https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Xtromirit 2026-08-03T15:59:17Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hashim_Shah&diff=502344 2026-05-04T16:04:56Z

<p>Xtromirit: Put up some data needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Punjabi writer and Sufi poet}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Hashim Shah<br /> | native_name = {{lang |pnb|ہاشم شاہ}}<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | titles = <br /> | birth_date = 1735 or 1752<br /> | birth_place = Jagdev Kalan, Amritsar, Punjab<br /> | death_date = 1843 (aged 108) or 1823<br /> | death_place = [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]] village Jagdev Kalan in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]<br /> | resting_place = Tharpal, [[Narowal District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> | influences = <br /> | notablework = ''[[Sassui Punnhun]]'', ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'', and ''[[Khosrow and Shirin|Shirin Farhad]]''<br /> | relatives = Muhammad Sharif (father)&lt;br&gt;Rajni Mai (mother)<br /> }}<br /> {{Sufism}}<br /> {{Punjabis}}<br /> <br /> '''Hashim Shah''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{Nastaliq|ہاشم شاہ}} {{Small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}, ਹਾਸ਼ਿਮ ਸ਼ਾਹ {{Small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}; b. 1735 d. 1843) was a [[Punjab region|Punjab]]i writer and [[Sufi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Gurmeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SodCEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Hashim%22+poet+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA124 |title=Sufi Poet Hashim Shah Punjabi Literature |date=2021-09-11 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en |access-date=2024-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; poet, best known for his story ''[[Sassi Punnun]]'' (or ''Sassi Panhu''). Hashim Shah was born in Jagdev Kalan in 1735 or 1752 and lived in that village his entire life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ਹਾਸ਼ਮ - ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੀਡੀਆ |trans-title=Hashim |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B6%E0%A8%AE |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=punjabipedia.org |language=Punjabi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote three stories &quot;Kissa Kaw&quot; named ''Sassi Punnu'', ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'', and ''[[Khosrow and Shirin|Shirin Farhad]]''.<br /> <br /> Hashim, besides following the family tradition of hikmat (physician), copunselling and Piri-Muridi, also worked as a carpenter for sustenance. He left the profession of carpentry when Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] and his courtiers extended their patronage to Hashim. Thereafter, he devoted his entire life to spiritual attainments and composing Sufistic (mystic) poetry.<br /> <br /> Hashim Shah's poetry is unique in its own right. Credited as one of the best poets of his era many books have been written about him by his followers. His poetry has a certain style reverberating with description and sometimes sadness. The way he has narrated Sassi Punnu speaks for the depth in his words and the immense aptitude he had.<br /> <br /> Sufism&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=CHOPRA |first=Mr R. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAm4EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=hashim+shah+poet&amp;pg=PT16 |title=GREAT SUFI POETS OF THE PUNJAB |date=2023-04-07 |publisher=Anuradha Prakashan |isbn=978-93-91873-77-6 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; ran in Hashim's family. He, his father and grandfather practised piri-muridi. He took Sufism as an established belief. His Punjabi poetry reverberates with mysticism of high order and can be allegorically interpreted for Love Divine.<br /> <br /> Hashim died in [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]], 1843 or 1823 and was buried in Tharpal village in [[Narowal District]] where every year Urs was held on or about 21st of Jeth (end May – early June).<br /> <br /> In his poetic compositions his prosody is Punjabi though his vocabulary abounds in Hindi, Persian and Arabic words He has written the following books:<br /> <br /> *''Qissa Shirin Farhad''<br /> *''Qissa Sohni Mahiwal''<br /> *''Qissa Sassi Punnun''<br /> *''Gyan Prakash''<br /> *''Dohre''<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> *''Great Sufi Poets of The Punjab'' by R. M. Chopra, (1999), Iran Society, Kolkata.<br /> *&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&amp;dq=%22Hashim%22+poet+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA124 |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia Hashim Shah ہاشم شاہ |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-087-0 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hashim}}<br /> [[Category:1735 births]]<br /> [[Category:1843 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Sufi poets]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Sufis]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Sufi saints]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:People from Amritsar]]<br /> [[Category:People from Narowal District]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century poets]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century poets]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century mystics]]<br /> [[Category:Sufi shrines in Pakistan]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koduru_mandal,Tirupati_district&diff=510234 2026-05-03T14:32:41Z

<p>Xtromirit: Put up some place added tags.</p> <hr /> <div>{{other uses|Koduru (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kodur mandal<br /> | settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Headquarters <br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Railway Kodur]]<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset = +05:30<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kodur mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The mandal used to be a part of [[Annamayya district]] and was made part of the Tirupati district on 31 December 2025..&lt;ref name=&quot;districts-20251231&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Tirupati district}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poojaikku_Vandha_Malar&diff=525928 2026-05-03T04:36:26Z

<p>Xtromirit: Creating a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1965 film directed by Muktha Srinivasan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Poojaikku Vandha Malar<br /> | image = Poojaikku Vandha Malar.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]<br /> | writer = [[K. Balachander]]<br /> | producer = Muktha Srinivasan<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Gemini Ganesan]]|[[Nagesh]]|[[R. Muthuraman]]|[[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]}}<br /> | cinematography = [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]]<br /> | editing = L. Balu<br /> | music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]<br /> | studio = Muktha Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1965|3|12}}<br /> | runtime = 161 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Poojaikku Vandha Malar''''' ({{translation|The flower that came for the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced and directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]], and written by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Nagesh]], [[R. Muthuraman]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]. It was released on 12 March 1965 and became a commercial success.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{More plot|date=October 2021}}<br /> Suresh and Ravi are close friends who, after a misunderstanding, become enemies. Suresh falls in love with Ravi's sister Chitra, unaware that she is the sister of his friend-turned enemy. Once aware, he breaks up with her and vows never to marry her. Undaunted and determined to marry Suresh, Chitra comes to his house to live with him. The misunderstanding is ultimately cleared, Suresh and Ravi reconcile, and Suresh marries Chitra.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Col-begin|width=50%}}<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Male cast&lt;ref name=&quot;Movie&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Suresh<br /> * [[Nagesh]] as Panju<br /> * [[R. Muthuraman]] as Ravi<br /> * [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Ravi's father<br /> * S. Rama Rao as Gothandam<br /> * [[O. A. K. Thevar]]<br /> {{col-break|width=20%}}<br /> ;Female cast&lt;ref name=&quot;Movie&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Chitra<br /> * [[Pandari Bai]] as Suresh's mother<br /> * [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]] as Maala<br /> * [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Manju<br /> *[[Samikannu|Samikkannu]] as Textile shop owner<br /> * Sandhya as Ravi and Chitra's mother<br /> * Chitra Devi<br /> {{Col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Poojaikku Vandha Malar'' was directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]] who also produced it under his own company Muktha Films,&lt;ref name=&quot;Movie&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of titbits about cinema&amp;nbsp;– Mukta Srinivasan |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Nov10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Mukta_Srinivasan_page1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170317065654/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Nov10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Mukta_Srinivasan_page1.html |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017 |website=Kalyanamalai}}&lt;/ref&gt; and written by [[K. Balachander]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2 May 2011 |title=The KB school |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-kb-school/article1985626.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134307/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-kb-school/article1985626.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 March 2017 |title=திரை உலகுக்கு வாருங்கள்: பாலசந்தருக்கு எம்.ஜி.ஆர். அழைப்பு |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/03/02232639/1071517/Cine-history-MRG-calls-balachander-in-cine-field.vpf |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202751/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/03/02232639/1071517/Cine-history-MRG-calls-balachander-in-cine-field.vpf |archive-date=5 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack and score were composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], a duo consisting of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poojaikku Vantha Malar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)&amp;nbsp;– EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/poojaikku-vantha-malar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1352528363 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610045017/https://music.apple.com/us/album/poojaikku-vantha-malar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1352528363 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sok.PoojaikkuVandhaMalar_V.Srinivasan_1965 |title=பூஜைக்கு வந்த மலர் |publisher=Muktha Films |year=1965 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=10 June 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Maiyendhum Vizhiyodu&quot;, set in [[Sankarabharanam (raga)#Janya 1: Ragam Pahadi/Pahari|Pahadi]] attained popularity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=21 March 2018 |title=Picture the song: See Savitri-Gemini Ganesan's outsized chemistry in 'Maiyendhum Vizhiyaada' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/872525/picture-the-song-see-savitri-gemini-ganesans-outsized-chemistry-in-maiyendhum-vizhiyaada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129023757/https://scroll.in/reel/872525/picture-the-song-see-savitri-gemini-ganesans-outsized-chemistry-in-maiyendhum-vizhiyaada |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Maiyendhum Vizhiyodu<br /> | extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br /> | length1 = 4:19<br /> | title2 = Unnai Oorkondu<br /> | extra2 = P. Susheela<br /> | lyrics2 = Vaali<br /> | length2 = 3:56<br /> | title3 = Ven Palingu Medai<br /> | extra3 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Alangudi Somu]]<br /> | length3 = 3:57<br /> | title4 = Kaalgal Nindrathu<br /> | extra4 = L. R. Eswari, [[A. L. Raghavan]]<br /> | lyrics4 = Vaali<br /> | length4 = 3:27<br /> | total_length = 15:39 &lt;!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Poojaikku Vantha Malar'' was released on 12 March 1965,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 March 1965 |title=Poojaikku Vandha Malar |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19650312&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=4 May 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; and emerged a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Veteran Tamil filmmaker Muktha Srinivasan dies at 88 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-tamil-filmmaker-muktha-srinivasan-dies-at-885196802/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130133125/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-tamil-filmmaker-muktha-srinivasan-dies-at-885196802/ |archive-date=30 November 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, &quot;''Poojaikku Vantha Malar'' is not all roses. Nor is it mere paper. It is a mixed bunch, mildly fragrant, moderately attractive that can decorate the table if not adorn the head.&quot; The reviewer praised the performances of the cast, especially the comedy subplot featuring Nagesh as an [[Absent-mindedness|absent-minded]] insurance agent, and the photography by [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]], but criticised the background score, climax and editing, concluding, &quot;But director [Muktha] Srinivasan and writer K. Balachander are watchful enough to prevent ''Malar'' from withering away.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 March 1965 |title='Malar' is a mixed bunch |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cI1lAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=uJ4NAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1437%2C836462 |access-date=8 August 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it a flower that bloomed amidst many forest plants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 March 1965 |title=பூஜைக்கு வந்த மலர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1965-03-28/page/n25/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240401061710/https://archive.org/details/kalki1965-03-28/page/n25/mode/2up |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Movie&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |title=Poojaikku Vantha Malar |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Muktha Films |year=1965 |time=0:15 to 0:26 |time-caption=From}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|3460800}}<br /> <br /> {{Muktha Srinivasan}}<br /> {{K. Balachander}}<br /> [[Category:1965 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1965 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnatic_wars&diff=492902 2026-04-30T18:17:21Z

<p>Xtromirit: started some stub v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|18th-century wars between the French and the British}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Carnatic wars<br /> | width =<br /> | partof = the [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]], [[Anglo-French wars]] and the [[Anglo-Indian wars]]<br /> | image = Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg<br /> | caption = ''Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757'' &lt;br /&gt; [[Francis Hayman]], {{circa|1762}}<br /> | date = 1744–1763<br /> | place = [[Carnatic region]]<br /> | coordinates =<br /> | map_type =<br /> | map_relief =<br /> | map_size =<br /> | map_marksize =<br /> | map_caption =<br /> | map_label =<br /> | territory =<br /> | result = British victory<br /> | status =<br /> | combatants_header =<br /> | combatant1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire|access-date=16 December 2014|date=1929|page=126|last1=Benians |first1=Ernest Alfred |last2=Newton |first2=Arthur Percival |last3=Rose |first3=John Holland }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Hyderabad State|1724|name=Hyderabad}}<br /> * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Carnatic Sultanate|Carnatic]]<br /> * {{Flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]<br /> | combatant2 = {{Flag|Kingdom of France}}<br /> * {{Flag|French East India Company}}<br /> | combatant3 = {{Flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}<br /> * {{Flag|East India Company|1707|name=British East India Company}}<br /> | commander1 = {{Ubl|{{Flagicon|Hyderabad State|1724}} [[Nasir Jung]]{{KIA}}<br /> |{{Flagicon|Hyderabad State|1724}} [[Muzaffar Jung]]{{KIA}}<br /> |{{Flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Chanda Sahib]]{{KIA}}<br /> |{{Flagicon|Hyderabad State|1724}} [[Salabat Jung]]{{KIA}}<br /> |{{Flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]{{Executed}}<br /> }}<br /> | commander2 = {{Ubl|<br /> {{Flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Joseph François Dupleix]]<br /> |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally]]<br /> |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Charles Godeheu]]}}<br /> | commander3 = {{Ubl|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Robert Clive]]<br /> |{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]]}}<br /> | units1 =<br /> | units2 =<br /> | units3 =<br /> | strength1 =<br /> | strength2 =<br /> | strength3 =<br /> | casualties1 =<br /> | casualties2 =<br /> | casualties3 =<br /> | notes =<br /> | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox First Carnatic War}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Second Carnatic War}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Seven Years' War}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Anglo-French wars}}<br /> {{Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Carnatic wars''' were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India's coastal [[Carnatic region]], a dependency of [[Hyderabad State]], India. The first Carnatic wars were fought between 1740 and 1748.<br /> <br /> [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|thumb|Flag of the [[East India Company]] (founded in 1600)]]<br /> [[File:Bombardement de Pondichery en 1748 par la flotte anglaise.jpg|thumb|British Admiral Edward Boscawen [[Siege of Pondicherry (1748)|besieged Pondicherry]] in the later months of 1748.]]<br /> [[File:French India 1741-1754.png|thumb|Map of [[French India]] at its peak between 1741 and 1754.]]<br /> <br /> The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals, struggles for succession and territory, and furthermore included a diplomatic and military struggle between the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] and the British [[East India Company]]. They were mainly fought within the territories of [[Mughal India]] with the assistance of various fragmented polities loyal to the &quot;Great Moghul&quot;.<br /> <br /> As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to [[Pondicherry]]. The East India Company's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the [[British Raj]].<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> <br /> {{See also|Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)}}<br /> [[File:CarnaticRegion.jpg|thumb|left|The Carnatic Region of what is now India]]<br /> The [[Mughal tribe|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] died in 1707. He was succeeded by [[Bahadur Shah I]], but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of [[Jahandar Shah]] and later emperors. [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] established Hyderabad as an independent kingdom. A power struggle ensued after his death between his son, [[Nasir Jung]], and his grandson, [[Muzaffar Jung]], which soon involved foreign powers eager to expand their influence. France aided Muzaffar Jung while Britain aided Nasir Jung. Several erstwhile Mughal territories were autonomous such as the Carnatic, ruled by Nawab [[Dost Ali Khan]], despite being under the legal purview of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. French and British support soon became intertwined with the affairs of the Nawab. Dost Ali's death sparked a power struggle between his son-in-law [[Chanda Sahib]], supported by the French, and [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali]], supported by the British.&lt;ref name=Naravane&gt;{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=150–159}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One major instigator of the Carnatic wars was the Frenchman [[Joseph François Dupleix]], who arrived in India in 1715, rising to become the French East India Company's governor in 1742. Dupleix sought to expand French influence in India, which was limited to a few trading outposts, the chief one being [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]]. Immediately upon his arrival in India, he organized Indian recruits under French officers for the first time, and engaged in intrigues with local rulers to expand French influence. However, he was met by the equally challenging and determined young officer from the British Army, [[Robert Clive]].<br /> <br /> &quot;The Austrian War of Succession in 1740 and later the war in 1756 automatically led to a conflict in India...and British reverses during the American War of Independence (1775–1783) in the 1770s had an impact on events in India.&quot;&lt;ref name=Naravane/&gt;<br /> <br /> == First Carnatic War (1746–1748) ==<br /> {{Main|First Carnatic War}}<br /> [[File:Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joseph François Dupleix]] meeting the Nizam of Hyderabad [[Muzaffar Jung]]]]<br /> <br /> In 1740, the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] broke out in Europe. Great Britain was drawn into the war in 1744, opposed to [[France]] and its allies. The trading companies of both countries maintained cordial relations in India while their parent countries were bitter enemies on the European continent. Dodwell writes, &quot;Such were the friendly relations between the English and the French that the French sent their goods and merchandise from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] to [[Madras]] for safe custody.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dodwell, H. H. (ed), Cambridge History of India, Vol. v.&lt;/ref&gt; Although French company officials were ordered to avoid conflict, British officials were not, and were furthermore notified that a [[Royal Navy]] fleet was en route. After the British initially captured a few French merchant ships, the French called for backup from as far afield as [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (now [[Mauritius]]), beginning an escalation in naval forces in the area. In July 1746, French commander [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|La Bourdonnais]] and British Admiral [[Edward Peyton]] fought [[Action of 6 July 1746|an indecisive action]] off Negapatam, after which the British fleet withdrew to Bengal. On 21 September 1746, the French [[Battle of Madras|captured the British outpost at Madras]]. La Bourdonnais had promised to return Madras to the British, but [[Joseph François Dupleix]] withdrew that promise, and wanted to give Madras to Anwar-ud-din after the capture. The Nawab then sent a 10,000-man army to take Madras from the French but was decisively repulsed by a small French force in the [[Battle of Adyar]]. The French then made several attempts to capture the British [[Fort St. David]] at [[Cuddalore]], but the timely arrivals of reinforcements halted these and eventually turned the tables on the French. British Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]] [[Siege of Pondicherry (1748)|besieged Pondicherry]] in the later months of 1748, but lifted the siege with the advent of the [[monsoon]] rains in October.&lt;ref name=Naravane/&gt;<br /> <br /> With the termination of the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] in Europe, the [[First Carnatic War]] also came to an end. In the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)]], Madras was given back to the British in exchange for the French [[fortress of Louisbourg]] in North America, which the British [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|had captured]]. The war was principally notable in India as the first military experience of [[Robert Clive]], who was taken prisoner at Madras but managed to escape, and who then participated in the defence of Cuddalore and the siege of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The French retained their position as the protectors of nizams of Hyderabad.<br /> <br /> == Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) ==<br /> Though a state of war did not exist in Europe, the [[proxy war]] continued in India. On one side was [[Nasir Jung]], the Nizam and his protege Muhammad Ali, supported by the British, and on the other was [[Chanda Sahib]] and [[Muzaffar Jung]], supported by the French, vying to become the Nawab of [[Arcot]]. Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib were able to capture Arcot while Nasir Jung's subsequent death allowed Muzaffar Jung to take control of [[Hyderabad]]. Muzaffar's reign was short as he was soon killed, and [[Salabat Jung]] became Nizam. In 1751, however, Robert Clive led British troops to capture [[Arcot]], and successfully [[Siege of Arcot|defend it]]. During the onslaught, the Pari [[Velir|royal house]] who had sided with the [[French India|French]] fled from their fort at Durgam to [[Pondicherry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lydia Graham Astor |url=http://archive.org/details/zamins-of-south-india.pdf |title=Zamins Of South India.pdf |date=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zamindars of South India |url=https://lydiahistorymemorabilia.blogspot.com/2012/03/zamindars-of-south-india.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Zamindars of South India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war ended with the [[Treaty of Pondicherry]], signed in 1754, which recognised [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah]] as the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]. [[Charles Godeheu]] replaced Dupleix, who died in poverty back in France.&lt;ref name=Naravane/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Third Carnatic War (1757–1763) ==<br /> The outbreak of the [[Seven Years' War]] in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. In this time the French were facing many financial problems. The '''Third Carnatic War''' spread beyond southern India and into [[Bengal]] where British forces captured the French settlement of [[Chandernagore]] in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British [[Siege of Madras|successfully defended Madras]], and [[Sir Eyre Coote]] decisively defeated the French, commanded by the [[Thomas Arthur, Comte de Lally|Comte de Lally]] at the [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in 1760. After Wandiwash, Pondicherry [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|fell to the British in 1761]].&lt;ref name=Naravane/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Aftermath ==<br /> The war concluded with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1763, which returned Chandernagore and [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]] to France, and allowed the French to have trading posts in India, but forbade French traders from administering them. {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} The French agreed to support British client governments, thus ending French ambitions of an Indian empire and making the British the dominant foreign power in India.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery heights=&quot;200px&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Surrender_of_The_City_of Madras_1746.jpg|''The British surrender of Madras, 1746''.<br /> File: WAR ELEPHANTS CHARGE THE GATES OF THE FORT AT ARCOT..gif|The [[Siege of Arcot]] (1751) was a major battle fought between [[Robert Clive]] and the combined forces of the [[Mughal Empire]]'s [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], [[Chanda Sahib]], assisted by a small number of troops from the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]<br /> File:India; (1909) (14566747909) (cropped).jpg|[[Robert Clive]] fires a cannon in the [[Siege of Arcot]].<br /> File:Représentations des positions des escadres des navires français et anglais devant Pondichéry (sud–est de l’Inde) - Archives Nationales - MAR-B-4-77 fol 277 - (1).jpg|French and British ships position near [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. [[French National Archives]].<br /> File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|Death of the [[Nawab]] [[Anwaruddin Mohammed Khan]] in a battle (battle of Ambur) against the French in 1749 (by [[Paul Philippoteaux]]).<br /> File:Lally at Pondicherry by Paul Philipotteaux.jpg|Lally at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<br /> File:Hutchinsonsstory00londuoft 0234.jpg|The [[Black Hole of Calcutta]], 20 June 1756.<br /> File:Shah Alam II, Mughal Emperor of India, reviewing the East India Company's troops, 1781.jpg|1894 illustration of Shah Alam II reviewing the British East India Company's troops in 1781<br /> File:The battle of Plassey, June 23, 1757.jpg|English guns at the battle of [[Plassey]], 23 June 1757.<br /> File:The Navab's arrival before Clive's position.jpg|[[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Mir Qasim]] at the [[Battle of Buxar]]<br /> File:The Nawab's artillery at Plassey.jpg|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] artillerymen at Plassey during the Carnatic wars.<br /> File:Stinger Lawrence and Nawab Wallajah.JPG|[[Stringer Lawrence]] and [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Nawab Wallajah]] in [[Madras]]&lt;ref&gt;''Palk Manuscripts'', four-volume collection of the correspondence of Sir Robert Palk relating to Indian affairs, ''Historical Manuscripts Commission: Report on the Palk manuscripts in the possession of Mrs Bannatyne of Haldon, Devon'', p.XII [https://archive.org/stream/reportonpalkmanu00grearich/reportonpalkmanu00grearich_djvu.txt]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[French India]]<br /> * [[Salabat Jung]]<br /> * [[Hyder Ali]]<br /> * [[Anwaruddin Khan]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{British colonial campaigns}}<br /> {{French colonial campaigns}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Carnatic War 00}}<br /> [[Category:Carnatic wars| ]]<br /> [[Category:1740s conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:1750s conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of France (987–1792)]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br /> [[Category:Colonial India]]<br /> [[Category:18th century in India]]<br /> [[Category:1746 in India]]<br /> [[Category:1749 in India]]<br /> [[Category:1757 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Seven Years' War]]<br /> [[Category:History of Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> [[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe]]<br /> [[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelum_Saran_Gour&diff=521485 2026-04-30T05:07:45Z

