration of the eyes of the figures as repositories of special significance, elements of the composition also reflect DIZI’s professional training as a modern artist in what was then the leading professional art school in India’s largest city. The fluid lines, interpenetrating forms, and studied informality of the image suggest that he was familiar with the work of such Western Modernists as [[Picasso]], [[Matisse]] and [[Raoul Dufy|Dufy]]."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brettell|first1=Richard R.|last2=Tucker|first2=Paul Hayes|last3=Lee|first3=Natalie H.|title=The Robert Lehman Collection, Vol. 3, Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Paintings|date=2009|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=978-0691145365}}</ref>

The primitive yielded to the sentimental and refined. ‘Sitar Player’, a portrait of Alaka reflects the miniature tradition as does another work titled ‘Prayer’. These paintings are composed with delicate precision in the Indian decorative style. They represent Dizi's investigation into the relationship between color and line, giving him an intuitive feeling for space and form and an instinctive sense of the use and application of appropriate colour pigments.

The momentum of executing these newly discovered concepts was broken by an acute shortage of funds. Despite this bitter reality, Dizi could neither bring himself to succumb to a complacent, static aesthetic for the sake of patronage nor surrender the free-flowing stream of creative growth that was his sole possession. In these desperate times, Emily Meeker, an American art enthusiast residing in Mumbai, introduced Dizi's work to Mumbai's expatriate community and asked if he would consent to teach her and a group of her friends to paint. An art class was organized at the Meeker residence, offering Dizi a measure of economic respite.

====Experiment to conviction====

"I don’t follow any school... consciously reject mannerisms, and I take almost all the pictorial values from Indian masters and Western artists." – Dizi, 1959

Dizi belonged to a new generation of artists who sought to express themselves in a modern initiative that knew no inhibitions. They broke free of the traditions imposed by academicism and innovated while continuing to respect the aesthetic grace of Indian art forms and the richness of myth. [[Cézanne]], [[Dubuffet]], [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]], [[Klee]], [[Matisse]], [[Picabia]] and [[Picasso]] inspired their quest for a contemporary approach to visual interpretation and expression.

The solitude Dizi had deliberately imposed on himself since childhood had nurtured an understanding of the human predicament. His source of inspiration was his inner universe, the mind space between the curtain and backdrop of life's theatre.

"Emotions are transitory. I try to capture the sensation of an ecstatic moment on the canvas I am working on but this is a futile exercise. The dark landscapes of my childhood impose themselves on my palette and I paint grotesque, disproportionate figures on multi-dimensional planes, abstract reflections of a troubled past. I pause, lay down my brush and write to expel the turmoil that prevents me from painting what I had intended to. It takes a concerted effort and Alaka’s unstinting support to bring myself back to brighter hues and a serenity of spirit that prompts me to create a series of translucent watercolors. Even as I work on these, my mind is journeying beyond." – Dizi

====Symbolism and significance====

When Alaka and Dizi married, they decided they would not have a child as their lives were too unconventional to accept this responsibility. Perhaps it was this that prompted Dizi to muse: "I find myself exploring adolescence, sensuality, womanhood, the concept of mother and child, of burgeoning life. I paint symbols of fertility with a need that borders on desperation. It is almost as though I anticipate and experience fatherhood through the layers of pigment that bring the images born of primeval desire in my mind to life."

In this quest for perpetuity, he found himself reaching out to the familiar reassurance of myth and philosophy and painted a series projecting the origins of life and symbols of the mystic Indian inheritance.

The cartoonist in Dizi enabled him to infuse dramatic and literary content into his paintings. The Clown Series, exhibited in 1963, envisioned a world of fantasy and caprice in which myth and illusion are interspersed with harsh, inescapable reality. The theme of these paintings mutates subtly and imperceptibly between the whimsical antics of the circus ring and the mysterious and magical impact of symbols. Embarking on this creative adventure, Dizi painted in tumultuous colours.

"The clowns parade on the screen of my mind. Their spontaneous, merry capers momentarily dispel the barren emptiness of disappointment and the anguish of experience. Masked and garbed in blithe dots, lines and patches they simulate the pattern and parody of human existence." – Dizi

Art critic Dr. Charles Louis Fabri's review of the exhibition stated: "D. G. Kulkarni’s talent is too obvious to be missed. He is interesting, original... a fine draughtsman who refuses to give up representation for abstraction. The clown is shown in many shapes and his motley dress forms the justification for the many colours."

Influenced by Paul Klee's work and thoughts on art, an element of surreal fantasy and a focus on the concept of metamorphosis evolved in Dizi's work in the wake of the clown theme.

"Klee’s words resonate as my brush caresses canvas. I mix and manipulate paint to lure powerful images from invisible realms of mystic introspection. Pigments are intensified and muted to evoke emotions from subliminal depths, illustrate evolution, expose nature’s stark reality and uninhibitedly bare its lyrical and gruesome aspects in a spectrum of vivid, glowing colors. I feel I have transcended the barriers of attitude and approach in this work that is symbolic evidence of my inner growth." – Dizi

====Man and woman – the eternal theme====

Dizi's work explores the relationship between man and woman; the aspects of sexuality, love, tenderness, violence, ambiguity, celebration and spirituality that are the core of this equation.

Life urged Dizi to reinvent himself, to equate joyous triumphs and despairing frustrations, to define uncharted paths of visual exploration and discovery while adhering stubbornly and determinedly to his beliefs and convictions.

===[[Belagavi]], Karnataka 1971–1977===

====Philosopher and individualist====

In 1971, Dizi and Alaka returned to their roots in rural Karnataka, moving from Mumbai to live on a farm in the [[Belagavi district]]. Here, Dizi rediscovered nature and the palette of his youth, but the man he had become chose to strip away the bright, vibrant colors that had appealed to him until now. His brush mixed deeper and more restricted tones and his compositions became more complex.

The Dizi of this period was a different person. As the monsoon rain washed away the parched red dust, obscuring the brown, green and blue of earth, tree and sky, he chose to see only the various shades of grey engendered by cloud shadows.

In 1974, deliberately avoiding even a vestige of colour, he created the Grey Series, restricting himself to painting pure form in grey, white and black. Professor V. M. Sholapurkar comments: "Dizi let his imagination wander at will in a monochromatic world of plants, insects, birds and nascent beings in which subconscious imagery emerged from conscious observation. He painted phallic symbols, eggs and embryos with a bold confidence. These sombre paintings exhibit a sophisticated, restrained elegance. ''Bird Whistle'' features delicately stroked diagonals balanced by an aerodynamic horizontal; assorted symbols cluster amid dark masses in ''Dampness'' and ''Abode of Butterflies'' depicts the fragility of life struggling with the elements."

In this undulating terrain of natural forms and shapes, Dizi felt the need to leave behind the colour pigments he had ground, mixed and applied to paper and canvas and to experience the character of stone by sculpting it into the archetypal images he visualized emerging from the landscape before him. Sculpture offered him a means of penetrating life's core to produce simple yet powerful forms and his creative energy began to transform ethereal line into substantive sculpture as he probed stone with his chisel, urging and cajoling it to yield its secrets.

"It is the three-dimensional effect of the sculpture and the raw feel of the medium that is thrilling. The colour in paintings is illusory. In sculpture there is more reality. Above all, I love the challenge in the toughness, the roughness, the pure texture of stone." – Dizi

Professor V. M. Sholapurkar writes: "We do not know what primordial instincts brought Dizi finally to stone for the culmination of his vision... his superb linear drawings contain subconscious suggestions of the voluptuousness of form that could only find fulfilment in stone of varied hues and tactile possibilities."

Noted art critic Dnyaneshwar Nadkarni remarked: "Translating his ideas into stone the artist gives them an inevitability of form and substance. Dizi’s carving technique has many definitions and expertise. The contours, the placement of motifs, the total shape – everything is so appropriate... the general sweep of the bigger works... the blending of grace and weight."

===Mumbai, 1977-1992===

====An artist's legacy====

"We have all chosen a journey that, while fraught with uncertainty, gives our creative nature the courage to endure in the promise of inner fulfilment." – Dizi

Line and form continued to fascinate Dizi as he strove for deeper levels of interpretation. He reflected on mass, form and volume, the interpenetration of lines and shapes. Colors awakened in his mind, urging rediscovery after his pilgrimage in grey and his palette began to respond to their insistent call. The later compositions he painted were more thoughtful and assured. Forms and colors adjust themselves in these works, emerging, overlapping, disappearing.

Dizi's journey as an artist began with the inexpressible thrill of discovering the magical intrigue of line as pen and ink brought it indelibly alive. As he turned seventy, the artist in him reverted to the cartoonist in a moment of nostalgia creating the sentimental portraits of his friends and fellow artists.

The portraits depict Husain striding barefoot on a city road with his canvases; Souza painting buxom nudes; Hebbar sketching to capture an instant of inspiration; Gaitonde seated, lost in contemplative reflection; Palsikar, garbed in sacred thread and red silk dhoti, engaging in ritual and Ara posing with a child.

Art critic Niyatee Shinde observed: "As is typical of his nature, his modesty and witty temperament, he has on display portraits of his contemporaries like F. N. Souza, Gaitonde etc. What one finds more than amusing is the dexterity with which he has captured the subtle distinctions that ideally characterize these fellow painters. These unpretentious images from his witty world open up a playful world that also interestingly revives the nostalgic. Simple fluid lines and an equally unencumbered palette make for pleasing visuals.",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nath|first1=Asha|title=Illusion and Reality D G Kulkarni Master Painter, Sculptor and Cartoonist|date=2007|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shinde|first1=Niyatee|title=Art Column|date=1991|publisher=The Indian Express|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Artist Suhas Bahulkar recounts: "He struggled throughout his life to live as an artist. As his life progressed, the fragile yet resolute finesse of his initial line drawings was translated into powerful colour schemes on canvas. These, in time, were to be replaced by the stones he would carve into equally massive forms chiselled to perfection with intricate, decorative lines to make his artistry come full circle."
<ref>{{cite book|last1=Documentary Film|title=Immortal Impressions|date=2001|publisher=Pansworld Television India Pvt. Ltd.|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Dizi always remained true to the values he had imposed on himself and expressed his true self when he painted. His creativity was never restrained or curbed by external incentives.

"I know the ropes but never handled them, never wanted to. I found the strings but never pulled them. It is mechanical. But I found the line, the thrilling line and I followed the adventure. I found myself and my peace. In the melody of lines I swim. To the rhythm of line I dance the cosmic dance." – Dizi

Dizi died in Mumbai on 16 November 1992.

==Awards==

1956
Bombay State Award,
Mumbai

1967
Lalit Kala Akademi Award,
New Delhi

1972
Maharashtra State Award,
Mumbai

1990
Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar,
Mumbai

==Selected solo and group exhibitions==

1946
Group Exhibition,
[[Bombay Art Society]],
Mumbai

1948
Solo Exhibition,
Mumbai

1950
Solo Exhibition,
Mumbai

1958
Group Exhibition,
Bombay Art Society,
Mumbai

1959
Solo Exhibition,
[[Jehangir Art Gallery]],
Mumbai

1961
Solo Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1963
Solo Exhibition,
Clown Series,
Roopa Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1964
AIFACS,
New Delhi

1965
Taj Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1966
Academy of Fine Arts,
Kolkata

1976
Solo Exhibition,
Grey Series,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1978
Solo Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1981
Solo Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1983
Solo Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1985
Solo Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1987
Solo Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

1991
Solo Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

==Retrospective exhibitions==

1993
Memorial Exhibition,
Jehangir Art Gallery,
Mumbai

2000 Millennium Show ‘A Century of Art from Maharashtra’,
Nehru Centre,
Mumbai

2001
Nehru Centre Pays Tribute to D. G. Kulkarni (DIZI) ‘The Indian Master Painter, Sculptor & Cartoonist’,
Nehru Centre Art Gallery,
Mumbai

==Works in notable institutions and collections==

National Gallery of Modern Art,
Mumbai

The Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Robert Lehman Collection,
New York

Dizi Kulkarni Foundation

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.dizifoundation.org
* http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/The_Robert_Lehman_Collection_Vol_3_Nineteenth_and_Twentieth_Century_Paintings
* http://nehru-centre.org/art-gallery/indian-masters-retrospective-exhibitions/

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, D. G.}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Meitei script

2026-03-25T11:14:32Z

XuHzRuDLW: added references

{{short description|Writing system used to write Meitei language}}
{{About|the historic and naturally evolved writing system|the 20th century constructed script|Naoriya Phulo script}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand Ukrainian|date=March 2026}}
{{missing information|how Lonsum works ([[syllable coda]]?); which ones are the basic fifteen consonants|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Meitei script
| altname = ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ}}|Meitei Mayek}})
| type = [[Abugida]]
| languages = [[Meitei language|Meitei (Manipuri) language]]
| region =
{{IND}}
* [[Manipur]]
| sample = File:18 Ancient Meitei Letters.jpg
| caption = The original 18 letters used in the Meitei Mayek writing system
| official script = for [[Meitei language]] in India
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script]]
| fam6 = [[Gupta script]]
| footnotes =
| sisters = [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]],<ref name="Meithei" >{{cite book |last1=Chelliah
|first1=Shobhana Lakshmi |title=A Grammar of Meithei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noCHVvu0P8oC |quote="Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts, which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script" |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2011 |page=355 |isbn=9783110801118 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Singh |first1=Harimohon Thounaojam |title=The Evolution and Recent Development of the Meetei Mayek Script |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263852161 |publisher=Cambridge University Press India |page=28 |date=January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hyslop |first1=Gwendolyn |last2=Morey |first2=Stephen |last3=Post |first3= Mark W |title=North East Indian Linguistics Volume 3 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263852161 |publisher=Cambridge University Press India |date=January 2011 |isbn=9788175967939 }}</ref> [[Lepcha script|Lepcha]], [[Khema script|Khema]], [[ʼPhags-pa script|ʼPhags-pa]], [[Marchen script|Marchen]]
| time = 6th-18th centuries AD,<ref name="sahitya">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Manipur%208th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20Manipur&pg=PA142 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref> revived 1930 – present
| unicode = [[Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)]]
| iso15924 = Mtei
| note = none
}}
{{contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{brahmic}}
The '''Meitei script''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ}}|Meitei mayek}}), also known as the '''Kanglei script''' ({{langx|mni|{{script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ}}|Kanglei mayek}})<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noni |first1=Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&q=Kanglei+script+Meetei+Mayekuz8AhVlSWwGHeUtCqoQ6AF6BAgFEAM&pg=PA223 |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=223, 235, 237 |language=en}}</ref> or the '''Kok Sam Lai script''' ({{langx|mni|{{script|Mtei|ꯀꯣꯛ ꯁꯝ ꯂꯥꯏ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ}}|Kok Sam Lai mayek}}), after its first three letters<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:মণিপুরদা লোলয়ান চঙলকপা অমদি মীতৈ ইয়েক্না থোঙজিন্দা ৱারৌজনা লেপ্লরবদা ! |url=https://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/17.02.2022-B5.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=Lost and revived: The story of Meitei script |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/meitei-script-manipur-history-8317655/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> is an [[abugida]] in the [[Brahmic script]]s family used to write the [[Meitei language]], the official language of [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and one of the 22 [[official languages of India]]. It is first known from engravings on [[#History|6th century CE coins and copper plate inscriptions]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNM1jbGkfJAC&dq=meitei+language+in+roman+script&pg=PT4 |title=Fresh Fictions: Folk Tales, Plays, Novellas from the North East |date=2005 |publisher=Katha |isbn=978-81-87649-44-1 |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> as verified by the various publications of the National [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="sahitya"/> It was used until the 18th century, when it was replaced by the [[Bengali alphabet]]. A few manuscripts survive. In the 20th century, the script was revived and is again being used.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|date=2017-09-23|title=Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/banished-manipuri-script-stages-a-comeback/article19743482.ece|access-date=2021-08-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Beginning in 2021, the [[Government of Manipur]] began to use the Meitei alongside the Bengali-Assamese script, per the ''Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref>

Since Meitei does not have [[voiced consonant]]s, there are only fifteen consonant letters used for native words, plus three letters for pure vowels. Nine additional consonants letters inherited from Indic languages are available for writing loan words. There are seven vowel diacritics and a final consonant ({{IPA|/ŋ/}}) diacritic. The names of the twenty-seven letters are based on parts of the human body.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Sohini|date=2009|title=Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|volume=82|issue=1|pages=150|doi=10.1353/anq.0.0047 |jstor=25488260 |issn=0003-5491}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Yumbanlol (Yumpanlol) - a 6th century Classical Meitei language copper manuscript text - in Meetei script - works on sensuality & relationship between husbands & wives and how to run a household in Ancient Kangleipak civilisation state.jpg|thumb|Yumbanlol (Yumpanlol), a group of 6th century [[ancient Meitei language]] [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscriptions]], written in Meetei script.]]

Regarding epigraphic records, Meitei script appears in the Yumbanlol (Yumpanlol), composed in the 6th century C.E. It was a group of [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscriptions]] about an [[ancient Meitei language]] literary work.<ref>{{Cite web |others=Manuscript Treasures of India, [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]] |title=National Mission of Manuscripts : 88 Vijñānanidhi: m a n |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/34231921/manuscript-treasures-of-india-national-mission-for-manuscripts/88 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=National Mission of Manuscripts |pages=88, 89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture, Government of India]] |title=Vijnananidhi |url=https://www.namami.gov.in/flipbook/images/vijnananidhi-page-088.jpg |website=namami.gov.in |pages=88, 89}}</ref>

The Old Manipuri script also appears on coins issued during the reigns of Meitei Kings, Ura Konthouba (c. 568-653 CE) and Ayangba (c. 821-910 CE). These coins are presently preserved in the Mutua Museum in [[Imphal]].<ref name="sahitya">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Manipur%208th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20Manipur&pg=PA142 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref>

The origin of the official script of Manipur is derived from religious book [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok|Wakoklon Puya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=Sohini |date=2009 |title=Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25488260 |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=129–154|doi=10.1353/anq.0.0047 |jstor=25488260 |quote=The philosophy of the letters is found in a religious manuscript named "Wakoklon Hilel Thilel Salai Amilon Pukok Puya" |issn=0003-5491|url-access=subscription }}</ref> But, there has been some controversy regarding the origin of the Meitei script. The Meitei script is a [[Brahmic]] abugida. According to Singh (1962), an archaic form of the script had developed by the 11th century, and it was in use until the early 18th century, when it was replaced by the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]].<ref>K.B. Singh, The Meiteis of Manipur (1989 [1962]), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yED5k62TsC&pg=PA157 p. 157].</ref> By contrast, Tomba (1993) claims that the script is a development of {{Circa|1930}}, with all supposedly older documents being deliberate forgeries.<ref>Frans Welman, ''Out of Isolation – Exploring a Forgotten World'' (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=iOV8aaGZERQC&pg=PA468 468f.], citing O.Tomba, ''The Need to rewrite Manipuri History'', Imphal, 1993.</ref> According to K.S. Singh and Mahoharan (1993), as per the modifications of the phonemic distributions of [[Meitei language]], the script belongs to the [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]] group of scripts.<ref name="Meithei" />

The earliest stone inscription, found in the village of Khoibu, Manipur, is also believed to date to time of Ura Konthouba. This inscription is presently kept in the [[Manipur State Museum]], Imphal.<ref name="sahitya"/>

Another early copper plate [[Meitei inscriptions|Meitei inscription]] dates to the 8th century CE, inscribed during the reign of King Khongtekcha ({{Circa|721 AD}}). It was discovered by scholar Yumjao from [[Phayeng]] in 1935. It is one of the earliest known examples of [[Meitei literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA25 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=16 June 2019 |publisher= LP|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA325 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri) |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=325 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sipra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&q=8th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20manipur&pg=PA28 |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |date=1992 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-310-0 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>

A stone inscription found{{year needed|date=April 2019}} at Khoibu in [[Tengnoupal district]], of current [[Manipur]] state, contains royal edicts of king [[Senbi Kiyamba]] (d. 1508), representing the earliest portion of the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba|Chietharol Kumbaba]] or Royal Chronicle of Manipur. It is one of the primary texts in the Meitei script.<ref>{{cite web| first=Michael| last=Everson| title=Preliminary Proposal for Encoding the Meithei Mayek Script in the BMP of the UCS| website=Unicode| date=20 September 2006| url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06308-n3158-meithei.pdf}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

[[File:ANDRO INSCRIBED STONE.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Meitei language]] stone inscription in Meitei script about a royal decree of a Meitei king found in the sacred site of God [[Panam Ningthou]] in [[Andro, Imphal East]], [[Manipur]].]]
[[File:Meithei manuscript, a Indian language.jpg|thumb|300px|Meitei manuscript]]

== Recent developments ==
In 1980, a modernized version of the writing system was approved by Manipuri law for use in educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Approved_Meitei_Mayek%20_Govt_Gazzette_1980.html..|title=Approved Meitei Mayek Govt Gazette 1980|website=e-pao.net|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Devi|first1=S.|date=May 2013|title=Is Manipuri an Endangered Language?|url=https://www.languageinindia.com/may2013/rebikameitheiendangeredfinal.pdf|journal=Language in India|volume=13|issue=5|pages=520–533}}</ref> The modernised version of the Meitei script was encoded in [[Unicode]] in 2009.

in 2022, a joint meeting consensus of the ''Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup'', the All Manipur Working Journalists' Union and the Editors' Guild, Manipur agreed that [[Meitei language]] newspapers would switch from the [[Bengali script]] to the Meitei script from 15 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek in newspapers |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/29/IMPHAL-Jan-28-A-resolution-has-been-taken-to-use-Meetei-Mayek-in-place-of-Bengali-script-in-all-n.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek in newspapers: 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..290122.jan22 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek to Replace Bengali Script in Manipuri Newspapers from 2023 |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/top-stories/meetei-mayek-to-replace-bengali-script-in-all-newspapers-in-manipur-from-jan-2023 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Pratidin Time |date=30 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |work=HYNews |title=All Bengali script Manipuri Dailies in Manipur to Print in Meitei Eyek (Script) from 15th January 2023 |url=http://hynews.in/article/state/all-bengali-dailies-in-manipur-to-print-in-meitei-eyek-script-from-15th-january-2023/http%3A%2F%2Fhynews.in%2Farticle%2Fstate%2Fall-bengali-dailies-in-manipur-to-print-in-meitei-eyek-script-from-15th-january-2023%2F1399 |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State dailies to cease Bengali script Manipuri papers from Jan, 2023: 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=44..290122.jan22 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

==Letters==
One of the unique features of this script is the use of body parts in naming the letters.<ref>{{cite web |title=A comparative study of Meetei Mayek |url=https://www.typoday.in/2011/papers/Neelakash_Meetei-Mayek.pdf |publisher=typoday |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> Every letter is named after a human body part in the [[Meitei language]]. For example, the first letter "''kok''" means "head"; the second letter "''sam''" means "hair"; the third letter "''lai''" means "forehead", and so on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. |date=29 November 2018 |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/meitei-mayek/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |language=en-US |quote=The Meitei Mayek script has a unique built-in learning device: the use of body parts in naming the letters. Every letter is named after a human body part in the Manipuri. The first letter, "kok" means "head," for example; the second letter, "sam" means "hair"; the third letter "lai" means "forehead."}}</ref> This association appears in the book ''[[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya]]'', which details how each script originated received its nomenclature and which is widely considered to be the source of the Meitei script.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Sohini|date=2009|title=Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|volume=82|issue=1|pages=129–154|doi=10.1353/anq.0.0047 |jstor=25488260 |s2cid=140755509 |issn=0003-5491}}</ref> Some letters have a second form (lonsom) that is used at the end of a word and are used to indicate stop consonants.
[[File:AMA Symbol of Meetei Sanamahism.jpg|thumb|300px|Meitei letter "Ama" (lit. [[One]]) in the symbol of [[Sanamahism]] ([[traditional Meitei religion]])]]

In the traditional Meitei religion of [[Sanamahism]] Meitei letters and numerals are believed to be the creations of the supreme God.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery of Kangleipak 11 |url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_11.html.. |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery of Kangleipak 12 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_12 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== Primary letters ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter{{br}}(inc. IPA)<ref name="Manipuri Meeteilon / Meithei">{{cite web |title=Manipuri (Meeteilon / Meithei) |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=Omniglot}}</ref>
!Name
!Meaning(s){{efn|Some of the meanings rendered by some letters (characters) are different according to different sources. So, if found different, they're added together in the same section.<ref>{{Citation |title=Meetei Mayek or Meetei script chart |date=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/court-chronicle-of-the-kings-of-manipur/meetei-mayek-or-meetei-script-chart/788010CFE8284F1940148DAFFAC6F262 |work=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur |pages=145–148 |editor-last=Arambarn Parratt |editor-first=Saroj Nalini |access-date=2023-03-06 |publisher=Foundation Books |doi=10.1017/UPO9788175968547.006 |isbn=978-81-7596-854-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Watham |first1=S. |last2=Vimal |first2=V. |date=2013 |title=Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek: ( A Rule Based Approach ) |s2cid=16339978 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meetei Mayek: The Script |url=http://tabish.freeshell.org/eeyek/script/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=tabish.freeshell.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei Mayek Alphabets |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Meitei-Mayek-Alphabets_fig1_328718529 |website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref>}}
!Lonsum
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯀ|ipa=/k/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯣꯛ}}|translit=kok|label=none}}
|head or brain
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯛ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯈ|ipa=/kʰ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯧ}}|translit=khou|label=none}}
|throat, palate, neck
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯉ|ipa=/ŋ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯉꯧ}}|translit=ngou|label=none}}
|pharynx, larynx
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯡ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯆ|ipa=/t͡ʃ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯜ}}|translit=chil|label=none}}
|lips
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯇ|ipa=/t/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯤꯜ}}|translit=til|label=none}}
|saliva
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯠ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯊ|ipa=/tʰ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯧ}}|translit=thou|label=none}}
|breast, chest, ribs
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯅ|ipa=/n/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯥ}}|translit=nā|label=none}}
|ear
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯟ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯄ|ipa=/p/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥ}}|translit=pā|label=none}}
|eyelash
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯞ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯐ|ipa=/pʰ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯐꯝ}}|translit=pham|label=none}}
|anus, buttocks, or uterus
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯃ|ipa=/m/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯠ}}|translit=mit|label=none}}
|eye
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯝ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯌ|ipa=/j/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯥꯡ}}|translit=yang|label=none}}
|spine
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯂ|ipa=/l/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏ}}|translit=lai|label=none}}
|God
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯜ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯋ|ipa=/w/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯋꯥꯏ}}|translit=wai|label=none}}
|navel, heart
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯁ|ipa=/s/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯝ}}|translit=sam|label=none}}
|hair
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯍ|ipa=/h/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯨꯛ}}|translit=huk|label=none}}
|joint
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯑ|ipa=/ɐ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯇꯤꯡꯉꯥ}}|translit=atinga|label=none}} {{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯇꯤꯌꯥ}}|translit=atiya|label=none}}
|immortality, heaven, divinity, birth
|
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯏ|ipa=/iː/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯏ}}|translit=e|label=none}}
|blood
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯢ}}
|-
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯎ|ipa=/u(ː)/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯎꯟ}}|translit=un|label=none}}
|skin
|}

=== Additional consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Letter{{br}}(inc. IPA)<ref name="Manipuri Meeteilon / Meithei" />
!Name
!Evolved from
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯒ|ipa=/g/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯒꯣꯛ}}|gok|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯘ|ipa=/gʱ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯘꯧ}}|ghou|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫢ|ipa=/t͡ʃʰ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫢ}}|cha|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯖ|ipa=/d͡ʒ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯤꯜ}}|jil|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯓ|ipa=/d͡ʒʱ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯓꯝ}}|jham|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫣ|ipa=/ɲ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫣ}}|nya|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫤ|ipa=/ʈ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫤ}}|tta|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫥ|ipa=/ʈʰ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫥ}}|ttha|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫦ|ipa=/ɖ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫦ}}|dda|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫧ|ipa=/ɖʱ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫧ}}|ddha|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫨ|ipa=/ɳ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫨ}}|nna|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯗ|ipa=/d/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯗꯤꯜ}}|dil|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯙ|ipa=/dʱ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯙꯧ}}|dhou|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯕ|ipa=/b/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯥ}}|bā|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯚ|ipa=/bʱ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯚꯝ}}|bham|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯐ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯔ|ipa=/ɾ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯏ}}|rai|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂ}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫩ|ipa=/ɕ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫩ}}|sha|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|-
|{{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꫪ|ipa=/ʂ/}}
|{{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꫪ}}|ssa|label=none}}
|{{Script|Mtei|}}
|}

=== Independent vowels ===
In Meitei Mayek, vowels are not listed separately before the consonants, unlike in most Brahmic scripts. Instead, they appear within the main sequence of the script, making it structurally different from scripts like Devanagari.

Independent vowels are used only when a word starts with a vowel, just like in most Indic scripts. Otherwise, vowels appear as diacritics attached to consonants.

Meitei Mayek has seven independent vowel letters, including {{angbr|ꯑ}}, which is used as a default vowel carrier, similar to {{angbr|अ}} in Devanagari:
{| class="wikitable"
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯑ|ipa=/ə/}}
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯏ|ipa=/i/}}
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯍ|ipa=/u/}}
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯑꯣ|ipa=/o/}}
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯑꯦ|ipa=/e/}}
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯑꯨ|ipa=/uː/}}
| {{Letter|s=Mtei|ch=ꯑꯩ|ipa=/ai/}}
|}

Examples:

* ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ (oina) – ‘like ( comparatively ) / left'
* ꯑꯣꯖꯥ (oja) - 'teacher'

Since Meitei Mayek preserves independent vowels, it functions similarly to Brahmic scripts in terms of structure, even though the vowel ordering differs from most Indic alphabets.

===Vowel diacritics===
Syllables are written by adding vowel diacritics (cheitap eeyek) to consonants.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Diacritics<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipuri / Meitei Script Alphabet |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/meitei.htm |website=www.omniglot.com |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | diacritic
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯥ |ipa=/a/ | top=aa-tap |s=Mtei}}
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯤ |ipa=/i/ | top=ee-nap |s=Mtei}}
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯨ |ipa=/u/ | top='uu-nap|s=Mtei}}
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯦ |ipa=/e/ | top=yet-nap|s=Mtei}}
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯣ |ipa=/o/ | top=ot-nap|s=Mtei}}
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯩ |ipa=/ɐj/ | top=chei-nap|s=Mtei}}
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯧ |ipa=/ɐw/ | top=sou-nap|s=Mtei}}
|{{letter|l=mni|ch=ꯪ |ipa=/əŋ/ | top=nung|s=Mtei}}
|-
! scope=row | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀ}} plus diacritic
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯥ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯤ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯨ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯦ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯣ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯩ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯧ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯀꯪ}}
|-
! scope=row | {{Script|Mtei|ꯠ}} plus diacritic
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯥ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯤ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯨ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯦ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯣ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯩ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯧ}}
|{{letter|l=mni|s=Mtei |ch=ꯠꯪ}}
|}

===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Meitei numerals 0–9
|-
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯰|top=0|note=phun}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯱|top=1|note=ama}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯲|top=2|note=ani}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯳|top=3|note=ahum}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯴|top=4|note=mari}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯵|top=5|note=mangā}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯶|top=6|note=taruk}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯷|top=7|note=taret}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯸|top=8|note=nipāl}}
|{{letter|s=Mtei|ch=꯹|top=9|note=mapāl}}
|}

== Unicode ==
Meetei Mayek (Meitei script) was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The [[Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)|Unicode block for the Meitei script]] is U+ABC0 – U+ABFF.

Characters for historical orthographies are part of the [[Meetei Mayek Extensions]] block at U+AAE0 – U+AAFF.

{{Unicode chart Meetei Mayek}}
{{Unicode chart Meetei Mayek Extensions}}

== Software ==
{{Main|Meitei input methods}}
[[File:A Typical Meitei Keyboard.jpg|thumb|300px|A typical Meitei Mayek keyboard]]
[[Meitei Mayek]] keyboards and other input methods are available at or supported by:
* [[Gboard]]
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iOS 13]]
* [[Linux]]
* [[Macintosh operating systems]]
* [[Microsoft SwiftKey]]
* [[Windows]]

== In popular culture ==
* [[The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization]], 2015 documentary film

== See also ==
{{Portal|Arts|Asia|Languages|India|Writing}}
* [[Meitei inscriptions]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]
* [[Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)]]
* [[Meetei Mayek Extensions]] (Unicode block)
* [[Wikipedia:Meitei script display help]]
* [[Bengali–Assamese script]]
* [[Bengali alphabet]]
* [[Mayek (disambiguation)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Shobhana Chelliah|Chelliah, Shobhana L.]] (1997). ''A grammar of Meithei''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. {{ISBN|0-19-564331-3}}.
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meithei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), ''Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000'' (pp. 59–71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
* Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), ''Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000'' (pp. 189–190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm Omniglot, a guide to written language]
* [https://www.dlpi.mn.gov.in/en/downloads/ MANIPURI FONTS] at [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Meitei script| ]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

Vibha Bakshi

2026-03-24T14:33:09Z

XuHzRuDLW: Created Post!

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vibha Bakshi
| image = Vibha Bakshi.jpg
| caption = Bakshi in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|09|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| education = [[Bachelor of Science degree]]
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted|[[Boston University]]|[[St Xaviers College]], [[Mumbai]]|[[Convent of Jesus and Mary]]}}
| occupation = Filmmaker
| years_active =
| known_for = {{Unbulleted|''[[Daughters of Mother India]]''|''[[Son Rise]]''}}
| notable_works =
| awards = 4 [[National Film Awards]]
| honours =
}}
'''Vibha Bakshi''' (born 23 September 1970) is an Indian documentary filmmaker, former broadcast journalist, and the founder of Responsible Films. Much of her work examines gender inequality, gender-based violence, and institutional responses to social injustice. She is best known for the documentaries ''[[Daughters of Mother India]]'' (2015) and ''[[Son Rise]]'' (2019), both of which received [[National Film Awards]] from the [[Government of India]], the highest recognition in Indian cinema, in multiple categories.

Bakshi has won four [[National Film Awards]] across directing and producing categories. ''Daughters of Mother India'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues]] and was named the Most Awarded Social Campaign in the World by the Global Creative Index in 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PRWeek Global Awards: 2017 finalists revealed |url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1426545?utm_source=website&utm_medium=social |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[PRWeek]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights Icon John Lewis Will Speak at 145th BU Commencement {{!}} Federal Relations |url=https://www.bu.edu/federal/2018/05/03/civil-rights-icon-john-lewis-will-speak-at-145th-bu-commencement/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=www.bu.edu}}</ref> ''Son Rise'' received the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Editing (non-feature film)|Best Editing (Non-Feature)]] and was later selected by [[UN Women]] as part of the global [[HeForShe]] campaign.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Riaz |first=Azmia |date=2020-11-26 |title=Put the shame where it belongs: How this documentary illustrates how to tackle India's gender problem |url=https://www.edexlive.com/breaking/put-the-shame-where-it-belongs-how-this-documentary-illustrates-how-to-tackle-indias-gender-proble-16151.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref>

Her films have been used in institutional and educational contexts, including police sensitisation programmes and school curricula in India. They have also been screened at academic institutions, international forums, and public-policy events in India and abroad, including [[United Nations]]–affiliated programmes and Expo 2020 Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khateeb |first=Almas |date=2021-12-02 |title=Meet Vibha Bakshi, the filmmaker who finds the most extraordinary stories in the unlikeliest of places |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/filmmaker-vibha-bakshi-daughters-of-mother-india-son-rise |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baby |first=Anika Eliz |date=2022-07-05 |title=Expo legacy: Uniting champions of gender equality |url=https://gulfnews.com/friday/art-people/expo-legacy-uniting-champions-of-gender-equality-1.2313888 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Bakshi was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by [[Boston University]] in recognition of her contributions to journalism and documentary filmmaking, alongside [[Member of congress|congressman]] and civil rights leader [[John Lewis]]. She has also participated in academic and public discussions on media ethics, gender justice, and the role of documentary cinema in social change.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=Vibha Bakshi To Receive Honorary Degree |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/vibha-bakshi/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Boston University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Don't change the world, be the change' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dont-change-the-world-be-the-change |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vibha Bakshi was born on 23 September 1970 in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India. She was raised in a family with interests in business and literature. Her father, Ved Chhabra, is a businessman recognized by ''[[Forbes]]'' as one of the top 100 business leaders in the [[Middle East]] in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Specialists of a niche genre |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/specialists-of-a-niche-genre |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maceda |first=Cleofe |date=2018-11-05 |title=Revealed: Top Indian business leaders in Arab world |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/revealed-top-indian-business-leaders-in-arab-world-1.2218991 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref> while her mother, Geeta Chhabra, is a businesswoman and writer; both parents were featured in the ''50 Legends'' list of Indian business leaders in the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=Gulf News and Gray Matter unveil Legends 50 edition |url=https://features.gulfnews.com/books/cngq/#p=8 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> Bakshi attended the [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]] and [[List of schools named after Francis Xavier|St. Xavier's College]] in [[Mumbai]]. She later moved to the United States to pursue undergraduate studies in journalism and broadcasting. In 1993, she graduated from [[Boston University]] with a Bachelor of Science degree in communication.<ref name="Khalijtimes2">{{cite news|last1=Haziq|first1=Saman|date=27 October 2017|title='Don't change the world, be the change'|language=en|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/dont-change-the-world-be-the-change}}</ref> She subsequently completed a diploma course in broadcasting at [[New York University]] in 1999.<ref name="calgaryherald2">{{cite news|date=26 January 2017 |title=Documentary Daughters of Mother India tackles horror with hope |url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/movies/documentary-daughters-of-mother-india-tackles-horror-with-hope/ |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |last1=Volmers|first1=Eric}}</ref><ref name="Rediff.com2">{{cite news|date=19 April 2001|title=rediff.com US edition: 'A terrible visa which inherently isolates women'|work=[[Rediff.com]]|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/19usspec.htm}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Journalism and early media work ===
Bakshi began her career in broadcast journalism in Mumbai. She worked with Plus Channel before later joining [[CNBC|CNBC India]] as part of the channel's founding team. During this period, she worked in television news and current affairs, including reporting, production, and broadcast storytelling. Her early work in journalism later informed her approach to long-form documentary filmmaking, particularly on social and institutional issues.<ref>{{cite news|last1=D’Cruz|first1=Dolcy|date=20 November 2019|title=A world of gender equality|work=Herald Goa|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-world-of-gender-equality/153771}}</ref>

=== Transition to documentary filmmaking ===
In the early 2000s, Bakshi moved from broadcast journalism into documentary and factual filmmaking. In 2004, she collaborated as a co-producer with [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] winning filmmaker Maryann DeLeo on social-issue projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-09 |title=“It's time to change the narrative and have men become part of the struggle” |url=https://www.governancenow.com/views/interview/its-time-to-change-the-narrative-and-have-men-become-part-of-the-struggle |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Governance Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Beaumont-Thomas |first=Ben |date=2015-03-26 |title=Documentary about gang rape wins Indian national film award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/26/documentary-daughters-of-mother-india-national-film-award |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Their work included ''Terror at Home'' (2005), produced for [[Lifetime (TV channel)|Lifetime Television]], which examined domestic violence and formed part of a United States government–led, [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]]–winning campaign to stop violence against women, and ''Too Hot NOT to Handle'' (2006), an [[HBO]] documentary addressing global warming.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhandaram|first1=Vishnupriya|date=8 March 2016|title=Daughters of Mother India: Vibha Bakshi's documentary is an exploration of why our society keeps failing women|work=[[Firstpost]]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/daughters-of-mother-india-vibha-bakshis-documentary-is-an-exploration-of-why-our-society-keeps-failing-women-2660268.html}}</ref><ref name="calgaryherald2" /> During this period, Bakshi founded Responsible Films, under which she began producing and directing documentaries focused on gender inequality, gender-based violence, and social reform.<ref name=":1" />

=== Commissioned and institutional work ===
Alongside her independent documentaries, Bakshi has also directed and produced commissioned films. These projects were undertaken for public institutions and private organisations. Her work includes short documentary films for Taj Hotels, featuring heritage properties such as [[Falaknuma Palace]],<ref>{{cite news|title=The Enchanting Taj Falaknuma Palace, Hyderabad|work=[[Taj Hotels]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uADqyUN0sUk&t=25s}}</ref> [[Lake Palace|Taj Lake Palace]] in [[Udaipur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Taj Lake Palace, Udaipur|work=[[Taj Hotels]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi-8JdveWxo}}</ref> [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]], and [[Rambagh Palace, Jaipur|Rambagh Palace]] in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Experience the Life at Rambagh Palace, Jaipur|work=[[Taj Hotels]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBIR0GEtbx0}}</ref>

She also directed a film for the [[Tata Medical Center|Tata Medical Centre]] in [[Kolkata]], a philanthropic healthcare initiative funded by [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust|Tata Trusts]]. The film was broadcast across multiple television channels in India in English and several regional languages as part of a public awareness campaign. In 2015, Bakshi directed and produced a women's safety awareness campaign for the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police]].<ref name="business">{{cite news|date=28 April 2015|title='Daughters of Mother India' in syllabus of 200 Maharashtra schools|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/daughters-of-mother-india-in-syllabus-of-200-maharashtra-schools-115042800900_1.html}}</ref> The campaign focused on sensitisation and public engagement around issues of gender-based violence and was recognised by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], with Bakshi being felicitated by the then Chief Minister, [[Devendra Fadnavis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nijresearch.in/wp-content/uploads/vol-4-no-1-007.pdf|title=DAUGHTERS OF MOTHER INDIA – A RED-LETTER TRAMP FOR WOMEN|last=Thomas|first=Amitha Sara}}</ref>

=== Daughters of Mother India ===
Bakshi's film ''[[Daughters of Mother India]]'', won the [[62nd National Film Awards]] in 2015 for Best Film on Social Issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohanka |first1=Payal |date=4 January 2016 |title='Daughters of Mother India' Breaks the Silence on Gender Violence |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/women/daughters-of-mother-india-breaks-the-silence-on-gender-violence |work=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaumont-Thomas |first1=Ben |date=26 March 2015 |title=Documentary about gang rape wins Indian national film award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/26/documentary-daughters-of-mother-india-national-film-award |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Vibha Bakshi's film 'Son Rise' is knocking down patriarchy world over|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/entertainment/vibha-bakshis-film-son-rise-is-knocking-down-patriarchy-world-over/|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Lifestyle Asia India|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001074312/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/entertainment/vibha-bakshis-film-son-rise-is-knocking-down-patriarchy-world-over/|archive-date=2020-10-01}}</ref> As director and producer, she received two awards from the [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. The National Film Awards Jury cited the film for its examination of rape and gender-based violence in India. The documentary had a prime-time simulcast release across [[Viacom18]]'s ten television channels in eight languages, which was described at the time as a first for an Indian documentary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bangs |first1=Molly |date=4 December 2015 |title=Documentary Teaches Indian Police The Reality Of Reporting Rape |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/daughters-of-india_n_56449736e4b060377347cbab |work=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nyay |first1=Bushan |date=15 December 2015 |title=India's Viacom18 to Air Doc on Delhi Gang Rape Case Aftermath |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/indias-viacom18-air-doc-delhi-848922 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |date=17 December 2015 |title=Finding hope amidst hysteria |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/finding-hope-amidst-hysteria/article8000831.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2017, ''Daughters of Mother India'' was recognised by the Global Creative Index as the most awarded social-impact campaign in the world. The film was nominated at the Cannes Glass Lions award for 'Media Advocacy that Changed the World'. It was screened for more than {{formatnum:150000}} officers of the [[Indian Police Force]] as part of gender-sensitisation and training programmes to address gender-related crimes and was incorporated into the curriculum of over 200 schools in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="business" /><ref name="calgaryherald">{{cite news |last1=Volmers |first1=Eric |date=26 January 2017 |title=Documentary Daughters of Mother India tackles horror with hope |url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/movies/documentary-daughters-of-mother-india-tackles-horror-with-hope/ |work=[[Calgary Herald]]}}</ref>

The film was also selected as the opening film at the Indian Panorama during the [[46th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI), held in November 2015 in [[Goa]]. The festival was hosted by the [[Directorate of Film Festivals|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and the Directorate of Film Festivals]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2016 |title='Cinemawala', Nirbhaya docu opens Indian Panorama film fest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cinemawala-nirbhaya-docu-opens-indian-panorama-film-fest/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Son Rise ===
''Son Rise'' follows men who are fighting patriarchy and challenging male dominance in the state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2019-04-25 |title=Consulates to host screening of Son Rise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/consulates-to-host-screening-of-son-rise/article26936952.ece |access-date=2021-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Bakshi was awarded the [[66th National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Film Non-Feature]] as both director and producer, the highest honour for cinema in the country. The film also won [[National Film Award for Best Editing (non-feature film)|Best Editing Non-Feature]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit |date=11 August 2019 |title=Filmmaker Vibha Bakshi wins National Award for her documentary 'Son Rise' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/aug/11/filmmaker-vibha-bakshi-wins-national-award-for-her-documentary-son-rise-2017161.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 2021, ''Son Rise'' was selected by [[United Nations]], to be screened as part of UN Women's global [[HeForShe|HeForShe campaign]] across 71 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-06-30 |title='Son Rise' to represent India at the Festival of Feature and Television Films of the SCO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/son-rise-to-represent-india-at-the-festival-of-feature-and-television-films-of-the-sco/article35057220.ece |access-date=2021-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film was unveiled by [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Under-Secretary-General]] [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Labonita |date=10 February 2019 |title=Heartland heroes |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/heartland-heroes/articleshow/67921469.cms |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> followed by screenings by Consulates and Embassies of the World in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |date=25 April 2019 |title=Consulates to host screening of Son Rise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/consulates-to-host-screening-of-son-rise/article26936952.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2019 |title=Mumbai consulates came together to support Vibha Bakshi's Son Rise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/may/05/consulates-watch-film-on-gender-rights-1972775.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> One of the film's central subjects, social reformer [[Sunil Jaglan]], was later included in the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) curriculum for his work on gender justice and civic engagement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Bibipur village sarpanch Sunil Jaglan launches "Beti Hoon Beti Bolo" campaign in Haryana|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/30/former-bibipur-village-sarpanch-sunil-jaglan-launches-beti-hoon-beti-bolo-campaign-in-haryana|website=The New Indian Express|date=2025-03-30|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en|first=Harpreet|last=Bajwa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughters Day: Feminist Sunil Jaglan's Fight Against Female Foeticide|url=https://thebetterindia.com/366915/sunil-jaglan-selfie-with-daughter-bibipur-village-haryana-daughters-day-women-empowerment-female-foeticide/|website=thebetterindia.com|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en|first=Krystelle|last=Dsouza}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughters spell magic: Haryana man on mission to empower women|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Mar/19/daughters-spell-magic-haryana-man-on-mission-toempower-women-2557330.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2023-03-19|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en|first=Harpreet|last=Bajwa}}</ref>

The documentary opened the inaugural Bloomberg Equality Summit in [[Mumbai]], the first edition of the summit held in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloomberg Business of Equality Mumbai |url=https://www.bloomberglive.com/bloomberg-equality-summit-mumbai-2019/ |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=Bloomberg Live |language=en-US}}</ref> It was also for the [[International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama]] section at the [[50th International Film Festival of India]] in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2019 |title=A World of Gender Equality |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=153771|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709210336/https://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=153771|archive-date=2023-07-09}}</ref>

''Son Rise'' won the Jury Award for Best Documentary at the [[Mumbai International Film Festival|Mumbai International Film]] Festival and Best Documentary at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=MIFF Awards 2020 |url=https://miff.in/miff-awards-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408080003/https://miff.in/miff-awards-2020/ |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>

The film was screened at [[Expo 2020|World Expo 2020]], [[Dubai]]'s largest venue, Jubilee stage. The screening was followed by a call of action by 50 countries who pledged for gender equality - led by [[United Nations]], [[New Zealand]], [[India]] and the Women’s Pavilion at [[Expo 2020]]. The event was attended by the cultural figures, diplomatic community, business leaders, academics and change-makers to spotlight a shared human rights and women’s rights issue — violence against women.<ref>{{Cite news |title=دول العالم تتعهد بالتضامن لإنهاء العنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي |url=https://www.nawa3em.com/%D9%81%D9%86/161585/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A |work=nawa3em}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nations pledge global solidarity to end gender-based violence during special screening of award-winning documentary 'Son Rise' at Expo 2020 Dubai |url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/story/Nations_pledge_global_solidarity_to_end_genderbased_violence_during_special_screening_of_awardwinning_documentary_Son_Rise_at_Expo_2020_Dubai-ZAWYA20211128103520 |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=www.zawya.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Public engagement ==
Bakshi's work has been used in academic, institutional, and policy-related contexts in discussions on gender justice and media responsibility. Her documentaries have also been used in educational and training settings beyond their initial cinematic release.

=== Academic and policy forums ===
Her films have been discussed at universities in India and internationally. In 2019, the Jerome A. Chazen Institute for Global Business at [[Columbia University]] hosted a symposium on ''[[Daughters of Mother India]]'', examining the film in relation to media accountability and governance. In 2024, Vibha spoke at the India Harvard Conference, Harvard University, the biggest India focussed conference in US. At the [[Harvard Kennedy School]], her documentary ''[[Son Rise]]'' opened the Women in Power Conference, and she delivered the opening address.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harvard College Calendar|url=https://calendar.college.harvard.edu/event/women-in-power-conference|website=Harvard College Calendar|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2024 - From Glass Ceilings to New Horizons: Women Leading Change|url=https://www.womeninpowerconference.org/2024-from-glass-ceilings-to-new-horizons-women-leading-change|website=Women in Power Conference|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref> She also delivered lectures (key notes) at [[Yale University]] and the [[University of Notre Dame]], addressing themes including gender equality, documentary narrative, and judicial reform.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Vibha Chhabra Bakshi had the honour of delivering the keynote address at various universities in February 2024.|url=https://geetachhabra.com/photo_news/various-universities.php|website=geetachhabra.com|access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Screening of "Son Rise" with filmmaker Vibha Bakshi|url=https://events.nd.edu/events/2024/02/18/screening-of-son-rise-with-filmmaker-vibha-bakshi/|website=Notre Dame Events|access-date=2026-01-24|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240129143702/https://events.nd.edu/events/2024/02/18/screening-of-son-rise-with-filmmaker-vibha-bakshi/|archive-date=2024-01-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Film Screening "Son Rise" and Conversation with Internationally Acclaimed Filmmaker Dr. Vibha Chhabra Bakshi • The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute|url=https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/event/film-screening-son-rise-and-discussion/|website=The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, she appeared at the Nand & Jeet Khemka Distinguished Speaker Forum at [[Columbia Business School]], where the discussion focused on narrative media and social-impact investment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nand & Jeet Khemka Distinguished Speaker Forum-From Investments to Impact: Driving Transformation with Vision and Voice (PPIL Approved) {{!}} Columbia Business School Events|url=https://events.business.columbia.edu/event/nand-jeet-khemka-distinguished-speaker-forum-investments-impact-driving-transformation-vision|website=events.business.columbia.edu|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en}}</ref>

=== Multilateral and institutional impact ===
Bakshi's films have been used by [[United Nations]] agencies as part of gender-equality and advocacy initiatives. During the United Nations' [[16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence]] in 2020, she addressed agencies including the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] and the [[World Food Programme]] on the gendered socio-economic impacts of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the filmmaker whose documentary is dismantling patriarchy|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/filmmaker-vibha-bakshi-son-rise-documentary-dismantling-patriarchy|website=Vogue India|date=2020-11-13|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en-IN|first=Almas|last=Khateeb}}</ref>

In India, ''[[Daughters of Mother India]]'' has been used in institutional training programmes, including police sensitisation initiatives, and has been incorporated into school curricula in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bu.edu/commencement/files/2025/02/CMCT_RedFront18_Final_Revised_2_19.pdf|title=Boston University Commencement 2018|website=www.bu.edu}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
In 2018, Bakshi was awarded the [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] [[Doctor of Humane Letters]] from her alma mater [[Boston University]] for her work as a journalist and filmmaker.<ref name="Khalijtimes">{{cite news |last1=Haziq |first1=Saman |date=27 October 2017 |title='Don't change the world, be the change' |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/dont-change-the-world-be-the-change |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Goes to Filmmaker Shining a Light on Gender Violence |url=https://www.bu.edu/bostonia/2018/vibha-bakshi/ |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=Bostonia}}</ref> She was the commencement speaker at [[Boston University]]'s School of Communications. Bakshi received the ''[[Vogue India]]'' ''Women of the Year Award in 2021'' for her films contributing to gender equality and gender justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-02 |title=Meet Vibha Bakshi, the filmmaker who finds the most extraordinary stories in the unlikeliest of places |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/filmmaker-vibha-bakshi-daughters-of-mother-india-son-rise |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> She was also named to the ''PRovoke Media Innovator 25 Asia-Pacific'' list in recognition of her work in narrative-driven social impact.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="1" |2015
|''[[62nd National Film Awards]]''
|Best Film on Social Issues
| rowspan="11" |''[[Daughters of Mother India]]''|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatte |first1=Sachin |date=24 November 2015 |title=Cinema as an educative medium |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/cinema-as-an-educative-medium/ |work=[[The Navhind Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145025/https://navhindtimes.in/cinema-as-an-educative-medium/|archive-date=2018-10-04}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2016
|''The Cannes Glass Lions award''
|Media Advocacy|| {{Nom}}
|<ref name="calgaryherald" />
|-
|''[[New York Indian Film Festival]]''
|Best documentary|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maskeri |first1=Anju |date=3 May 2015 |title=The conspiracy of silence has been broken: Vibha Bakshi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-conspiracy-of-silence-has-been-broken-vibha-bakshi/16182159 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''CAM International Film Festival''
|Documentary Film category|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2016 |title='Daughters of Mother India' Wins First Prize at CAM International Film Festival |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/daughters-of-mother-india-wins-first-prize-at-cam-international/article_b86f04ca-9fcc-11e6-a7e1-3fc3a0cde9b4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713114130/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/daughters-of-mother-india-wins-first-prize-at-cam-international/article_b86f04ca-9fcc-11e6-a7e1-3fc3a0cde9b4.html |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=India West |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''New Zee Indian Women Awards''
|Entertainment|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Women Awards Categories, Zee Women Awards 2016 Categories |url=https://zeenews.india.com/business/iwa/winners.aspx |work=zeenews.india.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024171558/https://zeenews.india.com/business/iwa/winners.aspx|archive-date=2016-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|''Gold Stevie''
|PR Campaign of The Year|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Public Relations Awards Winners {{!}} Stevie Awards |url=https://stevieawards.com/iba/public-relations-awards-winners |work=stevieawards.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
|''The Cannes Glass Lions award''
|Crisis and Urgency PR|| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Cannes Lions 2016: Four Indian entries vie for glory in the Glass Lions shortlist – ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/cannes-lions-2016-four-indian-entries-vie-for-glory-in-the-glass-lions-shortlist/52817974 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''SABRE Awards South Asia''
|Public Affairs & Government Relations|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Daughters Of Mother India Takes Top Honors At 2016 South Asia SABRE Awards |url=https://www.provokemedia.com/latest/article/daughters-of-mother-india-takes-top-honors-at-2016-south-asia-sabre-awards |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''Mumbrella Asia Awards''
|Bravery category|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dickinson |first1=Eleanor |date=23 February 2017 |title=Mumbrella Asia Awards winners 2017 |url=https://www.mumbrella.asia/2017/02/results-mumbrella-asia-awards-winners-2017 |work=Mumbrella Asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711111844/http://www.mumbrella.asia/2017/02/results-mumbrella-asia-awards-winners-2017/|archive-date=2017-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|''Spikes Asia Awards''
|Crisis Communication & Issue Management|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Spikes Asia Awards |url=https://www2.spikes.asia/winners/2016/pr/index.cfm?award=101 |work=Spikes Asia |pages=237–281}}</ref>
|-
|[[Global Creativity Index|''Global Creative Index'']]
|Most awarded PR Campaign in the world|| {{Won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[66th National Film Awards]]''
|Best Film Non-Feature
| rowspan="6" |''[[Son Rise]]''||{{Won}}
|<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=National Awards Winners 2018: Complete list of winners of National Awards 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2018/108 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Editing Non-Feature||{{Won}}
|<ref name="TOI" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''MIFF Awards''
| rowspan="3" |Best Documentary Film|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=MIFF Awards 2020 {{!}} Mumbai International Film Festival |url=https://miff.in/miff-awards-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408080003/https://miff.in/miff-awards-2020/ |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=miff.in}}</ref>
|-
|''[[51st International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama Award]] ([[International Film Festival of India]])''|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-28 |title=Vibha Bakshi's film 'SON RISE' wins the Indian Panorama 2020 award at IFFI |url=https://mediabrief.com/vibha-bakshis-film-son-rise-wins-the-indian-panorama-2020-award-at-iffi/ |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[New York Indian Film Festival]]''|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian movies honoured at virtual 20th New York Indian Film Festival; 'Son Rise', 'Moothon' win big |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/indian-movies-honoured-at-virtual-20th-new-york-indian-film-festival-son-rise-moothon-win-big/articleshow/77344733.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2021-07-01 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|''PRWeek Global Awards''
|Best Campaign in Asia Pacific & Issues & Crisis|| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRWeek Global Awards Winners 2020 - Best Campaign: Asia Pacific |url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1683237 |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=[[PRWeek]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
Bakshi is married to Vishal Bakshi, former [[Goldman Sachs]] Head Private Equity India<ref name="Rediff.com">{{cite news |date=19 April 2001 |title=rediff.com US edition: 'A terrible visa which inherently isolates women' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/19usspec.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and now founder of Private Equity firm Avatar Growth Capital Partners.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Reghu |date=29 June 2016 |title=Vishal Bakshi quits Goldman Sachs to set up private equity business |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/gLqmXUC0REIcZERKwHCCMM/Vishal-Bakshi-quits-Goldman-Sachs-to-set-up-private-equity-b.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> The couple has two boys, Varun and Vir.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Pashupati |date=2 January 2016 |title=An attempt to change |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/an-attempt-to-change-114012.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129181322/https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/an-attempt-to-change-114012.html |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=5 May 2020 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://www.sonrisethefilm.com/index.html Vibha Bakshi]
* {{IMDb name|id=2258148}}

{{National Film Award Best Editing|state=Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakshi, Vibha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Boston University alumni]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Atmospheric entry

2026-03-21T14:59:21Z

XuHzRuDLW: added info

{{Short description|Passage of an object through the gases of an atmosphere from outer space}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|Reentry|HIAD|IRVE|other uses|reentry (disambiguation)|and|hiad (disambiguation)|and|irve (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Entry.jpg|thumb|[[Mars Exploration Rover]] (MER) [[aeroshell]], artistic rendition]]

'''Atmospheric entry''' (sometimes listed as Vimpact or Ventry) is the movement of an object from [[outer space]] into and through the gases of an [[atmosphere]] of a [[planet]], [[dwarf planet]], or [[natural satellite]]. Atmospheric entry may be ''uncontrolled entry,'' as in the entry of [[astronomical object]]s, [[space debris]], or [[bolide]]s, or it may be ''controlled entry'' (or ''reentry'') of a spacecraft that can be navigated or follow a predetermined course. Methods for controlled atmospheric ''entry, descent, and landing'' of spacecraft are collectively termed as ''EDL''.

[[File:Reentry video as Orion returns from Artemis I.webm|thumb|Video of [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]]'s [[Non-ballistic atmospheric entry|skip reentry]] on [[Artemis 1]], showing the entire reentry process unedited from space to splashdown]]
Objects entering an atmosphere experience [[Drag (physics)|atmospheric drag]], which puts mechanical stress on the object, and [[aerodynamic heating]] — caused mostly by [[adiabatic compression|compression of the air in front of the object]], but also by drag. These forces can cause loss of mass ([[ablation]]) or even complete disintegration of smaller objects, and objects with lower [[compressive strength]] can explode.

Objects have reentered with speeds ranging from 7.8 km/s for [[low Earth orbit]] to around 12.5 km/s for the [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] probe.<ref name=stardust/> They have high kinetic energies, and atmospheric dissipation is the only way of expending this, as it is highly impractical to use [[retrorocket]]s for the entire reentry procedure. Crewed space vehicles must be slowed to subsonic speeds before parachutes or air brakes may be deployed.

Ballistic warheads and expendable vehicles do not require slowing at reentry, and in fact, are made streamlined so as to maintain their speed. Furthermore, slow-speed returns to Earth from near-space such as [[Space diving|high-altitude parachute jumps from balloons]] do not require heat shielding because the gravitational acceleration of an object starting at relative rest from within the atmosphere itself (or not far above it) cannot create enough velocity to cause significant atmospheric heating.

For Earth, atmospheric entry occurs by convention at the [[Kármán line]] at an altitude of {{Convert|100|km|mi nmi|abbr=in}} above the surface, while at [[Atmosphere of Venus|Venus atmospheric entry]] occurs at {{Convert|250|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} and at [[Mars atmospheric entry]] occurs at about {{Convert|80|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}. Uncontrolled objects reach high velocities while accelerating through space toward the Earth under the influence of Earth's [[gravity]], and are slowed by friction upon encountering Earth's atmosphere. Meteors are also often travelling quite fast relative to the Earth simply because their own orbital path is different from that of the Earth before they encounter Earth's [[gravity well]]. Most objects enter at [[Hypersonic speed|hypersonic speeds]] due to their [[sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]] (e.g., [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] reentry vehicles), [[Orbit|orbital]] (e.g., the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]]), or [[hyperbolic trajectory|unbounded]] (e.g., [[meteor]]s) trajectories. Various advanced technologies have been developed to enable atmospheric reentry and flight at extreme velocities. An alternative method of controlled atmospheric entry is [[buoyancy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpaerospace.com/atohandout.pdf |title=ATO: Airship To Orbit |publisher=JP Aerospace |access-date=December 14, 2013 |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013190704/http://jpaerospace.com/atohandout.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> which is suitable for planetary entry where thick atmospheres, strong gravity, or both factors complicate high-velocity hyperbolic entry, such as the atmospheres of [[Venus]], [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and the [[giant planet]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Unmanned Spacecraft Meeting 1965|first=F.|last=Gross|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|doi=10.2514/6.1965-1407|chapter=Buoyant Probes into the Venus Atmosphere|year=1965}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Blunt body reentry shapes.png|thumb|Early reentry-vehicle concepts visualized in [[Schlieren photography|shadowgraph]]s of [[high speed wind tunnel]] tests]]
The concept of the ablative [[heat shield]] was described as early as 1920 by [[Robert Goddard]]: "In the case of meteors, which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as {{convert|30|mi}} per second, the interior of the meteors remains cold, and the erosion is due, to a large extent, to chipping or cracking of the suddenly heated surface. For this reason, if the outer surface of the apparatus were to consist of layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between, the surface would not be eroded to any considerable extent, especially as the velocity of the apparatus would not be nearly so great as that of the average meteor."<ref>{{cite web|last=Goddard|first=Robert H.|title=Report Concerning Further Developments|date=Mar 1920|url= http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/documents/goddardmarch1920.htm|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution Archives|access-date= 2009-06-29| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090626145252/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/documents/goddardmarch1920.htm| archive-date= 26 June 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Practical development of reentry systems began as the range, and reentry velocity of [[ballistic missiles]] increased. For early short-range missiles, like the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]], stabilization and aerodynamic stress were important issues (many V-2s broke apart during reentry), but heating was not a serious problem. Medium-range missiles like the Soviet [[R-5 Pobeda|R-5]], with a {{convert|1200|km|nmi|sp=us|adj=on|abbr=off}} range, required ceramic composite heat shielding on separable reentry vehicles (it was no longer possible for the entire rocket structure to survive reentry). The first [[ICBM]]s, with ranges of {{convert|8000|to|12000|km|nmi|sp=us|abbr=on}}, were only possible with the development of modern ablative heat shields and blunt-shaped vehicles.

In the United States, this technology was pioneered by [[H. Julian Allen]] and [[Alfred J. Eggers|A. J. Eggers Jr.]] of the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) at [[Ames Research Center]].<ref>Boris Chertok, "Rockets and People", NASA History Series, 2006</ref> In 1951, they made the counterintuitive discovery that a blunt shape (high drag) made the most effective heat shield.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4305/sp4305.htm |last=Hansen |first=James R. |date=Jun 1987 |title=Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917–1958 |series=The NASA History Series |volume=sp-4305 |chapter=Chapter 12: Hypersonics and the Transition to Space |chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4305/ch12.htm |publisher=United States Government Printing |isbn=978-0-318-23455-7 |access-date=July 12, 2017 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714121746/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4305/sp4305.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> From simple engineering principles, Allen and Eggers showed that the heat load experienced by an entry vehicle was inversely proportional to the [[drag coefficient]]; i.e., the greater the drag, the less the heat load. If the reentry vehicle is made blunt, air cannot "get out of the way" quickly enough, and acts as an air cushion to push the shock wave and heated shock layer forward (away from the vehicle). Since most of the hot gases are no longer in direct contact with the vehicle, the heat energy would stay in the shocked gas and simply move around the vehicle to later dissipate into the atmosphere.

The Allen and Eggers discovery, though initially treated as a military secret, was eventually published in 1958.<ref>
{{cite journal
| url=http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1958/naca-report-1381.pdf
| last1=Allen | first1=H. Julian
| last2=Eggers | first2=A. J. Jr.
| title=A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Ballistic Missiles Entering the Earth's Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds
| journal=NACA Annual Report | issue=NACA-TR-1381
| volume=44.2 | pages=1125–1140 | year=1958
| publisher=NASA Technical Reports
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013182336/http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1958/naca-report-1381.pdf
| archive-date=October 13, 2015
}}</ref>

==Terminology, definitions and jargon==
{{Hatnote|Over the decades since the 1950s, a rich technical jargon has grown around the engineering of vehicles designed to enter planetary atmospheres. It is recommended that the reader review the [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary of atmospheric reentry|jargon glossary]] before continuing with this article on atmospheric reentry.}}
[[File:Typical Space Shuttle reentry profile.gif|thumb|Typical [[Space Shuttle]] reentry profile]]

When atmospheric entry is part of a spacecraft landing or recovery, particularly on a planetary body other than Earth, entry is part of a phase referred to as ''entry, descent, and landing'', or EDL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/501326main_TA09-EDL-DRAFT-Nov2010-A.pdf|title=NASA.gov|access-date=April 9, 2015|archive-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220165240/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/501326main_TA09-EDL-DRAFT-Nov2010-A.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> When the atmospheric entry returns to the same body that the vehicle had launched from, the event is referred to as '''reentry''' (almost always referring to Earth entry).