<p>Xtromirit: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian novelist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Neelum Saran Gour<br /> | image =NeelumSaranGour.jpg <br /> | caption = Neelum Saran Gour reading at the literary event, ''Memory as Muse'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/of-moods-and-memories/article8570418.ece|title=Of moods and memories|access-date=2016-07-27|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 May 2016|last1=Singh|first1=Aatika}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Oxford Bookstore]], New Delhi<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|10|12|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Allahabad]], India<br /> | occupation = Writer and academic<br /> | language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]<br /> | genre = [[Fiction]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.neelumsarangour.com}}<br /> | imagesize =<br /> }}<br /> '''Neelum Saran Gour'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/backbone/chronicling-allahabad-university.html|title=Chronicling Allahabad University|website=www.dailypioneer.com|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/neelum-saran-cour-on-the-125-year-old-allahabad-university/article7403234.ece|title=Allahabad University: A lore collector's recollections|date=2015-07-09|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 12 October 1955) is an Indian English writer of fiction that depicts North India's small towns and their cultural histories. She is the author of six novels, four collections of short stories and one work of literary [[non-fiction]]. She has edited a pictorial volume on the history and culture of the city of [[Allahabad]], where she lives and works, and has also translated one of her early novels into Hindi.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Born in [[Allahabad]], Neelum Saran Gour is the child of a Bengali mother and a Hindiphone father and was exposed to an array of languages and cultural influences in her childhood. Educated in [[St. Mary's Convent Inter College]], a school run by Roman Catholic nuns, she went on to study History, Philosophy and English Literature at the [[University of Allahabad]] in the early nineteen seventies. In 1977, she was appointed Lecturer in English in the Department of English at the [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]] and now holds the position of Professor in her subject, English Literature.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Neelum Saran Gour's first writings were magazine stories published in Indian literary magazines. Managing Director of Penguin India, David Davidar the solicited her for a volume of short stories. Her debut collection ''Grey Pigeon and Other Stories'' was released by Penguin India in 1993. She then won a Writers’ Fellowship in Britain from the Charles Wallace India Trust. Her next book, a novel, was titled ''Speaking of '62'' and was published by Penguin in 1995. This was followed in 1997 by ''Winter Companions And Other Stories''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19971013-book-review-winter-companions-and-other-stories-by-neelam-s-gour-830725-1997-10-12|title=Book review: Winter Companions and Other Stories by Neelam S. Gour|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2002 appeared ''Virtual Realities''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20020128-neelum-saran-gour-talks-about-her-new-novel-virtual-realities-796199-2002-01-27|title=Neelum Saran Gour talks about her new novel Virtual Realities|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2005 two novels were published, ''Sikandar Chowk Park''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mylibrary.britishcouncil.org/fiction/sikandar-chowk-park|title=Sikandar Chowk Park - Neelum Saran Gour|website=www.mylibrary.britishcouncil.org|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/and-the-holy-gosht/228824|title=...And The Holy Gosht|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20051003-book-review-sikandar-chowk-park-by-neelum-saran-gour-786802-2005-10-02|title=Book review: Sikandar Chowk Park by Neelum Saran Gour|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; by Penguin, and ''Messres Dickens, Doyle and Wodehouse Pvt. Ltd''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-3245/2006/january-february/1-2/a-brain-teaser.html|title=A Brain-teaser|website=www.thebookreviewindia.org|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809212255/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-3245/2006/January-February/1-2/a-brain-teaser.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; by Halcyon Books. Her work was covered by ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Post-colonial Literatures,'' edited by Eugene Benson and L.W. Conolly,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.routledgeonline.com:80/literature/Book.aspx?id=w396|title=Routledge Literature Online|website=www.routledgeonline.com|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Women’s Writing'', edited by Lorna Sage, Germaine Greer and Elaine Showalter,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguidedt0000unse|url-access=registration|title=The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English|last1=Sage|first1=Lorna|last2=Greer|first2=Germaine|last3=Showalter|first3=Elaine|date=1999-09-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521668132|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Companion to Indian Fiction In English'', edited by Pier Paolo Piciucco,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chM76CrCYhoC|title=A Companion to Indian Fiction in English|last=Piciucco|first=Pier Paolo|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist|isbn=9788126903108|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Indian English Literature 1980 -2000'' by M.K.Naik and Shyamala Narayan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Narayan|first=Shyamala A.|date=1994-09-01|title=India|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=53–85|doi=10.1177/002198949402900303|s2cid=220789982 |issn=0021-9894}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recent critical writings on her work are included in ''Emerging South Asian Writers'', Edited by Feroza Jussawalla and Deborah Fillerup Weagel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.peterlang.com/view/9781454192114/03_Title2.xhtml?rskey=0BDzDT&amp;result=1|title=Title : Emerging South Asian Women Writers|date=11 December 2015 |access-date=2016-07-16|isbn=9781454192114}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in ''Contemporary Fiction: An Anthology of Female Writers'', edited by Vandana Pathak, Urmila Dabir and Shubha Mishra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoicEs0osl8C|title=Contemporary Fiction: An Anthology of Female Writers|last=Dabir|first=Urmila|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons|isbn=9788176258357|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, she published the pictorial volume ''Allahabad Where The Rivers Meet'', edited by Gour and published by [[Marg (magazine)|Marg Publications]]. In 2010, Penguin–Yatra published a Hindi translation of Gour's early novel ''Speaking of 62'', titled ''62 Ki Baatein''. 2011 saw the launch of ''Song Without End And Other Stories''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111211/spectrum/book4.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Books|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/705103/fiction-exploring-conflicting-realities|title=FICTION: Exploring conflicting realities|last=InpaperMagazine|first=From|date=2012-03-24|access-date=2016-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/short-with-depth/article2674972.ece|title=Short with depth|date=2011-11-30|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; by Penguin. A work of non-fiction followed in 2015, about the literary history of the Allahabad University, ''Three Rivers And A Tree – The Story Of Allahabad University'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theweek.in/books/three-rivers-and-a-tree-by-neelum-saran-gour.html|title=Campus chronicles|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=2016-07-17|archive-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709083345/http://www.theweek.in/books/three-rivers-and-a-tree-by-neelum-saran-gour.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://biblio-india.org/archives/15/SN15/tocSN15.asp?mp=SO15|title=Biblio: A Review of Books|website=biblio-india.org|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/92186-story.html|title=A raconteur from the place of offerings|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/learning-at-the-sangam/295277|title=Learning At The Sangam|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-4655/2015/september/9/saga-of-a-fading-relic.html|title=Saga of a Fading Relic|website=www.thebookreviewindia.org|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811002112/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-4655/2015/september/9/saga-of-a-fading-relic.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; published by Rupa Publications. This was followed, in the same year, by ''Allahabad Aria'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/books-reviews/where-different-worlds-meet/183850.html|title=Where different worlds meet|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819213142/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/books-reviews/where-different-worlds-meet/183850.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; also published by Rupa Publications and ''Invisible Ink'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/526083/transformed-relationships.html|title=Transformed relationships|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2016-07-16|date=30 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; published in late 2015 by [[HarperCollins]]. Her latest novel is ''Requiem In Raga Janki'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/requiem-in-raga-janki-a-fictionalised-biography-of-jankibai-illahabadi/article24828915.ece|title='Requiem in Raga Janki': A fictionalised biography of Jankibai Illahabadi|newspaper=the Hindu|access-date=2018-09-01|date=September 2018|last1=Balantrapu|first1=Mihir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/requiem-in-raga-janki-by-neelum-saran-gour/1352262|title=Requiem in Raga Janki by Neelum Saran Gour|website=freepressjournal|access-date=2018-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1420123|title=THE SONG OF FIFTY-SIX KNIVES|website=Dawn|access-date=2018-07-15|date=15 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; published in June 2018 by [[Penguin/Viking|Penguin Viking]].<br /> <br /> Apart from these exclusively authored works, her work has appeared in numerous fiction and non-fiction anthologies like'': Desert in Bloom- Contemporary Indian Women’s Fiction In English'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Desert in Bloom: Contemporary Indian Women's Fiction In English|last=Bharat|first=Meenakshi|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Pencraft International|isbn=9788185753591|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; edited by Meenakshi Bharat,( Pencraft International, 2004), ''Growing Up As A Woman Writer, e''dited by Jasbir Jain (Sahitya Akademi and Sage Publications 2007), ''The Fear Factor'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRStCwAAQBAJ|title=Troubled Testimonies: Terrorism and the English novel in India|last=Bharat|first=Meenakshi|date=2015-12-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317333791|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edited by Sharon Rundle and Meenakshi Bharat (Picador, 2009), ''Only Connect'', edited by Sharon Rundle and Meenakshi Bharat (Brass Monkey, Australia and Rupa Publications, India, 2014)), ''Indian English And Vernacular India'', edited by Makarand Paranjape and G.J.V.Prasad (Pearson 2010), ''The Creative Process- Seven Essays'',(The Institute for Research in Interdisciplinary Studies, 2013 )and ''Learning Non-violence'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/learning-non-violence-9780199458431?cc=in&amp;lang=en&amp;|title=Learning Non-Violence|isbn=9780199458431|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=9 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; edited by Gangeya Mukherji (Oxford University Press, 2016).<br /> <br /> Gour's critical writings include ''Raja Rao’s Metaphysical Trilogy'',( Kitab Mahal, 1992) as also her book reviews for ''The Indian Review Of Books'' and for the ''[[The Times Literary Supplement|Times Literary Supplement]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/?s=neelum+saran+gour|title=You searched for neelum saran gour – TheTLS|website=TheTLS|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;''.'' As a journalist she was a humour columnist for the Allahabad page of ''[[The Hindustan Times|The]]'' [[The Hindustan Times|''Hindustan Times''.]] She has conducted Creative Writing workshops for the [[Sahitya Akademi]] and the [[Central University of Rajasthan]], researched and worked on a [[BBC One|BBC T.V]]. Series ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00thnbt|title=Rupert Penry-Jones, Series 7, Who Do You Think You Are? - BBC One|website=BBC|access-date=2016-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which [[Rupert Penry-Jones]] searched for his family history, aired internationally on 16 August 2010. Her novel ''Sikandar Chowk Park'' was prescribed for study in the M.A. course of the [[Charles University in Prague|Charles University Prague]]. Her story ''A Lane In Lucknow'' is prescribed for study in the M.A. course of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|U.G.C.]]’s e- Pathshala project.<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> *2018 [[The Hindu Literary Prize|The Hindu Prize for Fiction]] for ''Requiem In Raga Janki''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/noted-writer-neelum-saran-gour-bags-the-hindu-fiction-prize/article25986619.ece|title= Noted writer Neelum Saran Gour bags The Hindu fiction prize for 2018|date=2019-01-13|newspaper= The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/latest/909302/writers-neelum-saran-gour-and-manoranjan-byapari-win-the-hindu-prize-2018|title=Writers Neelum Saran Gour and Manoranjan Byapari win The Hindu Prize 2018|website= Scroll|date=13 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prize was announced by N. Ravi, Publisher and former Editor-in-Chief of The Hindu at the Hindu [[Lit for Life|Lit For Life]] festival held in [[Chennai]], 12–14 January 2019.<br /> *[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2023 for her novel ''Requiem in Raga Janki.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chakrabarty |first=Sreeparna |date=2023-12-20 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards for 2023 announced |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-for-2023-announced/article67658599.ece |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * {{Cite book|title=&quot;Grey Pigeon&quot; and Other Stories|last=Gour|first=Neelum Saran|date=1988-02-25|publisher=Penguin Books Ltd|isbn=9780140107937|location=New Delhi, India; New York, N.Y.|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Speaking of '62|last=Gour|first=Neelam Saran|date=1995-09-28|publisher=Penguin Books Australia|isbn=9780140245943|location=New Delhi; New York, N.Y., USA|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Winter Companions and Other Stories|last=Gour|first=Neelum Saran|date=1997-02-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780140249897|edition=2|location=New Delhi; New York, NY|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|asin=B016APQK4I|title=Three Rivers and a Tree|last=Gour|first=Neelum Saran|date=2015-07-01|publisher=Rupa Publications India|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Virtual Realities|last=Gour|first=Neelum Saran|date=2001-12-10|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=9780143028062|location=New Delhi, India; London|language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Allahabad: Where the Rivers Meet|date=2009-09-01|publisher=The Marg Foundation|isbn=9788185026947|editor-last=Gour|editor-first=Neelum Saran|language=en}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.neelumsarangour.com/ Neelum Saran Gour's website]<br /> * [http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/just-books/a-survey-on-latest-books-on-bollywood-266 NDTV T.V Programme, Just Books covering ''Sikandar Chowk Park'']<br /> {{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gour, Neelum Saran}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars of English literature]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]<br /> [[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]<br /> [[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gajuwaka_Assembly_constituency&diff=499658 2026-04-28T10:30:58Z

<p>Xtromirit: started some entry first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Gajuwaka<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (25-Gajuwaka highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Gajuwaka Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br /> | mla = [[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 3,10,011<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 24<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gajuwaka Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;constituencies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Palla Srinivasarao is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].&lt;ref name=E2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024, there are a total of 309,326 electors in the constituency. In terms of registered number of electors, it is the largest assembly constituency in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;electors&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/pawan-kalyan-faces-a-fight-in-gajuwaka/article26714057.ece|title=Pawan Kalyan faces a fight in Gajuwaka|first=Sumit|last=Bhattacharjee|date=2 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<br /> <br /> == Mandals ==<br /> There are two mandals that come under this constituency:<br /> <br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandals<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gajuwaka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pedagantyada]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | Chinthalapudi Venkataramaiah<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | [[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | Tippala Nagireddy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | Palla Srinivasa Rao<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajuwaka <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate=[[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> |votes=1,57,703<br /> |percentage=47.16<br /> |change={{Increase}}28.89<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate=[[Amarnath Gudivada]]<br /> |votes=62,468<br /> |percentage=18.68<br /> |change={{Decrease}}5.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Independent<br /> |candidate=K K Pradeep<br /> |votes=4,316<br /> |percentage=1.29<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=CPI(M)<br /> |candidate=Jaggu Naidu M<br /> |votes=3,970<br /> |percentage=1.19<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=<br /> |candidate=Remaining<br /> |votes=4,354<br /> |percentage=1.30<br /> |change={{Decrease}}0.97<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = NOTA<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 1,518<br /> |percentage = 0.45<br /> |change = {{Decrease}}0.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes=2,34,329<br /> |percentage=70.07<br /> |change={{Increase}}5.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> | reg. electors = 3,34,399<br /> | change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes=95,235<br /> |percentage=28.48<br /> |change=<br /> }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = YSR Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajuwaka }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party=YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate=NagiReddy Tippala<br /> |votes=75,292<br /> |percentage=38.1<br /> |change={{Decrease}}1.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Jana Sena Party<br /> |candidate= [[Pawan Kalyan]]<br /> |votes=58,539<br /> |percentage=29.6<br /> |change=''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate=[[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> |votes=56,642<br /> |percentage=28.7<br /> |change={{Decrease}}15.19<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=<br /> |candidate=Remaining<br /> |votes=7,047<br /> |percentage=2.27<br /> |change={{Decrease}}0.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = NOTA<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 1,764<br /> |percentage = 0.57 <br /> |change = {{Increase}}0.19<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes=1,99,284<br /> |percentage=64.28<br /> |change={{Decrease}}0.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> | reg. electors = 3,10,011<br /> | change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes=16,753<br /> |percentage=5.41<br /> |change=<br /> }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajuwaka<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> |votes = 97,109<br /> |percentage = 33.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[NagiReddy Tippala]]<br /> |votes = 75,397<br /> |percentage = 25.98<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> |party = LSP<br /> |candidate = [[Jampana Sridevi]]<br /> |votes = 3,627<br /> |percentage = 1.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = CPI(M)<br /> |candidate = [[Narasinga Rao CH]]<br /> |votes = 3,262<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party =<br /> |candidate = Remaining<br /> |votes = 7,903<br /> |percentage = 2.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = NOTA<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 1,103<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,88,401<br /> |percentage = 64.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> | reg. electors = 2,90,224<br /> | change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 21,712<br /> |percentage = 7.48<br /> |change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |loser = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gajuwaka}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |candidate = Chinthalapudi Venkataramaiah<br /> |votes = 50,994<br /> |percentage = 33.20<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Tippala Nagi Reddy<br /> |votes = 33,087<br /> |percentage = 21.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Tippala Gurumurthi Reddy<br /> |votes = 29,547<br /> |percentage = 19.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Chandada Narasinga Rao<br /> |votes = 24,371<br /> |percentage = 15.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 17,907<br /> |percentage = 11.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 153,596<br /> |percentage = 69.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|17.69|83.21|display=title}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Visakhapatnam district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asifabad_Assembly_constituency&diff=488037 2026-04-26T18:13:38Z

<p>Xtromirit: added some stub w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Asifabad<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (5-Asifabad highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Aaifabad Assembly constituency within Telangana<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | district = [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]]<br /> | division = <br /> | state = [[Telangana]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]<br /> | constituency_no = 5<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Kova Laxmi]]<br /> | party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | electors = 1,88,444<br /> }}<br /> '''Asifabad Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of two constituencies in [[Komaram Bheem district]]. It comes under [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency]] along with six other Assembly constituencies.&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kova Laxmi]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] represented the constituency until 2018. Athram Sakku of [[Indian National Congress]] is representing the constituency since 2018.<br /> <br /> ==Mandals==<br /> The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:<br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandal !!District<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kerameri]] <br /> | rowspan=3|[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wankdi]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Jainoor]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Narnoor]] <br /> | [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tiryani]]<br /> | rowspan=5|[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rebbena]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sirpur (U)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lingapur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gadhiguda]]<br /> | [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#BB8ED0&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kashi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}<br /> |-<br /> | Lakshman<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || G. Narayan Reddy<br /> |-<br /> | Kashi Ram<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | K. Bheem Rao<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Dasari Narasiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gunda Mallesh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Dasari Narasiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Gunda Mallesh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Dr. Pati Subhadra || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Amurajula Sridevi]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#c2f3d9&quot; | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Atram Sakku]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Kova Laxmi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Atram Sakku]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Kova Laxmi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}<br /> |}<br /> {{legend|#BB8ED0|{{small|Hyderabad State}}|invert=yes}}<br /> {{legend|#c2f3d9|{{small|Andhra Pradesh}}|invert=yes}}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kova Laxmi]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 83,052 |percentage = 44.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajmera Shyam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,242 |percentage = 32.62% |change = {{decrease}}9.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotnaka Vijay Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,469 |percentage = 8.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajmeera Athmarao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,613 |percentage = 3.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanaka Prabhakar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,544 |percentage = 1.92% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajmera Ram Nayak |party = Praja Shanthi Party |votes = 2,567 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidam Anniga |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,093 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotnaka Kishanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,534 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,516 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mesram Naveen Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,481 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,810 |percentage = 12.35% |change = {{increase}}12.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 184,723 |percentage = 81.46% |change = {{decrease}}4.84 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 184,666}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,778 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.67 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.35 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Atram Sakku]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,788 |percentage = 41.62% |change = {{increase}}13.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kova Laxmi]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 65,617 |percentage = 41.51% |change = {{increase}}0.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajmeera Athmarao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,711 |percentage = 4.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotnaka Vijay Kumar |party = Telangana Jana Samithi |votes = 6,183 |percentage = 3.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajmera Ram Nayak |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,629 |percentage = 2.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Balaji |party = Bhartiya Bahujan Kranti Dal |votes = 3,039 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukade Vishnu |party = Ambedkarite Party of India |votes = 2,972 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kursenga Vasanth Rao |party = Nava Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 1,721 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banovath Jagan |party = Bahujana Raajyam Party (Phule Ambedkar) |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhukya Indal Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,175 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 171 |percentage = 0.11% |change = {{decrease}}13.16 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 160,862 |percentage = 86.30% |change = {{increase}}8.54 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 158,075}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,390 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.03 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}0.47 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends &amp; Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kova Laxmi]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 59,094 |percentage = 41.15% |change = {{increase}}17.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Atram Sakku]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,039 |percentage = 27.88% |change = {{decrease}}8.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marsukola Sarswathi |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 25,439 |percentage = 17.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kotnaka Vijay Kumar |party = Mahajana Socialist Party |votes = 7,735 |percentage = 5.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Leelarani |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,592 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanaka Ramabai |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,022 |percentage = 2.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,833 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pendram Gopi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,370 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidam Arju |party = Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes = 1,314 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,055 |percentage = 13.27% |change = {{increase}}0.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 147,949 |percentage = 77.76% |change = {{increase}}1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 143,605}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,257 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.29 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.76 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Atram Sakku]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,907 |percentage = 36.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pendram Gopi |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 27,621 |percentage = 23.42% |change = {{increase}}10.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajmera Rekha |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,695 |percentage = 11.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ade Ramesh |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 11,963 |percentage = 10.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Govind Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,357 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanaka Ramabai |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,040 |percentage = 4.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sallam Krishna Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,448 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidam Jaggarao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,244 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bukya Chandulal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,642 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,286 |percentage = 12.96% |change = {{increase}}8.28 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 118,082 |percentage = 76.52% |change = {{increase}}7.97 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 117,917}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,321 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}9.13 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.97 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Amurajula Sridevi]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 45,817 |percentage = 39.36% |change = {{decrease}}7.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 40,365 |percentage = 34.68% |change = {{increase}}19.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jangampelli Rajamallu |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 14,847 |percentage = 12.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Pati Subhadra |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,053 |percentage = 6.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mudimadugula Vijayalaxmi |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,190 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kondagorla Srinivas |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,688 |percentage = 2.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambala Mahender |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,452 |percentage = 4.68% |change = {{decrease}}5.87 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 116,410 |percentage = 68.55% |change = {{increase}}0.76 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 116,403}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 7 |percentage = 0.01% |change = {{decrease}}4.73 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,827 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Pati Subhadra |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 50,341 |percentage = 46.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasari Narasiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,948 |percentage = 36.05% |change = {{increase}}12.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 16,161 |percentage = 14.96% |change = {{decrease}}42.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Regunta Keshav |party = Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S.Srivastava) |votes = 1,095 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gogarla Komresh |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 879 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,393 |percentage = 10.55% |change = {{decrease}}23.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 113,405 |percentage = 67.79% |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 108,034}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 5,371 |percentage = 4.74% |change = {{increase}}0.72 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,283 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.86 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}11.05 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 57,058 |percentage = 57.65% |change = {{increase}}13.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasari Narasiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,903 |percentage = 23.14% |change = {{decrease}}28.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Edgirala Chandra Shekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,006 |percentage = 11.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ratnam Lingaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,756 |percentage = 3.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagroop |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,452 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Latabai |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,449 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thidala Laxmi |party = Independent politician |votes = 660 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,155 |percentage = 34.51% |change = {{increase}}26.98 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 103,115 |percentage = 66.49% |change = {{increase}}8.76 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 98,965}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 4,150 |percentage = 4.02% |change = {{decrease}}2.63 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,090 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.12 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.93 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dasari Narasiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,736 |percentage = 51.72% |change = {{increase}}10.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 34,804 |percentage = 44.19% |change = {{decrease}}4.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durgam Sham Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,835 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,932 |percentage = 7.53% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 84,371 |percentage = 57.73% |change = {{increase}}4.45 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 78,763}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 5,608 |percentage = 6.65% |change = {{increase}}4.11 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,142 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.84 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{increase}}2.95 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 27,862 |percentage = 48.77% |change = {{increase}}14.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasari Narasiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,814 |percentage = 41.68% |change = {{increase}}8.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Battu Bucham |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,893 |percentage = 5.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Revelli Hemalatha |party = Independent politician |votes = 728 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagati Rajalingam |party = Independent politician |votes = 692 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Matoori Durgaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 685 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Singaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 459 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,048 |percentage = 7.09% |change = {{increase}}6.51 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 58,619 |percentage = 53.28% |change = {{decrease}}3.57 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 57,133}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,486 |percentage = 2.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,011 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.70 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |swing = {{increase}}14.83 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 17,623 |percentage = 33.94% |change = {{increase}}6.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasari Narasiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,320 |percentage = 33.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Edisirala Chandrasekhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,979 |percentage = 32.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 303 |percentage = 0.58% |change = {{decrease}}8.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 53,590 |percentage = 56.85% |change = {{increase}}2.85 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 51,922}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,668 |percentage = 3.11% |change = {{decrease}}1.63 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,268 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}2.39 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dasari Narasiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,812 |percentage = 36.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunda Mallesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 11,963 |percentage = 27.49% |change = {{increase}}4.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katham Rajalingam |party = Janata Party |votes = 7,502 |percentage = 17.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayanand Chereker |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,247 |percentage = 7.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Perugu Hectu |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,174 |percentage = 5.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asadi Rajamallu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,761 |percentage = 4.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katam Chandraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 620 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maturu Dirgaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 272 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,849 |percentage = 8.84% |change = {{decrease}}46.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 45,687 |percentage = 54.00% |change = {{increase}}0.98 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 43,523}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,164 |percentage = 4.74% |change = {{increase}}4.74 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,602 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.15 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}41.11 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bheem Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,279 |percentage = 77.44% |change = {{increase}}21.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sida Mothi |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,945 |percentage = 22.56% |change = {{decrease}}13.68 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,334 |percentage = 54.89% |change = {{increase}}34.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 37,335 |percentage = 53.02% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 35,224}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,413 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.08 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}21.27 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bheem Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,862 |percentage = 56.17% |change = {{decrease}}7.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Reddy |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,879 |percentage = 36.24% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. E. Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,279 |percentage = 7.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,983 |percentage = 19.93% |change = {{decrease}}8.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 31,779 |percentage = 52.84% |change = {{increase}}13.99 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 30,020}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,140 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.52 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.91 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Bheem Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,186 |percentage = 64.08% |change = {{increase}}11.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atram Assuvantha Rao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,391 |percentage = 35.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,795 |percentage = 28.16% |change = {{increase}}19.62 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 21,932 |percentage = 38.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.68 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 20,577}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,458 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}44.07 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}37.16 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Narayan Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,028 |percentage = 26.92% |change = {{decrease}}31.32 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kashi Ram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,707 |percentage = 25.31% |change = {{decrease}}32.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramakrishna Sastry |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 15,044 |percentage = 18.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashi Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 13,759 |percentage = 16.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Gowd |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,287 |percentage = 12.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,984 |percentage = 8.54% |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 81,825 |percentage = 40.53% |change = {{increase}}8.57 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 81,825}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,948 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.45 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.29 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Asifabad &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kashi Ram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,937 |percentage = 29.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,817 |percentage = 29.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maroti Rao |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 12,653 |percentage = 19.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ada Mengu |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 11,157 |percentage = 17.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaiah Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,264 |percentage = 5.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,284 |percentage = 9.69% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 64,828 |percentage = 31.96% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 64,828}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,405 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}<br /> {{coord|19.36|79.29|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Komaram Bheem district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valmiki_Nagar_Assembly_constituency&diff=543476 2026-04-19T19:36:38Z

<p>Xtromirit: added new entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Valmiki Nagar<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 1-Valmiki Nagar constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Surendra Prasad Kushwaha]]&lt;!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--&gt;<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] &lt;!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--&gt;<br /> | preceded_by = [[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]<br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | district = [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]<br /> | division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]&lt;!-- Name of the Lok Sabha Constituency --&gt;<br /> | constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|1]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | electors = 331,447&lt;!-- Total number of registered voters --&gt;<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[West Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. Surendra Prasasd Kushwaha of INC is the incumbent MLA.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 1 Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<br /> Piprasi, Madhubani, Thakrahan and Bhitaha [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; and Valmiki Nagar, Laxmipur Rampurwa, Santpur Soharia, Champapur Gonauli, Naurangia Dardari, Mahuawa Katharawa, Harnatand, Balua Chhatraul, Dewaria Taruanwa, Bharachhi, Belahawa Madanpur, Bakuli Panchgwa, Binwalia Bodhser, Nayagaon Rampur, Mangalpur Ausani, Borawal Narawal, Semra Katkuiya, Yamunapur Tadwalia, Jimari Nautanawa and Dholbajwa Laxmipur [[gram panchayat]]s of Sidhaw CD Block.&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency is part of No. 1 [[Valmiki Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name=commission/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year <br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;4&quot;|{{center|''Before 2010: See [[Dhanaha Assembly constituency|Dhanaha]]''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> |Rajesh Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |[[Surendra Prasad Kushwaha]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| dab=yes}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Valmiki Nagar&lt;ref name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election Result: Valmiki Nagar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election Result: Valmiki Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S041.htm |accessdate=15 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115160354/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S041.htm |archivedate=15 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Surendra Prasad Kushwaha]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:107730}}<br /> |percentage = 46.11<br /> |change = {{increase}}18.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:106055}}<br /> |percentage = 45.39<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rameshwar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5312}}<br /> |percentage = 2.27<br /> |change = {{decrease}}5.15<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Mahmad Jalil<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2426}}<br /> |percentage = 1.04<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2303}}<br /> |percentage = 0.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6400}}<br /> |percentage = 2.74<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1675}}<br /> |percentage = 0.72<br /> |change = {{decrease}}10.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:233632}}<br /> |percentage = 70.49<br /> |change = {{increase}}11.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Valmiki Nagar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = [[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:74906}}<br /> |percentage = 38.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:53321}}<br /> |percentage = 27.28<br /> |change = +9.27<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br /> |candidate = Sumant Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:18409}}<br /> |percentage = 9.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Baidyanath Prasad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:14498}}<br /> |percentage = 7.42<br /> |change = +1.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Mahendra Kumar Bharti<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6612}}<br /> |percentage = 3.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bhartiya Party (Loktantrik)<br /> |candidate = Deepak Kumar Malakar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4279}}<br /> |percentage = 2.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = The Plurals Party<br /> |candidate = Gaurav Jha<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2863}}<br /> |percentage = 1.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Sangharsh Dal<br /> |candidate = Saket Kumar Pathak<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2735}}<br /> |percentage = 1.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Mahmad Jalil<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2657}}<br /> |percentage = 1.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2608}}<br /> |percentage = 1.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Tirthraj Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2515}}<br /> |percentage = 1.29<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Kumari Rajwanti Kushwaha<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1996}}<br /> |percentage = 1.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:8090}}<br /> |percentage = 4.14<br /> |change = +0.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:21585}}<br /> |percentage = 11.04<br /> |change = -7.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:195489}}<br /> |percentage = 58.9<br /> |change = -3.68<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser = Independent<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Valmiki Nagar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = [[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:66860}}<br /> |percentage = 36.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Irshad Hussain<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:33280}}<br /> |percentage = 18.01<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br /> |candidate = Surendra Prasad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:32855}}<br /> |percentage = 17.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:11472}}<br /> |percentage = 6.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Altaf Hussain<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:11097}}<br /> |percentage = 6.0<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Dip Narayan Mahato<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:8355}}<br /> |percentage = 4.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Shyam Narayan Prasad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3196}}<br /> |percentage = 1.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Virendra Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2477}}<br /> |percentage = 1.34<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Surendra Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2037}}<br /> |percentage = 1.1<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party<br /> |candidate = Mahanth Chaudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1973}}<br /> |percentage = 1.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = Dhananjay Pandey<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1826}}<br /> |percentage = 0.99<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6767}}<br /> |percentage = 3.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:33580}}<br /> |percentage = 18.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:184834}}<br /> |percentage = 62.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Independent politician<br /> |loser = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2010===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Valmiki Nagar}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Singh<br /> |votes = 42,289<br /> |percentage = 29.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Mukesh Kumar Kushwaha<br /> |votes = 27,618<br /> |percentage = 19.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Dheerendra Pratap Singh<br /> |votes = 20,886<br /> |percentage = 14.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Irshad Hussain<br /> |votes = 17,747<br /> |percentage = 12.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Deep Narayan Mahato<br /> |votes = 14,047<br /> |percentage = 9.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> | <br /> |party = JPS<br /> |candidate = Manoj Kumar Singh<br /> |votes = 8358<br /> |percentage = 5.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Saket Kumar Pathak<br /> |votes = 4428<br /> |percentage = 3.08<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Ramayan Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 1647<br /> |percentage = 1.15<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Ram Naresh Sah<br /> |votes = 1610<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Shashi Bhusan Sahay<br /> |votes = 1334<br /> |percentage = 0.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Pramod Sah<br /> |votes = 1114<br /> |percentage = 0.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> | <br /> |party = BJJD<br /> |candidate = Ramashankar Prasad<br /> |votes = 1042<br /> |percentage = 0.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Insad Ali<br /> |votes = 835<br /> |percentage = 0.58<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | <br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Pahawari Yadav<br /> |votes = 743<br /> |percentage = 0.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | <br /> |votes = 14,611<br /> |percentage = 10.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | <br /> |votes = 1,43,698<br /> |percentage = 59.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |swing=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Tirhut Division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{Bihar elections}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|27|16|23|N|84|04|32|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sivok%E2%80%93Rangpo_line&diff=536332 2026-04-13T17:31:54Z

<p>Xtromirit: added a info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Northwest Frontier Railway extension}}<br /> {{Infobox rail line<br /> | box_width = 32em<br /> | name = Sivok-Rangpo Railway Line<br /> | color = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_width = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = Regional rail<br /> | system = North East Frontier Railway<br /> | status = Under construction<br /> | locale = [[West Bengal]] and [[Sikkim]]<br /> | start = [[Sivok railway station]]<br /> | end = [[Rangpo railway station]]<br /> | stations = 05<br /> | routes = <br /> | open = under construction<br /> | close = <br /> | owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]<br /> | character = <br /> | depot = Sivok<br /> | stock = <br /> | linelength = <br /> | tracklength = 44 km<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}<br /> | minradius = <br /> | racksystem = <br /> | speed = <br /> | elevation = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.ircon.org}}<br /> | map = {{New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line|inline=1}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> '''Sivok-Rangpo Railway Line''', a 44.96&amp;nbsp;km long {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]]&lt;ref name=finalr1/&gt; line connecting the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] ([[Sivok railway station]] on [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] near [[Siliguri]] in [[Darjeeling district]]) and [[Sikkim]] ([[Rangpo railway station|Rangpo Railway Station]] in [[Pakyong District]]), is currently under construction.&lt;ref name=&quot;financialexpress&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/sikkim-to-get-indian-railways-connectivity-what-is-the-status-of-the-sevoke-rangpo-rail-line-project-details/2093447/|title=Sikkim to get Indian Railways connectivity! What is the status of the Sevoke-Rangpo Rail Line project? Details|website=The Financial Express|date=28 September 2020 |access-date=2021-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=railne1&gt;[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/north-east-to-get-better-indian-railways-connectivity-5-major-rail-projects-lined-up-details-here/2027372/ North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up], Financial Express, July 17, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; The railway line is strategically important for national security and socio-economic development, as the line will help troops and armaments move faster towards the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Indo-Tibet border]].&lt;ref name=approve1&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/21/coming-soon-west-bengal---sikkim-rail-project-1776854.html|title=Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project |last=Chanda |first= Aishik|date=21 February 2018 |website= www.newindianexpress.com|access-date=2021-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the second phase and third phase, this line will be extended eastward to [[Gangtok]] (capital of Sikkim) and then to the [[Nathu La]] pass (on Sikkim's eastern border with [[Tibet]]).&lt;ref name=tib1&gt;{{Cite web | title=x.com | url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1552067154723618816 | access-date=2024-12-27 | website=twitter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nathu1/&gt; A separate fork from [[Melli]] will be extended towards west to [[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]].&lt;ref name=melden11/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Route==<br /> <br /> Nearest big junction which connects to other parts of India [[New Jalpaiguri]], 30&amp;nbsp;km from Sevoke via [[Siliguri]].<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable width=70%<br /> ! State<br /> ! District<br /> ! Station<br /> ! Comments<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | West Bengal <br /> | [[Darjeeling district]] <br /> | [[Sivok railway station]] <br /> | In [[Sevoke]].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Kalimpong district]]<br /> | [[Riyang railway station]] <br /> | In [[Rambi Bazar]].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | {{rws|Tista Bazaar}} (underground station) <br /> | In [[Teesta Bazaar]].<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Melli railway station]] <br /> | Melli station itself lies in [[Melli]] in West Bengal. However, Melli is a border town partially spread across both West Bengal and Sikkim.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Sikkim<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Pakyong District]] <br /> | [[Rangpo railway station]] <br /> | In Khanikhola locality of [[Majitar]] (4&amp;nbsp;km north of [[Rangpo]]).<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Details==<br /> {{see also|Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo|l1= Geostrategic rail lines of India}}<br /> <br /> ===Features===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable width=70%<br /> ! Feature<br /> ! Sub-feature<br /> ! Detail<br /> ! Comments/References&lt;ref name=finalr1&gt;{{cite web | title=Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link | website=@businessline | date=2010-01-25 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Inspection-survey-for-Sikkim-rail-link/article20052215.ece | access-date=2021-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;InspectionSurvey&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Sarikah |last=Atreya |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |title=Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link |access-date=2012-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131003127/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |archive-date=2010-01-31 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=shiv1&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/northeast-frontier-railway-aims-to-have-sevoke-rangpo-rail-route-ready-by-2023-end/cid/1886673 NFR all set to ready Sevoke-Rangpo rail route by 2023-end], The Telegraph, 16 Sept 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Railway Administration<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Zone<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Division<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Alipurduar railway division]]. <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Estimates<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Length<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 44.98&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Cost<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rs.7876.92 crore<br /> | 2024 estimates.<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bridges<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Major<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 13<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Minor<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 9<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Tunnels<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Total<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 14<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Route under tunnels<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 38.53&amp;nbsp;km<br /> | 86% of route consists of tunnels.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | Longest tunnel<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 5.1&amp;nbsp;km<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Construction===<br /> <br /> In October 2009, the foundation stone for construction was laid by the vice president of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |title=Update |publisher=www.constructionupdate.com |access-date=2021-02-09 |archive-date=2013-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528224619/http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2010, IRCON was awarded the contract for construction.&lt;ref name=const1/&gt; Project has seen multiple delays, and the target completion date was extended several times, i.e. to December 2023 in November 2021,&lt;ref name=rev1&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-15|title=Sikkim expected to get rail connectivity by 2023: official|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-expected-to-get-rail-connectivity-by-2023-official-101636952720449.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 April 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; to August 2025 in May 2024,&lt;ref name=rev2&gt;{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2024-05-25 |title=Sikkim: Sivok-Rangpo rail project likely to be ready by August 2025 |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/sikkim-sivok-rangpo-rail-project-likely-to-be-ready-by-august-2025/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; to December 2027 in January 2025.&lt;ref name=rev3&gt;{{cite news |title=Bengal's Sivok and Sikkim's Rangpo to be linked by railway line by 2027: NFR |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/states/bengals-sivok-and-sikkims-rangpo-to-be-linked-by-railway-line-by-2027-nfr/118376127 |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=ETTravelWorld.com |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2025-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=rev4&gt;{{cite web |title=BRIEF OF ALL PROJECTS (As on 31st, January ‐ 2025) |url=https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/notification/28022025-12_147_ProjectDetails_Jan-25.pdf_70287489.pdf |publisher=[[Northeast Frontier Railway]] |access-date=2025-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Wildlife and environmental approval===<br /> {{anchor | Wildlife | Environment | Environmental }}<br /> <br /> The line traverses through [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] in the foothills of [[Kangchenjunga]] mountain range of [[Himalayas]], Darjeeling Forest Division, Kurseong Forest Division, Kalimpong Forest Division of West Bengal and Pakyong District Forest Division of Sikkim, runs parallel to [[Teesta|Teesta River]] and crosses [[Rangpo River]]. It connects villages and towns, such as the [[Kalijhora]], Birik daara, Lohapul, [[Rambi Bazar]], Gailkhola, [[Teesta Bazaar]], Chitrey, Melli, Kirnay, Tarkhola, Chanatar, [[Rangpo]] and Khanikhola, [[Majitar]], Rangpo.<br /> <br /> By 2013, the route alignment was not finalised due to lack of wildlife and environmental approval as the first 22&amp;nbsp;km through the forested elephant sanctuary.&lt;ref name=const1&gt;{{cite web | title=North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link | website=Railway Technology | date=2020-06-25 | url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/ | access-date=2021-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2013, the railways made a proposal to the environment and forest ministry that railway will install elephant sensors along the stretch of the proposed railway line in Mahananda elephant sanctuary or run the trains at a speed of only 20&amp;nbsp;km per hour in the forest area and stop when an elephant is sighted close to the track.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Balchand | first=K. | title=Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim | website=The Hindu | date=2013-02-07 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/elephant-sensors-may-come-up-on-railway-line-to-sikkim/article4387995.ece | access-date=2021-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Delays caused the cost overruns, compared to the original year 2008 estimates of Rs.13.4&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/Other_Projects_080411.pdf |title=Other projects |publisher=www.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=2021-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2016, [[Supreme Court of India]] approved the project with strict guidelines of the National Wildlife Board which had cleared the project in June 2015, but ordered restricted speed, wireless animal tracking sensors and allowed digging of tunnels only during daytime.&lt;ref name=approve1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Extensions and spurs==<br /> {{anchor | Extension | Extensions | Spur | Spurs }}<br /> {{see also | North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project}}<br /> <br /> ===Rangpo-Gangtok line===<br /> {{anchor | RGL }}<br /> <br /> ''Rangpo-Gangtok line'': In the second phase, Sivok–Rangpo line the line will be extended from Rangpo to [[Gangtok]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility | website=Times of India Travel | date=2019-09-17 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/very-soon-travelling-to-sikkim-by-train-will-be-a-possibility/as71172425.cms | access-date=2021-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gangtok-Nathu La line===<br /> {{anchor | GNL }}<br /> <br /> ''Gangtok-Nathu La line'': In March 2023, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Indian Railways Minister]] [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] confirmed the plans to extend the line, to Gangtok in next phase, and to [[Nathu La]] at the border to [[China]] in the subsequent phase.&lt;ref name=nathu1&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vande Bharat train will run in Sikkim's Rangpo by next year|url=https://www.news9live.com/state/north-east/vande-bharat-train-will-run-in-sikkims-rangpo-by-next-year-au1001-2069228|access-date=9 April 2023|website=news9live.com|date=7 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Melli-Dentam line===<br /> {{anchor | MDL }}<br /> <br /> ''Melli-Dentam line'' via [[Jorethang]] and [[Legship]]: Final Location Survey (FLS) was commissioned by the Indian Railway in May 2025 at the cost of INR2.5 cr. New rail line from southcentral Sikkim to West Sikkim will fork from the Melli junction in Southcentral Sikkim on Sivok–Rangpo line (which runs from Southcentral Sikkim to East Sikkim).&lt;ref name=melden11&gt;[https://urbanacres.in/indian-railways-approves-survey-for-new-sikkim-railway-line/ Indian Railways Approves Survey for New Sikkim Railway Line], urbanacres.in, 12 May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Yadong-Sikkim line===<br /> {{further | China-India railway }}<br /> <br /> [[China-India railway#SYS|Shigatse-Yadong-Sikkim line]]: a 460&amp;nbsp;km standard gauge 120–160&amp;nbsp;km/h railway to link [[Yadong]] on Indo-Chinese border with current railhead [[Shigatse Railway Station]], Tibet, and possibly onward with break of gauge ([[broad gauge]]) and continuing to Sikkim and beyond, subject to the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|India-China geopolitics]] with trans-shipment land ports is proposed. This line may share a good part of its routing with [[China-Nepal railway]] towards [[Gyirong Town|Gyirong]] and [[Kathmandu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-09-01/doc-iivhuipp1969894.shtml|title=这次中央西藏工作座谈会 为何如此重要？|date=September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following [[2020 China–India skirmishes]], China seems keen to hasten Tibet rail projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet |author=ANI |user=ANI |number=1552067154723618816 |date=2022-07-26 |title=WB {{!}} We have cleared all documents incl NoC (for Sivok-Rangpo Railway Project) &amp; handed over the land to Railways. Survey underway for the extension of the railway project in Rangpo &amp; later in Gangtok &amp; Nathula (India-China boundary) as well: Sikkim CM Prem Singh Tamang (26.07) https://t.co/un8rVOva4O |language=en |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727053008/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1552067154723618816 |archive-date=2022-07-27 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Current status==<br /> <br /> * 2022 Sept: 55% of 14 main tunnels (22&amp;nbsp;km out of 39&amp;nbsp;km tunnel route) and 40% of 13 major bridges were complete.&lt;ref name=shiv1/&gt;<br /> * 2025 May: Revised completion date moved to December 2027 (official update).&lt;ref name=rev3/&gt;&lt;ref name=rev4/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://nfrlyconstruction.org/Uploads/File/notification/27052025-11_147_ProjectDetails_April2025.pdf_712769690.pdf NFR construction update], nfrlyconstruction.org, May 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 2026 Feb: 90% of the work has been completed and the work on Testa Bazaar railway station is almost complete.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2026 |title=Sevok - Rangpo Railway project to be completed by Dec 2027 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2231092&amp;reg=3&amp;lang=2 |url-status=live |website=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also==<br /> <br /> * [[China–India railway]]<br /> * [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|Geostrategic railways under-construction in India]]<br /> * [[India-China Border Roads|India-China Border roads and rails]]<br /> * [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]<br /> * [[Rail transport in Bhutan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sivok-Rangpo line}}<br /> [[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Kalimpong district]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Pakyong district]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed infrastructure in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyanarayan_Sattan&diff=533575 2026-04-12T01:01:01Z