The fundamental design objective in atmospheric entry of a spacecraft is to [[Dissipation|dissipate]] the [[Mechanical energy|energy]] of a spacecraft that is traveling at [[hypersonic speed]] as it enters an [[planetary atmosphere|atmosphere]] such that equipment, cargo, and any passengers are slowed and land near a specific destination on the surface at zero velocity while keeping stresses on the spacecraft and any passengers within acceptable limits.<ref name=nasa197203>{{cite conference |last1=Graves |first1=Claude A. |last2=Harpold |first2=Jon C. |title=Apollo Experience Report – Mission Planning for Apollo Entry |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720013191.pdf |conference=NASA Technical Note (TN) D-6725 |date=March 1972 |quote=The purpose of the Apollo entry maneuver is to dissipate the energy of a spacecraft traveling at high speed through the atmosphere of the earth so that the flight crew, their equipment, and their cargo are returned safely to a preselected location on the surface of the earth. This purpose must be accomplished while stresses on both the spacecraft and the flight crew are maintained within acceptable limits.|access-date=October 25, 2019 |archive-date=October 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025121155/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720013191.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This may be accomplished by [[propulsion|propulsive]] or [[Drag (physics)|aerodynamic]] (vehicle characteristics or [[parachute]]) means, or by some combination.

==Entry vehicle shapes==
{{Main|Aeroshell}}
{{see also|Nose cone design}}
There are several basic shapes used in designing entry vehicles:

===Sphere or spherical section===
[[File:Apollo cm.jpg|thumb|[[Apollo command module]] flying with the blunt end of the [[heat shield]] at a non-zero [[angle of attack]] in order to establish a lifting entry and control the landing site (artistic rendition)]]
The simplest axisymmetric shape is the sphere or spherical section.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Przadka|first1=W.|last2=Miedzik|first2=J.|last3=Goujon-Durand|first3=S.|last4=Wesfreid|first4=J.E.|title=The wake behind the sphere; analysis of vortices during transition from steadiness to unsteadiness.|url=http://sphere.meil.pw.edu.pl/publi/AoM_60_2008_6.pdf|website=Polish french cooperation in fluid research.|publisher=Archive of Mechanics., 60, 6, pp. 467–474, Warszawa 2008. Received May 29, 2008; revised version November 13, 2008.|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221044217/http://sphere.meil.pw.edu.pl/publi/AoM_60_2008_6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This can either be a complete sphere or a spherical section forebody with a converging conical afterbody. The aerodynamics of a sphere or spherical section are easy to model analytically using Newtonian impact theory. Likewise, the spherical section's heat flux can be accurately modeled with the [[Fay-Riddell equation|Fay–Riddell equation]].<ref name="Fay-Riddell">{{cite journal|last1=Fay |first1=J. A. |last2=Riddell |first2=F. R. |title=Theory of Stagnation Point Heat Transfer in Dissociated Air |journal=Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences |volume=25 |pages=73–85 |date=February 1958 |url=http://pdf.aiaa.org/downloads/TOCPDFs/36_373-386.pdf |format=PDF Reprint |access-date=2009-06-29 |issue=2 |doi=10.2514/8.7517 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107202757/http://pdf.aiaa.org/downloads/TOCPDFs/36_373-386.pdf |archive-date=2005-01-07 }}</ref> The static stability of a spherical section is assured if the vehicle's center of mass is upstream from the center of curvature (dynamic stability is more problematic). Pure spheres have no lift. However, by flying at an [[angle of attack]], a spherical section has modest aerodynamic lift thus providing some cross-range capability and widening its entry corridor. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, high-speed computers were not yet available and [[computational fluid dynamics]] was still embryonic. Because the spherical section was amenable to closed-form analysis, that geometry became the default for conservative design. Consequently, crewed capsules of that era were based upon the spherical section.

Pure spherical entry vehicles were used in the early Soviet [[Vostok programme|Vostok]] and [[Voskhod programme|Voskhod]] [[space capsule|capsule]]s and in Soviet Mars and [[Venera]] descent vehicles. The [[Apollo command module]] used a spherical section forebody heat shield with a converging conical afterbody. It flew a lifting entry with a hypersonic trim angle of attack of −27° (0° is blunt-end first) to yield an average L/D (lift-to-drag ratio) of 0.368.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690029435_1969029435.pdf |title=Hillje, Ernest R., "Entry Aerodynamics at Lunar Return Conditions Obtained from the Flight of Apollo 4 (AS-501)," NASA TN D-5399, (1969). |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916020329/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690029435_1969029435.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The resultant lift achieved a measure of cross-range control by offsetting the vehicle's center of mass from its axis of symmetry, allowing the lift force to be directed left or right by rolling the capsule on its [[Flight control surfaces#Longitudinal axis|longitudinal axis]]. Other examples of the spherical section geometry in crewed capsules are [[Soyuz programme|Soyuz]]/[[Zond program|Zond]], [[Project Gemini|Gemini]], and [[Project Mercury|Mercury]]. Even these small amounts of lift allow trajectories that have very significant effects on peak [[g-force]], reducing it from 8–9 g for a purely ballistic (slowed only by drag) trajectory to 4–5 g, as well as greatly reducing the peak reentry heat.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Whittington|first1=Kurt Thomas|title=A Tool to Extrapolate Thermal Reentry Atmosphere Parameters Along a Body in Trajectory Space|url=http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/6817/1/etd.pdf|website=NCSU Libraries Technical Reports Repository|date=April 11, 2011|publisher=A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Aerospace Engineering Raleigh, North Carolina 2011, pp.5|access-date=5 April 2015|archive-date=April 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411064311/http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/6817/1/etd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sphere-cone===
The sphere-cone is a spherical section with a [[frustum]] or blunted cone attached. The sphere-cone's dynamic stability is typically better than that of a spherical section. The vehicle enters sphere-first. With a sufficiently small half-angle and properly placed center of mass, a sphere-cone can provide aerodynamic stability from Keplerian entry to surface impact. (The ''half-angle'' is the angle between the cone's axis of rotational symmetry and its outer surface, and thus half the angle made by the cone's surface edges.)

[[File:Mk 2.jpg|thumb|left|Prototype of the Mk-2 Reentry Vehicle (RV), based on blunt body theory]]
The original American sphere-cone aeroshell was the Mk-2 RV (reentry vehicle), which was developed in 1955 by the [[General Electric]] Corp. The Mk-2's design was derived from blunt-body theory and used a radiatively cooled thermal protection system (TPS) based upon a metallic heat shield (the different TPS types are later described in this article). The Mk-2 had significant defects as a weapon delivery system, i.e., it loitered too long in the upper atmosphere due to its lower [[ballistic coefficient]] and also trailed a stream of vaporized metal making it very visible to [[radar]]. These defects made the Mk-2 overly susceptible to anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems. Consequently, an alternative sphere-cone RV to the Mk-2 was developed by General Electric.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

[[File:Mk 6 reentry vehicle on display at National Atomic Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[LGM-25C Titan II#Development|Mk-6]] RV, [[Cold War]] weapon and ancestor to most of the U.S. missile entry vehicles]]
This new RV was the Mk-6 which used a non-metallic ablative TPS, a nylon phenolic. This new TPS was so effective as a reentry heat shield that significantly reduced bluntness was possible.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} However, the Mk-6 was a huge RV with an entry mass of 3,360 kg, a length of 3.1 m and a half-angle of 12.5°. Subsequent advances in nuclear weapon and ablative TPS design allowed RVs to become significantly smaller with a further reduced bluntness ratio compared to the Mk-6. Since the 1960s, the sphere-cone has become the preferred geometry for modern ICBM RVs with typical half-angles being between 10° and 11°.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

[[File:Rv film pod.jpg|thumb|upright|left|"Discoverer" type reconnaissance satellite film Recovery Vehicle (RV)]]
[[File:Galileo probe.jpg|thumb|right|[[Galileo Probe]] during final assembly]]
[[Reconnaissance satellite]] RVs (recovery vehicles) also used a sphere-cone shape and were the first American example of a non-munition entry vehicle ([[Corona (satellite)|Discoverer-I]], launched on 28 February 1959). The sphere-cone was later used for space exploration missions to other celestial bodies or for return from open space; e.g., [[Stardust (spacecraft)|''Stardust'']] probe. Unlike with military RVs, the advantage of the blunt body's lower TPS mass remained with space exploration entry vehicles like the [[Galileo Probe]] with a half-angle of 45° or the [[Viking program|Viking aeroshell]] with a half-angle of 70°. Space exploration sphere-cone entry vehicles have landed on the surface or entered the atmospheres of [[Mars]], [[Venus]], [[Jupiter]], and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].
{{clear}}

===Biconic===
[[File:Delta Clipper DC-X first flight.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[McDonnell Douglas DC-X|DC-X]], shown during its first flight, was a prototype [[single-stage-to-orbit]] vehicle, and used a biconic shape similar to AMaRV.]]
The [[biconic]] is a sphere-cone with an additional frustum attached. The biconic offers a significantly improved L/D ratio. A biconic designed for Mars aerocapture typically has an L/D of approximately 1.0 compared to an L/D of 0.368 for the Apollo-CM. The higher L/D makes a biconic shape better suited for transporting people to Mars due to the lower peak deceleration. Arguably, the most significant biconic ever flown was the ''Advanced [[Maneuverable reentry vehicle|Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle]]'' (AMaRV). Four AMaRVs were made by the [[McDonnell Douglas]] Corp. and represented a significant leap in RV sophistication. Three AMaRVs were launched by [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman-1 ICBMs]] on 20 December 1979, 8 October 1980 and 4 October 1981. AMaRV had an entry mass of approximately 470 kg, a nose radius of 2.34 cm, a forward-frustum half-angle of 10.4°, an inter-frustum radius of 14.6 cm, aft-frustum half-angle of 6°, and an axial length of 2.079 meters. No accurate diagram or picture of AMaRV has ever appeared in the open literature. However, a schematic sketch of an AMaRV-like vehicle along with trajectory plots showing hairpin turns has been published.<ref>Regan, Frank J. and Anadakrishnan, Satya M., "Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry", AIAA Education Series, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., New York, {{ISBN|1-56347-048-9}}, {{doi|10.2514/4.861741}}, (1993).</ref>

AMaRV's attitude was controlled through a split body flap (also called a ''split-windward flap'') along with two yaw flaps mounted on the vehicle's sides. [[Hydraulic machinery|Hydraulic actuation]] was used for controlling the flaps. AMaRV was guided by a fully autonomous navigation system designed for evading [[anti-ballistic missile]] (ABM) interception. The [[McDonnell Douglas DC-X]] (also a biconic) was essentially a scaled-up version of AMaRV. AMaRV and the DC-X also served as the basis for an unsuccessful proposal for what eventually became the [[Lockheed Martin X-33]].

===Non-axisymmetric shapes===
Non-[[axisymmetric]] shapes have been used for crewed entry vehicles. One example is the winged orbit vehicle that uses a [[delta wing]] for maneuvering during descent much like a conventional glider. This approach has been used by the American [[Space Shuttle]], the Soviet [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] and the in-development [[SpaceX_Starship|Starship]]. The [[lifting body]] is another entry vehicle geometry and was used with the [[X-23 PRIME]] (Precision Recovery Including Maneuvering Entry) vehicle.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

==Entry heating==
[[File:Gemini2reentry.jpg|thumb|View of [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] trail of [[Gemini 2]] reentry]]
Objects entering an atmosphere from [[outer space|space]] at high velocities relative to the atmosphere will cause very high levels of [[heat flux|heating]]. Atmospheric entry heating comes principally from two sources:

* [[Convection (heat transfer)|convection]] of hot gas flow past the surface of the body and [[catalytic]] [[chemical recombination reaction]]s between the surface and atmospheric gases; and
*[[Thermal radiation|radiation]] from the energetic [[Shock wave|shock layer]] that forms in the front and sides of the body<ref name=nasa201401/>

As velocity increases, both convective and radiative heating increase, but at different rates. At very high speeds, radiative heating will dominate the convective heat fluxes, as radiative heating is proportional to the eighth power of velocity, while convective heating is proportional to the third power of velocity. Radiative heating thus predominates early in atmospheric entry, while convection predominates in the later phases.<ref name=nasa201401>{{cite conference |title=Biologically-Derived Photonic Materials for Thermal Protection Systems |date=30 January 2014 |last1=Johnson |first1=Sylvia M. |last2=Squire |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Lawson |first3=John W. |last4=Gusman |first4=Michael |last5=Lau |first5=K-H |last6=Sanjuro |first6=Angel |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20140012475.pdf |conference=38th Annual Conference on Composites, Materials, and Structures January 27–30, 2014 |access-date=December 29, 2018 |archive-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201012540/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20140012475.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

During certain intensity of ionization, a ''radio-blackout'' with the spacecraft is produced.<ref name="Poddar Sharma 2015 pp. 5899–5902">{{cite journal | last1=Poddar | first1=Shashi | last2=Sharma | first2=Deewakar | title=Blackout mitigation during space vehicle re-entry | journal=Optik | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=126 | issue=24 | year=2015 | issn=0030-4026 | doi=10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.09.141 | pages=5899–5902| bibcode=2015Optik.126.5899P }}</ref>

While NASA's Earth entry interface is at {{convert|400000|ft|km|0}}, the main heating during controlled entry takes place at altitudes of {{convert|65|to|35|km|ft}}, peaking at {{convert|58|km|ft}}.<ref name="Di Fiore Maggiore Mainini pp. 3017–3035">{{cite journal | last1=Di Fiore | first1=Francesco | last2=Maggiore | first2=Paolo | last3=Mainini | first3=Laura | title=Multifidelity domain-aware learning for the design of re-entry vehicles | journal=Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=64 | issue=5 | date=2021-10-04 | issn=1615-147X | doi=10.1007/s00158-021-03037-4 | pages=3017–3035| s2cid=244179568 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Shock layer gas physics ===
At typical reentry temperatures, the air in the shock layer is both [[ionized]] and [[dissociation (chemistry)|dissociated]].{{citation needed |date=May 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2018/data/papers/ICAS2018_0837_paper.pdf|title=Ionization And Dissociation Effects On Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Stability|access-date=May 13, 2021|archive-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001035258/https://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2018/data/papers/ICAS2018_0837_paper.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This chemical dissociation necessitates various physical models to describe the shock layer's thermal and chemical properties. There are four basic physical models of a gas that are important to aeronautical engineers who design heat shields:

====Perfect gas model====
Almost all aeronautical engineers are taught the [[Ideal gas|perfect (ideal) gas model]] during their undergraduate education. Most of the important perfect gas equations along with their corresponding tables and graphs are shown in NACA Report 1135.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Equations, tables, and charts for compressible flow |publisher=NASA Technical Reports |issue=NACA-TR-1135 |year=1953 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/734673main_Equations-Tables-Charts-CompressibleFlow-Report-1135.pdf |journal=NACA Annual Report |volume=39 |pages=613–681 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904043857/http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/734673main_Equations-Tables-Charts-CompressibleFlow-Report-1135.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Excerpts from NACA Report 1135 often appear in the appendices of thermodynamics textbooks and are familiar to most aeronautical engineers who design supersonic aircraft.

The perfect gas theory is elegant and extremely useful for designing aircraft but assumes that the gas is chemically inert. From the standpoint of aircraft design, air can be assumed to be inert for temperatures less than {{Convert|550|K}} at one atmosphere pressure. The perfect gas theory begins to break down at 550 K and is not usable at temperatures greater than {{Convert|2000|K}}. For temperatures greater than 2,000 K, a heat shield designer must use a ''real gas model''.

====Real (equilibrium) gas model====
An entry vehicle's pitching moment can be significantly influenced by real-gas effects. Both the Apollo command module and the Space Shuttle were designed using incorrect pitching moments determined through inaccurate real-gas modelling. The Apollo-CM's trim-angle angle of attack was higher than originally estimated, resulting in a narrower lunar return entry corridor. The actual aerodynamic center of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']] was upstream from the calculated value due to real-gas effects. On ''Columbia''{{'}}s maiden flight ([[STS-1]]), astronauts [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] and [[Robert Crippen]] had some anxious moments during reentry when there was concern about losing control of the vehicle.<ref>Kenneth Iliff and Mary Shafer, ''Space Shuttle Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Aerothermodynamic Flight Research and the Comparison to Ground Test Results'', pp. 5–6 {{ISBN?}}</ref>

An equilibrium real-gas model assumes that a gas is chemically reactive, but also assumes all chemical reactions have had time to complete and all components of the gas have the same temperature (this is called ''[[thermodynamic equilibrium]]''). When air is processed by a shock wave, it is superheated by compression and chemically dissociates through many different reactions. Direct friction upon the reentry object is not the main cause of shock-layer heating. It is caused mainly from [[isentropic process|isentropic]] heating of the air molecules within the compression wave. Friction based entropy increases of the molecules within the wave also account for some heating.{{original research inline|date=November 2013}} The distance from the shock wave to the [[stagnation point]] on the entry vehicle's leading edge is called ''shock wave stand off''. An approximate rule of thumb for shock wave standoff distance is 0.14 times the nose radius. One can estimate the time of travel for a gas molecule from the shock wave to the stagnation point by assuming a free stream velocity of 7.8 km/s and a nose radius of 1 meter, i.e., time of travel is about 18 microseconds. This is roughly the time required for shock-wave-initiated chemical dissociation to approach [[chemical equilibrium]] in a shock layer for a 7.8 km/s entry into air during peak heat flux. Consequently, as air approaches the entry vehicle's stagnation point, the air effectively reaches chemical equilibrium thus enabling an equilibrium model to be usable. For this case, most of the shock layer between the shock wave and leading edge of an entry vehicle is chemically reacting and ''not'' in a state of equilibrium. The [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary of atmospheric reentry#F|Fay–Riddell equation]],<ref name="Fay-Riddell"/> which is of extreme importance towards modeling heat flux, owes its validity to the stagnation point being in chemical equilibrium. The time required for the shock layer gas to reach equilibrium is strongly dependent upon the shock layer's pressure. For example, in the case of the [[Galileo (spacecraft)|''Galileo'']] probe's entry into Jupiter's atmosphere, the shock layer was mostly in equilibrium during peak heat flux due to the very high pressures experienced (this is counterintuitive given the free stream velocity was 39 km/s during peak heat flux).

Determining the thermodynamic state of the stagnation point is more difficult under an equilibrium gas model than a perfect gas model. Under a perfect gas model, the ''ratio of specific heats'' (also called ''isentropic exponent'', [[adiabatic index]], ''gamma'', or ''kappa'') is assumed to be constant along with the [[gas constant]]. For a real gas, the ratio of specific heats can wildly oscillate as a function of temperature. Under a perfect gas model there is an elegant set of equations for determining thermodynamic state along a constant entropy stream line called the ''isentropic chain''. For a real gas, the isentropic chain is unusable and a ''Mollier diagram'' would be used instead for manual calculation. However, graphical solution with a Mollier diagram is now considered obsolete with modern heat shield designers using computer programs based upon a digital lookup table (another form of Mollier diagram) or a chemistry based thermodynamics program. The chemical composition of a gas in equilibrium with fixed pressure and temperature can be determined through the ''Gibbs free energy method''. [[Gibbs free energy]] is simply the total [[enthalpy]] of the gas minus its total [[entropy]] times temperature. A chemical equilibrium program normally does not require chemical formulas or reaction-rate equations. The program works by preserving the original elemental abundances specified for the gas and varying the different molecular combinations of the elements through numerical iteration until the lowest possible Gibbs free energy is calculated (a [[Newton–Raphson method]] is the usual numerical scheme). The data base for a Gibbs free energy program comes from spectroscopic data used in defining [[partition function (statistical mechanics)|partition functions]]. Among the best equilibrium codes in existence is the program ''Chemical Equilibrium with Applications'' (CEA) which was written by Bonnie J. McBride and Sanford Gordon at NASA Lewis (now renamed "NASA Glenn Research Center"). Other names for CEA are the "Gordon and McBride Code" and the "Lewis Code". CEA is quite accurate up to 10,000 K for planetary atmospheric gases, but unusable beyond 20,000 K ([[double ionization]] is not modelled). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200205195610/https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/CEAWeb/ CEA can be downloaded from the Internet] along with full documentation and will compile on Linux under the [[GNU Fortran|G77 Fortran]] compiler.

====Real (non-equilibrium) gas model====
A non-equilibrium real gas model is the most accurate model of a shock layer's gas physics, but is more difficult to solve than an equilibrium model. The simplest non-equilibrium model is the ''Lighthill-Freeman model'' developed in 1958.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lighthill |first=M.J. |title=Dynamics of a Dissociating Gas. Part I. Equilibrium Flow |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=2 |pages=1–32 |date=Jan 1957 |doi=10.1017/S0022112057000713 |issue=1|bibcode = 1957JFM.....2....1L |s2cid=120442951 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Freeman |first=N.C. |title=Non-equilibrium Flow of an Ideal Dissociating Gas |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=4 |pages=407–425 |date=Aug 1958 |doi=10.1017/S0022112058000549 |issue=4|bibcode = 1958JFM.....4..407F |s2cid=122671767 }}</ref> The Lighthill-Freeman model initially assumes a gas made up of a single diatomic species susceptible to only one chemical formula and its reverse; e.g., N2 = N + N and N + N = N2 (dissociation and recombination). Because of its simplicity, the Lighthill-Freeman model is a useful pedagogical tool, but is too simple for modelling non-equilibrium air. Air is typically assumed to have a mole fraction composition of 0.7812 molecular nitrogen, 0.2095 molecular oxygen and 0.0093 argon. The simplest real gas model for air is the ''five species model'', which is based upon N2, O2, NO, N, and O. The five species model assumes no ionization and ignores trace species like carbon dioxide.

When running a Gibbs free energy equilibrium program,{{clarify|date=August 2018}} the iterative process from the originally specified molecular composition to the final calculated equilibrium composition is essentially random and not time accurate. With a non-equilibrium program, the computation process is time accurate and follows a solution path dictated by chemical and reaction rate formulas. The five species model has 17 chemical formulas (34 when counting reverse formulas). The Lighthill-Freeman model is based upon a single ordinary differential equation and one algebraic equation. The five species model is based upon 5 ordinary differential equations and 17 algebraic equations.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} Because the 5 ordinary differential equations are tightly coupled, the system is numerically "stiff" and difficult to solve. The five species model is only usable for entry from [[low Earth orbit]] where entry velocity is approximately {{cvt|7.8|km/s|km/h mph}}. For lunar return entry of 11 km/s,<ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690029435.pdf Entry Aerodynamics at Lunar Return Conditions Obtained from the Fliigh of Apollo 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411091352/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690029435.pdf |date=April 11, 2019 }}, Ernest R. Hillje, NASA, TN: D-5399, accessed 29 December 2018.</ref> the shock layer contains a significant amount of ionized nitrogen and oxygen. The five-species model is no longer accurate and a twelve-species model must be used instead.
Atmospheric entry interface velocities on a Mars–Earth [[orbital trajectory|trajectory]] are on the order of {{Cvt|12|km/s|km/h mph}}.<ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080023907.pdf Overview of the Mars Sample Return Earth Entry Vehicle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201012539/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080023907.pdf |date=December 1, 2019 }}, NASA, accessed 29 December 2018.</ref>
Modeling high-speed Mars atmospheric entry—which involves a carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon atmosphere—is even more complex requiring a 19-species model.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

An important aspect of modelling non-equilibrium real gas effects is radiative heat flux. If a vehicle is entering an atmosphere at very high speed (hyperbolic trajectory, lunar return) and has a large nose radius then radiative heat flux can dominate TPS heating. Radiative heat flux during entry into an air or carbon dioxide atmosphere typically comes from asymmetric diatomic molecules; e.g., [[cyanogen]] (CN), [[carbon monoxide]], [[nitric oxide]] (NO), single ionized molecular nitrogen etc. These molecules are formed by the shock wave dissociating ambient atmospheric gas followed by recombination within the shock layer into new molecular species. The newly formed [[diatomic]] molecules initially have a very high vibrational temperature that efficiently transforms the [[Quantum harmonic oscillator|vibrational energy]] into [[radiant energy]]; i.e., radiative heat flux. The whole process takes place in less than a millisecond which makes modelling a challenge. The experimental measurement of radiative heat flux (typically done with shock tubes) along with theoretical calculation through the unsteady [[Schrödinger equation]] are among the more esoteric aspects of aerospace engineering. Most of the aerospace research work related to understanding radiative heat flux was done in the 1960s, but largely discontinued after conclusion of the Apollo Program. Radiative heat flux in air was just sufficiently understood to ensure Apollo's success. However, radiative heat flux in carbon dioxide (Mars entry) is still barely understood and will require major research.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

====Frozen gas model====
The frozen gas model describes a special case of a gas that is not in equilibrium. The name "frozen gas" can be misleading. A frozen gas is not "frozen" like ice is frozen water. Rather a frozen gas is "frozen" in time (all chemical reactions are assumed to have stopped). Chemical reactions are normally driven by collisions between molecules. If gas pressure is slowly reduced such that chemical reactions can continue then the gas can remain in equilibrium. However, it is possible for gas pressure to be so suddenly reduced that almost all chemical reactions stop. For that situation the gas is considered frozen.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The distinction between equilibrium and frozen is important because it is possible for a gas such as air to have significantly different properties (speed-of-sound, [[viscosity]] etc.) for the same thermodynamic state; e.g., pressure and temperature. Frozen gas can be a significant issue in the wake behind an entry vehicle. During reentry, free stream air is compressed to high temperature and pressure by the entry vehicle's shock wave. Non-equilibrium air in the shock layer is then transported past the entry vehicle's leading side into a region of rapidly expanding flow that causes freezing. The frozen air can then be entrained into a trailing vortex behind the entry vehicle. Correctly modelling the flow in the wake of an entry vehicle is very difficult. [[Space Shuttle thermal protection system|Thermal protection shield]] (TPS) heating in the vehicle's afterbody is usually not very high, but the geometry and unsteadiness of the vehicle's wake can significantly influence aerodynamics (pitching moment) and particularly dynamic stability.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Thermal protection systems==
{{Main|Heat shield#Spacecraft}}
A '''thermal protection system''', or TPS, is the barrier that protects a [[spacecraft]] during the searing heat of atmospheric reentry. Multiple approaches for the thermal protection of spacecraft are in use, among them ablative heat shields, passive cooling, and active cooling of spacecraft surfaces. In general they can be divided into two categories: ablative TPS and reusable TPS.

Ablative TPS are required when space craft reach a relatively low altitude before slowing down.{{dubious|date=November 2024}} Spacecraft like the space shuttle are designed to slow down at high altitude so that they can use reuseable TPS. (see: [[Space Shuttle thermal protection system]]).

Thermal protection systems are tested in high enthalpy ground testing or plasma wind tunnels that reproduce the combination of high enthalpy and high stagnation pressure using [[Induction plasma]] or DC plasma.

===Ablative===
[[File:Apollo 12 heat shield.JPG|thumb|left|Ablative heat shield (after use) on [[Apollo 12]] capsule]]
The [[Ablation|ablative]] heat shield functions by lifting the hot shock layer gas away from the heat shield's outer wall (creating a cooler [[boundary layer]]). The boundary layer comes from ''blowing'' of gaseous reaction products from the heat shield material and provides protection against all forms of heat flux. The overall process of reducing the heat flux experienced by the heat shield's outer wall by way of a boundary layer is called ''blockage''. Ablation occurs at two levels in an ablative TPS: the outer surface of the TPS material chars, melts, and [[Sublimation (physics)|sublimes]], while the bulk of the TPS material undergoes [[pyrolysis]] and expels product gases. The gas produced by pyrolysis is what drives blowing and causes blockage of convective and catalytic heat flux. [[Pyrolysis]] can be measured in real time using [[thermogravimetric analysis]], so that the ablative performance can be evaluated.<ref>Parker, John and C. Michael Hogan, "Techniques for Wind Tunnel assessment of Ablative Materials", NASA Ames Research Center, Technical Publication, August, 1965.</ref> Ablation can also provide blockage against radiative heat flux by introducing carbon into the shock layer thus making it optically opaque. Radiative heat flux blockage was the primary thermal protection mechanism of the [[Galileo Probe]] TPS material (carbon phenolic).

Early research on ablation technology in the United States was centered at [[NASA]]'s [[Ames Research Center]] located at [[Moffett Field]], California. [[Ames Research Center]] was ideal, since it had numerous [[wind tunnels]] capable of generating varying wind velocities. Initial experiments typically mounted a mock-up of the ablative material to be analyzed within a [[hypersonic]] wind tunnel.<ref>Hogan, C. Michael, Parker, John and Winkler, Ernest, of [[NASA]] Ames Research Center, "An Analytical Method for Obtaining the Thermogravimetric Kinetics of Char-forming Ablative Materials from Thermogravimetric Measurements", AIAA/ASME Seventh Structures and Materials Conference, April, 1966</ref> Testing of ablative materials occurs at the Ames Arc Jet Complex. Many spacecraft thermal protection systems have been tested in this facility, including the Apollo, Space Shuttle, and [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] heat shield materials.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Arc Jet Complex|url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/technology-onepagers/arcjetcomplex.html|publisher = NASA|website = www.nasa.gov|access-date = 2015-09-05|archive-date = October 5, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151005011405/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/technology-onepagers/arcjetcomplex.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

[[File:Mars Pathfinder.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Mars Pathfinder]]'' during final assembly showing the aeroshell, cruise ring and solid rocket motor]]

====Carbon phenolic====
Carbon phenolic was originally developed as a rocket nozzle throat material (used in the [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster]]) and for reentry-vehicle nose tips.
The [[thermal conductivity]] of a particular TPS material is usually proportional to the material's density.<ref name="Di Benedetto">{{cite book|last1=Di Benedetto|first1=A.T.|last2=Nicolais|first2=L.|last3=Watanabe|first3=R.|title=Composite materials : proceedings of Symposium A4 on Composite Materials of the International Conference on Advanced Materials – ICAM 91, Strasbourg, France, 27–29 May 1991|date=1992|publisher=North-Holland|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0444893567|page=111}}</ref> Carbon phenolic is a very effective ablative material, but also has high density which is undesirable.

The NASA [[Galileo Probe]] used carbon phenolic for its TPS material.<ref name=HSAE>{{cite journal |last=Milos |first=Frank S. |journal=Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets |issn=1533-6794 |year=1997 |doi=10.2514/2.3293 |title=Galileo Probe Heat Shield Ablation Experiment |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=705–713 |bibcode=1997JSpRo..34..705M |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235941 }}
</ref>

If the heat flux experienced by an entry vehicle is insufficient to cause pyrolysis then the TPS material's conductivity could allow heat flux conduction into the TPS bondline material thus leading to TPS failure. Consequently, for entry trajectories causing lower heat flux, carbon phenolic is sometimes inappropriate and lower-density TPS materials such as the following examples can be better design choices:

====Super light-weight ablator====
''SLA'' in ''SLA-561V'' stands for ''super light-weight ablator''. SLA-561V is a proprietary ablative made by [[Lockheed Martin]] that has been used as the primary TPS material on all of the 70° sphere-cone entry vehicles sent by NASA to Mars other than the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] (MSL). SLA-561V begins significant ablation at a heat flux of approximately 110 W/cm2, but will fail for heat fluxes greater than 300 W/cm2. The MSL aeroshell TPS is currently designed to withstand a peak heat flux of 234 W/cm2. The peak heat flux experienced by the ''[[Viking 1]]'' aeroshell which landed on Mars was 21 W/cm2. For ''Viking 1'', the TPS acted as a charred thermal insulator and never experienced significant ablation. ''Viking 1'' was the first Mars lander and based upon a very conservative design. The Viking aeroshell had a base diameter of 3.54 meters (the largest used on Mars until Mars Science Laboratory). SLA-561V is applied by packing the ablative material into a honeycomb core that is pre-bonded to the aeroshell's structure thus enabling construction of a large heat shield.<ref>{{cite tech report
| first=Huy
| last=Tran
| author2=Michael Tauber
| author3=William Henline
| author4=Duoc Tran
| author5=Alan Cartledge
| author6=Frank Hui
| author7=Norm Zimmerman
| title=Ames Research Center Shear Tests of SLA-561V Heat Shield Material for Mars-Pathfinder
| number=NASA Technical Memorandum 110402
| institution=NASA Ames Research Center
| year=1996
| url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960049758_1996080506.pdf
| access-date=July 7, 2017
| archive-date=September 25, 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925143246/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960049758_1996080506.pdf
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

====Phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator====
[[File:OSIRIS-REx Sample Return (NHQ202309240002).jpg|thumb|[[OSIRIS-REx]] Sample Return Capsule at USAF Utah Range.|left]]
''Phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator'' (PICA) is a [[carbon fiber]] preform impregnated in [[phenolic resin]].<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.jeanlachaud.com/research/Lachaud2010_AbstractOFWS5.pdf |first1=Jean |last1=Lachaud |first2=Nagi |last2=N. Mansour |title=A pyrolysis and ablation toolbox based on OpenFOAM |conference=5th OpenFOAM Workshop |place=Gothenburg, Sweden |date=June 2010 |page=1 |access-date=August 9, 2012 |archive-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912052713/http://www.jeanlachaud.com/research/Lachaud2010_AbstractOFWS5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It has the advantages of low density (much lighter than carbon phenolic) coupled with efficient ablative ability at high heat flux. It is a good choice for ablative applications such as high-peak-heating conditions found on sample-return missions or lunar-return missions. PICA's thermal conductivity is lower than other high-heat-flux-ablative materials, such as conventional carbon phenolics.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

PICA was patented by [[NASA Ames Research Center]] in the 1990s and was the primary TPS material for the [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]] aeroshell.<ref>Tran, Huy K, et al., "Qualification of the forebody heat shield of the Stardust's Sample Return Capsule", AIAA, Thermophysics Conference, 32nd, Atlanta, GA; 23–25 June 1997.</ref> The Stardust sample-return capsule was the fastest man-made object ever to reenter Earth's atmosphere, at 28,000 mph (ca. 12.5 km/s) at 135 km altitude. This was faster than the Apollo mission capsules and 70% faster than the Shuttle.<ref name=stardust>{{cite web|url=http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/cool.html|title=Stardust – Cool Facts|website=stardust.jpl.nasa.gov|access-date=January 9, 2010|archive-date=January 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112063823/http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/cool.html|url-status=live}}</ref> PICA was critical for the viability of the Stardust mission, which returned to Earth in 2006. Stardust's heat shield (0.81 m base diameter) was made of one monolithic piece sized to withstand a nominal peak heating rate of 1.2 kW/cm2. A PICA heat shield was also used for the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] entry into the [[Martian atmosphere]].<ref name="N+SX_picaX"/>
{{clear}}
=====PICA-X=====
An improved and easier to produce version called PICA-X was developed by [[SpaceX]] in 2006–2010<ref name="N+SX_picaX"/> for the [[SpaceX Dragon 1|Dragon]] [[space capsule]].<ref name=srdc20090223>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-manufactured-heat-shield-material-passes-high-temperature-tests-simulating-reentry-heating-conditions-of-dragon-spacecraft|title=SpaceX Manufactured Heat Shield Material Passes High Temperature Tests Simulating Reentry Heating Conditions of Dragon Spacecraft|website=www.spacenews.com|date=February 23, 2009|author=Spaceref }}</ref> The first reentry test of a PICA-X heat shield was on the [[Dragon C1]] mission on 8 December 2010.<ref name=clog20101208>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101211200945/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/12/08/5614525-dragon-could-visit-space-station-next Dragon could visit space station next], ''[[msnbc.com]]'', 2010-12-08, accessed 2010-12-09.</ref> The PICA-X heat shield was designed, developed and fully qualified by a small team of a dozen engineers and technicians in less than four years.<ref name="N+SX_picaX">
{{cite web
|last=Chambers
|first=Andrew
|title=NASA + SpaceX Work Together
|url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask/issues/40/40s_space-x_prt.htm
|publisher=NASA
|access-date=2011-02-16
|author2=Dan Rasky
|date=2010-11-14
|quote=''SpaceX undertook the design and manufacture of the reentry heat shield; it brought speed and efficiency that allowed the heat shield to be designed, developed, and qualified in less than four years.'''
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416170908/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask/issues/40/40s_space-x_prt.htm
|archive-date=2011-04-16
}}</ref>
PICA-X is ten times less expensive to manufacture than the NASA PICA heat shield material.<ref name="a&s201201">{{cite news
| last=Chaikin
| first=Andrew
| title=1 visionary + 3 launchers + 1,500 employees = ? : Is SpaceX changing the rocket equation?
| url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space/is-spacex-changing-the-rocket-equation-132285884/?page=2
| access-date=2016-06-03
| newspaper=Air & Space Smithsonian
| date=January 2012
| quote=''SpaceX's material, called PICA-X, is one-tenth as expensive than the original [NASA PICA material and is better], ... a single PICA-X heat shield could withstand hundreds of returns from low Earth orbit; it can also handle the much higher energy reentries from the Moon or Mars.''
| archive-date=September 7, 2018
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221220/https://www.airspacemag.com/space/is-spacex-changing-the-rocket-equation-132285884/?page=2
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

=====PICA-3=====
A second enhanced version of PICA—called PICA-3—was developed by SpaceX during the mid-2010s. It was first flight tested on the [[Crew Dragon]] spacecraft in 2019 during the [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|flight demonstration mission]], in April 2019, and put into regular service on that spacecraft in 2020.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/#public NASA TV broadcast for the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission departure from the ISS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802031316/https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/#public |date=August 2, 2020 }}, NASA, 1 August 2020.</ref>

===== HARLEM =====
PICA and most other ablative TPS materials are either proprietary or classified, with formulations and manufacturing processes not disclosed in the open literature. This limits the ability of researchers to study these materials and hinders the development of thermal protection systems. Thus, the High Enthalpy Flow Diagnostics Group (HEFDiG) at the [[University of Stuttgart]] has developed an open carbon-phenolic ablative material, called the HEFDiG Ablation-Research Laboratory Experiment Material (HARLEM), from commercially available materials. HARLEM is prepared by impregnating a preform of a carbon fiber porous monolith (such as Calcarb rigid carbon insulation) with a solution of resole phenolic resin and [[polyvinylpyrrolidone]] in [[ethylene glycol]], heating to polymerize the resin and then removing the solvent under vacuum. The resulting material is [[Curing (chemistry)|cured]] and machined to the desired shape.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poloni |first1=E. |last2=Grigat |first2=F. |last3=Eberhart |first3=M. |last4=Leiser |first4=David |last5=Sautière |first5=Quentin |last6=Ravichandran |first6=Ranjith |last7=Delahaie |first7=Sara |last8=Duernhofer |first8=Christian |last9=Hoerner |first9=Igor |last10=Hufgard |first10=Fabian |last11=Loehle |first11=Stefan |display-authors=3|date=12 August 2023 |title=An open carbon–phenolic ablator for scientific exploration |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=13135 |article-number=13135|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-40351-x |doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322 |pmc=10423272 |pmid=37573464|bibcode=2023NatSR..1313135P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poloni |first1=E. |last2=Bouville |first2=Florian |last3=Schmid |first3=Alexander L. |last4=Pelissari |first4=Pedro I.B.G.B. |last5=Pandolfelli |first5=Victor C. |last6=Sousa |first6=Marcelo L.C. |last7=Tervoort |first7=Elena |last8=Christidis |first8=George |last9=Shklover |first9=Valery |last10=Leuthold |first10=Juerg |last11=Studart |first11=André R. |display-authors=1 |date=2022 |title=Carbon ablators with porosity tailored for aerospace thermal protection during atmospheric re-entry |journal=Carbon |volume=195 |pages=80–91 |doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2022.03.062 |doi-access=free|issn=0008-6223|arxiv=2110.04244 |bibcode=2022Carbo.195...80P }}</ref>

====SIRCA====
[[File:Ds 2.jpg|thumb|[[Deep Space 2]] [[Lander (spacecraft)|impactor]] aeroshell, a classic 45° sphere-cone with spherical section afterbody, enabling aerodynamic stability from atmospheric entry to surface impact]]
Silicone-impregnated reusable ceramic ablator (SIRCA) was also developed at NASA Ames Research Center and was used on the Backshell Interface Plate (BIP) of the ''[[Mars Pathfinder]]'' and [[Mars Exploration Rover]] (MER) aeroshells. The BIP was at the attachment points between the aeroshell's backshell (also called the afterbody or aft cover) and the cruise ring (also called the cruise stage). SIRCA was also the primary TPS material for the unsuccessful [[Deep Space 2]] (DS/2) Mars [[Lander (spacecraft)|impactor]] probes with their {{Convert|0.35|m|ft|-base-diameter|adj=mid|sp=us}} aeroshells. SIRCA is a monolithic, insulating material that can provide thermal protection through ablation. It is the only TPS material that can be machined to custom shapes and then applied directly to the spacecraft. There is no post-processing, heat treating, or additional coatings required (unlike Space Shuttle tiles). Since SIRCA can be machined to precise shapes, it can be applied as tiles, leading edge sections, full nose caps, or in any number of custom shapes or sizes. {{as of|1996}}, SIRCA had been demonstrated in backshell interface applications, but not yet as a forebody TPS material.<ref>Tran, Huy K., et al., "Silicone impregnated reusable ceramic ablators for Mars follow-on missions," AIAA-1996-1819, Thermophysics Conference, 31st, New Orleans, June 17–20, 1996.</ref>

====AVCOAT====
{{main|AVCOAT}}
[[AVCOAT 5026-39|AVCOAT]] is composed of silica fibers in an epoxy novolac resin. It is used in the design of several ablative heat shields.<ref name=nasa196808>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680021275_1968021275.pdf Flight-Test Analysis Of Apollo Heat-Shield Material Using The Pacemaker Vehicle System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925144304/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680021275_1968021275.pdf |date=September 25, 2020 }} [[NASA]] Technical Note D-4713, pp. 8, 1968–08, accessed 2010-12-26. ''"Avcoat 5026-39/HC-G is an epoxy novolac resin with special additives in a fiberglass honeycomb matrix. In fabrication, the empty honeycomb is bonded to the primary structure and the resin is gunned into each cell individually. ... The overall density of the material is 32 lb/ft3 (512 kg/m3). The char of the material is composed mainly of silica and carbon. It is necessary to know the amounts of each in the char because in the ablation analysis the silica is considered to be inert, but the carbon is considered to enter into exothermic reactions with oxygen. ... At 2160O R (12000 K), 54 percent by weight of the virgin material has volatilized and 46 percent has remained as char. ... In the virgin material, 25 percent by weight is silica, and since the silica is considered to be inert the char-layer composition becomes 6.7 lb/ft3 (107.4 kg/m3) of carbon and 8 lb/ft3 (128.1 kg/m3) of silica."''</ref>

NASA originally used it for the [[Apollo command and service module#Command Module (CM)|Apollo command module]] in the 1960s, and then utilized the material for its next-generation beyond low Earth orbit [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] crew module, which first flew in a December 2014 test and then operationally in November 2022.<ref name=nasa20090407>[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/apr/HQ_09-080_Orion_Heat_Shield.html NASA.gov NASA Selects Material for Orion Spacecraft Heat Shield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124220318/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/apr/HQ_09-080_Orion_Heat_Shield.html |date=November 24, 2010 }}, 2009-04-07, accessed 2011-01-02.</ref> The Avcoat to be used on Orion has been reformulated to meet environmental legislation that has been passed since the end of Apollo.<ref name=fg20090310>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/03/10/323585/nasas-orion-heat-shield-decision-expected-this-month.html|title=Flightglobal.com NASA's Orion heat shield decision expected this month 2009-10-03, accessed 2011-01-02|access-date=January 2, 2011|archive-date=March 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324160130/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/03/10/323585/nasas-orion-heat-shield-decision-expected-this-month.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Company+Watch+-+NASA-a0198584187|title=Company Watch – NASA. – Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=January 2, 2011|archive-date=October 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003103/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Company+Watch+-+NASA-a0198584187|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Thermal soak===
Thermal soak is a part of almost all TPS schemes. For example, an ablative heat shield loses most of its thermal protection effectiveness when the outer wall temperature drops below the minimum necessary for pyrolysis. From that time to the end of the heat pulse, heat from the shock layer convects into the heat shield's outer wall and would eventually conduct to the payload.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} This outcome can be prevented by ejecting the heat shield (with its heat soak) prior to the heat conducting to the inner wall.

===Refractory insulation===
[[File:Shuttle heat shield.jpg|thumb|left|Astronaut [[Andy Thomas|Andrew S. W. Thomas]] takes a close look at TPS tiles underneath [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']].]]
[[File:Silica Space Shuttle thermal protection (TPS) tile, c 1980. (9663807484).jpg|thumb|right|Rigid black [[LI-900]] tiles were used on the [[Space Shuttle]].]]

Refractory insulation keeps the heat in the outermost layer of the spacecraft surface, where it is conducted away by the air.<ref name=TPSpaper>{{cite conference
| url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160001151
| title = Thermal Protection Systems: Past, Present and Future
| last1 = Johnson
| first1 = Sylvia M.
| date = January 25, 2015
| publisher =
| book-title =
| pages =
| location = International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (Daytona Beach, FL)
| id = ARC-E-DAA-TN29151
| conference =
| access-date = September 5, 2021
| archive-date = September 5, 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210905190358/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20160001151
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The temperature of the surface rises to incandescent levels, so the material must have a very high melting point, and the material must also exhibit very low thermal conductivity. Materials with these properties tend to be brittle, delicate, and difficult to fabricate in large sizes, so they are generally fabricated as relatively small tiles that are then attached to the structural skin of the spacecraft. There is a tradeoff between toughness and thermal conductivity: less conductive materials are generally more brittle. The space shuttle used multiple types of tiles. Tiles are also used on the [[Boeing X-37]], [[Dream Chaser]], and [[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)|Starship's upper stage]].

Because insulation cannot be perfect, some heat energy is stored in the insulation and in the underlying material ("thermal soaking") and must be dissipated after the spacecraft exits the high-temperature flight regime. Some of this heat will re-radiate through the surface or will be carried off the surface by convection, but some will heat the spacecraft structure and interior, which may require active cooling after landing.<ref name=TPSpaper/>

Typical [[Space Shuttle thermal protection system|Space Shuttle TPS]] tiles ([[LI-900]]) have remarkable thermal protection properties. An LI-900 tile exposed to a temperature of 1,000 K on one side will remain merely warm to the touch on the other side. However, they are relatively brittle and break easily, and cannot survive in-flight rain.<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19880011857/downloads/19880011857.pdf Damage testing on effect of Rain by Robert R. Meyer and Jack Barneburg</ref>

===Passively cooled===
[[File:Mercury capsule HD.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Mercury capsule design (shown here with its [[Launch escape system|escape tower]]) originally used a radiatively cooled TPS, but was later converted to an ablative TPS.]]
In some early ballistic missile RVs (e.g., the Mk-2 and the [[sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]] [[Project Mercury|Mercury spacecraft]]), ''radiatively cooled TPS'' were used to initially absorb heat flux during the heat pulse, and, then, after the heat pulse, radiate and convect the stored heat back into the atmosphere. However, the earlier version of this technique required a considerable quantity of metal TPS (e.g., [[titanium]], [[beryllium]], [[copper]], etc.). Modern designers prefer to avoid this added mass by using ablative and thermal-soak TPS instead.

Thermal protection systems relying on [[emissivity]] use high emissivity coatings (HECs) to facilitate [[radiative cooling]], while an underlying porous ceramic layer serves to protect the structure from high surface temperatures. High thermally stable emissivity values coupled with low thermal conductivity are key to the functionality of such systems.<ref name="rtps">{{cite journal | last1=Shao| first1=Gaofeng|display-authors=et al| title= Improved oxidation resistance of high emissivity coatings on fibrous ceramic for reusable space systems | journal= Corrosion Science | year=2019 | volume=146| pages= 233–246 | doi= 10.1016/j.corsci.2018.11.006 | arxiv=1902.03943 | bibcode=2019Corro.146..233S| s2cid=118927116}}</ref>

Radiatively cooled TPS can be found on modern entry vehicles, but [[reinforced carbon–carbon]] (RCC) (also called ''carbon–carbon'') is normally used instead of metal. RCC was the TPS material on the Space Shuttle's nose cone and wing leading edges, and was also proposed as the leading-edge material for the [[X-33]]. [[Carbon]] is the most refractory material known, with a one-atmosphere sublimation temperature of {{Convert|3825|C}} for graphite. This high temperature made carbon an obvious choice as a radiatively cooled TPS material. Disadvantages of RCC are that it is currently expensive to manufacture, is heavy, and lacks robust impact resistance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/CAIB_reportindex.html|title=Columbia Accident Investigation Board|website=history.nasa.gov|access-date=July 12, 2017|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225231135/https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/CAIB_reportindex.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some high-velocity [[aircraft]], such as the [[SR-71 Blackbird]] and [[Concorde]], deal with heating similar to that experienced by spacecraft, but at much lower intensity, and for hours at a time. Studies of the SR-71's titanium skin revealed that the metal structure was restored to its original strength through [[annealing (metallurgy)|annealing]] due to aerodynamic heating. In the case of the Concorde, the [[aluminium]] nose was permitted to reach a maximum [[operating temperature]] of {{convert|127|°C|°F}} (approximately {{convert|180|C-change|F-change|0}} warmer than the normally sub-zero, ambient air); the metallurgical implications (loss of [[tempering (metallurgy)|temper]]) that would be associated with a higher peak temperature were the most significant factors determining the top speed of the aircraft.

A radiatively cooled TPS for an entry vehicle is often called a ''hot-metal TPS''. Early TPS designs for the Space Shuttle called for a hot-metal TPS based upon a nickel [[superalloy]] (dubbed [[René 41]]) and titanium shingles.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/spaceshuttle.html|title=Space Shuttle|website=www.astronautix.com|access-date=April 22, 2022|archive-date=March 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318082348/http://www.astronautix.com/s/spaceshuttle.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This Shuttle TPS concept was rejected, because it was believed a silica tile-based TPS would involve lower development and manufacturing costs.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} A nickel [[superalloy]]-shingle TPS was again proposed for the unsuccessful [[X-33]] [[single-stage-to-orbit]] (SSTO) prototype.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040095922_2004100223.pdf |title=X-33 Heat Shield Development report |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126222704/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040095922_2004100223.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Recently, newer radiatively cooled TPS materials have been developed that could be superior to RCC. Known as [[Ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composite|Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics]], they were developed for the prototype vehicle Slender Hypervelocity Aerothermodynamic Research Probe (SHARP). These TPS materials are based on [[zirconium diboride]] and [[hafnium diboride]]. SHARP TPS have suggested performance improvements allowing for sustained [[Mach number|Mach]] 7 flight at sea level, Mach 11 flight at {{convert|100000|ft|adj=on}} altitudes, and significant improvements for vehicles designed for continuous hypersonic flight. SHARP TPS materials enable sharp leading edges and nose cones to greatly reduce drag for airbreathing combined-cycle-propelled spaceplanes and lifting bodies. SHARP materials have exhibited effective TPS characteristics from zero to more than {{Convert|2000|C}}, with melting points over {{Convert|3500|C}}. They are structurally stronger than RCC, and, thus, do not require structural reinforcement with materials such as Inconel. SHARP materials are extremely efficient at reradiating absorbed heat, thus eliminating the need for additional TPS behind and between the SHARP materials and conventional vehicle structure. NASA initially funded (and discontinued) a multi-phase R&D program through the [[University of Montana]] in 2001 to test SHARP materials on test vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/docs/thesis/2003/SHARP_Thesis.pdf |title=SHARP Reentry Vehicle Prototype |access-date=2006-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215231157/http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/docs/thesis/2003/SHARP_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2005-12-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coe.montana.edu/me/faculty/cairns/sharp/sharp.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016071845/http://www.coe.montana.edu/me/faculty/cairns/sharp/sharp.htm |url-status=dead |title=sharp structure homepage w left|archive-date=October 16, 2015}}</ref>

===Actively cooled===
Various advanced reusable spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft designs have been proposed to employ heat shields made from temperature-resistant metal [[alloy]]s that incorporate a refrigerant or cryogenic fuel circulating through them.

Such a TPS concept was proposed for the [[Rockwell X-30|X-30 National Aerospace Plane]] (NASP) in the mid-80s.{{cn|date=January 2024}} The NASP was supposed to have been a [[scramjet]] powered hypersonic aircraft, but failed in development.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In 2005 and 2012, two unmanned [[lifting body]] craft with actively cooled hulls were launched as a part of the German [[Sharp Edge Flight Experiment]] (SHEFEX).{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In early 2019, [[SpaceX]] was developing an actively cooled heat shield for its [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] spacecraft where a part of the thermal protection system will be a [[transpiration cooling|transpirationally cooled]] outer-skin design for the reentering spaceship.<ref name=sdc20190123>[https://www.space.com/43101-elon-musk-explains-stainless-steel-starship.html Why Elon Musk Turned to Stainless Steel for SpaceX's Starship Mars Rocket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203064031/https://www.space.com/43101-elon-musk-explains-stainless-steel-starship.html |date=February 3, 2019 }}, Mike Wall, space.com, 23 January 2019, accessed 23 March 2019.</ref><ref name=trati20190123>[https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-ceo-elon-musk-starship-transpiring-steel-heat-shield-interview/ SpaceX CEO Elon Musk explains Starship's "transpiring" steel heat shield in Q&A] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041422/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-ceo-elon-musk-starship-transpiring-steel-heat-shield-interview/ |date=January 24, 2019 }}, Eric Ralph, ''Teslarati News'', 23 January 2019, accessed 23 March 2019</ref> However, SpaceX abandoned this approach in favor of a modern version of heat shield tiles later in 2019.<ref name="musk20190924">{{cite tweet |last=Musk |first=Elon |author-link=Elon Musk |user=elonmusk |number=1176561209971101696 |date=24 September 2019 |title=@OranMaliphant @Erdayastronaut Could do it, but we developed low cost reusable tiles that are much lighter than transpiration cooling & quite robust|access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427153543/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1176561209971101696 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="musk20190724">{{cite tweet |last=Musk |first=Elon |author-link=Elon Musk |user=elonmusk |number=1154229558989561857 |date=24 July 2019 |title=@Erdayastronaut @goathobbit Thin tiles on windward side of ship & nothing on leeward or anywhere on booster looks like lightest option|access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427154113/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1154229558989561857 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Stoke Space Nova]] second stage, announced in October 2023 and not yet flying, uses a regeneratively cooled (by liquid hydrogen) heat shield.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Volosín |first1=Trevor Sesnic |last2=Morales |first2=Juan I. |date=2023-02-04 |title=Full Reusability By Stoke Space |url=https://everydayastronaut.com/stoke-space/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Everyday Astronaut |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the early 1960s various TPS systems were proposed to use water or other cooling liquid sprayed into the shock layer, or passed through channels in the heat shield. Advantages included the possibility of more all-metal designs which would be cheaper to develop, be more rugged, and eliminate the need for classified and unknown technology. The disadvantages are increased weight and complexity, and lower reliability. The concept has never been flown, but a similar technology (the plug nozzle<ref name="auto"/>) did undergo extensive ground testing.

===Propulsive entry===

Fuel permitting, nothing prevents a vehicle from entering the atmosphere with a retrograde engine burn, which has the double effect of slowing the vehicle down much faster than atmospheric drag alone would, and forcing the compressed hot air away from the vehicle's body. During reentry, the first stage of the SpaceX [[Falcon 9]] performs an entry burn to rapidly decelerate from its initial hypersonic speed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==High-drag suborbital entry==
In 2004, aircraft designer [[Burt Rutan]] demonstrated the feasibility of a shape-changing airfoil for reentry with the sub-orbital [[SpaceShipOne]]. The wings on this craft rotate upward into the ''feathered configuration'' that provides a [[shuttlecock]] effect. Thus SpaceShipOne achieves much more aerodynamic drag on reentry while not experiencing significant thermal loads.

The configuration increases drag, as the craft is now less streamlined and results in more atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes than otherwise. The aircraft thus slows down more in higher atmospheric layers which is the key to efficient reentry. Secondly, the aircraft will ''automatically'' orient itself in this state to a high drag attitude.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/spaceshipone4.htm|title=How SpaceShipOne Works|date=20 June 2004|access-date=April 23, 2011|archive-date=January 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112003232/http://science.howstuffworks.com/spaceshipone4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, the velocity attained by SpaceShipOne prior to reentry is much lower than that of an orbital spacecraft, and engineers, including Rutan, recognize that a feathered reentry technique is not suitable for return from orbit.

On 4 May 2011, the first test on the [[SpaceShipTwo]] of the feathering mechanism was made during a glideflight after release
from the White Knight Two. Premature deployment of the feathering system was responsible for the 2014 [[VSS Enterprise crash|VSS ''Enterprise'' crash]], in which the aircraft disintegrated, killing the co-pilot.

The feathered reentry was first described by [[Dean R. Chapman|Dean Chapman]] of [[NACA]] in 1958.<ref name="NACA TN 4276">{{cite journal | url=http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1958/naca-tn-4276/naca-tn-4276.pdf | title=An approximate analytical method for studying reentry into planetary atmospheres | author=Chapman, Dean R. | journal=NACA Technical Note 4276 | date=May 1958 | page=38 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050127060632/http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1958/naca-tn-4276/naca-tn-4276.pdf | archive-date=January 27, 2005 | access-date=February 3, 2006 }}</ref> In the section of his report on ''Composite Entry'', Chapman described a solution to the problem using a high-drag device:

{{quote|
It may be desirable to combine lifting and nonlifting entry in order to achieve some advantages... For landing maneuverability it obviously is advantageous to employ a lifting vehicle. The total heat absorbed by a lifting vehicle, however, is much higher than for a nonlifting vehicle... Nonlifting vehicles can more easily be constructed... by employing, for example, a large, light drag device... The larger the device, the smaller is the heating rate.

Nonlifting vehicles with shuttlecock stability are advantageous also from the viewpoint of minimum control requirements during entry.

... an evident composite type of entry, which combines some of the desirable features of lifting and nonlifting trajectories, would be to enter first without lift but with a... drag device; then, when the velocity is reduced to a certain value... the device is jettisoned or retracted, leaving a lifting vehicle... for the remainder of the descent.
}}

=={{anchor|IRDT}} Inflatable heat shield entry==

Deceleration for atmospheric reentry, especially for higher-speed Mars-return missions, benefits from maximizing "the drag area of the entry system. The larger the diameter of the aeroshell, the bigger the payload can be."<ref name=nasa20090817/> An inflatable aeroshell provides one alternative for enlarging the drag area with a low-mass design.

===Russia===

Such an inflatable shield/aerobrake was designed for the penetrators of [[Mars 96]] mission. Since the mission failed due to the launcher malfunction, the NPO Lavochkin and DASA/ESA have designed a mission for Earth orbit. The Inflatable Reentry and Descent Technology (IRDT) demonstrator was launched on Soyuz-Fregat on 8 February 2000. The inflatable shield was designed as a cone with two stages of inflation. Although the second stage of the shield failed to inflate, the demonstrator survived the orbital reentry and was recovered.<ref name=IRDT2000>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet103/marraffa103.pdf|title=Inflatable Re-Entry Technologies: Flight Demonstration and Future Prospects|access-date=April 22, 2011|archive-date=January 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129130903/http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet103/marraffa103.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/irdt/factsheet.pdf Inflatable Reentry and Descent Technology (IRDT)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231130516/http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/irdt/factsheet.pdf |date=2015-12-31 }} Factsheet, ESA, September, 2005</ref> The subsequent missions flown on the [[Volna]] rocket failed due to launcher failure.<ref name=2R2Smissions>{{Cite web|url=https://www.2r2s.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207150236/http://www.2r2s.com/demo_missions.html |url-status=dead |title=The Demonstration Missions|archive-date=December 7, 2016|website=www.2r2s.com|publisher=Return and Rescue Space Systems GmbH}}</ref>

===NASA IRVE ===
[[File:Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle Experiment.jpg|thumb|right|NASA engineers check IRVE.]]
NASA launched an inflatable heat shield experimental spacecraft on 17 August 2009 with the successful first test flight of the Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle Experiment (IRVE). The heat shield had been [[vacuum packing|vacuum-packed]] into a {{convert|15|in|adj=mid|cm|-diameter}} payload shroud and launched on a [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant 9]] [[sounding rocket]] from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island, Virginia. "Nitrogen inflated the {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=mid|-diameter}} heat shield, made of several layers of [[silicone]]-coated <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Kevlar]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> fabric, to a mushroom shape in space several minutes after liftoff."<ref name=nasa20090817/> The rocket apogee was at an altitude of {{convert|131|mi}} where it began its descent to supersonic speed. Less than a minute later the shield was released from its cover to inflate at an altitude of {{convert|124|mi}}. The inflation of the shield took less than 90 seconds.<ref name=nasa20090817>[http://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/irve.html NASA Launches New Technology: An Inflatable Heat Shield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219090403/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/irve.html |date=December 19, 2010 }}, [[NASA]] Mission News, 2009-08-17, accessed 2011-01-02.</ref>

=== NASA HIAD ===
Following the success of the initial IRVE experiments, NASA developed the concept into the more ambitious Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD). The current design is shaped like a shallow cone, with the structure built up as a stack of circular inflated tubes of gradually increasing major diameter. The forward (convex) face of the cone is covered with a flexible thermal protection system robust enough to withstand the stresses of atmospheric entry (or reentry).<ref name = HughesOverview>{{cite web
|url = https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/9.2%20Hughes%20Hypersonic%20Inflatable%20Aerodynamic%20Decelerator%20(HIAD)%20Technology%20Development%20Overview.pdf
|title = Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD) Technology Development Overview
|last = Hughes
|first = Stephen J.
|website = www.nasa.gov
|publisher = NASA
|access-date = 28 March 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170126043753/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/9.2%20Hughes%20Hypersonic%20Inflatable%20Aerodynamic%20Decelerator%20(HIAD)%20Technology%20Development%20Overview.pdf
|archive-date = 26 January 2017
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name = Cheatwood2016>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/gcd_industryday_hiad.pdf
|title = Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD) Technology
|last = Cheatwood
|first = Neil
|date = 29 June 2016
|website = www.nasa.gov
|publisher = NASA
|access-date = 28 March 2017
|archive-date = February 24, 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170224080715/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/gcd_industryday_hiad.pdf
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

In 2012, a HIAD was tested as Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment 3 (IRVE-3) using a sub-orbital sounding rocket, and worked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/uploads/docs/Published_Papers/Supporting_Technologies/LV_Recovery_and_Reuse_AIAASpace_2015.pdf|title=''Launch Vehicle Recovery and Reuse ''|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-date=July 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706013800/http://www.ulalaunch.com/uploads/docs/Published_Papers/Supporting_Technologies/LV_Recovery_and_Reuse_AIAASpace_2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|8}}

See also [[Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator]], a NASA project with tests in 2014 and 2015 of a 6 m diameter SIAD-R.

=== LOFTID ===
[[File:LOFTID inflates in space while attached to Centaur upper stage.gif|thumb|LOFTID inflating in orbit]]
A {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} inflatable reentry vehicle, ''Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of an Inflatable Decelerator'' ([[LOFTID]]),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/noaa-finalizes-secondary-payload-for-jpss-2-launch/|title=NOAA finalizes secondary payload for JPSS-2 launch|date=March 10, 2020|website=SpaceNews|access-date=March 14, 2020|archive-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001035259/https://spacenews.com/noaa-finalizes-secondary-payload-for-jpss-2-launch/|url-status=live|last1=Foust |first1=Jeff }}</ref> was launched in November 2022, inflated in orbit, reentered faster than Mach 25, and was successfully recovered on November 10.

==Entry vehicle design considerations==

There are four critical parameters considered when designing a vehicle for atmospheric entry:<ref>{{Cite report |date=1968-11-01 |title=Guidance and navigation for entry vehicles |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19690010164 |publisher=NASA |language=en}}</ref>

# Peak heat flux
# Heat load
# Peak deceleration
# Peak dynamic pressure

Peak heat flux and [[dynamic pressure]] selects the TPS material. Heat load selects the thickness of the TPS material stack. Peak deceleration is of major importance for crewed missions. The upper limit for crewed return to Earth from low Earth orbit (LEO) or lunar return is 10''g''.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740007423_1974007423.pdf |title=Pavlosky, James E., St. Leger, Leslie G., "Apollo Experience Report - Thermal Protection Subsystem," NASA TN D-7564, (1974). |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001133219/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740007423_1974007423.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> For Martian atmospheric entry after long exposure to zero gravity, the upper limit is 4''g''.<ref name=autogenerated1/> Peak dynamic pressure can also influence the selection of the outermost TPS material if [[spallation]] is an issue. The reentry vehicle's design parameters may be assessed through numerical simulation, including simplifications of the vehicle's dynamics, such as the [[planar reentry equations]] and heat flux correlations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sutton |first1=Kenneth |last2=Graves, Jr. |first2=Randolph A. |date=1971 |title=A general stagnation-point convective heating equation for arbitrary gas mixtures |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19720003329/downloads/19720003329.pdf |journal=NASA Tr R-376}}</ref>

Starting from the principle of ''conservative design'', the engineer typically considers two [[Best, worst and average case|worst-case]] trajectories, the undershoot and overshoot trajectories. The overshoot trajectory is typically defined as the shallowest-allowable entry velocity angle prior to atmospheric [[Boost-glide|skip-off]]. The overshoot trajectory has the highest heat load and sets the TPS thickness. The undershoot trajectory is defined by the steepest allowable trajectory. For crewed missions the steepest entry angle is limited by the peak deceleration. The undershoot trajectory also has the highest peak heat flux and dynamic pressure. Consequently, the undershoot trajectory is the basis for selecting the TPS material. There is no "one size fits all" TPS material. A TPS material that is ideal for high heat flux may be too conductive (too dense) for a long duration heat load. A low-density TPS material might lack the tensile strength to resist spallation if the dynamic pressure is too high. A TPS material can perform well for a specific peak heat flux, but fail catastrophically for the same peak heat flux if the wall pressure is significantly increased (this happened with NASA's R-4 test spacecraft).<ref name=autogenerated1/> Older TPS materials tend to be more labor-intensive and expensive to manufacture compared to modern materials. However, modern TPS materials often lack the flight history of the older materials (an important consideration for a risk-averse designer).