<p>Xtromirit: added a data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name =<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Indore-1 Assembly constituency|Indore-1]]<br /> | term_start = 1980<br /> | term_end = 1985<br /> | predecessor = Chandra Shekhar Vyas<br /> | successor = Lalit Jain<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|2|7|df=yes}}{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = Politician <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Satyanarayan Sattan''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RSS veteran's jibe at 'Mera booth', suit sale |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rss-veteran-s-jibe-at-mera-booth-suit-sale/cid/1675943 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Details of bye-elections from 1952 to 1995 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/?do=download&amp;r=26445&amp;confirm=1&amp;t=1&amp;csrfKey=3ab3a228f02340a3bbf6a11251e9bdaf |archive-url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a candidate from [[Indore-1 Assembly constituency|Indore-1 constituency]] in [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980 Madhya Pradesh Assembly election]] but lost to Chandrashekhar Vyas. A [[by-election]] was held the same year and Sattan defeated Kripashankar Shukla, the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-11-04 |title=Indore I |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indore-i/story-e4IxAquXBDKZZrkMcT1ukL.html |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-04-08 |title=Indore: BJP netas protest proposed removal of temple for road |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/bjp-netas-protest-proposed-removal-of-temple-for-road/articleshow/90716083.cms |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Satyanarayan Sattan has been associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) since its early years and is regarded as one of the party’s first legislators from Madhya Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 May 2025 |title=शताब्दी समारोह में साहित्य और संस्कृति पर चर्चा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/indore-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-gets-devi-ahilya-gaurav-samman-says-i-stayed-away-from-distortions-2025-05-28 |work=Amar Ujala}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Over the years, Sattan has remained an outspoken political figure. Media reports have noted that despite being a senior leader, he maintained distance from active party offices for extended periods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रीय कवि सत्यानारायण सत्तन का सम्मान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/national-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-honored-135122725.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His public statements on political leadership, governance, and internal party matters have frequently attracted media attention.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 May 2024 |title=बीजेपी नेता सत्यानारायण सत्तन का बयान |url=https://www.newstak.in/madhya-pradesh/story/bjp-leader-satyanarayan-sattan-statement-said-said-bjp-will-not-be-able-to-cross-400-called-congress-leaders-selfish-3117749-2024-05-02 |work=NewsTak}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literary associations ==<br /> Satyanarayan Sattan has been an active member of the Shree Madhya Bharat Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Indore, a prominent literary institution established to promote Hindi language and literature. The Samiti traces its origins to initiatives inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and has historically played a significant role in the promotion of Hindi literature in central India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 May 2025 |title=शताब्दी समारोह में साहित्य और संस्कृति पर चर्चा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/indore-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-gets-devi-ahilya-gaurav-samman-says-i-stayed-away-from-distortions-2025-05-28 |work=Amar Ujala}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Through his association with the Samiti, Sattan has participated in literary activities, poetry gatherings, and cultural discussions focused on Hindi literature and social values.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रीय कवि सत्यानारायण सत्तन का सम्मान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/national-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-honored-135122725.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> In 2025, Satyanarayan Sattan was awarded the Devi Ahilya Gaurav Samman in Indore for his contributions to literature and public life. On the occasion, he stated that he had consciously stayed away from distortions in literature and public discourse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 May 2025 |title=शताब्दी समारोह में साहित्य और संस्कृति पर चर्चा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/indore-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-gets-devi-ahilya-gaurav-samman-says-i-stayed-away-from-distortions-2025-05-28 |work=Amar Ujala}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Sattan55.jpg|thumb|Satyanarayan Sattan with [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]], former Chairman of Shree Madhya Bharat Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Indore.|271x271px]]<br /> He has received recognition from various literary and cultural organizations for his work in Hindi poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रीय कवि सत्यानारायण सत्तन का सम्मान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/national-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-honored-135122725.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Public statements and controversies ==<br /> Satyanarayan Sattan has occasionally been involved in public controversies due to his remarks on political and social issues. Some of his statements have led to political debate and reactions from party leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 May 2025 |title=शताब्दी समारोह में साहित्य और संस्कृति पर चर्चा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/indore-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-gets-devi-ahilya-gaurav-samman-says-i-stayed-away-from-distortions-2025-05-28 |work=Amar Ujala}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In certain instances, his comments regarding senior leaders and political conduct have drawn widespread media coverage and responses from government officials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=राष्ट्रीय कवि सत्यानारायण सत्तन का सम्मान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/national-poet-satyanarayan-sattan-honored-135122725.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His remarks on ideological and cultural matters have also sparked public discussion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 May 2024 |title=बीजेपी नेता सत्यानारायण सत्तन का बयान |url=https://www.newstak.in/madhya-pradesh/story/bjp-leader-satyanarayan-sattan-statement-said-said-bjp-will-not-be-able-to-cross-400-called-congress-leaders-selfish-3117749-2024-05-02 |work=NewsTak}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1940 births]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]<br /> [[Category:People from Indore district]]<br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Buddha_in_Hinduism&diff=540442 2026-04-05T09:07:40Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Infobox deity<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | member_of = [[Dashavatara]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371757.html | title=Incarnations of Vāsudeva &amp;#91;Chapter 18&amp;#93; | date=5 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | day = [[Thursday]]<br /> | affiliation = {{unbulleted list|Ninth [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]|[[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]}}<br /> | Devanagari = बुद्ध<br /> | image = Buddha incarnation of Vishnu, from Sunari, Medieval period.jpg<br /> | caption = Buddha incarnation of Vishnu, from [[Sunari]], [[Medieval India|Medieval period]]<br /> | festivals = [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Purnima]]<br /> | gender = Male<br /> | mantra = ''Om Muni Muni Mahamuni Shakyamuniye Svaha''<br /> | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama<br /> | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}}<br /> | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (present-day [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini Pradesh]], [[Nepal]])<br /> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<br /> | name = Buddha<br /> | texts = {{unbulleted list|<br /> *''[[Harivamsa]]''<br /> *''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''<br /> *''[[Garuda Purana]]''<br /> *''[[Vishnu Purana]]''}}<br /> | parents = [[Śuddhodana]] (father)&lt;br&gt;[[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]] (mother)&lt;br&gt;[[Mahapajapati Gotami|Pajapati]] (step-mother)<br /> | children = [[Rāhula]] (son)<br /> | other_names = Siddhartha Gautama, Mayamoha<br /> | symbols = [[Swastika]], [[Dharmachakra]], [[Modaka]]<br /> | consort = [[Yaśodharā]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = [[Dashavatara]] Sequence<br /> | predecessor = [[Krishna]]<br /> | successor = [[Kalki]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Hinduism small}}{{Contains special characters|Sanskrit}}{{Vaishnavism}}<br /> <br /> [[The Buddha]] ({{Langx|sa|बुद्ध|lit='the enlightened one'}}) is considered the ninth [[avatar]] among the [[Dashavatara|ten major avatars]] of the god [[Vishnu]], according to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Srinivasan|2011|p=182}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=73, 128}}{{sfn|Holt|2008|p=18–21}}{{sfn|Holt|Kinnard|Walters|2012|p=4, 95, 111}}{{refn|group=note|name=avatar|{{harvnb|Coulter|2013|p=109}}: &quot;According to some, Buddha was the ninth avatar of Vishnu. Buddhists do not accept this theory.&quot;}} <br /> <br /> The Buddha has been among the formative forces in the [[origins of Hinduism]]. Regional Hindu texts over the centuries have presented a spectrum of views on Buddhism, possibly reflecting the competition between Buddhism and the Brahmanical traditions.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=96}} In contemporary Hinduism, the Buddha is revered by Hindus who usually consider &quot;Buddhism to be another form of Hinduism.&quot;{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=96}} Other Hindus reject the identification of Gautama Buddha [[Sugata#In Hinduism|as an avatar of Vishnu]], referring to the texts of the Puranas and identifying the two as different individuals.<br /> <br /> ==Avatar of Vishnu==<br /> [[File:The Buddha avatar of Vishnu (6124588399).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Vishnu as the Buddha, flanked by disciples]]<br /> [[File:Buddha statue at Dwaraka Tirumala Temple 02.jpg|thumb|Buddha as an avatar at [[Dwaraka Tirumala]] temple, Andhra Pradesh]][[File:Avatars.jpg|thumb|Some Hindus regard the Buddha (bottom centre) as one of the 10 avatars of Vishnu.{{sfn|Srinivasan|2011|p=182}}{{sfn|Holt|Kinnard|Walters|2012|p=4, 95, 111}}]]<br /> {{See also| Dashavatara|Sugata}}<br /> <br /> The Buddha was integrated into Vaishnavism through its legends and similar work in restoring the dhamma ('Dharma') in the Vaishnava [[Puranas]], where the Buddha is considered as the ninth avatar of Vishnu.{{sfn|Holt|2008|p=8–22}} According to the [[Agni Purana]], Vishnu assumed this incarnation on earth due to the [[daitya]]s (a race of [[Asura|asuras]]) defeating the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] in their battles. In order to restore the natural order, he deluded the asuras with his teachings. This resulted in them abandoning the path established by the [[Vedas]] as they converted to [[Buddhism]], in turn causing them to be devoid of [[dharma]]. This caused them to become ''[[Dasa|dasyus]]'' at the end of the [[Kali Yuga]]. As a consequence, they were sent to [[Naraka]], devoid of good conduct.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-11-01 |title=Manifestation of Viṣṇu as Buddha and Kalki [Chapter 16] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-agni-purana/d/doc1083104.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cheetham |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZbrAQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=buddha+delude+asuras&amp;pg=PA49 |title=Understanding Interreligious Relations |last2=Pratt |first2=Douglas |last3=Thomas |first3=David |date=November 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-964584-8 |pages=49 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hazra |first=Rajendra Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC&amp;dq=buddha+delude+asuras&amp;pg=PA88 |title=Studies in the Purāṇic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0422-7 |pages=88–89 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2J2EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mayamoha+puranic&amp;pg=PT213 |title=Vishnu Purana |date=2022-06-30 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-661-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the Buddha causes the age to be characterised by the intermixture of the [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] and domination by the [[Mleccha]]s (barbarian and foreign forces to Vedic cultures).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hazra |first=r c |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110115 |title=Studies In The Puranic Records On Hindu Rites And Customs |date=1940 |pages=89}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, according to tradition, it became the responsibility of [[Adi Shankara]]charya and future Vaishnava [[acharya]]s to re-establish [[theism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2008-06-01 |title=Buddha, Buḍḍha, Buddhā: 37 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/buddha#purana |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Chronology===<br /> The adoption of the Buddha in texts relating to Hindu gods and of Hindu gods in Buddhist texts is difficult to place chronologically. According to Doniger, the myth of the Buddha avatar first appeared in the pre-[[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period, when orthodox brahmanistic Vedic traditions were threatened by the rise of Buddhism and Jainism (and by foreign invaders).{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=200}} According to Doniger, &quot;Hindus came to regard the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu between A.D. 450 and the sixth century,&quot; first appearing in the [[Vishnu Purana]] (400-500 CE).{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=188}} According to John Holt, &quot;The replacement of the Buddha as the &quot;cosmic person&quot; within the mythic ideology of Indian kingship [...] occurred at about the same time the Buddha was incorporated and subordinated within the Brahmanical cult of Vishnu.&quot;{{sfn|Holt|2004|p=12, 15}}<br /> <br /> ===In literature===<br /> The Buddha is mentioned as an avatar of Vishnu in the Puranas and the epics such as: <br /> *''[[Harivamsa]]'' (1.41)<br /> *''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' (3.18)<br /> *''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (1.3.24, 2.7.37, 11.4.22)&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''[[Garuda Purana]]'' (1.1, 2.30.37, 3.15.26)<br /> *''[[Agni Purana]]'' (16, 49.8)<br /> *''[[Naradiya Purana]]'' (2.72)<br /> *''[[Linga Purana]]'' (1.71)<br /> *''[[Padma Purana]]'' (3.252)&lt;ref&gt;Dhere Ramchandra Chintaman, Shri Vitthal: ek maha samanvaya, Shri Vidya Prakashan, Pune, 1984 (Marathi)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another important scripture that mentions him as an avatar is [[Parashara]]'s ''Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra'' (2:1-5/7).<br /> <br /> Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu is part of a [[Yuga|cosmic cycle]], in which the ''dharma'' is destroyed in the [[Kali Yuga]], and then restored again in the [[Satya Yuga]], when Vishnu incarnates as [[Kalki]].{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=198-203}} The ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'' incorporates historical facts about dynastical lineages, stating the following: <br /> {{blockquote|At this time, reminded of the Kali Age, the god Vishnu became born as Gautama, the Shakyamuni, and taught the Buddhist dharma for ten years. Then Shuddodana ruled for twenty years, and Shakyasimha for twenty. At the first stage of the [[Kali Yuga|Kali Age]], the path of the Vedas was destroyed and all men became Buddhists. Those who sought refuge with Vishnu were deluded.{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=202-203}}}}<br /> <br /> Some Hindu texts, such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]], prophesy the existence of Buddha, born to lead the atheists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam 1.3.24 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/24/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506065042/https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/24/ |archive-date=May 6, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' 1.3.24:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Then, in the beginning of Kali-yuga, for the purpose of deluding those who are envious of the faithful theist, [he] will appear as Buddha, the son of Añjanā, in the Kīkaṭas.<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|{{IAST|tataḥ kalau sampravṛtte sammohāya sura-dviṣām}} ।&lt;br&gt;:{{IAST|buddho nāmnāñjana-sutaḥ kīkaṭeṣu bhaviṣyati}} ॥}}}}<br /> <br /> In the [[Skanda Purana]], the Buddha is stated to be one of the incarnations of [[Vishnu|Vasudeva]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-03-05 |title=Incarnations of Vāsudeva [Chapter 18] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371757.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and begin enchanting the universe, causing righteousness to dissipate and immorality to prevail:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-10-22 |title=The Greatness of Śvetavārāha Tīrtha [Chapter 151] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc425880.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=By becoming Buddha, I shall delude by the use of fallacious reasoning and deceit the Asuras who adopting Vedic practices will harass the three worlds.|title=[[Skanda Purana]]}}{{Blockquote|text=Similarly, Acyuta will take up the next birth as Buddha. The Slayer of Madhu, the Lord of the chiefs of Devas, who is fond of the spring season, will be very quiescent. With Lord Parameṣṭhin in the form of Buddha the entire universe consisting of mobile and immobile beings will become enchanted. Ever since then, O descendant of Bharata, sons do not pay heed to the words of fathers, relatives do not pay heed to the words of elders, nor students to the words of preceptors. Everything will become topsy turvy. Dharma is defeated by Adharma, truthfulness by falsehood, kings by thieves, and men by women.|title=[[Skanda Purana]]|source=Chapter 151}}<br /> <br /> His father is usually called Śuddhodhana, which is consistent with the Buddhist tradition, while in a few places the Buddha's father is named Añjana or Jina. This is due to the fact that in some texts both Buddhism and Jainism are used by Vishnu to mislead the demons, and a confusion of names and doctrines appears, when the Buddha is called the son of Jina, mistakenly mimicking [[Gautama Buddha#Etymology, names and titles|Buddhist texts]] which refer to the Buddha as [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jina]] (conqueror), a term more often used in Jainism.{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=188-189}}<br /> <br /> Other texts portray him in a more positive way, as born to stop all killing of animals.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=73, 128}} Only a few statements mention the worship of Buddha, e.g. the ''Varahapurana'' states that one desirous of beauty should worship him.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, p.267&lt;/ref&gt; Some pre-14th-century Hindu temples include Buddha reliefs with the same reverence they show for other avatars of Vishnu,{{sfn|Kramrisch|1946|p=349–350}} but though an avatar of Vishnu, the Buddha is rarely worshipped like Krishna and Rama in Hinduism.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=73, 128}}<br /> <br /> ===Assimilation of Buddhist influences===<br /> The adoption of the Buddha may also have been a way to assimilate aspects of Buddhism into the fold of Hinduism.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=73, 128}}{{sfn|Holt|2008|p=18–21}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=204-211}} According to Wendy Doniger, &quot;Helmuth von Glasenapp attributed these developments to a Hindu desire to absorb Buddhism in a peaceful manner, both to win Buddhists to [[Vaishnavism]] and also to account for the fact that such a significant heresy could exist in India.&quot;{{refn|group=note|Von Glasenapp 1962 page 113, cited in {{harvnb|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=206}}}}<br /> <br /> According to Donald Swearer, the understanding of the Buddha in Hinduism is a part of his wider and diverse influences. Even within Buddhism, states Swearer, the Buddha and his ideas are conceptualized differently between Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan, Japanese and other traditions. Similarly, in various traditions of Hinduism (and elsewhere), the Buddha is accepted and interpreted in different ways.{{sfn|Swearer|2016|p=678–683}}<br /> <br /> ===Syncretism===<br /> Much like Hinduism's adoption of the Buddha as an avatar, Buddhism legends too adopted [[Krishna]] in their [[Jataka tales]], claiming Krishna (Vishnu avatar) to be a character whom Buddha met and taught in his previous births.{{sfn|Cowell|Rouse|1901|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553497/page/n75 57]}}{{refn|group=note|name=jataka}} According to Alf Hiltebeitel and other scholars, some of the stories in Buddha-related Jataka tales found in Pali texts seem slanderous distortions of Hindu legends, but these may reflect the ancient local traditions and the complexities of early interaction between the two [[Indian religions]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1990|p=64–68}}<br /> <br /> While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt Krishna-Vasudeva and make him a student of the Buddha in his previous life,{{sfn|Cowell|Rouse|1901|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553497/page/n75 57]}}{{refn|group=note|name=jataka}} the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Daniel E Bassuk |title=Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ |date= 1987 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-08642-9 |pages=40 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Edward Geoffrey Parrinder|title=Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkV5AAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford: Oneworld|isbn=978-1-85168-130-3|pages=19–24, 35–38, 75–78, 130–133}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Similarly, in ''[[Dasaratha Jataka]]'' Buddha identifies himself as [[Rama]].<br /> <br /> ==Rejection==<br /> Buddhists traditionally do not accept the Buddha to be a Vishnu avatar.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=73, 128}}{{sfn|Coulter|2013|p=109}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]], an Indian scholar and the Dalit leader who in 1935 declared his intention to convert from Hinduism to Buddhism and converted about 20 years later, rejected the belief that Buddha was an incarnation of Vishnu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jerryson2016p47&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Michael Jerryson|title=The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBk1DQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA47 |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-936238-7|pages=47–48}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|Ambedkar, while he was a Hindu and before he launched a new form of Buddhism, reinterpreted Buddha's teachings into what he called [[Navayana]] (New Vehicle), wherein he developed a Marxist interpretation of said teachings. He founded and converted to a new version of Buddhism, a version which criticized and rejected Hinduism, but also Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism because, according to Ambedkar, they all misrepresented the Buddha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Christopher Queen|editor=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|pages=524–529}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Skaria | first=A | title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question | journal= Journal of South Asian Studies | publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis | volume=38 | issue=3 | year=2015 | doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 | pages=450–452| doi-access=free }}, Quote: &quot;Here [Navayana Buddhism] there is not only a criticism of religion (most of all, Hinduism, but also prior traditions of Buddhism), but also of secularism, and that criticism is articulated moreover as a religion.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Eleanor Zelliot|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-317-40357-9|pages=13, 361–370}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> Ambedkar's 5th vow out of [[Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar|Twenty-two vows]] is :<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt; I do not and shall not believe that Lord Buddha was the incarnation of Vishnu. I believe this to be sheer madness and false propaganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bhagwat|first=Ramu|title=Ambedkar memorial set up at Deekshabhoomi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ambedkar-memorial-set-up-at-Deekshabhoomi/articleshow/189472379.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-19/mumbai/27228796_1_dr-ambedkar-narayanan-smarak-samiti|url-status=live|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Some contemporary Hindus also reject the identification of Gautama Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu, referring to the texts of the Puranas. Gurus of the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava theology]] argue that in [[Bhagavata Purana]] (1.3.24), &quot;son of Ajana,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |url=http://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish |title=The Bhagavata-Purana |date=1950-01-01 |pages=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gita Press |url=http://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907 |title=Bhagavata Purana |pages=8–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; refers to the Vishnu avatar born to Ajana ({{circa|1800 BCE}}, according to Stephen Knapp&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Vaswani |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSNADwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=son+of+anjan+and+gautama+buddha&amp;pg=PT144 |title=Dasavatara |date=2017-12-22 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-93-86867-18-6 |language=en |author-link=Dada Vaswani}}&lt;/ref&gt;) while Gautama was born to [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]] and [[Śuddhodana|Śuddodhana]]. They further argue that epithets for the Buddha like [[Sugata|Sugata Buddha]] and [[Adi-Buddha|Adi Buddha]] refer to the Vishnu avatar, not to Gautama Buddha, based on [[Amarakosha]] and other Buddhist texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=[[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]] |url=https://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-magazines/bhakti-books/english/5-beyond-nirvana/file |title=Beyond Nirvana: The philosophy of Mayavadism: A life history |publisher=Gaudiya Vedanta Publications |year=2003 |pages=42–49 |chapter=Two Buddhas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=[[Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha]] |url=http://archive.org/details/Dasavatar_201803 |title=Dasavatara: Ten Manifestations of Godhead |pages=184–197 |chapter=Sri Buddha-Avatara}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contrary to Bhagavata Purana, R.S. Bhattacharya notes that the Kalki Purāņa (2.7.44) refers to Māyādevī as the mother of the Buddha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=R. S. |title=Buddha as Depicted in the Puranas |year=1982 |page=391 |url=https://archive.org/details/buddha-as-depicted-in-the-puranas-r.-s.-bhattacharya-1982/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2025-02-03 |quote=Since Kalki-p. 2.7.44 regards मायादेवी as the mother of the Buddhists (मातरं बौद्धाः) we may reasonably infer that Māyādevi is the name of Buddha's mother. Buddha himself declared that the name of his mother was Māyādevi (Mahāpadāna-suttānta). Buddhist tradition and the lexicons (Amarakośa 1.1.15) are in favour of this view.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1999, [[Shankaracharya|Śaṅkarācārya]] of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Kanchi]], [[Jayendra Saraswathi|Śrī Jayendra Sarasvatī]] had released a joint statement with [[Vipassanā|Vipassanācharya]] [[S. N. Goenka]] and declared that:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PXZ3RRcYeYC&amp;dq=Jayendra+Saraswathi&amp;pg=PA134 |title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: Christianity |last2=Mishra |first2=A. P. |date=2005 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-071-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;web&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Compassionate Goodwill {{!}} Vipassana Research Institute |url=https://www.vridhamma.org/node/2428 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.vridhamma.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;in order to foster friendlier ties between the two communities [the Vedic and Śramaṇa traditions] we decide that whatever has happened in the past (cannot be undone, but) should be forgotten and such beliefs [on the Buddha being an avatāra of Vishnu] should not be propagated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Ravi M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEPfrzAwO0sC&amp;dq=%22in+order+to+foster+friendlier+ties+between+the+two+communities+%5Bthe+Vedic+and+%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a+traditions%5D+we+decide+that+whatever+has+happened+in+the+past+(cannot+be+undone,+but)+should+be+forgotten+and+such+beliefs+%5Bon+the+Buddha+being+an+avat%C4%81ra+of+Vishnu%5D+should+not+be+propagated.%22&amp;pg=PA158 |title=The Bhāgavata Purāna: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |last2=Valpey |first2=Kenneth R. |date=2013-03-19 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53147-4 |pages=158 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;Shankaracharya of [[Govardhan Math|Govardhan Peeth]], Swami Shri Nischalanada Saraswati, too has stated that the Buddha avatar of Vishnu and Gautama Buddha were different persons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=शंकराचार्य ने भगवान बुद्ध व गौतम बुद्ध को बता दिया अलग-अलग व्यक्ति..जानिए |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-shankaracharya-said-bhagwan-buddha-and-gautam-buddha-were-different-persons-14167888.html |access-date=2021-06-12 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Iconography ==<br /> The [[Agni Purana]] describes how the figure of the Buddha should be represented:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-11-01 |title=Characteristics of forms of 'Fish' etc. of Viṣṇu [Chapter 49] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-agni-purana/d/doc1083137.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Blockquote|text=The figure of Buddha (should be made) as calm, having long ears, white complexion, wearing a cloth, and seated on a lotus with its petals upwards and as conferring favour and protection.|source=Chapter 49, Verse 8}}<br /> <br /> == Contemporary reverence ==<br /> [[File:8.Tharasuram Airavatesvara Temple.jpg|thumb |Buddha as an avatara at [[Airavatesvara Temple]]]]<br /> [[File:Thiruvathigai veerataneswarar temple buddhar.jpg|thumb|Statue of Buddha in [[Veerateeswarar Temple, Thiruvathigai|Thiruvathigai Veerateeswarar Temple]] ]]<br /> <br /> The Buddha is considered a holy being in Hindu tradition, and revered as one who was awakened in India.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=96}} Outside India, some contemporary Hindus revere the Buddha along with other gods during their festivals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniels2005p129&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Timothy P. Daniels|title=Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv6ezG3V968C&amp;pg=PA129 |year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94971-2|pages=129–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prominent modern proponents of Hinduism, such as [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]], consider the Buddha as an example of the same [[Perennialism|universal truth that underlies religions]].{{refn|group=note|Universal truth:&lt;br&gt;<br /> * Vivekananda: &quot;May he who is the Brahman of the Hindus, the [[Ahura Mazda]] of Zoroastrians, the Buddha of Buddhists, the Jehovah of the Jews, the Father in Heavens of Christians, give strength to you to carry out your noble ideas!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hinduism, in The World's Parliament of Religions, J. H. Barrows (Ed.), Vol. II, Chicago 1893, p. 978.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Radhakrishnan: &quot;If a Hindu chants the Vedas on the banks of the Ganges... if the Japanese worship the image of Buddha, if the European is convinced of Christ's mediatorship, if the Arab reads the [[quran|Koran]] in the mosque... It is their deepest apprehension of God and God's fullest revelation to them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Eastern Religions and Western Thought, New York 1969, pp. 326–7.&lt;/ref&gt;}} A number of revolutionary figures in modern Hinduism, including [[Mahatma Gandhi]], have been inspired by the life and teachings of the Buddha and many of his attempted reforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iop.or.jp/0414/anand.pdf |title=Mahatma Gandhi and Buddhism |date= |access-date=2012-08-14 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710230803/http://www.iop.or.jp/0414/anand.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Steven Collins sees such Hindu claims regarding Buddhism as part of an effort – itself a reaction to Christian proselytizing efforts in India – to show that &quot;all religions are one&quot;, and that Hinduism is uniquely valuable because it alone recognizes this fact.&lt;ref&gt;Steven Collins, ''Selfless Persons.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 9.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Contemporary Hindus usually consider &quot;Buddhism to be another form of Hinduism.&quot;{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=96}} Various scholars in India, Sri Lanka and outside South Asia state that the colonial era and contemporary attempts to assimilate Buddha into the Hindu fold are a nationalistic political agenda, where &quot;the Buddha has been reclaimed triumphantly as a symbol of indigenous nationalist understandings of India's history and culture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=John Clifford Holt|title=The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvuDlhpvvHwC |year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3269-5|pages=18–23, 31–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Lars Tore Flåten, Hindu perceptions, particularly in the literature by Hindu nationalists, are that &quot;Buddha did not break away from the spiritual ideas of his age and country,&quot; claiming that scholars such as [[Hermann Oldenberg]] (1854-1920), [[Thomas Rhys Davids]] (1843-1922) and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (1888-1975) state there is much in common between &quot;Buddhism and the contemporary Hinduism.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Lars Tore Flåten|title=Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5NZRDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT91|year =2016|publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn= 978-1-317-20871-6|pages=90–93}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|name=Commonalities|These perceptions cite, for example, the Pali scholar Rhys Davids' analysis in ''Buddhism: Being a Sketch of the Life and Teachings of Gautama, the Buddha'', where he wrote: &quot;But the foregoing account will be sufficient, I hope, to remove at least one misconception – the prevalent notion that Gautama was an enemy to Hinduism, and that his chief claim on the gratitude of his countrymen lies in his having destroyed a system of iniquity and oppression and fraud. This is not the case. Gautama was born, and brought up, and lived, and died a Hindu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=K N Jayatilleke| author-link=K. N. Jayatilleke| title=Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pBTAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA369 |year= 2013|publisher=Routledge (Originally published in 1963)|isbn=978-1-134-54287-1|pages=369–370, see paragraph numbered 625}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Oxford professor and later President of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] states that &quot;as a matter of fact, nowhere did Buddha repudiate the Upanishad conception of Brahman, the absolute&quot;; that Buddha, if anything, &quot;accepted the Upanishad's position&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=TRV Murti|editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp|title=The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDdpTcyJtxMC |year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0792-1|pages=572–573}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;S Radhakrishnan, [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.125632/2015.125632.Indian-Philosophy-Vol1#page/n681/mode/2up Indian Philosophy], Volume 1, George Allen, page 682&lt;/ref&gt;}} Yet, in present-day scholarly consensus, Buddhism is considered to be very different from pre-Buddhist Indian religion.{{refn|group=note|For example, Indologist [[Richard Gombrich]] wrote that the Buddha was a radical religious reformer, making religious practice and salvation a more personal matter than it was before the arising of Buddhism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gombrich |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Gombrich |title=Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo |date=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-01603-9 |edition=2nd |url=https://discourse.suttacentral.net/uploads/default/original/2X/d/d5fea775dea49f4d9b780f0e88a40f862bfb1356.pdf |page=78 |access-date=2021-06-10 |archive-date=2017-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117004527/https://discourse.suttacentral.net/uploads/default/original/2X/d/d5fea775dea49f4d9b780f0e88a40f862bfb1356.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Buddhologists like [[K.R. Norman]] and [[Richard Gombrich]] argue that the Buddha's [[anatta]] theory does indeed extend to the Brahmanical belief expounded in the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] that the Self (Atman) is the Universal Self, or [[Brahman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;Gombrich; Recovering the Buddha's Message © The Buddhist Forum, Vol I, Seminar Papers 1987–1988&lt;/ref&gt; They point to the Pali ''Alagaddūpama-sutta'', where the Buddha argues that an individual cannot experience the suffering of the entire world.&lt;ref&gt;Norman, KR; A note on Attā in the Alagaddūpama Sutta – 1981&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Buddhism, like Hinduism and other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is impermanent (anicca), but, unlike them, also asserts that there is no permanent self or soul in living beings (''anattā'').&lt;ref name=britannicaanatta&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta Buddhism], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[a] {{cite book|author=Christmas Humphreys|title=Exploring Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22877-3 |pages=42–43 }}&lt;br /&gt;[b] Gombrich (2006), page 47, '''Quote:''' &quot;(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=subnote|name=anatta}} The ignorance or misperception (''[[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avijjā]]'') that anything is permanent or that there is self in any being is considered a wrong understanding in Buddhism, and the primary source of clinging and suffering (''[[dukkha]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Brian Morris |title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&amp;pg=PA51 |year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=51 }}, '''Quote:''' &quot;(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GombrichScherrer2008p209&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Richard Francis Gombrich|author2=Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub|title=Buddhist Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7_Rea05eAMC|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3248-0|pages=209–210}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HoffmanMahinda2013p162&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Frank Hoffman |author2=Deegalle Mahinda |title=Pali Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSNeAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78553-5 |pages=162–165 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Buddha endorsed and taught the concept of rebirth. This refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of [[Sentient beings (Buddhism)|sentient life]], each running from conception to death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last =Keown | first =Damien | author-link = Damien Keown |year=1996|title=Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press| page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Buddhist thought, however, this rebirth does not involve any soul, unlike Hinduism and Jainism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaman2002p23&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author= Oliver Leaman|title= Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK-GAgAAQBAJ |year=2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-68919-4 |pages=23–27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Buddhism the atman concept is incorrect, untrue.{{refn|group=subnote|name=atman_incorrect}}}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Buddhism and Hinduism]]<br /> * [[Dashavatara]]<br /> * [[Vaishnavism]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|35em|refs=<br /> &lt;!-- avatar --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- unused <br /> {{refn|group=note|name=avatar|{{harvnb|Coulter|2013|p=109}}: &quot;According to some, Buddha was the ninth avatar of Vishnu. Buddhists do not accept this theory.&quot;}}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- jataka --&gt;<br /> {{refn|group=note|name=jataka|Krishna and Buddha interact in several Jataka tales such as number 454, 530 and 536. Vishnu appears in some Buddhist manuscripts as Venhu, but not as consistently as Krishna. In the ''Ghata Jataka'', the Hindu god Krishna is depicted as an immature person and Buddha teaches him wisdom.{{harv|Sullivan|1999|pp=103–105 with footnotes}}{{harv|Hiltebeitel|1990|pp=64–68}}}}<br /> &lt;!-- Jataka-Krishna --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- {{refn|group=note|name=Jataka-Krishna|The Arjuna and Krishna interaction is missing in the Jataka version. In the Buddhist version, Krishna laments in uncontrollable sorrow when his son dies, and a Ghatapandita feigns madness to teach Krishna a lesson.{{harv|Malalasekera|2007|pp=825–826}} The Jataka tale also includes an internecine destruction among his siblings after they all get drunk. Krishna also dies in the Buddhist legend by the hand of a hunter named Jara, but while he is traveling to a frontier city. Mistaking Krishna for a Deer, Jara throws a spear that fatally pierces his feet, causing Krishna great pain and then his death.{{harv|Francis|Thomas|1916|pp=314–324}} At the end of this ''Ghata-Jataka'' discourse, the Buddhist text declares that [[Sariputta]], one of the revered disciples of the Buddha in the Buddhist tradition, was incarnated as Krishna in his previous life to learn lessons on grief from the Buddha in his prior rebirth: &quot;Then he [Master] declared the Truths, and identified the Birth: 'At that time, Ananda was Rohineyya, Sariputta was Vasudeva [Krishna], the followers of the Buddha were the other persons, and I myself was Ghatapandita.&quot;{{harv|Cowell|Rouse|1901|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553497/page/n75 57]}}}} --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ;Subnotes<br /> {{reflist|group=subnote|35em|refs=<br /> &lt;!-- anatta --&gt;<br /> {{refn|group=subnote|name=anatta|'''[a]''' [https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: &quot;Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (&quot;the self&quot;).&quot;;&lt;br /&gt;'''[b]''' Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791422175}}, page 64; &quot;Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.&quot;;&lt;br /&gt;'''[c]''' John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120801585}}, page 63, Quote: &quot;The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism&quot;;&lt;br /&gt;'''[d]''' Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?], Philosophy Now;&lt;br /&gt;'''[e]''' David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 65–74}}<br /> &lt;!-- atman_incorrect --&gt;<br /> {{refn|group=subnote|name=atman_incorrect|[a] {{cite book|author=Christmas Humphreys|title=Exploring Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22877-3 |pages=42–43 }}&lt;br /&gt;[b] {{cite book|author=Brian Morris |title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&amp;pg=PA51 |year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=51 }}, '''Quote:''' &quot;(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;[c] Gombrich (2006), page 47, '''Quote:''' &quot;(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon.&quot;}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> '''Printed sources'''<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last =Coulter | first =Charles Russell | year =2013| title =Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities | publisher =Routledge | isbn= 978-1-135-96390-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&amp;pg=PA109}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Cousins |first=L.S. |date=1996 |title=The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=3 |volume=6 |number=1 |pages=57–63 |issn=1356-1863 |jstor=25183119 |url=http://indology.info/papers/cousins |doi=10.1017/s1356186300014760 |s2cid=162929573 |via=Indology |access-date=4 April 2006 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226184207/http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{cite book|last1 =Cowell | first1 =E.B. | last2 =Rouse | first2 =WHD | year =1901 | title =The Jātaka: Or, Stories of the Buddha's Former Births | publisher =Cambridge University Press | url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553497}}<br /> &lt;!-- D --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Doniger O'Flaherty | first =Wendy | year =1988 | title =The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}<br /> &lt;!-- F --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last1 =Francis | first1 =H. T. | last2=Thomas | first2 =E. J. | year =1916 | title =Jataka Tales |publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprinted: 2014) | isbn =978-1-107-41851-6 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=WYjRAwAAQBAJ}}<br /> &lt;!-- H --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last =Hiltebeitel | first=Alf | year =1990 | title =The Ritual of Battle: Krishna in the Mahabharata | publisher =State University of New York Press | isbn =978-0-7914-0250-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vwWGX08JAx8C}}<br /> * {{cite book| last =Holt | first =John Clifford | year =2004 | title =The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture | publisher= Columbia University Press}}<br /> * {{cite book| last =Holt | first =John Clifford | year =2008 | title =The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-3269-5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RvuDlhpvvHwC&amp;pg=PA18 }}<br /> * {{cite book|editor-last1 =Holt | editor-first1 =John Clifford | editor-last2 =Kinnard | editor-first2 =Jacob N. | editor-last3 =Walters | editor-first3 =Jonathan S. | year =2012| title =Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn =9780791487051|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnnG8sclrdYC&amp;q=Buddha+avatar&amp;pg=PA111}}<br /> &lt;!-- J --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | last1 =Jones | first1 =Constance | last2=Ryan | first2 =James D. | year =2006 | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher =Infobase | isbn =978-0-8160-7564-5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;pg=PA96}}<br /> &lt;!-- K --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last=Kramrisch | first =Stella | year =1946 | title =The Hindu Temple | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-0224-7 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC}}<br /> &lt;!-- L --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | last =Lochtefeld | first =James G. | year =2002 | title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M | publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group | isbn =978-0-8239-3179-8 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&amp;pg=PA128 }}<br /> &lt;!-- M --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last =Malalasekera |first =Gunapala Piyasena | year =2007 | title=Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names: A-Dh | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-3021-9 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=up5O9zrSX80C&amp;pg=PA825}}<br /> &lt;!--N--&gt;<br /> * {{Citation |last = Norman |first = K.R. |year=1997 |title = A Philological Approach to Buddhism |series = The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994 |publisher = School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) }}<br /> &lt;!--P--&gt;<br /> * {{Citation |last=Prebish |first=Charles S. |year=2008 |title=Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism |journal=Journal of Buddhist Ethics |volume=15 |pages=1–21 |issn=1076-9005 |url=http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/05/prebish-article.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128200109/http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/05/prebish-article.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2012 }}<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book |last =Srinivasan | first =Amrutur V. | year =2011 | title =Hinduism For Dummies | publisher =John Wiley &amp; Sons | isbn =9781118110775 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=br61gYKt5Q0C&amp;pg=PT182 }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sullivan | first =Bruce M. | year =1999| title =Seer of the Fifth Veda: Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata| publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-1676-3 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8XO3Im3OMi8C }}<br /> * {{cite book|last =Swearer | first =Donald | year =2016 | editor-last =Jerryson | editor-first =Michael | title =The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-936238-7 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=rBk1DQAAQBAJ}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ;Web-sources<br /> {{reflist|group=web|refs=<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/24/en1 |title=Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24 |publisher=Srimadbhagavatam.com |access-date=2012-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235132/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/3/24/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;vipassana&quot; --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- &lt;ref group=web name=&quot;vipassana&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.vipassana.info/ay/andhakavenhu_puttaa.htm|title = Andhakavenhu Puttaa|publisher = www.vipassana.info|access-date = 2008-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/buddha-as-depicted-in-the-puranas-r.-s.-bhattacharya-1982 Buddha as Depicted in the Puranas, R. S. Bhattacharya (1982)] (Internet Archive)<br /> *{{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Gautama Buddha}}<br /> {{VishnuAvatars|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buddhism and Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]<br /> [[Category:Gautama Buddha]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osmanabad_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=523200 2026-04-01T10:32:18Z

<p>Xtromirit: Creating pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Osmanabad<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Osmanabad.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Osmanabad Lok Sabha Constituency map<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]&lt;br&gt;[[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]&lt;br&gt;[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]<br /> | electors =<br /> | latest_election_year = 2024<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mp = [[Omprakash Raje Nimbalkar]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> | preceded_by = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]]<br /> }} <br /> <br /> '''Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! No<br /> ! Name<br /> ! District<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party <br /> !colspan=2 |Leading&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(in 2024)}}<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |239<br /> |[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]<br /> |[[Latur district|Latur]]<br /> |[[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar|Abhimanyu Pawar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |240<br /> |[[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] (SC)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]<br /> |[[Pravin Virbhadrayya Swami|Pravin Swami]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}<br /> |-<br /> |241<br /> |[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]<br /> |[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |242<br /> |[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]<br /> |[[Kailas Patil]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |243<br /> |[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]<br /> |[[Tanaji Sawant]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br /> |-<br /> |246<br /> |[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]<br /> |[[Solapur district|Solapur]]<br /> |[[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal|Dilip Sopal]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-|-<br /> | [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | Raghvendrarao Divan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-|-<br /> | [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> | Venkatrao Naldurgker<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Tulsiram Patil]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Indian general election|1971]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | [[Tukaram Shrangare]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | Trimbak Marotrao Sawant<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Arvind Kamble]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> | [[Shivaji Kamble]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | [[Arvind Kamble]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | [[Shivaji Kamble]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | [[Narhire Kalpana Ramesh|Kalpana Narhire]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> | [[Padamsinha Bajirao Patil]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | [[Ravindra Vishwanathrao Gaikwad|Ravindra Gaikwad]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Omprakash Raje Nimbalkar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}&quot; |<br /> | [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===General elections 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Osmanabad]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|candidate=[[Omprakash Rajenimbalkar]]|votes=7,48,752|percentage=58.45|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil|Archana Ranajagjitsinh Patil]]|votes=4,18,906|percentage=32.70|change={{down}}6.24}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|candidate=Bhausaheb Raosaheb Andhalkar|votes=33,402|percentage=2.61|change={{down}}5.57}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party =Independent<br /> |candidate =Govardhan Subrao Nimbalkar <br /> |votes =18,966<br /> |percentage = 1.48 <br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party =Samata Party <br /> |candidate =Dnyaneshwar Naganathrao Koli <br /> |votes =6,472<br /> |percentage = 0.51<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party =Independent<br /> |candidate =Kakasaheb Sandipan Khot <br /> |votes =5,715<br /> |percentage = 0.45<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate =Sanjaykumar Bhagwat Waghmare <br /> |votes =5,615<br /> |percentage = 0.44<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Kaka Fulchand Kamble<br /> |votes =4,811<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above (India)<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes =4,298<br /> |percentage =0.34 <br /> |change ={{down}}0.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=3,29,846|percentage=25.75|change={{up}}15.17}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=12,82,443|percentage=64.24|change={{up}}0.53}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)<br /> |loser = Shiv Sena <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Osmanabad]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Shiv Sena<br /> | candidate = [[Omprakash Rajenimbalkar]]<br /> | votes =5,96,640<br /> | percentage =49.52<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | candidate = [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]<br /> | votes =4,69,074<br /> | percentage =38.94<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi<br /> | candidate = Arjun Dada Salgar<br /> | votes = 98,579<br /> | percentage = 8.18<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = None of the above<br /> | candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> | votes = 10,024<br /> | percentage = 0.83<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> | party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> | candidate = Netaji Nagnathrao Gore<br /> | votes = 6,679<br /> | percentage = 0.55<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 1,27,566<br /> | percentage = 10.58<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 12,04,832<br /> | percentage = 63.76<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena<br /> |loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Osmanabad]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]]<br /> |votes = 6,07,699<br /> |percentage = 54.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Padamsinha Bajirao Patil|Padamsinha Patil]]<br /> |votes = 3,73,374<br /> |percentage = 33.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Padmasheel Ramchandra Dhale<br /> |votes = 28,322<br /> |percentage = 2.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |candidate = Rohan Subhash Deshmukh<br /> |votes = 26,868<br /> |percentage = 2.40<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |candidate = Tukaram Dasrao Gangawane<br /> |votes = 10,210<br /> |percentage = 0.91<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,35,325<br /> |percentage = 20.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,19,704<br /> |percentage = 63.65<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Shiv Sena<br /> |loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Osmanabad]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Padamsinha Bajirao Patil|Padamsinha Patil]]<br /> |votes = 4,08,840<br /> |percentage = 44.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]]<br /> |votes = 4,02,053<br /> |percentage = 43.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Yashwant Divakar Nakade<br /> |votes = 28,045<br /> |percentage = 3.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate |<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |candidate = Haridas Manikrao Pawar<br /> |votes = 9,496<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 9,24,564<br /> |percentage = 57.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |loser = Shiv Sena<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 1980===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Osmanabad]] (SC)}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress <br /> | candidate = Sawant Trimbak Marotrao<br /> | votes = 1,72,493<br /> | percentage = 52.70<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Indian National Congress (U)<br /> | candidate = Shrangare Tukaram Sadashiv<br /> | votes = 79,510<br /> | percentage = 24.29<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Janata Party<br /> | candidate = Bharaskar Baburao Mahadeo<br /> | votes = 48,605<br /> | percentage = 14.85<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> | party = Independent politician<br /> | candidate = Puranik Anivarya Bhadrayya<br /> | votes = 20,760<br /> | percentage = 6.34<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |<br /> | party = Independent politician<br /> | candidate = Bansode Sadashiv Libaji<br /> | votes = 5,949<br /> | percentage = 1.82<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> | votes = 92,983<br /> | percentage = 28.41<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> | votes = 3,27,317<br /> | percentage = 53.57<br /> | change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress <br /> |loser = Indian National Congress (U)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Osmanabad district]]<br /> * [[Latur district]]<br /> * [[Solapur district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|18.2|76.0|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dharashiv(Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Latur district]]<br /> [[Category:Solapur district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_CSMT%E2%80%93Madgaon_Tejas_Express&diff=518981 2026-03-29T15:44:13Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color = FFA500<br /> | name = Mumbai CSMT – Madgaon Junction&lt;br /&gt;''Tejas Express''<br /> | image = 22120_Tejas_Express_-_Executive_Class_coach.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300 px|<br /> | caption = Mumbai CSMT - Madgaon Tejas Express standing at Karmali.<br /> | type = [[Tejas Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Maharashtra]] &amp; [[Goa]]<br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|05|22}} &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Introduction of The India's First Tejas Express Between Mumbai and Karmali. Minister of Railways to Flag off the Train from Mumbai Tomorrow |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=161991|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=21 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{small|Inaugural service}})<br /> | last = <br /> | operator = [[Central Railways]]<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus||Mumbai CSMT}} (CSMT)<br /> | stops = 5<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}} (MAO)<br /> | distance = {{convert|581|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 8 hrs 50 mins<br /> | frequency = 5 days a week {{efn|Except Mondays and Thursdays}}.<br /> | class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Executive Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] and Vistadome<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = No<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = On-board catering<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | entertainment = Yes<br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach|LHB-Tejas]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | el = <br /> | trainnumber = 22119 / 22120<br /> | speed = {{cvt|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = {{Mumbai CSMT-Madgaon Tejas Express Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> The 22119 / 22120 '''Mumbai CSMT–Madgaon ''Tejas Express''''' is one of India's full-AC train fleet introduced by [[Indian Railways]] connecting {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus}} in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}} in [[Goa]]. It is currently being operated with 22119/22120 train numbers on five days a week basis but during monsoon season the train will run thrice a week. The train route was officially extended from Karmali to Madgaon Junction on 1 November 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Kamal |date=2022-09-10 |title=Mumbai CSMT- Karmali 'Tejas' Express extended up to Madgaon Jn |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/mumbai-csmt-karmali-tejas-express-extended-up-to-madgaon-jn |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the first Tejas express to be equipped with 2 vistadome coaches on each end. <br /> <br /> The coaches are manufactured at the [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.luxurytrainindia.org/blog/tejas-express-digital-new-interiors-yummy-catering-onboard/|title=All about Tejas Express: Digital New Interiors, Yummy Catering Onboard|website=www.luxurytrainindia.org|date=5 May 2017|author=admin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515182800/http://www.luxurytrainindia.org/blog/tejas-express-digital-new-interiors-yummy-catering-onboard/|archive-date=15 May 2017|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Service==<br /> <br /> 22119/22120 Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Madgaon Junction Tejas Express currently operates 5 days a week, covering 581&amp;nbsp;km in 8 hrs 50 mins (66&amp;nbsp;km/h average speed).&lt;ref&gt;indianrailinfo.com/train/52237 {{Dead link|date=May 2025 |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Usurped|}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> Even though the route is completely electrified, it is diesel-hauled end to end. A [[WDP-4D]] locomotive from the [[Diesel Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan shed]] hauls the train for its entire journey (Earlier was [[WDP-3A]]).<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Humsafar Express]]<br /> * [[Tejas Express]]<br /> * [[Mumbai CSMT - Madgaon Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> * [[Madgaon Junction railway station]]<br /> * [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]<br /> <br /> ==Sister trains==<br /> * [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Karmali AC Superfast Express]]<br /> * [[Dadar–Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express]]<br /> * [[Konkan Kanya Express]]<br /> * [[Mandovi Express]]<br /> * [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Madgaon AC Double Decker Express]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{Tejas Express}}<br /> {{Central Railway}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CSMT-Karmali Tejas Express}}<br /> [[Category:Tejas Express trains]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:2017 establishments in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Panaji]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Trains with Vistadome coaches in India]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lentil&diff=467029 2026-03-26T18:56:01Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Species of plant with edible seeds}}<br /> {{About|the species Vicia lens|the broader sense in plants|legume|the geological sense|lens (geology)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | name = Lentil<br /> | image = 3 types of lentil.png<br /> | image_caption = Puy (left), green (center), and red (right) lentils<br /> | taxon = Vicia lens<br /> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Coss. &amp; Germ. (1845)<br /> | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies<br /> | subdivision =<br /> *''Vicia lens'' subsp. ''lamottei'' {{small|(Czefr.) H.Schaef., Coulot &amp; Rabaute}}<br /> *''Vicia lens'' subsp. ''lens''<br /> |subdivision_ref = &lt;ref name=powo&gt;{{cite web |title=''Vicia lens'' (L.) Coss. &amp; Germ.. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:524872-1 |access-date=3 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | synonyms =<br /> {{Species list<br /> |Cicer lens|(L.) Willd. (1802)<br /> |Ervum lens|L. (1753)<br /> |Lathyrus lens|(L.) Bernh. (1800)<br /> |Lens culinaris|Medik. (1787)<br /> |Lens esculenta|Moench (1794), nom. superfl.<br /> |Lens lens|(L.) Huth (1893), not validly publ.<br /> |Lentilla lens|(L.) W.Wight (1912)<br /> |Orobus lens|(L.) Stokes (1812)<br /> }}<br /> | synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=powo/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''lentil''' ('''''Vicia lens''''' or '''''Lens culinaris''''') is an [[annual plant|annual]] [[legume]] grown for its [[Lens (geometry)|lens]]-shaped edible [[seed]]s or ''pulses'', also called ''lentils''. It is about {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, and the seeds grow in [[Legume|pods]], usually with two seeds in each.<br /> <br /> Lentil seeds are used around the world for [[culinary]] purposes, most commonly in [[stew]]s or [[soup]]s. In [[cuisines of the Indian subcontinent]], where lentils are a [[staple food|staple]], split lentils (often with their hulls removed) known as ''[[dal]]'' are often cooked into a thick [[curry]] that is usually eaten with [[rice]] or [[roti]].<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> <br /> The English word &quot;lentil&quot; ultimately derives from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|lens}} ({{gloss|lentil}}). The Latin word is of classical [[Roman Empire|Roman]] or Latin origin and may be the source of the prominent Roman family name Lentulus, just as the family name &quot;[[Cicero]]&quot; was derived from the chickpea, ''[[chickpea|Cicer arietinum]]'', and &quot;[[Fabia gens|Fabia]]&quot; (as in [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 45 BC)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]) from the fava bean (''[[Vicia faba]]'').&lt;ref&gt;Harold McGee, &quot;On Food and Cooking&quot;, 2004 Edition, Scribners. {{ISBN|0-684-80001-2}}. pg. 483.&lt;/ref&gt; Optical lenses (those of the animalian eye and artificial ones) [[wikt:lens#Etymology|got their name because their (archetypal) shape resembles that of a lentil]]&lt;!--[[WP:BLUE]]--&gt;.<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> <br /> The genus ''Vicia'' is part of the [[subfamily]] [[Faboideae]] which is contained in the flowering [[Family (biology)|plant family]] [[Fabaceae]] or commonly known as [[legume]] or [[bean]] family, of the [[Order (taxonomy)|order]] [[Fabales]] in the [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdom]] [[Plant]]ae.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The lentil: botany, production and uses|date=2009|publisher=CABI|editor=Erskine, William |isbn=978-1-84593-487-3|location=Wallingford, UK|oclc=435462765}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Llenties_maig.JPG|thumb|Lentil plants in the field before flowering]]<br /> <br /> The former genus ''Lens'', now considered a [[Section (botany)|section]] of genus ''Vicia'', consisted of the cultivated ''L. culinaris'' and six related wild taxa. As members of genus ''Lens'', these six are ''[[Lens orientalis]]'', ''[[Lens tomentosus]]'', ''[[Lens lamottei]]'', ''[[Lens odemensis]]'', ''[[Lens ervoides]]'', and ''[[Lens nigricans]]''. The seven members are often referred to as &quot;taxa&quot; instead of &quot;species&quot; and/or &quot;subspecies&quot;, as while it is broadly agreed there are seven of them, whether they constitute distinct species is not broadly agreed on. Among the wild taxa, ''L. orientalis'' is considered to be the progenitor of the cultivated lentil ''L. culinaris''. Of the taxa, ''L. culinaris'' and ''L. orientalis'' are most often considered subspecies, and so are often also classified as ''L. culinaris'' subsp. ''culinaris'' and ''L. culinaris'' subsp. ''orientalis'' respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Science &amp; Business Media-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&amp;pg=PA4|title=Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times|date=2007|publisher=[[Springer Science &amp; Business Media]] |editor=Shyam S. Yadav |editor2=David McNeil |editor3=Philip C. Stevenson |isbn=978-1-4020-6312-1|location=Berlin|oclc=213090571}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following reassignment to genus ''Vicia'', they may also be referred to as ''Vicia lens'' subsp. ''culinaris'' and ''Vicia lens'' subsp. ''orientalis''.<br /> <br /> == Botanical description ==<br /> [[File:Illustration_Lens_culinaris0.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the lentil plant, 1885|323x323px]]<br /> <br /> Lentil is [[hypogeal]], which means the [[cotyledon]]s of the germinating seed stay in the ground and inside the seed coat. Therefore, it is less vulnerable to frost, wind erosion, or insect attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulseaus.com.au/growing-pulses/bmp/lentil/southern-guide#plant-physiology|title=Pulse Australia - Southern guide|website=pulseaus.com.au|language=en|access-date=2017-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The plant is a diploid, annual, bushy herb of erect, semierect, or spreading and compact growth and normally varies from {{convert|30|to|50|cm}} in height. It has many hairy branches and its stem is slender and angular. The [[rachis]] bears 10 to 15 leaflets in five to eight pairs. The leaves are alternate, of oblong-linear and obtuse shape and from yellowish green to dark bluish green in colour. In general, the upper leaves are converted into [[tendrils]], whereas the lower leaves are mucronate. If [[stipule]]s are present, they are small. The flowers, one to four in number, are small, white, pink, purple, pale purple, or pale blue in colour. They arise from the axils of the leaves, on a slender footstalk almost as long as the leaves. The pods are oblong, slightly inflated, and about {{convert|1.5|cm|in|frac=8}} long. Normally, each of them contains two seeds, about {{convert|0.5|cm|in|frac=8}} in diameter, in the characteristic lens shape. The seeds can also be mottled and speckled. The several cultivated varieties of lentil differ in size, hairiness, and colour of the leaves, flowers, and seeds.<br /> <br /> Lentils are [[self-pollinating]]. The flowering begins from the lowermost buds and gradually moves upward, so-called acropetal flowering. About two weeks are needed for all the flowers to open on the single branch. At the end of the second day and on the third day after the opening of the flowers, they close completely and the colour begins to fade. After three to four days, the setting of the pods takes place.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Science &amp; Business Media-2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Types ==<br /> [[File:Lentils_red_and_brown.jpg|thumb|Red and brown comparison]]<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> Lentil may be classified for market based on an array of seed qualities. These qualities may include the size, shape (&quot;round&quot; or &quot;lens&quot;), seed coat colour and pattern, seed coat thickness, and internal cotyledon colour. The parameters for market type or classification name may also vary according to region. Additionally, when sold, lentil may be further classified according to whether it is hulled (seed coat removed) or unhulled, and if hulled, whether the cotyledon inside is split or left whole.<br /> <br /> Lentil seed coat colour can be broadly grouped into tan, grey, green, brown, clear or black, the first four of which will slowly turn brown over time. Black seed coat, which can present solid black (almost purple) or slightly patchy, acts like a pattern, [[Epistasis|masking]] the &quot;ground&quot; colour (tan, grey, green or brown) beneath, while clear coats lack pigmentation altogether.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Mirali|first1= Mahla|last2= Purves|first2= Randy W|last3= Stonehouse|first3= Rob|last4= Song|first4= Rui|last5= Bett|first5= Kirstin|last6= Vandenberg|first6= Albert|date= 2016|title= Genetics and Biochemistry of Zero-Tannin Lentils|journal= PLOS ONE|volume= 11|issue= 10|article-number=e0164624 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0164624|pmid= 27788158|pmc= 5082924|bibcode= 2016PLoSO..1164624M|doi-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seed coat colour is also influenced by the colour of the cotyledon, though this does not usually affect market classification.<br /> <br /> Seed coat patterning is usually selected against in most market types with the exception of [[Le Puy green lentil|Puy]] or &quot;French green&quot; lentil, which has &quot;marbled&quot; patterning. As well as &quot;marbled&quot; (which comes in two genetic variants termed Marbled-1 and Marbled-2), coats may be &quot;spotted&quot;, &quot;dotted&quot;, &quot;mottled&quot;, or show complex/mixed patterns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1= Vandenberg|first1= A|last2= Slinkard|first2= AE|date= 1990|title= Genetics of seed coat color and pattern in lentil|url= https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111030|journal= Journal of Heredity|volume= 81|issue= 6|pages= 484–488|doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111030|access-date= 2025-09-16|url-access= subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seed coat colour is determined by the genotype of the seed parent, rather than the genetics of the plant the seed will become.<br /> <br /> Common cotyledon colours are an orange-red colour and a light yellow, usually just called &quot;red&quot; (occasionally &quot;orange&quot;) and &quot;yellow&quot; respectively. Three other colours, a brown-yellow, a light green, and a dark green have also been documented.<br /> <br /> === Red lentil ===<br /> Red lentil varieties are defined by their red cotyledon, and moderate to thin seed coat. Red lentil varieties tend to be smaller than those of their green/brown counterparts, with large red lentil varieties meeting a similar size to small green lentil varieties. As the seed coat of red lentil is often removed, colour and pattern aren't usually selected for, though in recent years Australian red lentil varieties have been standardised for grey seed coats to allow for cultivars to be mixed. Australia is the largest producer of red lentil.<br /> <br /> === Green and brown lentil ===<br /> Green and brown lentil varieties have yellow cotyledon, usually moderate or thin, and green or brown seed coats. Canada is the largest producer of green lentil. These lentils are sometimes referred to by notable historic cultivars instead of by size, especially in North America: for example, small green lentil may be referred to as Eston-types, large green lentils as Laird-types, and large brown lentil as Brewer-types.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Slinkard |first1=A. E. |last2=Bhatty|first2=R. S. |title=Laird lentil |journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science |date=1979 |volume=59 |issue=2 |page=503:504 |doi=10.4141/cjps79-079 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Suzanne |title=Lentils 101: What To Do With Lentils And Why Bother |url=https://thechalkboardmag.com/lentils-101-what-to-do-with-lentils-and-why-bother/ |website=The Chalkboard |access-date=6 September 2024 |date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; These lentils rarely hold their shape when cooked, and so are often used in soups or stews.<br /> <br /> === Specialty types ===<br /> '''Black lentil'''<br /> * Beluga Black: The commercial/trade name of cultivar &quot;Indianhead&quot;, named for the &quot;Indian Head&quot; research station in Canada where they were first selected for trial. These are one of the smallest cultivars and bead-like and almost spherical, with yellow cotyledon and black seed coat. While Beluga lentil was originally grown as a fodder crop, it became something of a designer food in the 1990s, and was given the name it is now known by for its resemblance to [[beluga caviar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodsubs.com/Lentils.html|title=Cook's Thesaurus: Lentils|access-date=15 December 2015|newspaper=Foodsubs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; This variety holds its form well when cooked, owing to thick seed coat, and is widely used in breeding program as a source of disease resistance. <br /> * Mt. Byron Black: Almost as small as Beluga lentil, Mt. Byron Black are a cultivar with black seed coat and red cotyledons.<br /> '''Regional types'''<br /> * [[Le Puy Green lentil|Puy lentils]] (var. ''puyensis''): Small blue-green lentil with mottling, originating from France with a [[Protected Designation of Origin]] name. Lentils of this type, when grown outside of France, are often referred to a &quot;French Green&quot; lentils. <br /> * [[Alb-Leisa]] three traditional genotypes of lentils native to the Swabian Jura (Alps) in Germany and protected by the producers' association Öko-Erzeugergemeinschaft Alb-Leisa (engl. &quot;Eco-producer association Alb-Leisa&quot;)<br /> '''Other'''<br /> * Spanish Brown/Pardina: Small round lentils with yellow cotyledon and medium-thick brown seedcoats. Despite the name, modern &quot;Spanish Brown&quot; does not originate from Spain. The cultivar Pardina, for example, is from a cross made in the US and subsequently trialled in Spain, where they were quite common (hence the name). Australian Materno, also considered a Spanish Brown variety, is a cross between Canadian cultivar CDC Matador and ILL7537, a breeding line which traces back to the [[International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas|ICARDA]] breeding program. <br /> * Zero Tannin/Clear-Coat: Yellow cotyledon lentils with thin clear coats. Not widely commercialised.<br /> * Green cotyledon: Green cotyledon lentils with green coats. Not widely commercialised.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;width:12em; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+ Lentils production &lt;br&gt;{{small|2023, tonnes}}&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{AUS}}||1,841,222<br /> |-<br /> |{{CAN}}||1,671,072<br /> |-<br /> |{{IND}}||1,558,636<br /> |-<br /> |{{TUR}}||474,000<br /> |-<br /> |{{USA}}||260,450<br /> |-<br /> |{{NEP}}||200,787<br /> |-<br /> |'''World'''||'''7,068,620'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]]&lt;br&gt; of the [[United Nations]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Lentils (dry) production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=20 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> In 2023, world production of dry lentils was 7 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[Australia]], Canada, and India, which together accounted for 72% of the total (table).<br /> <br /> == Cultivation ==<br /> === History ===<br /> <br /> The cultivated lentil ''Vicia lens'' subsp. ''lens'' was derived from its wild subspecies ''V. lens'' subsp. ''orientalis'', although other species may also have contributed some genes, according to [[Jonathan Deininger Sauer|Jonathan Sauer]] (''Historical Geography of Crop Plants'', 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sauer&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last= Sauer |first=Jonathan D. |date= 2017|title= Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=moZHDwAAQBAJ |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-351-44062-2 |quote=The primary progenitor of the cultigen is evidently ''L. orientalis'' native to the Near East; the other species may have contributed some genetic diversity to the crop. ''V. lens'' (''Lens esculentus''), the domesticate, differs from the wild species in having indehiscent pods, due to a single recessive gene, and nondormant seeds.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike their wild ancestors, domesticated lentil crops have [[indehiscent]] pods and non-dormant seeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sauer&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Lentil was domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]] of the [[Near East]] and then spread to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]] and the Indo-Gangetic plain. The primary center of diversity for the domestic ''Vicia lens'' as well as its wild progenitor ''V. lens ssp. lamottei'' is considered to be the Middle East. The oldest known carbonized remains of lentil from [[Greece]]'s [[Franchthi Cave]] are dated to 11,000 BC. In archaeobotanical excavations carbonized remains of lentil seeds have been recovered from widely dispersed places such as [[Tell Ramad]] in [[Syria]] (6250–5950 BC), Aceramic Beidha in [[Jordan]], [[Hacilar]] in [[Turkey]] (5800–5000 BC), Tepe Sabz (Ita. [[:it:Tepe Sabz|Tepe Sabz]]) in [[Iran]] (5500–5000 BC) and Argissa-Magula Tessaly in Greece (6000–5000 BC), among other places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Shri Mohan |last2=Al-Khayri |first2=Jameel M. |last3=Johnson |first3=Dennis V. |title=Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes: Volume 7 |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-23399-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if60DwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lentils were part of the [[Ancient Israelite cuisine|ancient Israelite diet]], served roasted or prepared as a soup/stew, as indicated by several [[Bible|biblical]] passages. Archaeological excavations at [[Tel Beit Shemesh]] have uncovered lentil remains dating from the [[Iron Age]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Shafer-Elliott |first=Cynthia |title=Fruits, Nuts, Vegetables, and Legumes |date=2022 |work=T&amp;T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel |pages=151 |editor-last=Fu |editor-first=Janling |url=https://www.bloomsburyfoodlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9780567679826&amp;tocid=b-9780567679826-chapter8 |access-date=2025-07-27 |series=T&amp;T Clark Handbooks |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=T&amp;T Clark |language=en |isbn=978-0-567-67982-6 |editor2-last=Shafer-Elliott |editor2-first=Cynthia |editor3-last=Meyers |editor3-first=Carol}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Soil requirements ===<br /> Lentils can grow on various soil types, from sand to clay loam, growing best in deep sandy loam soils with moderate fertility. A soil [[pH]] around 7 would be the best. Lentils do not tolerate flooding or [[Waterlogging (agriculture)|water-logged]] conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Lentils improve the physical properties of soils and increase the yield of succeeding cereal crops. [[Biological nitrogen fixation]] or other rotational effects could be the reason for higher yields after lentils''.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Verlag-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Lentil: an ancient crop for modern times|date=2007|publisher=Springer Verlag |editor=Shyam S. Yadav |editor2=David McNeil |editor3=Philip C. Stevenson |isbn=978-1-4020-6312-1|location=Berlin|oclc=213090571}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Climate requirements ===<br /> The conditions under which lentils are grown differ across different growing regions. In the [[temperate climate]]s lentils are planted in the winter and spring under low temperatures and vegetative growth occurs in later spring and the summer. Rainfall during this time is not limited. In the [[subtropics]], lentils are planted under relatively high temperatures at the end of the rainy season, and vegetative growth occurs on the residual soil moisture in the summer season. Rainfall during this time is limited. In [[Western Asia|West Asia]] and [[North Africa]], some lentils are planted as a winter crop before snowfall. Plant growth occurs during the time of snow melting. Under such cultivation, seed yields are often much higher.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Verlag-2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Seedbed requirements and sowing ===<br /> The lentil requires a firm, smooth [[seedbed]] with most of the previous [[crop residue]]s incorporated. For the seed placement and for later harvesting it is important that the surface is not uneven with large clods, stones, or protruding crop residue. It is also important that the soil be made friable and weed-free, so that seeding can be done at a uniform depth.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The plant densities for lentils vary between [[genotype]]s, seed size, planting time and growing conditions, and also from region to region. In South Asia, a seed rate of {{convert|30|to|40|kg/ha|lb/acre|abbr=off}} is recommended. In West Asian countries, a higher seed rate is recommended, and also leads to a higher yield. The seeds should be sown {{convert|3|to|4|cm|in|frac=4}} deep. In agriculturally mechanized countries, lentils are planted using [[Seed drill|grain drills]], but many other areas still hand broadcast.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Cultivation management, fertilization ===<br /> In [[Intercropping|intercropping systems]] &amp;ndash; a practice commonly used in lentil cultivation &amp;ndash; [[herbicide]]s may be needed to assure crop health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Verlag-2007&quot; /&gt; Like many other [[legume]] crops, lentils can [[nitrogen fixation|fix atmospheric nitrogen]] in the soil with specific [[rhizobia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Lentils grow well under low [[fertilizer]] input conditions, although [[phosphorus]], [[nitrogen]], [[potassium]], and [[sulfur]] may be used for [[nutrient]]-poor soils.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Diseases ===<br /> {{main|List of lentil diseases}}<br /> Below is a list of the most common lentil diseases.<br /> <br /> ====Fungal diseases====<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Fungal diseases<br /> |-<br /> |Alternaria blight <br /> | {{plainlist|<br /> * ''[[Alternaria alternata]]'' <br /> * ''[[Alternaria]]'' sp.<br /> }}<br /> |-<br /> |Anthracnose <br /> | {{plainlist|<br /> * ''[[Colletotrichum lindemuthianum]]''<br /> * ''[[Colletotrichum truncatum]]''<br /> }}<br /> |-<br /> |Aphanomyces root rot <br /> | ''[[Aphanomyces euteiches]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Ascochyta blight <br /> | {{plainlist}}<br /> * [[Ascochyta fabae f.sp. lentis|''Ascochyta fabae'' f.sp. ''lentis'']] <br /> ** = ''[[Ascochyta lentis]]''<br /> ** = ''[[Didymella]]'' sp. [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|[teleomorph]]]<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> |-<br /> |Black root rot <br /> | ''[[Fusarium solani]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Black streak root rot <br /> | ''[[Thielaviopsis basicola]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Botrytis gray mold <br /> | ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Cercospora]]'' leaf spot <br /> | {{plainlist|<br /> * ''[[Cercospora cruenta]]''<br /> * ''[[Cercospora lentis]]''<br /> * ''[[Cercospora zonata]]''<br /> }}<br /> |-<br /> |Collar rot <br /> | {{plainlist}}<br /> * ''[[Sclerotium rolfsii]]''<br /> ** = ''[[Athelia rolfsii]]'' [teleomorph] <br /> ** = ''[[Corticium rolfsii]]''<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> |-<br /> |Cylindrosporium leaf spot and stem canker <br /> | ''[[Cylindrosporium]]'' sp. <br /> |-<br /> |Downy mildew <br /> | {{plainlist|<br /> * ''[[Peronospora lentis]]''<br /> * ''[[Peronospora viciae]]''<br /> }}<br /> |-<br /> |Dry root rot <br /> | {{plainlist}}<br /> * ''[[Macrophomina phaseolina]]'' <br /> ** = ''[[Rhizoctonia bataticola]]''<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> |-<br /> |Fusarium wilt <br /> | [[Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis|''Fusarium oxysporum'' f.sp. ''lentis'']]<br /> |-<br /> |Helminthosporium leaf spot <br /> | ''[[Helminthosporium]]'' sp. <br /> |-<br /> |Leaf rot <br /> | ''[[Choanephora]]'' sp. <br /> |-<br /> |Leaf yellowing <br /> | ''[[Cladosporium herbarum]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Ozonium wilt <br /> | [[Ozonium texanum var. parasiticum|''Ozonium texanum'' var. ''parasiticum'']]<br /> |-<br /> |Phoma leaf spot <br /> | ''[[Phoma medicaginis]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Powdery mildew <br /> | {{plainlist}}<br /> * ''[[Erysiphe pisi]]'' <br /> ** = ''[[Erysiphe polygoni]]''<br /> * ''[[Leveillula taurica]]'' <br /> ** = [[Leveillula leguminosarum f. lentis|''Leveillula leguminosarum'' f. ''lentis'']] <br /> ** = ''[[Oidiopsis taurica]]'' [anamorph]<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> |-<br /> |Pythium root and seedling rot <br /> | {{plainlist|<br /> * ''[[Pythium aphanidermatum]]''<br /> * ''[[Pythium ultimum]]''<br /> }}<br /> |-<br /> |Rust <br /> | {{plainlist}}<br /> * ''[[Uromyces craccae]]''<br /> * ''[[Uromyces viciae-fabae]]'' <br /> ** = ''[[Uromyces fabae]]''<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> |-<br /> |Sclerotinia stem rot <br /> | ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Spot blotch <br /> | ''[[Bipolaris sorokiniana]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Stemphylium blight <br /> | {{plainlist}}<br /> * ''[[Stemphylium botryosum]]''<br /> ** = ''[[Pleospora tarda]]'' [teleomorph]<br /> * ''[[Stemphylium sarciniforme]]''<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> |-<br /> |Wet root rot <br /> | {{plainlist}}<br /> * ''[[Rhizoctonia solani]]''<br /> ** = ''[[Thanatephorus cucumeris]]'' [teleomorph]<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Nematodes, parasitic====<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Nematodes, parasitic<br /> |-<br /> |Cyst nematode <br /> ||''[[Heterodera ciceri]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Reniform nematode <br /> | ''[[Rotylenchulus reniformis]]''<br /> |-<br /> |Root knot nematode <br /> | {{plainlist|<br /> * ''[[Meloidogyne incognita]]''<br /> * ''[[Meloidogyne javanica]]''<br /> }}<br /> |-<br /> |Root lesion nematode <br /> | ''[[Pratylenchus]]'' spp. <br /> |-<br /> |Stem nematode <br /> | ''[[Ditylenchus dipsaci]]''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Viral diseases====<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Viral diseases<br /> |-<br /> |Bean (pea) leaf roll virus <br /> ||[[Beet western yellows virus]] <br /> |-<br /> |Bean yellow mosaic <br /> ||[[Bean yellow mosaic virus]] <br /> |-<br /> |Broad bean mottle <br /> ||[[Broad bean mottle virus]]<br /> |-<br /> |Broad bean stain <br /> ||[[Broad bean stain virus]] <br /> |-<br /> |Cucumber mosaic <br /> ||[[Cucumber mosaic virus]] <br /> |-<br /> |Pea seedborne mosaic <br /> ||[[Pea seed-borne mosaic virus]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Use by humans ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}<br /> <br /> === Processing ===<br /> A combination of gravity, screens and air flow is used to clean and sort lentils by shape and density. After destoning, they may be separated by a color sorter and then packaged.<br /> <br /> A major part of the world's red lentil production undergoes a secondary processing step. These lentils are [[Husk|dehulled]], split and polished. In the [[Indian subcontinent]], this process is called dal milling.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt; The moisture content of the lentils prior to dehulling is crucial to guarantee a good dehulling efficiency.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt; The hull of lentils usually accounts for 6 to 7 percent of the total seed weight, which is lower than most legumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=HUGHES|first1=Joe S.|last2=Swanson|first2=Barry G.|year=1986|title=Microstructure of lentil seeds (Lens culinaris)|url=http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&amp;context=foodmicrostructure|journal=Food Structure|volume=5|pages=241–246|via=digitalcommons.usu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lentil flour can be produced by milling the seeds, like cereals.<br /> <br /> === Culinary use ===<br /> [[File:Split_Red_Lentil.jpg|thumb|Split red lentils (size 6 mm)]]<br /> <br /> Lentils can be eaten soaked, germinated, fried, baked or boiled &amp;ndash; the most common preparation method.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt; The seeds require a cooking time of 10 to 40 minutes, depending on the variety; small varieties with the husk removed, such as the common red lentil, require shorter cooking times (and unlike most legumes don't require soaking). Most varieties have a distinctive, earthy flavor. Lentils with husks remain whole with moderate cooking, while those without husks tend to disintegrate into a thick purée, which may enable various dishes. The composition of lentils leads to a high [[Emulsion|emulsifying]] capacity which can be even increased by dough [[fermentation]] in bread making.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bora|first=Pushkar Singh|title=Functional properties of native and succinylated lentil (Lens culinaris) globulins|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=77|issue=2|pages=171–176|doi=10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00332-6|year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Lentil dishes ====<br /> Lentils are used worldwide in many different dishes. Lentil dishes are most widespread throughout [[South Asia]], the [[Mediterranean]] regions, [[West Asia]], and [[Latin America]]. [[File:Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg|thumb|[[Dal tadka]] (lentil soup)]]<br /> In the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Singapore]] and the [[Caribbean]], lentil curry is part of the everyday diet, eaten with both rice and [[roti]]. Boiled lentils and lentil stock are used to thicken most vegetarian curries. They are also used as stuffing in [[dal]] [[paratha]]s and [[Puri (food)|puri]] for breakfast or snacks. Lentils are also used in many regional varieties of sweets. Lentil flour is used to prepare several different bread varieties, such as [[papadam]].<br /> <br /> They are frequently combined with [[rice]], which has a similar cooking time. A lentil and rice dish is referred to in Levantine countries as ''[[mujaddara]]'' or ''mejadra''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A Humble Lentil Dish Not Just for Hippies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/19/dining/a-humble-lentil-dish-not-just-for-hippies.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=14 Jun 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Iran, rice and lentil is served with fried [[raisin]]; this dish is called [[lentil rice]] (''adas polo)''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A Comforting Rice Dish That Won't Break the Bank |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/dining/persian-rice-recipe.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=6 March 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rice and lentils are also cooked together in ''[[khichdi]]'', a common dish in the Indian subcontinent (India and Pakistan); another dish, ''[[kushari]]'', made in Egypt, is considered a [[national dish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;boston&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Lentils and pasta are another common combination in [[Middle Eastern cuisine]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How to Turn the Humble Lentil Into an Extravagant Luxury<br /> |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/23/magazine/lentil-stew.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=23 Mar 2023 |author=Ligaya Mishan |author-link1=Ligaya Mishan}}&lt;/ref&gt; found in countries like [[Israel]], [[Palestine]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ottolenghi |first1=Yotam |author1-link=Yotam Ottolenghi |title=Basic instinct: Yotam Ottolenghi's recipes from Bethlehem |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/may/29/yotam-ottolenghi-bethlehem-recipes-broad-beans-maftoul-lentils-chicken-stew |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=29 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Syria]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ottolenghi |first1=Yotam |title=Yotam Ottolenghi's recipes to mark the #CookForSyria campaign |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/oct/29/cook-for-syria-campaign-recipes-yotam-ottolenghi-chicken-meatballs-harak-osbao |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=29 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Egypt]],&lt;ref name=&quot;boston&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=On the streets of Cairo, I fed my love for koshari - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/10/10/lifestyle/streets-cairo-i-fed-my-love-koshari/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=BostonGlobe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lebanon]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Abood |first1=Maureen |title=Lebanese Lentil Soup (Rushta Recipe) |url=https://maureenabood.com/garlicky-lentil-soup-with-swiss-chard-and-lemon-dressed-up-rushta/ |website=Maureen Abood |access-date=21 September 2025 |date=1 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; among others.<br /> <br /> Lentils are used to prepare an inexpensive and nutritious [[Lentil soup|soup]] throughout Europe and [[Americas|North and South America]], sometimes combined with [[Chicken (food)|chicken]] or [[pork]]. In Western countries, cooked lentils are often used in salads.&lt;ref name=&quot;CABI-2009&quot; /&gt; In Italy, the traditional dish for New Year's Eve is [[Cotechino]] served with lentils.<br /> <br /> Lentils are commonly eaten in [[Ethiopia]] in a stew-like dish called ''misir'', or ''misir wot'', one of the dishes people eat with Ethiopia's national food, ''[[injera]]'' flatbread.<br /> <br /> Lentils were a chief part of the diet of ancient Iranians, who consumed lentils daily in the form of a stew poured over rice.<br /> <br /> === Nutritional value ===<br /> {{nutritionalvalue|name=Lentils, mature seeds, cooked, boiled, with salt|kJ=477|water=69.64 g|protein=9.02 g|fat=0.38 g|carbs=19.54 g|sugars=1.8 g|fiber=7.9 g|calcium_mg=19|iron_mg=3.3|magnesium_mg=36|phosphorus_mg=180|potassium_mg=369|sodium_mg=238|zinc_mg=1.27|copper_mg=0.251|manganese_mg=0.494|selenium_ug=2.8|vitC_mg=1.5|vitD_iu= 0|vitE_mg=0.11|vitK_ug=1.7|thiamin_mg=0.169|riboflavin_mg=0.073|niacin_mg=1.06|pantothenic_mg=0.638|vitB6_mg=0.178|folate_ug=181|note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/175254/nutrients Link to Full USDA Database entry]}}<br /> <br /> Boiled lentils are 70% water, 20% [[carbohydrate]]s, 9% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and 0.4% [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g|oz|frac=2|abbr=off}}, cooked lentils (boiled; variety unspecified) provide 114 [[calorie]]s, and are a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[folate]] (45% DV), [[copper in biology|copper]] (28% DV), and [[manganese in biology|manganese]] (21% DV). They are a moderate source (10-19% DV) of [[thiamine]], [[pantothenic acid]], [[Vitamin B6|vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]], [[iron in biology|iron]], and [[phosphorus in biology|phosphorus]], with other minerals in moderate content (table).<br /> <br /> ==== Digestive effects ====<br /> The low levels of readily digestible starch (5 percent) and high levels of slowly digested starch make lentils of potential value to people with [[diabetes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RamdathRenwick2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=2016|title=The Role of Pulses in the Dietary Management of Diabetes|journal=Can J Diabetes|type=Review|volume=40|issue=4|pages=355–63|doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.015|pmid=27497151 |vauthors=Ramdath D, Renwick S, Duncan AM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Mudryj AN, Yu N, Aukema HM |year=2014|title=Nutritional and health benefits of pulses|journal=Appl Physiol Nutr Metab|type=Review. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1197–204|doi=10.1139/apnm-2013-0557|pmid=25061763 |bibcode=2014ApPNM..39.1197M }}&lt;/ref&gt; The remaining 65% of the starch is a [[resistant starch]] classified as RS1.&lt;ref&gt;Kawaljit Singh Sandhu, Seung-Taik Lim ''Digestibility of legume starches as influenced by their physical and structural properties'' Elsevier, 16 March 2007&lt;/ref&gt; A minimum of 10% in starch from lentils escapes [[digestion]] and absorption in the [[small intestine]] (therefore called &quot;resistant starch&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Tovar J|year=1996|title=Bioavailability of carbohydrates in legumes: digestible and indigestible fractions|journal=Arch Latinoam Nutr|volume=44|issue=4 Suppl 1|pages=36S–40S|pmid=9137637}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additional resistant starch is synthesized from gelatinized starch, during cooling, after lentils are cooked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Casey R.|last2=Thavarajah|first2=Dil|last3=Thavarajah|first3=Pushparajah|last4=Payne|first4=Scott|last5=Moore|first5=Jayma|last6=Ohm|first6=Jae-Bom|title=Processing, cooking, and cooling affect prebiotic concentrations in lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus)|journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis|volume=38|pages=106–111|doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2014.10.008|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lentils also have [[antinutrient]] factors, such as [[trypsin inhibitor]]s and a relatively high [[phytate]] content. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in protein digestion, and phytates reduce the [[bioavailability]] of [[dietary minerals]].&lt;ref name=&quot;vidal&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Vidal-Valverde C, Frias F, Estrella I, Gorospe MJ, Ruiz R, Bacon J |year=1994|title=Effect of processing on some antinutritional factors of lentils|journal=J Agric Food Chem|volume=42|issue=10|pages=2291–2295|doi=10.1021/jf00046a039|bibcode=1994JAFC...42.2291V }}&lt;/ref&gt; The phytates can be reduced by prolonged soaking and fermentation or sprouting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Egli|first1=I.|last2=Davidsson|first2=L.|last3=Juillerat|first3=M.a.|last4=Barclay|first4=D.|last5=Hurrell|first5=R.f.|date=2002-11-01|title=The Influence of Soaking and Germination on the Phytase Activity and Phytic Acid Content of Grains and Seeds Potentially Useful for Complementary Feedin|journal=Journal of Food Science|language=en|volume=67|issue=9|pages=3484–3488|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09609.x|bibcode=2002JFooS..67.3484E |issn=1750-3841}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cooking nearly completely removes the trypsin inhibitor activity; sprouting is also effective.&lt;ref name=vidal/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Breeding ==<br /> Although lentils have been an important crop for centuries, lentil breeding and genetic research have a relatively short history compared to that of many other crops. Since the inception of The [[International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas|International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas]] (ICARDA) breeding programme in 1977 significant gains have been made. It supplies landraces and breeding lines for countries around the world, supplemented by other programmes in both developing (e.g. India) and developed (e.g. Australia and Canada) countries. In recent years, such collaborations among breeders and agronomists are becoming increasingly important.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Science &amp; Business Media-2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The focus lies on high yielding and stable cultivars for diverse environments to match the demand of a growing population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Jitendra|last2=Gupta|first2=Sunanda|last3=Gupta|first3=Priyanka|last4=Dubey|first4=Sonali|last5=Tomar|first5=Ram Sewak Singh|last6=Kumar|first6=Shiv|date=2016|title=Breeding strategies to improve lentil for diverse agro-ecological environments|journal= Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding |volume=76|issue=4|page=530|doi=10.5958/0975-6906.2016.00071.7|bibcode=2016IJGPB..76..530K |issn=0019-5200}}&lt;/ref&gt; In particular, progress in quantity and quality as well as in the resistance to disease and abiotic stresses are the major breeding aims.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Science &amp; Business Media-2007&quot; /&gt; Several varieties have been developed applying conventional breeding methodologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bats.ch/bats/publikationen/1995-1_TA/2-methods.php | title=BATS: Methods of Plant Breeding }}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious genetic improvement for yield has been made, however, the full potential of production and productivity could not yet be tapped due to several biotic and abiotic stresses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar-2016&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Wild ''Lens'' species are a significant source of genetic variation for improving the relatively narrow genetic base of this crop. The wild species possess many diverse traits including disease resistances and abiotic stress tolerances. The above-mentioned ''L. nigricans'' and ''L. orientalis'' possess morphological similarities to the cultivated ''L. culinaris''. But only ''L. culinaris'' and ''L. culinaris'' subsp. ''orientalis'' are crossable and produce fully fertile seed. Between the different related species hybridisation barriers exist. According to their inter-crossability with ''Lens'' taxa can be divided into three gene pools:<br /> <br /> # Primary gene pool:''L. culinaris'', ''L. orientalis'', ''L. tomentosus''<br /> # Secondary gene pool: ''L. lamottei'', ''L. odemensis'', ''L. ervoides''<br /> # Tertiary gene pool: ''L. nigricans''<br /> <br /> Crosses generally fail between members of different gene pools. However, [[Plant hormone|plant growth regulators]] and/or [[embryo rescue]] allows the growth of viable [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] between groups. Even if crosses are successful, many undesired genes may be introduced as well in addition to the desired ones. This can be resolved by using a [[backcrossing]] programme. Thus, [[Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)|mutagenesis]] is crucial to create new and desirable varieties. According to Yadav et al. other biotechnology techniques which may impact on lentil breeding are [[Micropropagation|micro-propagation]] using meristamatic explants, callus culture and regeneration, protoplast culture and doubled haploid production.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer Science &amp; Business Media-2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There is a proposed revision of the gene pools using SNP phylogeny.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Melissa M. L. |last2=Gujaria-Verma |first2=Neha |last3=Ramsay |first3=Larissa |last4=Yuan |first4=Hai Ying |last5=Caron |first5=Carolyn |last6=Diapari |first6=Marwan |last7=Vandenberg |first7=Albert |last8=Bett |first8=Kirstin E. |title=Classification and Characterization of Species within the Genus Lens Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) |journal=PLOS ONE|date=27 March 2015 |volume=10 |issue=3 |article-number=e0122025 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122025|pmid=25815480 |pmc=4376907 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1022025W |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[National Lentil Festival]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{Portal|Food}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * [[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Alan Davidson]], ''The Oxford Companion to Food''. {{ISBN|0-19-211579-0}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Cookbook|Lentil}}<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> {{unimelb|Lens.html}}<br /> * [http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/agricultural/lentils/ Lentils – Country Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics]<br /> * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/lentil.html Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lentil]<br /> <br /> {{Egyptian cuisine}}<br /> {{Taxonbar|from1=Q131226|from2=Q111391147}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lentil| ]]<br /> [[Category:Fabeae]]<br /> [[Category:Edible legumes]]<br /> [[Category:Founder crops]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarla_Maheshwari_(journalist)&diff=533253 2026-03-22T21:35:40Z