Based upon Allen and Eggers discovery, maximum aeroshell bluntness (maximum drag) yields minimum TPS mass. Maximum bluntness (minimum ballistic coefficient) also yields a minimal [[terminal velocity]] at maximum altitude (very important for Mars EDL, but detrimental for military RVs). However, there is an upper limit to bluntness imposed by aerodynamic stability considerations based upon ''shock wave detachment''. A shock wave will remain attached to the tip of a sharp cone if the cone's half-angle is below a critical value. This critical half-angle can be estimated using perfect gas theory (this specific aerodynamic instability occurs below hypersonic speeds). For a nitrogen atmosphere (Earth or Titan), the maximum allowed half-angle is approximately 60°. For a carbon dioxide atmosphere (Mars or Venus), the maximum-allowed half-angle is approximately 70°. After shock wave detachment, an entry vehicle must carry significantly more shocklayer gas around the leading edge stagnation point (the subsonic cap). Consequently, the aerodynamic center moves upstream thus causing aerodynamic instability. It is incorrect to reapply an aeroshell design intended for Titan entry ([[Huygens (spacecraft)|''Huygens'']] probe in a nitrogen atmosphere) for Mars entry (''[[Beagle 2]]'' in a carbon dioxide atmosphere).{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}{{original research inline|date=September 2016}} Prior to being abandoned, the [[Mars program|Soviet Mars lander program]] achieved one successful landing ([[Mars 3]]), on the second of three entry attempts (the others were [[Mars 2]] and [[Mars 6]]). The Soviet Mars landers were based upon a 60° half-angle aeroshell design.

A 45° half-angle sphere-cone is typically used for atmospheric probes (surface landing not intended) even though TPS mass is not minimized. The rationale for a 45° half-angle is to have either aerodynamic stability from entry-to-impact (the heat shield is not jettisoned) or a short-and-sharp heat pulse followed by prompt heat shield jettison. A 45° sphere-cone design was used with the DS/2 Mars [[Lander (spacecraft)|impactor]] and [[Pioneer Venus project|Pioneer Venus]] probes.

==Atmospheric entry accidents==
[[File:Ingreso reentrada.svg|center|thumb|800px|Reentry window
{{ordered list
| list-style-type = upper-alpha
| Friction with air
| In air flight
| Expulsion lower angle
| Perpendicular to the entry point
| Excess friction 6.9° to 90°
| Repulsion of 5.5° or less
| Explosion friction
| Plane tangential to the entry point
}}]]

Not all atmospheric reentries have been completely successful:

*[[Voskhod 2]] – The service module failed to detach for some time, but the crew survived.
*[[Soyuz 5]] – The service module failed to detach, but the crew survived.
*[[Apollo 15]] - One of the three ringsail parachutes failed during the ocean landing, likely damaged as the spacecraft vented excess control fuel. The spacecraft was designed to land safely with only two parachutes, and the crew were uninjured.
*[[Mars Polar Lander]] – Failed during EDL. The failure was believed to be the consequence of a software error. The precise cause is unknown for lack of real-time [[telemetry]].
*[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] [[STS-1#Mission anomalies|STS-1]] – a combination of launch damage, protruding gap filler, and tile installation error resulted in serious damage to the orbiter, only some of which the crew was aware. Had the crew known the extent of the damage before attempting reentry, they would have flown the shuttle to a safe altitude and then bailed out. Nevertheless, reentry was successful, and the orbiter proceeded to a normal landing.
*[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] [[STS-27#Tile damage|STS-27]] – Insulation from the starboard [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|solid rocket booster]] nose cap struck the orbiter during launch, causing significant tile damage. This dislodged one tile completely, over an aluminum mounting plate for a TACAN antenna. The antenna sustained extreme heat damage, but prevented the hot gas from penetrating the vehicle body.
[[File:Genesis wreck.jpg|thumb|Genesis entry vehicle after crash]]
*[[Genesis (spacecraft)|''Genesis'']] – The parachute failed to deploy due to a G-switch having been installed backwards (a similar error delayed parachute deployment for the [[Galileo Probe|''Galileo'' Probe]]). Consequently, the Genesis entry vehicle crashed into the desert floor. The payload was damaged, but most scientific data were recoverable.
*[[Soyuz TMA-11]] – The Soyuz propulsion module failed to separate properly; fallback ballistic reentry was executed that subjected the crew to accelerations of about {{convert|8|standard gravity|m/s2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/station/exp16/080502peggywhitson.html|title=Whitson describes rough Soyuz entry and landing|access-date=July 12, 2008|publisher=Spaceflight Now|year=2008|author=William Harwood|archive-date=December 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073602/http://spaceflightnow.com/station/exp16/080502peggywhitson.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The crew survived.
*[[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 3|Starship IFT-3]]: The SpaceX Starship's third integrated test flight was supposed to end with a hard splashdown in the [[Indian Ocean]]. However, approximately 48.5 minutes after launch, at an altitude of 65km, contact with the spacecraft was lost, indicating that it burned up on reentry. This was caused by excessive vehicle rolling due to clogged vents on the vehicle.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-3 | title=SpaceX }}</ref>
*[[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 9|Starship IFT-9]]- IFT 9 was going to end with a soft splashdown off the west coast of Australia but a detonation of a part in the payload area after second engine cutoff led to high pressure and excessive venting Within the nose leading to the payload deployment test and an in space burn being aborted and Starship entering at an off nominal attitude leading to a breakup during entry at approximately T+46:48 after launch.

Some reentries have resulted in significant disasters:

*[[Soyuz 1]] – The [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] system failed while still in orbit and later parachutes got entangled during the emergency landing sequence (entry, descent, and landing (EDL) failure). Lone cosmonaut [[Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov]] died.
*[[Soyuz 11]] – During tri-module separation, a valve seal was opened by the shock, depressurizing the descent module; the crew of three asphyxiated in space minutes before reentry.
*Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|STS-107]] – The failure of a [[reinforced carbon–carbon]] panel on a wing leading edge caused by debris impact at launch led to breakup of the orbiter on reentry resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members.

==Uncontrolled and unprotected entries==
{{See also|List of reentering space debris}}
Of satellites that reenter, approximately 10–40% of the mass of the object may reach the surface of the Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aerospace.org/cords/spacecraft-reentry/how-much-material-from-a-satellite-will-survive-reentry/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302115307/http://www.aerospace.org/cords/spacecraft-reentry/how-much-material-from-a-satellite-will-survive-reentry/ |url-status=dead |title=Spacecraft Reentry FAQ: How much material from a satellite will survive reentry?|archive-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> On average, about one catalogued object reentered per day {{asof|2014|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news/debris_faq.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311033244/http://www.nasa.gov/news/debris_faq.html |url-status=dead |title=NASA - Frequently Asked Questions: Orbital Debris|archive-date=March 11, 2014|website=www.nasa.gov}}</ref>

Because the Earth's surface is predominantly water, most objects that survive reentry land in one of the world's oceans. The estimated chance that a given person would get hit and injured during their lifetime is around 1 in a trillion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aerospace.org/cords/spacecraft-reentry/|title=Animation52-desktop|website=www.aerospace.org|access-date=2013-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302150713/http://www.aerospace.org/cords/spacecraft-reentry/|archive-date=2014-03-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On January 24, 1978, the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Kosmos 954]] ({{convert|3800|kg|disp=sqbr}}) reentered and crashed near [[Great Slave Lake]] in the [[Northwest Territories]] of Canada. The satellite was nuclear-powered and left radioactive debris near its impact site.<ref name="jaxa">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_3/3-2-2-1_e.html|title=3-2-2-1 Settlement of Claim between Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for Damage Caused by "Cosmos 954" (Released on April 2, 1981)|website=www.jaxa.jp|access-date=December 28, 2010|archive-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930070151/http://www.jaxa.jp/library/space_law/chapter_3/3-2-2-1_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On July 11, 1979, the US [[Skylab]] space station ({{convert|77100|kg|disp=sqbr}}) reentered and spread debris across the Australian [[Outback]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hanslmeier|first=Arnold|title=The sun and space weather|date=2002|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|location=Dordrecht; Boston|isbn=9781402056048|page=269}}</ref> The reentry was a major media event largely due to the Cosmos 954 incident, but not viewed as much as a potential disaster since it did not carry toxic nuclear or [[hydrazine]] fuel. NASA had originally hoped to use a [[Space Shuttle]] mission to either extend its life or enable a controlled reentry, but delays in the Shuttle program, plus unexpectedly high solar activity, made this impossible.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lamprecht|first=Jan|title=Hollow planets : a feasibility study of possible hollow worlds|date=1998|publisher=World Wide Pub.|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=9780620219631|page=326}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Elkins-Tanton|first=Linda|title=The Sun, Mercury, and Venus|date=2006|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=9780816051939|page=56}}</ref>

On February 7, 1991, the Soviet [[Salyut 7]] space station ({{convert|19820|kg|disp=sqbr}}), with the [[Kosmos 1686]] module ({{convert|20000|kg|disp=sqbr}}) attached, reentered and scattered debris over the town of [[Capitán Bermúdez]], Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/faq8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513052250/http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/faq8.html |url-status=dead |title=aero.org, ''Spacecraft Reentry FAQ:''|archive-date=May 13, 2012}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/07/world/salyut-7-soviet-station-in-space-falls-to-earth-after-9-year-orbit.html "Salyut 7, Soviet Station in Space, Falls to Earth After 9-Year Orbit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118131918/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/07/world/salyut-7-soviet-station-in-space-falls-to-earth-after-9-year-orbit.html |date=November 18, 2016 }} ''New York Times''</ref> The station had been boosted to a higher orbit in August 1986 in an attempt to keep it up until 1994, but in a scenario similar to Skylab, the planned [[Buran programme|Buran shuttle]] was cancelled and high solar activity caused it to come down sooner than expected.

On September 7, 2011, NASA announced the impending uncontrolled reentry of the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]] ({{convert|6540|kg|disp=sqbr}}) and noted that there was a small risk to the public.<ref>{{cite news | title=Huge Defunct Satellite to Plunge to Earth Soon, NASA Says | work=Space.com | url=http://www.space.com/12859-nasa-satellite-falling-space-debris-uars.html | author=David, Leonard | date=7 September 2011 | access-date=10 September 2011 | archive-date=May 6, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506183208/https://www.space.com/12859-nasa-satellite-falling-space-debris-uars.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The decommissioned satellite reentered the atmosphere on September 24, 2011, and some pieces are presumed to have crashed into the South [[Pacific Ocean]] over a debris field {{convert|500|mi}} long.<ref name="finalupdate">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/uars/index.html |title=Final Update: NASA's UARS Re-enters Earth's Atmosphere |access-date=2011-09-27 |archive-date=February 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225204106/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/uars/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On April 1, 2018, the Chinese [[Tiangong-1]] space station ({{convert|8510|kg|disp=sqbr}}) reentered over the Pacific Ocean, halfway between Australia and South America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aerospace.org/cords/reentry-predictions/tiangong-1-reentry/ |title=aerospace.org ''Tiangong-1 Reentry'' |access-date=2018-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404003614/http://www.aerospace.org/cords/reentry-predictions/tiangong-1-reentry/ |archive-date=2018-04-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[China Manned Space Engineering Office]] had intended to control the reentry, but lost [[telemetry]] and control in March 2017.<ref name="rogue">{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Morris|date=30 March 2016|title=Has Tiangong 1 gone rogue|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Has_Tiangong_1_gone_rogue_999.html|newspaper=Space Daily|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=September 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231010/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Has_Tiangong_1_gone_rogue_999.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On May 11, 2020, the core stage of Chinese [[Long March 5|Long March 5B]] ([[COSPAR ID]] 2020-027C) weighing roughly {{convert|20000|kg|disp=sqbr||abbr=}}) made an uncontrolled reentry over the Atlantic Ocean, near West African coast.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=18SPCS |number=1259891636189839360|date=11 May 2020|title=#18SPCS has confirmed the reentry of the CZ-5B R/B (#45601, 2020-027C) at 08:33 PDT on 11 May, over the Atlantic Ocean. The #CZ5B launched China's test crew capsule on 5 May 2020. #spaceflightsafety|author-link=|access-date=11 May 2020 |language=en|author=((18 Space Control Squadron)) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514104807/https://twitter.com/18SPCS/status/1259891636189839360 |archive-date= May 14, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China's massive Long March 5B's rocket falls out of orbit over Atlantic Ocean |website=Spaceflight Now |date=May 11, 2020 |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/11/chinas-massive-long-march-5bs-rocket-falls-out-of-orbit-over-ocean/|last=Clark|first=Stephen|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12|archive-date=May 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514211903/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/11/chinas-massive-long-march-5bs-rocket-falls-out-of-orbit-over-ocean/|url-status=live}}</ref> Few pieces of rocket debris reportedly survived reentry and fell over at least two villages in [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridenstine Criticizes Uncontrolled Long March 5B Stage Reentry |website=Parabolic Arc |first1=Doug |last1=Messier |date=May 15, 2020 |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2020/05/15/bridenstine-criticizes-uncontrolled-long-march-5b-stage-reentry/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-16|archive-date=May 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521234307/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2020/05/15/bridenstine-criticizes-uncontrolled-long-march-5b-stage-reentry/|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese Rocket Debris May Have Fallen On Several African Villages After An Uncontrolled Re-Entry|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/05/12/parts-of-a-chinese-rocket-may-have-fallen-on-an-african-village/ |url-access=subscription |date=May 12, 2020 |last=O'Callaghan|first=Jonathan|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-date=May 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512235929/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/05/12/parts-of-a-chinese-rocket-may-have-fallen-on-an-african-village/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On May 8, 2021, the core stage of Chinese [[Long March 5|Long March 5B]] ([[COSPAR ID]] 2021-0035B) weighing {{convert|23000|kg|disp=sqbr||abbr=}}) made an uncontrolled reentry, just west of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean (approximately 72.47°E longitude and 2.65°N latitude).<ref>{{Cite web|title=CZ-5B R/B |website=N2YO.com |url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=48275|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-09|archive-date=July 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723163817/https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=48275|url-status=live}}</ref> Witnesses reported rocket debris as far away as the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Huge Chinese rocket booster falls to Earth over Arabian Peninsula |url=https://www.space.com/chinese-rocket-booster-long-march-5b-space-junk-crash|last=Wall|first=Mike|website=[[Space.com]]|date=May 9, 2021|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-09|archive-date=July 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723163815/https://www.space.com/chinese-rocket-booster-long-march-5b-space-junk-crash|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Deorbit disposal===
[[Salyut 1]], the world's first space station, was deliberately de-orbited into the Pacific Ocean in 1971 following the [[Soyuz 11]] accident. Its successor, [[Salyut 6]], was de-orbited in a controlled manner as well.

On June 4, 2000, the [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]] was deliberately de-orbited after one of its gyroscopes failed. The debris that did not burn up fell harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean. The observatory was still operational, but the failure of another gyroscope would have made de-orbiting much more difficult and dangerous. With some controversy, NASA decided in the interest of public safety that a controlled crash was preferable to letting the craft come down at random.

In 2001, the Russian ''[[Mir]]'' space station was deliberately de-orbited, and broke apart in the fashion expected by the command center during atmospheric reentry. Mir entered the Earth's atmosphere on March 23, 2001, near [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]], and fell into the South Pacific Ocean.

On February 21, 2008, a disabled U.S. [[spy satellite]], [[USA-193]], was hit at an altitude of approximately {{convert|246|km|sp=us}} with an [[SM-3]] missile fired from the U.S. Navy [[cruiser]] {{USS|Lake Erie|CG-70|2}} off the coast of [[Hawaii]]. The satellite was inoperative, having failed to reach its intended orbit when it was launched in 2006. Due to its rapidly deteriorating orbit it was destined for uncontrolled reentry within a month. [[U.S. Department of Defense]] expressed concern that the {{convert|1000|lb|adj=on}} fuel tank containing highly toxic [[hydrazine]] might survive reentry to reach the Earth's surface intact. Several governments including those of Russia, China, and [[Belarus]] protested the action as a thinly veiled demonstration of US anti-satellite capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Gray |title= U.S. has high confidence it hit satellite fuel tank |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSN1930844420080222 |work=Reuters |date=2008-02-21 |access-date=2008-02-23| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080225204300/https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSN1930844420080222| archive-date= 25 February 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> China had previously caused an international incident when it [[2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test|tested an anti-satellite missile]] in 2007.

<gallery>
File:Closeup of Gemini 2 heatshield.jpg|Closeup of [[Gemini 2]] heat shield
File:Cross section of Gemini 2 heatshield.jpg|Cross section of Gemini 2 heat shield
</gallery>

==Environmental impact==
[[File:ISS-46 Soyuz TMA-17M reentry.jpg|thumb|A plume in Earth's upper atmosphere left behind by a Soyuz spacecraft having reentered]]
Atmospheric entry has a measurable impact on [[Earth's atmosphere]], particularly the [[stratosphere]].

Atmospheric entry mass by spacecraft accounted for 3% compared to entries by meteoroids in 2019, but in a scenario in which large amounts of proposed [[satellite internet constellations]] are realized, artificial entries would make up 40% compared to meteoroid entries.<ref name="h473">{{citation | title=Burned-up satellites are polluting the atmosphere | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | date=23 July 2024 | doi=10.1126/science.zub5l4y | page=}}</ref><ref name="p330">{{cite journal | last1=Schulz | first1=Leonard | last2=Glassmeier | first2=Karl-Heinz | title=On the anthropogenic and natural injection of matter into Earth's atmosphere | journal=Advances in Space Research | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=67 | issue=3 | year=2021 | issn=0273-1177 | doi=10.1016/j.asr.2020.10.036 | doi-access=free | pages=1002–1025| arxiv=2008.13032 | bibcode=2021AdSpR..67.1002S }}</ref> The impact of spacecraft burning up in the atmosphere during artificial atmospheric entry is different to meteors due to the spacecraft's generally larger size and different composition. The atmospheric pollutants produced by artificial atmospheric burning-up have been traced in the atmosphere and identified as reacting and possibly negatively impacting the composition of the atmosphere and particularly the [[ozone layer]].<ref name="h473"/>

Considering [[space sustainability]] in regard to atmospheric impact of re-entry is by 2022 just developing<ref name="b448">{{cite journal | last1=Miraux | first1=Loïs | last2=Wilson | first2=Andrew Ross | last3=Dominguez Calabuig | first3=Guillermo J. | title=Environmental sustainability of future proposed space activities | journal=Acta Astronautica | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=200 | year=2022 | issn=0094-5765 | doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.07.034 | doi-access=free | pages=329–346| bibcode=2022AcAau.200..329M }}</ref> and has been identified in 2024 as suffering from "atmosphere-blindness", causing global [[environmental injustice]].<ref name="p583">{{cite journal | last1=Flamm | first1=Patrick | last2=Lambach | first2=Daniel | last3=Schaefer-Rolffs | first3=Urs | last4=Stolle | first4=Claudia | last5=Braun | first5=Vitali | title=Space sustainability through atmosphere pollution? De-orbiting, atmosphere-blindness and planetary environmental injustice | journal=The Anthropocene Review | publisher=SAGE Publications | date=6 June 2024 | volume=12 | pages=140–147 | issn=2053-0196 | doi=10.1177/20530196241255088 | doi-access=free }}</ref> This is identified as a result of the current end-of life spacecraft management, which favors the [[Orbital station-keeping|station keeping]] practice of controlled re-entry.<ref name="p583"/> This is mainly done to prevent the dangers from uncontrolled atmospheric entries and [[space debris]].<ref name="p583"/>

Suggested alternatives are the use of less polluting materials and by in-orbit servicing and potentially in-space recycling.<ref name="b448"/><ref name="p583"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">CRS Orb-2 Cygnus 3 reentry.jpg|Cygnus reentering, as seen from the International Space Station
Soyuz TMA-05M spacecraft reentry.jpg|Close up of reentry trail (Soyuz)
Soyuz TMA-05M capsule reentry.jpg|Early reentry [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] trail (Soyuz)
File:Re-entry of Progress Spacecraft 42P - NASA Earth Observatory.jpg|[[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] during atmospheric entry over Earth
Space Shuttle Atlantis in the sky on July 21, 2011, to its final landing.jpg|Space Shuttle reentry
Space Shuttle reentry aboard flight deck.jpg|Space Shuttle cockpit view during reentry</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*{{annotated link|Van Allen radiation belt}}
*{{annotated link|Aerocapture}}
*{{annotated link|Interplanetary dust cloud#Collecting interplanetary dust on Earth|Decelerated micrometeorites}}
*{{annotated link|Ionization blackout}}
*{{annotated link|Intercontinental ballistic missile}}
*{{annotated link|Lander (spacecraft)}}
*{{annotated link|Landing footprint}}
*{{annotated link|List of reentering space debris}}
*{{annotated link|MOOSE}}
*{{annotated link|Skip reentry}}
*{{annotated link|Space capsule}}
*{{annotated link|Space Shuttle thermal protection system}}
*{{annotated link|Paper plane launched from space}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}



==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Launius |first1=Roger D. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Dennis R. |title=Coming Home: Reentry and Recovery from Space |date=October 10, 2012 |publisher=NASA |isbn=9780160910647 |oclc=802182873 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/coming_home_detail.html |access-date=August 21, 2014}}
*{{cite book| author-link=John Joseph Martin| last=Martin| first= John J.| title=Atmospheric Entry – An Introduction to Its Science and Engineering| publisher=Prentice-Hall| location=Old Tappan, New Jersey| year=1966}}
*{{cite book| last=Regan| first=Frank J.| title=Re-Entry Vehicle Dynamics (AIAA Education Series)| publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.| location=New York| isbn= 978-0-915928-78-1| year=1984}}
*{{cite book| author-link=Bernard Etkin| last=Etkin| first=Bernard| title=Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight| publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| location=New York| isbn=978-0-471-24620-6| year=1972}}
*{{cite book| last=Vincenti| first=Walter G. |author2=Kruger Jr, Charles H. | title=Introduction to Physical Gas Dynamics| publisher=Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.| location=Malabar, Florida| isbn=978-0-88275-309-6| year=1986}}
*{{cite book| last=Hansen| first=C. Frederick| title=Molecular Physics of Equilibrium Gases, A Handbook for Engineers| id=NASA SP-3096| publisher=NASA| year=1976| bibcode=1976mpeg.book.....H}}
*{{cite book| last=Hayes| first=Wallace D.|author2=[[Probstein, Ronald F.]] | title=Hypersonic Flow Theory| publisher=Academic Press| location=New York and London| year=1959| bibcode=1959hft..book.....H}} A revised version of this classic text has been reissued as an inexpensive paperback: {{cite book|last=Hayes| first=Wallace D.| title=Hypersonic Inviscid Flow| publisher=Dover Publications| location=Mineola, New York| isbn=978-0-486-43281-6| date=1966}} reissued in 2004
*{{cite book| last=Anderson| first=John D. Jr.| title=Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics| publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc.| location=New York| isbn=978-0-07-001671-2| year=1989}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Glossary of atmospheric reentry}}
{{commons category|Atmospheric entry}}
* [https://amat.readthedocs.io Aerocapture Mission Analysis Tool (AMAT)] provides preliminary mission analysis and simulation capability for atmospheric entry vehicles at various Solar System destinations.
* [http://www.aerospace.org/cords/ Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (The Aerospace Corporation)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aW5ozq4Tqew Apollo Atmospheric Entry Phase], 1968, NASA Mission Planning and Analysis Division, Project Apollo. video (25:14).
* [http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane/bourane-consti-bouclier.php Buran's heat shield]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805043431/http://www.astronautix.com/fam/rescue.htm Encyclopedia Astronautica article] on the history of space rescue crafts, including some reentry craft designs.

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Spaceflight}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atmospheric entry}}
[[Category:Atmospheric entry| ]]
[[Category:Aerospace engineering]]
[[Category:Flight phases]]

Gajner Palace, Bikaner

2026-03-21T02:46:09Z

XuHzRuDLW: starting a pg - done

{{Short description|Heritage hotel in Bikaner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| name = Gajner Palace
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.9453|N|73.0527|E|display=inline}}
| pushpin_label = Gajner Palace
| image = {{Photo montage
| photo1a = Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary-MBP-20131009.jpg
| photo2a =Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary-Courtyard-20131009.jpg
| size = 250
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 3
| color_border = #808080
| text =
| text_background = #F5F5F5
}}
| caption = '''Top''': Gajner Palace with lake in front '''Bottom''': Gajner Palace courtyard
| location = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| operator = [[HRH Group of Hotels]]
| client = [[Ganga Singh]]
| architect = [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]]
| status = Adapted to a heritage hotel
}}
'''Gajner Palace''' in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], served as a hunting lodge for the [[maharaja]]s of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]. It now operates as a heritage hotel.

==History==
When [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Gaj Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], was returning from [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] after his marriage with its princess, he and his entourage encamped at Chandasar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sugich |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/palacesofindiatr0000sugi/ |title=Palaces of India : a traveller's companion featuring the palace hotels |date=1992 |publisher=London : Pavilion |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85145-520-1 |pages=64–66}}</ref> His wife, who was missing her paternal home, told him that she saw [[Jaisalmer]] in Chandasar and requested him to create a [[pleasure garden]] there for her.<ref name=":0" /> In the group she brought from her hometown, there was a gardener skilled in [[desert farming]].<ref name=":0" /> Gaj commissioned him to landscape a low tract called Magra.<ref name=":0" /> He also built an artificial lake called Gaj Sagar to supply water to his wife’s garden.<ref name=":0" /> He also built a Jal Mahal for her and established a village named Gajsinghpura after himself there.<ref name=":0" /> Over the years, Gajsinghpura became Gajner.<ref name=":0" /> In 1808, the troops of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], during a siege against [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], destroyed the palace.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14228/ |title=Art and Architecture of Bikaner State |date=1950 |pages=68–69,75,80,82,95}}</ref> The later-day palaces and canal system at Gajner were the work of [[Sardar Singh of Bikaner|Sardar Singh]], [[Dungar Singh]], and [[Ganga Singh]].<ref name=":1" /> When the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900|famine of 1899]] left the Gaj Sagar empty, [[Ganga Singh]] deepened the lake and widened it so that two years of water supply could be held in it.<ref name=":0" /> Its capacity was 50 mcft (1,415,842,329.6 liters), and its catchment area was approximately 50 sq. miles (129.5 sq. km).<ref name=":3" />

Besides the Vallabh gardens, it was one of the two private [[Game reserve|game reserves]] of the [[Maharaja]]s of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. k |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146804/ |title=Rajasthan Distict Gazetteers Bikaner |date=1962 |pages=12,126}}</ref> It was compared to being on par with British hunting estates such as [[Balmoral Castle|Balmoral]] and [[Sandringham House|Sandringham]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Julie E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyHkMlWnaicC |title=Animal Kingdoms |date=2013-03-01 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-07478-1 |pages=142–144 |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120185750/https://books.google.com/books?id=XyHkMlWnaicC |url-status=live }}</ref> When important guests would visit [[Ganga Singh]], they were taken here to shoot the [[great Indian bustard]] or the [[sandgrouse]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=At8OAQAAMAAJ |title=Amber Jaipur: A Dream in the Desert |date=1994 |publisher=Classic Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7193-041-8 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> A record stands from the bygone days that 11,000 birds were shot in a day using as many as 40 guns.<ref name=":2" />

[[Ganga Singh]] commissioned [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]], who had designed [[Lalgarh Palace|Lalgarh]], to design a new palace for him.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxFIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Sphere: An Illustrated Newspaper for the Home |date=1907 |pages=iv |language=en}}</ref> This palace, made of pink sandstone, was built around 1910-13.<ref name=":0" /> It was fully equipped with comforts and included a separate wing for visitors.<ref name=":4" /> It became known as Gajner Palace.<ref name=":0" /> [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay)-based John Roberts and Co. was commissioned to furnish it.<ref name=":0" /> [[Ganga Singh]]'s grandson, [[Karni Singh]], who rarely shot anything but [[Clay pigeon shooting|clay pigeons]] and was a strict [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] due to the influence of his mother, who was also a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and did not herself shoot, was generally opposed to the taking of life.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUluAAAAMAAJ |title=Prince, Patriot, Parliamentarian: Biography of Dr. Karni Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-81-7223-260-3 |pages=36,173,183,230 |language=en}}</ref> He opened a portion of the palace for his private guests and disapproved of hunting on Gajner grounds.<ref name=":0" /> Now it is converted into a heritage hotel.<ref name=":0" /> It is managed by [[HRH Group of Hotels]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desmond |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O02DwAAQBAJ |title=Electric Boats and Ships: A History |date=2017-09-25 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2768-7 |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==
Its compound stretches over 6000 acres.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Discover the Royal Gajner Palace in Bikaner |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/rajasthan/bikaner/gajner-palace# |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref> It is situated in a thick forest.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=RajRAS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdbHDwAAQBAJ |title=Art Architecture & Culture of Rajasthan |date=2018-03-02 |publisher=RajRAS |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> It is divided into four wings: Dungar Niwas, Mandir Chowk, Gulab Niwas, and Champa Niwas.<ref name=":5" /> Migratory birds flock in great numbers and can be viewed here.<ref name=":6" />

==References==
<references />
==External links==

* [https://hrhhotels.com/hotels/gajner_palace/about.php Fact Sheet - Gajner Palace]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Palaces in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]

Indian cookbooks

2026-03-20T05:13:51Z

XuHzRuDLW: New data...

{{short description|Cookbooks from or about India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
'''Indian cookbooks''' are [[cookbook]]s written in [[India]], or about [[Indian cuisine|Indian cooking]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9qxHySM4lFMueViQqWb1HK/Bread-and-beer-the-worlds-first-recipes.html |title=The world's first cookbooks |last=Dasgupta |first=Bhaskar |date=1 April 2016 |work=[[Live Mint]] |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614002304/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9qxHySM4lFMueViQqWb1HK/Bread-and-beer-the-worlds-first-recipes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian cooking varies regionally and has evolved over the centuries due to various influences. [[Vegetarianism]] has made a significant impact on Indian cooking<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/life/food/chitra-agrawals-south-indian-home-cooking-classics-are-light-fresh-and-vibrant |title=Chitra Agrawal's South Indian home cooking classics are light, fresh and vibrant |last=Brehaut |first=Laura |date=3 May 2017 |work=National Post |access-date=3 September 2018 |language=en-US }}</ref> and spices play a major role as well.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/meet-yarm-dad-whose-indian-12980908 |title=The Yarm dad whose new Indian cookbook is already a bestseller |last=Love |first=Laura |date=3 May 2017 |work=gazettelive |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215604/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink-news/meet-yarm-dad-whose-indian-12980908 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024">{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Ammini |title=Articles in Treasures from the Past – Peppertrail by Ammini Ramachandran |url=https://peppertrail.com/articles-in-treasures-from-the-past/ |publisher=Peppertrail |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204031535/https://peppertrail.com/articles-in-treasures-from-the-past/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 }}</ref>

==Early Indian texts and cookbooks==

===Ayurvedic Samhitas (4th century BCE)===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Spiced Indian basmati rice dish.jpg
| image2 = Dal soup (Indian lentil dish).jpg
| footer = Left: Rice. Ayurvedic texts classifies rice varieties into 14 types of ''Śāli'' and different ways to cook them. Right: Yusha (a lentil dish) in ancient Ayurvedic texts was staple dal dish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S. |first1=Dhanya |last2=N V |first2=Ramesh |last3=Mishra |first3=Abhayakumar |title=Traditional methods of food habits and dietary preparations in Ayurveda—the Indian system of medicine |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |date=7 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=14 |doi=10.1186/s42779-019-0016-4 |issn=2352-6181 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Rajasthani Raj Kachori.jpg
| image2 = (A) plate full of Indian sweets mithai desserts b.jpg
| image3 = Khaman.jpg
| alt3 = [[Dahi vada]]
| width3 = 285
| image4 = Kollukattai-Vinayagar-Chathurthi-Recipes.jpg
| alt4 = [[Bonda (snack)|Bonda]]
| width4 = 305
| image5 = Chakli in a bowl.jpg
| image6 = Sevai plain320.jpg
| footer = Examples of dishes mentioned in ancient and medieval period cookbooks and that are part of the modern Indian tradition; clockwise from top left: ''[[Kachori]], Mithai (sweets), [[Dhokla]], [[Modak]], [[Chakli]], [[Sevai]]''.<ref>A historical dictionary of Indian food, Acharya, K.T. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002.</ref>
}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Masaladosamumbai.jpg
| alt1 = [[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]
| image2 = Idli and Medu Vada.JPG
| alt2 = [[Idli]] and plain [[vada (food)|vada]]
| image3 = Dahi Vada or Dahi Bhalla.JPG
| alt3 = [[Dahi vada]]
| width3 = 285
| image4 = The real South Indian Bonda.jpg
| alt4 = [[Bonda (snack)|Bonda]]
| width4 = 305
| footer = The 12th-century Manasollasa describes foods that continue to be part of modern Indian tradition. Above clockwise from top left in Sanskrit: ''Dosaka'' ([[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]), ''Iddarika'' and ''Vataka'' ([[Idli]] and [[vada (food)|vada]]), ''Parika'' ([[pakoda]]) and ''Kshiravata'' ([[Dahi vada]]).<ref name="Achaya2003">{{cite book |author=K.T. Achaya |author-link=K. T. Achaya |title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC |year=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |page=85 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Edward Farnworth |title=Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods, 2nd Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1zMBQAAQBAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-4200-5328-9 |pages=15–16 }}</ref>
}}

[[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] texts classify food into three categories: ''sattvic'', ''rajasic'', and ''tamasic''. [[Taste|Tastes]] (rasa) are classified into six types known as ''shadrasa'' according to their qualities for an ideal meal: [[Sweetness|sweet]], salty, sour, [[Pungency|pungent]], bitter, and astringent. Traditional meal presentation often includes all six of these qualities.<ref>Textbook of Ayurveda - Book 1 - Page 310, Vasant Lad ·2002</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Payyappallimana |first1=Unnikrishnan |last2=Venkatasubramanian |first2=Padma |title=Exploring Ayurvedic Knowledge on Food and Health for Providing Innovative Solutions to Contemporary Healthcare |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |date=2016 |volume=4 |page=57 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2016.00057 |pmid=27066472 |pmc=4815005 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>"Dietetics and culinary art in ancient and medieval India"- Chapter 2, page 12. Department of Sanskrit, University of Calicut, 2016.</ref> Several samhitas from Ayurvedic texts describe and discuss methods for cooking food. They mention recipes for cooking [[rice]] in different ways, some examples include:

* ''[[Tehri (dish)|Tāpaharī]]'', a seasoned rice dish
* ''Māṃsaudana'', rice cooked with meat
* ''Mudgaudana'', rice cooked with [[mung bean]]s
* ''Kṣīraudana'', rice cooked with milk
* ''Tilaudana'', rice seasoned with [[sesame]] seeds
* ''[[Khichdi (dish)|Khichadi]]'', a rice and [[lentil]] dish
* ''Dadhyodana'', rice mixed with yogurt
* ''Takra'', a [[curd]] dish
* ''Yusha,'' a lentil dish
* ''Vesavara,'' a dish made with ground meat

The texts also mention different methods to cook [[Grain|grains]], [[Legume|pulses]], [[Meat|meats]], [[Dairy product|milk products]], [[Vegetable|vegetables]], [[Fruit|fruits]], [[Leaf vegetable|leafy greens]], roots, oils, and [[sugarcane]] products to prepare foods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=S. |first1=Dhanya |last2=N V |first2=Ramesh |last3=Mishra |first3=Abhayakumar |date=7 November 2019 |title=Traditional methods of food habits and dietary preparations in Ayurveda—the Indian system of medicine |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=14 |doi=10.1186/s42779-019-0016-4 |doi-access=free |issn=2352-619X }}</ref> They describe varieties of meat recipes such as:<ref>Sushruta Samhita Vol 1. Chapter XLVI. Page 536</ref><ref>Suśrutasaṃhitā, translated and edited by P.V. Sharma, page 467, Chaukhamba Visvabharati, Varanasi, 2001</ref>

* ''Śūlyamāṃsa'', a roast meat dish cooked on a skewer
* ''Ullupta'', a dish made with ground meat
* ''Bharjita'', in which the meat is fried
* ''Pishta'' in which meat is made into balls or patties
* ''Pratapta'', in which meat is roasted with clarified butter over a charcoal fire
* ''Kandupachita'', in which meat is dipped in mustard oil and powdered, aromatic condiments, then roasted over a charcoal fire until it reaches a honey-like color
* ''Parishushka'' and ''Pradigdha'' go by the general name of ''Śūlya'', or meat cooked over a charcoal fire

Among spice blends, the texts list:

* ''Trikatu'': a mixture of [[long pepper]], [[black pepper]], and dried [[ginger]]
* ''Trijataka'': a mixture of [[cinnamomum tamala]], [[cardamom]], and [[cinnamon]]
* ''Pancakola'': a mixture of long pepper, long-pepper roots, [[piper chaba]], [[plumbago zeylanica]] and dry ginger

These spice blends are mentioned alongside [[turmeric]], [[Cumin|cumin seeds]], [[Coriander|coriander seeds]], dried [[mango]], [[Mustard seed|mustard seeds]], and edible [[Camphora officinarum|camphor]].<ref>An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita: Uttara-tantra, Kunjalal Bhishagratna, Kunjalal Bhishagratna</ref> The blends also appear in medieval cookbooks under the same names.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Lokopakara" Agri-History Bulletin No. 6 - (Trans) Ayangarya, Y. L. Nene, Nalini Sadhale, Valmiki Sreenivasa (Trans), 2004</ref>

A chapter in [[Sushruta Samhita]] is dedicated to dining etiquette, methods of serving food, and the proper placement of each dish before the diner.<ref>An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita: Uttara-tantra, pp556, Kunjalal Bhishagratna, Kunjalal Bhishagratna</ref> This dining and serving etiquette was also adopted in medieval cookbooks with some variations.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

===Sangam literature (3rd century BCE to c. 3rd century CE)===
[[Sangam literature]] offers references to food and recipes during this era, whether for a feast at a king's palace, meals in towns or the countryside, or in forest hamlets and the rest-houses travels visit. The literature describes in detail the cuisine of various landscapes and the people who reside there, how they prepared food, and what they served their guests. The poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]], for example, describes her hearty summer lunch as "steamed rice, smoked and mashed aubergine, and tangy, frothy buttermilk," while the poet Mudathama Kanniyar describes "Skewered goat meat, crispy fried vegetables, rice and over 16 varieties of dishes" as part of the royal lunch he was treated to in the palace of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola king]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=31 May 2018 |title=Sangam Literature offers abundant references to food in the Tamil country |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/sangam-literature-offers-abundant-references-to-food-in-the-tamil-country/article24046748.ece |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326030805/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/sangam-literature-offers-abundant-references-to-food-in-the-tamil-country/article24046748.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>

===Lokopakara (1025 CE)===
Written by [[Chavundaraya]], this cookbook is compilation of vegetarian recipes. It deals with methods of cooking rice, lentils, pulses, barley, wheat, vegetables, leafy greens, shoots, roots, and flowers. The book explains different methods of using spices and making blends for recipes; types of cookware and choosing different vessels for different recipes; preserving food and fruits to make pickles and papad; methods of making butter and ghee and different ways to season them; and ingredient substitutions. There is also a chapter about making flavored yogurts and coagulated buffalo milk cheese for sweets and sweets made from rice flour. The last chapter is dedicated to beverages made from different types of fruits and ways to season them.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>
[[File:Detail from Mewar painting, ca. 1712.jpg|thumb|Women having a traditional meal from [[Thali]], ca. 1712]]
[[File:Detail from Mewar painting manuscript, ca. 1712.jpg|thumb|Men having a traditional meal from [[Patravali|Pattal]], ca. 1712]]

===Manasollasa (1130 CE)===
{{main|Manasollasa}}
This notable text was compiled during the rule of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara III]] in 1130 CE, and contains recipes for vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It also contains a range of recipes based on fermentation of cereals and flours.<ref name="Achaya2003" /><ref name="TamangKailasapathy2010">{{cite book |author1=Jyoti Prakash Tamang |author2=Kasipathy Kailasapathy |title=Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJTLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |year=2010 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-9496-1 |page=16 }}</ref> Among meat dishes, the text describes recipes based on pork, venison, goat meat, wild fowl, and fish, among others.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jyotsna K. |last=Kamat |title=Social Life in Medieval Karnāṭaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CczZrHsc7EC |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-8364-0554-5 |page=4 }}</ref> It has been suggested that [[Vaddaradhane]], the [[Kannada]] text of Jain Acharya Sivakoti written in 920 CE, contains what may be the earliest mention of [[Idli|Idali]], followed by [[Manasollasa]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/490030/kitchen-chronicles.html |title=Kitchen chronicles |last=Palecanda |first=Lakshmi |date=18 July 2015 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=3 September 2018 |language=en }}</ref> This text also has a chapter dedicated to brewing various types of alcoholic beverages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arundhati |first1=P. |last2=Arundhati |first2=Patibanda |title=Royal life in Mānasôllāsa |date=1994 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |location=New Delhi |isbn=8185067899 |page=171 |edition=1. publ }}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>

===Pakadarpana (1200 CE)===
This recipe book—also known as Pākadarpaṇam, Pākaśāstra, Pākakalā, and Nalapāka—deals with culinary arts. It consists of 11 chapters known as Prakaraṇas. It explains both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food preparation and provides details about several methods for cooking rice, meat, legumes, pulses, vegetables, fruits, refreshments, beverages, and milk products. The text also includes:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lippincott Home |url=https://lww.com/pages/default.aspx |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=lww.com |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706205145/https://lww.com/pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>

* Among non-vegetarian rice preparations, several different kinds of maṁsodana/maṁsānna (meat and rice dishes), lāvaka maṁsodana, and kukkuṭa maṁsodana (chicken and rice dishes).
* Methods for preparing food according to the seasons, including seasoning food with in-season spices.
* Explanations for preparing various vegetables using different parts of the plants.
* Methods for sūpa (shuked, cooked legumes), [[Macrotyloma uniflorum|horse gram]] (''[[Dolichos biflorus]]''), [[Vigna mungo|black gram]] (''Vigna mungo''), [[Cowpea|cow peas]] (''Vigna unguiculata''), and [[Chickpea|chickpeas]] (''Vicer arietinum'').
* Several [[Panakam|pānakas]] (beverages) made from mango, lemon, [[Garcinia indica|kokum]], flowers, and berries.
* Sweets made from milk products such as various types of flavored milk, flavored buttermilk, [[Kheer|pasyasam]], and flavored yogurts.

===Soopa Shastra (1508 CE)===
Written by [[Mangarasa III]], a follower of [[Jainism]], the ''Soopa Shastra'' is exclusively vegetarian. It provides ingredients and cooking methods in detail, and even the types of utensils and ovens needed are mentioned. King Mangarasa III belonged to the Chengalvu dynasty, and was under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala kings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOOPA SHASTRA OF MANGARASA: CULINARY TRADITIONS OF MEDIEVAL KARNATAKA (1508 A.D.) |url=http://www.peppertrail.com/inner.php?menu_id=19&sm1_id=95&index_id=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203015638/http://www.peppertrail.com/inner.php?menu_id=19&sm1_id=95&index_id=3 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>

* The first chapter describes 35 breads, sweets and snacks, which are now mostly obsolete.
* The second chapter describes salty, sour, and sweet drinks.
* The third chapter discusses nine types of payasa ([[kheer]]), eight types of cooked rice, and 24 rice dishes.
* The next three chapters include recipes for 20 dishes with [[eggplant]], 16 dishes with [[jackfruit]], and 25 dishes made with raw [[Banana|bananas]] (plantains) and banana flowers.
* The last chapter contains recipes using bamboo shoots and myrobalan.

Even though the book was written during the rule of a Jain ruler, some of the vegetarian ingredients mentioned, such as onions, are regarded as inappropriate for strict Jains.

The ''Pishtakadhyaya'' chapter mentions foods made with flour like [[roti]], mandige, garige, [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], and [[idli]]. Although ancient Kannada poetry has used the term 'rotika' even earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=117662 |title=Did soup flow from Karnataka?, Ratnadeep Banerji, Press Information Bureau, 25-March, 2015 |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184358/http://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=117662 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kshemakutuhala (1549 CE)===

Written by Ksemasarma, this cookbook deals with both vegetarian and non-vegetarian recipes. Among non-vegetarian recipes, it includes boar, lamb, goat, venison, rabbit, wild and domesticated pigs, game birds, peacocks, fish, and tortoise. It lists nine methods of cooking meat. The ''Kshemakutuhala'' provides:<ref>Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India, pg171, Colleen Taylor Sen · 2015</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>

* Different methods of cooking rice, pulses, and lentils
* Information on spice mixtures and the effects of adding them at different points while cooking
* Methods for using different cookware for different recipes
* Recipes for preparing milk products making sweets from them
* Methods for cooking edible vegetables, leafy greens, flowers, fruits, stalks, bulbs and roots in what is the book's longest chapter.
* Beverage recipes.

===''Bhojana Kutuhala'' (1675 CE)===
The ''Bhojana Kutuhala'', written by Raghunatha<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gode |first=P. K. |date=1941 |title=A Topical Analysis of the Bhojana-kutuhala, a Work on Dietetics, composed by Raghunatha — Between A. D. 1675 and 1700 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=22 |issue=3/4 |pages=254–263 |jstor=43975952 }}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/> between 1675 and 1700, describes numerous ingredients and dishes then common in the [[Maharashtra]] region. The text compiles knowledge about food and cooking described in the Sanskrit texts from the ancient period (up to 5th century CE) and the medieval period (5th to 17th century CE). The second chapter is a historical study of dietetics and culinary art. The treatises like ''Kṣemakutūhala'' of ''Kṣemaśarman'' and ''Pākadarpaṇa'' of Naḷa, which exclusively discuss the topics of dietetics and culinary art, are introduced in the third chapter. The sixth chapter mainly discusses the preparations of various dishes as explained in the Siddhānnaprakaraṇa. The last chapter is a summary of the study of cooking, comprising discussions and observations.

''Bhojana Kutuhala'' records and credits many earlier culinary cookbooks like:

* ''Pākādhikāra of Vaidaksara''
* ''Takravidhi of Rudrayāmala''
* ''Bhimabhojanakutuhala of Vaidyadesika''
* ''Rucivadhugalaratnamala of Paraparnava''
* ''Tambulakapasamgraha of Narasimhabhatta''
* ''Vyañjanavarga of Suṣeṇa''
* ''Pakadhikarana''
* ''Kriradiprakarana''
* ''Vastugunahuna''
* ''Sakaguna''
* ''Annapanavidhi''
* ''Takrapanavidhi''
* ''Pakamartanda''
* ''Vividha Pakabhasmatailadiniramana''
* ''Yogacintamani''
* ''Takrakalpa''
* ''Tambulamanjari''
* ''Pakavali''

It also mentions several important treatises, including ''Paroygaparijata'', ''Kriyasara Vaidyakasabdasindhu'', ''and Hrdayadipaand Vyanjanavarga''. The majority of these have not been published in English, while those that have been published lack critical studies.<ref>"Dietetics and culinary art in ancient and medieval India - A study with special reference to bhojanakutíhala"- Chapter 1, pages 2-4. Department of Sanskrit, University of Calicut, 2016.</ref>

===Sivatattva Ratnakara (1699 CE) ===
{{main|Sivatattva Ratnakara}}
This work by Basava Bhoopāla is an encyclopedic treatise in Sanskrit. The sixth chapter in this text is dedicated to culinary art; it is an extensive chapter containing 27 sections known as ''tarangas''. This chapter deals with kitchen and how it should be built, different types of stoves, organizing the kitchen, kitchen implements and how to make them, cooking utensils, and types of pots and pans and their benefits. It also describes types of rice and different methods of cooking rice, seasoned rice recipes, vegetarian and non-vegetarian recipes, sweets made from dairy products, and beverages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Śiva Tattva Ratnākara |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100509327;jsessionid=1CD63C8E194F2E59EF82CFAA079A8AAC |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074214/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100509327;jsessionid=1CD63C8E194F2E59EF82CFAA079A8AAC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>

==Sultanate and Mughal period cookbooks==
[[File:Ni'matnama-i Nasir al-Din Shah, 1495-1505.jpg|thumb|Samosas being prepared for the Sultan Ghiyath al-Din, the Sultan of Mandu. The [[Ni'matnāmah Naṣir al-Dīn Shāhī|Ni'matnama-i Nasir al-Din Shah]], 1495–1505]]
[[File:Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan,_1590_CE.jpg|thumb|Babur at [[Dastarkhān|Dastarkhan]], Mughal painting, 1590 CE.]]
Under the Turkic Sultanate and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], several new foods were introduced like [[samosa|samosas]], [[naan]], [[yahni]], [[korma]], [[kebab]], [[keema matar|keema]], [[halva]], [[haleem]], and [[Jalebi]].<ref name="GestelandGesteland2010">{{cite book |last1=Gesteland |first1=Richard R. |last2=Gesteland |first2=Mary C. |title=India: Cross-cultural Business Behavior : for Business People, Expatriates and Scholars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXqDRS4IN1IC |year=2010 |publisher=Copenhagen Business School Press DK |isbn=978-87-630-0222-6 |page=176 }}</ref>

===The Ni'matnama (c. 1500)===
{{main|Ni'matnama}}
The ''Ni'matnama'' is a collection of the recipes written during the rule of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], [[Ghiyath Shah|Ghiyath Shahi]], and his son and successor, Nasir Shah. It contains recipes for food, medicine, and aphrodisiacs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/culinary-adventures-ghiyath-shah-sultan-malwa-nimatnama-2798876-foodie/ |title=The culinary adventures of Ghiyath Shah, the sultan of Malwa |date=13 May 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 September 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904102540/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/culinary-adventures-ghiyath-shah-sultan-malwa-nimatnama-2798876-foodie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It also includes a sections on preparing [[betel]] leaves.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlONJ_XYOeIC&q=india+sultanate+cook+book |title=The Ni'matnama Manuscript of the Sultans of Mandu: The Sultan's Book of Delights |last=Titley |first=Norah M. |date=30 November 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134268078 |language=en }}</ref> and information on unique pickles made from edible flowers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |date=13 July 2018 |title=From night jasmine to banana blossoms: India's centuries-old love affair with edible flowers |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208162919/https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |url-status=live }}</ref> There are recipes for preparing ground meat, samosas, halva, and sherbets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2006 |title=The Ni'matnama Manuscript of the Sultans of Mandu: The Sultan's Book of Delights (Routledgecurzon Studies in South Asia) |url=https://silo.pub/the-nimatnama-manuscript-of-the-sultans-of-mandu-the-sultans-book-of-delights-routledgecurzon-studies-in-south-asia.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=silo.pub |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228005011/https://silo.pub/the-nimatnama-manuscript-of-the-sultans-of-mandu-the-sultans-book-of-delights-routledgecurzon-studies-in-south-asia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ain-i-Akbari (1590)===
The first book of ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' (the third volume of the [[Akbarnama]]), written in 1590, gives several recipes, mainly those popular among the Mughal elite.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiacurry.com/historicalrecipes/ |title=India Historical Recipes British-Raj Akbar-period |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121045837/http://www.indiacurry.com/historicalrecipes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Ain-i-Akbari'' divides recipes into three categories of ''sufiyana'': meat-free dishes, meat-and-rice dishes, and meats cooked with spices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resurrecting recipes: Fowl play at Akbar's court |work=Mintlounge |date=5 February 2016 |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/resurrecting-recipes-fowl-play-at-akbar-s-court-111651824143671.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911090131/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/resurrecting-recipes-fowl-play-at-akbar-s-court-111651824143671.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Alwan-e-Nemat (17th century)===

''Alwan-e-Nemat'' is a book of 101 recipes from the kitchen of Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/durbar-entrees/213443 |title=Durbar Entrees, SHEELA REDDY, Outlook, 15 OCTOBER 2001 |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090355/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/durbar-entrees/213443 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-what-did-shah-jahan-have-for-dinner-1237329 |title=What did Shah Jahan have for dinner?, LABONITA GHOSH DNA India, 7 Mar 2009 |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710152812/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-what-did-shah-jahan-have-for-dinner-1237329 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also dedicates a chapter to dining etiquette. The book describes the method for laying out [[Dastarkhān|Dastarkhan]]: a process that starts with spreading a leather mat spread over the ornate carpet to protect it, and then spreading a cloth over the mat before arranging prepared foods at the center. People at the time ate together from large, common plates similar to Central Asian customs.<ref>The Emperor's Table: The Art of Mughal Cuisine,
Salma Husain, 2008</ref><ref>The Mughal Feast: Recipes from the Kitchen of Emperor Shah Jahan, Salma Yusuf Hussain, 2021</ref>

===Nuskha-e-Shahjahani===
This work includes [[Pilaf]] recipes<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ho6oGQAACAAJ |title=Nuskha-E-Shahjahani |last=Husain |first=Salma |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=9788129111364 |language=en }}</ref> from [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2708/stories/20100423270808200.htm |title=A fabled cuisine, A.G. NOORANI, Frontline, Apr. 10-23, 2010 |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820020018/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2708/stories/20100423270808200.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==British period==
[[File:A Indian style Beef Curry from Tuen Mun Curry House.jpg|thumb|Curry as it is known today emerged during this period when [[New World]] ingredients like [[Chili pepper|chili peppers]] and [[tomato]] became popular.]]
[[British Raj|British rule]] saw the publication of several cookbooks, some intended for the British elite, others for locals, often in languages like [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/> These include:
* ''Sarabhendra Pakasasthram'' (1816–1825) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Ammini |title=Sarabhendra Pakasasthram – Part I |url=https://peppertrail.com/sarabhendra-pakasasthram-part-i/ |access-date=2 May 2012 |publisher=Peppertrail |date=2 May 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918203024/http://peppertrail.com/sarabhendra-pakasasthram-part-i/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Pak-Shastra'' (1878) in Gujarati
* ''Culinary Jotting for Madras'' (1891) by [[Arthur Robert Kenney-Herbert|Wyvern]], later republished as Wyvern's Indian Cookery.
* ''Mistanna Pak'' (1904) in Bengali
* ''Bengal Sweets'' (1921) by Haldar<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.petitchef.com/recipes/exploring-the-romance-of-bengali-sweets-with-j-haldar-fid-1539098 |title=Exploring the Romance of Bengali Sweets with J. Haldar, Itiriti |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130222/https://en.petitchef.com/recipes/exploring-the-romance-of-bengali-sweets-with-j-haldar-fid-1539098 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.backtogodhead.in/cooking-class-lesson-32-by-yamuna-devi/ |title=Cooking Class: Lesson 32 by Yamuna Devi Nov 1, 1997, Lord Krsna's Cuisine, Volume-31 Number-06, Yamuna Devi Dasi |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205134706/http://www.backtogodhead.in/cooking-class-lesson-32-by-yamuna-devi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Recipes-Of-All-Nations'' (1923) by [[Countess Morphy]], has an Indian section that mentions [[Gulgula (doughnut)|gulgula]], [[Halva|halwa]], and [[khoa]].
* ''Pak Chandrika'' (1929'')'' by Maniram Sharma in Hindi
* ''Indian Cookery'' (1930s) by [[Veeraswamy]] who established England's oldest existing Indian restaurant.
* ''Vrahad Pak Vigyan'' (1939) Pandit Nrisinghram in Hindi
* ''Navin-Pak shastra''

"English vegetables" (cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, turnip, etc.) as they were at one time termed, became common during this period.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZxBAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22English+vegetables%22+in+India+tomato+potato&pg=PA350 |title=Hand-book of Indian Agriculture |last=Mukerji |first=Nitya Gopal |date=1901 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company |language=en }}</ref>

The 1939 cookbook ''Vrahad Pak Vigyan'', written in Hindi, has a special section on "''Angreji''" (i.e., English) cooking that includes biscuits, breads ("double-roti"), tomato, and mushroom dishes in addition to meat and egg dishes (termed "non-vegetarian" in India).

==Freedom struggle and Indian independence==
The following cookbooks were published during [[Indian independence movement|India's struggle for independence]] and after [[Partition of India|India achieved independence]] from Britain:
* [[Dalda]] Cookbook (1949): <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1954 |title=Swatantra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYsPAQAAIAAJ&q=dalda+cook+book |journal=Swatantra |volume=9 |issue=1–26 |page=47 }}</ref> An illustrated, best-seller published in English, Hindi, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Bengali by Dalda Advisory Service. Its Pakistani counterpart is still being published.
* ''Modern Cookery Vo.l I'' by [[Thangam Philip]] (1946)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Appadurai |first1=Arjun |title=How to Make a National Cuisine: Cookbooks in Contemporary India |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=January 1988 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500015024 |s2cid=55081853 }}</ref>
* ''Indian Cooking'' by Savitri Chawdhary (1954) written by an Indian housewife who immigrated to England.<ref>[http://www.laindonhistory.org.uk/page_id__528.aspx A Memory of my Mother Savitri Devi Chowdhary 1919 - 1996, Shakun Banfield née Chowdhary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101093920/http://www.laindonhistory.org.uk/page_id__528.aspx |date=1 November 2017 }},</ref>
* ''Pak Ratnakar'' (1958)

==Internationalization of Indian cooking==
[[File:Madhur Jaffrey crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Cookbook author [[Madhur Jaffrey]] at a book signing in [[Vancouver]], 2010]]
With large-scale migration of Indians to North America, and with India's increasing international influence, a new set of cookbook authors emerged:
* ''An Invitation to Indian Cooking'', [[Madhur Jaffrey]], (1973),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/madhur-jaffrey-the-doyenne-of-curry-is-back-but-tikkas-not-9774961.html |title=Madhur Jaffrey: The doyenne of curry is back... but tikka's not |last=Dutta |first=Kunal |date=5 October 2014 |work=The Independent |access-date=3 September 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903190030/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/madhur-jaffrey-the-doyenne-of-curry-is-back-but-tikkas-not-9774961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> who has since then written a series of popular cook books.
* Classic Indian Cooking, by [[Julie Sahni]] (1980), the founder of the Indian Cooking School, established 1973 in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/q-a-with-julie-sahni-round-three/ |title=Q. & A. With Julie Sahni (Round Three) THE NEW YORK TIMES APRIL 30, 2010 |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044443/https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/q-a-with-julie-sahni-round-three/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Lord Krishna's Cuisine: The Art of Indian Vegetarian Cooking'' by [[Yamuna Devi]] (1987)

With the advent of TV and the internet, new food authors have emerged in the past few decades. There is significant international influence because International travel has become common. These include:
* The Pleasures of Vegetarian Cooking, [[Tarla Dalal]] (1974), followed by 170 other cookbook titles

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Cuisine]]
* [[Culinary art]]
* [[Food preparation]]
* [[Food writing]]
* [[Recipe]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Cookbook|Table of Contents}}
* [[b:Cookbook:Table of Contents|The Wikibooks' open-content cookbook anyone can edit]]
* [http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/ Feeding America at Michigan State University Digital Library]—a collection of influential early American cookbooks, including a large number of books specializing in immigrant cuisine
* [http://www.nypl.org/news/treasures/index.cfm?vidid=8 Menus and Cookbooks at The New York Public Library]

{{Authority control}}
{{portalbar|Cooking|Food|India|Literature}}

[[Category:Food-related literary genres]]
[[Category:Cookbooks]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]

People's Liberation Army

2026-03-16T18:59:55Z

XuHzRuDLW: typo fix

{{Short description|Combined military forces of the People's Republic of China}}
{{redirect|PLA}}
{{about|the overall military of the People's Republic of China|for the 'ground force' or army|People's Liberation Army Ground Force|other uses|People's Liberation Army (disambiguation)|and|Chinese Army (disambiguation)|and|People's Liberation Army (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English |date = November 2015}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = People's Liberation Army
| native_name = 中国人民解放军
| image = [[File:China Emblem PLA.svg|180px]]
| alt =
| caption = [[Emblem of the People's Liberation Army]]
| image2 = [[File:People's Liberation Army Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|180px]]
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Flag of the People's Liberation Army]] The characters are "八一", referencing [[Nanchang uprising|August 1]].
| motto = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|为人民服务}} ("[[Serve the People]]")
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1927|8|1}} [[Nanchang uprising]]
| current_form = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1947|10|10}}
| branches = '''Services''' {{Plain list|
# {{Army|China|name=Ground Force|size=23px}}
# {{Navy|China|name=Navy|size=23px}}
# {{Air force|China|name=Air Force|size=23px}}
# {{Flagicon image|Rocket Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|size=23px}} [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force|Rocket Force]]
}}
'''Arms''' {{Plain list|
# [[File:Aerospace Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|23x17px|border]] [[People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force|Aerospace Force]]
# [[File:Cyberspace Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|23x17px|border]] [[People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force|Cyberspace Force]]
# [[File:Information Support Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|23x17px|border]] [[People's Liberation Army Information Support Force|Information Support Force]]
# [[File:Joint Logistics Support Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|23x17px|border]] [[People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force|Joint Logistics Support Force]]
}}
| headquarters = [[August First Building]], [[Fuxing Road, Beijing|Fuxing Road]], [[Haidian, Beijing]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| commander-in-chief = [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]]
{{Infobox |child = yes
|label1 = [[Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China|CMC leadership]]
|data1 = '''[[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman]]:''' {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg}}{{Flagdeco|China}} [[Xi Jinping]] '''[[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Vice Chairman]]''': {{Flagicon image|Rocket Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg}} [[Jiang (rank)|General]] [[Zhang Shengmin]]
}}
| commander-in-chief_title = Governing body
| chief minister = {{Flagdeco|China|navy}} [[Jiang (rank)|Admiral]] [[Dong Jun]]
| chief minister_title = [[Minister of National Defense (China)|Minister of National Defense]]
| minister = ''Vacant''
| minister_title = Director of the [[Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission|Political Work Department]]
| chief_of_staff = ''Vacant''
| chief_of_staff_title = Chief of the [[Joint Staff Department (China)|Joint Staff Department]]
| commander = {{Flagicon image|Rocket Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg}} [[Jiang (rank)|General]] [[Zhang Shengmin]]
| commander_title = Secretary of [[Discipline Inspection Commission of the Central Military Commission|Discipline Inspection Commission]]
| age = 18
| conscription = [[Conscription_in_China|Inactive since 1949]] (Law dictates a hybrid system of conscripts and volunteers)<ref name=":4" />
| manpower_data =
| manpower_age =
| available =
| available_f =
| fit =
| fit_f =
| reaching =
| reaching_f =
| active = 2,035,000 (2025){{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}}
| ranked = 1st
| reserve = 510,000 (2025){{sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}}
| deployed = 
| amount = US$314 billion (2024)<ref name="SIPRI-2020">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/2504_fs_milex_2024.pdf#page=2 |access-date=28 April 2025 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref> ([[List of countries by military expenditures|ranked 2nd]])
| percent_GDP = 1.7% (2024)<ref name="SIPRI-2020"/>
| domestic_suppliers = {{blist
| [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]
| [[China Electronics Technology Group]]
| [[Norinco]]
| [[China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation]]
| [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China]]
| [[China State Shipbuilding Corporation]]
| [[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation]]
| [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]]
| [[China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation]]
| [[China South Industries Group Corporation]]
| [[China Electronics Technology Group]]
| [[China National Nuclear Corporation]]
}}
| foreign_suppliers = {{Plain list|
* {{Flag|Russia}}
* {{Flag|France}}
}}
Historical: {{Unbulleted list|{{USSR}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player |title=China's arms trade: which countries does it buy from and sell to? |website=South China Morning Post |first=Maryann |last=Xue |date=4 July 2021 |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526161751/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| imports = {{Currency|14.858 billion|US$|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2010–2021)<ref name="SIPRI"/>
| exports = {{Currency|18.121 billion|US$|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2010–2021)<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|title=TIV of arms imports/exports from China, 2010–2021|date=7 February 2022|work=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=26 January 2023|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621145309/https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| history = {{Plain list|
* [[History of the People's Liberation Army|History of the PLA]]
* [[Modernization of the People's Liberation Army|Modernization of the PLA]]
* [[List of Chinese wars and battles|Historical Chinese wars and battles]]
* [[List of wars involving the People's Republic of China|Military engagements]]
}}
| ranks = {{Plain list|
* [[Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Army ranks]]
* [[Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy ranks]]
* [[Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air force ranks]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Chinese People's Liberation Army
| t = 中國人民解放軍
| s = 中国人民解放军
| l = "China People Liberation Army"
| p = Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn
| tp = Jhong-guó Rén-mín Jiě-fàng-jyun
| w = {{tone superscript|Chung1-kuo2 Jen2-min2 Chieh3-fang4-chün1}}
| y = Jūng-gwok Yàhn-màhn Gáai-fong-gwān
| j = zung1 gwok3 jan4 man4 gaai2 fong3 gwan1
| bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄝˇ ㄈㄤˋ ㄐㄩㄣ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|.|g|uo|2|-|r|en|2|.|m|in|2|-|j|ie|3|.|f|ang|2|.|jun|1}}
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|ung|1|-|gw|ok|3|-|j|an|4|-|m|an|4|-|g|aai|2|-|f|ong|3|-|gw|an|1}}
| order = st
}}
{{Politics of China |expanded = Military }}

The '''People's Liberation Army''' ('''PLA''') is the military wing of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and the primary armed forces of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). It consists of four [[Military branch|services]]—[[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Ground Force]], [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy]], [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air Force]], and [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force|Rocket Force]]—and four arms—[[People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force|Aerospace Force]], [[People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force|Cyberspace Force]], [[People's Liberation Army Information Support Force|Information Support Force]], and [[People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force|Joint Logistics Support Force]]. It operates under the CCP's [[The Party commands the gun|absolute control]] and is led by the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] (CMC) with its [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|chairman]] as [[Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China|commander-in-chief]].