<p>Xtromirit: added new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian television journalist (1954–2026)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person <br /> | name = Sarla Maheshwari<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1954|04|11}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|02|12|1954|04|11}}<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | residence = <br /> | religion = <br /> | spouse = Pawan Maheshawari<br /> | children = 2 sons<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sarla Maheshwari''' (11 April 1954 – 12 February 2026) was an Indian journalist who worked as a news reader with [[DD National]].&lt;ref name=&quot;g995&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Sarla Maheshwari, former Doordarshan news reader, passes away at 71 | website=The Hindu | date=2026-02-12 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sarla-maheshwari-former-doordarshan-news-reader-passes-away-at-71/article70623542.ece | access-date=2026-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her career spanned from 1976 to 2005.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Sarla Maheshwari was born on 11 April 1954. She completed her [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] &amp; [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Hindi at the [[University of Delhi]] and later did her [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] also at the same university. While still a doctoral student, she auditioned and was selected as an announcer for [[Doordarshan]] in 1976, marking the beginning of her career in television broadcasting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Doordarshan news anchor Sarla Maheshwari passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/doordarshan-news-anchor-sarla-maheshwari-dead-10528286/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also served as a lecturer at [[Hansraj College]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title=Who is Sarla Maheshwari, veteran Doordarshan anchor and former lecturer at Hansraj College where Shah Rukh Khan studied |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/who-is-sarla-maheshwari-veteran-doordarshan-anchor-and-former-lecturer-at-hansraj-college-where-shah-rukh-khan-studied/articleshow/128248315.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, she married Pawan Maheswari, a gastroenterologist and together they had two sons, Himanshu Maheshwari and Kavish Maheshwari, a plastic surgeon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=Sarla Maheshwari: Doordarshan bulletin’s voice of grace passes away at 71 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sarla-maheshwari-doordarshan-bulletins-passes-10529634/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Maheshwari began her broadcasting career with [[Doordarshan]] in 1976 as an announcer and later transitioned to reading the news, becoming one of the channel's key presenters during a period when it was the principal source of television news in India. Her career spanned nearly three decades, during which she became known for her measured delivery and credibility among viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Sarla Maheshwari dies at 71: DD's calm voice that built trust in India’s first TV news era - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/sarla-maheshwari-dies-at-71-dds-calm-voice-that-built-trust-in-indias-first-tv-news-era-515927-2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During her career, Maheshwari also worked briefly abroad in the United Kingdom as a newsreader with the [[BBC]] before returning to India and re-joining Doordarshan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Remembering Sarla Maheshwari, the Doordarshan Newsreader of the 80s and 90s Who Kept India Hooked on the News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/remembering-sarla-maheshwari-the-doordarshan-newsreader-of-the-80s-and-90s-who-kept-india-hooked-on-the-news-article-153600303 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She witnessed the evolution of television news from black-and-white broadcasts to colour programming and emerging media formats. She was one of the first to anchor colour telecasts during Asian Games in New Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-05-06 |title=India Post teams up with Delhi Quiz Club for first iteration of philately quiz |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-post-teams-up-with-delhi-quiz-club-for-first-iteration-of-philately-quiz-101746506163066.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Later life and death ==<br /> After retiring from [[Doordarshan]] in 2005, Maheshwari remained a respected figure among former colleagues and audiences. She died in [[New Delhi]] on 12 February 2026, at the age of 71.&lt;ref name=&quot;g995&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Sarla Maheshwari, former Doordarshan news reader, passes away at 71 | website=The Hindu | date=2026-02-12 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sarla-maheshwari-former-doordarshan-news-reader-passes-away-at-71/article70623542.ece | access-date=2026-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;a636&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Former Doordarshan news reader Sarla Maheshwari dies at 71 | website=Hindustan Times | date=2026-02-12 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-doordarshan-news-reader-sarla-maheshwari-dies-at-71-101770887976359.html | access-date=2026-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her last rites were done on the same day at [[Nigambodh Ghat|Nigambodh Shamshan Ghat, Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title=Who was Sarla Maheshwari? Doordarshan’s iconic news anchor dies at 71 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sarla-maheshwari-one-of-doordarshans-most-familiar-faces-dies-at-71/articleshow/128249190.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her death was widely reported by national media, and Doordarshan National paid tribute to her contributions to Indian television journalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Who was Sarla Maheswari? Veteran Doordarshan anchor dies at the age of 71 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/who-was-sarla-maheswari-veteran-doordarshan-anchor-dies-at-the-age-of-71-101770889171561.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|15523037}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Sarla}}<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]<br /> [[Category:2026 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women television journalists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television news anchors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women television presenters]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piravom&diff=525625 2026-03-19T18:50:42Z