The PLA can trace its origins during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican era]] to the left-wing units of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), when they broke away in 1927 in an [[Nanchang Uprising|uprising]] against the [[nationalist government]] as the [[Chinese Red Army]] before being reintegrated into the NRA as units of [[New Fourth Army]] and [[Eighth Route Army]] during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. The two NRA communist units were reconstituted as the PLA in 1947. Since 1949, the PLA has used nine different military strategies, which it calls "strategic guidelines". The most important came in 1956, 1980, and 1993. Politically, the PLA and the paramilitary [[People's Armed Police]] (PAP) have the [[People's Liberation Army and People's Armed Police delegation to the National People's Congress|largest delegation]] in the [[National People's Congress]] (NPC); the joint delegation currently has 281 deputies—over 9% of the total—all of whom are CCP members.

The PLA is not a traditional nation-state military. It is the armed wing of the CCP and controlled by the party, not by the state. The PLA's primary mission is the defense of the party and its interests. The PLA is the guarantor of the party's survival and rule, and the party prioritizes maintaining control and the loyalty of the PLA. According to Chinese law, the party has absolute control over the armed forces and the CMC exercises supreme military command; the party and state CMCs are practically a single body by membership. Since 1989, the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] has also been the CMC Chairman; this grants significant political power as the only member of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]] with direct responsibilities for the armed forces. The [[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]] has no command authority; it is the PLA's interface with state and foreign entities and insulates the PLA from external influence.

Today, the majority of military units around the country are assigned to one of five [[Theater commands of the People's Liberation Army|theatre commands]] by geographical location. In addition to wartime arrangements, the PLA is also involved in the peacetime operations of other components of the armed forces. This is particularly visible in [[Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China|maritime territorial disputes]] where the navy is heavily involved in the planning, coordination and execution of operations by the PAP's [[China Coast Guard]]. The PLA is [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|the world's largest military force]] (not including paramilitary or [[People's Liberation Army Reserve Force|reserve forces]]) and has the second largest defence budget in the world. China's military expenditure was US$314 billion in 2024, accounting for [[List of countries with highest military expenditures|12 percent of the world's defence expenditures]]. It is also one of the fastest modernizing militaries in the world, and has been termed as a potential military superpower, with significant regional defence and rising global [[power projection]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global military spending remains high at $1.7 trillion |url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2018/global-military-spending-remains-high-17-trillion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527073110/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2018/global-military-spending-remains-high-17-trillion |archive-date=27 May 2018 |access-date=2018-10-13 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |date=2 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}}

== Mission ==
The PLA's primary mission is the defense of the CCP and its interests.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|pp=13–14}} It is the guarantor of the party's survival and rule,{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=521}} and the party prioritizes [[Civilian control of the military in communist states|maintaining control]] and the loyalty of the PLA.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=521}}

In 2004, [[paramount leader]] [[Hu Jintao]] stated the mission of the PLA as:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT332.pdf |title = The PLA Navy's ''New Historic Missions'': Expanding Capabilities for a Re-emergent Maritime Power |access-date = 1 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110428051927/http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/2009/RAND_CT332.pdf |archive-date = 28 April 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Consolidate the rule of the CCP
* Ensure sovereignty, territorial integrity, internal security and national development of the People's Republic of China
* Safeguard the country's interests
* Help maintain world peace
China describes its military posture as [[active defense]], defined in a 2015 state [[white paper]] as "We will not attack unless we are attacked, but we will surely counterattack if attacked."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8 |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=41}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of the People's Liberation Army}}

=== Early history ===
{{Further|Chinese Civil War|Second Sino-Japanese War}}

In 1925, the CCP's Central Military Department, was renamed the Central Military Commission.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Guo |first=Xuezhi |title=China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics |date=2012-08-29 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-02323-9 |language=en |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139150897}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=304}} It was first led by [[Zhang Guotao]] who was replaced by [[Zhou Enlai]] in 1926 as head of the CMC.<ref name=":02" />{{Reference page|page=304}} At the time of the [[First United Front]], the CMC was not a unified military command structure but was more of an administrative liaison with other armed communist groups.<ref name=":02" />{{Reference page|page=304}}

The CCP founded its military wing on 1 August 1927 during the [[Nanchang uprising]], beginning the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Communist elements of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] rebelled under the leadership of [[Zhu De]], [[He Long]], [[Ye Jianying]], [[Zhou Enlai]], and other leftist elements of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) after the [[Shanghai massacre]] in 1927.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=James |date=4 August 2021 |title=The Nanchang Uprising and the birth of the PLA |url=https://thechinaproject.com/2021/08/04/the-nanchang-uprising-and-the-birth-of-the-pla/ |website=The China Project |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107180237/https://thechinaproject.com/2021/08/04/the-nanchang-uprising-and-the-birth-of-the-pla/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They were then known as the [[Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army]], or simply the Red Army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2004 |title=History of the PLA's Ground Force Organisational Structure and Military Regions |url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/history-plas-ground-force-organisational-structure-and-military-regions |website=[[Royal United Services Institute]] |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111215039/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/history-plas-ground-force-organisational-structure-and-military-regions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1934 and 1935, the Red Army survived several campaigns led against it by [[Chiang Kai-Shek]]'s Kuomintang and engaged in the [[Long March]].<ref name="Bianco">{{Cite book |last=Bianco |first=Lucien |title=Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949 |title-link=Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949 |date=1971 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-0827-2 |page=68 |language=en |author-link=Lucien Bianco}}</ref>

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] from 1937 to 1945, the CCP's military forces were nominally integrated into the National Revolutionary Army of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], forming two main units, the [[Eighth Route Army]] and the [[New Fourth Army]].<ref name="Benton-1999">{{Cite book |last=Benton |first=Gregor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayLTpS8iujQC |title=New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941 |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21992-2 |page=396 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115051955/https://books.google.com/books?id=ayLTpS8iujQC |url-status=live }}</ref> During this time, these two military groups primarily employed [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]], generally avoiding large-scale battles with the Japanese, and at the same time consolidating by recruiting KMT troops and paramilitary forces behind Japanese lines into their forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zedong |first=Mao |title=On Guerilla Warfare: Mao Tse-Tung On Guerilla Warfare |title-link=On Guerrilla Warfare |date=2017 |publisher=Martino Fine Books |isbn=978-1-68422-164-6 |language=en |author-link=Mao Zedong}}</ref>

After the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]] in 1945, the CCP continued to use the National Revolutionary Army unit structures, until the decision was made in February 1947 to merge the Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army.<ref name="Benton-1999" /> On October 10, 1947, the "[[Manifesto of the Chinese People's Liberation Army]]" was published, renaming the new million-strong force the People's Liberation Army (PLA).<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2017-07-06 |title=1946年，第一次使用"中国人民解放军"称谓 |url=http://www.guancha.cn/military-affairs/2017_07_06_416780.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709094507/http://www.guancha.cn/military-affairs/2017_07_06_416780.shtml |archivedate=2017-07-09 |accessdate= |publisher=解放军报 |language= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="NRAPLA2">{{cite web |date=2020-08-01 |title=【延安记忆】"中国人民解放军"称谓由此开始 |url=http://m.cnwest.com/sxxw/a/2020/08/01/18969370.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822221319/http://m.cnwest.com/sxxw/a/2020/08/01/18969370.html |archive-date=2020-08-22 |access-date=2020-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-10-10 |title=1947年10月10日，《中国人民解放军宣言》发布 |url=http://photo.chinamil.com.cn/tsjs/2017-10/10/content_7780489.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822211432/http://photo.chinamil.com.cn/tsjs/2017-10/10/content_7780489.htm |archive-date=2020-08-22 |access-date=2020-08-22 |publisher=中国军网}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=中国共产党领导的红军改编为八路军的背景和改编情况 – 太行英雄网 |url=http://taihangsummit.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AB%E8%B7%AF%E5%86%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174949/http://taihangsummit.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AB%E8%B7%AF%E5%86%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%94%B9%E7%BC%96/ |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> The reorganization was completed by late 1948. The PLA eventually won the Chinese Civil War, establishing the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chinese Revolution of 1949 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev |website=[[United States Department of State]], Office of the Historian |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004017/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Establishment of the People's Republic of China ===
{{Further|Korean War|Sino-Indian War|Sino-Soviet border conflict}}

[[File:PLA Enters Peking.jpg|thumb|PLA troops entering Beijing in 1949 during the [[Chinese Civil War]]]]
[[File:Chinese troops leaving Korea.jpg|thumb|Chinese troops gathered on a T-34/85 or a Type 58 medium tank leaving [[North Korea]] in 1958, 5 years after the Korean War ended with an armistice (a ceasefire) in 1953. The banner in the background of the picture bears a slogan (in Chinese) which declares "The Friendship And Unity of the North Korean And Chinese Peoples Are Always Steadfast And Strong!"]]
[[File:China 10th Anniversary Parade in Beijing 01.jpg|thumb|Marshal [[Lin Biao]] surveying the soldiers during the 10th-anniversary military parade in 1959]]

After the establishment of the PRC, the PLA underwent a drastic reorganization, with the establishment of the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air Force]] leadership structure in November 1949, followed by the [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy]] leadership structure the following April.<ref>Ken Allen, [http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF182/CF182.ch9.pdf Chapter 9, "PLA Air Force Organization"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102648/http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF182/CF182.ch9.pdf|date=2007-09-29}}, The PLA as Organization, ed. James C. Mulvenon and Andrew N.D. Yang (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2002), 349.</ref><ref name="中国人民解放军海军成立70周年多国海军活动新闻发布会在青岛举行">{{cite web |title=中国人民解放军海军成立70周年多国海军活动新闻发布会在青岛举行 |url=http://www.mod.gov.cn/power/2019-04/20/content_4839865.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001160506/http://www.mod.gov.cn/power/2019-04/20/content_4839865.htm |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=mod.gov.cn |publisher=[[Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China]] |language=zh}}</ref>

In this early period, the People's Liberation Army overwhelmingly consisted of peasants.<ref name="Russo-2020">{{Cite book |last=Russo |first=Alessandro |title=Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1218-4 |location=Durham |pages=36–37 |oclc=1156439609}}</ref> Its treatment of soldiers and officers was [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]]<ref name="Russo-2020" /> and formal ranks were not adopted until 1955.<ref name="upi.com">{{Cite web |title=China's People's Liberation Army, the world's second largest conventional... |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/25/Chinas-Peoples-Liberation-Army-the-worlds-second-largest-conventional/9105583214400/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204232316/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/25/Chinas-Peoples-Liberation-Army-the-worlds-second-largest-conventional/9105583214400/ |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> As a result of its egalitarian organization, the early PLA overturned strict traditional hierarchies that governed the lives of peasants.<ref name="Russo-2020" /> As sociologist Alessandro Russo summarizes, the peasant composition of the PLA hierarchy was a radical break with Chinese societal norms and "overturned the strict traditional hierarchies in unprecedented forms of egalitarianism[.]"<ref name="Russo-2020" /> During the 1950s, the PLA with Soviet assistance began to transform itself from a peasant army into a modern one.<ref>{{citation |title=Pamphlet number 30-51, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army |date=7 December 1960 |url=http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/chicom.pdf |access-date=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013230/http://libweb.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/chicom.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=dead |publisher=Department of the Army}}</ref>

In the PRC's early years, the PLA was a dominant [[Foreign policy of China|foreign policy]] institution in the country.<ref name="Loh">{{Cite book |last=Loh |first=Dylan M.H. |title=China's Rising Foreign Ministry: Practices and Representations of Assertive Diplomacy |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9781503638204}}</ref>{{Rp|page=17}} Since 1949, China has used nine different military strategies, which the PLA calls "strategic guidelines". The most important came in 1956, 1980, and 1993.<ref name="M. Taylor Fravel 2019">{{Cite book |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |author-link=Taylor Fravel |title=Active Defense: China's Military Strategy since 1949 |date=2019 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-18559-0 |volume=2 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv941tzj |jstor=j.ctv941tzj |s2cid=159282413}}</ref>

In November 1950, some units of the PLA under the name of the [[People's Volunteer Army]] intervened in the [[Korean War]] as United Nations forces under General [[Douglas MacArthur]] approached the [[Yalu River]].<ref name="Stewart-2015">{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Richard |url=https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm |title=The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention |date=2015 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5192-3611-1 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Under the weight of this offensive, Chinese forces drove MacArthur's forces out of North Korea and captured [[Seoul]], but were subsequently pushed back south of Pyongyang north of the [[38th parallel north|38th Parallel]].<ref name="Stewart-2015" /> The war also catalyzed the rapid modernization of the PLAAF.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Cliff |first1=Roger |title=The Evolution of Chinese Air Force Doctrine |date=2011 |url= |work=Shaking the Heavens and Splitting the Earth |pages=33–46 |series=Chinese Air Force Employment Concepts in the 21st Century |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |isbn=978-0-8330-4932-2 |jstor=10.7249/mg915af.10 |last2=Fei |first2=John |last3=Hagen |first3=Jeff |last4=Hague |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Heginbotham |first5=Eric |last6=Stillion |first6=John}}</ref>

In 1962, the PLA Ground Force also fought India in the [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Steven A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&q=chinese+army+patrols+ladakh+april+1962&pg=PA103 |title=India and the China Crisis |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-30172-6 |location=Berkeley |pages=101–104 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009120905/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&q=chinese%2Barmy%2Bpatrols%2Bladakh%2Bapril%2B1962&pg=PA103 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Tronder |first1=Gerry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrTNDwAAQBAJ&q=sino-indian+war+patrols+at+Ladakh+april+30+1962&pg=PT12 |title=Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962 |date=2018 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |isbn=978-1-5267-2838-8 |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625205658/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrTNDwAAQBAJ&q=sino-indian+war+patrols+at+Ladakh+april+30+1962&pg=PT12 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|a series of border clashes in 1967]] with Indian troops, the PLA suffered heavy numerical and tactical losses.<ref name="Chellaney2" /><ref name="Praagh">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbpU0HngYhoC&pg=PA301 |title=Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China |last=Van Praagh |first=David |date=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0773525887 |page=301 |language=en |quote=(Indian) ''jawans'' trained and equipped for high-altitude combat used US provided artillery, deployed on higher ground than that of their adversaries, to decisive tactical advantage at Nathu La and Cho La near the Sikkim-Tibet border. |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173405/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbpU0HngYhoC&pg=PA301 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hoontrakul">{{citation |first=Ponesak |last=Hoontrakul |chapter=Asia's Evolving Economic Dynamism and Political Pressures |editor1=P. Hoontrakul |editor2=C. Balding |editor3=R. Marwah |title=The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |year=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-137-41236-2 |page=37 |quote=Cho La incident (1967) – Victorious: India / Defeated : China |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173404/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before the [[Cultural Revolution]], military region commanders tended to remain in their posts for long periods. The longest-serving military region commanders were [[Xu Shiyou]] in the [[Nanjing Military Region]] (1954–74), [[Yang Dezhi]] in the [[Jinan Military Region]] (1958–74), [[Chen Xilian]] in the [[Shenyang Military Region]] (1959–73), and [[Han Xianchu]] in the Fuzhou Military Region (1960–74).<ref name="autogenerated436">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc0000lixi |title=A History of the Modern Chinese Army |date=2007 |publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2jcq4k |isbn=978-0-8131-2438-4 |jstor=j.ctt2jcq4k}}</ref> In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, the PLA abandoned the use of the military ranks that it had adopted in 1955.<ref name="upi.com" /> The [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] had deemed that ranks were an expression of [[bourgeois right]] and hierarchy which led to individualist attitudes, inequality, and a sense of disunity.<ref name=":Kindler2">{{Cite book |last=Kindler |first=Benjamin |title=Writing to the Rhythm of Labor: Cultural Politics of the Chinese Revolution, 1942-1976 |date=2025 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21932-7 |location=New York City, NY}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=165}}

The establishment of a professional military force equipped with modern weapons and doctrine was the last of the [[Four Modernizations]] announced by Zhou Enlai and supported by [[Deng Xiaoping]].<ref name="Ebrey">{{cite web |author=Ebrey, Patricia Buckley |title=Four Modernizations Era |url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221511/http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/9confour.htm |archive-date=October 7, 2010 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |work=A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref><ref name="ScienceTechnology">{{cite news |author=人民日报 |date=31 January 1963 |script-title=zh:在上海举行的科学技术工作会议上周恩来阐述科学技术现代化的重大意义 |language=zh |trans-title=Science and Technology in Shanghai at the conference on Zhou Enlai explained the significance of modern science and technology |pages=1 |newspaper=People's Daily |publisher=Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party |url=http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475&fpage=14 |url-status=usurped |access-date=October 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214201234/http://rmrbw.net/read.php?tid=302475 |archive-date=February 14, 2016}}</ref> In keeping with Deng's mandate to reform, the PLA has demobilized millions of men and women since 1978 and has introduced modern methods in such areas as [[military recruitment|recruitment]] and manpower, [[military strategy|strategy]], and [[military education and training|education and training]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=David |date=1984 |title=China's Four Modernizations: Blueprint for Development or Prelude to Turmoil? |url= |journal=[[Asian Affairs]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=47–70 |doi=10.1080/00927678.1984.10553699 |issn=0092-7678 |jstor=30171968}}</ref> In 1979, the PLA fought [[Vietnam]] over a border skirmish in the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]] where both sides claimed victory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vincent |first=Travils |date=9 February 2022 |title=Why Won't Vietnam Teach the History of the Sino-Vietnamese War? |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/why-wont-vietnam-teach-about-the-sino-vietnamese-war/ |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218003020/https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/why-wont-vietnam-teach-about-the-sino-vietnamese-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, western analysts generally agree that Vietnam handily outperformed the PLA.<ref name="autogenerated436"/>

During the [[Sino-Soviet split]], strained relations between China and the Soviet Union resulted in bloody border clashes and mutual backing of each other's adversaries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |date=2007 |title=Power Shifts and Escalation: Explaining China's Use of Force in Territorial Disputes |journal=[[International Security]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=44–83 |doi=10.1162/isec.2008.32.3.44 |issn=0162-2889 |jstor=30130518 |s2cid=57559936}}</ref> China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the King's rule.<ref name="AfCh1981">''China and Afghanistan'', Gerald Segal, Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 11 (Nov., 1981), University of California Press</ref> When the pro-Soviet Afghan Communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978, relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile.<ref name="Hilali-2001" /> The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported China's enemies in Vietnam and blamed China for supporting Afghan anticommunist militants.<ref name="Hilali-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Hilali |first=A.Z |date=September 2001 |title=China's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan |journal=[[Central Asian Survey]] |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1080/02634930120095349 |s2cid=143657643 |issn=0263-4937}}</ref> China responded to the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] by supporting the [[Afghan mujahidin]] and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang.<ref name="Hilali-2001" /> China acquired military equipment from the United States to defend itself from Soviet attacks.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |author=Starri |first=S. Frederick |author-link=S. Frederick Starr |title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |title-link=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2004 |isbn=0765613182 |editor= |edition= |pages=157–158}}</ref>

The PLA Ground Force trained and supported the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War, moving its training camps for the mujahideen from Pakistan into China itself.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Szczudlik-Tatar |first=Justyna |date=October 2014 |title=China's Evolving Stance on Afghanistan: Towards More Robust Diplomacy with "Chinese Characteristics" |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184324/PISM%20Strategic%20File%20no%2022%20(58).pdf |journal=Strategic File |publisher=Polish Institute of International Affairs |volume=58 |issue=22 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829133903/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184324/PISM%20Strategic%20File%20no%2022%20(58).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers, and machine guns were given to the Mujahideen by the Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galster |first=Steve |date=9 October 2001 |title=Volume II: Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/essay.html |website=National Security Archive, [[George Washington University]] |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906203727/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/essay.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese military advisors and army troops were also present with the Mujahideen during training.<ref name=":7" />

=== Since 1980 ===
{{See also|North China Military Exercise}}

In 1981, the PLA conducted its largest [[North China Military Exercise|military exercise in North China]] since the founding of the People's Republic.<ref name="M. Taylor Fravel 2019" /><ref name="Godwin-2019">{{Cite book |last=Godwin |first=Paul H. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiCeDwAAQBAJ&q=North+China+Military+Exercise+1981&pg=PT26 |title=The Chinese Defense Establishment: Continuity And Change In The 1980s |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-31540-0 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211032245/https://books.google.com/books?id=EiCeDwAAQBAJ&q=North+China+Military+Exercise+1981&pg=PT26#v=onepage&q=North%20China%20Military%20Exercise%201981&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 1980s, the central government had increasing expenditures and limited revenue.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Lin |first=Shuanglin |title=China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-009-09902-8 |edition= |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=43}} The central government encouraged its agencies and encouraged local governments to expand their services and pursue revenues.<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=43}} The PLA [[Business activities of the Chinese military|established businesses]] including hotels and restaurants.<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=43}} The PLA gained more autonomy and permission to engage in commercial activities in exchange for a reduced role in political affairs and limited budgets;{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=523}} the military was downsized to free resources for [[economic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zissis |first=Carin |date=5 December 2006 |title=Modernizing the People's Liberation Army of China |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/modernizing-peoples-liberation-army-china |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/modernizing-peoples-liberation-army-china |url-status=live }}</ref> The lack of oversight, ineffective self-regulation, and [[Jiang Zemin]]'s and [[Hu Jintao]]'s lack of close personal ties to the PLA{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=523}} led to systemic corruption that persisted through the late-2010s.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=51}} Jiang's attempt to divest the PLA of its commercial interests was only partially successful, as many were still run by close associates of PLA officers.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=523}} Corruption lowered readiness and proficiency,{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=520}} was a barrier to modernization and professionalization,{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=526}} and eroded party control.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=521}} The 2010s [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|anti-corruption campaigns and military reforms]] under [[Xi Jinping]] from the early-2010s were in part executed to address these problems.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|pp=51-52}}{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=531}}

Following the [[People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|PLA's suppression]] of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]], ideological correctness was temporarily revived as the dominant theme in Chinese military affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2009 |title=PLA's "Absolute Loyalty" to the Party in Doubt |url=https://jamestown.org/program/plas-absolute-loyalty-to-the-party-in-doubt/ |website=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113113012/https://jamestown.org/program/plas-absolute-loyalty-to-the-party-in-doubt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Reform and modernization have today resumed their position as the PLA's primary objectives, although the armed forces' political loyalty to the CCP has remained a leading concern.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2018 |title=Xi Jinping insists on PLA's absolute loyalty to Communist Party |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/xi-jinping-insists-on-plas-absolute-loyalty-to-communist-party/articleshow/65471728.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315132848/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/xi-jinping-insists-on-plas-absolute-loyalty-to-communist-party/articleshow/65471728.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chan |first=Minnie |date=23 September 2022 |title=China's military told to 'resolutely do what the party asks it to do' |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3193454/chinas-military-told-resolutely-do-what-party-asks-it-do |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019060837/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3193454/chinas-military-told-resolutely-do-what-party-asks-it-do |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning in the 1980s, the PLA tried to transform itself from a land-based power centered on a vast ground force to a smaller, more mobile, high-tech one capable of mounting operations beyond its borders.<ref name="M. Taylor Fravel 2019" /> The motivation for this was that a massive land invasion by Russia was no longer seen as a major threat, and the new threats to China are seen to be a declaration of independence by [[Taiwan]], possibly with assistance from the United States, or a confrontation over the [[Spratly Islands]].<ref name="autogenerated2005">The Political System of the People's Republic of China. Chief Editor Pu Xingzu, Shanghai, 2005, Shanghai People's Publishing House. {{ISBN|7-208-05566-1}}, Chapter 11 The State Military System.</ref>

In 1985, the PLA changed from being constantly prepared to "hit early, strike hard, and to fight a nuclear war" to developing the military in an era of peace.<ref name="M. Taylor Fravel 2019" /> The PLA reoriented itself to modernization, improving its fighting ability, and becoming a world-class force. Deng Xiaoping stressed that the PLA needed to focus more on quality rather than on quantity.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/>

The decision of the Chinese government in 1985 to reduce the size of the military by one million was completed by 1987. Staffing in military leadership was cut by about 50 percent. During the Ninth Five Year Plan (1996–2000) the PLA was reduced by a further 500,000. The PLA had also been expected to be reduced by another 200,000 by 2005. The PLA has focused on increasing mechanization and informatization to be able to fight a high-intensity war.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/>

[[File:Chinese honor guard in column 070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion|PLA Honor Guard]] in Beijing, 2007]]

Former CMC chairman Jiang in 1990 called on the military to "meet political standards, be militarily competent, have a good working style, adhere strictly to discipline, and provide vigorous logistic support" ({{zh |s = 政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力 |p = zhèngzhì hégé, jūnshì guòyìng, zuòfēng yōuliáng, jìlǜ yánmíng, bǎozhàng yǒulì }}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-11 |title=部队要做到政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力 |trans-title=The troops must be politically qualified, militarily competent, have good conduct, strict discipline and strong support |url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/67481/69242/69244/4690367.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013101243/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/67481/69242/69244/4690367.html |archive-date=2006-10-13 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[People's Daily]] |language=zh}}</ref> The 1991 [[Gulf War]] provided the Chinese leadership with a stark realization that the PLA was an oversized, almost-obsolete force.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farley |first=Robert |date=1 September 2021 |title=China Has Not Forgotten the Lessons of the Gulf War |work=[[National Interest]] |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/china-has-not-forgotten-lessons-gulf-war-192949 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111091521/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/china-has-not-forgotten-lessons-gulf-war-192949 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scobell |first=Andrew |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA553490.pdf |title=Chinese Lessons from Other Peoples' Wars |date=2011 |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |isbn=978-1-58487-511-6 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA553490.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The USA's sending of two aircraft carrier groups to the vicinity of Taiwan during the [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]] prompted Jiang to order a ten-year PLA modernization program.<ref name=":054">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages=225 |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>

[[File:2025 Moscow Victory Day Parade 53.jpg|thumb|People's Liberation Army on Red Square in [[Moscow]] during the [[2025 Moscow Victory Day Parade|Victory Day parade]] on 9 May 2025]]
The possibility of a militarized Japan has also been a continuous concern to the Chinese leadership since the late 1990s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasaki |first=Tomonori |date=23 September 2010 |title=China Eyes the Japanese Military: China's Threat Perception of Japan since the 1980s |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/china-eyes-the-japanese-military-chinas-threat-perception-of-japan-since-the-1980s/4C3D00214448677422255F228609C395 |journal=The China Quarterly |language=en |volume=203 |pages=560–580 |doi=10.1017/S0305741010000597 |s2cid=153828298 |issn=1468-2648 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194349/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/china-eyes-the-japanese-military-chinas-threat-perception-of-japan-since-the-1980s/4C3D00214448677422255F228609C395 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In addition, China's military leadership has been reacting to and learning from the successes and failures of the [[United States Armed Forces]] during the [[Kosovo War]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sakaguchi |first1=Yoshiaki |last2=Mayama |first2=Katsuhiko |date=1999 |title=Significance of the War in Kosovo for China and Russia |url=http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/bulletin_e2001_1.pdf |journal=NIDS Security Reports |issue=3 |pages=1–23 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814012122/http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/bulletin_e2001_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sun |first=Yun |date=8 April 2020 |title=China's Strategic Assessment of Afghanistan |work=War on the Rocks |url=https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/chinas-strategic-assessment-of-afghanistan/ |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194347/https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/chinas-strategic-assessment-of-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]],<ref name="Chase-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Chase |first=Michael S. |date=19 September 2007 |title=China's Assessment of the War in Iraq: America's "Deepest Quagmire" and the Implications for Chinese National Security |url=https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-assessment-of-the-war-in-iraq-americas-deepest-quagmire-and-the-implications-for-chinese-national-security/ |journal=China Brief |publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |volume=7 |issue=17 |via= |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194353/https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-assessment-of-the-war-in-iraq-americas-deepest-quagmire-and-the-implications-for-chinese-national-security/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|Iraqi insurgency]].<ref name="Chase-2007" /> All these lessons inspired China to transform the PLA from a military based on quantity to one based on quality. Chairman Jiang Zemin officially made a "[[revolution in military affairs]]" (RMA) part of the official national military strategy in 1993 to [[Modernization of the People's Liberation Army|modernize the Chinese armed forces]].<ref name="Ji-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Ji |first=You |date=1999 |title=The Revolution in Military Affairs and the Evolution of China's Strategic Thinking |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798464 |journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=344–364 |jstor=25798464 |issn=0129-797X |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194351/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798464 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A goal of the RMA is to transform the PLA into a force capable of winning what it calls "local wars under high-tech conditions" rather than a massive, numbers-dominated ground-type war.<ref name="Ji-1999" /> Chinese military planners call for short decisive campaigns, limited in both their geographic scope and their political goals. In contrast to the past, more attention is given to [[reconnaissance]], mobility, and deep reach. This new vision has shifted resources towards the navy and air force. The PLA is also actively preparing for [[space warfare]] and [[cyber-warfare]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wortzel |first=Larry M. |date=2007 |title=The Chinese People's Liberation Army and Space Warfare |journal=Space Policy |publisher=[[American Enterprise Institute]] |jstor=resrep03013 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hjortdal |first=Magnus |date=2011 |title=China's Use of Cyber Warfare: Espionage Meets Strategic Deterrence |journal=[[Journal of Strategic Security]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.5038/1944-0472.4.2.1 |issn=1944-0464 |jstor=26463924 |s2cid=145083379|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jinghua |first1=Lyu |title=What Are China's Cyber Capabilities and Intentions? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2019/04/what-are-chinas-cyber-capabilities-and-intentions?lang=en |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194358/https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/04/01/what-are-china-s-cyber-capabilities-and-intentions-pub-78734 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, the PLA began holding military exercises with militaries from other countries.<ref name="Shinn-2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |title=China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement |last2=Eisenman |first2=Joshua |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21001-0 |location=New York |author-link=David H. Shinn}}</ref>{{Rp|page=242}} From 2018 to 2023, more than half of these exercises have focused on military training other than war, generally antipiracy, or antiterrorism exercises involving combatting non-state actors.<ref name="Shinn-2023" />{{Rp|page=242}} In 2009, the PLA held its first military exercise in Africa, a humanitarian and medical training practice conducted in Gabon.<ref name="Shinn-2023" />{{Rp|page=242}}

For the past 10 to 20 years, the PLA has acquired some advanced weapons systems from Russia, including [[Sovremenny-class destroyer]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=2022-03-21 |title=China Modernizes Its Russian-Built Destroyers With New Weapons |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/china-modernizes-its-russian-built-destroyers-new-weapons-201352 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[The National Interest]] |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204091606/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/china-modernizes-its-russian-built-destroyers-new-weapons-201352 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sukhoi Su-27]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gao |first=Charlie |date=2021-01-01 |title=How China Got Their Own Russian-Made Su-27 "Flanker" Jets |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/how-china-got-their-own-russian-made-su-27-%E2%80%9Cflanker%E2%80%9D-jets-175617 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[The National Interest]] |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205160448/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/how-china-got-their-own-russian-made-su-27-%E2%80%9Cflanker%E2%80%9D-jets-175617 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Kilo-class submarine|Kilo-class]] diesel-electric submarines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Caleb |date=2021-05-11 |title=China's Deadly Kilo-Class Submarines Are From Russia With Love |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/chinas-deadly-kilo-class-submarines-are-russia-love-184940 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[The National Interest]] |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204232241/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/chinas-deadly-kilo-class-submarines-are-russia-love-184940 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also started to produce several new classes of destroyers and frigates including the [[Type 052D destroyer|Type 052D]] class guided-missile destroyer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vavasseur |first=Xavier |date=21 August 2022 |title=Five Type 052D Destroyers Under Construction In China |work=Naval News |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/five-type-052d-destroyers-under-construction-in-china/ |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825171507/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/five-type-052d-destroyers-under-construction-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wertheim |first=Eric |date=January 2020 |title=China's Luyang III/Type 052D Destroyer Is a Potent Adversary |work=[[United States Naval Institute]] |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2020/january/chinas-luyang-iiitype-052d-destroyer-potent-adversary |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610103513/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2020/january/chinas-luyang-iiitype-052d-destroyer-potent-adversary |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the PLAAF has designed its very own [[Chengdu J-10]] fighter aircraft<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rogoway |first1=Tyler |last2=Helfrich |first2=Emma |date=18 July 2022 |title=China's J-10 Fighter Spotted In New 'Big Spine' Configuration (Updated) |work=The Warzone |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/chinas-j-10-fighter-spotted-in-new-big-spine-configuration |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194349/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/chinas-j-10-fighter-spotted-in-new-big-spine-configuration |url-status=live }}</ref> and a new stealth fighter, the [[Chengdu J-20]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=2022-10-04 |title=China Boosts J-20 Fighter Production to Counter U.S. Stealth Fighters |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/china-boosts-j-20-fighter-production-counter-us-stealth-fighters-205178 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[The National Interest]] |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201112242/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/china-boosts-j-20-fighter-production-counter-us-stealth-fighters-205178 |url-status=live }}</ref> The PLA launched the new [[Type 094 submarine|Jin class]] nuclear submarines on 3 December 2004 capable of launching nuclear warheads that could strike targets across the Pacific Ocean<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Funaiole |first=Matthew P. |date=4 August 2021 |title=A Glimpse of Chinese Ballistic Missile Submarines |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/glimpse-chinese-ballistic-missile-submarines |access-date= |website=[[Center for Strategic & International Studies]] |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007114240/https://www.csis.org/analysis/glimpse-chinese-ballistic-missile-submarines |url-status=live }}</ref> and have three aircraft carriers, with the latest, the Fujian, launched in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lendon |first=Brad |date=2022-06-25 |title=Never mind China's new aircraft carrier, these are the ships the US should worry about |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/25/asia/china-navy-aircraft-carrier-analysis-intl-hnk-ml-dst/index.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194347/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/25/asia/china-navy-aircraft-carrier-analysis-intl-hnk-ml-dst/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-19 |title=Fujian aircraft carrier doesn't have radar, weapon systems yet, photos show |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3185845/chinas-fujian-aircraft-carrier-doesnt-have-radar-and-weapon |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194359/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3185845/chinas-fujian-aircraft-carrier-doesnt-have-radar-and-weapon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendrix |first=Jerry |date=2022-07-06 |title=The Ominous Portent of China's New Carrier |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/07/the-ominous-portent-of-chinas-new-carrier/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[National Review]] |language=en-US |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://www.nationalreview.com/2022/07/the-ominous-portent-of-chinas-new-carrier/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 2014 to 2015, the PLA deployed 524 medical staff on a rotational basis to combat the [[Western African Ebola virus epidemic|Ebola virus outbreak]] in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau.<ref name="Shinn-2023" />{{Rp|page=245}} As of 2023, this was the PLA's largest medical assistance mission in another country.<ref name="Shinn-2023" />{{Rp|page=245}}

China [[Deepening National Defense and Military Reform|re-organized its military from 2015 to 2016]]. In 2015, the PLA formed new units including the PLA Ground Force, the PLA Rocket Force, and the PLA Strategic Support Force.<ref>{{cite web |title=China establishes Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force |url=http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/photo-reports/2016-01/01/content_6840110.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410043139/http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/photo-reports/2016-01/01/content_6840110.htm |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=2 January 2016 |website=People's Liberation Army}}</ref> In 2016, the CMC replaced the four traditional military departments with a number of new bodies.<ref name=":Duan">{{Cite book |last=Duan |first=Lei |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |pages= |chapter=Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction |jstor=jj.15136086 |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=288–289}} China replaced its system of seven military regions with newly established Theater Commands: [[Northern Theater Command|Northern]], [[Southern Theater Command|Southern]], [[Western Theater Command|Western]], [[Eastern Theater Command|Eastern]], and [[Central Theater Command|Central]].<ref name=":Duan" />{{Rp|page=289}} In the prior system, operations were segmented by military branch and region.<ref name=":Duan" />{{Rp|page=289}} In contrast, each Theater Command is intended to function as a unified entity with joint operations across different military branches.<ref name=":Duan" />{{Rp|page=289}}

The PLA on 1 August 2017 marked its 90th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-15 |title=Exclusive: Massive parade tipped for PLA's 90th birthday |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2079193/massive-parade-tipped-plas-90th-birthday |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194347/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2079193/massive-parade-tipped-plas-90th-birthday |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the big anniversary it mounted its biggest parade yet and the first outside of Beijing, held in the [[Zhurihe Training Base]] in the [[Northern Theater Command]] (within the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Buckley |first=Chris |date=2017-07-30 |title=China Shows Off Military Might as Xi Jinping Tries to Cement Power |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/30/world/asia/china-military-parade-xi-jinping.html |access-date=2021-10-12 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007084938/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/30/world/asia/china-military-parade-xi-jinping.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2023, [[Reuters]] reported a military leadership purge after high-ranking generals were ousted from the [[National People's Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 31, 2023 |title=Chinese military purge exposes weakness, could widen |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/sweeping-chinese-military-purge-exposes-weakness-could-widen-2023-12-30/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Prior to 2017, over sixty generals were investigated and sacked.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-22 |title=Charting China's 'great purge' under Xi |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41670162 |access-date=2024-01-01 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606041942/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41670162 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Overseas deployments and UN peacekeeping operations ===
{{Further|List of countries with overseas military bases#China|People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti}}
In addition to its [[People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti|Support Base in Djibouti]], the PLA operates a base in Tajikistan and a [[listening station]] in Cuba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yan |first=Sophia |date=2024-07-10 |title=China constructing secret military base in Tajikistan to crush threat from Taliban |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/10/china-secret-military-base-tajikistan-taliban-afghanistan/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722173910/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/07/10/china-secret-military-base-tajikistan-taliban-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2024 |title=Secret Signals: Decoding China's Intelligence Activities in Cuba |url=https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-cuba-spy-sigint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702051639/https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-cuba-spy-sigint/ |archive-date=2024-07-02 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Espacio Lejano Station]] in Argentina is operated by a PLA unit.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Garrison |first=Cassandra |date=2019-01-31 |title=China's military-run space station in Argentina is a 'black box' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-argentina-china-insight-idUSKCN1PP0I2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125031112/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-argentina-china-insight-idUSKCN1PP0I2 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-25 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2022 |title=Eyes on the Skies: China's Growing Space Footprint in South America |url=https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-ground-stations-space |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005034621/https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-ground-stations-space/ |archive-date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |language=en}}</ref> The PLAN has also undertaken rotational deployments of its warships at the [[Ream Naval Base]] in Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cheang |first1=Sopheng |last2=David |first2=Rising |date=2024-05-08 |title=Chinese warships have been docked in Cambodia for 5 months, but government says it's not permanent |url=https://apnews.com/article/cambodia-china-naval-base-warships-ream-d4571e2ca53e682ce17c121312443b52 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709235517/https://apnews.com/article/cambodia-china-naval-base-warships-ream-d4571e2ca53e682ce17c121312443b52 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 4, 2024 |title=Chinese warships rotate at Cambodia's Ream naval base |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/china-warships-ream-07042024025936.html |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=[[Radio Free Asia]]}}</ref>

The People's Republic of China has sent the PLA to various hotspots as part of China's role as a prominent member of the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gowan |first=Richard |date=2020-09-14 |title=China's pragmatic approach to UN peacekeeping |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinas-pragmatic-approach-to-un-peacekeeping/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |language=en-US |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194349/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinas-pragmatic-approach-to-un-peacekeeping/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Such units usually include engineers and logistical units and members of the paramilitary [[People's Armed Police]] and have been deployed as part of peacekeeping operations in [[Lebanon]],<ref name="Rowland-2022" /><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/2018/03/PRC-Peacekeeping-Backgrounder.pdf |title=China's Role in UN Peacekeeping |date=March 2018 |publisher=Institute for Security & Development Policy |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005235516/https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/2018/03/PRC-Peacekeeping-Backgrounder.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Republic of the Congo]],<ref name="Rowland-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Papers/WF_088_Rowland_Chinese_Security_Cooperation_Activities.pdf |title=Chinese Security Cooperation Activities: Trends and Implications for US Policy |last=Rowland |first=Daniel T. |date=September 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200840/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Papers/WF_088_Rowland_Chinese_Security_Cooperation_Activities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sudan]],<ref>Daniel M. Hartnett, 2012-03-13, [http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2012/MEMO-PLA-PKO_final.pdf China's First Deployment of Combat Forces to a UN. Peacekeeping Mission—South Sudan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014025306/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2012/MEMO-PLA-PKO_final.pdf |date=14 October 2012 }}, United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission</ref> [[Ivory Coast]],<ref>Bernard Yudkin Geoxavier, 2012-09-18, [http://yalejournal.org/2012/09/china-as-peacekeeper-an-updated-perspective-on-humanitarian-intervention/ China as Peacekeeper: An Updated Perspective on Humanitarian Intervention] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131054018/http://yalejournal.org/2012/09/china-as-peacekeeper-an-updated-perspective-on-humanitarian-intervention/ |date=31 January 2013 }}, Yale Journal of International Affairs</ref> [[Haiti]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2005 |title=Chinese Peacekeepers to Haiti: Much Attention, More Confusion |work=[[Royal United Services Institute]] |url=https://rusi.org/publication/chinese-peacekeepers-haiti-much-attention-more-confusion |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211032250/https://rusi.org/publication/chinese-peacekeepers-haiti-much-attention-more-confusion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=14 July 2022 |title=China pushes for U.N. arms embargo on Haiti criminal gangs |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/china-pushes-un-arms-embargo-haiti-criminal-gangs-2022-07-14/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200844/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/china-pushes-un-arms-embargo-haiti-criminal-gangs-2022-07-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and more recently, [[Mali War|Mali]] and [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|South Sudan]].<ref name="Rowland-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dyrenforth |first=Thomas |date=2021-08-19 |title=Beijing's Blue Helmets: What to Make of China's Role in UN Peacekeeping in Africa |url=https://mwi.usma.edu/beijings-blue-helmets-what-to-make-of-chinas-role-in-un-peacekeeping-in-africa/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=[[Modern War Institute]] |language=en-US |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194350/https://mwi.usma.edu/beijings-blue-helmets-what-to-make-of-chinas-role-in-un-peacekeeping-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Engagements ===
{{See also|List of wars involving the People's Republic of China}}

* 1927–1950: [[Chinese Civil War]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYSAAAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War |publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc. |year=2013 |isbn=978-0810878730 |editor1-last=Lew |editor1-first=Christopher R. |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=3 |editor2-last=Leung |editor2-first=Pak-Wah |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411192241/https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYSAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1937–1945: [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]<ref name="Paine2012">{{cite book |last=Paine |first=S. C. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 |date=2012 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-139-56087-0 |page=123 |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012012418/https://books.google.com/books?id=bAYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1949: [[Amethyst incident|Yangtze incident]] against British warships on the Yangtze River<ref>{{cite web |title=Security Check Required |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/AMETHYST.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414010949/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/AMETHYST.htm |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>
* 1949: [[Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinkiang and Sino-Soviet Relations |url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/2008/P1953.pdf |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043232/http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/2008/P1953.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1950: [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]<ref>Shakya 1999 p. 32 (6 Oct); {{harvp|Goldstein|1997|p=45}} (7 Oct).</ref>
* 1950–1953: [[Korean War]] under the banner of the Chinese [[People's Volunteer Army]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Mark A. |title=Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949 |last2=Finkelstein |first2=David M. |last3=McDevitt |first3=Michael A. |date=2003 |publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]] |isbn=0-7656-1087-6 |location=Armonk, NY |page=125}}</ref>
* 1954–1955: [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rushkoff |first=Bennett C. |date=1981 |title=Eisenhower, Dulles and the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis, 1954–1955 |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=465–480 |doi=10.2307/2150556 |issn=0032-3195 |jstor=2150556}}</ref>
* 1955–1970: [[Vietnam War]]<ref name="Zhai">{{Cite book |last=Zhai |first=Qiang |title=China and the Vietnam wars, 1950–1975 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0807825327 |location=Chapel Hill |oclc=41564973}}</ref>
* 1958: [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]] at [[Quemoy]] and [[Matsu (islands)|Matsu]]<ref name="1958 crisis">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/The1958TaiwanStraitsCrisisADocumentedHistory/page/n183 |title=The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis_ A Documented History |date=1975}}</ref>
* 1962: [[Sino-Indian War]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-909163-8 |language=en |oclc=1034558154 |author-link=Bertil Lintner}}</ref>
* 1967: [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|Border skirmishes]] with India<ref name="Chellaney2">{{Cite book |author=Brahma Chellaney |author-link=Brahma Chellaney |url=https://archive.org/details/asianjuggernautr0000chel |title=Asian Juggernaut: The Rise of China, India, and Japan |date=2006 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-8172236502 |page=195 |language=en |quote=Indeed, Beijing's acknowledgement of Indian control over Sikkim seems limited to the purpose of facilitating trade through the vertiginous Nathu-la Pass, the scene of bloody artillery duels in September 1967 when Indian troops beat back attacking Chinese forces.}}</ref>
* 1969: [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Некоторые малоизвестные эпизоды пограничного конфликта на о. Даманском |url=http://warfor.me/nekotoryie-maloizvestnyie-epizodyi-pogranichnogo-konflikta-na-o-damanskom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140855/http://warfor.me/nekotoryie-maloizvestnyie-epizodyi-pogranichnogo-konflikta-na-o-damanskom/ |archive-date=11 March 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Военное оружие и армии Мира|date=3 February 2015 }}</ref>
* 1974: [[Battle of the Paracel Islands]] with [[South Vietnam]]<ref>Carl O. Schustser. [http://www.historynet.com/battle-paracel-islands.htm "Battle for Paracel Islands".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120162438/https://www.historynet.com/battle-paracel-islands.htm |date=20 January 2022 }}</ref>
* 1979: [[Sino-Vietnamese War]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last=Elleman |first=Bruce A. |url=https://archive.org/details/modernchinesewar00elle |title=Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989 |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=0415214742 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernchinesewar00elle/page/n309 297] |url-access=limited}}</ref>
* 1979–1990: [[Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)|Sino-Vietnamese conflicts]]<ref name="CarlyleAThayer">Carlyle A. Thayer, "Security Issues in Southeast Asia: The Third Indochina War", Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, August 1987.</ref>
* 1988: [[Johnson South Reef Skirmish]] with Vietnam<ref name="koo9-154">{{Cite book |last=Koo |first=Min Gyo |title=Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia |date=2010 |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-0-387-89669-4 |series=The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific |location=New York, NY |pages=154 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-89670-0}}</ref>
* 1989: [[People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|Enforcement of martial law in Beijing]] during the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |date=5 June 1989 |title=The West Condemns the Crackdown |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html |access-date=25 May 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503230905/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1990: [[Barin uprising]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dreyer |first=June Teufel |date=2005 |title=China's Vulnerability to Minority Separatism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30172869 |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=69–85 |doi=10.3200/AAFS.32.2.69-86 |jstor=30172869 |s2cid=153883722 |issn=0092-7678 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30172869 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 1995–1996: [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qimao |first=Chen |date=1996 |title=The Taiwan Strait Crisis: Its Crux and Solutions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645635 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=1055–1066 |doi=10.2307/2645635 |jstor=2645635 |issn=0004-4687 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645635 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 2007–present: [[UNIFIL]] peacekeeping operations in [[Lebanon]]<ref name="Rowland-2022" />
* 2009–present: [[Piracy in Somalia|Anti-piracy operations]] in the [[Gulf of Aden]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henry |first=Jérôme |date=November 2016 |title=China's Military Deployments in the Gulf of Aden: Anti-Piracy and Beyond |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/chinas_military_deployments_in_the_gulf_of_aden_anti-piracy_and_beyond_0.pdf |journal=Notes de l'Ifri |issue=89 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113165347/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/chinas_military_deployments_in_the_gulf_of_aden_anti-piracy_and_beyond_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014: Search and rescue efforts for [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 370]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Torode |first=Greg |date=13 March 2014 |title=A nervous region eyes robust Chinese response to missing Malaysian plane |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-airlines-china-response-anal/a-nervous-region-eyes-robust-chinese-response-to-missing-malaysian-plane-idUSBREA2C0XE20140313 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200842/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-airlines-china-response-anal/a-nervous-region-eyes-robust-chinese-response-to-missing-malaysian-plane-idUSBREA2C0XE20140313 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014: [[UN]] peacekeeping operations in [[Mali War|Mali]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Troop and police contributors |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630060533/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2015: [[UNMISS]] peacekeeping operations in [[South Sudan]]<ref name="UNwho">{{cite web |title=UNMISS Fact Sheet |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmiss |access-date=22 December 2017 |publisher=UNMISS |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423064759/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/unmiss |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2020–2021: [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|China–India skirmishes]]<ref name="Tellis-2020">{{Cite report |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Tellis_Himalayan-Border-Standoffs.pdf |title=Hustling in the Himalayas: The Sino-Indian Border Confrontation |last=Tellis |first=Ashley J. |date=June 2020 |quote=These efforts to bring new territorial enclaves under Chinese control are occurring simultaneously at several different locations, such as on the northern bank of the Pangong Tso, at Hot Springs, and in the Galwan Valley, places that all lie astride the LAC in eastern Ladakh |access-date=29 June 2020 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218135503/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Tellis_Himalayan-Border-Standoffs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
As of at least early 2024, China has not fought a war since 1979 and has only fought relatively minor conflicts since.<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|page=72}}

== Organization ==
[[File:China's military leadership organizational chart - page 46 - Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China (2023).png|thumb|Organizational chart of the People's Liberation Army]]
[[File:ChinaDOD.jpg|thumb|The CMC is ceremonially housed in the [[Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of National Defense]] compound ("August 1st Building").]]
The PLA is a component of the armed forces of China, which also includes the PAP, the reserves, and the [[Militia (China)|militia]].{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=50}} The armed forces are controlled by the CCP under the doctrine of "[[the Party commands the gun]]".{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=521}} The PLA and the PAP have the largest [[People's Liberation Army and People's Armed Police delegation to the National People's Congress|delegation]] in the [[National People's Congress]] (NPC), which are elected by servicemember election committees of top-level military subdivisions, including the PLA's theater commands and service branches.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Changhao |date=2022-03-29 |title=Explainer: How Seats in China's National People's Congress Are Allocated |url=https://npcobserver.com/2022/03/explainer-how-seats-in-chinas-national-peoples-congress-are-allocated/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=NPC Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310192345/https://npcobserver.com/2022/03/explainer-how-seats-in-chinas-national-peoples-congress-are-allocated/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[14th National People's Congress]]; the joint delegation has 281 deputies—over 9% of the total—all of whom are CCP members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2024 |title=中华人民共和国第十四届全国人民代表大会代表名单 |trans-title=List of Deputies to the 14th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China |url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0225/c1001-32630907.html |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[People's Daily]] |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426071927/http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0225/c1001-32630907.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Central Military Commission ===
{{Main|Central Military Commission (China)}}

The PLA is governed by the Central Military Commission (CMC); under the arrangement of "[[one institution with two names]]", there exists a state CMC and a Party CMC, although both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and effectively work as a single body.<ref name="Liu-2022">{{Cite news |last=Liu |first=Zhen |date=18 October 2022 |title=What is China's Central Military Commission and why is it so powerful? |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3196360/what-chinas-central-military-commission-and-why-it-so-powerful |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920032753/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3196360/what-chinas-central-military-commission-and-why-it-so-powerful |url-status=live }}</ref> The only difference in membership between the two occurs for a few months every five years, during the period between a [[National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|Party National Congress]], when Party CMC membership changes, and the next ensuing National People's Congress, when the state CMC changes.<ref>The Political System of the People's Republic of China. Chief Editor Pu Xingzu, Shanghai, 2005, Shanghai People's Publishing House. {{ISBN|7-208-05566-1}} Chapter 11, the State Military System, pp. 369–392.</ref>

The CMC is composed of a [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|chairman]], [[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|vice chairpersons]] and regular members. The chairman of the CMC is the commander-in-chief of the PLA, with the post generally held by the [[paramount leader]] of China; since 1989, the post has generally been held together with the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]].{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=521}}<ref name="Liu-2022" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Xi Jinping Has a New Title: Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/xi-jinping-has-a-new-title-commander-in-chief-of-the-peoples-liberation-army/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006042951/https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/xi-jinping-has-a-new-title-commander-in-chief-of-the-peoples-liberation-army/ |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> Per the [[chairman responsibility system]], the CMC chairman exercises absolute control over the CMC and the overall military.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ji|first=You|date=2026-01-14|title=Chinese Communist Party Endeavors to Institutionalize Armed Power: Civilian Control of China's Central Military Commission|journal=[[The China Journal]]|pages=000|doi=10.1086/738762|issn=1324-9347}}</ref> Unlike in other countries, the [[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]] and its [[Minister of National Defense (China)|Minister]] do not have command authority, largely acting as diplomatic liaisons of the CMC, insulating the PLA from external influence.{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=101}} However, except for the current incumbent, Admiral [[Dong Jun]], the Minister has always been a member of the CMC.<ref name="Liu-2022" />

{{center|'''The Membership of the Central Military Commission'''}}

; Chairman:
* [[Xi Jinping]] (also [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]], [[President of China|President]] and [[Commander-in-chief]] of Joint Battle Command)

; Vice Chairmen:
* General [[Zhang Youxia]]
* General [[Zhang Shengmin]]

; Members
* Chief of the [[Joint Staff Department (China)|Joint Staff Department]] (JSD) – General [[Liu Zhenli (general)|Liu Zhenli]]
* Secretary of the [[Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission|Commission for Discipline Inspection]] – General [[Zhang Shengmin]]

Previously, the PLA was governed by four general departments; the General Political, the General Logistics, the General Armament, and the General Staff Departments. These were abolished in 2016 under the [[2015 People's Republic of China military reform|military reforms]] undertaken by Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 new functional departments directly reporting to the CMC:<ref name="Lague-2019">{{Cite news |last1=Lague |first1=David |last2=Lim |first2=Benjamin Kang |date=23 April 2019 |title=How China is replacing America as Asia's military titan |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-army-xi/ |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121184056/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-army-xi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

# [[General Office of the Central Military Commission|General Office]]
# [[Joint Staff Department (China)|Joint Staff Department]]
# [[Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission|Political Work Department]]
# [[Logistic Support Department of the Central Military Commission|Logistic Support Department]]
# [[Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission|Equipment Development Department]]
# [[Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission|Training and Administration Department]]
# [[National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission|National Defense Mobilization Department]]
# [[Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission|Discipline Inspection Commission]]
# [[Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission|Politics and Legal Affairs Commission]]
# [[Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission|Science and Technology Commission]]
# [[Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission|Office for Strategic Planning]]
# [[Office for Reform and Organizational Structure]]
# [[Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission|Office for International Military Cooperation]]
# [[Audit Office of the Central Military Commission|Audit Office]]
# [[Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission|Agency for Offices Administration]]

Included among the 15 departments are three commissions. The CMC Discipline Inspection Commission is charged with rooting out corruption.

=== Political control ===
{{Further|The Party commands the gun}}
[[File:Z-8_with_the_flag_of_CPC_at_PRC70_(20191001104359).jpg|thumb|The People's Liberation Army raising the [[Emblem and flag of the Chinese Communist Party|flag of the Chinese Communist Party]] during a military parade marking the [[70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]] on 1 October 2019.]]
The CCP maintains absolute control over the PLA.{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|pp=84–85}} It requires the PLA to undergo political education, instilling [[Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP ideology]] in its members.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, China maintains a [[political commissar]] system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Torode |first1=Greg |last2=Tian |first2=Yew Lun |date=2023-09-20 |title=Li Shangfu: Who is China's missing defence minister and how important is he? |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-military-hierarchy-under-spotlight-after-defence-minister-disappears-2023-09-18/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924210237/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-military-hierarchy-under-spotlight-after-defence-minister-disappears-2023-09-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Regiment-level and higher units maintain CCP committees and political commissars ({{zh|c=政治委员 or 政委}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=军事制度 |trans-title=Military System |url=http://www1.china.com.cn/ch-zhengzhi/zhengzhi7.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170026/http://www1.china.com.cn/ch-zhengzhi/zhengzhi7.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref> Additionally, battalion-level and company-level units respectively maintain political directors and political instructors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Kenneth |last2=Chao |first2=Brian |last3=Kinsella |first3=Ryan |date=4 March 2013 |title=China's Military Political Commissar System in Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.jamestown.org/program/chinas-military-political-commissar-system-in-comparative-perspective |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021223644/https://www.jamestown.org/program/chinas-military-political-commissar-system-in-comparative-perspective/ |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref> The political commissars are officially equal to commanders in status.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=6 November 2023 |title=Xi Jinping is obsessed with political loyalty in the PLA |url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/11/06/xi-jinping-is-obsessed-with-political-loyalty-in-the-pla |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107161451/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/11/06/xi-jinping-is-obsessed-with-political-loyalty-in-the-pla |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-07 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> The political commissars are officially responsible for the implementation of party committee decisions, instilling and maintaining party discipline, providing political education, and working with other components of the political work system.<ref name=":3" />

Key decisions in the PLA are generally made in the CCP committees throughout the military.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Kenneth |last2=Chao |first2=Brian |last3=Kinsella |first3=Ryan |date=4 March 2013 |title=China's Military Political Commissar System in Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.jamestown.org/program/chinas-military-political-commissar-system-in-comparative-perspective |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021223644/https://www.jamestown.org/program/chinas-military-political-commissar-system-in-comparative-perspective/ |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref> As a rule, the political commissar serves as the party committee secretary while the commander serves as the deputy secretary.<ref name=":3" /> Political commissars report to higher-level party committees, rather than military commanders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yuwen |first=Deng |date=2025-11-12 |title=Why Are China’s Generals So Quiet as Xi Purges Them? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/10/30/xi-purges-china-military-pla-ccp-power-control/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Due to the CCP's system of absolute control, non-CCP [[List of political parties in China|political parties]] and groups and organizations except the [[Communist Youth League of China]] are not allowed to establish organizations or have members in the PLA. Additionally, only the CCP is allowed to appoint the leading cadres at all levels of the PLA.<ref name=":1" />

=== Grades ===
{{main|Grades of the armed forces of China}}

Grades determine the [[command hierarchy]] from the CMC to the platoon level. Entities command lower-graded entities, and coordinate with like-graded entities.{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=16}} An organization's grade impacts the resources allocated to it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Fiona S. |title=Under the Nuclear Shadow: China's Information-Age Weapons in International Security |date=2025 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-26103-4 |location= |doi=10.1515/9780691261782 |jstor=jj.16040335}}</ref>{{Rp|page=89}} Since 1988, all organizations, billets, and officers in the PLA have a grade.{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=18}}

[[Civil–military relations]] within the wider state bureaucracy is also influenced by grades. The grading systems used by the armed forces and the government are parallel, making it easier for military entities to identify the civilian entities they should coordinate with.{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=16}} An officer's authority, eligibility for billets, pay, and retirement age is determined by grade.{{sfn|Kaufman|Mackenzie|2009|pp=73-74}}{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=16}} Career progression includes lateral transfers between billets of the same grade, but which are not considered promotions.{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=17}}{{sfn|Kaufman|Mackenzie|2009|p=73}} An officer retiring to the civil service has their grade translated to the civil grade system;{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=16}} their grade continues to progress and draw retirement benefits through the civil system rather than the armed forces.{{sfn|Kaufman|Mackenzie|2009|p=74}}

Historically, an officer's grade — or position ({{zh|s=职务等级|p=zhiwu dengji}}<ref name="jt_wuthnow_saunders_2021-03-16">{{Cite web |last1=Wuthnow |first1=Joel |last2=Saunders |first2=Phillip C. |date=16 March 2021 |title=A New Step Forward in PLA Professionalization |url=https://jamestown.org/program/a-new-step-forward-in-pla-professionalization/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622160617/https://jamestown.org/program/a-new-step-forward-in-pla-professionalization/ |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref>) — was more important than their ''[[Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force|rank]]'' ({{zh|s=军衔|p=junxian}}<ref name="jt_wuthnow_saunders_2021-03-16"/>).{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=16}} Historically, time-in-grade and time-in-rank requirements<ref name="jamestown_allen_2010-07-22">{{Cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Kenneth |title=Assessing the PLA's Promotion Ladder to CMC Member Based on Grades vs. Ranks – Part 1 |url=https://jamestown.org/program/assessing-the-plas-promotion-ladder-to-cmc-member-based-on-grades-vs-ranks-part-1/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511105015/https://jamestown.org/program/assessing-the-plas-promotion-ladder-to-cmc-member-based-on-grades-vs-ranks-part-1/ |website=The Jamestown Foundation |date=22 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> and promotions were not synchronized;{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=17}} multiple ranks were present in each grade{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=19}} with all having the same authority.{{sfn|Kaufman|Mackenzie|2009|p=74}} Rank was mainly a visual aid to roughly determine relative position when interacting with Chinese and foreign personnel.{{sfn|Pollpeter|Allen|2012|p=16}} PLA etiquette preferred addressing personnel by position rather than by rank.{{sfn|Kaufman|Mackenzie|2009|p=77}} Reforms to a more rank-centric system began in 2021.<ref name="jt_wuthnow_saunders_2021-03-16"/> In 2023, a revised grade structure associated one rank per grade, with some ranks spanning multiple grades.<ref name="dalate_cs_grades">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:中国公务员的级别和职级 |trans-title=Chinese civil service grades and ranks |url=http://www.dltdjw.gov.cn/ywgz/gwygl/202303/t20230309_3357858.html |date=9 March 2023 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Dalate Banner Party Building Network |archive-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614215401/http://www.dltdjw.gov.cn/ywgz/gwygl/202303/t20230309_3357858.html |url-status=live |language=zh}}</ref>

=== Operational control ===
[[File:Map of Theatres of PLA en.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|The five theatre commands of the PLA<ref>{{cite web |title=Considerations for replacing Military Area Commands with Theater Commands |url=https://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/pla-daily-commentary/2016-02/03/content_6888459.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223031932/http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/pla-daily-commentary/2016-02/03/content_6888459.htm |archive-date=23 February 2018 |access-date=13 January 2019 |website=People's Liberation Army}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Theater command}}

Operational control of combat units is divided between the service headquarters and domestic geographically based [[Theater command|theatre commands]].