<p>Xtromirit: Creating new pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Piravom<br /> | native_name = {{native name|ml|പിറവം}}<br /> | settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image_skyline = PIRAVOM PALAM.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Piravom Bridge<br /> | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|9.87263|N|76.49195|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|City UA]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Kochi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Piravom Municipality<br /> | leader_title = [[Chairperson]]<br /> | leader_name = <br /> | leader_title1 = [[Vice Chairman]]<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 29.36<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 27229<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 686664<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 0485<br /> | registration_plate = KL-07 KL-17<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kochi]], [[Kottayam]]<br /> <br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = Kottayam<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = Assembly constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = Piravom assembly constituency<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = Piravom municipality<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Piravom''' ({{IPA|ml|piraʋəm}}) is a town and [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is located 30 km from Ernakulam, the nearest city and {{convert|22|km|1|abbr=on}} south of the district collectorate in [[Thrikkakara]].The Piravom Road Railway Station is situated 9 km from the town. Piravom is known for its rich cultural and religious heritage, with two major festivals attracting large crowds each year. The Piravom Pally Perunnal and Sivarathri at Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil Temple. As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Piravom has a population of 27,229 people, and a population density of {{convert|927|/sqkm|abbr=on}}.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> {{Empty section|date=August 2023}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Piravom was owned by the Vadakkumkoor Kingdom until it was captured by [[Travancore]] kingdom, and is now part of the Indian state of Kerala.<br /> <br /> Piravom was reverted to [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] status in 1992 after two years as a municipality because of skepticism that its classification as a municipality would attract higher tax rates and building regulation. However, as modern municipal councils now have the authority to fix the tax rate and new building rule provisions are now applicable to special grade panchayats, the economic incentive for Piravom remaining a panchayat has disappeared. The local government of Piravom passed a unanimous resolution for elevation to municipality status. In 2015, the government of Kerala reclassified Piravom as a municipality. <br /> <br /> The Kerala state government and the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority|GCDA]] have plans to incorporate [[Angamaly]], [[Perumbavoor]], Piravom and [[Kolenchery]] in [[Ernakulam]] district, [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] and [[Kodungallur]] in [[Thrissur]] district, [[Thalayolaparambu]] and [[Vaikom]] in [[Kottayam]], and [[Cherthala]] in [[Alappuzha]] district into the jurisdiction of the [[Kochi]] metropolis. The newly formed metropolis would be put under the charge of a new authority called the [[Kochi Metropolitan Regional Development Authority]].<br /> <br /> ==Places of interest==<br /> <br /> * [[Pazhoor Padippura]] is an [[Hindu astrology|astrology]] center linked to [[Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil]] located in Piravom is referred in the [[Aithihyamala]] by [[Kottarathil Sankunni]].<br /> <br /> [[File:പാഴൂർ പെരുംതൃക്കോവിൽ.jpg|thumb|Perumthrkkovil Pazhor]]<br /> <br /> * [[Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil]] is a temple of [[Shiva]] of [[Hindu]] tradition located at the town of Piravom. The temple is believed to be nearly 1,800 years old.&lt;ref&gt;[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Kerala-to-use-star-power-to-lure-foreign-tourists-to-state/articleshow/16228256.cms Kerala to use ‘star power’ to lure foreign tourists to state]. ''Times of India'' (3 September 2012). Retrieved on 2019-08-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil is also mentioned in Aithihyamala.<br /> <br /> [[File:Piravom Valiya Pally.jpg|thumb|right|Piravom Valiyapally]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Cathedral Declaration.jpg|thumb|Piravom Valiyapally Cathedral declaration]]<br /> <br /> * [[Piravom Valiya Pally]] is one of the oldest churches in Kerala. It stands on a hilltop on the eastern bank of the Muvattupuzha River.<br /> * [[Chinmaya Mission|Adi Shankara Nilayam]], in Peppathy, is one of the finest Sanskrit and Indic institutes in India. This is near [[Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth|Chinmaya Viswavidyapeeth.]] <br /> * [[Areekkal Waterfalls]] is located at Pampakuda panchayat near Piravom.<br /> <br /> ==Educational institutions==<br /> * Government Higher Secondary School, Piravom<br /> * Government Higher Secondary School, Namakuzhy<br /> * M.K.M.H.S.S., Piravom<br /> * Fatima Central School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fatima Central School – Best school in Piravom|url=https://www.fatimaschoolpiravom.com/|access-date=2021-02-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School<br /> * Holy Kings Public school Piravom<br /> * [[BPC College Piravom]]<br /> * MSM ITI, Piravom&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MSM ITI|url=https://msmitipiravom.com/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=msmitipiravom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Vivekananda Public School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Vivekananda Public School Piravom - Pazhoor, Piravom, Ernakulam, Vivekananda Public School Piravom, Vivekananda Public School Piravom, Vivekananda Public School Ernakulam|url=http://www.vpspiravom.com/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.vpspiravom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Toc H Public School<br /> * [[Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth]], a [[deemed university]] under the ''de novo'' category, Peppathy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Veliyanad, Kochi|url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.cvv.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Naipunnya St. Michael's Public School, Veliyanad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naipunnya St. Michael's Public School|url=https://www.nsmps.edu.in/|access-date=February 20, 2021|website=Naipunnya St. Michael's Public School}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Government LPS Piravom<br /> * Government LPS Pazhoor<br /> * Government LPS Kalampoor<br /> * Government LPS Namakkuzhy<br /> * CMS LPS Edappallichira<br /> * St. Antony's LPS Kalluvettamata<br /> * Government UPS Kakkad<br /> * Government UPS Kalampoor<br /> <br /> ==Places of worship==<br /> {{Main|Places of worship in Piravom}}<br /> {{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br /> *[[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral]], Piravom <br /> * The famous [[Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil]] temple of Lord Shiva - legend says it was renovated by [[Perumthachan]] and Pazhoor Padippura <br /> *[[Assemblies of God in India]],Piravom south.<br /> *[[The Pentecostal Mission]],Piravom.<br /> *[[India Pentecostal Church of God]], Piavom.<br /> *[[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]], Piravom.<br /> * Holy Kings Knanaya Catholic Forane Church, Piravom (Kochupally)<br /> * Little Flower Church, Piravom <br /> * Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Piravom<br /> * St Gregorios Orthodox Catholic Centre, Piravom<br /> * Pallikkavu Bhagavathi Temple<br /> * Parekkunnu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple Piravom<br /> * Karavelloor Mahadeva Temple (108 sivalaya fame), Kalampoor<br /> * Desadhipan Amarkkulam Sreekrishna Swamy Temple (built by [[Pandava]]s)<br /> * Thiruveesamkulam Mahadeva Temple, Palachuvadu<br /> * Mar Yohanon Ihidiyo Orthodox Syrian Church, Mulakkulam<br /> * Parumala mar Gregorious Shrine, Palachuvadu<br /> * Chalasseril Kalari Paradevatha Kshetram<br /> * St. Mary's Syrian Orthodox Church, Kottarakkunnu<br /> * St. Peter's and St. Paul's Orthodox Syrian Church (Parel Pally), Namakuzhy, Mulakulam North<br /> * St. George Orthodox Syrian Church, Karmelkunnu, Mulakkulam<br /> * St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Mannookkunnu<br /> * Onnakoor St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Valiyapally (In Pampakuda Panchayath)<br /> * Anchupoojayum Vilakkum Mahotsavam at Desadhipan Amarkkulam Sreekrishnaswamy Temple<br /> * Perumbadavum St George Orthodox church, Elanji (near Piravom, Elanji Panchayath).<br /> * Uthram Vilaku Mahotsavam at Pisharukoil temple, Piravom (Kumbha Masam)<br /> * St. Andrew's Church, Palachuvadu, Piravom<br /> * St. Michael's Church, Kolengai<br /> * Sreepurushamangalam Sreekrishna Temple, Kakkad<br /> * Brethren Assembly, Piravom<br /> * Spiritual Feast, Kakkad, Piravom.<br /> * Puthussery Thrikka Balanarasimha Swamy Temple<br /> * Acharyakovil Devi temple<br /> * Pallippattu Devi Temple, Pazhoor<br /> * Peringamala Shreekrishna swami temple<br /> * Thirumanamkunnu Devi temple<br /> * Oozhathumala Mahadeva temple<br /> * Melpazhur Mana Temple<br /> * Kalampoorkkavu Devi Temple<br /> * St Luke's CSI Church Piravom (Kollickal)}}<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> * Holy Danaha Perunnal at [[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Piravom|St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral]] (Piravom valiya pally perunnal)<br /> * Vishudha Rajakanmarude Thirunnal at Piravom Kochu pally<br /> * Pazhoor [[Shivaraathri]] and Thiruvaathira Aarattu Maholthsavam<br /> *[[Easter]] at St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral (Piravom valiya pally)<br /> * Thiruvathira Mahotsavam of Thiruveeshamkulam Temple<br /> * Pallikkavu Meenabharani Festival<br /> *Acharikovil Meenabharani Festival<br /> * Athachamayam Festival<br /> * Kalamboor Kaavu pana Maholsavam [[Kalampoor]], Thookkam<br /> * Medam Rohini Mahotsavam, Sree Purushamangalam Temple, Kakkad<br /> * Pazhoor Pallippattu Temple Pana Maholsavam<br /> * Makara Vilakku Maholsavam at Parekkunnu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple Piravom<br /> * Makara Vilaku Ulsavam at Thaliyil Ayyapa Temple [[Kalampoor]]<br /> * Piravom Vallam Kali festival organised by Piravom Municipality.<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> Piravom Assembly Constituency has been incorporated into [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam Lok Sabha Constituency]], led by [[Francis George]], as a part of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliament seats in India. The assembly was previously part of [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha Lok Sabha Constituency]]. Notable people<br /> • T. M. Jacob (1950–2011): Former Cabinet Minister of Kerala and founder of the Kerala Congress (Jacob). He represented the Piravom constituency for several decades and held various portfolios, including Education, Irrigation, and Food &amp; Civil Supplies.<br /> • Anoop Jacob: Son of T. M. Jacob and current Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Piravom. He served as the Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in the UDF government (2012–2016).<br /> .MJ jacob Cpi(M)who served as MLA of Piravom from 2006-2011, who was the man behind major developments at piravom .<br /> • K. P. Salim: A senior leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) who played a pivotal role in the local governance of Piravom. His career spans several key administrative positions:<br /> • Local Governance: He served as the President of the Piravom Grama Panchayat and later as the Vice Chairperson of the Piravom Municipality following its elevation from a panchayat.<br /> • Academic Administration: He was a member of the Mahatma Gandhi University Senate, contributing to the educational policy and administration of the region.<br /> • Sabu K. Jacob: A political leader who served as the last President of the Piravom Grama Panchayat and subsequently became the first Chairman of the Piravom Municipality. He has been a key figure in the transition of Piravom from a rural to an urban administrative body.<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> The nearest railway station to Piravom is the [[Piravam Road railway station|Piravam Road Railway Station]] (Velloor), which has stops for all passenger trains and most express trains. The nearest major railway station is at Ernakulam.<br /> <br /> The nearest airport, [[Cochin International Airport]], is at [[Nedumbassery]].<br /> <br /> A government transport ([[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]) bus depot is located at Piravom.<br /> <br /> A private bus stand is located at the center of Piravom. The buses provide connectivity to Kochi and nearby towns.<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The town is situated on the banks of the [[Muvattupuzha River]].<br /> {| style=&quot;margin:0;&quot;<br /> |<br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |title = '''Destinations from Piravom'''<br /> |Northwest = [[Ernakulam]]<br /> |North = [[Kolenchery]] [[perumbavoor]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Muvattupuzha]]<br /> |West = [[Mulanthuruthy]]<br /> |Centre = Piravom <br /> |East = [[Koothattukulam]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Thalayolaparambu]]<br /> |South = [[Kottayam]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Palai]]<br /> }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Nearby towns and cities==<br /> <br /> * [[Kochi]] (32&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Kottayam]] (42&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Muvattupuzha]] (21&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Thodupuzha]] (36&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]] (31&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Ettumanoor]] (31&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Koothattukulam]] (14&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Thrippunithura]] (23&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Vaikom]] (28&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Aluva]] (36&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Perumbavoor]] (34&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Kolenchery]] (19&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]] (34&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Thalayolaparambu]](15&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> * [[Kaduthuruthy]](14&amp;nbsp;km)<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Piravom Valiya Palli]]<br /> * [[Pazhoor Padippura]]<br /> * [[Kalamboor Kavu Devi Temple]]<br /> * [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<br /> * [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]<br /> * [[Thirumarayoor]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [https://www.piravom.in/ Piravom Website]<br /> * [https://www.medamana.org/public/piravam.html Scenes From Piravam]<br /> * [https://www.medamana.org/public/kerala-church-history/piravom.html Piravom – From Annals of Kerala Church]<br /> *[http://www.cvv.ac.in Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth]<br /> *[https://www.chinfo.org/melpazhurMana/]<br /> *[https://www.chinfo.org Chinmaya International Foundation]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies]<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/admin.asp?typ=2&amp;titl=Local%20Administration|title=Local Administration – Ernakulam District|publisher=NIC Ernakulam (Govt. of India)|access-date=21 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051111/http://ernakulam.nic.in/admin.asp?typ=2&amp;titl=Local%20Administration|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Piravom Municipality Election 2020]<br /> &lt;!-- {{coord|9|52|N| 76|30|E|region:IN_type:city|display=title}} --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Kochi}}<br /> <br /> {{Northern Travancore}}<br /> <br /> {{Neighbourhoods of Kochi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Khukri_(F149)&diff=452179 2026-03-19T06:48:27Z

<p>Xtromirit: Article updated with improved flow</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian blackwood-class frigate sunk by Pakistan}}<br /> {{Other ships|INS Khukri}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox ship<br /> |section1={{Infobox ship/image<br /> | image = INS Khukri (F149).jpg<br /> | image_caption = INS ''Khukrii'' underway<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section2={{Infobox ship/career<br /> | hide_header = <br /> | country = India<br /> | flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}<br /> | name = INS ''Khukri''&lt;ref name=Janes1961i&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Blackman |editor-first=Raymond VB |title=Jane's Fighting Ships, 1961-62 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston &amp; Co Ltd |pages=114}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | namesake = [[Khukri]]<br /> | ordered = <br /> | builder = [[J. Samuel White]], [[Cowes]]<br /> | laid_down = 29 December 1955<br /> | launched = 20 November 1956<br /> | acquired = <br /> | commissioned = 16 July 1958<br /> | decommissioned = <br /> | in_service = <br /> | out_of_service = <br /> | struck = <br /> | reinstated = <br /> | honours = <br /> | identification = [[Pennant number]]: F149<br /> | fate = Torpedoed and sunk on 9 December 1971<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br /> | hide_header = <br /> | header_caption = <br /> | class = {{sclass|Blackwood|frigate}}&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | displacement = {{convert|1,180|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full load&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | length = {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}}pp {{convert|310|ft|m|abbr=on}}oa&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | beam = {{convert|33|ft|m|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | height = <br /> | draught = {{convert|15.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | depth = <br /> | hold_depth = <br /> | decks = <br /> | deck_clearance = <br /> | ramps = <br /> | ice_class = <br /> | power = <br /> | propulsion = Y-100 plant; 2 x [[Babcock &amp; Wilcox]] boilers, steam turbines on 1 shaft, {{convert|15,000|shp|MW|abbr=on}}<br /> | speed = {{convert|27.8|kn|km/h|0}} maximum, {{convert| 24.5|kn|km/h|0}} sustained&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | range = {{convert|5200|nmi|km|-1}} at {{convert|12|kn|km/h|0}}<br /> | endurance = <br /> | test_depth = <br /> | boats = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | troops = <br /> | complement = 150&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | crew = <br /> | time_to_activate = <br /> | sensors = *Radar Type 974 navigation<br /> *Sonar Type 174 search<br /> *Sonar Type 162 target classification<br /> *Sonar Type 170 targeting<br /> | EW = <br /> | armament = *3 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors gun Mark 7]] (quarterdeck mount later removed)&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> *2 × [[Limbo (weapon)|Limbo Mark 10]] A/S mortars&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;<br /> | armour = <br /> | armor = <br /> | aircraft = <br /> | aircraft_facilities = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''INS ''Khukri''''' was a [[Blackwood-class frigate|Type 14 (''Blackwood''-class)]] [[frigate]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. She was a part of the ''14th Frigate Squadron'', a task force that formed part of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]. The squadron consisted of the three frigates – INS ''Khukri'', {{INS|Kirpan|F144|6}} and {{INS|Kuthar|F146|6}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hiranandani |first1=GM |title=Transition to triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |year=2000 |publisher=Director Personnel Services (DPS) |isbn=978-1897829691}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was sunk off the coast of [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Gujarat]], India by the [[Pakistan Navy]] {{sclass|Daphné|submarine|0}} submarine {{ship|PNS|Hangor|S131|2}} on 9 December 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. She was the [[List of ships sunk by torpedoes after 1945|first warship sunk by a submarine since World War II]] and is the post-independence Indian Navy's only warship to have been lost in war.&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;navalforces&quot;&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093601/http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == The sinking of INS ''Khukri'' ==<br /> After the beginning of hostilities on 3 December 1971, Indian Naval radio detection identified a submarine lurking about {{convert|35|mi}} southwest of Diu harbour. The 14th Frigate Squadron of the Western Fleet was dispatched to destroy the submarine.&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt; It usually consisted of five ships, ''Khukri'', {{INS|Kirpan|1959|2}}, ''Kalveti'', ''Krishna'' and ''Kuthar,'' but at the time of the incident ''Kuthar''{{'}}s boiler room was being repaired in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt; One reason that may have prompted the decision to deploy two obsolete ''Blackwood''-class frigates against a modern ''Daphne''-class submarine was that the Indian Navy lacked sufficient numbers of anti-submarine aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060710173052/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_431.shtml Indian-Subcontinent Database]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The submarine sighted the squadron on the evening of 9 December. ''Khukri'' was still not aware of the submarine's presence&lt;ref name=&quot;brharry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Harry |first=B. |title=Loss of the INS Khukri |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/harry.html |access-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015853/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/harry.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and continued slowly on a steady course because she was testing an improved version of the 170/174 sonar, which required a low speed to increase detection, despite the fact that moving on low speed was against Indian anti-submarine doctrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;russellphillip&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri|url=http://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/articles/ins-khukri.php|work=Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers Journal.|publisher=russellphillipsbooks|access-date=20 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015444/http://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/articles/ins-khukri.php|archive-date=26 March 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> At 19:57 ''Hangor'' fired a homing torpedo on a sonar approach at ''Kirpan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;russellphillip&quot; /&gt; The torpedo missed ''Kirpan'', did not explode,&lt;ref name=&quot;brharry&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;interviewtasneem&quot; /&gt; and was detected, causing ''Kirpan'' to turn away and fire multiple anti-submarine mortars, all of which also missed.&lt;ref name=&quot;russellphillip&quot; /&gt; ''Khukri'' increased its speed and turned towards the submarine, which then fired a second torpedo directed at ''Khukri''.&lt;ref name=&quot;russellphillip&quot; /&gt; The torpedo struck ''Khukri'' and exploded under its oil tanks.&lt;ref name=&quot;russellphillip&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brharry&quot; /&gt; According to the Pakistani submarine captain, Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]], the ship sank within two minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;interviewtasneem&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101223133653/http://www.zimbio.com/member/Pakistan1947/articles/4112973/Vice%2BAdmiral%2BTasneem Interview with Vice Admiral Tasneem, December 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Other sources claim that ''Khukri'' was struck by three torpedoes before going down.&lt;ref&gt;Friedman, Norman (1984). ''Submarine design and development''. Conway Maritime, p. 188&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After a few minutes, ''Kirpan'' attacked ''Hangor'' with depth charges, as her anti-submarine mortars were no longer functional. All missed.&lt;ref name=&quot;russellphillip&quot; /&gt; ''Hangor'' then fired a final torpedo at ''Kirpan'', which ''Kirpan'' dodged before returning back. ''Hangor'' then left the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;russellphillip&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brharry&quot; /&gt; ''Hangor'' patrolled the region for the next four days before returning safely to her berth.<br /> <br /> ==Casualties==<br /> ''Khukri'' is the only ship lost in combat in the history of the post-independence Indian Navy.&lt;ref name=russellphillip /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ojnews&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ojnewscom.com/index.php?page=newsDetail&amp;id=4446 |title=Why they chose to go down with the ship? |last=Wattal |first=Ameeta Mulla |publisher=OjNewsCom |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206100514/https://www.ojnewscom.com/index.php?page=newsDetail&amp;id=4446 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eighteen officers and 176 sailors were killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;navalforces&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ojnews&quot;/&gt; The captain, [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]], was among the casualties and is therefore the only Indian captain to go down with a vessel. He was posthumously awarded India's second-highest military honour, the [[Maha Vir Chakra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ojnews&quot;/&gt;<br /> ==Remembrance==<br /> A memorial in the remembrance of this ship has been built, along the coast, in [[Diu, India|Diu]]. The memorial consists of a scale model of ''Khukri'' encased in a glass house, placed atop a hillock facing the sea. The memorial was inaugurated by Vice Admiral [[Madhvendra Singh]] as the flag officer commanding-in-chief.&lt;ref name=exp1&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 Two-day ceremony at Navy's Diu memorial] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425031811/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 |date=25 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; India's first indigenously built corvette was also [[INS Khukri (P49)|named after her.]] <br /> <br /> [[File:Indian frigate INS Khukri at full steam, Jalesveva Jayamahe, p57.jpg|thumb|INS ''Khukri'' during an exercise with [[Indonesian Navy]] in 1960]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Model of INS Khukri at memorial of the ship, 2012.jpg|thumb|Model of ''Khukri'' at the INS ''Khukri'' memorial, Diu]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Engraved stone about INS Khukri at the ship's memorial.jpg|thumb|INS ''Khukri'' memorial, Diu]]<br /> <br /> ==Controversy==<br /> Responsibility for errors by Indian naval officers related to the sinking has caused some controversy. The naval officer who led the inquiry into the sinking, Benoy Bhushan, has claimed that India's official naval history invented fictional accounts to cover up bungling and a surviving sailor from the frigate, Chanchal Singh Gill, has called for an investigation and withdrawal of gallantry awards to negligent officers in the squadron.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Khukri-sinking-Probe-officer-terms-row-silly-fiction/articleshow/7233771.cms |title=Khukri sinking: Probe officer terms row 'silly fiction' |newspaper=Times of India |last=Sura |first=Ajay |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=7 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col}}<br /> * {{Ship|HMS|Cadiz|D79}}<br /> * [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br /> * [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> * [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> * [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]<br /> * [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]<br /> * [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]<br /> * [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]<br /> * [[Military history of India]]<br /> * [[List of military disasters]]<br /> * [[List of wars involving India]]<br /> *[[Sinking of ARA General Belgrano]]<br /> *[[Sinking of IRIS Dena]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{cite book|last=Mankekar |first=D.R. |title=Twenty-Two Fateful Days: Pakistan Cut to Size. |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indian Book Co. |date=1972}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=[[M. K. Roy|Roy]] |first=Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Lancer International |date=1995}}<br /> *{{cite journal |title=Indian Navy - Blackwood Class Type 14 Frigates |journal=Marine News Supplement: Warships|name-list-style=amp |date=May 2022 |volume=76 |issue=5|pages=S277–S281 |issn=0966-6958}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015853/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/harry.html Bharat Rakshak's article on the incident]<br /> {{coord|20|16|38|N|70|59|37|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Blackwood class frigate}}<br /> {{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}<br /> {{1971 shipwrecks}}<br /> {{Frigates of the Indian Navy}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khukri}}<br /> [[Category:Blackwood-class frigates of the Indian Navy]]<br /> [[Category:Frigates of the Indian Navy]]<br /> [[Category:Frigates of India]]<br /> [[Category:Ships built in India]]<br /> [[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]<br /> [[Category:Shipwrecks in the Arabian Sea]]<br /> [[Category:Ships sunk by submarines of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Frigates and destroyer escorts sunk by submarines]]<br /> [[Category:Ships of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:Maritime incidents in 1971]]<br /> [[Category:1956 ships]]<br /> [[Category:Diu, India]]<br /> [[Category:Frigates of the Cold War]]<br /> [[Category:20th century in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:20th century in India]]<br /> [[Category:1971 in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:1971 in India]]<br /> [[Category:December 1971 in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of India]]<br /> [[Category:Naval battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharaj_libel_case&diff=514779 2026-03-16T21:04:05Z