Theatre commands are multi-service ("joint") organizations that are broadly responsible for [[Military strategy|strategy]], [[Military operation plan|plans]], [[Military tactics|tactics]], and [[Military policy|policy]] specific to their assigned [[area of responsibility]]. In wartime, they will likely have full control of subordinate units; in peacetime, units also report to their service headquarters.{{sfn|ATP 7-100.3: Chinese Tactics|2021|p=2-4}} Force-building is the responsibility of the services and the CMC.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=235}} The five theatre commands, in order of stated significance are:{{sfn|ATP 7-100.3: Chinese Tactics|2021|pp=2-5 - 2-6}}

* [[Eastern Theater Command]]
* [[Southern Theater Command]]
* [[Western Theater Command]]
* [[Northern Theater Command]]
* [[Central Theater Command]]

The service headquarters retain operational control in some areas within China and outside of China. For example, army headquarters controls or is responsible for the [[PLA Beijing Garrison|Beijing Garrison]], the [[Tibet Military District]], the [[Xinjiang Military District]],{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=355}} and border and coastal defences. The counterpiracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden are controlled by navy headquarters.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=715}} The JSD nominally controls operations beyond China's periphery,{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=714}} but in practice this seems to apply only to army operations.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=137}} Services and theater commands have the same grade. The overlap of areas or units of responsibility may create disputes requiring CMC arbitration.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=137}}

As part of the 2015 reforms, military regions were replaced by theatre commands in 2016.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=61}} Military regions were − uinlike the theatre commands − army-centric{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=146}} peacetime administrative organizations,{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=234}} and joint wartime commands were created on-demand by the army-dominated General Staff Department.{{sfn|Saunders et al.|2019|p=234}}

=== Organization table ===
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |jw| | | | | | | | |jw = '''Central Military Commission'''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree |ju| | | |yx| | | |yt| | | |yz| | | |yy|ju = '''Departments''' |yx = '''Commissions''' |yt = '''Offices'''|yz = '''Arms'''|yy = '''Research institutes'''}}
{{familytree |ju| | | |yx| | | |yt| | | |yz| | | |yy|ju = [[General Office of the Central Military Commission|General Office]] |yx = [[Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission|Discipline Inspection Commission]] |yt = [[Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission|Office for Strategic Planning]]|yz = [[People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force|Aerospace Force]]|yy = [[PLA Academy of Military Science|Academy of Military Science]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | |yx| | | |yt| | | |yz| | | |yy|ju = [[Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission|Joint Staff Department]] |yx = [[Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission|Politics and Legal Affairs Commission]] |yt = [[Office for Reform and Organizational Structure]]|yz = [[People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force|Cyberspace Force]]|yy = [[PLA National Defence University|National Defence University]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | |yx| | | |yt| | | |yz| | | |yy|ju = [[Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission|Political Work Department]] |yx = [[Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission|Science and Technology Commission]] |yt = [[Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission|Office for International Military Cooperation]]|yz = [[People's Liberation Army Information Support Force|Information Support Force]]|yy = [[National University of Defense Technology]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | |!| | | | |yt| | | |yz| | | | |!|ju = [[Logistic Support Department of the Central Military Commission|Logistic Support Department]] |yt = [[Audit Office of the Central Military Commission|Audit Office]]|yz = [[People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force|Joint Logistics Support Force]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2016-09/13/content_7257668.htm |title=China establishes Joint Logistic Support Force - China Military |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122051958/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2016-09/13/content_7257668.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | |!| | | | |yt| | | | |!| | | | | |!| |ju = [[Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission|Equipment Development Department]] |yt = [[Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission|Agency for Offices Administration]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| |ju = [[Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission|Training and Administration Department]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| |ju = [[National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission|National Defense Mobilization Department]]}}
{{familytree | |)|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|(| }}
{{familytree |ju| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |yt| |ju = '''[[Theater commands of the People's Liberation Army|Theatre commands]]''' |yt = '''Service Branches'''}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |yt| |ju = [[Eastern Theater Command]] |yt = [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|PLA Ground Force]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |yt| |ju = [[Western Theater Command]] |yt = [[People's Liberation Army Navy|PLA Navy]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |yt| |ju = [[Southern Theater Command]] |yt = [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|PLA Air Force]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |yt| |ju = [[Northern Theater Command]] |yt = [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force|PLA Rocket Force]]}}
{{familytree |ju| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |ju = [[Central Theater Command]]}}
{{familytree | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |yt| | | | | | | | |yt = '''People's Liberation Army'''}}
{{familytree/end}}

=== Academic institutions ===
{{Main|Academic institutions of the armed forces of China}}

There are two academic institutions directly subordinate to the CMC, the [[People's Liberation Army National Defense University|National Defense University]] and the [[National University of Defense Technology]], and they are considered the two top military education institutions in China. There are also 35 institutions affiliated to the PLA's branches and arms, and 7 institutions affiliated to the People's Armed Police.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Kenneth |last2=Chen |first2=Minzhi |date=2019 |title=The People's Liberation Army's 37 Academic Institutions |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/documents/Research/Other-Topics/2020-06-11%20PLA%20Academic_Institutions.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703122915/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/documents/Research/Other-Topics/2020-06-11%20PLA%20Academic_Institutions.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2024 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=[[Air University (United States)|Air University]]}}</ref>

=== People's Armed Forces Department ===
{{Excerpt|People's Armed Forces Department|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1}}

== Service branches ==
The PLA consists of four [[Military branch|services]] ([[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Ground Force]], [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy]], [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air Force]], and [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force|Rocket Force]]) and four arms ([[People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force|Aerospace Force]], [[People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force|Cyberspace Force]], [[People's Liberation Army Information Support Force|Information Support Force]], and [[People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force|Joint Logistics Support Force]]).<ref name=":6" />

=== Services ===
The PLA maintains four services ({{Zh|s=军种|p=jūnzhǒng}}): the Ground Force, the Navy, the Air Force, and the Rocket Force. Following the 200,000 and 300,000 personnel reduction announced in 2003 and 2005 respectively, the total strength of the PLA has been reduced from 2.5 million to around 2 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Perlez |first2=Jane |last3=Buckley |first3=Chris |date=2 September 2015 |title=China Announces Cuts of 300,000 Troops at Military Parade Showing Its Might |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/world/asia/beijing-turns-into-ghost-town-as-it-gears-up-for-military-parade.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902221802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/world/asia/beijing-turns-into-ghost-town-as-it-gears-up-for-military-parade.html |archive-date=2 September 2015 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The reductions came mainly from non-combat ground forces, which would allow more funds to be diverted to naval, air, and strategic missile forces. This shows China's shift from ground force prioritization to emphasizing air and naval power with high-tech equipment for offensive roles over [[Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China|disputed territories]], particularly in the [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|South China Sea]].<ref name="areas">[http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000911699 China plans military reform to enhance its readiness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191059/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0000911699 |date=2 January 2014 }} – The-Japan-news.com</ref>

==== Ground Force ====
[[File:ZTZ-99A tank 20170902.jpg|thumb|A [[Type 99 tank|Type 99A]] main battle tank in service with the PLAGF]]
{{Main|People's Liberation Army Ground Force}}

The PLA Ground Force (PLAGF) is the largest of the PLA's five services with 960,000 active duty personnel, approximately half of the PLA's total manpower of around 2 million personnel.{{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}} The PLAGF is organized into twelve active duty group armies sequentially numbered from the [[71st Group Army]] to the [[83rd Group Army]] which are distributed to each of the PRC's five theatre commands, receiving two to three group armies per command. In wartime, numerous PLAGF [[Military reserve force|reserve]] and [[paramilitary]] units may be mobilized to augment these active group armies. The PLAGF [[People's Liberation Army Reserve Force|reserve]] component comprises approximately 510,000 personnel divided into thirty infantry and twelve anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) divisions. The PLAGF is led by Commander [[Li Qiaoming]] and Political Commissar [[Chen Hui (general)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=China names Chen Hui to lead army political work amid PLA personnel shake-up |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3292178/china-names-chen-hui-lead-pla-ground-force-political-work-amid-personnel-shake |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=China promotes General Li Qiaoming to commander of PLA ground force |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3205548/china-promotes-general-li-qiaoming-commander-pla-ground-force |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

==== Navy ====
[[File:Maritime Interdiction Operations at RIMPAC 2016 160718-N-CA112-003.jpg|thumb|A PLAN [[destroyer]] conducting maritime interdiction operations at [[Exercise RIMPAC#RIMPAC 2016|RIMPAC 2016]]]]
{{Main|People's Liberation Army Navy}}

Until the early 1990s, the PLA Navy (PLAN) performed a subordinate role to the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|PLA Ground Force]] (PLAGF). Since then it has undergone rapid modernisation. The 300,000 strong PLAN is organized into three major fleets: the [[North Sea Fleet]] headquartered at [[Qingdao]], the [[East Sea Fleet]] headquartered at [[Ningbo]], and the [[South Sea Fleet]] headquartered in [[Zhanjiang]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chi-yuk |first=Choi |date=27 May 2013 |title=PLA Navy's three fleets meet in South China Sea for rare show of force |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-05/03/content_8022441.htm |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200844/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-05/03/content_8022441.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Each fleet consists of a number of [[surface ship]], [[submarine]], [[naval air force]], [[coastal defence and fortification|coastal defence]], and [[marine (military)|marine]] units.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf?ver=2015-12-02-081233-733 |title=The PLA Navy: New Capabilities and Missions for the 21st Century |date=2 December 2015 |publisher=[[Office of Naval Intelligence]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200842/https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/2015_PLA_NAVY_PUB_Print_Low_Res.pdf?ver=2015-12-02-081233-733 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}}

The navy includes a 25,000 strong [[People's Liberation Army Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] (organised into seven brigades), a 18,000 strong [[People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force|Naval Aviation Force]] operating several hundred attack helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.{{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=244}} As part of its overall programme of naval modernisation, the PLAN is in the stage of developing a [[blue water navy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farley |first=Robert |date=10 November 2021 |title=Does China Qualify as Having a True Blue Water Navy? |work=[[The National Interest]] |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/does-china-qualify-having-true-blue-water-navy-195958 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211032859/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/does-china-qualify-having-true-blue-water-navy-195958 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2012, then Party General Secretary Hu Jintao reported to the CCP's [[18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|18th National Congress]] his desire to "enhance our capacity for exploiting marine resource and build China into a strong maritime power".<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=China launches two destroyers with tech similar to US Navy's Aegis system |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2018/07/03/china-launches-two-destroyers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215065312/https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2018/07/03/china-launches-two-destroyers/ |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=6 July 2018 |website=[[Defense News]]}}</ref> According to the United States [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], the PLAN has numerically the largest navy in the world.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF |title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2020 Annual Report to Congress |date=2021-07-09 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Defense]] |language=en |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194903/https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> The PLAN is led by Commander [[Hu Zhongming]] and Political Commissar is currently vacant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=CMSI Note 16: Confirmed: ADM Yuan Huazhi Removed as the PLAN’s Political Commissar |url=https://nosi.org/2025/09/07/cmsi-note-16-confirmed-adm-yuan-huazhi-removed-as-the-plans-political-commissar/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Naval Open Source Intelligence |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dahm |first=Mike |date=2023-12-28 |title=Who’s Hu, the New PLAN Commander |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2023/december/whos-hu-new-plan-commander |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=[[USNI News]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Air Force ====
[[File:J-20 at Airshow China 2016.jpg|thumb|A [[Chengdu J-20]] [[Fifth-generation jet fighter|5th generation]] stealth fighter]]
{{Main|People's Liberation Army Air Force}}

The 403,000 strong People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) was organized into five Theatre Command Air Forces (TCAF) and 24 air divisions.{{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}} {{As of|2024}}, the system has been changed into 11 [[Grades of the People's Liberation Army|Corps Deputy-grade]] "Bases" controlling air brigades.<ref name=":10" /> Divisions have been mostly converted to brigades,<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Trevethan |first=Lawrence |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1082606.pdf |title="Brigadization" of the PLA Air Force |date=2018 |website=Defense Technical Information Center |publisher=China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI) |isbn=978-1718721159 |pages=1–3 |access-date=2024-05-16 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903134547/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1082606.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> although some (specifically the Bomber divisions, and some of the special mission units){{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}} remain operational as divisions. The largest operational units within the Aviation Corps is the air division, which has 2 to 3 aviation regiments, each with 20 to 36 aircraft. An Air Brigade has from 24 to 50 aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=The Dragon's Wing: The People's Liberation Army Air Force's Strategy > Air University (AU) > Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs Article Display |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3111108/the-dragons-wing-the-peoples-liberation-army-air-forces-strategy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822012050/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3111108/the-dragons-wing-the-peoples-liberation-army-air-forces-strategy/ |archive-date=22 August 2022 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=[[Air University (United States)|Air University]]}}</ref>

The surface-to-air missile (SAM) Corps is organized into SAM [[division (military)|divisions]] and [[brigade]]s. There are also three airborne [[15th Airborne Corps|divisions]] manned by the PLAAF. [[J-XX]] and XXJ are names applied by Western intelligence agencies to describe programs by the People's Republic of China to develop one or more [[Fifth generation jet fighter|fifth-generation]] [[fighter aircraft]].<ref name="JDW">Chang 2002</ref><ref name="miltech">Coniglio 2006, P.44</ref> The PLAAF is led by Commander [[Chang Dingqiu]] and Political Commissar [[Guo Puxiao]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Marcus, Clay |author2=Rod, Lee |date=24 September 2021 |title=Star General Chang Dingqiu Takes Command of China's Air Force |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/star-general-chang-dingqiu-takes-command-of-chinas-air-force/ |access-date=9 October 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927091518/https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/star-general-chang-dingqiu-takes-command-of-chinas-air-force/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2022 |title=[军事报道]张又侠在出席中央军委纪委扩大会议时强调坚决贯彻全面从严治党战略方针深入做好新时代军队纪检监察工作 |trans-title=[Military Report] Zhang Youxia, when attending the enlarged meeting of the Disciplinary Commission of the Central Military Commission, emphasized that we must resolutely implement the strategic policy of strictly governing the party in an all-round way and do a good job in the military discipline inspection and supervision work in the new era. |url=https://tv.cctv.com/2022/01/22/VIDEGvAYf6VkuhyfCN3YHBPZ220122.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122134924/https://tv.cctv.com/2022/01/22/VIDEGvAYf6VkuhyfCN3YHBPZ220122.shtml |archive-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[China Central Television]] |language=zh}}</ref>

==== Rocket Force ====
[[File:China Announces Troop Cuts at WWII Parade (screenshot) 20159180736.JPG|thumb|DF-21Ds at the [[2015 China Victory Day Parade|2015 Victory Parade]]]]
{{Main|People's Liberation Army Rocket Force}}

The People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF) is the main strategic missile force of the PLA and consists of at least 125,000 personnel.{{Sfn|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=240}} It controls China's [[Nuclear weapons of China|nuclear]] and conventional [[strategic missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Roderick |last2=Béraud-Sudreau |first2=Lucie |last3=Brewster |first3=David |last4=Cairns |first4=Christopher |last5=Ellis |first5=R. Evan |last6=Herlevi |first6=April |last7=Nantulya |first7=Paul |last8=Nouwens |first8=Meia |last9=Pincus |first9=Rebecca |last10=Wuthnow |first10=Joel |date=2022 |title=PLA Rocket Force as a Service: New Team Player or Increasingly Irrelevant? |chapter=PLA Rocket Force as a Service |journal=Enabling a More Externally Focused and Operational Pla – 2020 Pla Conference Papers |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep42811.12 |pages=133–154 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200840/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep42811.12 |url-status=live }}</ref> China's total nuclear arsenal size is estimated to be between 100 and 400 thermonuclear warheads. The PLARF is organized into bases sequentially numbered from 61 through 67, wherein the first six are operational and allocated to the nation's theatre commands while Base 67 serves as the PRC's central [[nuclear weapon]]s storage facility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |date=2021-11-02 |title=Chinese nuclear weapons, 2021 |journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |language=en |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=318–336 |bibcode=2021BuAtS..77f.318K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2021.1989208 |issn=0096-3402 |s2cid=244118657 |doi-access=}}</ref> The PLARF is led by Commander Vacant and Political Commissar [[Xu Xisheng]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erickson |first=Andrew |last2=Sharman |first2=Christopher |date=2025-11-13 |title=CMSI Note 17: Replacement Removed: VADM/General Wang Houbin—Naval Star Turned Rocket Force Commander’s Terminal Trajectory |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-notes/17 |journal=CMSI Notes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=China unveils new PLA Rocket Force chief in wake of corruption scandal |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3229515/china-unveils-new-pla-rocket-force-leadership-after-former-commanders-snared-corruption-scandal |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Arms ===
The PLA maintains four arms ({{Zh|s=兵种|p=}}): the [[People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force|Aerospace Force]], the [[People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force|Cyberspace Force]], the [[People's Liberation Army Information Support Force|Information Support Force]], and the [[People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force|Joint Logistics Support Force]]. The four-arm system was established on 19 April 2024.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Chinese PLA embraces a new system of services and arms: Defence spokesperson |url=http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/16302105.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420125715/http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/16302105.html#:~:text=There%20are%20four%20services%2C%20namely%20the%20Army%2C%20the%20Navy%2C%20the%20Air%20Force%20and%20the%20Rocket%20Force%2C%20and%20four%20arms%2C%20including%20the%20Aerospace%20Force%2C%20the%20Cyberspace%20Force%2C%20the%20Information%20Support%20Force%20and%20the%20Joint%20Logistics%20Support%20Force. |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=People's Liberation Army}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
=== Recruitment and terms of service ===
{{Main|Conscription in China}}

The PLA began as an all-volunteer force. In 1955, as part of an effort to modernize the PLA, the first ''Military Service Law'' created a system of compulsory [[military service]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Kenneth |date=January 14, 2022 |title=The Evolution of the PLA's Enlisted Force: Conscription and Recruitment (Part One) |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-evolution-of-the-plas-enlisted-force-conscription-and-recruitment-part-one/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |language=en-US |quote=Following the setback of the Cultural Revolution, in the late 1970s, the PLA embarked on an ambitious program to modernize many aspects of the military, including education, training, and recruitment. Conscripts and volunteers were combined into a single system that allowed conscripts who fulfilled their service obligation to stay in the military as volunteer soldiers for a total of 16 years. |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416185858/https://jamestown.org/program/the-evolution-of-the-plas-enlisted-force-conscription-and-recruitment-part-one/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late 1970s, the PLA has been a hybrid force that combines conscripts and volunteers.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 6, 2023 |title=China is struggling to recruit enough highly skilled troops |url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/11/06/china-is-struggling-to-recruit-enough-highly-skilled-troops |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-02-11 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613 |quote=In the late 1970s it adopted the current hybrid system of volunteers and conscripts. |archive-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210060539/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023/11/06/china-is-struggling-to-recruit-enough-highly-skilled-troops |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Kenneth W. |last2=Corbett |first2=Thomas |last3=Taylor A. |first3=Lee |last4=Xiu |first4=Ma |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Personnel of the People's Liberation Army |url=https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2022-11/Personnel_Peoples_Liberation_Army.pdf |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission]] |page=23 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216095328/https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2022-11/Personnel_Peoples_Liberation_Army.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Conscripts who fulfilled their service obligation can stay in the military as volunteer soldiers for a total of 16 years.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> [[De jure|''De jur''e]], military service with the PLA is obligatory for all Chinese citizens. However, mandatory military service has not been enacted in China since 1949.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wang |first=Amber |date=30 April 2022 |title=The new rules China hopes will build more professional soldiers |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3176096/new-rules-china-hopes-will-build-more-professional-soldiers |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722173807/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3176096/new-rules-china-hopes-will-build-more-professional-soldiers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="times_2301">{{cite magazine |date=6 January 2023 |title=Taiwan Is Extending Conscription. Here's How Its Military Compares to Other Countries |url=https://time.com/6245036/taiwan-conscription-military-comparison/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108050220/https://time.com/6245036/taiwan-conscription-military-comparison/ |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Due to the effect of the [[one-child policy]], over 70 percent of the PLA and 80 percent of its combat troops come from one-child households, according to [[Liu Mingfu]] of the [[People's Liberation Army National Defense University|National Defense University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chan |first=Minnie |date=5 February 2014 |title=Soldiers of the one-child era: are they too weak to fulfill Beijing's military ambitions? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1421451/soldiers-one-child-era-are-they-too-weak-fulfill-beijings-military |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref>

===Women and ethnic minorities===
{{anchor|Women in the People's Liberation Army}}
{{anchor|Ethnic minorities in the People's Liberation Army}}
[[File:Военная делегация из Китая посетила Военную академию Генерального штаба ВС РФ.png|thumb|Female Colonel of the [[People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force|Joint Logistics Support Force]]]]
Women participated extensively in [[unconventional warfare]], including in combat positions, in the [[Chinese Red Army]] during the [[Chinese Communist Revolution|revolutionary period]], Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) and the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).<ref name="lixiaolin_1993">{{cite journal |last=Li |first=Xiaolin |date=1993 |title=Chinese Women in the People's Liberation Army: Professionals or Quasi-Professionals? |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45346560 |journal=[[Armed Forces & Society]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=69–83 |doi=10.1177/0095327X9302000105 |jstor=45346560 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="kania_2016">{{cite journal |last=Kania |first=Elsa |date=4 October 2016 |title=Holding Up Half the Sky? (Part 1)—The Evolution of Women's Roles in the PLA |url=https://jamestown.org/program/holding-half-sky-part-1-evolution-womens-roles-pla/ |url-status=live |journal=China Brief |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |volume=16 |issue=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401171605/https://jamestown.org/program/holding-half-sky-part-1-evolution-womens-roles-pla/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, along with the People's Liberation Army (PLA)'s transition toward the conventional military organization, the role of women in the armed forces gradually reduced to support, medical, and logistics roles.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /> It was considered a prestigious choice for women to join the military. Serving in the military opens up opportunities for education, training, higher status, and relocation to cities after completing the service. During the Cultural Revolution, military service was regarded as a privilege and a method to avoid the [[Down to the Countryside Movement]].<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" />

In the 1980s, the PLA underwent large-scale demobilization amid the [[reform and opening up]], and women were discharged back to civilian society for economic development while the exclusion of women in the military expanded.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /> In the 1990s, the PLA revived the recruitment of female personnel in regular [[military formation]]s but primarily focused on non-combat roles at specialized positions.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /> Most women were trained in areas such as academic/engineering, [[Combat medic|medics]], [[Military communications|communications]], intelligence, cultural work, and administrative work, as these positions conform to the traditional gender roles. Women in the PLA were more likely to be cadets and officers instead of enlisted soldiers because of their specializations.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /> The military organization still preserved some female combat units as public exemplars of social equality.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /><ref name="kania_2016" />

Both enlisted and cadet women personnel underwent the same [[Military recruit training|basic training]] as their male counterparts in the PLA, but many of them serve in predominantly female [[Military organization|organizations]]. Due to ideological reasons, the regulation governing the segregation of sex in the PLA is prohibited, but a quasi-segregated arrangement for women's organizations is still applied through considerations of convenience.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /> Women were likelier to hold commanding positions in female-heavy organizations such as medical, logistic, research, and political work units, but sometimes in combat units during peacetime.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /> In PLAAF, women traditionally pilot transport aircraft or serve as crew members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/CASI/Display/Article/2841996/females-in-the-pla-air-force/ |title=Females in the PLA Air Force |website=China Aerospace Studies Institute |date=15 November 2021 |first=Kenneth |last=W. Allen |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401164601/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/CASI/Display/Article/2841996/females-in-the-pla-air-force/#:~:text=Historically%2C%20females%20in%20the%20PLAAF,units%2C%20and%20the%20Airborne%20Corps. |url-status=live }}</ref> There had been a small number of high-ranking female officials in the PLA since 1949, but the advancement of position had remained relatively uncommon.<ref name="lixiaolin_1993" /><ref name="kania_2016" /> In the 2010s, women were increasingly serving in combat roles, in mixed-gender organizations alongside their male counterparts, and to the same physical standard.<ref name="kania_2016" />

The military actively promotes opportunities for women in the military, such as celebrating [[International Women's Day]] for the members of the armed forces, publicizing the number of firsts for female officers and enlisted personnel, including deployments with peacekeeping forces or serving on PLA Navy's first aircraft carrier, announcing female military achievements in state media, and promoting female special forces through news reports or popular media.<ref name="kania_2016" /> PLA does not publish detailed gender composition of its armed forces, but the [[Jamestown Foundation]] estimated approximately 5% of the active military force in China is female.<ref name="kaniaallen_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kania |first1=Elsa |last2=Allen |first2=Kenneth |date=26 October 2016 |title=Holding Up Half the Sky? (Part 2)—The Evolution of Women's Roles in the PLA |url=https://jamestown.org/program/holding-half-sky-part-2-evolution-womens-roles-pla/ |url-status=live |journal=China Brief |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |volume=16 |issue=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401171607/https://jamestown.org/program/holding-half-sky-part-2-evolution-womens-roles-pla/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

National unity and territorial integrity are central themes of the Chinese Communist Revolution. The Chinese Red Army and the succeeding PLA actively recruited [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]]. During the Chinese Civil War, Mongol cavalry units were formed. During the Korean War, as many as 50,000 ethnic Koreans in China volunteered to join the PLA. PLA's recruitment of minorities generally correlates to state policies. During the early years, minorities were given preferential treatment, with special attention given to recruitment and training. In the 1950s, ethnic Mongols accounted for 52% of all officers in [[Inner Mongolia]] military region. During the [[Great Leap Forward]] and Cultural Revolution, armed forces emphasized "socialist culture", assimilation policies, and the construction of common identities between soldiers of different ethnicities.<ref name="Heaton_1977">{{cite journal |last=William R. |first=Heaton |date=1977 |title=The Minorities and the Military in China |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45346013. |journal=[[Armed Forces & Society]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=325–342 |doi=10.1177/0095327X7700300211 |jstor=45346013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

For ethnic minority cadets and officials, overall development follows national policies. Typically, minority officers hold officer positions in their home regions. Examples included over 34% of the battalion and regimental cadres in [[Yi people|Yi]] autonomous region militia were of the Yi ethnicity, and 45% of the militia cadres in Tibetan local militia were of Tibetan ethnicity. Ethnical minorities achieved high-ranking positions in the PLA, and the percentage of appointments appears to follow the ratio of the Chinese population composition.<ref name="Heaton_1977" /> Prominent figures included ethnic Mongol general [[Ulanhu]], who served in high-ranking roles in the Inner Mongolian region and as vice president of China, and [[Saifuddin Azizi]], a [[Lieutenant General]] and an ethnic [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] who served in the [[CCP Central Committee]].<ref name="Heaton_1977" /> There were a few instances of ethnic distrust within the PLA, with one prominent example being the defection of [[Margub Iskhakov]], an ethnic [[Muslim]] [[Tatars|Tatar]] PLA general, to the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1960s. However, his defection largely contributed to his disillusion with the failed Great Leap Forward policies, instead of his ethnic background.<ref name="ziyang_2017">{{cite web |last=Yang |first=Zi |date=9 September 2017 |title=Ethnicity factors strongly in PLA promotions |url=https://asiatimes.com/2017/09/racism-always-determine-pla-promotions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401164602/https://asiatimes.com/2017/09/racism-always-determine-pla-promotions/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref> In modern times, ethnic representation is most visible among junior-ranking officers. Only a few minorities reach the highest-ranking positions.<ref name="ziyang_2017" />

===Rank structure ===
{{Main|Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy|Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force|People's Liberation Army rank insignia}}

====Officers====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/People's Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/People's Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLARF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)}}
|}

====Other ranks====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/People's Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/People's Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLARF)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/People's Republic of China (PLASSF)}}
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== Weapons and equipment ==
According to the [[United States Department of Defense]], China is developing kinetic-energy weapons, high-powered lasers, high-powered [[microwave|microwave weapon]]s, [[Particle beam#Military|particle-beam weapon]]s, and [[electromagnetic pulse]] weapons with its increase of military fundings.<ref>The Standard, 5 March 2008, Volume 1, No. 134, Major jump in military spending, Alarm raised over cyber, space advance, ''the Pentagon said in a report. … "The PLA is also exploring satellite jammers, kinetic-energy weapons, high-powered lasers, high-powered microwave weapons, particle-beam weapons, and electromagnetic pulse weapons for counterspace application", it said, adding it was not clear if the cyber intrusions were backed by the military.''</ref>

Responding to reports that its modernisation is dependent on sales of advanced technology from American allies, PLA senior leadership have stated: "Some have politicized China's normal commercial cooperation with foreign countries, damaging our reputation." These contributions include advanced European diesel engines for Chinese warships, military helicopter designs from Eurocopter, French anti-submarine sonars and helicopters,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://in.reuters.com/article/us-breakout-submarines-special-report-idINBRE9BI0PD20131219 |title = Chinese military's secret to success: European engineering |last1 = Lague |first1 = David |date = 19 December 2013 |work = Reuters |access-date = 20 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220211323/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/12/19/us-breakout-submarines-special-report-idINBRE9BI0PD20131219 |archive-date = 20 December 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Australian technology for the [[Houbei class missile boat]],<ref>Lague, David. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-military-technology-idUSBRE84U1HG20120531 "Insight: From a ferry, a Chinese fast-attack boat."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153056/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-military-technology-idUSBRE84U1HG20120531 |date=16 November 2021 }} Reuters, 31 May 2012.</ref> and Israeli supplied American missile, laser and aircraft technology.<ref name="G">{{cite web |title = U.S. up in arms over Sino-Israeli ties |url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FL21Ak01.html |date = 21 December 2004 |work = [[Asia Times]] |access-date = 11 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516232241/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FL21Ak01.html |archive-date = 16 May 2008 |url-status = unfit }}</ref>

According to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]'s data, China became the world's third largest exporter of major arms in 2010–14, an increase of 143 percent from the period 2005–2009.<ref>{{cite web |title = The United States leads upward trend in arms exports, Asian and Gulf states arms imports up, says SIPRI |url = http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/2015/at-march-2015 |website = sipri.org |date = 16 March 2015 |publisher = [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] (SIPRI) |access-date = 18 March 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160409121211/http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/2015/at-march-2015 |archive-date = 9 April 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref> SIPRI also calculated that China surpassed Russia to become the world's second largest arms exporter by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/new-sipri-data-reveals-scale-chinese-arms-industry|title=New SIPRI data reveals scale of Chinese arms industry|date=27 January 2020|website=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127055352/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/new-sipri-data-reveals-scale-chinese-arms-industry|archive-date=27 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

China's share of global arms exports hence increased from 3 to 5 percent. China supplied major arms to 35 states in 2010–14. A significant percentage (just over 68 percent) of Chinese exports went to three countries: Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. China also exported major arms to 18 African states. Examples of China's increasing global presence as an arms supplier in 2010–14 included deals with Venezuela for armoured vehicles and transport and trainer aircraft, with Algeria for three frigates, with Indonesia for the supply of hundreds of anti-ship missiles and with Nigeria for the supply of several unmanned combat aerial vehicles.<ref name="auto"/>

Following rapid advances in its arms industry, China has become less dependent on arms imports, which decreased by 42 percent between 2005–09 and 2010–14. Russia accounted for 61 percent of Chinese arms imports, followed by France with 16 percent and Ukraine with 13 per cent. Helicopters formed a major part of Russian and French deliveries, with the French designs produced under licence in China.<ref name="auto"/>

Over the years, China has struggled to design and produce effective engines for combat and transport vehicles. It continued to import large numbers of engines from Russia and Ukraine in 2010–14 for indigenously designed combat, advanced trainer and transport aircraft, and naval ships. It also produced British-, French- and German-designed engines for combat aircraft, naval ships and armoured vehicles, mostly as part of agreements that have been in place for decades.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014 |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319023856/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |website=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |publisher= |ref=SIPRI Fact Sheet, March 2015}}</ref>

In August 2021, China tested a nuclear-capable [[Hypersonic flight|hypersonic missile]] that circled the globe before speeding towards its target.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden airs hypersonic missile fears as probable ambassador labels China 'untrustworthy' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/biden-airs-hypersonic-missile-fears-as-probable-ambassador-labels-china-untrustworthy/a-59568428 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=20 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028041828/https://www.dw.com/en/biden-airs-hypersonic-missile-fears-as-probable-ambassador-labels-china-untrustworthy/a-59568428 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Financial Times'' reported that "the test showed that China had made astounding progress on hypersonic weapons and was far more advanced than U.S. officials realized."<ref>{{cite news |title=China successfully tested hypersonic weapon in August: report |url=https://www.space.com/china-hypersonic-weapon-test-august |work=[[Space.com]] |date=17 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180017/https://www.space.com/china-hypersonic-weapon-test-august |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Zapad 2021]] joint strategic exercise, most of the gear comprised novel Chinese arms such as the [[Shaanxi KJ-500|KJ-500 airborne early warning and control aircraft]], [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]] and [[Shenyang J-16|J-16 fighters]], [[Xi'an Y-20|Y-20 transport planes]], and surveillance and combat drones.<ref>[[Bonny Lin]], Matthew P. Funaiole, Brian Hart, ''et.al.'' China Power Project. (2023). "How Deep Are China-Russia Military Ties?". [https://chinapower.csis.org/china-russia-military-cooperation-arms-sales-exercises/ Center for Strategic and International Studies website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807132132/https://chinapower.csis.org/china-russia-military-cooperation-arms-sales-exercises/ |date=7 August 2023 }} Retrieved 7 August 2023.</ref> Another joint forces exercise took place in August 2023 near Alaska.<ref>Michael R. Gordon and Nancy A. Youssef. (6 Aug 2023). "Russia and China Sent Large Naval Patrol Near Alaska". [https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-and-china-sent-large-naval-patrol-near-alaska-127de28b Wall Street Journal website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807132130/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-and-china-sent-large-naval-patrol-near-alaska-127de28b |date=7 August 2023 }} Retrieved 7 August 2023.</ref>

On 24 September 2024, the PLARF performed its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) test over the Pacific Ocean since the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davidson |first=Helen |date=2024-09-25 |title=China test launches intercontinental ballistic missile for first time in decades |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/25/china-missile-test-icbm-pla-rocket-force |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=China conducts rare public test launch of intercontinental ballistic missile |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/china/china-icbm-test-ballistic-missile-launch-b2618502.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925222921/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/china/china-icbm-test-ballistic-missile-launch-b2618502.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cyberwarfare ===
{{Main|Cyberwarfare and China}}

There is a belief in the Western military doctrines that the PLA have already begun engaging countries using cyber-warfare.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gorman |first=Siobhan |date=8 April 2009 |title=Electricity Grid in U.S. Penetrated By Spies |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123914805204099085 |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108232759/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123914805204099085 |archive-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> There has been a significant increase in the number of presumed Chinese military initiated cyber events from 1999 to the present day.<ref>{{citation |first = Bryan |last = Krekel |title = Capability of the People's Republic of China to Conduct Cyber Warfare and Computer Network Exploitation |publisher = [[Northrop Grumman]] |year = 2009 |url = http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2009/NorthropGrumman_PRC_Cyber_Paper_FINAL_Approved%20Report_16Oct2009.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110203052113/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2009/NorthropGrumman_PRC_Cyber_Paper_FINAL_Approved%20Report_16Oct2009.pdf |archive-date = 3 February 2011 }}</ref>

Cyberwarfare has gained recognition as a valuable technique because it is an asymmetric technique that is a part of [[Chinese information operations and information warfare|information operations and information warfare]]. As is written by two PLAGF Colonels, [[Qiao Liang (writer)|Qiao Liang]] and [[Wang Xiangsui]] in the book ''[[Unrestricted Warfare]]'', "Methods that are not characterized by the use of the force of arms, nor by the use of military power, nor even by the presence of casualties and bloodshed, are just as likely to facilitate the successful realization of the war's goals, if not more so.<ref>{{citation |last1=Qiao |first1=Liang |last2=Wang |first2 = Xiangsui |title = Unrestricted Warfare |year=1999 |url = http://www.terrorism.com/documents/unrestricted.pdf |publisher = PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House via [[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]] |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000815214700/http://www.terrorism.com/documents/unrestricted.pdf |archive-date = 15 August 2000 }}</ref>

While China has long been suspected of [[cyber spying]], on 24 May 2011 the PLA announced the existence of having 'cyber capabilities'.<ref>Beech, Hannah. [https://world.time.com/2011/05/27/meet-chinas-newest-soldiers-an-online-blue-army/ "Meet China's Newest Soldiers: An Online Blue Army."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927020105/https://world.time.com/2011/05/27/meet-chinas-newest-soldiers-an-online-blue-army/ |date=27 September 2024 }} ''[[time (magazine)|Time]]'', 27 May 2011.</ref>

In February 2013, the media named "Comment Crew" as a hacker military faction for China's People's Liberation Army.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/technology/chinas-army-is-seen-as-tied-to-hacking-against-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=David E. |last=Sanger |title=China's Army Is Seen as Tied to Hacking Against U.S |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310124107/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/technology/chinas-army-is-seen-as-tied-to-hacking-against-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |archive-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014, a Federal [[Grand Jury]] in the United States indicted five [[PLA Unit 61398|Unit 61398]] officers on criminal charges related to cyber attacks on private companies based in the United States after alleged investigations by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] who exposed their identities in collaboration with US intelligence agencies such as the CIA.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-charges-five-chinese-military-hackers-cyber-espionage-against-us-corporations-and-labor "U.S. Charges Five Chinese Military Hackers for Cyber Espionage . . . "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203185110/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-charges-five-chinese-military-hackers-cyber-espionage-against-us-corporations-and-labor |date=3 December 2015 }}, 19 May 2014, justice.gov</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/us/us-to-charge-chinese-workers-with-cyberspying.html "5 in China Army Face U.S. Charges of Cyberattacks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519141057/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/us/us-to-charge-chinese-workers-with-cyberspying.html |date=19 May 2017 }}, 19 May 2014, NY Times</ref>

In February 2020, the United States government indicted members of China's People's Liberation Army for the [[2017 Equifax data breach]], which involved hacking into Equifax and plundering sensitive data as part of a massive heist that also included stealing trade secrets, though the CCP denied these claims.<ref name="cbs china deny">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-denies-responsibility-in-equifax-breach-after-doj-charges-four-military-members/ |title=Data from Equifax credit hack could "end up on the black market," expert warns |date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=February 11, 2020 |work=[[CBS News]] |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702012248/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-denies-responsibility-in-equifax-breach-after-doj-charges-four-military-members/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WSJ Indicted">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/four-members-of-china-s-military-indicted-for-massive-equifax-breach-11581346824 |title=Four Members of China's Military Indicted Over Massive Equifax Breach |date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529205316/https://www.wsj.com/articles/four-members-of-china-s-military-indicted-for-massive-equifax-breach-11581346824 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Nuclear capabilities ===
{{Main|Nuclear weapons of China}}

[[File:Medium and Intercontinental Range Ballistic Missiles.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The range of [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force|the PLA Rocket Force's]] medium and intercontinental ballistic missiles (2006)]]

The first of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of China|China's nuclear weapons tests]] took place in 1964, and its [[Test No. 6|first hydrogen bomb test]] occurred in 1967 at [[Lop Nur]]. Tests continued until 1996, when the country signed the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (CTBT), but did not ratify it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |author-link=Julian Borger |date=2020-04-16 |title=China may have conducted low-level nuclear test, US claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/china-may-have-conducted-low-level-nuclear-test-us-report-claims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529174223/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/china-may-have-conducted-low-level-nuclear-test-us-report-claims |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-29 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The number of nuclear warheads in China's arsenal remains a state secret.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |author-link=Hans M. Kristensen |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2024-01-02 |title=Chinese nuclear weapons, 2024 |journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=49–72 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2023.2295206 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024BuAtS..80a..49K }}</ref> There are varying estimates of the size of China's arsenal. The ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'' and [[Federation of American Scientists]] estimated in 2024 that China has a stockpile of approximately 438 nuclear warheads,<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2023 |title=Status of World Nuclear Forces |url=https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529182756/https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/ |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |language=en-US}}</ref> while the [[United States Department of Defense]] put the estimate at more than 500 operational nuclear warheads,<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Feng |first=Emily |date=October 19, 2023 |title=New Pentagon report claims China now has over 500 operational nuclear warheads |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/19/1207156597/new-pentagon-report-claims-china-now-has-over-500-operational-nuclear-warheads |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020031121/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/19/1207156597/new-pentagon-report-claims-china-now-has-over-500-operational-nuclear-warheads |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=October 19, 2023 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref> making it the [[List of countries with nuclear weapons#Estimated worldwide nuclear stockpiles|third-largest]] in the world.

China's policy has traditionally been one of [[no first use]] while maintaining a deterrent retaliatory force targeted for [[countervalue]] targets.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |author-link=Hans M. Kristensen |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Reynolds |first3=Eliana |date=2023-03-04 |title=Chinese nuclear weapons, 2023 |journal=[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |language=en |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=108–133 |bibcode=2023BuAtS..79b.108K |doi=10.1080/00963402.2023.2178713 |issn=0096-3402 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to a 2023 study by the [[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]], China's nuclear doctrine has historically leaned toward maintaining a secure [[Second strike|second-strike]] capability.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Logan |first1=David C |last2=Saunders |first2=Philip C. |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Discerning the Drivers of China's Nuclear Force Development: Models, Indicators, and Data |url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/3471053/discerning-the-drivers-of-chinas-nuclear-force-development-models-indicators-an/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930001818/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/3471053/discerning-the-drivers-of-chinas-nuclear-force-development-models-indicators-an/ |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=[[National Defense University Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Space ===
{{See also|ASAT program of China}}
Having witnessed the crucial role of space to United States military success in the [[Gulf War]], China continues to view space as a critical domain in both conflict and international [[strategic competition]].<ref name="Cheng-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Dean |date=2012 |title=China's military role in space |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-06_Issue-1/Cheng.pdf |journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=55–77 |via=[[Air University (United States Air Force)|Air University]] |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119013057/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-06_Issue-1/Cheng.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=China's National Defense in the New Era |url=https://www.andrewerickson.com/2019/07/full-text-of-defense-white-paper-chinas-national-defense-in-the-new-era-english-chinese-versions/ |website=Andrew S. Erickson: China analysis from original sources |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119013056/https://www.andrewerickson.com/2019/07/full-text-of-defense-white-paper-chinas-national-defense-in-the-new-era-english-chinese-versions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The PLA operates a various satellite constellations performing [[Reconnaissance satellite|reconnaissance]], [[Satellite navigation|navigation]], [[Communications satellite|communication]], and [[Anti-satellite weapon|counterspace]] functions.<ref name="Clark">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=29 January 2021 |title=China launches military spy satellite trio into orbit |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/01/29/china-launches-military-spy-satellite-trio-into-orbit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023185527/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/01/29/china-launches-military-spy-satellite-trio-into-orbit/ |archive-date=23 October 2022 |website=Spaceflight Now}}</ref><ref name="op_china">{{cite news |date=27 December 2011 |title=China GPS rival Beidou starts offering navigation data |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648 |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203001904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648 |archive-date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bruce-2021">{{Cite news |last=Bruce |first=Leo |date=26 November 2021 |title=China successfully launches tactical military communications satellite |work=[[NASA]] Spaceflight |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/china-launches-military-satellite/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119013109/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/china-launches-military-satellite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dickinson-2021a">{{Cite report |url=https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Dickinson04.20.2021.pdf |title=United States Space Command Presentation to the Senate Armed Services Committee U.S. Senate |last=Dickinson |first=General James H. |date=21 April 2021 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826005031/https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Dickinson04.20.2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Planners at PLA's National Defense University project China's space actions as retaliatory or preventative, following conditions like an attack on a Chinese satellite, an attack on China, or the interruption of a PLA amphibious landing.<ref name=":Li">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |pages=266 |chapter=Beijing's Military Power and East Asian-Pacific Hot Spots |jstor=jj.15136086 |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref> According to this approach, PLA planners assume that the country must have the capacity for retaliation and second-strike capability against a powerful opponent.<ref name=":Li" /> PLA planners envision a limited space war and therefore seek to identify weak but critical nodes in other space systems.<ref name=":Li" />

Significant components of the PLA's space-based reconnaissance include Jianbing (vanguard) satellites with cover names [[Yaogan]] ({{Zh|c=遥感|l=remote sensing|labels=no}}) and [[Gaofen]] ({{Zh|s=高分|labels=no|l=high resolution}}).<ref name="Clark"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=22 November 2021 |title=China launches new Gaofen-11 high resolution spy satellite to match U.S. capabilities |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/china-launches-new-gaofen-11-high-resolution-spy-satellite-to-match-u-s-capabilities/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211032728/https://spacenews.com/china-launches-new-gaofen-11-high-resolution-spy-satellite-to-match-u-s-capabilities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These satellites collect [[Electro-optical sensor|electro-optical]] (EO) imagery to collect a literal representation of a [[Targeting (warfare)|target]], [[Synthetic-aperture radar|synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR) imagery to penetrate the cloudy climates of [[South China|southern China]],<ref name="Sino Defense-2007">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2007 |title=JianBing 5 (YaoGan WeiXing 1/3) Synthetic Aperture Radar |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/strategic/spacecraft/jianbing5.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421185528/http://www.sinodefence.com/strategic/spacecraft/jianbing5.asp |archive-date=21 April 2008 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=Sino Defense}}</ref> and [[electronic intelligence]] (ELINT) to provide targeting intelligence on adversarial ships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2016 |title=The Chinese Maritime Surveillance System |url=https://satelliteobservation.net/2016/09/20/the-chinese-maritime-surveillance-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317214541/https://satelliteobservation.net/2016/09/20/the-chinese-maritime-surveillance-system/ |archive-date=17 March 2022 |website=SatelliteObservation.net}}</ref><ref name="Blizzard-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Blizzard |first=Timothy J. |year=2016 |title=The PLA, A2/AD and the ADF: Lessons for Future Maritime Strategy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26465599 |journal=Security Challenges |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=69–70 |jstor=26465599 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119013105/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26465599 |url-status=live }}</ref> The PLA also leverages a restricted, high-performance service of the country's BeiDou [[Positioning system|positioning, navigation, and timing]] (PNT) satellites for its forces and [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance]] (ISR) platforms.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Precise orbit determination of Beidou Satellites with precise positioning |url=http://earth.scichina.com:8080/sciDe/EN/abstract/abstract507876.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617060128/http://earth.scichina.com:8080/sciDe/EN/abstract/abstract507876.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013 |work=Science China}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dotson |first=John |date=15 July 2020 |title=The Beidou Satellite Network and the 'Space Silk Road' in Eurasia |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-beidou-satellite-network-and-the-space-silk-road-in-eurasia/ |access-date=2020-07-16 |newspaper=Jamestown |language=en-US |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094445/http://jamestown.org/program/the-beidou-satellite-network-and-the-space-silk-road-in-eurasia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For secure communications, the PLA uses the Zhongxing and Fenghuo series of satellites which enable secure data and voice transmission over [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]], [[Ku band|Ku-band]], and [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]].<ref name="Bruce-2021" /> PLA deployment of anti-satellite and counterspace satellites including those of the [[Shijian]] and [[Shiyan]] series have also brought significant concern from western nations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Marcia |date=19 August 2013 |title=Surprise Chinese Satellite Maneuvers Mystify Western Experts |work=SpacePolicyOnline |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/surprise-chinese-satelllite-maneuvers-mystify-western-experts/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128213524/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/surprise-chinese-satelllite-maneuvers-mystify-western-experts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dickinson-2021a"/><ref name="Jones-2022">{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=27 January 2022 |title=China's Shijian-21 towed dead satellite to a high graveyard orbit |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-shijian-21-spacecraft-docked-with-and-towed-a-dead-satellite/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203142431/https://spacenews.com/chinas-shijian-21-spacecraft-docked-with-and-towed-a-dead-satellite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The PLA also plays a significant role in the [[Chinese space program]].<ref name="Cheng-2012" /> To date, all the participants have been selected from members of the PLA Air Force.<ref name="Cheng-2012" /> China became the third country in the world to have sent a man into space by its own means with the flight of [[Yang Liwei]] aboard the [[Shenzhou 5]] spacecraft on 15 October 2003,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yardley |first=Jim |date=15 October 2003 |title=China Sends a Man Into Orbit, Entering the U.S.–Russian Club |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/15/world/china-sends-a-man-into-orbit-entering-the-us-russian-club.html |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119013057/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/15/world/china-sends-a-man-into-orbit-entering-the-us-russian-club.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the flight of [[Fei Junlong]] and [[Nie Haisheng]] aboard [[Shenzhou 6]] on 12 October 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mali |first=Tariq |date=18 October 2005 |title=Shenzhou 6 Taikonauts Achieve Firsts for China |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/shenzhou-6-taikonauts-achieve-firsts-china/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211032741/https://spacenews.com/shenzhou-6-taikonauts-achieve-firsts-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Zhai Zhigang]], [[Liu Boming (taikonaut)|Liu Boming]], and [[Jing Haipeng]] aboard [[Shenzhou 7]] on 25 September 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=7 November 2021 |title=China's Shenzhou 13 crew takes its first spacewalk, the country's 1st by a female astronaut |work=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/china-shenzhou-13-first-female-spacewalk |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107191224/https://www.space.com/china-shenzhou-13-first-female-spacewalk |url-status=live }}</ref>

The PLA started the development of an anti-ballistic and anti-satellite system in the 1960s, code named Project 640, including ground-based lasers and anti-satellite missiles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Mark A. |url=https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1148&context=monographs |title=China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States |date=1999 |publisher=Diane Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-1197-0 |language=en |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112034405/https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1148&context=monographs |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 January 2007, China conducted a successful [[2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test|test]] of an [[anti-satellite missile]], with an SC-19 class KKV.<ref name="channelnewsasia.com">[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/253580/1/.html China plays down fears after satellite shot down] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929015038/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/253580/1/.html |date=29 September 2011 }}, [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] via [[MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia|Channelnewsasia]], 20 January 2007</ref>

The PLA has tested two types of hypersonic space vehicles, the Shenglong Spaceplane and a new one built by [[Chengdu Aircraft Corporation]]. Only a few pictures have appeared since it was revealed in late 2007. Earlier, images of the High-enthalpy Shock Waves Laboratory [[wind tunnel]] of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences|CAS]] Key Laboratory of high-temperature gas dynamics (LHD) were published in the Chinese media. Tests with speeds up to Mach 20 were reached around 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lhd.imech.cas.cn/kyzb/201307/t20130723_116736.html |title=氢氧爆轰驱动激波高焓风洞 |publisher=中国科学院高温气体动力学重点实验室 |date=17 March 2005 |access-date=16 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002515/http://lhd.imech.cas.cn/kyzb/201307/t20130723_116736.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="strategycenter.net">{{cite web |last=Fisher, Jr. |first=Richard |date=29 June 2011 |title=PLA and U.S. Arms Racing in the Western Pacific |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.247/pub_detail.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131161229/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.247/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=31 January 2014 |access-date=20 June 2012 |website=[[International Assessment and Strategy Center]] |publisher= |quote=It is also possible that during this decade the PLA Navy could deploy initial railgun and laser weapons. It is known that the PLA has invested heavily in both technologies. |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Budget ==
{{Main|Military budget of China}}

China's official military budget for 2025 was at 1.78 trillion yuan (US$246 billion), which is an increase of 7.2% over the last year.<ref name=":25">{{Cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Laurie |last2=Torode |first2=Greg |date=5 March 2025 |title=China maintains defence spending increase at 7.2% amid roiling geopolitical tensions |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-maintains-defence-spending-increase-72-2025-03-05/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] (SIPRI) estimated that China's military expenditure was US$314 billion in 2024, the second-largest in the world after the United States and accounting for [[List of countries by military expenditures|12 percent of the world's defence expenditures]].'''''<ref name="SIPRI-2020"/>'''''
{{Military spending top 25 countries}}
{{clear}}

== Symbols ==

=== Anthem ===
{{Main|Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army}}

[[File:Оркестр Народно-освободительной армии Китая.jpg|thumb|The [[Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China]] at the [[Great Hall of the People]]. The band is a common performer of the military anthem of the PLA at ceremonial protocol events.]]
The March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army was adopted as the military anthem by the Central Military Commission on 25 July 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2021 |title=1988年7月25日，中央軍事委員會決定將《中國人民解放軍進行曲》，定為中國人民解放軍的軍歌。 |trans-title=July 25, 1988: March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is designate as the military song of the People's Liberation Army |url=https://www.ourchinastory.com/zh/2070/%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2%E3%80%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%82%BA%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%AD%8C |website=Our China Story |language=zh |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200842/https://www.ourchinastory.com/zh/2070/%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2%E3%80%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%82%BA%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%AD%8C |url-status=live }}</ref> The lyrics of the anthem were written by composer [[Gong Mu]] (real name: Zhang Yongnian; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 张永年) and the music was composed by Korea-born Chinese composer [[Zheng Lücheng]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2010 |title=军歌歌词是怎样变迁的？那些"飘扬的旗帜" |language=zh |trans-title=How did the lyrics of military songs change? Those "Flags Waving" |work=[[China News Service]] |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2010/07-16/2406888.shtml |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200841/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2010/07-16/2406888.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Lily Xiao Hong |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0765600439 |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II |last2=Wiles |first2=Sue |date=2015-01-28 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-51562-3 |edition=0 |pages=145 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315719313 |quote="... situation of their conflicting nationalities by returning to China, where Zheng Lücheng took out Chinese citizenship. ... PRC, Zheng Lücheng was active in his work as a composer; he wrote the music for the Western-style opera Cloud Gazing."}}</ref>

=== Flag and insignia ===
{{Main|Emblem of the People's Liberation Army|Flag of the People's Liberation Army}}

The PLA's insignia consists of a roundel with a red star bearing the two [[Chinese character]]s "{{lang|zh|八一}}"(literally "eight-one"), referring to the [[Nanchang uprising]] which began on 1 August 1927 (first day of the eighth month) and symbolic as the CCP's founding of the PLA.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wu |first=Fei |date=2009-10-01 |title=Military Parade Marks Anniversary |publisher=China Daily |agency=Xinhua |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/60th/2009-10/01/content_8759348.htm |accessdate=2009-11-04 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009092009/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/60th/2009-10/01/content_8759348.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The inclusion of the two characters ("{{lang|zh|八一}}") is symbolic of the party's revolutionary history carrying strong emotional connotations of the political power which it shed blood to obtain. The flag of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is the war flag of the People's Liberation Army; the layout of the flag has a golden star at the top left corner and "{{lang|zh|八一}}" to the right of the star, placed on a red field. Each service branch also has its flags: The top {{frac|5|8}} of the flags is the same as the PLA flag; the bottom {{frac|3|8}} are occupied by the colors of the branches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diyifanwen.com/fanwen/bayijianjunjie/143152262.html|title=81 Flag and Other Signs|language=zh|access-date=2009-11-04|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201134106/https://www.diyifanwen.com/fanwen/bayijianjunjie/143152262.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The flag of the Ground Forces has a forest green bar at the bottom. The naval ensign has stripes of blue and white at the bottom. The Air Force uses a sky blue bar. The Rocket Force uses a yellow bar at the bottom. The forest green represents the earth, the blue and white stripes represent the seas, the sky blue represents the air and the yellow represents the flare of missile launching.<ref>{{cite web |date=2004-06-23 |title=Flag, Emblem and Song of the People's Liberation Army |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-06/23/content_1542456.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711142438/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-06/23/content_1542456.htm |archive-date=11 July 2016 |access-date=2009-11-04 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |publisher= |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-07-01 |title=Uniform of Rocket Force |url=http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0701/c1011-28516063.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104131431/http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0701/c1011-28516063.html |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=2016-07-06 |work=[[People's Daily]] |language=zh}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="120">
File:People's Liberation Army Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background.|PLA
File:Ground Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a green bar.|[[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Ground Force]]
File:Naval Ensign of the People's Republic of China.svg|alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag are stripes of blue, white, blue, white and blue.|[[People's Liberation Army Navy|Navy]]
File:Air Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a sky blue bar.|[[People's Liberation Army Air Force|Air Force]]
File:Rocket Force Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|alt=A golden star, along with three Chinese characters, placed on a red background. At the bottom of a flag is a yellow bar.|[[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force|Rocket Force]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Communism}}
* [[Outline of the Chinese Civil War]]
* [[Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Republic of China Armed Forces]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |url=https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN33195-ATP_7-100.3-000-WEB-1.pdf |title=Army Techniques Publication 7-100.3: Chinese Tactics |publisher=Headquarters, United States Army |year=2021 |isbn=9798457607118 |location=Washington, D.C. |ref={{sfnref|ATP 7-100.3: Chinese Tactics|2021}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Goldstein |first1=Melvyn C. |title=The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21254-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gFKI09MWuUC |language=en}}
*{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2025 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olpEEQAAQBAJ |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=12 February 2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-003-63076-0 |doi=10.4324/9781003630760 |ref=IISS2025}}
* {{cite report |last1=Kaufman |first1=Alison A. |last2=Mackenzie |first2=Peter W. |date=2009 |title=The Culture of the Chinese People's Liberation Army |url=https://publicintelligence.net/mcia-pla-culture-study/ |publisher=Marine Corps Intelligence Activity |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623194841/https://publicintelligence.net/mcia-pla-culture-study/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |editor1-last=Pollpeter |editor1-first=Kevin |editor2-last=Allen |editor2-first=Kenneth W. |date=14 June 2012 |title=The PLA as Organization v2.0 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1082742 |publisher=China Aerospace Studies Institute }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Saunders |editor1-first=Phillip C. |editor2-last=Ding |editor2-first=Arthur S. |editor3-last=Scobell |editor3-first=Andrew |editor4-last=Yang |editor4-first=Andrew N.D. |editor5-last=Joel |editor5-first=Wuthnow |title=Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms |url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Publications/Books/Chairman-Xi-Remakes-the-PLA/ |date=2019 |publisher=National Defense University Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1070233420 |ref={{harvid|Saunders et al.|2019}}}}
* {{Cite book |author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |title=The Military Balance 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-041-04967-8 |location=London |ref = {{SfnRef|The International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025}} }}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons}}
{{Library resources box}}

=== History ===

* {{Cite book |last=Dreyer |first=Edward L. |title=China at War: 1901–1949 |publisher=[[Pearson Longman]] |year=1995 |isbn=9780582051232 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |title=Active Defense: China's Military Strategy Since 1949 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=9780691210339 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=A History of the Modern Chinese Army |publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780813172248 |edition= |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Whitson |first1=William W. |title=The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927–71 |last2=Huang |first2=Zhenxia |last3=Chên-hsia |first3=Huang |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger]] |year=1973 |isbn=978-0333150535 |language=en}}

=== Present-day ===

* {{Cite book |url=https://media.defense.gov/2025/Dec/23/2003849070/-1/-1/1/ANNUAL-REPORT-TO-CONGRESS-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA-2025.PDF |title=2025 Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |year=2025 |location=Arlington, Virginia |language=en}} ([[China Military Power Report]], Annual Report to [[United States Congress|Congress]])
* {{Cite book |last1=Chase |first1=Michael S. |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR893.html |title=China's Incomplete Military Transformation: Assessing the Weaknesses of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) |last2=Jeffery |first2=Engstrom |last3=Cheung |first3=Tai Ming |last4=Gunness |first4=Kristen A. |last5=Harold |first5=Scott |last6=Puska |first6=Susan |last7=Berkowitz |first7=Samuel K. |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |year=2015 |isbn=9780833088307 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmilitarymo0000fish |title=China's Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Security International]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780275994860 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kamphausen |first1=Roy |url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/beyond-the-strait-pla-missions-other-than-taiwan/ |title=Beyond the Strait: PLA Missions Other Than Taiwan |last2=Lai |first2=David |last3=Scobell |first3=Andrew |year=2009 |publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]] |isbn=9781304886385 |language=en}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website}} {{In language|en}}
* {{Official website|http://www.81.cn}} {{In language|zh}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Eighth Route Army]] and [[New Fourth Army]] }}
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|years = 1 November 1948 – ''present'' }}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{People's Liberation Army}}
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[[Category:People's Liberation Army| ]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in China]]
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[[Category:Military of China| ]]

Sagar Bhatia

2026-03-15T04:08:19Z

XuHzRuDLW: Created Info!

{{Short description|Indian Qawwali singer and composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sagar Bhatia
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| education = DAV MausamVihar Ramjas College
Religion: Islam
| occupation = Qawwali singer & composer, guitarist
| years_active = 2005–present
}}

'''Sagar Bhatia''' is an Indian [[Qawwali]] singer and composer based in [[Delhi|Delhi, India]]. He is known for his renditions of popular tracks such as ''Kiven Mukhre Ton'', ''Tere Jeya Hor Disda'', and ''Je Tu Akhiyaan'', as well as his original single ''Mera Ishq''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohnish |title=Sagar Bhatia to make playback singing debut in Sarfira song |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/sagar-bhatia-playback-singing-debut-sarfira-song/ | date=27 June 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=[[Eastern Eye]]}}</ref> His qawwali track ''Khudaya'' has been featured in the [[Akshay Kumar]] film ''[[Sarfira]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Exclusive: Qawwali singer Sagar Bhatia to make playback singing debut in Akshay Kumar starrer Sarfira |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-qawwali-singer-sagar-bhatia-make-playback-singing-debut-akshay-kumar-starrer-sarfira/ |access-date= |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vashist |first=Neha |date=2024-02-14 |title=Singer Sagar Bhatia reveals he was in a relationship with a girl for seven years: 'We officially dated for two years before parting ways' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/singer-sagar-bhatia-reveals-his-7-year-relationship-with-a-girl-exclusive-interview/articleshow/107697253.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mall |first=Saurabh |date=2024-06-28 |title=कौन हैं सागर भाटिया? जिसने फिल्म सरफिरा के गाने खुदाया से शुरू किया प्लेबैक सिंगिंग का सफर |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/who-is-sagar-bhatia-who-started-his-playback-singing-career-with-the-song-khudaya-from-the-film-sarfira-18804918 |access-date= |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born and raised in [[Delhi]], Sagar Bhatia is the son of the late Rakesh Bhatia, a businessman, and Kiran Bhatia, a teacher. He completed his schooling at DAV Public School, Mausam Vihar, and pursued higher education at [[Ramjas College]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Sameer |title=Sagar Bhatia's love for music started from Jagrans in Delhi, today he is loved by millions |url=https://zeenews.india.com/delhi/inspirational-story-sagar-bhatia-s-love-for-music-started-from-jagrans-in-delhi-today-he-is-loved-by-millions-2760584.html |access-date= |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2015 |title=An inspiring kahani |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/life-style/an-inspiring-kahani-143826/ |work=TribuneIndia}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhatia began his musical career in 2007 in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Nancy |title=Sarfira के सिंगर Sagar Bhatia कौन? जिन्होंने गाया ‘खुदाया’ गीत, दीवाने हुए फैंस |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/entertainment/who-is-sagar-bhatia-who-played-playback-singing-career-with-song-khudaya-sarfira-akshay-kumar/767623/ |access-date= |website=News24 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> where he played guitar for renowned singer [[Narendra Chanchal]]. He also performed in dance bars in Malaysia and Dubai. Returning to India in 2010, he formed a band and served as the lead guitarist. By 2011, he began singing in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-05-13 |title=Sagar Wali Qawwali is a Big Draw, But Sagar Bhatia is Diversifying |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/sagar-bhatia-qawwali-interview/ |access-date= |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

His breakthrough came in 2014 when he participated in the TV show ''[[India's Raw Star]]'', where he placed among the top six contestants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2024 |title=How this Delhi-based musician Sagar Bhatia changed his fate from being a Sufi artist to representing India on the global stage |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/how-this-delhi-based-musician-sagar-bhatia-changed-his-fate-from-being-a-sufi-artist-to-representing-india-on-global-stage/3534173/ |access-date= |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=वर्मा |first=निखिल |date=2023-08-04 |title=दिल्ली में कव्वाली गायक सागर भाटिया करेंगे शो, जस्टिन बीबर के शो से भी महंगी टिकट, जानें डेट और वेन्यू |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/singer-sagar-bhatia-to-perform-in-delhi-tickets-cost-more-than-justin-bieber-know-date-and-venue-7128613.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=hi}}</ref> In 2015, Bhatia established his company, Right Note, focusing on [[Sufi music]]. His first public qawwali performance under the moniker ''Sagar Wali Qawwali'' took place on 2 July 2022, at Studio XO.<ref name=":1" />

Known for his recreations of popular melodies such as ''Kiven Mukhre Ton'', ''Tere Jeya Hor Disda'', and ''Je Tu Akhiyaan'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagar Bhatia, Kailash Kher to Harshdeep Kaur: Singers who bring soul to Indian music with their alternative styles |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/240206-sagar-bhatia-kailash-kher-harshdeep-kaur |access-date= |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> Bhatia also released his original single ''Mera Ishq''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Singer Sagar Bhatia presents a symphony of emotions in ‘Mera Ishq’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/singer-sagar-bhatia-presents-a-symphony-of-emotions-mera-ishq-569282 | date=6 December 2023 | access-date=13 July 2025 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref>

Bhatia has collaborated with [[Karan Johar]] through Dharma Cornerstone Agency and made his playback singing debut in the [[Akshay Kumar]] film ''[[Sarfira]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=Sagar Bhatia AKA Sagar Wali Qawwali Returns To North America In August For His Next Musical Tour |url=https://www.spotboye.com/music/music-news/omg-sagar-bhatia-aka-sagar-wali-qawwali-returns-to-north-america-in-august-for-his-next-musical-tour-read-to-know-more-inside/66b9f77ded47ace075128bc8 |access-date= |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> The film has featured his qawwali track ''Khudaya'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2024 |title=Sarfira song Khudaya: Akshay Kumar frantically searches for Radhikka in this soulful Sufi number |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sarfira-song-khudaya-akshay-kumar-frantically-searches-for-radhikka-in-this-soulful-sufi-number-watch-101719479290724.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vikash |date=2024-06-28 |title=सागर भाटिया ने ‘खुदाया’ गाने से शुरू किया प्लेबैक सिंगिंग का सफर, सरफिरा फिल्म से हुए लांच |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/sagar-bhatia-started-his-playback-singing-journey-with-khudaya-song-in-sarfira-song-18802588 |access-date= |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> as reported by [[Bollywood Hungama]].<ref name=":0" /> Sagar Bhatia also runs Sagar Bhatia’s Riyaaz, where he mentors aspiring musicians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Feb 2024 |title=Watch the latest Hindi music video song for 'Royi Hovegi' by Sagar Bhatia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-the-latest-hindi-music-video-song-for-royi-hovegi-by-sagar-bhatia/videoshow/107747364.cms |access-date= |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Film===
* ''[[Sarfira]]'' (2024)
* ''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]'' (2025)

== Awards ==
* 2027: Popular Music Maestro of The Year at The Blackswan Awards, and Best Live Act on Stage.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Sagar}}
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian qawwali singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Srikalahasti revenue division

2026-03-15T03:23:56Z

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{{Short description|Revenue division in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Srikalahasti revenue division
| native_name = శ్రీకాళహస్తి ఆదాయ విభాగం
| settlement_type =[[Revenue division]] in [[Tirupati district]]
| image_map = Revenue divisions in Tirupati district.jpg
| map_caption = Srikalahasti revenue division in Tirupati district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Srikalahasti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Srikalahasti revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Tirupati district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].This division headquarters is located at [[Srikalahasti]] .It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises eight [[mandals]]. It was formed on 4 April 2022 along with the newly formed Tirupati district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-30 |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |access-date=2022-04-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Pradeep |date=2022-04-01 |title=Kuppam, Nagari, Srikalahasti to become revenue divisions |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/kuppam-nagari-srikalahasti-to-become-revenue-divisions-736000 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The revenue division comprises eleven mandals: [[Balayapalle mandal|Balayapalle]], [[Dakkili mandal|Dakkili]], [[K. V. B. Puram mandal|K. V. B. Puram]], [[Nagalapuram mandal|Nagalapuram]], [[Narayanavanam mandal|Narayanavanam]], [[Pichatur mandal|Pichatur]], [[Renigunta mandal|Renigunta]], [[Srikalahasti mandal|Srikalahasti]], [[Thottambedu mandal|Thottambedu]], [[Venkatagiri mandal|Venkatagiri]] and [[Yerpedu mandal|Yerpedu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Tirupati district]]
*[[Tirupati revenue division]]
*[[Sullurupeta revenue division]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Guruvayur Temple

2026-03-12T06:43:23Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Guruvayur, Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=April 2017}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple
| native_name = ഗുരുവായൂർ ശ്രീകൃഷ്ണസ്വാമിക്ഷേത്രം
| image = File:Guruvayoor Temple 1.jpg
| caption = Guruvayur Shri Krishna Temple

| deity = [[Guruvayurappan]] ([[Vishnu]] with [[Chaturbhuja|four arms]]) in his form of [[Krishna]]
| tradition =
| functional_status =
| temple_board = [[Guruvayur Devaswom Board]]
| festivals = [[Janmashtami]], [[Kumbham|Kumbham Utsavam]], [[Guruvayur Ekadasi]]
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Guruvayur]]
| district = [[Thrissur]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Kerala#India#Asia
| map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.5945|76.0390|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type = Kerala Architecture
| architecture_style =
| creator = As per tradition, [[Vishwakarma]] (sculptor) [[Brihaspati]] and [[Vayu]] (''[[Prana Pratishtha|pratishta]]'')
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = The temple was completed around 14th century. The earliest temple records date back to the 17th century.

| facade_direction =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =

| website = {{URL|https://guruvayurdevaswom.in/}}
{{URL|https://guruvayurtemple.org/}}

| footnotes =
}}
The '''Guruvayur Sri Krishna Temple''' is situated in the town of [[Guruvayur]], Thrissur district, Kerala, India. Located approximately 26 kilometers (16 miles) northwest of [[Thrissur city]], the temple stands as one of the most revered and actively visited [[Hindu]] pilgrimage sites globally. Dedicated to the deity [[Guruvayurappan]], a beloved form of [[Vishnu]], the temple is affectionately hailed by devotees as [[Vaikuntha|''Bhuloka Vaikunta'']] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guruvayurdevaswom.in/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.guruvayurdevaswom.in|title=Guruvayur Devaswom-Guruvayur(Official Website)|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120101702/https://guruvayurdevaswom.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>—the Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth. In terms of foot traffic, it is one of the busiest Vaishnava shrines in the country. Reverence for this ancient shrine is deeply ingrained in the spiritual landscape of South India, placing it among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] (honored temples) of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. The temple is a synthesis of profound mythology, traditional Kerala architecture, and meticulously maintained ritual practices, all centered on the loving worship of Lord Krishna.

==History==
[[File:Guruvayoor Temple 2.jpg|thumb|left|Main entrance to the temple]][[File:Guruvayoor temple.jpg|thumb|Guruvayur temple entrance]]
The sanctity of the Guruvayur Temple is intrinsically linked to the legendary origin of its central icon. The primary deity is believed to have been originally created by [[Vishnu]] himself in [[Vaikuntha]]. This divine idol was subsequently entrusted to [[Brahma]], who in turn gifted it to King Sutapas and his consort Prishni. Due to their intense devotion, Vishnu granted them the boon of worshipping the idol through three successive births, culminating in the [[Dvapara Yuga|Dwapara Yuga]] when Vishnu was born as their son, [[Krishna]].

Following the ''Swargarohanam'' (heavenly ascent) of Krishna and the subsequent submergence of the city of [[Dwarka]], the idol was rescued by Krishna's disciple, [[Uddhava]]. Uddhava entrusted the relic to [[Brihaspati]] (Guru, the preceptor of the gods) and [[Vayu]] (the wind god). They installed it at the current location, which was designated as the most auspicious spot by Lord [[Shiva]]. The name of the place, Guruvayur, is a portmanteau derived from its founders: Guru + Vayu + Oor (place). Lord [[Shiva]] then relocated to the adjacent [[Mammiyoor Temple]], maintaining his watchful presence over the main shrine.

Beyond its foundational narrative, Guruvayur is widely known as a center for miraculous healing. This reputation stems from the legend of King [[Janamejaya]]. Cursed with [[leprosy]], the king sought the counsel of Sage [[Atreya]], who advised him to worship Lord Krishna at Guruvayur. After a year of unyielding devotion, King Janamejaya was completely cured, firmly establishing the temple's fame as a source of physical and spiritual well-being.

==Architectural style==

The Guruvayur Temple is a pristine example of the traditional Kerala architectural style, characterised by its sloped roofs, copper sheeting, and extensive use of wood and laterite stone. The entire complex is oriented to the East, with the main sanctum, the ''Sreekovil'', facing the rising sun.

The Sreekovil is a rectangular, two-storied structure. Its roof is covered with copper sheets and notably plated with gold, a significant offering made by the devotee K.T.B. Menon in 1981. The inner structure is divided into three rooms, culminating in the ''Garbhagriha'' (innermost sanctum). The Sreekovil walls are a canvas for exquisite murals, which, though damaged in the devastating fire of 1970, were meticulously restored in the 1980s by masters like Mammiyoor Krishnankutty Nair. Inside, in addition to the ''Moolavigraha'' (main idol), are two processional idols: a gold idol used for the daily ''Sreeveli''(procession) and an 18th-century ''Panchaloha'' (five-metal alloy) idol reserved for the ''Aarattu'' (holy bath) ceremony. Crucially, behind the main idol lies a huge [[shaligram]] stone, said to amplify the Vaishnava energy of the shrine.

The Presiding Deity, Guruvayurappan, is a standing, [[Chaturbhuja|four-armed]] manifestation of Mahavishnu, approximately 1.2 metres tall, carved from a rare shaligram stone. The idol holds the divine attributes—the conch (Panchajanya), the discus (Sudarshana), the mace (Kaumodaki), and a lotus—thereby representing the Janardana form of Vishnu. Despite this majestic form, devotees affectionately worship the deity as Unnikannan, or Baby Krishna.

The complex is flanked by various Auxiliary Shrines. These include the roofless Vana Durga (Forest [[Durga]]) shrine of ''Idatharikathu Kavu [[Bhagavathi]]'', and shrines dedicated to [[Ganapathi]]. Of particular note is the sub-shrine of Dharmashastha ([[Ayyappan]]) in the southeast, who is worshipped in the [[Dhanvantari|Dhanwantari]] Bhava [physician form] for the purpose of healing. The revered presence of Mahadeva (Shiva) is traditionally acknowledged towards the adjacent Mammiyur Temple, maintaining the integral connection between Shiva and Vishnu in the temple's mythological context.

==Temple Layout==
The architectural integrity of the Guruvayur temple extends beyond the Sreekovil to its surrounding structures, forming a cohesive sacred space. The central shrine is immediately enclosed by the ''Nalambalam'' (inner courtyard), a rectangular structure that houses the auxiliary shrines of Ganapathi and Ayyappan. Surrounding the Nalambalam is the ''Chuttambalam'' (outer enclosure building), which accommodates the ''Thidappally'' (temple kitchen) and various storage rooms for ceremonial items. A notable feature integrated into the Chuttambalam is the ''Vilakkumatam'' (lamp house), a structure comprising multiple platforms designed to hold thousands of oil lamps, which are lit on special occasions creating a spectacular sight.

Outside the inner complex, directly facing the Sreekovil, stands the towering ''Deepastambham'' (lamp pillar), an imposing granite structure plated with gold. Just before the Deepastambham is the ''Dwajasthambham'' (flagmast), also gold-plated, which is crucial for the annual ''Utsavam'' (festival). The entire complex is encompassed by a massive outer wall, the ''Maryada'' (boundary wall). Entry is facilitated through two ''prominent Gopurams'' (entrance towers), the ''Kizhakke Gopuram'' (Eastern Gopuram) serving as the main entrance.

Adjacent to the northern side of the temple complex is the ''Rudratheertham'' (temple tank), the sacred pond associated with Lord Shiva. Devotees often bathe here before entering the main shrine.

==History==

===Early History and Etymology===
The location is mentioned as "Kuruvayur" in the 14th-century Tamil text "Kokasandesam". The [[Old Tamil]] root kuruvai suggests a meaning related to "sea" or a "village on the Malabar Coast".<ref>{{Cite web|title=All you need to know about Guruvayur temple in Kerala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/all-you-need-to-know-about-guruvayur-temple-in-kerala/articleshow/69700293.cms|date=June 8, 2019|first=Preetu|last=Nair|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> The name was popularly Sanskritized to 'Guruvayur,' a practice often attributed to [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]], the author of [[Narayaneeyam]]<ref>Narayaneeyam, translated by Swami Tapasyananda, Appendix-1, Pg 353, Sri Ramakrishna Math</ref> (16th century). By the close of the 16th century, Guruvayur had solidified its status as a principal pilgrimage center in Kerala.

===Foreign Invasions and Relocation===
The temple sustained damage during regional conflicts. In 1716, a Dutch raid led to the looting of treasures and the burning of the Western Gopuram, which was later reconstructed in 1747. Hyder Ali's invasion in 1766 saw the temple spared only after a ransom was paid. A more severe threat emerged during Tipu Sultan's invasion in 1789, necessitating the secret relocation of the main idol to the [[Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple]] for safekeeping. The temple was saved from destruction by a sudden rainstorm, and the idol was re-installed on September 17, 1792,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guruvayurdevaswom.org/temple/history/period-of-zamorins/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=guruvayurdevaswom.org|title=Period of Zamorins | Welcome to the abode of Sree Guruvayoorappan|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910042634/http://guruvayurdevaswom.org/temple/history/period-of-zamorins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> following Tipu's defeat.

===[[Guruvayur Satyagraha]] (1931–1947)===
This pivotal non-violent protest, led by figures like [[K. Kelappan]] and [[A. K. Gopalan]], demanded the entry of 'Avarna' (people not belonging to a [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]) into the temple. Following a public mandate and the Madras Government’s Temple Entry Proclamation, the Guruvayur Temple was officially opened to all Hindus on June 2, 1947.

===The 1970 Fire and Restoration===
A catastrophic fire on November 30, 1970,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/htemple3.shtml|access-date=2020-11-25|website=www.guruvayurdevaswom.org|title=Welcome to the abode of Lord Sree GURUVAYOORAPPAN at Bhoolokavaikundam|archive-date=22 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222231704/http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/htemple3.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sevak|title=The Fire and Renovation {{!}} Holy Dham|date=31 January 2013 |url=https://www.holydham.com/the-fire-and-renovation/|access-date=2020-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref> severely damaged the temple, destroying the Chuttambalam (the surrounding inner building) and the Vilakkumatam (lamp house) on the west, south, and north sides. Crucially, the Sreekovil, the main idol, and the shrines of Ganapathi and Ayyappan were preserved. A major public restoration effort followed, replacing structures and sculptures, including the Ananthashayanam painting, which was lost in the blaze and subsequently replaced by a granite sculpture.

===The 1985 Temple Theft===
A notorious theft involving precious ornaments, including the Nagapadathali and the Mahalakshmi Mala, occurred on March 31, 1985. The incident, coinciding with the demitting of office by the outgoing Melshanthi, led to political controversy, although the accused priests were eventually exonerated in 1993.
[[File:Vilakku.jpg|thumb|right|The Vilakkumatham]]

==Administration and Priesthood==
The temple's administration is overseen by the '''Guruvayur Devaswom Board''', a statutory authority operating under the supervision of the [[Government of Kerala]] via the Guruvayur Devaswom Act.

The temple's ritual system follows the framework established by [[Adi Shankara]] and formalized by Chennas Ravinarayanan Nambudiri (1427-1527), whose descendants, the Puzhakara Chennas Namboothirippad family, hold the hereditary position of [[Thantri]] (Head Priest).
*The Melshanthi (Chief Priest) is appointed for a six-month term and must observe strict celibacy ([[Brahmacharya]]) and remain within the temple premises (Purappadashanthi) throughout his tenure.
*Othikkans (Ritual Assistants) are drawn from four specific families and serve as the designated deputies for the Tantri and Melshanthi in their absence, a system shared only with the Thrippunithura Sree Poornathrayeesha Temple.
*On 2025, High court of Kerala verdicts that everyone are eligible to the thantri of the temple, irrespective of their castes. This was in response to the case filed by the organization of [[Nambudiri]] brahmins to restrict entry of other castes as priest in temples in [[Kerala]].<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-hc-says-temple-priesthood-cannot-be-restricted-to-caste-or-lineage</ref><ref name="G1">{{Cite web|title=www.guruvayurdevaswom.in - Official website of Guruvayur Devaswom|url=https://guruvayurdevaswom.in/|website=guruvayurdevaswom.in|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

==Festivals and Worship==
The main festivals of this temple are the 10-day festival in the [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] of [[Kumbham]] starting with flag hoisting on [[Pushya|Pooyam]] star,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/utsavam.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225152356/http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/utsavam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Janmashtami|Krishna Janmashtami]] (Birthday of Krishna) in the month of [[Chingam]],<ref name="guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/orfestivals.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216234631/http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/orfestivals.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ekadasi]] (11th day) in the shukla paksha (bright fortnight) in the month of [[Vrischikam]], popularly called as the ''[[Guruvayur Ekadasi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/ekadasi.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211181609/http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/ekadasi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Vishu]] on the first day of the month of [[Medam]], once a harvest festival.<ref name="guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in"/>

==Marriage Ceremony==
The Guruvayur Temple is one of the most significant and busiest venues for Hindu marriages in Kerala. The weddings are characterized by their simplicity and strict adherence to specific temple customs.
The ceremonies are primarily held at the Kalyana Mandapam (wedding hall) located outside the Eastern gateway of the temple complex. A key characteristic is the absence of a rigidly fixed, pre-calculated auspicious time (muhurtam); weddings are permitted at any time the temple doors are open. The garlands exchanged by the couples are traditionally made of [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulsi]] (Holy Basil), a plant sacred to Lord Vishnu. Due to the temple rule prohibiting the immediate entry of a newly married couple into the inner courtyard (Nalambalam), the bride and groom typically seek the deity's blessings inside the main temple premises either on the preceding day or prior to proceeding to the Mandapam for the ceremony. The widespread belief is that marriage conducted at this site ensures a prosperous marital life and the continuous grace (Kataksham) of Guruvayurappan. Many devotees also adhere to the custom of visiting the temple regularly, either annually or monthly, following their wedding.

==Popular devotees==
[[File:East Nada, Guruvayur, Kerala, India - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|[[Garuda]] statue in Guruvayur Temple]]
* [[Kururamma]] Old woman Devotee of Lord Sri Guruvayurappan is among list of prominent devotees of Guruvayoorappan. For her immense devotion in the form of Motherhood, Lord himself had decided to live with her as a foster son. She is regarded as a Re-incarnation of Mother Yashodha in Kaliyuga.
* [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] (1560-1646/1666): A Sanskrit scholar and a devotee of Lord Guruvayurappan, known for his magnum opus ''[[Narayaneeyam]]''.
* [[Poonthanam Namboothiri]] (1547-1640): A contemporary of Melpathur. Wrote poems in pure Malayalam, unlike Melpathur. There is a story that he was not that much fluent in Sanskrit, and was shunned by Sanskrit scholars when he wrongly chanted [[Vishnu Sahasranama]], and the Lord himself corrected it. He is a well-known figure in the stories related to Guruvayur Temple. Well known for his work ''[[Jnanappana]]'', known as the [[Bhagavad Gita]] of Malayalis.
* [[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar]] a Brahmin saint, a contemporary of Melpathur, Poonthanam and Kurooramma.
* Manjula
* [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]]
* [[Sengalipuram Anantarama Dikshitar]]

==Access and Regulations==
[[File:A Kerala family in traditional kerala dress at guruvayur temple.JPG|right|thumb|x216px|Devotees at Guruvayur Temple|link=Special:FilePath/A_Kerala_family_in_traditional_kerala_dress_at_Guruvayur_Temple.JPG]]
Entry to the Guruvayur Temple premises is strictly prohibited for all non-Hindus. A conservative and specific dress code is mandatory for all Hindu devotees. Men must wear the Dhoti ([[Mundu]]) wrapped around the waist. Covering the chest is strictly prohibited, but a small Angavastram (upper cloth) is permitted. Women are permitted to wear a [[Saree]], Churidar ([[Shalwar Kameez]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750030100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120132148/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750030100.htm | archive-date=20 January 2008 |title=Dress code relaxed in Guruvayur |date=27 July 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 May 2018 }}</ref> or Half Saree (long skirt and blouse).

== Punnathurkotta Elephant Sanctuary ==
[[File:Guruvayoor Kesavan Statue.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Guruvayur Kesavan]] at [[Guruvayur]]]]
The [[Punnathurkotta|Punnathur kotta]] (Anakotta), an elephant yard maintained by the temple, is located three kilometers from the main shrine. It houses approximately 35 captive Asian elephants, primarily offerings from devotees.<ref name="peepli.org">{{cite web |url=http://peepli.org/blog/2015/08/18/temple-elephants-and-what-lies-beneath/ |title=Temple elephants… and what lies beneath | Peepli Project Blog |publisher=Peepli.org |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818182810/http://peepli.org/blog/2015/08/18/temple-elephants-and-what-lies-beneath/ |archive-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The sanctuary is notable for its large population of tusked male elephants and has been cited by the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] for violations regarding the treatment and living conditions of the animals.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shekhar, Rukmini|title=Gods in Shackles|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/rukmini-sekhar-on-the-plight-of-temple-elephants/article7796436.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 October 2015|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109033357/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/rukmini-sekhar-on-the-plight-of-temple-elephants/article7796436.ece|archive-date=9 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Restrict visitor timings at Kerala's Guruvayur elephant sanctuary: Animal welfare board|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/restrict-visitor-timings-at-keralas-guruvayur-elephant-sanctuary-animal-welfare-board-1702087.html|website=firstpost.com|date=8 September 2014|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109034641/http://www.firstpost.com/india/restrict-visitor-timings-at-keralas-guruvayur-elephant-sanctuary-animal-welfare-board-1702087.html|archive-date=9 January 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mammiyoor Temple]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala|Hindu temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.guruvayurdevaswom.in Official site of Guruvayur Devasom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120101702/https://guruvayurdevaswom.in/ |date=20 November 2020 }}

{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
{{Krishna}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Qala (soundtrack)

2026-03-06T17:46:10Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox album|cover=Qala (soundtrack).jpeg
| name = Qala
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]] and Sagar Desai
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|11|11}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/qala-music-from-the-netflix-film|title=Qala (Music From The Netflix Film) {{!}} Amit Trivedi|date=11 November 2022|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125040901/https://gaana.com/album/qala-music-from-the-netflix-film|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021{{ndash}}2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=25|s=24}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| prev_title = Thai Massage
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Mrs Chatterjee Vs Norway]]
| next_year = 2023
| chronology = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Sagar Desai
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = Tora's Husband
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Qala
| year = 2022
| next_title = Sukhee
| next_year = 2022
}}
}}

'''Qala''' is the official soundtrack to the 2022 Indian psychological drama of the [[Qala_(film)|same name]], directed by [[Anvita Dutt]], and produced by [[Clean Slate Filmz]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Amit Trivedi]], with lyrics by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]], [[Swanand Kirkire]] and [[Kausar Munir]]. The drama's chronology was by Sagar Desai. The album is known for its fusion of classical Indian music and modern cinematic elements.

==Background==
''Qala'' is set in the 1940s, during the early days of the [[Hindi film]] industry. Trivedi aimed to create melodies that felt authentic to vintage Hindi musical films while appealing to contemporary listeners. He studied the works of [[C. Ramchandra]], [[S. D. Burman]], and [[Naushad]] to inform his compositions, focusing on Dutt's "mother-daughter" story, which he felt had a "real haunting quality."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Tatsam |title=The Talented Mr. (Amit) Trivedi |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/the-talented-mr-amit-trivedi |website=[[Film Companion]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-11-25 |title=Amit Trivedi Is Elated To Have Created Music For Babil & Tripti Dimri Starre Qala! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/amit-trivedi-is-elated-to-have-created-music-for-babil-tripti-dimri-starre-qala/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175156/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/amit-trivedi-is-elated-to-have-created-music-for-babil-tripti-dimri-starre-qala/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview with Swati Chopra of ''[[The Quint]]'', when asked about the soundtrack's inspiration from Guru Dutt's filmography, Dutt stated, "We never specifically talked about any particular director or composer while working on the songs, because we didn't want anybody to be influenced. We only spoke about the character and the story."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Swati |date=2022-12-15 |title=Anvitaa Dutt & Amit Trivedi Decode the Music of 'Qala' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/anvitaa-dutt-amit-trivedi-decode-the-soundtrack-of-qala-tripti-dimri-swastika-mukherjee-babil-khan |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175155/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/anvitaa-dutt-amit-trivedi-decode-the-soundtrack-of-qala-tripti-dimri-swastika-mukherjee-babil-khan |url-status=live }}</ref>

The songs were composed in three days during a [[Goa]] staycation with Dutt and lyricist Swanand Kirkire. The script narration took one day, and the scoring took two. He also mentioned that he almost abandoned the project before finishing it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Qala: Amit Trivedi Reveals Composing All Songs In Just 3 Days But He Almost Gave Up {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/qala-amit-trivedi-reveals-composing-all-songs-in-just-3-days-but-he-almost-gave-up-exclusive-6508705.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175155/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/qala-amit-trivedi-reveals-composing-all-songs-in-just-3-days-but-he-almost-gave-up-exclusive-6508705.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

To suit the early 1940s setting, the soundtrack avoided electronic instruments, opting for classical Indian instruments. These included the ⁣⁣tabla⁣⁣, ⁣⁣dholak⁣⁣, ⁣⁣rebab⁣⁣, ⁣⁣sitar⁣⁣, and ⁣⁣accordion⁣⁣. Sireesha Bhagavatula sang the songs, and Mallya described this experience as a "golden opportunity" and expressed gratitude to Amit Trivedi for trusting her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-27 |title=Shahid Mallya, Babil Khan's Voice In 'Qala', All Praise For The Debutant |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shahid-mallya-babil-khan-s-voice-in-qala-all-praise-for-the-debutant-news-240481 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Outlook India |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175201/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shahid-mallya-babil-khan-s-voice-in-qala-all-praise-for-the-debutant-news-240481 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru-based musician [[Pandit Iman Das]] contributed additional vocals to two tracks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2022-12-13 |title=Bollywood film Qala has a Bengaluru connect |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/bollywood-film-qala-has-a-bengaluru-connect/article66257615.ece |access-date=2022-12-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175152/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/bollywood-film-qala-has-a-bengaluru-connect/article66257615.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Songs==
The album consists of eight tracks, each designed to reflect the film's period setting and emotional depth:

# '''"Ghode Pe Sawar"''' – Vocals by Sireesha Bhagavatula
# '''"Shauq"''' – Vocals by Swanand Kirkire, Sireesha Bhagavatula, and Shahid Mallya
# '''"Rubaiyaan"''' – Vocals by Shahid Mallya and Sireesha Bhagavatula
# '''"Nirbhau Nirvair"''' – Vocals by Shahid Mallya
# '''"Phero Na Najariya"''' – Vocals by Sireesha Bhagavatula
# '''"Udh Jaayega"''' – Vocals by Swanand Kirkire
# '''"Kahani Kya Hai"''' – Vocals by Amit Trivedi and Rupali Moghe
# '''"Bikta Hai Sach Yahan"''' – Vocals by Romy

__________________________________________________________________________

Dutt and Trivedi drew inspiration for the songs from the film's narrative.<ref name=":3" /> The ballad "Shauq" depicts the relationship between Qala's mother and a record executive. Dutt visualized the scene with the characters in a boat at night, with the [[Howrah Bridge]] visible.<ref name=":0" />

"Phero Na Najariya" is described as a song of redemption for Qala, and "Nirbhau Nirvair" portrays the competition between Qala and Jagan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-03 |title=Explained: The hidden meaning and foreshadowing in Qala's songs |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/explained-the-hidden-meaning-and-foreshadowing-in-qalas-songs-11744981.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175156/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/explained-the-hidden-meaning-and-foreshadowing-in-qalas-songs-11744981.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "Udh Jayega" features imagery of death and freedom, playing after Jagan's death.<ref name=":2" />

Deepansh Duggal of First-post interpreted "Ghode Pe Sawaar" as a critique of stalking in Hindi songs, depicting Qala's rebellion.<ref name=":2" /> Trivedi incorporated an accordion melody reminiscent of [[O. P. Nayyar]]'s signature style to evoke nostalgia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Anushka Sharma]], the film's producer, made a brief [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] in the music video for "Ghode Pe Sawar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=Anushka makes special appearance in Qala's 'Ghode Pe Sawaar' song |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/12/04/anushka-makes-special-appearance-in-qalas-ghode-pe-sawaar-song |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=DT next |date=4 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224180213/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/12/04/anushka-makes-special-appearance-in-qalas-ghode-pe-sawaar-song |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-12-06 |title='Did 'Ghodey Pe Sawaar' in 'Qala' for the fun of it: Anushka Sharma |url=https://theprint.in/features/did-ghodey-pe-sawaar-in-qala-for-the-fun-of-it-anushka-sharma/1251603/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224180211/https://theprint.in/features/did-ghodey-pe-sawaar-in-qala-for-the-fun-of-it-anushka-sharma/1251603/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

"Rubaiyaan" was recorded but not included in the final film.<ref name=":1" />

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ghode Pe Sawaar
| length1 = 3:14
| lyrics1 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| music1 = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| extra1 = Sireesha Bhagavatula
| title2 = Rubaaiyaan
| length2 = 4:13
| lyrics2 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| music2 = Amit Trivedi
| extra2 = [[Shahid Mallya]], Sireesha Bhagavatula
| title3 = Shauq
| length3 = 3:39
| lyrics3 = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
| music3 = Amit Trivedi
| extra3 = Swanand Kirkire, Shahid Mallya, Sireesha Bhagavatula
| title4 = Phero Na Najariya
| length4 = 4:00
| lyrics4 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| music4 = Amit Trivedi
| extra4 = Sireesha Bhagavatula
| title5 = Nirbhau Nirvair
| length5 = 5:08
| lyrics5 = [[Kabir|Sant Kabir]], Anvitaa Dutt
| music5 = Amit Trivedi
| extra5 = Shahid Mallya
| title6 = Udh Jaayega
| length6 = 4:37
| lyrics6 = Sant Kabir
| music6 = Sagar Desai
| extra6 = Shahid Mallya
| total_length = 24:57
}}

== Reception ==
''Qala'' received positive reception. Deepansh Duggal noted that "the music is a character. There are times when it acts like an oracle prophesying future events."<ref name=":2" /> Vipin Nair stated that "Anvita Dutt makes up for the lack of songs in her [previously released] debut movie with style!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Qala – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/12/05/qala-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Music Aloud |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175154/https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/12/05/qala-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Manjeet Singh of Leisure Byte called the music "the core element of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-27 |title=Qala Music Review: Symphony of Perfection |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/qala-music-review-symphony-of-perfection/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=LeisureByte |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175153/https://www.leisurebyte.com/qala-music-review-symphony-of-perfection/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhavya Sadhwani of India Times described the songs as "original and authentic".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-27 |title=Ahead Of Release, 'Qala' Has Already Been Declared Super Hit, Courtesy Its Magical Music Album |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/ahead-of-release-qala-has-already-been-declared-super-hit-courtesy-its-magical-music-album-585889.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175155/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/ahead-of-release-qala-has-already-been-declared-super-hit-courtesy-its-magical-music-album-585889.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Anish Mohanty of Planet Bollywood wrote that "Qala serves as a reminder of how Amit Trivedi is a gifted composer."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Qala Music Review |url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/qala-music-review/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Planet Bollywood |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175156/https://planetbollywood.com/wp/reviews/qala-music-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Roktim Rajpal of [[India Today]] offered a more mixed review, stating that "Amit Trivedi tunes prove to be a mixed bag."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qala Movie Review: Watch it only for Triptii Dimri and Babil's earnest performances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/qala-movie-review-watch-it-only-for-tripti-dimri-and-babil-khans-earnest-performances-2304061-2022-12-01 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175155/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/qala-movie-review-watch-it-only-for-tripti-dimri-and-babil-khans-earnest-performances-2304061-2022-12-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The soundtrack was praised by some listeners for its "transcendental music and lyrics".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2022-12-15 |title=Transcendental or Passable: How New-age Listeners Reacted to Qala's Soundtrack? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/qala-soundtrack-old-bollywood-geeta-dutt-how-new-age-audience-reacts-rock-fans-pop-music |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175156/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/qala-soundtrack-old-bollywood-geeta-dutt-how-new-age-audience-reacts-rock-fans-pop-music |url-status=live }}</ref> "Ghodey Pe Sawaar" gained popularity, leading to cover versions by fans and celebrities, including [[Madhuri Dixit]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Madhuri Dixit dances to Qala's Ghodey Pe Sawaar, fans say 'she did it better than Anushka Sharma' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-grooves-to-qala-s-song-fans-say-she-did-better-than-anushka-101674103639875.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224180211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-grooves-to-qala-s-song-fans-say-she-did-better-than-anushka-101674103639875.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A fan-made male version by Jainam Barot received mixed reactions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=NEON |first=Quint |date=2023-01-28 |title=Male Version Of Hit 'Qala' Song, 'Ghodey Pe Sawaar' Divides The Internet |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/netizens-divided-over-male-version-of-hit-qala-song-ghodey-pe-sawaar-jainam-barot-music-cover |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224175153/https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/netizens-divided-over-male-version-of-hit-qala-song-ghodey-pe-sawaar-jainam-barot-music-cover |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="9"|8th FOI Online Awards
|Best Music Direction -Songs
|Amit Trivedi & Sagar Desai
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|rowspan="9"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/8thfoioa-2023-nominations-announced|title=Nominations for 8th Foi Online Awards 2023|publisher=FOI Online Awards|date=13 January 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304225303/https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/8thfoioa-2023-nominations-announced|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/8thfoioa-winners-announced-badhaai-do-bags-the-best-feature-film|title=Winners of 8th Foi Online Awards 2023|publisher=FOI Online Awards|date=20 January 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301110018/https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/8thfoioa-winners-announced-badhaai-do-bags-the-best-feature-film|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Original Song
|Amit Trivedi, Swanand Kirkire & Shahid Mallya for "Rubaaiyaan"
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Playback Singer - Male
|Shahid Mallya for "Rubaaiyaan"
|{{won}}
|-
|Swanand Kirkire & Shahid Mallya for "Shauq"
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Playback Singer - Female
|Sireesha Bhagavatula for "Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|-
|Sireesha Bhagavatula for "Phero Na Najariya"
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|Best Lyricist
|Amitabh Bhattacharya for"Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Swanand Kirkire for "Rubaaiyaan"
|{{won}}
|-
|Varun Grover for "Shauq"
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12"|17th RMIM Puraskaar
|Song Of The Year
|Amit Trivedi, Varun Grover, Shahid Mallya, Sireesha Bhagavatula & Swanand Kirkire for "Shauq"
|rowspan="3" {{won}}
|rowspan="12"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.giitaayan.com/2022/index.htm|title=RMIM Puraskaar 2022|website=awards.giitaayan.com|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203153143/https://awards.giitaayan.com/2022/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Lyricist Of The Year
|Amitabh Bhattacharya for Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|-
|rowspan="4"|Best Composed and Arranged Song
|Amit Trivedi for "Shauq"
|-
|Amit Trivedi for "Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
|Amit Trivedi for "Rubaaiyaan"
|-
|Amit Trivedi for "Phero Na Najariya"
|-
|rowspan="3"|Best Written Song
|Varun Grover for "Shauq"
|{{won}}
|-
|Swanand Kirkire for "Rubaaiyaan"
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Sung Song (Solo)
|Shahid Mallya for "Rubaaiyaan"
|{{won}}
|-
|Sireesha Bhagavatula for"Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Sung Song (Duet or Group)
|Shahid Mallya, Sireesha Bhagavatula & Swanand Kirkire for "Shauq"
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"|Showsha Reel Awards
|Best Music (Film)
|Amit Trivedi
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|rowspan="3"|
|-
|Best Playback Singer - Male
|Shahid Mallya for "Rubaaiyaan", "Shauq" & "Nirbhau Nirvair"
|-
|Best Playback Singer - Female
|Sireesha Bhagavatula for"Ghodey Pe Sawar" & "Phero Na Najariya"
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11"|15th Mirchi Music Awards
|Album Of The Year
|Whole Musical Team
|rowspan="8" {{nom}}
|rowspan="11"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mirchi.in/mirchi-music-awards|title=Nominations for Mirchi Music Awards 2023|publisher=Mirchi.in|date=25 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425131248/https://mirchi.in/mirchi-music-awards|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Song Of The Year
|Amit Trivedi, Amitabh Bhattacharya, Sireesha Bhagavatula for "Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|-
|Amit Trivedi, Varun Grover, Shahid Mallya, Sireesha Bhagavatula & Swanand Kirkire for "Shauq"
|-
|Female Vocalist Of The Year
|Sireesha Bhagavatula for "Phero Na Najariya"
|-
|rowspan="2"|Music Composer Of The Year
|Amit Trivedi for "Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|-
|Amit Trivedi for "Shauq"
|-
|rowspan="2"|Lyricist Of The Year
|Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|-
|Kausar Munir for "Phero Na Najariya"
|-
|rowspan="2"|Upcoming Female Vocalist Of The Year
|Sireesha Bhagavatula for "Ghodey Pe Sawar"
|{{won}}
|-
|Sireesha Bhagavatula for"Phero Na Najariya"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Listener's Choice - Album Of The Year
|Whole Team
|Cancelled
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 soundtrack albums]]

Aruna (Hinduism)

2026-03-06T06:25:17Z

XuHzRuDLW: updated information for accuracy as per guidelines

{{short description|Charioteer of the sun god in Hindu mythology}}
{{redirect|Aruṇa|other uses|Aruna (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox deity|
| type = Hindu
| mother = [[Vinata]]
| father = [[Kashyapa]]
| siblings = [[Garuda]]
| image = Surya riding on 7 horses chariot.jpg
| caption = A painter depicting Aruna driving the chariot of the sun god [[Surya]]
| consort = Shyeni
| children = [[Sampati]] and [[Jatayu]] (sons)
| gender = Male}}
'''Aruna''' ({{langx|sa|अरुण }}) is the charioteer of [[Surya]] (the sun god) in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Dalal2010p39">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=39–40}}</ref> He is the elder brother of [[Garuda]]. Aruna and Garuda are the sons of Vedic sage [[Kashyapa]] and his wife [[Vinata]], daughter of [[Prajapati]] [[Daksha]]. His children were the mighty vultures [[Sampati]] and [[Jatayu]]. He is also found in [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] literature and arts.

== History ==

=== Birth ===
Aruna is found in different, inconsistent Indian legends. In the epic [[Mahabharata]],<ref name = "mani55">Mani p. 55</ref> he was born prematurely and partially developed from an egg. According to this version, [[Kashyapa]] [[Prajapati]]'s two wives [[Vinata]] and [[Kadru]] wanted to have children. Kashyapa granted them a boon.<ref name="Williams2008p62">{{cite book |author=George M. Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=62–63}}</ref> Kadru asked for one thousand 'Dirghadeha' (meaning long bodied) [[Nāga]] (serpent) sons, while Vinata wanted only two yet extremely strong 'Divyadeha' (meaning emitting golden aura from body), who would excel the thousand sons of Kadru. Kashyapa blessed them, and then went away to a forest. Later, Kadru gave birth to one thousand eggs, while Vinata gave birth to two eggs. These incubated for five hundred years, upon which Kadru broke the eggs open and out came her 1,000 sons. Vinata eager for her sons, broke one of the eggs from which emerged the partially formed Aruna. Since Aruna was born prematurely, only the upper half of his body had developed. Enraged by his mother's haste, he cursed her to become a slave of Kadru for 500 years, upon which her second egg would break and his brother would emancipate her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Astika Parva: Section XVI |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01017.htm |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Having cursed his mother, Aruna rose to the skies, and was bestowed the position of charioteer to Surya by his father, Prajapati Kasyapa. Accordingly, Vinata waited, and later the fully developed mighty eagle, her second born named [[Garuda]] (the mount of Lord [[Vishnu]]) was born.<ref name="Williams2008p62"/>

The epic narrates that in another tale that Surya began burning intensely, angered by the attacks of [[Rahu]] (Rahu swallowing Surya is described to cause [[solar eclipse]]s in Hindu mythology). The heat was so intense that it started destroying all living beings. Then, the creator [[Brahma]] asked Aruna to become the charioteer of Surya, to shield all living beings from his terrible heat.<ref name = "mani55"/>

=== In the epics ===
According to the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Aruna was married to Shyeni<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskrit - Dictionary |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=shyenI&dir=se |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.learnsanskrit.cc}}</ref> with whom he had two sons – [[Jatayu]] and [[Sampati]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&q=aruna+shyeni&pg=PT196|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-396-7|language=en}}</ref> Both of them would play a very important role in the epic.

There is a legend in the Mahabharata that Surya once offered Aruna and his divine chariot to his son [[Karna]] which he denied as he didn't want to rely on others to win the war, especially against Arjuna whom he acknowledged as a capable rival.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Himanshu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzCqDwAAQBAJ&q=aruna+karna+chariot&pg=PT100|title=Mahabharata Retold Part-2|date=2019-08-20|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64587-785-1|language=en}}</ref>

Another legend, generally told in Indian folk tales linked to the Ramayana, states that Aruna, once became a woman named Aruni and entered an assembly of [[Apsaras|Apsara]] (celestial nymphs), where no man except [[Indra]] (the king of heaven) was allowed. Indra fell in love with Aruni and fathered a son named [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] from her. The next day, at Surya's request, Aruna again assumed female form, and Surya fathered a son named [[Sugriva]]. Both children were given to [[Ahalya]] for rearing, but her husband, the sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] cursed them, causing them to turn into [[Vanara|monkeys]], as he did not like them.<ref name = "mani55"/>{{sfn|Freeman|2001|pp=201–4}}<ref name="Dalal2010p39"/>

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General references ==
*''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola
* [[Monier Monier-Williams]]: ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. Oxford U Pr, 1899.
* [[Robert Graves]]: ''The Greek Myths''. 1955.
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk10ch13.htm ''Devī-Bhāgavata Purāṇa'' 10:13]
* {{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani}}
* {{cite book | last = Freeman | first = Rich | title = Questioning Rāmāyaṇas: a South Asian Tradition | editor = Richman, Paula | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 2001 | chapter = Thereupon Hangs a Tail: the Deification of Vali in the Teyyam Worship of Malabar | isbn = 978-0-520-22074-4}}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aruna}}
[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]

Bhale Jodi (1970 film)

2026-03-03T22:20:44Z

XuHzRuDLW: made post...

{{About||the 2016 film|Bhale Jodi (2016 film)}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|1970 film}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhale Jodi
| image = Bhale Jodi 1970.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Y. R. Swamy]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Y. R. Swamy
| story = Javar Seetharaman
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]]
| music = R. Rathna
| cinematography = R. Madhu
| editing = R. Hanumantha Rao
| studio = Rajkamal Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1970|||df=yes}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhale Jodi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಲೇ ಜೋಡಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Y. R. Swamy]]. It stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in dual roles with [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]] and Dinesh in other lead roles. The film was based on the story written by Jawar Seetharaman and was produced under Rajkamal Arts banner. The movie was remade in Telugu in 1972 as ''Bullema Bullodu'' starring [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] and in Hindi in 1973 as ''[[Jaise Ko Taisa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-films-of-jeetendra-where-he-played-a-double-role-40040.amp|title=Filmfare Recommends: Top Films of Jeetendra Where He Played a Double Role}}</ref> He appeared as Echchamanayaka in a small drama sequence in the movie.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eMhvfScwQ3U&feature=youtu.be | title=Dr.Rajkumar as Ecchama Nayaka || ಎಚ್ಚಮನಾಯಕ | website=[[YouTube]] | date=7 November 2022 }}</ref>

This movie is dedicated to Singanalluru N Puttaswamayya [Father of Kannada Actor Dr.Rajkumar].

The movie is shot in Glen Morgan Estate of Ooty.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Suresh / Ramesh
* [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]] as Suneetha
* [[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]] as Raghava / Papachchi
* [[B. V. Radha]] as Mangala
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Papachchi's father
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Suresh mother
* Nagappa as Lakshmipati
* Kupparaj
* B Mallesh as Doctor Nanjundayya
* Bhatti Mahadevappa (as co-actor in the drama (Tiruvenkata))
* Ganapathi Bhat (Seth Lalchand)
* Shyam as Ramanna
* Shani Mahadevappa as Lawyer
* Raghavan
* Baby Sunitha as Saroja
* Baby Navitha
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by R. Rathna and lyrics for the soundtrack written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]]. The album consists of six soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bhale Jodi - EP |url= https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bhale-jodi-ep/id850635782 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141227142014/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bhale-jodi-ep/id850635782 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 27 December 2014 |publisher= iTunes |accessdate= 24 November 2014}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:58
| title1 = Amma Amma
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra1 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Nanna Kanasina Raaniye
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra2 = P. B. Sreenivas
| length2 = 3:28
| title3 = Aalisu O Iniya (1)
| lyrics3 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Navile Navile
| lyrics4 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra4 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Manikyadantha Maavayya
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra5 = P. B. Sreenivas, L. R. Eswari
| length5 = 4:02
| title6 = Aalisu O Iniya (2)
| lyrics6 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| length6 = 4:02
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1364191}}

{{Y. R. Swamy}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. R. Swamy]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Nilavu Suduvathillai

2026-03-03T05:15:31Z

XuHzRuDLW: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nilavu Suduvathillai
| image = Nilavu Suduvathillai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Rangaraj]]
| producer = S. M. G. Mani T. N. R.
| screenplay = K. Rangaraj
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] [[N. Viswanathan]] V. Gopalakrishnan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Dinesh Babu]]
| editing = T. Thirunavukkarasu
| studio = Rajarajeswari Cini Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984|5|18}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nilavu Suduvathillai''''' ({{Translation|The moon does not burn one}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[K. Rangaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=குமார் |first=ப கவிதா |date=12 October 2021 |title=ஒரே ஒரு ராஜாவும் சில குறுநில ராஜாக்களும்! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/ilayaraja-and-other-rajas-in-tamil-cine-music-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914110029/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/ilayaraja-and-other-rajas-in-tamil-cine-music-world |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivakumar]], and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] in the lead roles, [[N. Viswanathan]] and [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]. It was released on 18 May 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நிலவு சுடுவதில்லை / Nilavu Suduvathillai (1984) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/nilavu-suduvathillai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129055722/https://screen4screen.com/movies/nilavu-suduvathillai |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=May 2023}}
Ravi falls in love with Radhika. Soon his love turns to sadness when he learns that she is his boss's daughter, masquerading as an ordinary girl only to assess his suitability as her partner.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivakumar]]
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
*[[N. Viswanathan]]
*V. Gopalakrishnan
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[Kallapetti Singaram]]
*Ramanathan
*Usilaimani
*Paranjothi
*[[Kullamani]]
*Parthasarathy
*Cenchi Krishnan
*Muthu Bharathi
*Pushpalatha
*Arundhathi
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
*Gemini Rajeswari
*Sathya
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched along with song recording at Prasad Studios in 1983.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 September 1983 |title=நிலவு சுடுவதில்லை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_312/4.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619004650/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_312/4.jp2/full/1000,1381/0/default.jpg |archive-date=19 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The song "Paari Jaadham" was filmed in February 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-27 |title=" நான் சாதிக்கவும் இல்லை... சறுக்கவும் இல்லை..!" |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/111625- |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803082322/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/111625- |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1984 |title=Nilavu Suduvathillai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/np/album/nilavu-suduvathillai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1605117934 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515131124/https://music.apple.com/np/album/nilavu-suduvathillai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1605117934 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilavu Suduvathillai ( Super 7 ) |url=https://avdigital.in/products/nilavu-suduvathillai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517052158/https://avdigital.in/products/nilavu-suduvathillai |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> This was his first collaboration with Rangaraj.<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=பாரதிராஜா அஸிஸ்டென்ட்டுன்னாலே உடனே சான்ஸ்; முதல்படம் நெஞ்சமெல்லாம் நீயே' ரிலீசாகி 36 வருடங்கள்!'' - இயக்குநர் கே.ரங்கராஜ் நெகிழ்ச்சி பேட்டி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161878-36.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011558/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161878-36.html |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Naalum En Manam" was reused twice by him: as "Prema Ledhani" for Telugu film ''[[Abhinandana]]'' (1988) and again in Tamil as "Premai Enathu Oor" for ''[[Vattara Vazhakku]]'' (2023).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Paari Jaadham" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]|| 04:12
|-
| "Raathiri Poovadai" || S. Janaki || [[Vairamuthu]] || 03:53
|-
| "Naalum En Manam" || K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki, G. K. Vidya || [[Pulamaipithan]] || 04:20
|-
| "Poove Pani Poove" || S. Janaki || [[M. G. Vallabhan]] || 04:16
|-
| "Kovai Palamea Kovama" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]|| Pulamaipithan || 04:36
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Rangaraj}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Rangaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shahjahan Chowdhury

2026-02-28T16:07:14Z

XuHzRuDLW: small changes

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{other people||Shahjahan Chowdhury (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shahjahan Chowdhury
| native_name = {{nobold|শাহজাহান চৌধুরী}}
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Cox's Bazar-4]]
| term_start = 17 February 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shahin Akhtar]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Cox's Bazar-4]]
| term_start1 = 1 October 2001
| term_end1 = 29 October 2006
| predecessor1 = [[Mohammad Ali (Cox's Bazar politician)|Mohammad Ali]]
| successor1 = [[Abdur Rahman Bodi]]
| constituency2 = [[Cox's Bazar-4]]
| term_start2 = 27 February 1991
| term_end2 = 15 February 1996
| predecessor2 = [[Abdul Gani (Cox's Bazar politician)|Abdul Gani]]
| successor2 = [[Mohammad Ali (Cox's Bazar politician)|Mohammad Ali]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| otherparty = [[National Democratic Party (Bangladesh)|National Democratic Party]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ukhia Upazila|Rajapalong]], [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar]], [[East Bengal]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Chittagong]] [[Chittagong College]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Shahjahan Chowdhury''' ({{langx|bn|শাহজাহান চৌধুরী}}) is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and the current [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Cox's Bazar-4]].

==Early life and family==
Shahjahan was born on 31 December 1952 in the village of Rajapalong in [[Ukhia Upazila|Ukhia]], [[Cox's Bazar District|Cox's Bazar subdivision]], then part of the [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong district]] of [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. He belongs to a landed [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Chowdhury|Chowdhuries]] with strong political roots. His father, Abul Kashem Chowdhury, served as chairman of the undivided Rajapalong Union Council. His grandfather Maqbul Ahmad Chowdhury served as president of the undivided Rajapalong Union Board and is the namesake of the Middle Rajapalong Maqbul Ahmad Chy Model Noorani Academy and Ibtedayi Madrasa. Shahjahan's brother Advocate A. K. Muhammad Shahjalal Chowdhury was chairman of the Ukhia Subdistrict Council from 2009 to 2013 and a four-time president of the Cox's Bazar Lawyers' Society.<ref name=ukhia>{{cite web|title=পূর্বতন পরিষদ চেয়ারম্যানগণ|language=bn|url=https://ukhiya.coxsbazar.gov.bd/bn/site/page/HiMH-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3}}</ref> His other brother, Alhaj A. K. Muhammad Shahkamal Chowdhury, was a four-time chairman of the Rajapalong Union Council and founder of the Abul Kashem Noorjahan Chowdhury High School, while his youngest brother Sarwar Jahan Chowdhury was chairman of the Ukhia Subdistrict Council in 2014.<ref name=ref>{{citation|lang=bn|title=রাজাপালং চৌধুরী বাড়ী: উখিয়ার উজ্জল অধ্যায়}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aknchighschool.edu.bd/speech/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80/|title=প্রতিষ্ঠাতার বাণী|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=ukhia/>

Chowdhury completed his initial studies locally in Ukhia before completing his [[Intermediate of Arts]] from the [[Chittagong College]]. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] with honours in sociology from the [[University of Chittagong]] in 1975. <ref name=ref/>

==Career==
Chowdhury was elected to parliament from Cox's Bazar-4 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2001.<ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=297 |url-status=dead |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229002919/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=297 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Smuggling is a well known problem in the constituency, which encompasses [[Teknaf Upazila|Teknaf]] and [[Ukhia Upazila|Ukhia]] upazilas, both of which border Myanmar.<ref name="dt31Oct2018" /> Chowdhury is said to have been supported by "the man allegedly leading smuggling operations in Teknaf".<ref>{{cite book |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |author-link=Bertil Lintner |year=2015 |title=Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p--5BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=167 |isbn=978-0-300-21332-4}}</ref> He contested the seat again in 2018, but was defeated by [[Shahin Akhtar]], the Awami League candidate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodi's wife Shahin Akhter wins Cox's Bazar-4 seat |url=https://bdnews24.com/11thparliamentaryelection/bodis-wife-shahin-akhter-wins-coxs-bazar-4-seat |work=bdnews24.com |date=31 December 2018}}</ref> He is the president of the Cox's Bazar unit of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.<ref name="dt31Oct2018">{{cite news |last=Aziz |first=Abdul |date=31 October 2018 |title=Cox's Bazar 4 constituency: Surplus of AL candidates against lone BNP candidate |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/10/31/cox-s-bazaar-4-constituency-surplus-of-al-voters-against-lone-bnp-candidate |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Shahjahan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:People from Ukhia Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cox's Bazar District]]
[[Category:University of Chittagong alumni]]
[[Category:Chittagong College alumni]]
{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Bina Junction railway station

2026-02-28T06:32:01Z

XuHzRuDLW: added info

{{short description|Railway junction in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|BINA JUNCTION}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Binajunction.jpg
| image_caption = Top:Bina junction railway station
| address = [[Bina Etawa|Bina]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.171187|78.185186|format=dms|display=inline}}
| line = [[Agra–Bhopal section]]
[[Bina–Katni line]]

[[New Delhi–Chennai main line]]

Bina–Guna–Baran line

[[New Delhi-Mumbai main line|New Delhi-Mumbai CST main line ]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|413|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 6
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 6
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1889
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1989-90
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BINA
| zone = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Bhopal}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Bina Junction railway station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Bina Junction railway station''' is a railway station in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is part of the Bhopal division of West Central Railway. Bina Junction serves the city of [[Bina Etawa|Bina]], along with Bundelkhand and Malwa. Bina Junction has six platforms.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bina-junction-bina/475| title=BINA/Bina Junction| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BINA| title=Bina Junction (BINA): Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018, Division : Bhopal| website=Raildrishti| access-date=22 October 2020| archive-date=25 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825154259/https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BINA| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://wcr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1389007951925-Microsoft%20Word%20-%20BINA.pdf| title=BINA STATION | website=West Central Railway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/preparing-to-run-a-train-at-a-speed-of-130-on-the-third-line-from-bhopal-to-bina-and-bina-to-gwalior-section-rail-travel-time-of-delhi-will-be-reduced-by-45-minutes-from-october-127673233.html| title=भोपाल से बीना और बीना से ग्वालियर सेक्शन में तीसरी लाइन पर 130 की स्पीड से ट्रेन चलाने की तैयारी, अक्टूबर से 45 मिनट घटेगा दिल्ली की रेल यात्रा का समय| website=Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naidunia.com/lite/madhya-pradesh/sagar-stkmecelt-fuu-cea-s-nw-ntudt-atie-hu-trl-fut-mjuo-6251561| title=झांसी-बीना के बीच जल्द शुरू होगा चौथी रेल लाइन का सर्वे| website=Naidunia| date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

==Line and route==
There is four major root passing through Bina junction -
* [[Agra–Bhopal section|Jhansi - Gwalior - Agra - Mathura - Delhi]]
* [[Bhopal–Nagpur section|Vidisha - Bhopal - Itarsi - Betul - Nagpur]]
* [[Bina-Katni line|Sagar - Katni - Shahdol - Bilaspur]]
* Ashoknagar - Guna - Baran - Kota

==History==
During [[British Raj|British Rule]], Bina Junction was opened as Etawah Junction. At that time, the main line of the Agra to Bhopal Route was constructed. Bina station was constructed to transport bricks and rail rocks; in Malgadi, they are transported to an area near [[Jhansi]], [[Bhopal, India|BhopalIi railway]], and to [[Guna, India|railways in Goona]] and Ashoknagar.

The main station had been constructed by 1923 when the Katni to Bina line was built. An older railway station in Bina was abandoned between 1930 and 1935.

The name of [[Bina-Etawa|Bina City]] and Bina station was changed to Bina and Etawah junction to Bina junction railway station by 1905, to avoid confusion with the city of [[Etawah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Connections==
Bina junction is connected with many cities and station, including some direct trains. These include [[Bhopal]], [[Jhansi|Virangana Lakshmibai jhansi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Surat]], [[Puri]] [[Madgaon]], [[New Delhi]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jammutawi]], [[Udhampur]], [[Haridwar]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Banaras]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Kota, Uttar Pradesh|Kota]], [[Itarsi]], [[Raipur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Muri Junction railway station|Muri]], [[Tatanagar]], [[Kolkata]], [[Patna]], [[Mathura]], [[Thane]], [[Barauni]], [[Guwahati]], [[New Jalpaiguri]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Ballia]], [[Nagpur]], [[Pune]], [[Mysore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Firozpur]], [[Baroda]], [[Bhuj]], [[Rajkot]], [[Okha, India|Okha]], [[Gandhidham]], [[Valsad]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Somnath|Somnath Gujarat]], [[Mumbai]], [[Panvel]], [[Nasik]], [[Chennai]], [[Ajmer]], [[Guna, India|Guna]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Tirupati]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Nagda]], [[Durg]], [[Ujjain]], [[Hapa]], [[Udaipur]], [[Ratlam]], [[Gwalior]], [[Agra]], [[Katni]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Saugor]], [[Gadarwara]] [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], [[Satna]], [[Singrauli]], and [[Indore]]. Direct trains to these cities include:

* [[Ahmedabad - Kolkata Express]]
* [[Ahmedabad - Patna Express]]
* [[Amritsar Express]]
* [[Andaman Express]]
* [[Ballia-Dadar Express|Ballia Express (via Khajuraho)]]
* [[Bandra Humsafar Express]]
* [[Bareilly Express]]
* [[Bhagat ki kothi-Tiruchirapalli Humsafar Express]]
* [[Bhuj-Shalimar Express|Bhuj Express]]
* [[Dakshin Express]]
* [[Dayodaya Express]]
* [[Darbhanga - Ahmedabad Clone Express]]
* [[Ernakulam Express]]
* [[Firozpur Express]]
* [[G.T.Express|Grand Trunk Express]]
* [[Gondwana Express]]
* [[Gwalior Intercity Express]]
* [[Hyderabad Express]]
* [[Jhansi - Pune Express]]
* [[Jodhpur-Bhopal Express|Jodhpur Express]]
* [[Karnataka Express]]
* [[Kushinagar Express]]
* [[Khajuraho-Bhopal Express |Mahamana Express]]
* [[Malwa Express]]
* [[Mangala Lakshadweep Express|Mangla superfast express]]
* [[Bhopal Express]]
* [[Sachkhand Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Pratapgarh Express (via Lucknow)|Bhopal Pratapgarh Express]]
* [[Lucknow–Bhopal Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Kamayani Express]]
* [[Shipra Express]]
* [[Kamakhya-Dr.Ambedkar Nagar Express]]
* [[Punjab Mail]]
* [[Patna Express]]
* [[Firozpur Cantt. - Hazur Sahib Nanded Weekly Express]]
* [[Kongu Express]]
* [[Millennium Express]]
* [[Somnath – Jabalpur Express (via Bina)]]
* [[Gorakhpur - Bandra Terminus Express (via Barhni)|Mumbai superfast Express]]
* [[Gorakhpur-Okha Express|Okha Express (via Bina)]]
* [[Prayagraj - Dr.Ambedkar Nagar Express (via Khajuraho)]]
* [[Rewanchal Express]]
* [[Rewa-Indore IntercityExpress]]
* [[Samata Express]]
* [[Swarna jayanti Express]]
* [[Sabarmati Express]]
* [[Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Shridham Express]]
* [[Sultanpur Express]]
* [[Surat - Muzaffarpur Express]]
* [[Kerala Express]]
* [[Chhattisgarh Express]]
* [[Rajyarani Intercity Express]]
* [[Patalkot Express]]
* [[Pathankot Express]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram Express]]
* [[Gwalior - SMVT Bengaluru Express]]

[[Jhansi Junction railway station |Virangana Laxmibai Jhansi]] introduced the 4th line, from Mathura to Bina, while [[Katni Junction railway station|Katni]] Introduced [[Bina-Katni Section |Bina Katni 3rd line ]]. [[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal]] introduced a 3rd line. [[Kota junction railway station|Kota]] introduced Doubling with electri- fication via Guna to Bina. A new line is also proposed from [[Biyaora - Rajgarh railway station|Biyaora-Rajgarh]]to Bina.

==Facilities==
Bina junction has upper, lower, and middle-class waiting rooms, toilets facilities, a ticket booth, potable water, and food trucks.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1889]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Sagar district]]
[[Category:Bhopal railway division]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}

18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly

2026-02-20T08:56:14Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Short description|Assembly term of a Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India constituted in 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| website = [https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/index_en.html Official website]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Brajesh Pathak]] [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Chief Ministers
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| membership1 = 403
| opposition = [[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]]
| before = [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| after=[[19th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| government = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| election = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
| term = 5 Years
| term_start = 29 March 2022
| meeting_place = [[Vidhan Bhawan, Lucknow|Vidhan Bhawan]]
| body = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Assembly]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Satish Mahana]]
| term_end = 2027
}}

The '''Eighteenth Uttar Pradesh Assembly''' (Eighteenth Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) is formed by the members elected in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. Elections for 403 seats of the [[Uttar Pradesh|state]], were conducted in seven phases from 10 February 2022 to 7 March 2022 by the [[Election Commission of India]]. The votes were counted and results were declared on 10 March 2022.

[[Satish Mahana]] was elected as the speaker of the assembly.

== Notable positions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Position
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Office Taken
|-
!1
| [[List of speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|
|'''[[Satish Mahana]]'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Maharajpur (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Maharajpur]]
|29 March 2022
|-
!2
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| colspan="6" |''Vacant''
|-
!3
|Leader of the House
|[[File:The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg|frameless|154x154px]]
|'''[[Yogi Adityanath]]''' {{small|(''[[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]'')}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Gorakhpur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Gorakhpur Urban]]
| rowspan="2" |25 March 2022
|-
!4
|Deputy Leader of the House
|
|'''[[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]''' {{small|(''[[Department of Parliamentary Affairs (Uttar Pradesh)|Parliamentary Affairs]] and Finance Minister'')}}
|[[Shahjahanpur Assembly constituency|Shahjahanpur]]
|-
!5
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|
|[[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
| style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[Itwa Assembly constituency|Itwa]]
|28 July 2024
|}

==Composition==

<section begin="Composition"/>
[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2025.svg|frameless|565x565px]]
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Alliance
!colspan=2|Political party
!No. of MLAs
!Leader of the party
|-
|rowspan=6 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center;"|'''Government [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]''' Seats: '''294'''
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|258
|[[Yogi Adityanath]] ''([[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]])''
|-
|{{party color cell|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|[[Ram Niwas Verma]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|9
|[[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6
|[[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
|-
|{{party color cell|NISHAD Party}}
|[[NISHAD Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|[[Anil Kumar Tripathi]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<ref>https://www.news18.com/india/samajwadi-party-expelled-mlas-declared-independents-may-join-bjp-9432023.html</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|{{n/a}}
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|'''Opposition [[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]]''' Seats: '''103'''
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|101
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Aradhana Misra|Aradhana Mishra]]
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Others}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|'''Others''' Seats: '''3'''
|{{party color cell|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)}}
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Uma Shankar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Uma Shankar Singh]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Vacant}}
|style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]]''' Seats: '''3'''
|{{party color cell|Vacant}}
|
*[[Faridpur Assembly constituency| Faridpur]]
*[[Ghosi Assembly constituency|Ghosi]]
*[[Duddhi Assembly constituency|Duddhi]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|{{n/a}}
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!colspan=2|403
|}
<section end="Composition"/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
<section begin="MLA"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Alliance
! Remarks
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| 1
| [[Behat (Assembly constituency)|Behat]]
|[[Umar Ali Khan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 2
|[[Nakur (Assembly constituency)|Nakur]]
|[[Mukesh Choudhary (politician)|Mukesh Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 3
| [[Saharanpur Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Saharanpur Nagar]]
|[[Rajiv Gumber]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 4
| [[Saharanpur (Assembly constituency)|Saharanpur]]
|[[Ashu Malik]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 5
| [[Deoband (Assembly constituency)|Deoband]]
|[[Brijesh Singh|Brijesh Singh Rawat]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 6
| [[Rampur Maniharan (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Maniharan]] (SC)
|[[Devendra Kumar Nim]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 7
| [[Gangoh (Assembly constituency)|Gangoh]]
|[[Kirat Singh Gurjar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Shamli district|Shamli]]
| 8
| [[Kairana (Assembly constituency)|Kairana]]
|[[Nahid Hasan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 9
| [[Thana Bhawan (Assembly constituency)|Thana Bhawan]]
|[[Ashraf Ali Khan (politician, born 1972)|Ashraf Ali Khan]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 10
| [[Shamli (Assembly constituency)|Shamli]]
|[[Persann Kumar Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
| 11
|[[Budhana (Assembly constituency)|Budhana]]
|[[Rajpal Singh Baliyan]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 12
| [[Charthawal (Assembly constituency)|Charthawal]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Malik]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 13
| [[Purqazi (Assembly constituency)|Purqazi]] (SC)
|[[Anil Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 14
| [[Muzaffarnagar (Assembly constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
|[[Kapil Dev Aggarwal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="2" |15
| rowspan="2" |[[Khatauli (Assembly constituency)|Khatauli]]
|[[Vikram Singh Saini]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Disqualified on 7 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=UP BJP MLA's Seat Declared Vacant Following Conviction In Muzaffarnagar Riots Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-bjp-mlas-seat-declared-vacant-following-conviction-in-muzaffarnagar-riots-case-3499394 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Madan Bhaiya]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected on 8 December 2022
|-
|Rowspan=2|16
|Rowspan=2|[[Meerapur (Assembly constituency)|Meerapur]]
|[[Chandan Chauhan]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected to 18th Lok Sabha from Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency
|-
|[[Mithlesh Pal]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| 17
|[[Najibabad (Assembly constituency)|Najibabad]]
|[[Tasleem Ahmad]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 18
| [[Nagina (Assembly constituency)|Nagina]] (SC)
|[[Manoj Kumar Paras]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 19
| [[Barhapur (Assembly constituency)|Barhapur]]
|[[Kunwar Sushant Singh|Sushant Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 20
| [[Dhampur (Assembly constituency)|Dhampur]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Rana]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 21
| [[Nehtaur (Assembly constituency)|Nehtaur]] (SC)
|[[Om Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 22
| [[Bijnor (Assembly constituency)|Bijnor]]
|[[Suchi (politician)|Suchi Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 23
| [[Chandpur (Assembly constituency)|Chandpur]]
|[[Swami Omvesh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
|24
|[[Noorpur (Assembly constituency)|Noorpur]]
|[[Ram Avtar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| 25
|[[Kanth (Assembly constituency)|Kanth]]
|[[Kamal Akhtar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 26
| [[Thakurdwara (Assembly constituency)|Thakurdwara]]
|[[Nawab Jan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 27
| [[Moradabad Rural (Assembly constituency)|Moradabad Rural]]
|[[Mohd Nasir Qureshi]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 28
| [[Moradabad Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Moradabad Nagar]]
|[[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2| 29
|Rowspan=2| [[Kundarki (Assembly constituency)|Kundarki]]
|[[Ziaur Rahman Barq|Zia Ur Rehman]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Alliance}}
|Elected as MP to lok sabha in 2024
|-
|[[Thakur Ramveer Singh|Ramveer Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2024 by-election
|-
| 30
| [[Bilari (Assembly constituency)|Bilari]]
|[[Mohammed Faeem]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
| 31
|[[Chandausi (Assembly constituency)|Chandausi]] (SC)
|[[Gulab Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 32
| [[Asmoli (Assembly constituency)|Asmoli]]
|[[Pinki Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 33
| [[Sambhal (Assembly constituency)|Sambhal]]
|[[Iqbal Mehmood]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| rowspan="2" |34
| rowspan="2" |[[Suar (Assembly constituency)|Suar]]
|[[Abdullah Azam Khan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|Disqualified on 15 February 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-15 |title=SP MLA Abdullah Azam Khan disqualified from UP Assembly after conviction in 15-year-old case |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sp-mla-abdullah-azam-khan-disqualified-from-up-assembly-after-conviction-in-15-year-old-case/articleshow/97949511.cms |access-date=2023-05-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shafeek Ahmed Ansari]]
| bgcolor="#330066" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2023 by-election
|-
| 35
| [[Chamraua (Assembly constituency)|Chamraua]]
|[[Naseer Ahmad Khan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 36
| [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
|[[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| rowspan="2" |37
| rowspan="2" |[[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur]]
|[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|Disqualified on 28 October 2022<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-28 |title=SP leader Azam Khan disqualified from U.P. Assembly after conviction in hate speech case |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sp-leader-azam-khan-disqualified-from-up-assembly-after-conviction-in-hate-speech-case/article66066804.ece |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akash Saxena]]
|Bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected on 8 December 2022
|-
| 38
| [[Milak (Assembly constituency)|Milak]] (SC)
|[[Rajbala]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
| 39
|[[Dhanaura (Assembly constituency)|Dhanaura]] (SC)
|[[Rajeev Tarara]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 40
| [[Naugawan Sadat (Assembly constituency)|Naugawan Sadat]]
|[[Samarpal Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 41
| [[Amroha (Assembly constituency)|Amroha]]
|[[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Mehboob Ali]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 42
| [[Hasanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
|[[Mahender Singh Khadakvanshi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| 43
|[[Siwalkhas (Assembly constituency)|Siwalkhas]]
|[[Ghulam Mohammed (politician)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 44
| [[Sardhana (Assembly constituency)|Sardhana]]
|[[Atul Pradhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 45
| [[Hastinapur (Assembly constituency)|Hastinapur]]
|[[Dinesh Khatik]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 46
| [[Kithore (Assembly constituency)|Kithore]]
|[[Shahid Manzoor]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 47
| [[Meerut Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Meerut Cantt.]]
|[[Amit Agarwal (politician)|Amit Agarwal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 48
| [[Meerut (Assembly constituency)|Meerut City]]
|[[Rafiq Ansari]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 49
| [[Meerut South (Assembly constituency)|Meerut South]]
|[[Somendra Tomar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]]
| 50
|[[Chhaprauli (Assembly constituency)|Chhaprauli]]
|[[Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 51
| [[Baraut (Assembly constituency)|Baraut]]
|[[Krishnapal Malik|Krishan Pal Malik]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 52
| [[Bagpat (Assembly constituency)|Baghpat]]
|[[Yogesh Dhama]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| 53
| [[Loni (Assembly constituency)|Loni]]
|[[Nand Kishor Gurjar|Nandkishor Gurjar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 54
| [[Muradnagar (Assembly constituency)|Muradnagar]]
|[[Ajit Pal Tyagi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 55
| [[Sahibabad (Assembly constituency)|Sahibabad]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2| 56
|Rowspan=2| [[Ghaziabad (Assembly constituency)|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Atul Garg]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
| Elected as MP from Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency in 18th Lok Sabha in 2024
|-
|[[Sanjeev Sharma (politician)|Sanjeev Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2024 by-election
|-
| 57
| [[Modinagar (Assembly constituency)|Modi Nagar]]
|[[Manju Shivach]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Hapur district|Hapur]]
| 58
|[[Dholana (Assembly constituency)|Dholana]]
|[[Dharmesh Singh Tomar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 59
| [[Hapur (Assembly constituency)|Hapur]]
| [[Vijay Pal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 60
| [[Garhmukteshwar (Assembly constituency)|Garhmukteshwar]]
|[[Harendra Singh Tewatia]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district|Gautam Buddh Nagar]]
| 61
|[[Noida (Assembly constituency)|Noida]]
|[[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 62
| [[Dadri (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Dadri]]
|[[Tejpal Singh Nagar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 63
|[[Jewar (Assembly constituency)|Jewar]]
|[[Dhirendra Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
| 64
|[[Sikandrabad (Assembly constituency)|Sikandrabad]]
|[[Lakshmi Raj Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Bulandshahr (Assembly constituency)|Bulandshahr]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 66
|[[Syana (Assembly constituency)|Syana]]
|[[Devendra Singh Lodhi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 67
|[[Anupshahr (Assembly constituency)|Anupshahr]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 68
|[[Debai (Assembly constituency)|Debai]]
|[[Chandrapal Singh (politician)|Chandrapal Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 69
|[[Shikarpur (Assembly constituency)|Shikarpur]]
|[[Anil Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 70
|[[Khurja (Assembly constituency)|Khurja]] (SC)
|[[Meenakshi Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|Rowspan=2| 71
|Rowspan=2|[[Khair (Assembly constituency)|Khair]] (SC)
|[[Anoop Pradhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|[[Surender Diler]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 72
|[[Barauli (Assembly constituency)|Barauli]]
|[[Thakur Jaivir Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 73
|[[Atrauli (Assembly constituency)|Atrauli]]
|[[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 74
|[[Chharra (Assembly constituency)|Chharra]]
|[[Ravendra Pal Singh (politician)|Ravendra Pal Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 75
|[[Koil (Assembly constituency)|Koil]]
|[[Anil Parashar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 76
|[[Aligarh (Assembly constituency)|Aligarh]]
|[[Mukta Raja]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|77
|[[Iglas (Assembly constituency)|Iglas]] (SC)
|[[Rajkumar Sahyogi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Hathras district|Hathras]]
| 78
|[[Hathras (Assembly constituency)|Hathras]] (SC)
|[[Anjula Singh Mahaur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 79
|[[Sadabad (Assembly constituency)|Sadabad]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#257605|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 80
|[[Sikandra Rao (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra Rao]]
|[[Birendra Singh Rana]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| 81
|[[Chhata (Assembly constituency)|Chhata]]
|[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 82
|[[Mant (Assembly constituency)|Mant]]
|[[Rajesh Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 83
|[[Goverdhan (Assembly constituency)|Goverdhan]]
|[[Meghshyam Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 84
|[[Mathura (Assembly constituency)|Mathura]]
|[[Shrikant Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 85
|[[Baldev (Assembly constituency)|Baldev]] (SC)
|[[Pooran Prakash]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Agra district|Agra]]
| 86
|[[Etmadpur (Assembly constituency)|Etmadpur]]
|[[Dharampal Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 87
|[[Agra Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Agra Cantt.]] (SC)
|[[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 88
|[[Agra South (Assembly constituency)|Agra South]]
|[[Yogendra Upadhyaya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 89
|[[Agra North (Assembly constituency)|Agra North]]
|[[Purshottam Khandelwal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 90
|[[Agra Rural (Assembly constituency)|Agra Rural]] (SC)
|[[Baby Rani Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 91
|[[Fatehpur Sikri (Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur Sikri]]
|[[Babulal Chaudhary|Chaudhary Babulal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 92
|[[Kheragarh (Assembly constituency)|Kheragarh]]
|[[Bhagvan Singh Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 93
|[[Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehabad]]
|[[Chotelal Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|94
|[[Bah (Assembly constituency)|Bah]]
|[[Rani Pakshalika Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| 95
|[[Tundla (Assembly constituency)|Tundla]] (SC)
|[[Prempal Singh Dhangar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 96
|[[Jasrana (Assembly constituency)|Jasrana]]
|[[Sachin Yadav (Jasrana politician)|Sachin Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 97
|[[Firozabad (Assembly constituency)|Firozabad]]
|[[Manish Asija]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 98
|[[Shikohabad (Assembly constituency)|Shikohabad]]
|[[Mukesh Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 99
|[[Sirsaganj (Assembly constituency)|Sirsaganj]]
|[[Sarvesh Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
| 100
|[[Kasganj (Assembly constituency)|Kasganj]]
|[[Devendra Singh Rajput]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 101
|[[Amanpur (Assembly constituency)|Amanpur]]
|[[Hariom Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 102
|[[Patiyali (Assembly constituency)|Patiyali]]
|[[Nadira Sultan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Etah district|Etah]]
| 103
|[[Aliganj (Assembly constituency)|Aliganj]]
|[[Satyapal Singh Rathore]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 104
|[[Etah (Assembly constituency)|Etah]]
|[[Vipin Kumar David]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 105
|[[Marhara (Assembly constituency)|Marhara]]
|[[Virendra Singh Lodhi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 106
|[[Jalesar (Assembly constituency)|Jalesar]] (SC)
|[[Sanjeev Kumar Diwakar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| 107
|[[Mainpuri (Assembly constituency)|Mainpuri]]
|[[Jaiveer Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 108
|[[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)|Bhongaon]]
|[[Ram Naresh Agnihotri]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 109
|[[Kishni (Assembly constituency)|Kishni]] (SC)
|[[Brajesh Katheriya]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|110
|Rowspan=2|[[Karhal (Assembly constituency)|Karhal]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
| Resigned from Karhal seat on 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=अखिलेश यादव ने करहल से दिया इस्तीफा, अब ये नेता लड़ सकता है सपा से चुनाव |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/akhilesh-yadav-resigned-from-the-mla-post-in-up-tej-pratap-yadav-may-fight-by-election-from-karhal-2713146 |work=ABP News |language=hi |date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
| 111
|[[Gunnaur (Assembly constituency)|Gunnaur]]
|[[Ramkhiladi Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Budaun district|Budaun]]
| 112
|[[Bisauli (Assembly constituency)|Bisauli]] (SC)
|[[Ashutosh Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 113
|[[Sahaswan (Assembly constituency)|Sahaswan]]
|[[Brajesh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 114
|[[Bilsi (Assembly constituency)|Bilsi]]
|[[Harish Shakya|Harish Chandra Shakya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 115
|[[Badaun (Assembly constituency)|Badaun]]
|[[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 116
|[[Shekhupur (Assembly constituency)|Shekhupur]]
|[[Himanshu Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 117
|[[Dataganj (Assembly constituency)|Dataganj]]
|[[Rajeev Kumar Singh (Dataganj politician)|Rajeev Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| 118
|[[Baheri (Assembly constituency)|Baheri]]
|[[Ataurrehman]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 119
|[[Meerganj (Assembly constituency)|Meerganj]]
|[[D. C. Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 120
|[[Bhojipura (Assembly constituency)|Bhojipura]]
|[[Shazil Islam Ansari]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 121
|[[Nawabganj (Assembly constituency)|Nawabganj]]
|[[M. P. Arya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 122
| rowspan="2" |[[Faridpur (Assembly constituency)|Faridpur]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Bihari Lal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Died on 2 January 2026<ref>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/bjp-mla-shyam-bihari-lal-passes-away-after-heart-attack-in-bareilly-cm-yogi-expresses-grief-reactions-latest-updates-2026-01-02-1024230 Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief]</ref>
|-
|Colspan="6"|Vacant
|-
| 123
|[[Bithari Chainpur (Assembly constituency)|Bithari Chainpur]]
|[[Raghavendra Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 124
|[[Bareilly (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly]]
|[[Arun Kumar Saxena]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 125
|[[Bareilly Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly Cantt]]
|[[Sanjeev Agarwal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 126
|[[Aonla (Assembly constituency)|Aonla]]
|[[Dharmpal Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
| 127
|[[Pilibhit (Assembly constituency)|Pilibhit]]
|[[Sanjay Singh Gangwar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 128
|[[Barkhera (Assembly constituency)|Barkhera]]
|[[Swami Pravaktanand]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 129
|[[Puranpur (Assembly constituency)|Puranpur]] (SC)
|[[Babu Ram Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 130
|[[Bisalpur (Assembly constituency)|Bisalpur]]
| [[Vivek Kumar Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| 131
|[[Katra (Assembly constituency)|Katra]]
|[[Veer Vikram Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 132
|[[Jalalabad (UP Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]]
|[[Hari Prakash Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 133
|[[Tilhar (Assembly constituency)|Tilhar]]
|[[Salona Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 134
|[[Powayan (Assembly constituency)|Powayan]] (SC)
|[[Chetram|Chetram Pasi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 135
|[[Shahjahanpur (Assembly constituency)|Shahjahanpur]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|Rowspan=2|136
|Rowspan=2|[[Dadraul (Assembly constituency)|Dadraul]]
|[[Manvendra Singh (Dadraul politician)|Manvendra Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Has died
|-
|[[Arvind Kumar Singh (Dadraul politician)|Arvind Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected on 4 June 2024
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
| 137
|[[Palia (Assembly constituency)|Palia]]
|[[Harvindar Kumar Sahani|Harvinder Kumar Sahani]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|138
|[[Nighasan (Assembly constituency)|Nighasan]]
|[[Shashank Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 139
|rowspan=2| [[Gola Gokrannath (Assembly constituency)|Gola Gokarnnath]]
|[[Arvind Giri]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
| Died on 6 September 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=UP: BJP MLA Arvind Giri dies of heart attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-bjp-mla-arvind-giri-dies-of-heart-attack-101662438032862.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aman Giri]]
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected in Bypoll
|-
| 140
|[[Sri Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sri Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Manju Tyagi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 141
|[[Dhaurahra (Assembly constituency)|Dhaurahra]]
|[[Vinod Shankar Avasthi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 142
|[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|[[Yogesh Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 143
|[[Kasta (Assembly constituency)|Kasta]] (SC)
|[[Saurabh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Saurabh Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|144
|[[Mohammdi (Assembly constituency)|Mohammadi]]
|[[Lokendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9"| [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| 145
|[[Maholi (Assembly constituency)|Maholi]]
|[[Shashank Trivedi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 146
|[[Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]]
|[[Rakesh Rathour|Rakesh Rathour Guru]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 147
|[[Hargaon (Assembly constituency)|Hargaon]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Rahi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 148
|[[Laharpur (Assembly constituency)|Laharpur]]
|[[Anil Kumar Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 149
|[[Biswan (Assembly constituency)|Biswan]]
|[[Nirmal Verma (politician)|Nirmal Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 150
|[[Sevata (Assembly constituency)|Sevata]]
|[[Gyan Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|151
|[[Mahmoodabad (Assembly constituency)|Mahmoodabad]]
|[[Asha Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 152
|[[Sidhauli (Assembly constituency)|Sidhauli]] (SC)
|[[Manish Rawat]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 153
|[[Misrikh (Assembly constituency)|Misrikh]] (SC)
|[[Ram Krishna Bhargava]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| 154
|[[Sawayazpur (Assembly constituency)|Sawayazpur]]
|[[Madhvendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|155
|[[Shahabad (Assembly constituency)|Shahabad]]
|[[Rajani Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 156
|[[Hardoi (Assembly constituency)|Hardoi]]
|[[Nitin Agarwal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 157
|[[Gopamau (Assembly constituency)|Gopamau]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Prakash]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 158
|[[Sandi (Assembly constituency)|Sandi]] (SC)
|[[Prabhash Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 159
|[[Bilgram-Mallanwan (Assembly constituency)|Bilgram-Mallanwan]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 160
|[[Balamau (Assembly constituency)|Balamau]] (SC)
|[[Ram Pal Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 161
|[[Sandila (Assembly constituency)|Sandila]]
|[[Alka Singh Arkvanshi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|162
|[[Bangarmau (Assembly constituency)|Bangarmau]]
|[[Shrikant Katiyar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 163
|[[Safipur (Assembly constituency)|Safipur]] (SC)
|[[Bamba Lal Diwakar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 164
|[[Mohan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohan]] (SC)
|[[Brijesh Kumar Rawat]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 165
|[[Unnao (Assembly constituency)|Unnao]]
|[[Pankaj Gupta (BJP Politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 166
|[[Bhagwantnagar (Assembly constituency)|Bhagwantnagar]]
|[[Ashutosh Shukla]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 167
|[[Purwa (Assembly constituency)|Purwa]]
|[[Anil Kumar Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| 168
|[[Malihabad (Assembly constituency)|Malihabad]] (SC)
|[[Jai Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 169
|[[Bakshi Kaa Talab (Assembly constituency)|Bakshi Kaa Talab]]
|[[Yogesh Shukla]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 170
|[[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar]]
|[[Rajeshwar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 171
|[[Lucknow West (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow West]]
|[[Armaan Khan (Politician)|Armaan Khan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 172
|[[Lucknow North (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow North]]
|[[Neeraj Bora]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan=2|173
|rowspan=2|[[Lucknow East (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow East]]
|[[Ashutosh Tandon]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Died on 9 November 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=3-term BJP MLA from Lucknow East Ashutosh Tandon passes away at 63 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/3-term-bjp-mla-from-lucknow-east-ashutosh-tandon-passes-away-at-63-9020973/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[O. P. Srivastava]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected on 4 June 2024
|-
| 174
|[[Lucknow Central (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Central]]
|[[Ravidas Mehrotra]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 175
|[[Lucknow Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Cantt]]
|[[Brajesh Pathak]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|-
| 176
|[[Mohanlalganj (Assembly constituency)|Mohanlalganj]] (SC)
|[[Amresh Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| 177
|[[Bachhrawan (Assembly constituency)|Bachhrawan]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Sunder Bharti]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| 178
|[[Tiloi (Assembly constituency)|Tiloi]]
|[[Mayankeshwar Sharan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| 179
|[[Harchandpur (Assembly constituency)|Harchandpur]]
|Rahul Lodhi
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 180
|[[Rae Bareli (Assembly constituency)|Rae Bareli]]
|[[Aditi Singh (politician)|Aditi Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 181
|[[Salon (Assembly constituency)|Salon]] (SC)
|[[Ashok Kori]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 182
|[[Sareni (Assembly constituency)|Sareni]]
|[[Devendra Pratap Singh (UP politician, born 1958)|Devendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 183
|[[Unchahar (Assembly constituency)|Unchahar]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
| Switched from SP to BJP in 2024<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/manoj-pandey-rebel-sp-mla-from-rae-bareli-joins-bjp-fold/articleshow/110219939.cms</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| 184
|[[Jagdishpur (Assembly constituency)|Jagdishpur]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Pasi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 185
| [[Gauriganj (Assembly constituency)|Gauriganj]]
|[[Rakesh Pratap Singh (politician)|Rakesh Pratap Singh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
| Expelled from [[Samajwadi Party]] in 2025.
|-
| 186
| [[Amethi (Assembly constituency)|Amethi]]
|[[Maharaji Prajapati]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| 187
|[[Isauli (Assembly constituency)|Isauli]]
|[[Mohammad Tahir Khan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 188
|[[Sultanpur (Assembly constituency)|Sultanpur]]
|[[Vinod Singh (Sultanpur politician)|Vinod Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 189
|[[Sadar Assembly constituency|Sadar]]
|[[Raj Prasad Upadhyay]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 190
|[[Lambhua (Assembly constituency)|Lambhua]]
|[[Sitaram Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 191
| [[Kadipur (Assembly constituency)|Kadipur]] (SC)
|[[Rajesh Gautam]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
| 192
| [[Kaimganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaimganj]] (SC)
|Dr. [[Surabhi Singh]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 193
|[[Amritpur (Assembly constituency)|Amritpur]]
|[[Suhil Kumar Shakya|Sushil Kumar Shakya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 194
|[[Farrukhabad (Assembly constituency)|Farrukhabad]]
|[[Sunil Dutt Dwivedi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 195
|[[Bhojpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
|[[Nagendra Singh Rathore]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
| 196
| [[Chhibramau (Assembly constituency)|Chhibramau]]
|[[Archana Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 197
| [[Tirwa (Assembly constituency)|Tirwa]]
|[[Kailash Singh Rajput]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 198
| [[Kannauj (Assembly constituency)|Kannauj]] (SC)
|[[Asim Arun]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
| 199
| [[Jaswantnagar (Assembly constituency)|Jaswantnagar]]
|[[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 200
| [[Etawah (Assembly constituency)|Etawah]]
|[[Sarita Bhadauria]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 201
|[[Bharthana (Assembly constituency)|Bharthana]] (SC)
|[[Raghvendra Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
| 202
| [[Bidhuna (Assembly constituency)|Bidhuna]]
|[[Rekha Verma (born 1961)|Rekha Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 203
|[[Dibiyapur (Assembly constituency)|Dibiyapur]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 204
|[[Auraiya (Assembly constituency)|Auraiya]] (SC)
|[[Gudiya Katheriya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
| 205
|[[Rasulabad (Assembly constituency)|Rasulabad]] (SC)
|[[Poonam Sankhwar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 206
|[[Akbarpur-Raniya (Assembly constituency)|Akbarpur-Raniya]]
|[[Pratibha Shukla]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 207
|[[Sikandra (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra]]
|[[Ajit Singh Pal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 208
| [[Bhognipur (Assembly constituency)|Bhognipur]]
|[[Rakesh Sachan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
| 209
| [[Bilhaur (Assembly constituency)|Bilhaur]] (SC)
|[[Rahul Bachha Sonkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 210
| [[Bithoor (Assembly constituency)|Bithoor]]
|[[Abhijeet Singh Sanga]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 211
|[[Kalyanpur, Kanpur (Assembly constituency)|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Neelima Katiyar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 212
|[[Govind Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Govindnagar]]
|[[Surendra Maithani]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2| 213
|Rowspan=2|[[Sishamau (Assembly constituency)|Sishamau]]
|[[Haji Irfan Solanki]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
|[[Naseem Solanki]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 214
|[[Arya Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Arya Nagar]]
|[[Amitabh Bajpai]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 215
|[[Kidwai Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Kidwai Nagar]]
|[[Mahesh Trivedi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 216
|[[Kanpur Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Kanpur Cantt]]
|[[Mohammad Hassan Roomi]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 217
| [[Maharajpur (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Maharajpur]]
|[[Satish Mahana]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]
|-
| 218
| [[Ghatampur (Assembly constituency)|Ghatampur]] (SC)
|[[Saroj Kureel]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
| 219
|[[Madhogarh (Assembly constituency)|Madhaugarh]]
|[[Moolchandra Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 220
|[[Kalpi (Assembly constituency)|Kalpi]]
|[[Vinod Chaturvedi]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
| '''Rebel'''
|-
| 221
|[[Orai (Assembly constituency)|Orai]] (SC)
|[[Gauri Shankar Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
| 222
|[[Babina (Assembly constituency)|Babina]]
|[[Rajeev Singh Parichha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 223
|[[Jhansi Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Jhansi Nagar]]
|[[Ravi Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ravi Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 224
|[[Mauranipur (Assembly constituency)|Mauranipur]] (SC)
|[[Rashmi Arya]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 225
|[[Garautha (Assembly constituency)|Garautha]]
|[[Jawahar Lal Rajput]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]]
| 226
|[[Lalitpur (Assembly constituency)|Lalitpur]]
|[[Ramratan Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 227
|[[Mehroni (Assembly constituency)|Mehroni]] (SC)
|[[Manohar Lal Panth]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| 228
|[[Hamirpur (Assembly constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Prajapati]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 229
|[[Rath (Assembly constituency)|Rath]] (SC)
|[[Manisha Anuragi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
| 230
|[[Mahoba (Assembly constituency)|Mahoba]]
|[[Rakesh Kumar Goswami]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 231
|[[Charkhari (Assembly constituency)|Charkhari]]
|[[Brijbhushan Rajpoot]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Banda district, India|Banda]]
| 232
|[[Tindwari (Assembly constituency)|Tindwari]]
|[[Ramakesh Nishad|Ramkesh Nishad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 233
|[[Baberu (Assembly constituency)|Baberu]]
|[[Vishambhar Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 234
|[[Naraini (Assembly constituency)|Naraini]] (SC)
|[[Ommani Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 235
| [[Banda (Assembly constituency)|Banda]]
|[[Prakash Dwivedi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
| 236
|[[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|[[Anil Pradhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 237
| [[Manikpur (Assembly constituency)|Manikpur]]
|[[Avinash Chandra Dwivedi]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| 238
| [[Jahanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 239
|[[Bindki (Assembly constituency)|Bindki]]
|[[Jai Kumar Singh Jaiki]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 240
| [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh (Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Lodhi]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 241
|[[Ayah Shah (Assembly constituency)|Ayah Shah]]
|[[Vikas Gupta (politician)|Vikas Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 242
|[[Husainganj (Assembly constituency)|Husainganj]]
|[[Usha Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 243
|[[Khaga (Assembly constituency)|Khaga]] (SC)
|[[Krishna Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
| 244
|[[Rampur Khas (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Khas]]
|[[Aradhana Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|Leader (Congress)
|-
| 245
|[[Babaganj (Assembly constituency)|Babaganj]] (SC)
|[[Vinod Saroj]]
|bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| 246
| [[Kunda (Assembly constituency)|Kunda]]
|[[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|Leader (JD(L))
|-
| 247
|[[Vishwanathganj (Assembly constituency)|Bishwavnathganj]]
|[[Jeet Lal|Jeet Lal Patel]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 248
|[[Pratapgarh (Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 249
|[[Patti (Assembly constituency)|Patti]]
|[[Ram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 250
|[[Raniganj (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Raniganj]]
|[[Rakesh Kumar Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| rowspan="2"|251
|rowspan="2"|[[Sirathu (Assembly constituency)|Sirathu]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Pallavi Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|-
|bgcolor=#27176D|
|[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)]]
| {{Party name with colour|Pichhra Dalit Muslim|shortname=PDM|color=#030303}}
|-
| 252
| [[Manjhanpur (Assembly constituency)|Manjhanpur]] (SC)
|[[Indrajit Saroj]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 253
|[[Chail (Assembly constituency)|Chail]]
|[[Pooja Pal]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
| Expelled from Samajwadi Party in 2025.
|-
| rowspan="13" | [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| 254
| [[Phaphamau (Assembly constituency)|Phaphamau]]
|[[Guru Prasad Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 255
|[[Soraon (Assembly constituency)|Soraon]] (SC)
|[[Geeta Shastri]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
|Rowspan=2| 256
|Rowspan=2|[[Phulpur (Assembly constituency)|Phulpur]]
|[[Praveen Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|[[Deepak Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 257
|[[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
|[[Vijama Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 258
|[[Handia (Assembly constituency)|Handia]]
|[[Hakim Lal Bind]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 259
| [[Meja (Assembly constituency)|Meja]]
|[[Sandeep Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 260
|[[Karachhana (Assembly constituency)|Karachhana]]
|[[Piyush Ranjan Nishad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 261
|[[Prayagraj West Assembly constituency|Prayagraj West]]
|[[Sidharth Nath Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 262
|[[Prayagraj North Assembly constituency|Prayagraj North]]
|[[Harshvardhan Bajpai]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 263
|[[Prayagraj South Assembly constituency|Prayagraj South]]
|[[Nand Gopal Gupta Nandi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 264
|[[Bara (Assembly constituency)|Bara]] (SC)
|[[Vachaspati (politician)|Vachaspati]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 265
|[[Koraon (Assembly constituency)|Koraon]]
|[[Rajmani Kol]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| 266
|[[Kursi (Assembly constituency)|Kursi]]
|[[Sakendra Pratap Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 267
|[[Ram Nagar, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ram Nagar]]
|[[Fareed Mahfooz Kidwai]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 268
|[[Barabanki (Assembly constituency)|Barabanki]]
|[[Dharmraj Singh Yadav|Dharamraj Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 269
|[[Zaidpur (Assembly constituency)|Zaidpur]] (SC)
|[[Gaurav Kumar (politician)|Gaurav Kumar Rawat]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 270
|[[Dariyabad (Assembly constituency)|Dariyabad]]
|[[Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)|Satish Chandra Sharma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| 271
|[[Rudauli (Assembly constituency)|Rudauli]]
|[[Ram Chandra Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Chandra Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| 272
| [[Haidergarh (Assembly constituency)|Haidergarh]] (SC)
|[[Dinesh Rawat]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|Rowspan=2| 273
|Rowspan=2|[[Milkipur (Assembly constituency)|Milkipur]] (SC)
|[[Awadhesh Prasad]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|Resigned from Milkipur seat on 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/awadhesh-prasad-resigns-from-mla-post-after-wining-faizabad-lok-sabha-seat-2713347|title=अवधेश प्रसाद ने दिया इस्तीफा, BJP से अयोध्या सीट छीनकर बने हैं सांसद|language=Hindi|publisher=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chandrabhanu Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won By-Election on 8 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeFeb2025/candidateswise-S24273.htm|title= Bye Election to Assembly Constituencies: Results February-2025 Assembly Constituency 273 - MILKIPUR (Uttar Pradesh)|language=English |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 274
|[[Bikapur (Assembly constituency)|Bikapur]]
|[[Amit Singh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 275
| [[Ayodhya (Assembly constituency)|Ayodhya]]
|[[Ved Prakash Gupta]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 276
|[[Goshainganj (Assembly constituency)|Goshainganj]]
|[[Abhay Singh (politician)|Abhay Singh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
| Expelled from [[Samajwadi Party]] in 2025.
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|277
|[[Katehari (Assembly constituency)|Katehari]]
|[[Dharmraj Nishad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Elected on 23 November 2024
|-
| 278
|[[Tanda (Assembly constituency)|Tanda]]
|[[Ram Murti Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 279
|[[Alapur (Assembly constituency)|Alapur]] (SC)
|[[Tribhuvan Dutt]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 280
| [[Jalalpur (Assembly constituency)|Jalalpur]]
|[[Rakesh Pandey (politician, born 1952)|Rakesh Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
| '''Rebel'''
|-
| 281
|[[Akbarpur (Assembly constituency)|Akbarpur]]
|[[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| 282
|[[Balha (Assembly constituency)|Balha]] (SC)
|[[Saroj Sonkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 283
| [[Nanpara (Assembly constituency)|Nanpara]]
|[[Ram Niwas Verma]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 284
| [[Matera (Assembly constituency)|Matera]]
|[[Mariya Shah]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 285
|[[Mahasi (Assembly constituency)|Mahasi]]
|[[Sureshwar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 286
|[[Bahraich (Assembly constituency)|Bahraich]]
|[[Anupama Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 287
|[[Payagpur (Assembly constituency)|Payagpur]]
|[[Subhash Tripathi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 288
|[[Kaiserganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaiserganj]]
|[[Anand Kumar (Kaiserganj politician)|Anand Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Shravasti district|Shravasti]]
| 289
|[[Bhinga (Assembly constituency)|Bhinga]]
|[[Indrani Devi]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 290
|[[Shravasti (Assembly constituency)|Shrawasti]]
|[[Ram Feran Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
| 291
|[[Tulsipur (Assembly constituency)|Tulsipur]]
|[[Kailash Nath Shukla]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan=2 |292
| rowspan=2| [[Gainsari (Assembly constituency)|Gainsari]]
|[[Shiv Pratap Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
| Died On 26 Jan 2024
|-
|[[Rakesh Kumar Yadav (politician)|Rakesh Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|Elected on 4 June 2024
|-
| 293
|[[Utraula (Assembly constituency)|Utraula]]
|[[Ram Pratap Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 294
|[[Balrampur (Assembly constituency)|Balrampur]] (SC)
|[[Paltu Ram]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| 295
|[[Mehnaun (Assembly constituency)|Mehnaun]]
|[[Vinay Kumar Dwivedi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 296
|[[Gonda (Assembly constituency)|Gonda]]
|[[Prateek Bhushan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 297
|[[Katra Bazar (Assembly constituency)|Katra Bazar]]
|[[Bawan Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 298
|[[Colonelganj (Assembly constituency)|Colonelganj]]
|[[Ajay (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 299
|[[Tarabganj (Assembly constituency)|Tarabganj]]
|[[Prem Narayan Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 300
|[[Mankapur (Assembly constituency)|Mankapur]] (SC)
|[[Ramapati Shastri]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Protem Speaker
|-
| 301
|[[Gaura (Assembly constituency)|Gaura]]
|[[Prabhat Kumar Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
| 302
|[[Shohratgarh (Assembly constituency)|Shohratgarh]]
|[[Vinay Verma]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 303
|[[Kapilvastu (Assembly constituency)|Kapilvastu]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Dhani|Shyam Dhani Rahi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 304
|[[Bansi (Assembly constituency)|Bansi]]
|[[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 305
|[[Itwa (Assembly constituency)|Itwa]]
|[[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}+
|
|-
| 306
|[[Domariyaganj (Assembly constituency)|Domariyaganj]]
|[[Saiyada Khatoon]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Basti district|Basti]]
| 307
|[[Harraiya (Assembly constituency)|Harraiya]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 308
|[[Kaptanganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaptanganj]]
|[[Kavindra Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 309
|[[Rudhauli (Assembly constituency)|Rudhauli]]
|[[Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 310
|[[Basti Sadar (Assembly constituency)|Basti Sadar]]
|[[Mahendra Nath Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 311
|[[Mahadewa (Assembly constituency)|Mahadewa]] (SC)
|[[Dudhram]]
|bgcolor=#F5D50A|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| 312
|[[Menhdawal (Assembly constituency)|Menhdawal]]
|[[Anil Kumar Tripathi]]
|bgcolor=#B80000|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 313
|[[Khalilabad (Assembly constituency)|Khalilabad]]
|[[Ankur Raj Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 314
|[[Dhanghata (Assembly constituency)|Dhanghata]] (SC)
|[[Ganesh Chandra Chauhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
| 315
|[[Pharenda (Assembly constituency)|Pharenda]]
|[[Virendra Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 316
|[[Nautanwa (Assembly constituency)|Nautanwa]]
|[[Rishi Tripathi]]
|bgcolor=#B80000|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 317
|[[Siswa (Assembly constituency)|Siswa]]
|[[Prem Sagar Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 318
|[[Maharajganj (Assembly constituency)|Maharajganj]] (SC)
|[[Jai Mangal Kanojiya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 319
|[[Paniyara (Assembly constituency)|Paniyara]]
|[[Gyanendra Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| 320
|[[Caimpiyarganj (Assembly constituency)|Caimpiyarganj]]
|[[Fateh Bahadur Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 321
|[[Pipraich (Assembly constituency)|Pipraich]]
|[[Mahendra Pal Singh (politician)|Mahendra Pal Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 322
|[[Gorakhpur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Gorakhpur Urban]]
|[[Yogi Adityanath]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]])}}
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Leader of the House
|-
| 323
|[[Gorakhpur Rural (Assembly constituency)|Gorakhpur Rural]]
|[[Bipin Singh (politician)|Bipin Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 324
|[[Sahajanwa (Assembly constituency)|Sahajanwa]]
|[[Pradeep Shukla]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 325
|[[Khajani (Assembly constituency)|Khajani]] (SC)
|[[Sriram Chauhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 326
|[[Chauri-Chaura (Assembly constituency)|Chauri-Chaura]]
|[[Sarvan Kumar Nishad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 327
|[[Bansgaon (Assembly constituency)|Bansgaon]] (SC)
|[[Vimlesh Paswan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 328
|[[Chillupar (Assembly constituency)|Chillupar]]
|[[Rajesh Tripathi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| 329
|[[Khadda (Assembly constituency)|Khadda]]
|[[Viveka Nand Pandey]]
|bgcolor=#B80000|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 330
|[[Padrauna (Assembly constituency)|Padrauna]]
|[[Manish Kumar Jaiswal|Manish Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 331
|[[Tamkuhi Raj (Assembly constituency)|Tamkuhi Raj]]
|[[Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 332
|[[Fazilnagar (Assembly constituency)|Fazilnagar]]
|[[Surendra Kumar Kushwaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 333
|[[Kushinagar (Assembly constituency)|Kushinagar]]
|[[Panchanand Pathak]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 334
| [[Hata (Assembly constituency)|Hata]]
|[[Mohan Verma]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 335
|[[Ramkola (Assembly constituency)|Ramkola]] (SC)
|[[Vinay Prakash Gond]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| 336
|[[Rudrapur (Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]]
|[[Jai Prakash Nishad (Rudrapur)|Jai Prakash Nishad]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 337
| [[Deoria (Assembly constituency)|Deoria]]
|[[Shalabh Mani Tripathi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 338
|[[Pathardeva (Assembly constituency)|Pathardeva]]
|[[Surya Pratap Shahi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 339
|[[Rampur Karkhana (Assembly constituency)|Rampur Karkhana]]
|[[Surendra Chaurasia]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 340
|[[Bhatpar Rani (Assembly constituency)|Bhatpar Rani]]
|[[Sabhakunwar Kushawaha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 341
|[[Salempur (Assembly constituency)|Salempur]] (SC)
|[[Vijay Laxmi Gautam]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| 342
|[[Barhaj (Assembly constituency)|Barhaj]]
|[[Deepak Kumar Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| 343
|[[Atrauliya (Assembly constituency)|Atrauliya]]
|[[Sangram Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 344
|[[Gopalpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|[[Nafees Ahmad]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 345
|[[Sagri (Assembly constituency)|Sagri]]
|[[Hriday Narayan Singh Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 346
|[[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Mubarakpur]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav (born 1964)|Akhilesh Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 347
|[[Azamgarh (Assembly constituency)|Azamgarh]]
|[[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 348
|[[Nizamabad (Assembly constituency)|Nizamabad]]
|[[Alambadi (politician)|Alambadi]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 349
|[[Phoolpur Pawai (Assembly constituency)|Phoolpur Pawai]]
|[[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 350
|[[Didarganj (Assembly constituency)|Didarganj]]
|[[Kamlakant Rajbhar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 351
|[[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lalganj]] (SC)
|[[Bechai Saroj]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 352
|[[Mehnagar (Assembly constituency)|Mehnagar]] (SC)
|[[Puja Saroj]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Mau district|Mau]]
| 353
|[[Madhuban (Assembly constituency)|Madhuban]]
|[[Ram Bilash Chauhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 354
| rowspan="3" |[[Ghosi (Assembly constituency)|Ghosi]]
|[[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|Resigned on 15 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-15 |title=SP MLA Dara Singh Chauhan resigns from U.P. Assembly |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sp-mla-dara-singh-chauhan-resigns-from-up-assembly/article67084507.ece |access-date=2023-11-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sudhakar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|Elected in 2023 bypoll Died on 20 November 2025
|-
|Colspan="6"|Vacant
|-
| 355
|[[Muhammadabad-Gohna (Assembly constituency)|Muhammadabad-Gohna]] (SC)
|[[Rajendra Kumar (politician)|Rajendra Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 356
|[[Mau (Assembly constituency)|Mau]]
|[[Abbas Ansari]]
|bgcolor=#F5D50A|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| 357
|[[Belthara Road (Assembly constituency)|Belthara Road]] (SC)
|[[Hansu Ram]]
|bgcolor=#F5D50A|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 358
|[[Rasara (Assembly constituency)|Rasara]]
|[[Uma Shankar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Umashankar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#22409A|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|
|-
| 359
|[[Sikanderpur (Assembly constituency)|Sikanderpur]]
|[[Mohammed Ziauddin Rizvi]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 360
|[[Phephana (Assembly constituency)|Phephana]]
|[[Sangram Singh (politician)|Sangram Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 361
|[[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar]]
|[[Daya Shankar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 362
|[[Bansdih (Assembly constituency)|Bansdih]]
|[[Ketakee Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 363
|[[Bairia (Assembly constituency)|Bairia]]
|[[Jai Prakash Anchal]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| 364
|[[Badlapur (Assembly constituency)|Badlapur]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 365
|[[Shahganj (Assembly constituency)|Shahganj]]
|[[Ramesh Singh]]
|bgcolor=#B80000|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 366
|[[Jaunpur (Assembly constituency)|Jaunpur]]
|[[Girish Chandra Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 367
| [[Malhani (Assembly constituency)|Malhani]]
|[[Lucky Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 368
|[[Mungra Badshahpur (Assembly constituency)|Mungra Badshahpur]]
|[[Pankaj Patel (politician)|Pankaj Patel]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 369
|[[Machhlishahr (Assembly constituency)|Machhlishahr]] (SC)
|[[Ragini Sonkar]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 370
|[[Mariyahu (Assembly constituency)|Mariyahu]]
|[[R.K. Patel]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 371
|[[Zafrabad (Assembly constituency)|Zafrabad]]
|[[Jagdish Narayan (politician)|Jagdish Narayan]]
|bgcolor=#F5D50A|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 372
| [[Kerakat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kerakat (SC)]]
|[[Tufani Saroj]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| 373
|[[Jakhanian (Assembly constituency)|Jakhanian]] (SC)
|[[Triveni Ram]]
|bgcolor=#F5D50A|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 374
|[[Saidpur (Assembly constituency)|Saidpur]] (SC)
|[[Ankit Bharti]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 375
|[[Ghazipur Sadar (Assembly constituency)|Ghazipur Sadar]]
|[[Jai Kishan Sahu]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 376
|[[Jangipur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
|[[Virendra Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 377
|[[Zahoorabad (Assembly constituency)|Zahoorabad]]
|[[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
|bgcolor=#F5D50A|
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Leader (SBSP)
|-
| 378
|[[Mohammadabad (Assembly constituency)|Mohammadabad]]
|[[Suhaib Ansari]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 379
|[[Zamania (Assembly constituency)|Zamania]]
|[[Omprakash Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
| 380
|[[Mughalsarai (Assembly constituency)|Mughalsarai]]
|[[Ramesh Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 381
|[[Sakaldiha (Assembly constituency)|Sakaldiha]]
|[[Prabhunarayan Yadav]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 382
|[[Saiyadraja (Assembly constituency)|Saiyadraja]]
|[[Sushil Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 383
|[[Chakia (Assembly constituency)|Chakia]] (SC)
|[[Kailash Kharwar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| 384
|[[Pindra (Assembly constituency)|Pindra]]
|[[Avadhesh Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 385
|[[Ajagara (Assembly constituency)|Ajagara]] (SC)
|[[Tribhuvan Ram]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 386
|[[Shivpur (Assembly constituency)|Shivpur]]
|[[Anil Rajbhar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| 387
|[[Rohaniya (Assembly constituency)|Rohaniya]]
|[[Sunil Patel (politician)|Sunil Patel]]
|bgcolor=#330066|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 388
|[[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]]
|[[Ravindra Jaiswal]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS (I/C)
|-
| 389
|[[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]]
|[[Neelkanth Tiwari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 390
|[[Varanasi Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantonment]]
|[[Saurabh Srivastava (politician)|Saurabh Srivastava]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 391
|[[Sevapuri (Assembly constituency)|Sevapuri]]
|[[Neel Ratan|Neel Ratan Singh Patel Neelu]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]]
| 392
|[[Bhadohi (Assembly constituency)|Bhadohi]]
|[[Zahid Beg]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ([[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]])
|
|-
| 393
|[[Gyanpur (Assembly constituency)|Gyanpur]]
|[[Vipul Dubey]]
|bgcolor=#B80000|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 394
|[[Aurai, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Aurai]] (SC)
|[[Dinanath Bhaskar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
| rowspan="2" |395
| rowspan="2" |[[Chhanbey (Assembly constituency)|Chhanbey]] (SC)
|[[Rahul Prakash|Rahul Prakash Kol]]
| bgcolor="#330066" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Died on 2 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Apna Dal (S) MLA Rahul Kol dies at 39 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/apna-dal-s-mla-rahul-kol-dies-at-39-8421037/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rinki Kol]]
| bgcolor="#330066" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Won in 2023 by-election
|-
| 396
|[[Mirzapur (Assembly constituency)|Mirzapur]]
|[[Ratnakar Mishra]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2| 397
|Rowspan=2|[[Majhawan (Assembly constituency)|Majhawan]]
|[[Vinod Kumar Bind]]
|bgcolor=#B80000|
|[[NISHAD Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|[[Suchismita Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 398
|[[Chunar (Assembly constituency)|Chunar]]
|[[Anurag Singh (politician)|Anurag Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 399
|[[Marihan (Assembly constituency)|Marihan]]
|[[Rama Shankar Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
| 400
|[[Ghorawal (Assembly constituency)|Ghorawal]]
|[[Anil Kumar Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 401
|[[Robertsganj (Assembly constituency)|Robertsganj]]
|[[Bhupesh Chaubey]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
| 402
|[[Obra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Obra]] (ST)
|[[Sanjiv Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjiv Kumar]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|MOS
|-
| rowspan="3" |403
| rowspan="3" |[[Duddhi (Assembly constituency)|Duddhi]] (ST)
|[[Ramdular Gaur]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Disqualified on 15 December 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=BJP MLA found guilty of raping minor girl, gets 25 years imprisonment |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-bjp-mla-ramdular-gaur-found-guilty-of-raping-minor-girl-gets-25-years-imprisonment-11702642425905.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Singh Gond|Vijay Singh]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}+
|Elected on 4 June 2024, Died on 8 January 2026
|-
|Colspan="6"|Vacant
|}<section end="MLA"/>

== See also ==
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

[[Category:Terms of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027| ]]

15th Filmfare Awards South

2026-02-09T13:34:18Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{short description|Award ceremony for South Indian films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox film awards
|number=15
|award=Filmfare Awards South
|award_link=Filmfare Awards South
|image=
|caption=
|date= 1968
|site= [[Bombay]]
|preshow=
|host=
|producer=
|last = [[14th Filmfare Awards South|14th]]
|next = 16th
}}

The '''15th Filmfare Awards South''' ceremony, honoring the best of South Indian cinema in the year 1967, was held in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandarangam+badeti | title=Collections| year=1991}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8YVAQAAIAAJ&q=Chadarangam |title = The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|last1 = Reed|first1 = Sir Stanley|year = 1968}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Tamil Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Telugu Film]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''Karpooram''''' - [[V. T. Arasu]]
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Chadarangam]]''''' - Badeti Satyanarayana, Putla Venkata Rao
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam|Best Malayalam Film]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Agniputhri]]''' - ''Prem Nawaz''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Filmfare Magazine 1968.

===General===

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.filmfare.com/awards/}}
* {{IMDb event|0001531|Filmfare Awards South}}

{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards South by year]]

Giridih Airport

2026-01-31T11:12:50Z

XuHzRuDLW: starting article - done

{{Short description|Airport in Giridih, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Giridih Airport
| ensign =
| ensign_size =
| ensign_alt =
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2-width =
| image2_alt =
| caption2 =
| IATA =
| ICAO = VE41
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| type = Public
| owner-oper =
| owner = [[Government of Jharkhand|State Government]]
| operator = [[Airport Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Giridih]]
| location = [[Giridih]], [[Jharkhand]]
| opened =
| closed =
| passenger_services_ceased =
| hub =
| focus_city =
| built =
| used =
| timezone =
| utc =
| summer =
| utcs =
| elevation-f =
| elevation-m =
| metric-elev =
| coordinates =
| website =
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| r1-number = 11/29
| r1-length-f = 2.953
| r1-length-m = 900
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat-year =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Giridih Airport,''' also known as '''Boro Aerodrome''', is a [[Airport|public airport]] that is located in [[Giridih]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giridih Airport {{!}} IN-0397 {{!}} Pilot info {{!}} Gīrīdīh, India |url=https://metar-taf.com/airport/VE41-giridih-airport |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Metar-Taf.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Circle Mapper ✔ Flight Distance ✔ Flight Time ✔ Aviation Database |url=http://www.greatcirclemapper.net/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Great Circle Mapper ✔ Flight Distance ✔ Flight Time ✔ Aviation Database |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VE41 : GIRIDIH |url=https://airportnavfinder.com/airport/VE41/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=airportnavfinder.com}}</ref> The airport currently does not have any scheduled commercial services and is used only by private companies and government aircraft.

The ownership of Airport belongs to the [[Government of Jharkhand|State Government of Jharkhand]]. The State Government has planned to develop the airport for operation of small aircraft under [[UDAN|Regional Connectivity Scheme]] (RCS) and has requested [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) to assess the feasibility for proposed development and operationalization of the airport. Accordingly, a multidisciplinary team has visited the site and a prefeasibility report for the same has been submitted to Govt. of Jharkhand on 16.05.2018. No bid has been received from any airline operator for connecting Giridih airport during the first two rounds of RCS bidding.<ref>{{Citation |last=India |first=Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of |title=English: Giridih Airport Lok Sabha Answer |date=2018-07-19 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lok_Sabha_Questions_annex_15_AU282_(Giridih_Airport).pdf |access-date=2024-06-18}}</ref>

The airport's expansion is underway by acquiring 25.04 acres of private land a cost of 60 crores for the commencement of scheduled passenger services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गिरिडीह: बोड़ो एयरपोर्ट के रनवे विस्तार के लिए रैयतों से ली जाएगी जमीन, खर्च होंगे 60 करोड़ |url=https://newswing.com/runway-extension-of-giridih-bodo-airport/697372/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=NEWSWING |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-01-09 |title=Jharkhand cabinet sanctions Taj Hotel in Ranchi, expansion of Bodo Airport & key development project |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/jharkhand/jharkhand-cabinet-sanctions-taj-hotel-in-ranchi-expansion-of-bodo-airport-and-key-development-project/na20240109225116278278602 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Birsa Munda Airport]]
* [[Deoghar Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{airports in India}}

[[Category:Defunct airports in India]]
[[Category:Airports in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Dumka district]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

{{India-airport-stub}}

No. 223 Squadron IAF

2026-01-27T09:19:52Z

XuHzRuDLW: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= No. 223 Squadron
|image= File:Iaf tridents.jpg
|caption= Badge of No. 223 Squadron IAF"The Tridents"
|dates= *10 May 1982 — July 1989
* February 1990 — Present
|country={{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
|allegiance=
|branch={{air force|India}}
|type=
|role=[[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]]
|size=
|command_structure=
|garrison=[[Srinagar Airport|AFS Srinagar]]
|garrison_label=
|nickname="Tridents"
|patron=
|motto=''Vijayastra Amoghastra'' Weapon for Victory
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=

|aircraft_attack=
|aircraft_bomber=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_fighter=[[Mig-29|Mig-29UPG]]
|aircraft_recon=
|aircraft_trainer=
|aircraft_transport=
}}
'''No. 223 Squadron (Tridents)''' is a fighter squadron and is equipped with [[MiG-29|MiG-29UPG]] and based at [[srinagar Airport|srinagar AFS]].<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=Squadrons and Helicopter Units|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209134909/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
223 Squadron IAF was formed on 10 May 1982. It was the first Squadron in the IAF to be equipped with [[MiG-23|MiG-23 MF]]. The Squadron had the unique distinction of operating MiG-23s from [[Leh airport]] one of the highest airfields a fighter has ever operated from. The Squadron was christened '''The Swing Wing Interceptors''' in accordance with the aircraft it operated then.

In May 1989, the phasing out of MiG-23s started. Induction of the [[MiG-29]]s commenced in early 1990 and within a few months the Squadron had its full complement of aircraft and was fully operational. Since the swing wing was no more applicable the Squadron changed its nickname to '''Tridents'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/sqn-223.htm|title=Squadron 223|first=John|last=Pike|website=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref>

The squadron's crest shows the striking end of "Trident". As per Indian history, this three pronged weapon, is Lord Shiva's powerful weapon. He is also known as the God of destruction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/sqn-37.htm|title=Squadron 37|first=John|last=Pike|website=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref>

The squadron was moved to [[Srinagar]] after the decommissioning of [[No. 51 Squadron IAF|No. 51 Squadron]].<ref name="NDTV-120823">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-deploys-upgraded-mig-29-fighter-jet-squadron-at-srinagar-to-handle-dual-threat-4291636|title=India Deploys New Fighter Jet Squadron In Srinagar To Counter Pak, China|work=[[NDTV India|NDTV]]|date=2023-08-12}}</ref>

==Aircraft==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Aircraft types operated by 223 Squadron<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/223+Sqn |title=No.223 Squadron Tridents|access-date=2022-01-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/president-ram-nath-kovind-awards-standards-to-two-iaf-units-at-adampur-in-punjab/story-ZUfuiLUrIR8LfkFYgHnk9O.html|title=India for peace, but will use might to protect itself: President Ram Nath Kovind|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2017-11-17|access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref>
! Aircraft type !! From !! To !! Air base
|-
| [[MiG-23|MiG-23 MF]]|| 10 May 1982 || July 1989 || rowspan='2'|[[Adampur Airport|AFS Adampur]]
|-
| rowspan='2'|[[MiG-29|MiG-29 UPG]] || February 1990 || July 2023
|-
| August 2023|| Present ||[[Srinagar Airport|AFS Srinagar]]<ref name="NDTV-120823"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|223]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1982]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1989]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1990]]

{{india-mil-stub}}

Arunendu Das

2026-01-15T10:49:24Z

XuHzRuDLW: made a info...

{{Short description|Burmese-born Bengali architect, singer-songwriter, and musician (1938–2019)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Arunendu Das
| image = Arunendu Das (02).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Arunendu Das
| native_name = অরুনেন্দু দাস
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1938}}
| birth_place = [[Rangoon]] (now Yangon), [[Burma]] (now Myanmar)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|2|3|1938}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| other_names = Arun Da
| citizenship = [[United Kingdom]]
| alma_mater = [[Bengal Engineering College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Architect|singer-songwriter|musician}}
| years_active =
| mother = Amiyabala Das
| father = Jodhulal Das
| module =
{{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| origin = [[Kolkata]]
| instrument = Guitar
| genre = [[Folk rock]], [[blues rock]], [[psychedelic rock]]
}}
}}

'''Arunendu Das''' (1938 – 2 February 2019) was a [[Burmese language|Burmese]] born Bengali architect, singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the pioneers of late 20th-century alternative [[Bengali language|Bengali]] songwriting.{{r|TNN-Away}} While [[Moheener Ghoraguli]] is considered to be the first Bengali Band, Arunendu was the first person to compose Bengali lyrics for songs written specifically to be accompanied by guitar,{{clarify|date=January 2026}} a genus of Bengali music which has become increasingly popular{{when|date=January 2026}} over time.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Back-to-70s-with-Mohiner-Ghoraguli/articleshow/22017703.cms |title=Back to '70s with Mohiner Ghoraguli |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225180856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Back-to-70s-with-Mohiner-Ghoraguli/articleshow/22017703.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abasar.net/gaan_arunendu.htm |title=Bangla Band and Arunendu Das |url-status=dead |website=www.abasar.net |access-date=19 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref>

==Early life==
Arunendu Das was born in 1938 at [[Rangoon]] (now [[Yangon]]) to Jodhulal Das – a medical doctor and Amiyabala Das – a housewife.{{r|Shahnewaz}} The outbreak of [[World War II]] led Dr. Das to move his family from Rangoon to Bajrayogini village in [[Bikrampur]], [[Bangladesh]].{{r|Shahnewaz}} Arunendu, one of six children of the Das family (four sisters and two brothers), spent his early years in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr. Arun Das — ISPaD Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITWuAQPbkxk |website=YouTube |publisher=ISPaD |accessdate=1 July 2017 |date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225180912/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITWuAQPbkxk |url-status=live }}</ref>

Arunendu was a member of the scout group of Bhowanipur Mitra Institution ([[Kolkata]]), and traveled with them on a camping trip to [[Puri]] ([[Orissa, India|Orissa]]) in the summer of 1955. It was at that time, during a friendly singing competition between various other scout groups camping there, that he conceived the idea of composing his own lyrics. His song "Chanchal Ek Dal Scout Bhai" ("A Restless Group of Boy Scouts"), applying his own Bengali lyrics to the tune of the popular contemporary song "Ujjawl ek-jhank Paiera" ("A Cluster of Bright Pigeons").

Arunendu introduced to the formal rudiments of music and the techniques of playing the steel guitar by his school friend Prabir Kumar Das. He sought to exploit this newfound knowledge fully during his time at [[Bengal Engineering College]], Shibpur (1956–1961), where he studied architecture. He continued his songwriting and composed parodies of various contemporary songs to amuse and entertain his fellow students. His songs and parodies were immensely popular and many of his friends continued to sing his songs to their friends in various places, even after leaving college.

During his time at Bengal Engineering (BE) College Arunendu was actually more established and appreciated as a [[Ukulele|Hawaiian guitar]] player and by his own admission never dared to sing publicly. Though inspired by Bengali singers like Hemanta Mukhopadhyay, Pratima, [[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]], Manna De, Shyamal, Satinath and Manabendra, Dhananjay who were in their heyday, he never intended to make a career out of music, preferring to write his songs purely for his own enjoyment.

Most of his songs were personal in nature and were composed primarily to exercise his newly acquired knowledge about the chords on a steel guitar and to sing to his close circle of friends. He also gained substantial popularity for his numerous "parody" versions (with Bengali lyrics) of western classics. At this time Arunendu also started to dabble in classical Spanish guitar, not then an easily available option in Kolkata with its usage restricted to the pubs of the Park Street area and certain members of the Anglo-Indian community.

==In England==
Arunendu moved to England in the late sixties.{{r|TNN-Away}} He was immediately struck by the lyrics and renderings of contemporary American and English popular songs. Joining the folk club of the market town of Bicester in Oxfordshire where he lived and was practicing as an architect, he picked up certain guitar techniques from the resident and guest artists who performed there. He felt that these techniques could be applied to Bengali songwriting and consequently started writing lyrics in Bengali to conform to those melodic and rhythmic ideas. His cousin Prasanta De (Habul), a student of architecture at BE College at that time and an accomplished folk guitarist in his own right, popularised those songs within the college campus and beyond during the 1970s.

==Moheener Ghoraguli==
{{main|Moheener Ghoraguli}}

Arunendu's songs were never intended for a wider audience and this remained the case until one day [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]] paid a visit to his residence in Moore Avenue (Kolkata) in early 1987.{{r|TNN-Away}} One of Gautam's younger brothers [[Pradip Chatterjee]] (Bula), a talented musician, abstract lyricist, and expressionist, had studied at BE College during the 1970s and had introduced a number of Arunendu's songs to Gautam. Gautam loved them so much that he included Arunendu's songs in all four of his collections of contemporary Bengali songs which he released in the name of his long-disbanded group [[Mohiner Ghoraguli]] edited. During the release of their first come-back album "[[Aabaar Bochhor Kuri Pore]]" (1995), the accompanying brochure of the same name mentioned about Arunendu as a predecessor of Mohiner Ghoraguli. His songs are included in "[[Jhora Somoyer Gaan]]" (1996), "[[Maya (Moheener Ghoraguli album)|Maya]]" (1997) and "[[Khyapar Gaan]]" (1999).{{r|TNN-Away}}{{r|Shahnewaz}} Many of Moheener Ghoraguli's timeless hits, including "Kisher Eto Tara", "Ke Ke Jabi Re", and "Shara Raat".{{r|TNN-Back}}{{r|Shahnewaz}}

==Later years==
Arunendu always preferred referring to his songs as "Chhoy Taarer Gaan" (Songs for Six Strings), as the main inspiration behind writing them was to marry light Bengali songs with the strumming and picking of guitar strings to be in line with the popular songs of the 1960s and 1970s that were prevalent in the international market. In 2004, a CD of some of his songs ''Arundaar Gaan'' was released by Presto Studio at Kolkata. He appeared only in a live performance at Kolkata in 2013.{{r|TNN-Away}}{{r|Shahnewaz}}

A short documentary "Le Pocha" by [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]] which talks about Bengali alternative music refers to Arunendu as a pioneer of alternative music in Bengali.

Arunendu died at the age of 81 on 3 February 2019 in [[London]].{{r|TNN-Away}}{{r|Shahnewaz}}

==Discography==
{{One source section|date=January 2026}}
*''Arundar Gaan'' (2004, Private album by Studio Presto)
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column =
| total_length = 1:04:22

| all_lyrics = Arunendu Das
| all_music = Arunendu Das

| title1 = Dishehara Je Mor Man
| note1 = from ''[[Maya (Moheener Ghoraguli album)|Maya]]'' (1997)
| length1 = 3:26

| title2 = Gaane Gaane Galpe
| length2 = 1:58

| title3 = Aamar Priya
| length3 = 2:35

| title4 = Kuhu Kuhu Dake
| length4 = 2:28

| title5 = Kete Gache Kato Na Bachor
| length5 = 2:27

| title6 = Bolo Tobuo Ki Royechhe
| length6 = 4:13

| title7 = Mane Ki Porey
| length7 = 2:11

| title8 = Keno Kandi
| length8 = 3:41

| title9 = Eshechhe Sarat
| length9 = 2:50

| title10 = Majhe Majhe Mor
| length10 = 3:18

| title11 = Manbona Aami
| length11 = 2:43

| title12 = Se Bhebechhilo
| length12 = 3:11

| title13 = Chupe Chupe Esho
| length13 = 2:57

| title14 = Se Bhebechhilo
| length14 = 3:11

| title15 = Jas Kotha Tui
| note15 = as "Kisher Eto Tara" from ''[[Jhora Somoyer Gaan]]'' (1996)
| length15 = 2:51

| title16 = Dekhechho Ki Kobhu
| length16 = 3:54

| title17 = Aamar Ginni
| length17 = 2:26

| title18 = Besh Tobe Jao
| length18 = 2:16

| title19 = Ki Lav Kende
| length19 = 3:22

| title20 = Janate Jato Chai
| note20 = "Tai Janai Gaaney" from ''[[Khyapar Gaan]]'' (1999)
| length20 = 3:14

| title21 = Bhola Jay Sob
| length21 = 2:41

| title22 = Maago Tomay
| length22 = 3:46
}}

===Moheener Ghoraguli edited albums===
* ''[[Aabaar Bochhor Kuri Pore]]'' (1995)
** "Ganga" (writer)
* ''[[Jhora Somoyer Gaan]]'' (1996)
** "Kisher Eto Tara" (lyrics & music)
** "Ke Ke Jabi Re" (lyrics & music)
** "Saara Raat" (lyrics & music)
* ''Maya'' (1997)
** "Dishehara Je Mor Man" (lyrics & music)
** "Bhikhetei Jabo" (lyrics & music)
* ''[[Khyapar Gaan]]'' (1999)
** "Tai Janai Gaaney" (lyrics & music)

===Singles===
{{div col}}
* "Aaey Re Ghum Aai"
* "Aache Mor Kichu Sur"
* "Aage Jaanle Ki Habul"
* "Baar Baar Tumi"
* "Bon Pahadir"
* "Bolte Ja Chao"
* "Dheer Shamiran Aro Dheere Bohe Jao"
* "Gaan Hoye Jai Aaj"
* "Ghumaore Neela"
* "Kakhono Bosay bhabi"
* "Kamona Bashana Jato"
* "Klanti Jarano Akasher Chokhe"
* "Miche Kede"
* "Ore Aamar Man"
* "Purnima Chand"
* "Shiwli Phontar"
* "Somoy Ketechhay Moar Sudhu Abelaye"
* "Tabe Kemone Balo" (2006; Bengali version of [[Ralph McTell]]'s 1969 song "[[Streets of London (song)|Streets of London]]")
{{div col end}}

===Live===
* ''Chhoy Taarer Gaan'' (2013; with [[Prabir Das]], Prasanta De, Ranjit Ganguly, and Subrata Ghosh)<ref name="spacemusicschool">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacemusicschool.com/?attachment_id=166 |title=Chhoy Taarer Gaan |date=2013 |website=spacemusicschool.com |publisher=Space Music School |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225180846/https://www.spacemusicschool.com/?attachment_id=166 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** "Ki Labh Kende" (Based on [[Richard Fariña]]'s "Pack Up Your Sorrows")

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="TNN-Back">{{cite news |author1=TNN |title=Back to '70s with Mohiner Ghoraguli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Back-to-70s-with-Mohiner-Ghoraguli/articleshow/22017703.cms |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |date=24 August 2013 |location=[[Mumbai]] |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225180917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Back-to-70s-with-Mohiner-Ghoraguli/articleshow/22017703.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="TNN-Away">{{cite news |author1=TNN |title=Arunendu Das, pioneer of alternative Bengali songwriting, passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/arunendu-das-pioneer-of-alternative-bengali-songwriting-passes-away/articleshow/67815452.cms |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |date=3 February 2019 |location=[[Mumbai]] |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225180846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/arunendu-das-pioneer-of-alternative-bengali-songwriting-passes-away/articleshow/67815452.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Shahnewaz">{{cite news |last1=Shahnewaz |first1=Sadi Mohammad |title=FAREWELL, ARUNENDU DAS |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/music/news/farewell-arunendu-das-1697383 |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |publisher=[[Transcom Group]] |date=5 February 2019 |location=[[Dhaka]] |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225180849/https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/music/news/farewell-arunendu-das-1697383 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Notes ==
{{No inline citations|section|date=January 2026}}
# Transliteration from Bengali "Bangla Band ebong Arunendu Das" (Band singing mainly in Bengali and their relation with Arunendu Das)
# ''[[Times of India]]'', ''[[Calcutta Times]]'' section, 23 August 2002 published an article on Arunendu Das written by Himadri Sekhar Chowdhury with title "The First Urban Minstrel" where he quoted words of late [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]], "Arun-da is an urban minstrel whose songs blossomed before all of us, even before Mohiner Ghoraguli".
# In the booklet distributed along with their album [[Aabaar Bochhor Kuri Pore]] Mohiner Ghoraguli founder member [[Ranjon Ghoshal]] refers Arunendu Das as the predecessor to them. Also, in the booklet distributed along with their concert "Aabar Bochhor Tirish Pore" (Once again, after 30 years) held in Nicco Park, Kolkata 2008, Moheener Ghoraguli founder member [[Pradip Chatterjee]] remembers Arunendu Das as one of their inspirations.
# ''Ekak Matra'' (''Single beat''), a popular magazine published from [[Kolkata]], featured an interview with Arunendu Das in their 2004 November issue where he spoke about his life and introduction to guitar playing.
# ''The Telegraph'' (UK), 3 January 2003, featured an article by Sudeshna Banerjee where Arunendu Das jammed with former members of Mohiner Ghoraguli for an Indian popular chatshow "Addachakra" (circle of chit-chat).
# Collaboration with Kolkata's Bluegrass Band, No Strings Attached, led by Diptanshu Roy. Selected songs to be arranged and recorded in Bluegrass Style. The EP to be called Bongrass. https://bluegrasstoday.com/bluegrass-beyond-borders-no-strings-attached-bridge-appalachia-and-india/

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{LastFM music|Arunendu+Das}}

{{Moheener Ghoraguli}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Arunendu}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian architects]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Moheener Ghoraguli]]

Radhika (singer)

2026-01-08T00:32:29Z

XuHzRuDLW: starting new info and citations

{{About|the Telugu singer|the Malayalam singer|Radhika Thilak}}{{Short description|Indian playback singer in Telugu cinema (1970–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Radhika
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name = రాధిక
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place = [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 10 November 2017
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| genre = {{hlist|[[Playback singer]]|[[item numbers]]}}
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1980s–2014
| website =
}}

'''Radhika''' (1970 – 10 November 2017) was an Indian [[playback singer]] known for her contributions to [[Telugu cinema]]. She recorded over 200 songs in various South Indian languages, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Kannada]]. Radhika is particularly recognized for singing [[Item number|item numbers]] in commercial films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=12 November 2017 |title=Playback singer Radhika passes away at 47 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/playback-singer-radhika-passes-away-at-47/articleshow/61607740.cms |access-date=29 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She gained prominence with her iconic song "Bavalu Sayya... Maradallu Sayya" from the film ''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]'' (1993), which became a significant hit. Other notable tracks include "Aata Kavala," "Amalapuram Bulloda," and "Sunnunda Theesuko."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=ప్రముఖ ప్లేబ్యాక్ సింగర్ రాధిక ఇక లేరు |trans-title=Famous playback singer Radhika is no more |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/popular-playback-singer-radhika-passed-away-in-chennai/articleshow/61606066.cms |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=te}}</ref> Despite a successful career, she did not achieve widespread recognition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title='బావలు సయ్యా..' గాయని మృతి {{!}} Singer Radhika Passes away |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/singer-radhika-passes-away-951640 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Radhika was born in [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> She was the niece of Telugu actor and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] [[Naramalli Sivaprasad|Siva Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qCe17vEKME |title=ప్రముఖ గాయని రాధిక కన్నుమూత..! {{!}} Telugu Singer Radhika Is No More |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=[[TV5 (India)|TV5 News]] |access-date=2024-11-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title='Baavalu Sayya' singer Radhika passes away |url=https://telangana.suryaa.com/telangana-english-1159-baavalu-sayya-singer-radhika-passes-away.html |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]] |language=en}}</ref>

Radhika started her career as a playback singer in the late 1980s and became known in the South Indian music industry, especially in Telugu cinema. Her breakthrough came with the hit song "Bavalu Sayya... Maradallu Sayya". She later contributed to many successful songs, especially [[Item number|item numbers]] in the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name=":0" />

She took a step back from the music industry in 2004 and distanced herself from the limelight. She faced serious health challenges, including a kidney disorder, and had been under medical treatment since 2014.<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
Radhika died on 10 November 2017 at the age of 47 due to a heart attack at a private hospital in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Popular playback singer Radhika passes away |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/popular-playback-singer-radhika-passes-away.html |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[123telugu.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Her death was mourned by music directors [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] and [[Mani Sharma]], and singer [[Mano (singer)|Mano]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

==Discography==
Radhika lent her voice to several Telugu and South Indian films. Some of her key songs include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music director
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]''|| Telugu || "Amalapuram Bulloda" || [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Appula Appa Rao]]''
|Telugu
|"Rambhaho Ho Ho Ho"
|[[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appula Appa Rao Audio Cover |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/SKU/1277,728,2032,1040 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]''|| Telugu || "Bavalu Sayya... Maradallu Sayya" || [[Raj–Koti]]
|
|-
|1994
|[[Kishkindha Kanda (film)|''Kishkindha Kanda'']]
|Telugu
|"Emananti"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2K6-LQO6JgA |title=Kishkinda Kanda - Audio Songs Jukebox |publisher=[[Lahari Music]] |access-date=4 December 2024 |via=YouTube}} Credits in video description.</ref>
|-
|1994
|''[[Bobbili Simham]]''
|Telugu
|"Mayadari Pillada"
|M. M. Keeravani
|
|-
| 2000 || [[Annayya (2000 film)|''Annayya'']]|| Telugu || "Aata Kavala" || [[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Narasimha Naidu]]''
|Telugu
|"Chilakapacha Koka"
|Mani Sharma
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Discography |url=https://gaana.com/artist/radhika |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[Gaana.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2001||[[Shahjahan (film)|''Shahjahan'']]||Tamil||"Sarakku Vechuruken"||Mani Sharma
|
|-
| 2002 || [[Aadi (2002 film)|''Aadi'']]|| Telugu || "Sunnunda Theesuko" || Mani Sharma
|
|-
|2004
|[[Anji (film)|''Anji'']]
|Telugu
|"Mirapakaya Bajji"
|Mani Sharma
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2003 |title=IB exclusive - Anji Audio details |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/anji-audiodetails.html |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhika}}
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tirupati]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Antony Raju

2026-01-07T14:23:33Z

XuHzRuDLW: improved article

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Antony Raju
| image = Antony Raju.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]
| residence = Nanthencode, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| office1 = [[Department of Transport (Kerala)|Minister for Transport]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2021|05|02|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2023|12|24|df=yes}}
| predecessor1 = [[A. K. Saseendran]]
| successor1 = [[K.B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| constituency = [[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|05|20|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{end date|2026|01|03|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[V. S. Sivakumar]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|df=y|1996|05|20}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|df=y|2001|05|10}}
| constituency2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram West]]
| predecessor2 = [[M. M. Hassan]]
| successor2 = [[M. V. Raghavan]]
| party = [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/kerala-elections-2016-kerala-congress-m-rebels-form-new-party-may-join-ldf/|title=Kerala Congress (M) rebels form new party, may join LDF|date=10 March 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| website = [http://antonyraju.in/ www.antonyraju.in]
}}

'''Antony Raju''' is an Indian politician and a former [[Department of Transport (Kerala)|Minister for Transport]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/10f1c4c2-f98b-4600-9b2a-749f33bdb791 |title=The Kerala Governor allots the Business of the Government among the following Ministers |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521145347/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/10f1c4c2-f98b-4600-9b2a-749f33bdb791 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Notifications - Government of Kerala, India|url=https://kerala.gov.in/notifications|access-date=2021-05-21|website=kerala.gov.in|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517193517/https://kerala.gov.in/notifications|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Government of Kerala]]. A leader of [[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]], he was elected to the [[Kerala Legislature|Kerala legislative assembly]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram Constituency]] of Kerala in 2021. He was later disqualified under [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]]. Earlier he was the MLA of Thiruvananthapuram West Constituency from 1996 to 2001.

== Early life and education ==

Raju was born on 18 November 1954 in [[Poonthura]], [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] to S Alphonse and T Lourdamma in a poor family from the fishing community.<ref name="onmanorama" /> He had his early education at the St. Thomas School Poonthura, Trivandrum, and completed his schooling at the Rajagiri School, Kalamassery, [[Ernakulam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/ldf-candidate-antony-raju-begins-election-campaign/election/news/431156.html |title=LDF candidate Antony Raju begins election campaign |website=www.uniindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305043415/http://www.uniindia.com/ldf-candidate-antony-raju-begins-election-campaign/election/news/431156.html |archive-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Raju was the unit president of Kerala Students' Congress (KSC), the students' wing of Kerala Congress, in St Xavier's College, Thumba where he completed his pre-degree, and latter in Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram. After graduating in Law from the Kerala Law Academy Law College, he enrolled as an advocate in 1982,<ref name="onmanorama">{{cite web|title=Antony Raju: From coast to cabinet |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/20/antony-raju-from-coast-to-cabinet.html|website=onmanorama.com|date=2021-05-20|access-date=2023-05-27}}</ref> in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

== Political career ==
[[File:Antony Raju.png|thumb|left|upright|Antony Raju (2023)]]

In 1996, Antony Raju was [[KC(J)]] candidate and contested for [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]. It was Antony's first political victory in [[State Assembly elections in India|Assembly Election]] from [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum West]] Constituency. In the 2016 elections, he contested as Janadhipathya Kerala Congress candidate but lost to [[V. S. Sivakumar]]. But in the 2021 elections, he defeated Sivakumar by more than 8,000 votes. The coastal region has been Raju's support base. He contested elections for the first time from Shanghumugham division to the erstwhile district council. Shanghumugham is part of the Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency.

In his first attempt to reach the Assembly, he lost to [[M. M. Hassan|M M Hassan]] of the Congress in Thiruvananthapuram West in 1991. Raju exacted revenge the next time by defeating Hassan. However, he lost again in 2001, this time to [[M. V. Raghavan|M V Raghavan]].

He was not fielded in the next two Assembly polls due to controversies over his legal career. In 2016, Raju lost to V. S. Sivakumar, but defeated the same Congress leader in the 2021 elections.

Antony Raju served as the [[Department of Transport (Kerala)|Minister for Transport]] in the [[Second Vijayan ministry|Second Pinarayi Vijayan]] ministry for about 2.5 years, resigning in December 2023 to make way for [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as part of an [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] cabinet reshuffle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-12-29 |title=Kadannappally Ramachandran, K.B. Ganesh Kumar sworn in as Ministers in Kerala Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kadannappally-ramachandran-kb-ganesh-kumar-sworn-in-as-ministers-in-kerala-cabinet/article67686768.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=Vijayan's Kerala Cabinet 2.0: Full list of portfolios |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/vijayans-kerala-cabinet-2-0-full-list-of-portfolios-7323940/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Criminal case==
In April 1990, Australian national Andrew Salvatore Cervelli was arrested at [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] after [[charas]] was allegedly recovered from his underwear. Raju, then a junior advocate, represented Cervelli in the trial court, which convicted him and sentenced him to 10 years' imprisonment. On appeal, the [[Kerala High Court]] acquitted Cervelli in February 1991, holding that the underwear produced as a material exhibit was too small to have been worn by him.<ref name="B&B">{{cite web |last1=Pratap |first1=Giti |title=Underwear evidence tampering case: Kerala Court convicts MLA Antony Raju |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/underwear-evidence-tampering-case-kerala-court-convicts-mla-antony-raju |publisher=Bar and Bench |access-date=3 January 2026 |date=3 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="LLaw">{{cite web |last1=M. J. |first1=Anamika |title=MLA Antony Raju Found Guilty In Evidence Tampering Case By Kerala Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/mla-antony-raju-guilty-evidence-tampering-case-kerala-court-516805 |publisher=Live Law |access-date=3 January 2026 |date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

In 1994, following information from the Australian National Central Bureau, a criminal case was registered against Raju and a court clerk on allegations of evidence tampering involving the material exhibit.<ref name="B&B"/> The magistrate court took cognizance of the case in 2006. In 2023, the Kerala High Court quashed the proceedings on technical grounds, while directing a [[trial de novo]]. In 2024, the [[Supreme Court of India]] set aside that order and restored the criminal proceedings before the trial court.<ref name="LLaw"/>

On 3 January 2026, the Judicial First Class Magistrate Court–I, [[Nedumangad]], convicted Raju of criminal conspiracy, causing disappearance of evidence, fabricating false evidence, criminal breach of trust, and "acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention".<ref name="B&B"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160507163442/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Chandy-Faces-Heat-Over-Kasturirangan-Report/2014/02/28/article2083074.ece Chandy Faces Heat Over Kasturirangan Report]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Antony}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Transport ministers of Kerala]]

Mansi Lather

2026-01-05T22:13:22Z

XuHzRuDLW: creating post

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler (born 2007)}}
{{No significant coverage (sports)|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Mansi Lather
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date text|2007}}
| sport = [[Freestyle wrestling]]
| weight_class = 68 kg
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[freestyle wrestling]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships|2025 Amman]]|[[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#68 kg|68 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[U17 World Wrestling Championships|World U17 Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 U17 World Wrestling Championships|2024 Amman]]|68 kg}}
{{MedalCompetition|Asian U17 Championships}}
{{MedalGold|2024 Amman|69 kg}}
}}
'''Mansi Lather''' (born 2007) is an Indian freestyle wrestler competing in the 68 kg division.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes-results/mansi-lather-199387-profile|title=Athletes-Results|website=UWW.org|access-date=1 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2025, she won the bronze medal in the women's 68 kg event at the [[Asian Wrestling Championships]] held in Amman, Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes/lather-mansi|title=All|website=UWW.org|access-date=1 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

She was a dominant force in 2024 in the cadet (U17) circuit, capturing gold at both the World Cadet Wrestling Championships and the Asian U17 Wrestling Championships in the 68 kg category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatsmat.uww.org/daten.php?spid=2F38D28E5C054ED5A95683F553407C4B|title=Lather, Mansi|website=Unitedwrestling.com|access-date=1 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Uttarapatha

2025-12-29T06:11:13Z

XuHzRuDLW: added references

{{Short description|Part of the Jambudvipa in puranic and shramanic cosmology}}
'''Uttarapatha''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: {{Lang|hi|उत्तरापथ}}) is the name used by ancient [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] texts to describe the Northern part of [[Jambudvipa]] (equivalent of present-day Afro - Eurasia){{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}, one of the "[[dvipa|continents]]" in Vedic belief. In modern times, the [[Sanskrit]] word ''uttarapatha'' is sometimes used to denote the geographical regions of [[North India]], [[Western India]], [[Central India]], [[Eastern India]], [[Northeast India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Nepal]] in just one term. The pronunciation of the word varies depending on the regional language of the speaker.

==History==
The name is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] terms ''uttara'', for north, and ''patha'', for road. Initially, the term Uttarapatha referred to the ''northern high road'', the main trade route that followed along the river [[Ganges]], crossed the Indo-Gangetic watershed, ran through the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Taxila]] (Gandhara) and further to ''Zariaspa'' or [[Balkh]] ([[Bactria]]) in [[Central Asia]]. The eastern terminus of the Uttarapatha was Tamraliptika or [[Tamluk]] located at the mouth of [[Ganges]] in [[West Bengal|West]] [[Bengal]]. This route became increasingly important due to increasing maritime contacts with the seaports on the eastern coast of [[India]] during the [[Maurya]] rule. Later, Uttarapatha was the name lent to the vast expanse of region which the ''northern high road'' traversed.

==Region==
The boundaries of Uttarapatha, as a region, are nowhere precisely defined in the Buddhist or any other ancient source. According to some writers, the Uttarapatha included the whole of Northern India, from [[Anga]] in the east to [[Gandhara]] in the north-west, and from the [[Himalaya]] in the north to the [[Vindhya]] in the south.

The Jambudvipa region to the south of Uttarapatha was known as ''Majjhimadesa'' (or the Middle Country) in Buddhist texts and ''Madhyadesa'' in Puranic texts.

According to Buddhist texts, [[Kamboja Kingdom|Kamboja]] and [[Gandhara]], two of the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]] or great nations referred to in the [[Anguttara Nikaya]] and Chulla-Niddesa belonged to the ''Uttarapatha''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

==Literature==
The Buddhist texts include the remaining fourteen of the Mahajanapadas, namely [[Kasi Kingdom|Kasi]], [[Kosala]], [[Anga]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Vajjika League|Vajji]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla]], [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], [[Vamsa]] (or Vatsa), [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]], [[Panchala]], [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]] (or Maccha), [[Surasena]], [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] and [[Assaka]] in the ''Majjhimadesa'' division.

Numerous Puranic literature terms refer to the Bahlikas, Pahlavas, Sakas, Paradas, Ramathas, Kambojas, Daradas, Tushars, Chinas, Barbaras, Keikayas, Abhiras, Sindhus, Soviras and others as the tribes of Uttarapatha (''[[Kirfel]] list of the Uttarapatha countries of the Bhuvanakosa'').

==Commerce==
Uttarapatha was famous from very early times for its fine breed of [[horse]]s and the horse-dealers. There are ancient references to an ongoing trade between the nations of Uttarapatha and the states of [[East India]]. Buddhist and Puranic sources attest that the merchants and horse-dealers from Uttarapatha would bring horses and other goods for sale down to eastern Indian places like Savatthi ([[Kosala]]), [[Benares]] ([[Kasi Kingdom|Kasi]]), [[Pataliputra]] ([[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]) and [[Pragjyotisha]] ([[Assam]]).

The great Indian epic, [[Mahabharata]] gives an account of the ancient roadways. It refers to Uttarapatha (northern highway) which linked the territories of [[Kirata]] (perhaps of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]), [[Kamboja Kingdom|Kamboja]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Yavana]] countries ([[Shanti Parva]], 207.43; Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India, 2003, p 107, Prakash Chandra Prasad)

Documentation exists that the nations from the Uttarapatha like Kamboja, Gandhara and Kashmira were actively engaged in commercial intercourse not only with the states of Gangetic valley but also with [[Myanmar|Brahmadesh]], [[Suvarnabhumi]], south-west [[China]] and other nations in the [[Southeast Asia]] {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}. When the Chinese envoy Chiang Kien was in [[Gandhara]] (circa c 127 BCE), he found to his great surprise that bamboos and textiles from ''south-western China'' were sold in the local markets. ''On personal enquiry, he learnt that these goods were brought to eastern India ([[Bengal]]) through [[Yunnan]], [[Burma]] and then carried all the way from eastern India to Bactria across [[India]] and [[Afghanistan]] along the Uttarapatha or the northern high road''.

The ancient Pali literature says that merchants from the nations of Uttarapatha were engaged in international trade following the well-known [[Kamboja-Dvaravati Route|Kamboja-Dvaravati Caravan Route]]. Merchants from Kamboja, Gandhara, Sovira, [[Sindhu]] and other places used to sail from ports of [[Bharukaccha]] (modern [[Bharuch]]) and [[Supparaka]] Pattana (modern Nalla-[[Sopara]], near [[Mumbai]]) for trade with Southern India, [[Sri Lanka]] and nations of Southeast Asia. Huge trade ships sailed from there directly to south Myanmar. This trade had been going on for hundreds of years before the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]. Some merchants from northern India had settled in Myanmar, in the ports and towns located at the mouths of [[Ayeyarwady River|Irrawaddy]], Citranga ([[Sittaung River|Sittang]]) and Salavana ([[Salween River|Salween]]) rivers. The case in point is of two merchant brothers ''Tapassu'' and ''Bhalluka or Bhalluka'' from ''Pokkharavati'' (=[[Pushkalavati]], present Carasadda) in the Gandhara-Kamboja region who also had their trade settlement in Myanmar.<ref>Ref: ''Vipassana Newsletter Vol. 7, No. 10 Dec 97''.</ref> The name Irrawaddy for the chief river of Burma (Myanmar) was copied from river Irrawati ([[Ravi River|Ravi]]) of the north [[Punjab region|Panjab]]. There is also a tradition in Ceylon (''recorded in the Pūjāvaliya'') that [[Trapusa and Bahalika|Tapassu and Bhalluka]] visited the east coast of [[Ceylon]] and built a Cetiya, there. An inscription also makes a similar record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/b/bhallika.htm |title=Online Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names |publisher=Palikanon.com |access-date=2012-09-19}}</ref>

Evidence exists that horse-dealers from Kamboja in the Uttarapatha were trading horses as far as Sri Lanka. Dr Don Martino notes that the merchants from northwest Kamboja had been conducting horse trade with Sri Lanka following the west coast of India since remote antiquity (''Epigraphia Zeylanka, Vol II, No 13, p 76'').

Several ancient cave inscriptions found in [[Anuradhapura]] in [[Sri Lanka]] attest the existence of a Kamboja Goshatha or Samgha (''Gote Kabojhiana'') and a Grand Kamboja Trade Guild (''Kabojiya Mahapughyanam'') in ancient [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]. The terms Kaboja and Kabojiya are the ancient Sinhalese forms of the Uttarapatha Kamboja.

A Pali text ''Sihalavatthu'' of the fourth century specifically attests to a group of people known as ''Kambojas'' living in Rohana in Sri Lanka.

A regular horse trade between the nations of Uttarapatha and those of eastern, western and southern India is attested to have been going on as late as the medieval ages. King Devapala (810-850 CE) of Bengal, King Vishnuvardhana Hoysala (1106–1152 CE) of [[Mysore]] and King Valabhi Deva of Valbhi/[[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] (1185 CE) had powerful fleets of Kamboja horses in their [[cavalry|cavalries]].

There is also good archaeological evidence of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] trade (1 CE to 200 CE) coming into Gandhara/Kamboja and Bactria region in Uttarapatha through the [[Gujarat]]i peninsula. The Roman gold coins imported from Rome into Gandhara were usually melted into bullion in these regions.

==Trade routes==
Corresponding to Uttarapatha, the [[Dakshinapatha]] was the name of ''southern high road'' which originated from [[Varanasi]], followed through [[Ujjain]]i and [[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley to Pratisthana ([[Paithan]]) in the Mahajanapada of Ashmaka (in modern [[Maharashtra]]), onwards to the western coast of India and running in the southern direction. According to ''Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography'' by [[Sanjeev Sanyal]], the crossing of the two highways made Sarnath (just outside Varanasi) a major place of exchange of goods and ideas in ancient India. Sanyal argues that this is why the Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanjeev|first=Sanyal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv_iDQAAQBAJ|title=Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography|pages=71–76|date=2012-11-15|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9788184756715|language=en}}</ref>

Later, Dakshinapatha was also the name lent to the region of India lying to the south of Vindya through which the Dakshinapatha passed. The name [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] for the southern part of India has originated from this ancient Dakshinapatha. The philosophies of the easterners were disseminated precisely by the intercourse that went on along the ''Uttarapatha'' and the ''Dakishinapatha'' trade routes.

==See also==
*[[Dakshinapatha]]
*[[Grand Trunk Road]]
*[http://www.metta.lk/pali-utils/Pali-Proper-Names/uttaraapatha.htm Pali definition of Uttarapatha] (metta.lk)
*[[Uttarakuru]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |last=Neelis |first=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC |year=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |pages=197–201 |ref={{sfnref|Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks|2010}}}}
[[Category:Ancient Indian geography]]
[[Category:Historic sites in India]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:History of international trade]]
[[Category:Historical geography of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in India]]

Chhinnamasta Temple

2025-12-28T06:44:56Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Chhinnamastika Temple
| image = Chhinnamastika Temple Rajrappa.jpg| image_alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23|37|56|N|85|41|38|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| district = [[Ramgarh district]]
| location = [[Rajrappa]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Chhinnamasta]]
| festivals= [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Vijayadashami]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| temple_board =
| website =
}}

'''Chhinnamastika Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to Goddess [[Chinnamasta]] is a [[Hindu]] pilgrimage centre located in [[Rajrappa]], in [[Ramgarh district]] of [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand, India]].<ref name="saarc2">{{cite web|title=2009 - SAARC disaster Management Report|url=http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/pdf/Publications/sadr2009/SADR2009.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112200302/http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/pdf/publications/sadr2009/SADR2009.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2012|access-date=20 April 2012|publisher=SAARC DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTRE}}</ref><ref name="prasad2">{{cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Basudeo|date=1 January 2009|title=Sustainable eco-tourism development: A case study of Jharkhand state|url=http://www.environmentportal.in/feature-article/sustainable-eco-tourism-development-case-study-jharkhand-state|journal=Spectrum|volume=1|issue=1|pages=62|access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref> The place attracts devotees from all parts of [[Jharkhand]], and also from the neighbouring states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]].<ref name="official2">{{cite web|title=Rajrappa Temple|url=http://ramgarh.nic.in/RajrappaTemple.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027042122/http://www.ramgarh.nic.in/RajrappaTemple.htm|archive-date=27 October 2010|access-date=2010-04-20|publisher=Official Website of Ramgarh district|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Chhinnamasta temple is popular for its [[Tantra|Tantric]] style of architectural design. Apart from the main temple, there are ten temples of various deities such as the [[Surya]], [[Hanuman]] and [[Shiva]].<ref name="official2" />

==History of Rajarappa==
It was this place where the Raja of [[Ramgarh Raj]] gave 3 acres of land to the people in the [[Bhudhan Movement]] in Jharkhand.

==Etymology==

'''Chhinnamasta''' ({{langx|sa|छिन्नमस्ता}}, {{IAST|Chinnamastā}}, "She whose head is severed"), often spelled '''Chinnamasta''' and also called '''Chhinnamastika''' and '''Prachanda Chandika''', is one of the [[Mahavidya]]s, ten [[Tantra|Tantric]] goddesses and a ferocious aspect of [[Devi]], the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] Divine Mother. Chhinnamasta can be easily identified by her fearsome iconography. The self-decapitated goddess holds her own severed head in one hand, a [[scimitar]] in another. Three [[blood squirt|jets of blood spurt]] out of her bleeding neck and are drunk by her severed head and two attendants. Chhinnamasta is usually depicted standing on a [[Maithuna|copulating couple]].<ref name=toi_mahavidya>{{cite news|title=Burglary committed in Chhinnamastika temple|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-03/patna/28299583_1_chief-priest-temple-premises-chief-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103074834/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-03/patna/28299583_1_chief-priest-temple-premises-chief-secretary|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=20 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 Jul 2010}}</ref>

==Geography==

''Chhinnamasta temple'' is located at [[Rajrappa]], 28 km away from [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] along [[National Highway 20 (India)|NH 20]] in the [[Ramgarh district]] of the State of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It is situated on a hillock at the confluence of the Damodar and Bhera (Bhairavi River) rivers near the Rajrappa falls.

This location has a special significance. It is at the union of Bhairavi nadi (female) coming from top, meeting Damodar nada (male) signifying the {{Transliteration|sa|vipareeta rati}} ("opposite copulation") pose as described in Devi Chhinnamasta's {{Transliteration|sa|dhyana}} ({{Transliteration|sa|vipareeta rataturam}}). Here Bhairavi is active shakti and Damodar is the male passive member of rati action. Damodar is very calm and Bhairavi is the active member.

==Description==
[[File:Chhinnamasta.JPG|thumb|Goddess Chhinnamasta]]

A natural rock covered with an ''ashtadhatu'' (eight-metal alloy) ''kavacha'' (cover) is worshipped as the goddess Chhinnamasta. Though well-established as a centre of Chhinnamasta by the 18th century, the site is a popular place of worship among tribals since ancient times. [[Kheer]] and animal sacrifice are offered to the goddess.<ref>{{harvtxt|Benard|2000|p=146}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|R Mahalakshmi|2014|pp=206–13}}</ref>

Many smaller temples have been built around the main temple such as the temples of [[Matrikas|Ashtamatrika]] and Dakshina [[Kali]]. The temples of Mahavidyas built in a series nearby are [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari|Shodashi]], [[Bhuvaneshvari|Bhuvaneswari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Bagalamukhi|Bagla]], [[Kamalatmika|Kamla]], [[Matangi]], [[Dhumavati]].

The temple is very old and is flocked by devotees from [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Nepal]] for worship of Goddess Chinnamastika. Vedic book Durga Saptashati also mentions the temple. The art and architectural design resembles the design of temples of Tantrik importance. The temple is considered as notable as the tantrik site of [[Kamakhya Temple]] of Assam which has a similar architecture. The temple is one of the 10 Mahavidhyas.The ancient temple of Goddess was destroyed and later a new temple was constructed and the original idol of Goddess was placed in it. [[Animal sacrifice]] is still practised in the temple. The sacrificial animals are killed on Tuesdays, Saturdays and during Kali puja.

A large number of pilgrims arrive here throughout the year. Large congregation of people takes place here during the [[full Moon]] and [[New Moon]] nights. Owing to the religious importance of the place, it is also popular among the disciples for marriage and ritual of ''Mundan'' or shaving the head. Vehicle owners come here to get blessings for their new vehicles as they believe that the first worship of vehicles here multiplies the life of vehicles and brings luck to the owners. Tantriks look upon this place for Tantric accomplishment.

Rajrappa also is a pilgrim centre for the [[Santal]]s and other tribals who come for immersion of the ashes of their loved ones in the Damodar. They come mostly during the month of December, in groups known as ''yatri''. As per their mythology it is their final resting place. In their folk songs Rajrappa is referred to as "Thel Kopi Ghat" (Water Ghat) and they use oil after bathing. They come in significant numbers from the southern parts of Jharkhand state such as East and West Singhbhum and Saraikela districts. Maa Chinmastika devi is also known as Manokamna devi due to the belief that it fulfils the wishes of the devotees. Devotees tie a red thread around a rock in the temple for the fulfillment of their wishes.

In the month of January a special fair is held here on the festival of [[Makar Sankranti]] and attended by lakhs of people. A fair is also organized during the festival of [[Vijaydashmi]], [[Vijayadashami]] and attended by large number of people. Visitors can take a holy bath in the river.

Besides religious importance, the place is also a picnic spot owing to its natural environment.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The hilly landscape covered with lush forest and rivers are some of its features.{{original research inline|date=January 2018}} The hot water spring located here increases the popularity of the region.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The Bhera River joins the [[Damodar River]] from a height of 20 feet creating a waterfall. The location has boating facilities and visitors can take boat rides in the locality having various rock formations along the river bank. The place also attracts many foreign tourists due to its natural and religious importance.

== See also ==

*[[Ramgarh district]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book|last=Benard|year=2000|first=Elisabeth Anne|title= Chinnamastā: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1748-7}}
* {{Cite book|title=Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities On the Move|last=R Mahalakshmi|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2014|chapter=Tantric Visions, Local Manifestations: The Cult Center of Chinnamasta at Rajrappa, Jharkhand|editor = Sree Padma|isbn=978-0-7391-9001-2}}

{{Hindu temples in Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Nagpur–CSMT Kolhapur Express

2025-12-23T10:15:42Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Nagpur Junction - Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus Kolhapur Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Nagpur Junction}} ('''NGP''')
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus}} ('''KOP''')
| distance = {{convert|1038|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hours
| frequency = Two days{{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11403/11404
| speed = {{cvt|45|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Nagpur Junction - Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus Kolhapur Express''' is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Junction]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus railway station|Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is currently being operated with 11403/11404 train numbers on a biweekly basis.<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3080&id=0,4,268 Salient Features Central Railway Portion of New Western Zone Time Table effective from 1.10.2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=6160&id=0,5,268 Trains Cancelled and Diverted due to damage of tracks on Khandwa-Itarsi Section]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1690&did=13929865658989B1865B9B49A1DA9D434A4CA56350BCB.web103 Permanent Augmentation of AC-3 Tier Coach in 5 Express Trains]</ref>

== Service==

The 11403/Nagpur Junction - Kolhapur Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 1038 km in 23 hrs. 11404/Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus Kolhapur - Nagpur Junction Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and 1038 km in 23 hrs 45 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Wardha Junction}}
* {{rws|Badnera Junction}}
* {{rws|Murtajapur Junction}}
* {{rws|Akola Junction}}
* {{rws|Washim}}
* {{rws|Hingoli Deccan}}
* {{rws|Basmat}}
* {{rws|Purna Junction}}
* {{rws|Parbhani Junction}}
* {{rws|Gangakher}}
* {{rws|Parli Vaijnath}}
* {{rws|Latur}}
* {{rws|Latur Road Junction}}
* {{rws|Dharashiv}}
* {{rws|Kurduvadi Junction}}
* {{rws|Pandharpur}}
* {{rws|Sangola}}
* {{rws|Miraj Junction}}
* {{rws|Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus}}

==Coach composite==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper Coaches
* 6 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a Pune Loco Shed based [[WDM 3A]] diesel locomotive from [[Nagpur]] to [[Kolhapur]] and vice versa.

==Schedule==

11403 - Leaves [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Jn.]] every ''' Tuesday, Saturday''' at 3:00 PM IST and reach [[SCSMT Kolhapur]] on next day'''(Wednesday, Sunday)''' at 2:00 PM IST

11404 - leaves [[SCSMT Kolhapur]] every '''Monday, Friday''' and reach [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Jn.]] next Day '''(Tuesday, Saturday)''' at 12:35 PM IST

== Direction reversal==

Train Reverses its direction 4 times:

* {{rws|Akola Junction}}
* {{rws|Parli Vaijnath}}
* {{rws|Latur Road Junction}}
* {{rws|Miraj Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Maharashtra Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/nagpur-kolhapur-csmt-express-11403/15019/18/77 11403/Nagpur-Kolhapur CSMT Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/csmt-kolhapur-nagpur-express-11404/15020/77/18 11404/CSMT Kolhapur - Nagpur Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpur - CSMT Kolhapur Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Kammavari palli

2025-11-24T05:58:46Z

XuHzRuDLW: quick adjust section and updated info to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kammavari palli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 524301
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kammavari palli''', also known as '''Kammavaripalli''', is a village located in the [[Nellore district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kammavaripalli Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Kammavaripalli, Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh, India|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/andhra-pradesh/ananthapur/kammavaripalli|access-date=2022-02-20|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> It is close to the banks of the [[Penna River]].

==References==
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kammavari Palli}}
{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Gita Krishnankutty

2025-10-03T04:35:13Z

XuHzRuDLW: starting info - done

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam-English translator}}
{{Indian patronymic|Gita|Krishnankutty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Gita Krishnankutty
| image = Mrs Gita Krishnankutty.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chengamanad, Ernakulam district|Chengammanad]], Kerala
| death_place =
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
| occupation = Translator
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] [[Crossword Book Award]]
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Gita Krishnankutty''' is a Malayalam-English translator from Kerala, India. She has also written subtitles for many noted Malayalam films. She received many awards including [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Translation, [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] and [[Crossword Book Award]] for Translation.

==Biography==
Gita Krishnankutty was born and raised in [[Chengamanad, Ernakulam district|Chengammanad]], near [[Aluva]] in [[Ernakulam district]].<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=ഗീതാ കൃഷ്ണന്‍കുട്ടി |url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%af%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%82-%e0%b4%8e%e0%b4%b4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a4%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b5%8d/%e0%b4%97%e0%b5%80%e0%b4%a4%e0%b4%be-%e0%b4%95%e0%b5%83%e0%b4%b7%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a3%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d%e0%b4%95%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%9f%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%9f%e0%b4%bf/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017}}</ref> Her father, who was from [[Palakkad]], was an officer in the Madras Presidency Service.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=വിവർത്തനവും സബ്‌ടൈറ്റിലിങ്ങും ഏറെ ആസ്വദിക്കുന്നു; എം.ടിയുടെ ഭാഷയിലെ ലാളിത്യമാണ് വെല്ലുവിളി! |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/interviews/geetha-krishnankutty-award-winning-translator-interview-1.9298502 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Her mother was from Chengamanad.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Since her father got transferred every three years, she completed her studies in different places. After studying in [[Ooty]] and [[Coonoor]], she also studied in [[Kozhikode]] for three years, when her father worked at the district hospital there.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

At the age of nineteen, she got married and moved to [[Chennai]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Her husband was a cardiologist practicing in Chennai.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She stopped her studies upon marriage and later, after the age of thirty-seven, joined the [[University of Mysore]] for an M.A. in English Literature.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She later earned her doctorate from the same University. Her chosen research topic was Comparative Literature.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> After receiving her doctorate, she joined Alliance Française, a Franco-Indian nonprofit association, to study French.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==Literary career==
===Translations===
It was [[Susie Tharu]] who introduced Gita to translation literature. Tharu had decided to publish a two-volume book, 'Women Writing in India,' and sent a story by [[Rajalakshmi]] and a story by [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]] to be translated into it.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Someone else had referred her to Tharu, who liked the translated stories and later asked if she could translate a few more stories by Lalithambika Antharjan. When she told her that she didn't have much experience in translation, Tharu said she could help with editing and proofreading. That's how her first published work, ''Cast Me Out If You Will'' was written.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> The book was published by Stree Publishers in [[Kolkata]] and Feminist Press in the US.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

Later [[M.T. Vasudevan Nair]]'s novel ''Kaalam'' was translated without his permission and sent to Vikas Publications, but they returned it saying it was too large.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Later, M. T. learned about this from her, and when [[Orient Longman]] wrote to MT asking for permission to translate a book, he introduced the novel that Geeta had translated to them.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Later, she translated many other famous novels by M.T.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

===Subtitling===
Gita has also contributed to the field of cinema subtitling. P.K. Nair, who was the director of the Pune Film Archives, was the one who gave her initial help in subtitling.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Gayatri Chatterjee taught her the basics of subtitling.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She has subtitled many Malayalam films including '[[Neelakuyil]]' directed by [[Ramu Kariat]], '[[Esthappan]]' by [[P. Bhaskaran]], [[G. Aravindan|Aravindan]]'s '[[Kummatty]]', '[[Amma Ariyan]]' by [[John Abraham]] and [[Shyamaprasad]]'s '[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]'.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="Keralaliterature"/>

==Translated works==
English titles are given in bracket. Source:<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*[[Anand (writer)|Anand]]'s ''Marana Certificate'' (Death Certificate) (1983)
*[[M.T. Vasudevan Nair]]'s novel ''[[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]]'' (Time)
* M.T's ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Nalukettu]]'' as {{cite book|title=Naalukettu: The House Around the Courtyard|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008}}
*M.T's ''[[Randamoozham]]'' as {{cite book|title=Bhima: The lone warrior|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]]|year=2018}}
* M.T's ''[[Manju (novel)|Manju]]'' (Mist)
* M.T's ''Iruttinte Athmav'' (The Soul of Darkness)
* ''Athmahathya'' (Suicide)
* [[Paul Zacharia]]'s ''Bhaskara Patelarum mattu kathakalum'' (Bhaskara Patel and other stories)
* [[N. P. Mohammed]]'s ''Daivathinte Kannu'' (The Eye of the God)
* [[M. Mukundan]]'s''Mayyazhi Puzhayute Theerangalil'' (On the Banks of Mayyazhi)
* [[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]] (The Master Carpenter/Screenplay)
* [[Anand (writer)|Anand]]'s ''Govardhante Yathrakal'' (Govardhan's Travel)
* [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]]'s ''Kuttasammatham'' (Admission of Guilt)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srilata |first1=K. |title=When a Namboodiri woman spoke out: Lalithambika Antharjanam's stories were ahead of its times |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/lalithambika-antharjanam-gita-krishnankutty-admission-of-guilt-kuttasammatham-translation-malayalam-cast-me-out-if-you-will/article65855981.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 September 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Bear With Me, Amma, first came out as ''Ammakku'' (For Mother), by M. T.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dugar |first1=Sonal |title='Bear With Me, Amma': For writer MT Vasudevan, fiction is a blend of reality and imagination |url=https://scroll.in/article/1064683/bear-with-me-amma-for-writer-mt-vasudevan-fiction-is-a-blend-of-reality-and-imagination |work=Scroll.in |date=17 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* M.T.'s Three Screenplays and their Stories: [[Nirmalyam]], [[Oppol]] & [[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Sadanand |title=A journey to the heart of human conflict: Three Screenplays and their Stories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-journey-to-the-heart-of-human-conflict-three-screenplays-and-their-stories/article20753929.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 November 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=WRITINGS OF M T VASUDEVAN NAIR|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2018|isbn=978-9352873609}}
*{{cite book|title=Ambai: Novellas and Essays|publisher=Katha|year=2002|isbn=978-8185586953}}
*{{cite book|title=A Life of Healing: A Biography of Vaidyaratnam P.S.Varier|publisher=Penguin India|year=2001|isbn=978-0670049158}}
*''Sketches: The Memoir of an Artist'', English translation [[Namboothiri (artist)|Artist Namboothiri]]'s memoir, ''Sketches''

==Awards and honors==
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Translation in 1999, for the translation of ''Daivatthinte Kannu'' (God's Eye)<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]<ref>{{cite news |author=T. N. M. Staff |title=Prof TJ Joseph's autobiography wins Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/prof-tj-joseph-s-autobiography-wins-kerala-sahitya-akademi-award-166277 |work=The News Minute |date=28 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Crossword Book Award]] for Translation<ref name="dailyeye">{{cite web |title=A Life in Translation: Gita Krishnankutty |url=https://thedailyeye.info/thought-box/a-life-in-translation-gita-krishnankutty/16d963002d7b7a8c |website=thedailyeye.info |language=en}}</ref>
*Abdulla memorial award for translation<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Maiden V. Abdulla award for translation presented |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/maiden-v-abdulla-award-for-translation-presented/article29249292.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*Katha Award<ref name="dailyeye"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnankutty, Gita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Translators to English]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nenjathai Killadhe (2014 TV series)

2025-07-12T06:27:52Z

XuHzRuDLW: Redirect page

#Redirect [[List of programmes broadcast by Zee Tamil (India)]]

Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha

2025-07-07T16:06:40Z

XuHzRuDLW:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{About|the 2021 Marathi TV series|the 1995 Hindi TV series|Swabhimaan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| editor = Shiva Murmu
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Frames Production]]
| writer = Leena Gangopadhyay Sushma Yakshi Abhijeet Pendharkar
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|2|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|5|6|df=yes}}
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| producer = Hemant Ruprell Ranjeet Thakur
| executive_producer =
| num_episodes = 699
| developer =
| based_on =
| composer =
| opentheme = "Swabhiman Ha" by [[Priyanka Barve]]
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| director = Kalpesh Kumbhar
| image = Swabhimaan serial.jpeg
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| creator =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| alt_name =
| caption =
| list_episodes =
| related = ''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]''
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}

'''''Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha''''' ({{translation|''Self Respect – Search for Existence''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series that aired on [[Star Pravah]]. It premiered on 22 February 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Marathi TV show 'Swabhiman - Shodh Astitvacha' to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-tv-show-swabhimaan-shodh-astitvacha-to-launch-soon/articleshow/80709025.cms|access-date=2021-02-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ended on 6 May 2023. It stars [[Akshar Kothari]] and Pooja Birari in lead roles. It is produced by Hemant Ruprell and Ranjeet Thakur under the banner of [[Frames Production]]. It is an official remake of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV series ''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=स्टार प्रवाहवर मनोरंजनाची मेजवानी, 'स्वाभिमान' मालिका लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/entertainment-feast-on-star-pravah-swabhiman-serial-to-hit-the-screen-soon-391042.html|access-date=2021-02-18|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shantanu Suryavanshi, a guy with old-fashioned ideas, believes women shouldn't be independent. This belief stems from his past when his mom left him when he was little. Instead, he was raised by his not-so-nice aunt, Suparna, who really doesn't like Shantanu's mom.

On the other side of the story is Pallavi Shirsekar, a determined and strong-willed girl from a middle-class family. Her dad, Bhaskar, used to be a businessman, but things went south, and he faced bankruptcy. Despite these hardships, Pallavi has big dreams of making a mark in society and thinks women should be independent.

Now, Pallavi's family wants her to get married, especially since her sister Nandita had a tough time with a cruel husband named Gaurav, who was eyeing the family's wealth. Pallavi, not interested in marriage, escapes from her own engagement ceremony and seeks refuge at her teacher Aditi's house.

Here's the twist: Aditi is none other than Shantanu's long-lost mom, who deeply regrets leaving him. She wants to reconcile with Shantanu, but he's engaged to Niharika, a beautiful and wealthy girl. However, Niharika is not ready for marriage; she heads off to the US to pursue higher studies, leaving Shantanu in a bit of a dilemma.

Pallavi with the help of Aditi happens to join the college which belongs to suryavanshis(Aditis in laws). In the beginning Shantanu and Pallavi have a lot of fights but a series of events later they fall in love with each other and get married.

Soon Aditi re-enters the Suryavanshi house to try to reunite with her son. But Shantanus Mothi Aai doesn't want it and plots to Kill Aditi in which her son Vinayak helps her. Due to the bullet Aditi goes in Coma. Pallavi then finds the culprits and decides to punish them. Vinayak then decides to get his parents out of the way to gain the property but is caught red handed and killed by his wife. Shantanu accepts Aditi as his mother. Finally Pallavi is shown to be pregnant and the serial ends on a happy note.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Pooja Birari as Pallavi Bhaskar Shirsekar / Pallavi Shantanu Suryavanshi – Indrayani and Bhaskar's younger daughter; Mrs. Shirsekar's granddaughter; Jr. Nandita's aunt; Gaurav's sister-in-law; Aditi and Prabhakar's daughter-in-law; Suparna, Purushottam, Vibhavari and Pradeep's niece-in-law; Vinayak, Meghna, Jyoti and Geeta's sister-in-law; Shantanu's wife.
* [[Akshar Kothari]] as Shantanu Prabhakar Suryavanshi – Aditi and Prabhakar's son; Suparna, Purushottam, Vibhavari and Pradeep's nephew; Vinayak, Jyoti and Geeta's cousin; Meghna's brother-in-law; Indrayani and Bhaskar's son-in-law; Mrs. Shirsekar's grandson-in-law; Gaurav, Nandita and Aseem's brother-in-law; Jr. Nandita's uncle; Pallavi's husband.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Asawari Joshi]] as Aditi Prabhakar Suryavanshi – Prabhakar's wife; Shantanu's mother; Pallavi's mother-in-law; Suparna, Purushottam, Vibhavari and Pradeep's sister-in-law; Meghna's aunt-in-law; Vinayak, Jyoti and Geeta's aunt.
* [[Ashok Shinde]] as Prabhakar Suryavanshi – Aditi's husband: Shantanu's father; Pallavi's father-in-law; Purushottam and Pradeep's brother; Suparna and Vibhavari's brother-in-law; Meghna's uncle-in-law; Vinayak, Jyoti and Geeta's uncle.
* [[Surekha Kudachi]] / [[Savita Prabhune]] as Suparna "Mothi Aai" Purushottam Suryavanshi – Purushottam's wife; Vinayak's mother; Meghna's mother-in-law; Aditi, Prabhakar, Vibhavari and Pradeep's sister-in-law; Pallavi's aunt-in-law; Shantanu, Jyoti and Geeta's aunt.
* Prasad Pandit / Milind Dastane as Purushottam "Mothe Kaka" Suryavanshi – Suparna's husband; Vinayak's father; Meghna's father-in-law; Prabhakar and Pradeep's brother; Aditi and Vibhavari's brother-in-law; Pallavi's uncle-in-law; Shantanu, Jyoti and Geeta's uncle.
* Ashu Datar as Pradeep Suryavanshi – Vibhavari's husband, Jyoti and Geeta's father, Purushottam and Prabhakar's brother; Pallavi and Meghna's uncle-in-law; Aditi and Suparna's brother-in-law; Shantanu and Vinayak's uncle.
* Mugdha Karnik as Vibhavari Pradeep Suryavanshi – Pradeep's wife; Jyoti and Geeta's mother; Suparna, Purushottam, Aditi and Prabhakar's sister-in-law; Pallavi and Meghna's aunt-in-law; Shantanu and Vinayak's aunt.
* Ambarish Deshpande as Vinayak Purushottam Suryavanshi – Purushottam and Suparna's son; Meghna's husband; Aditi, Prabhakar, Vibhavari and Pradeep's Nephew; Pallavi's brother-in-law; Shantanu, Jyoti and Geeta's cousin.
* Sanika Banaraswale / Trupti Jadhav as Meghna Vinayak Suryavanshi – Purushottam and Suparna's daughter-in-law; Vinayak's wife; Aditi, Prabhakar, Vibhavari and Pradeep's niece-in-law; Shantanu, Pallavi, Jyoti and Geeta's sister-in-law.
* Rutuja Kulkarni as Jyoti Pradeep Suryavanshi – Pradeep and Vibhavari's elder daughter; Geeta's elder sister; Aditi, Prabhakar, Suparna and Purushottam's niece; Meghna and Pallavi's sister-in-law; Vinayak and Shantanu's cousin.
* Manasi Mhatre as Geeta Pradeep Suryavanshi – Pradeep and Vibhavari's Younger daughter; Geeta's Younger sister; Aditi, Prabhakar, Suparna and Purushottam's niece; Meghna and Pallavi's sister-in-law; Vinayak and Shantanu's cousin.
* Ravindra Kulkarni as Bhaskar Shirsekar – Mrs. Shirsekar's mother; Indrayani's husband; Nandita, Aseem and Pallavi's father; Jr. Nandita's grandfather; Gaurav and Shantanu's father-in-law.
* Madhavi Soman as Indrayani Bhaskar Shirsekar – Bhaskar's wife; Mrs. Shirsekar's daughter-in-law; Nandita, Aseem and Pallavi's mother; Jr. Nandita's Grandmother; Gaurav and Shantanu's mother-in-law.
* Amita Kulkarni as Nandita Bhaskar Shirsekar / Nandita Gaurav Sawant – Indrayani and Bhaskar's elder daughter; Mrs. Shirsekar's granddaughter; Jr. Nandita's mother; Aseem and Pallavi's sister; Gaurav's wife; Shantanu's sister-in-law.
* Kaushik Kulkarni as Gaurav Sawant – Nandita's husband; Indrayani and Bhaskar's son-in-law; Mrs. Shirsekar's grandson-in-law; Jr. Nandita's father; Aseem and Pallavi's brother-in-law.
* Dipesh Thackeray as Aseem Bhaskar Shirsekar – Indrayani and Bhaskar's son; Mrs. Shirsekar's grandson; Nandita and Pallavi's brother; Jr. Nandita's uncle; Gaurav and Shantanu's brother-in-law.
* Pratibha Goregaonkar as Mrs. Shirsekar – Bhaskar's mother; Indrayani's mother-in-law; Nandita, Aseem and Pallavi's grandmother; Jr. Nandita's Great-Grandmother; Gaurav and Shantanu's grandmother-in-law.

=== Others ===
* Disha Pardeshi as Niharika Mahajan – Shantanu's ex-girlfriend; Pallavi's Professor turned arch rival; Suparna, Purushotttam and Pradeep's partner-in-crime.
* Abhishek Rahalkar / Nakul Ghanekar as ACP Nachiket Mhatre – Assistant Commissioner of Police Inspector and Pallavi's friend.
* Prashant Nigade as Baban – A peon at S.S. Suryavanshi College
* Ruchir Gurav as Mayank – Geeta, Reema, Pallavi and Vaidehi's friend.
* Pranita Acharekar as Reema – Mayank, Geeta, Pallavi and Vaidehi's friend.
* Prajakta Amburle as Vaidehi – Mayank, Geeta, Reema and Pallavi's friend.
* Amol Girase as Ayush – Jyoti and Anshika's friend.
* Rajashri Parulekar as Anshika – Jyoti, and Ayush's friend

=== Guests Appearances ===
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Surya from [[Sahkutumb Sahparivar]]
* [[Harshada Khanvilkar]] as Saundarya from [[Rang Majha Vegla]]

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Pooja Birari was selected for Pallavi's role in an interview Pooja stated that, "On the occasion of 'Swabhiman' series, I got an opportunity to play a dream role."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=पूजा म्हणाली - 'स्वाभिमान' मालिकेच्या निमित्ताने ड्रीमरोल साकारण्याची मिळाली संधी|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/pooja-birari-said-swabhiman-serial-is-an-opportunity-to-play-a-dream-role-128231941.html|access-date=2021-02-18|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> [[Akshar Kothari]] was cast for Shantanu's role in an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'' he stated, "After two years, I am making a comeback on the small screen. It is a great pleasure to do a TV show like Swabhimaan - Shodh Astitvacha. My TV journey started from [[Bandh Reshmache]], Aaradhana, Chhoti Malkin and now Swabhiman. My entire look from the show is also very different from my previous roles".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akshar Kothari to make a comeback on TV after a hiatus of two years with Swabhiman Shodh Astitvacha - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/akshar-kothari-to-make-a-comeback-on-tv-after-a-hiatus-of-two-years-with-swabhimaan-shodh-astitvacha/articleshow/80785275.cms|access-date=2021-03-09|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Asawari Joshi]] reprising the role of Professor Aditi in an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'' she stated, " After many years, I am making a comeback on Marathi television. As I worked in Hindi, I lost touch with the Marathi industry. However, I accepted the role as I got a hearty project on the occasion of this Swabhiman TV show".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Asawari Joshi to make her Marathi TV comeback with Swabhiman Shodh Astitvacha - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-asawari-joshi-to-make-her-marathi-tv-comeback-with-swabhimaan-shodh-astitvacha/articleshow/81089852.cms|access-date=2021-03-09|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 20
|2021
|3.3
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=टीआरपीच्या शर्यतीत ‘आई..’ राहिली मागे ‘या’ मालिकांनी मारली बाजी, पाहा प्रेक्षकांच्या आवडत्या ‘टॉप ५’ मालिका|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/trp-race-top-5-marathi-serial-for-week-20-see-full-list-464347.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2021
|3.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=प्रेक्षकांना भावतेय जयदीप-गौरीची प्रेमकथा, ‘सुख म्हणजे…’सह ‘या’ मालिका ठरल्या अव्वल!|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/top-5-marathi-serials-barc-trp-race-week-21-see-full-list-469327.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=TV9 Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%"
! style="background:#00cc00; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#00cc00; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]'' মোহর
|28 October 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|3 April 2022
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Sarasu'' ಸರಸು<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV serial 'Mohor' to be remade in Kannada|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-mohor-to-be-remade-in-kannada/articleshow/78928044.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|11 November 2020
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|28 August 2021
|rowspan="6"|Remake
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Guppedantha Manasu]]'' గుప్పెడంత మనసు
|7 December 2020
|[[Star Maa]]
|31 August 2024
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' शौर्य और अनोखी की कहानी
|21 December 2020
|[[StarPlus]]
|24 July 2021
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]'' കൂടെവിടെ
|4 January 2021
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|22 July 2023
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]'' காற்றுக்கென்ன வேலி
|18 January 2021
|[[Star Vijay]]
|30 September 2023
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha'' स्वाभिमान – शोध अस्तित्वाचा
|22 February 2021
|[[Star Pravah]]
|6 May 2023
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt19865932}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/swabhimaan/1260055007 ''Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Ashapur

2025-06-19T21:32:51Z

XuHzRuDLW: made a article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ashapur
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Village location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.381413|82.924272|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pindra]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 77.437
| population_total = 316
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221105
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Village code
| blank_info_sec1 = 208830
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Pindra (Assembly constituency)|Pindra]]
}}
'''Ashapur''' is a village in [[Pindra Tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Ashapur falls under Bagwanpur [[gram panchayat]]. The village is about 17 kilometres North of [[Varanasi district]] and 298 kilometres south-east of state capital [[Lucknow]].<ref name=" Village coordinates ">{{cite news|title=Village coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|access-date=1 March 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=" Elevation ">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=daftlogic.com|access-date=1 March 2015|url=http://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 March 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" Village code & Tehsil ">{{cite news|title=Village code & Tehsil|publisher=Local Government directory|access-date=1 March 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref><ref name="Demography">{{cite news|title=Demography|publisher=2011 census|access-date=1 March 2015|url= http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/208830-ashapur-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref><ref name=" PIN & STD Code ">{{cite news|title=PIN & STD Code|publisher=One Five Nine|access-date=1 March 2015|url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Varanasi/Harahua/Ashapur}}</ref><ref name="Village info">{{cite news|title= Village info |publisher=Wiki edit|access-date=1 March 2015|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Ashapur/90525/}}</ref>

==Demography==
Ashapur has a total population of 316 people amongst 53 families. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of Ashapur is 848 and [[child sex ratio]] is 615. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively {{ref|Demography|[note]}}.<ref name="Demography"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || – || – || 53 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| RWA || 1 ||
|-
| Post office || 1 ||
|-
| Total population || 171 || 145 || 316
|-
| Police station || 1||
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Pindra Tehsil]]
*[[Pindra (Assembly constituency)]]

==Notes==
* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Villages in Varanasi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Varanasi district]]

Gentoo Code

2025-06-13T22:06:47Z

XuHzRuDLW: quick update

{{short description|Legal code translated from Sanskrit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
The '''''Gentoo Code''''' (also known as ''A Code of Gentoo Laws'' or ''Ordinations of the Pundits'') is a [[legal code]] translated from [[Sanskrit]] (in which it was known as {{IAST|vivādārṇavasetu}}) into [[Persian language|Persian]] by [[Brahmin]] scholars; and then from [[Persian language|Persian]] into English by [[Nathaniel Brassey Halhed]], a British grammarian working for the [[British East India Company|East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C&dq=viv%C4%81d%C4%81r%E1%B9%87avasetu&pg=PA97|title=Sir William Jones, 1746–94: A Commemoration|first=William|last=Jones|date=9 November 2006|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.|via=Google Books|isbn=9781584776888}}</ref><ref name="EB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle = Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey|volume=12}}</ref> ''Vivādārṇavasetu'' is a digest of Hindu law in 21 sections (taraṅga) compiled for Warren Hastings by the pandits.<ref>{{cite book|last=Halhed |first=Nathaniel Brassey |author-link=Nathaniel Brassey Halhed|title=A Code of Gentoo Laws, or, Ordinations of the Pundits: from a Persian translation, made from the original, written in the Shanscrit language |location=London |year=1776 |url=https://archive.org/details/codeofgentoolaws00halh }}</ref> The translation was funded and encouraged by [[Warren Hastings]] as a method of consolidating company control on the Indian subcontinent.{{Cn|date=October 2021}} It was translated into English with a view to know about the culture and local laws of various parts of Indian subcontinent. It was printed privately by the East India Company in London in 1776 under the title ''A Code of Gentoo Laws, or, Ordinations of the Pundits''. Copies were not put on sale, but the Company did distribute them. In 1777 a pirate (and less luxurious) edition was printed; and in 1781 a second edition appeared. Translations into French and German were published in 1778. It is basically about the Hindu law of inheritance ([[Manusmriti]]).<ref>Halhed 1776, p. [https://archive.org/details/codeofgentoolaws00halh/page/96 96]</ref> The Pandits and the Maulvis were associated with judges to understand the civil law of Hindus and Muslims.

The resulting "Anglo-Brahminical" output completely violated the spirit of actual practice. This is because the eleven [[pandit]]s (Brahmin scholars) hired by Warren Hastings "took advantage of the assignment to favour their own caste, by interpreting and even creating sacrosanct 'customs' that in fact has no shastric authority".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|title=Inglorious Empire|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2017|isbn=978-0-141-98714-9|pages=106|language=English}}</ref> The result was a magnification of the problem of [[Caste system in India|caste hierarchy in India]] – an issue still extant today.

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}
==See also==
*[[List of ancient legal codes]]

{{Italic title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gentoo Code}}
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian law]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]
[[Category:Translations into English]]

{{India-law-stub}}
{{law-book-stub}}

List of ambassadors of Peru to India

2025-05-27T21:29:56Z

XuHzRuDLW: creating new details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = Ambassador
|body = Peru to the Republic of India
|native_name =
|insignia = Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg
|insigniasize =
|insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Peru|Great Seal of Peru]]
|department = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
|image = The Ambassador-Designate of Peru, Mr. Javier Manuel Paulinich Velarde presented his credentials to the President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on September 24, 2009.jpg
|incumbent = Javier Manuel Paulinich Velarde
|incumbentsince = {{dts|2022|12|25}}
|style = [[His or Her Excellency]]
|residence =
|nominator =
|appointer = The [[president of Peru]]
|appointerpost =
|termlength =
|inaugural = Julio Eduardo Sarmiento Calmet
|formation = {{dts|1963}}
|last =
|abolished =
|succession =
|deputy =
|salary =
|website = [https://www.gob.pe/embajada-del-peru-en-india Embassy of Peru in India]
}}
The '''extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador of Peru to the Republic of India''' is the [[Ambassador|official representative]] of the [[Republic of Peru]] to the [[Republic of India]].

The ambassador in [[New Delhi]] is generally accredited to neighbouring countries, such as [[Afghanistan]] (suspended [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|since 2021]]),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pronunciamiento del Perú sobre la situación en Afganistán |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/513930-pronunciamiento-del-peru-sobre-la-situacion-en-afganistan |date=2021-08-29 |work=[[Gob.pe]]}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]], [[Iran]], the [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Non Resident Representations from india|url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/nonresident.html|website=Embassy of Peru in India|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711200520/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/nonresident.html|archive-date=11 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Both countries established [[India–Peru relations|diplomatic relations]] on 26 March 1963, which have continued since.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Peru Bilateral Relations|url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/indiaperubilateralrelations.html|website=www.embassyperuindia.in|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227175539/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/indiaperubilateralrelations.html|archive-date=27 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==List of representatives==
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align:center;"
|-
! Name
! class="unsortable"| Portrait
! Term begin
! Term end
! President
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| {{ill|Julio Eduardo Sarmiento Calmet|es}}
|
| {{dts|1963|5|6}}
| {{dts|1972|12|31}}
| {{sortname|Nicolás|Lindley López}}
| First representative of Peru to India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peru, India celebrate bonding with photo exhibit |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-peru-india-celebrate-bonding-with-photo-exhibit-459568.aspx |date=2013-05-22 |work=[[Andina (news agency)|Andina]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Alberto Homero|MacLean Urzúa|nolink=1}}
|
| {{dts|1975}}
| {{dts|1977}}
| {{sortname|Juan|Velasco Alvarado}}
| As ambassador; concurrent to Iran and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transparencia.rree.gob.pe/index.php/2-planeamiento-y-organizacion/21-instrumentos-de-gestion/2110-informe-anual-del-servicio-diplomatico/1006-informe-anual-del-sdr-2007/file |title=Informe del Servicio Diplomático de la República 2007 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Transparencia RREE]] |quote=En el exterior se desempeñó [...] en 1975 Embajador Extraordinario y Plenipotenciario del Perú en la India, simultáneamente en Irán y Sri Lanka}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Jorge|Ramirez Del Rio|nolink=1}}
|
| {{dts|1982}}
| {{dts|1984|1|27}}
| {{sortname|Fernando|Belaúnde}}
| Ramirez presented his credentials to President [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] on March 26, 1982.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian and Foreign Review |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India]] |year=1982 |pages=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nBDAAAAYAAJ |volume=20 |quote=The new Ambassador of Peru, Dr Jeorge Ramirez del Rio, presented his credentials to the President on 26 March.}}</ref> He went into a [[coma]] on January 24, 1984, dying three days later.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PERUVIAN AMBASSADOR DIES |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzu6AAAAIAAJ |date=1984-01-28 |pages=114 |work=Near East/South Asia Report / [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |quote=The Ambassador of Peru to India, Mr Jorge Ramirez Del Rio, (49), died here this evening, reports PTI. Mr Rio had been in coma since January 24. While his daughter is in the capital, the other members of his family are expected to reach here tomorrow.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Asian Recorder |last=Thomas |first=K.K. |publisher=Recorder Press |year=1984 |pages=17644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9TKZsNMLZ8C |quote=Peruvian Envoy Dead: The Ambassador of Peru to India, Dr. Jorge Ramirez Del Rio, died in New Delhi on January 27. He was 40. Dr. Rio had been in coma since January 24.}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Alejandro|San Martín|nolink=1}}
|
| {{circa}} {{dts|1992}}
| {{dts|1996}}
| {{sortname|Alberto|Fujimori}}
| As ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nuevadelhi.cervantes.es/FichasCultura/Ficha64304_909_1.htm |title=El humanismo en César Vallejo |date=2010-04-27 |website=[[Instituto Cervantes|Instituto Cervantes de Nueva Delhi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Tierras lejanas voces cercanas: estudios sobre el acercamiento Indo-Ibero-Americano |last=Prasad Ganguly |first=Shyama |publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations & Wiley Eastern |year=1995 |pages=655 |isbn=9788122407334 |language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EVuAAAAMAAJ |quote=Colaboradores – Alejandro San Martín: Embajador actual del Perú en la India, escritor y especialista у en estudios internacionales.}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Carlos|Higueras Ramos|nolink=1}}
|
| {{dts|1996}}
| {{dts|1999}}
| {{sortname|Alberto|Fujimori|nolink=1}}
| Higueras presented his credentials to President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] on November 18, 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dpl.presidentofindia.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5058/4/IMG_08102015_0004.jpg?browse=true&title=The%26%23x20%3BAmbassador-Designate%26%23x20%3Bof%26%23x20%3BPeru%26%23x20%3Bto%26%23x20%3BIndia%2C%26%23x20%3BH.E.%26%23x20%3BMr.%26%23x20%3BCarlos%26%23x20%3BHigueras%26%23x20%3BRamos%26%23x20%3Bpresenting%26%23x20%3Bhis%26%23x20%3Bcredentials%26%23x20%3Bto%26%23x20%3Bthe%26%23x20%3BPresident%26%23x20%3Bof%26%23x20%3BIndia%2C%26%23x20%3BDr.%26%23x20%3BShankar%26%23x20%3BDayal%26%23x20%3BSharma%26%23x20%3Bat%26%23x20%3BRashtrapati%26%23x20%3BBhavan%26%23x20%3Bin%26%23x20%3BNew%26%23x20%3BDelhi%26%23x20%3Bon%26%23x20%3BNovember%26%23x20%3B18%2C%26%23x20%3B1996.&dateDisplay= |title=The Ambassador-Designate of Peru to India, H.E. Mr. Carlos Higueras Ramos presenting his credentials to the President of India, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on November 18, 1996. |website=Digital Photo Library Rashtrapati Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Perú presidirá desde mañana Comité de Representantes de la ALADI |url=http://www2.aladi.org/nsfaladi/prensanueva.nsf/c7788357d6ad2c9c0325830d004d2999/36ed8f5260c1d3060325832300458121?OpenDocument |date=2001-01-29 |work=[[ALADI]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Luis Rodomiro|Hernández Ortiz|nolink=1}}
|
| {{dts|2000}}
| {{dts|2002}}
| {{sortname|Alberto|Fujimori|nolink=1}}
| As ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RESOLUCIÓN SUPREMA Nº 060-2002-RE: Dan por terminadas funciones de Embajador del Perú en la India |url=https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/download/full/ChE_TyP8Kv28bt9xlWMSrA |date=2002-02-25 |work=[[El Peruano]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Benjamín Alejandro|Ruiz Sobero|nolink=1}}
|
| {{dts|2002}}
| {{dts|2006}}
| {{sortname|Alejandro|Toledo}}
| As ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RESOLUCIÓN SUPREMA Nº 258-2005-RE: Nombran a Embajador Extraordinario y Plenipotenciario del Perú en la India para que se desempeñe simultáneamente como Embajador Concurrente en la República de Maldivas |url=https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/download/full/7L7fTXeQ4f893svOtFeg3m |date=2005-10-18 |work=[[El Peruano]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=RESOLUCION SUPREMA Nº 008-2006-RE: Dan por terminadas funciones de Embajador Extraordinario y Plenipotenciario del Perú en la República de India |url=https://spij.minjus.gob.pe/Normas/textos/140106T.pdf |date=2006-01-13 |work=[[El Peruano]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Javier Manuel|Paulinich Velarde|nolink=1}}
| [[File:The Ambassador-Designate of Peru, Mr. Javier Manuel Paulinich Velarde presented his credentials to the President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on September 24, 2009.jpg|50px]]
| {{dts|2009}}
| {{dts|2015}}
| {{sortname|Alan|García}}
| As ambassador; concurrent in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Iran]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and the [[Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gobierno cesa de sus cargos a 14 embajadores |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/gobierno-cesa-cargos-14-embajadores-63189-noticia/ |date=2014-06-17 |work=[[Gestión]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sela.org/media/3218919/curriculum-vitae-javier-paulinich_esp.pdf |title=EMBAJADOR JAVIER PAULINICH VELARDE - CV |website=[[Latin American Economic System|SELA]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Jorge Juan|Castañeda Méndez|nolink=1}}
| [[File:The Ambassador-designate of Peru, Mr. Jorge Juan Castaneda Mendez presenting his credentials to the President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on November 30, 2016.jpg|50px]]
| {{dts|2016|10|12}}
| {{dts|2019}}
| {{sortname|Pedro Pablo|Kuczynski}}
| Castañeda presented his credentials to President [[Shri Pranab Mukherjee]] on November 30, 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RESOLUCIÓN SUPREMA N° 218-2018-RE: Dan por terminadas las funciones de Embajador Extraordinario y Plenipotenciario del Perú ante la República de la India, República de Maldivas, República Democrática Socialista de Sri Lanka, República Federal Democrática de Nepal y República Popular de Bangladesh |url=https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/dan-por-terminadas-las-funciones-de-embajador-extraordinario-resolucion-suprema-n-218-2018-re-1716344-6/ |date=2018-11-23 |work=[[El Peruano]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Embajador del Perú en la India presenta sus Cartas Credenciales ante el Presidente de Bangladesh |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/6526-embajador-del-peru-en-la-india-presenta-sus-cartas-credenciales-ante-el-presidente-de-bangladesh |date=2017-08-04 |work=[[Gob.pe]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Carlos Rafael|Polo Castañeda|nolink=1}}
|
| {{dts|2019|5|1}}
| {{dts|2022}}
| {{sortname|Martín|Vizcarra}}
| As ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/embajada-del-peru-en-india/funcionarios/34249-carlos-rafael-polo-castaneda |title=Carlos Rafael Polo Castañeda |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Embajada del Perú en India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/embajada-del-peru-en-india/funcionarios/34249-carlos-rafael-polo-castaneda | title=Carlos Rafael Polo Castañeda - Embajador }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=RESOLUCIÓN SUPREMA N° 056-2022-RE: Dan por terminadas las funciones de Embajador Extraordinario y Plenipotenciario del Perú en la República de la India |url=https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/dan-por-terminadas-las-funciones-de-embajador-extraordinario-resolucion-suprema-n-056-2022-re-2065095-10/ |date=2022-05-06 |work=[[El Peruano]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{sortname|Javier Manuel|Paulinich Velarde|nolink=1}}
| [[File:The Ambassador-Designate of Peru, Mr. Javier Manuel Paulinich Velarde presented his credentials to the President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on September 24, 2009.jpg|50px]]
| {{dts|2022|12|25}}
| ''Incumbent''
| {{sortname|Dina|Boluarte}}
| As ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nombran embajadores en cuatro países |url=https://www.elperuano.pe/noticia/199719-nombran-embajadores-en-cuatro-paises |date=2022-12-25 |work=[[El Peruano]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of ambassadors of India to Peru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ambassadors of Peru}}

[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of Peru|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|Peru]]
[[Category:India–Peru relations|Ambassadors]]