<p>Xtromirit: post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1862 trial in Bombay Court}}<br /> {{Infobox court case<br /> | name = Maharaj libel case<br /> | court = Supreme Court of Bombay<br /> | start date = 14 May 1861<br /> | full name = Jadunath Brijratanjee Maharaj v. Karsandas Mulji and Nanabhai Rustomji Ranina<br /> | date_decided = April 22, 1862&lt;ref name=&quot;i207&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Desk | first=Entertainment | title=Explained: What is the Maharaj Libel Case of 1861? Know why Aamir Khan's son Junaid Khan's debut film didn't release today | website=The Financial Express | date=June 14, 2024 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-explained-what-is-the-maharaj-libel-case-of-1861-that-inspired-aamir-khans-son-junaid-khans-film-3525173/ | access-date=July 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | judges = <br /> | ChiefJudge = Chief Justice Matthew Richard Sausse<br /> | AssociateJudges = Justice Joseph Arnould<br /> | verdict = Plaintiff awarded {{INR}}5; defendant awarded {{INR}} 11,500 in costs<br /> | italic title=no<br /> }}<br /> The '''Maharaj libel case''' was an 1862 trial in the [[Supreme Court of Bombay]], in [[British Raj|British India]]. The case was initiated by Jadunath Brajratanjee Maharaj against Nanabhai Rustomji Ranina and [[Karsandas Mulji]]. It stemmed from an editorial article they had published, which accused the Vallabhacharya and [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarg Sect]] of certain alleged controversial practices by their leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/more-controversy-brews-after-stay-order-on-movie-maharaj-101718393210051.html|title=More controversy brews after stay order on movie 'Maharaj'}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1068811/maharaj-review-a-royal-slog|title='Maharaj' review: A royal slog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maharaj-movie-review-junaid-khan-and-his-debut-are-both-strictly-passable-9407114/|title=Maharaj movie review: Junaid Khan and his debut are both strictly passable}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/as-maharaj-is-stayed-issue-of-freedom-of-expression-raised-in-1862-libel-case-returns-to-life/articleshow/111001263.cms|title=As 'Maharaj' is stayed, issue of freedom of expression raised in 1862 libel case returns to life}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 19th century, Pushtimarg encountered attacks from three different fronts. Christian missionaries found it challenging to convert and condemned the tradition's rituals as particularly primitive. Orientalist scholars of Hinduism criticized Pushtimarg as a relatively recent and inauthentic tradition. Reformist intellectuals such as Mulji viewed Pushtimarg as a stereotypical &quot;cult&quot; that kept its followers entrenched in backwardness and superstition. These accusations ultimately coalesced into claims that the Maharajs in Bombay were abusing their female followers under the pretext of reenacting the love between the young Krishna and the milk maidens called Gopis. Jadunath Maharaj, a staunch defender of Pushtimarg, engaged in renowned public debates with Mulji. However, when Mulji published his scathing article in the newspaper ''[[Satyaprakash]]'', titled ''&quot;Hinduo No Asli Dharam Ane Atyar Na Pakhandi Mato&quot;'' the Maharaj took legal action against him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Introvigne |first=Massimo |title=The Maharaj Case of 1862 and the Guru Jára Case of 2019: The Conflict of Two Sciences |url=https://cesnur.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/tjoc_9_1_4_introvigne.pdf |journal=The Journal of CESNUR |location=Torino, Italy |publisher=CESNUR (Center for Studies on New Religions) |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=40–55 |doi=10.26338/tjoc.2025.9.1.4 |issn=2532-2990}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> [[File:Karsandas Mulji.jpg|thumb|[[Karsandas Mulji]] (1832–1871)|upright=0.8]]<br /> In the article ''&quot;Hinduo No Asli Dharam Ane Atyar Na Pakhandi Mato&quot;'', Karsandas Mulji questioned the values of a Hindu sect called the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarg]] or Vallabha Sampradaya. The article was claimed to be libellous by the [[plaintiff]]. In particular were accusations that Jadunath had sexual liaisons with women followers and that men were expected to show their devotion by offering their female family members for sex with the religious leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Shodhan|first1=A.|year=1997|title=Women in the Maharaj libel case: a re-examination|journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies|volume=4|issue=2|pages=123–39|doi=10.1177/097152159700400201|pmid=12321343|s2cid=25866333}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Jadunath was a religious leader of the Vaishnavite Pushtimarg sect of Hinduism. The sect was founded in the 16th century by [[Vallabha]] and worships [[Krishna]] as the supreme being. The leadership of the sect remained with Vallabha's direct male descendants, who possess the titles of ''[[maharaja]]''. Theologically, Vallabha and his descendants are accorded partial divinity as mediating figures for Krishna's grace who can render Krishna's presence immediately to the devotee.&lt;ref&gt;* {{Cite book |last=Barz |first=Richard |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Vallabha Sampradāya/Puṣṭimārga |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=255}}<br /> <br /> The Pushtimarg's followers in Gujarat, Kathiyawad, Kutch, and central India were rich merchants, bankers, and farmers, including the [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]], [[Lohana]], and [[Bania (caste)|Baniya]] castes.{{Sfn|Thakkar|1997|p=48}} Many of these mercantile groups migrated to Bombay under British rule as the city was the political and financial capital of western India.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=269}} The merchant groups were headed by merchant-princes or [[Sheth|''seṭh''s]] who were heavily involved in the political and cultural milieu of Bombay. The ''seṭh''s, despite their general lack of education, ignorance of the English language, and British political traditions were influential in Bombay society as leaders of business communities and maintainers of cultural honour.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=258-279}}<br /> <br /> By the mid-nineteenth century, the British had established political control over the Indian subcontinent and sought to create an administrative-legal framework to manage their colonial interests. British officials sought to compile Indian legal doctrines and apply them to British common law, effectively stripping native groups of civil and criminal self-governance in favour of a unified legal system. This desire to produce legal codes spawned the [[Historiography of India#Orientalist approach|Orientalist school of Indology]], whose grand narrative of Indian history was that of a decline from an ancient golden age into a degenerate, superstitious modern society. The British established schools and colleges that would educate new generations of Anglicized Indians who would be supportive of social reforms. These institutions created a new class of urban English-speaking Indian professionals who claimed to be superior leaders of society than the ''seṭh''s due to their intricate knowledge of the British administrative machinery. These English-speaking professionals joined various religious reform movements that concurred with the Orientalist view of modern Indian religion, and especially opposed the ''seṭh''s for their role in so-called excessive religious patronage.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=258-279}}<br /> [[File:Goswami Jivanlal of Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Goswami Jivanlal of Mumbai playing the sitar.]]<br /> The Pushtimarg religious leaders, known as maharajas, settled in Bombay in the 19th century. Karsandas Mulji, a reformist from an orthodox Pushtimarg family, criticized the maharajas for alleged sexual misconduct. Allegations against the maharajas became public in 1855, leading to a clash between the reformers and the senior-most maharaja, Jivanlal. Jivanlal attempted to silence Pushtimarg critics by threatening excommunication. Mulji responded by publishing a work claiming Pushtimarg was a heretical sect that mistreated women. The Bombay maharajas then brought in Jadunath Brijratan, a prominent maharaja from Surat, to publicly debate Mulji and other reformers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=The untold story of Karsandas Mulji, the journalist who won the fight against the Maharaj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-untold-story-of-karsandas-mulji-the-journalist-who-won-the-fight-against-the-maharaj-9425977/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=281-289}}<br /> <br /> Eventually, Jadunath Maharaj filed a libel case in the [[Supreme Court of Bombay|Bombay Supreme Court]] on 14 May 1861 against Karsandas Mulji, editor of ''[[Satyaprakash]]'', a Gujarati weekly newspaper, and its publisher Nanabhai Rustomji Ranina, for defaming the plaintiff in an article published on 21 October 1860.{{Sfn|Thakkar|1997|p=46–52}}<br /> <br /> == Case and judgement ==<br /> The defense's lawyers sought to have the case thrown out on the argument that Mulji's comments did not attack Jadunath personally but rather as a religious leader, and that a secular court did not have jurisdiction over religious matters. These attempts failed, and the British judges stated Jadunath had the right to defend his reputation in court, but that the case would give no value to Jadunath's status as a religious leader nor to Pushtimarg theology, but rather Jadunath would be treated as an ordinary citizen of the British empire whose actions would be viewed through the British laws of universal morality.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=290-291}}<br /> <br /> Jadunath continued to use his traditional means of authority to defeat Mulji and ordered the seths to ensure the loyalty of devotees. In one instance Bhatia ''seṭh''s (including Gokuldas Lilahadhar) convened a meeting of two hundred people of their caste to further this aim. This meeting came to the attention of the British Supreme Court, which resulted in the Bhatia Conspiracy case in which the ''seṭh''s were convicted of mass witness tampering and forced to pay fines to the court.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarati Vishwakosh2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Makarand |title=Gujarati Vishwakosh (Gujarati Encyclopedia) |publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]] |year=2002 |volume=15 |location=Ahmedabad |page=451}}&lt;/ref&gt; That case made public the divisions growing in the devotional community over the status of the maharajas and their loyalty to them.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=291-293}}<br /> <br /> As modern scholars have argued, the Maharaj had already lost the case before the court started to convene. The British court relied on missionaries and Orientalist scholars as experts. The main expert witness was Dr. John Wilson, both a missionary and an Orientalist,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; who has been ''&quot;''actively engaged in criticizing the contemporary forms of Hindu culture in the vicinity of Bombay since the early 1830s''&quot;.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haberman |first=David L. |date=1993-08-01 |title=On Trial: The Love of the Sixteen Thousand Gopees |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/463355 |journal=History of Religions |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=44–70 |doi=10.1086/463355 |issn=0018-2710|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plaintiff's Case ==<br /> Thirty-five witnesses were called by Jadunath's side to serve as character witnesses, all from mercantile castes and including several ''seṭh''s. The devotee witnesses did their best to defend Jadunath with the limited theological knowledge they possessed, but none knew [[Sanskrit]] or [[Braj Bhasha]] and were not fully versed in Pushtimarg history. One notable witness, Gopaldas Madhavdas, stated he did not know of any sexual immoralities conducted by Jadunath or any other Maharaj, and stated they were highly honoured religious leaders of the merchant communities. Gopaldas viewed and venerated the maharajas as [[guru]]s rather than Krishna, but stated that others in the community did view the maharajas as incarnations of Krishna. Another witness, Jamunadas Sevaklal, gave a similar testimony stating he did not know immoralities or sexual orgies of the maharajas, and stated the maharajas in his view were gurus who were the representations of Krishna although others worshipped them as gods. When Gopaldas and Jamunadas were directly questioned on whether the maharajas were gods or humans, they were confused and could not provide definite answers.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=293-296}}<br /> <br /> Jadunath himself took the stand and claimed knowledge of Sanskrit, Braj Bhasha, and Gujarati, but then later stated he had never actually read any Braj Bhasha Pushtimarg text. When asked about certain texts that supported the veneration of maharajas, Jadunath stated he was personally unfamiliar with those texts and at one point in the trial claimed the [[Shrinathji Temple]] was in [[Kankroli]] rather than [[Nathdwara]]. Jadunath stated that the maharajas were simply mortal spiritual guides and that only their ancestor Vallabha was an incarnation of Krishna. He stated that the veneration the maharajas received was per Hindu scriptures and that only the maharajas could directly worship the Krishna images, so devotees would worship the maharajas. He denied all sexual allegations relating to him and any other maharaja, stating the adulterous love of Krishna and the gopis in [[Vrindavan]] was merely a metaphor for the relationship between devotees and Krishna, not an endorsement of infidelity.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=296-298}}<br /> <br /> == Defense's Case ==<br /> [[File:John Wilson orientalist.jpg|thumb|Engraving of John Wilson]]<br /> Karsandas Mulji himself took the stand and stated the maharajas were oppressive leaders who encouraged sexual debauchery. He stated that Jadunath should rather be sued for libel, given his public attacks against Mulji. Mulji restated his earlier claims that the Pushtimarg was not the &quot;true&quot; Hinduism of the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]], but rather a heretic sect that encouraged devotees to hand over their wives and daughters for the maharajas' pleasure.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=298-299}}<br /> [[File:Dr Bhau Daji Lad.jpg|thumb|Image of Bhau Daji]]<br /> A missionary, Reverend [[John Wilson (Scottish missionary)|John Wilson]], also took the stand. Wilson claimed knowledge of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Old Hindi]] as well as the [[Vedas]], [[Puranas]], and [[Shastra]]s, and was thus sent by the defense as an authority on Hinduism. Wilson, however was not intimately familiar with the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarga]] and referred to Professor [[H. H. Wilson|H. H. Wilson's]] works on the sect. He criticized the maharajas for the practice of lavish [[Sevā|seva]] to Krishna, which he stated was in opposition to the asceticism of &quot;true&quot; Hinduism. He stated the maharajas were uneducated spiritual leaders who were worshipped as incarnations of Krishna solely due to their genealogical descent from Vallabha, and that their religious scriptures sanctioned the offering of devotees' wives and daughters to them.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=299-300}} Although presented as &quot;neutral&quot; expert, John Wilson had since the 1830s been a public [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|anti-Hindu]] polemicist. Thus his authority in court relied on his Edinburg university education and associations with European learning societies, all of which promoted an powerful aura of &quot;Western science and rationality&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fischer-Tine |first=Harald |title=Shyamji Krishnavarma: Sanskrit, Sociology and Anti-Imperialism |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2014 |pages=9-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Two expert witnesses were also brought to the stand, [[Bhau Daji]] and Dhiraj Dalpatram, who were physicians to Jadunath. They said that they had treated Jadunath and other maharajas for [[syphilis]], which they stated was due to sexual relations with female devotees. Dalpatram even stated that Jadunath had himself admitted to him that he had caught the disease from a female devotee.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=300-301}}<br /> <br /> Other witnesses, such as Mathuradas Lowjee, supported the physician's testimonies. Lowjee was a member of the Pushtimarg, but ever since sexual allegations against the maharajas became public in 1855, he kept his distance from the maharajas and refused to venerate them all the while maintaining his theological commitment to the sect. He stated that Pushtimarg devotees, including members of his own [[Bhatia caste]], viewed the maharajas as literal incarnations of Krishna. He stated senior members of the caste had &quot;Ras Mandalis&quot;, which re-enacted the dances between Krishna and the gopis. He stated he once stumbled upon a maharaja having sexual intercourse with a female devotee. When Lowjee asked Jivanlal to stop the maharajas illicit behaviour, Jivanlal told him that he could not due to the powerful addiction of male sexual desire, as well as the fact that women's donations were a major source of financial income for the sect.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=301-303}}<br /> <br /> Lakhmidas Khimji confirmed Lowjee's testimony, stating he once observed Jadunath grope the breasts of a fourteen-year-old girl and later stumbled upon Jadunath having sexual intercourse with her. Khimji stated on a few occasions that he observed a widow companion of Jadunath procure married women for his sexual pleasure. Kalabhai Lalubhai also claimed Jadunath had sexual relations with women and girls as young as fourteen.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=303}}<br /> <br /> == Judgement ==<br /> <br /> === Justice Arnould ===<br /> Justice [[Joseph Arnould]] ruled in favour of Mulji. Arnould was particularly influenced by Reverend Wilson's and Bhau Daji's testimonies. Arnould stated that Mulji's comments in ''Satyaprakash'' were not false and did not specifically attack Jadunath. Arnould agreed that the Pushtimarg was a degraded sect of Hinduism that promoted debauchery and loose morals. He stated Mulji did nothing wrong in exposing the &quot;evil and barbarous&quot; practices of the maharajas.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=304}}<br /> <br /> === Chief Justice Sausse ===<br /> Chief Justice [[Matthew Richard Sausse]] was the senior of the two judges in the case, and overruled Arnould's judgement to find Mulji guilty of libel. Sausse was also greatly impressed by the defense's witnesses, which in his view affirmed the defendant's claim that the Pushtimarg was a [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] sect and that Jadunath engaged in salacious behaviour. However, Sausse ruled that Mulji took a private dispute within the Pushtimarg and published his grievances in a public newspaper, which was a form of malice. Sausse stated Mulji attacked Jadunath publicly without provocation, and that even if the sexual allegations against Jadunath were true, they were a private matter and newspapers could not attack people on private matters without public interest. Nevertheless, Sausse suspected the reliability of Jadunath and his witnesses' testimonies and only awarded him five rupees on the libel charge. Sausse sided with the defendants on the pleas that the Pushtimarg was a heterodox sect and agreed that the defendant's publications were true, and awarded Mulji eleven thousand five hundred rupees.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=304-306}}{{Sfn|Thakkar|1997|p=46–52}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Maharaj Libel Case Including Bhattia Conspiracy Case, No. 12047 o f 1861, Supreme Court Plea Side: Jadunathjee Birzrattanjee Maharaj Vs Karsondass Mooljee and Nanabhai Rustamji |publisher=D. Lukhmidass &amp; Co. |year=1911 |location=Bombay |pages=399, 419}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reaction==<br /> The Maharaj Libel Case tried in [[Queen Victoria|HM Queen Victoria]]'s [[Supreme Court of Bombay]] was hailed at the time as ''“''the most extraordinary of any case tried in any of Her Majesty’s Courts in India''”''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mulji |first=Karsandas |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=9xAkAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Sect of Mahárájas, Or Vallabhácháryas, in Western India |date=1865 |publisher=Trübner |pages=Appendix 163 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (The Indian Reformer, June 6, 1862, quoted in Mulji 1865, pp. App. 163). It was covered daily by the media in India and even in Europe as one of the trials of the century in British India. The libel case stirred unprecedented interest in the public. Karsandas Mulji's efforts and the court decision received praise from the liberals and the press.{{Sfn|Thakkar|1997|p=46–52}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC&amp;dq=satya+prakash+karsandas+mulji&amp;pg=PT93|title=Shaping Of Modern Gujarat|last=Yagnik|first=Achyut|date=2005-08-24|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184751857|pages=93–94}}&lt;/ref&gt; For his part, Mulji was cited by the local English press as 'Indian Luther', after the Christian reformer [[Martin Luther]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Anu |date=9 September 2017 |title=The Long History of Priestly Debauchery |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/36/postscript/long-history-priestly-debauchery.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |location=Mumbai |volume=52 |issue=36 |pages=79–80 |issn=0012-9976 |eissn=2349-8846 |jstor=26697565}}{{Subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During and after the case, Pushtimarg devotees struggled to come to terms with the sexual allegations against the maharajas. Generally, devotees continued to have social contact with the maharajas as their religious leaders. In the next two decades however, some merchant devotees in Bombay built new temples and theological journals independent of the maharajas.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=307}}<br /> <br /> Karsandas Mulji is said to have written a book called ''&quot;The Sect of the Maharajas&quot;'', which was published in 1865. This work does not contain his name as its author, but is, however, attributed to him. It is said to have been revised thoroughly by an “English friend” of his, who was perhaps no other than [[John Wilson (Scottish missionary)|Dr. Wilson]]. In all probability, it was the latter who had much to do with its origin as well as publication. It is written on the lines of the defence made by Karsondas in the Maharaj Libel Case, painting the entire [[sampradaya]] of [[Vallabha]]charya in the darkest of colours. It is altogether negative and destructive the sole purpose of the alleged author or the man behind him being to discredit the movement as much as possible. The book bears on it unmistakably the mark of missionary mentality, and was written and used for the purpose of showing Hinduism in one of its worst aspects. It became an important weapon in the armoury of missionary propaganda concerning the people of India, helping to show them up as stricken with ''‘moral plague’''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Parekh Bhai Manilal C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206566/page/ |title=Sri Vallabhacharya |date=1943}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1875, [[Dayananda Saraswati]] came to Bombay and attacked the Pushtimarg on similar lines as Mulji, calling it a heterodox sect with false religious leaders who contradicted &quot;true&quot; Hinduism.{{Sfn|Saha|2004|p=209}}<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> In April 2021, a book titled &quot;Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimarga: Allegations, Conspiracies and Facts&quot; was published. The book was authored by multiple generational practitioners of Pushtimarg, most prominently Dhawal Patel, Pratyush Mehrishi, and Maitri Goswami. It aimed to demystify the misconceptions regarding the true and essential characteristics of Pushtimarga, in light of the allegations presented in court during the Maharaj Libel case of 1862 A.D.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Patel|first1=Dhawal|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=yqIqEAAAQBAJ|title=Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimarga: A True representation of the views of Sri Vallabhacharya: In the context of Maharaj Libel Case|last2=Goswami|first2=Maitri|last3=Sharma|first3=Utkarsha|last4=Shirodariya|first4=Umang|last5=Bhatt|first5=Ami|last6=Mehrishi|first6=Pratyush|last7=Goswami|first7=Sharad|date=2021-04-21|publisher=Shree Vallabhacharya Trust, Mandvi - Kutch|isbn=978-93-82786-37-5|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Saurabh Shah, a Gujarati author and journalist, wrote a novel titled ''Maharaj'' based on the case&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4_1AgAAQBAJ |title=Maharaj - Gujarati eBook |date=2014-01-18 |publisher=R R Sheth &amp; Co Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9789351221708 }}&lt;/ref&gt; which was awarded the Nandshankar award by the Narmad Sahitya Sabha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4_1AgAAQBAJ |title=Maharaj - Gujarati eBook |date=2014-01-18 |publisher=R R Sheth &amp; Co Pvt Ltd |isbn=9789351221708}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Netflix]]'s 2024 [[Historical drama|period drama]] film ''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]'', directed by [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Entertainment]], starring [[Aamir Khan]]’s son Junaid Khan (in his debut) and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], is based on the Maharaj Libel Case and Saurabh Shah's novel. The [[Gujarat High Court]] stayed the release of the film, based on a Hindu group's plea that claimed the film could incite violence against followers of [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Court stays release of 'Maharaj', here's everything you need to know about Maharaj Libel Case of 1862 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/court-stays-release-of-maharaj-here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-about-maharaj-libel-case-of-1862-2024-06-13-936828}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=dkbj |date=2024-06-06 |title=Junaid Khan-starrer 'Maharaj' went through 30 writing drafts, 100-plus narrations » Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India &amp; World |url=https://yespunjab.com/junaid-khan-starrer-maharaj-went-through-30-writing-drafts-100-plus-narrations/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India &amp; World |archive-date=2024-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614031653/https://yespunjab.com/junaid-khan-starrer-maharaj-went-through-30-writing-drafts-100-plus-narrations/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was finally released on 21 June 2024 for streaming on Netflix.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ira-khan-s-new-insta-entry-is-all-about-brother-junaid-khans-debut-film-maharaj-5944236|title=Ira Khan, Kiran Rao Form Junaid's Cheer Squad After Release Of His Debut Film Maharaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=Saha|first=Shandip|date=2004|title=Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Puṣṭi Mārga in Northern and Western India (1493-1905)|url= |type= |chapter= |publisher=University of Ottawa}}<br /> *{{cite journal|last1=Lütt|first1=Jürgen|year=1987|title=Max Weber and the Vallabhacharis|journal=International Sociology|volume=2|issue=3|pages=277–287|doi=10.1177/026858098700200305|s2cid=143677162}}<br /> *{{cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=J. Barton|year=2015|title=How to Defame a God: Public Selfhood in the Maharaj Libel Case|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=3|pages=387–402|doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1050161|hdl=1807/95441|s2cid=143251675|hdl-access=free}}<br /> *{{Cite journal|last=Haberman|first=David L.|date=1993-08-01|title=On Trial: The Love of the Sixteen Thousand Gopees|journal=History of Religions|volume=33|issue=1|pages=44–70|doi=10.1086/463355|s2cid=162268682|issn=0018-2710}}<br /> *{{cite journal|last=Thakkar|first=Usha|title=Puppets on the Periphery-Women and Social Reform in 19th Century Gujarati Society|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=32|issue=1–2|location=Mumbai|date=4 January 1997|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1997/1-2/special-articles/puppets-periphery-women-and-social-reform-19th-century-gujarati|pages=46–52|issn=0012-9976 }}{{Subscription required}}<br /> *Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimarga: A True representation of the views of Sri Vallabhacharya: In the context of Maharaj Libel Case https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=yqIqEAAAQBAJ<br /> <br /> ==External links ==<br /> * [[iarchive:MN40117ucmf 1|Lukhmidass, D. (1911) Maharaj libel case, including Bhattia conspiracy case, No. 12047 of 1861.]]<br /> *[[iarchive:reportofmaharajl00yadurich|Report of the Maharaj Libel Case and of the Bhattia Conspiracy case connected with it. (1862)]]<br /> * [http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/Maharaj_Libel_Cases_-_1862.html Historical Cases - Maharaj Libel Case, 1862]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Bombay High Court]]<br /> [[Category:Legal history of India]]<br /> [[Category:1862 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Journalism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Defamation]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kushadhvaja&diff=511301 2026-03-15T04:38:30Z

<p>Xtromirit: Put up a stub v1.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|King of Samkasya and brother of Janaka in epic Ramayana}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty <br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | name = Kushadhvaja<br /> | spouse = [[Chandrabhaga (Ramayana)|Chandrabhaga]]<br /> | issue = [[Mandavi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Shrutakirti]]<br /> | house = [[Videha]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsha]] <br /> | birth_place = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br /> | succession = [[Maharaja]] of Samkasya <br /> | predecessor = Sudhanvan<br /> | successor = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kushadhvaja''' ({{langx|sa|कुशध्वजा}} [[IAST]]: Kuśadhvaja) is the King of [[Samkashya|Samkasya]] and the younger brother of [[Janaka]], the King of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. He was married to [[Chandrabhaga (Ramayana)|Chandrabhaga]] and is the father of [[Mandavi]] and [[Shrutakirti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEWaSju1rVsC&amp;q=Kushadhwaja&amp;pg=PA15 | title=Tales from Kalidasa | publisher=Ediciones Gamma S.A. | author=H. L. Luthra | year=1988 | pages=15 | isbn=9788120902282}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legend ==<br /> === Birth ===<br /> Kushadhvaja was born to King Hrasvaroman of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and his wife Keikasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHPXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Kushadhwaja | title=The Ramayana | publisher=Orient Longman | author=Lakshmi Lal | year=1988 | pages=20 | isbn=9780861318056}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the younger brother of Janaka. The Videha kingdom was historically located between east of [[Gandaki River]], west of [[Mahananda River]], north of the [[Ganga]] river and south of the [[Himalayas]].&lt;ref name=Jha1997&gt;{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&amp;pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788175330344 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Marriage and children ===<br /> Kushadhvaja was married to queen consort '''Chandrabhaga''' ({{langx|sa|चंद्रभागा}}). Chandrabhaga first gave birth to [[Mandavi]] and later gave birth to his second daughter [[Shrutakirti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Praśānta Guptā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&amp;pg=PA32|title=Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa|publisher=Dreamland Publications|year=1998|isbn=9788173012549|pages=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both his daughters were brought up in Mithila, along with [[Sita]] and [[Urmila]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|title=Ramayana {{!}} Summary, Characters, &amp; Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065621/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mandavi was married to [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] while Shrutakirti was married to [[Shatrughna]], both the younger brothers of [[Rama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Valmiki |url=http://archive.org/details/TheRamayan |title=The Ramayana |date= |pages=126–145}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila | access-date=28 December 2016 | pages=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == King of Samkasya ==<br /> He initially ruled the area around [[Rajbiraj]]<br /> His brother Janaka was the King of Mithila. During his rein the King of Samkasya, called Sudhanvan, attacked Mithila. Janaka killed Sudhanvan in the war, and crowned his brother Kushadhvaja as the King of Samkasya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Janaka |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241640.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ramayana}}<br /> [[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jephsis_Hitler&diff=506072 2026-03-14T18:21:03Z

<p>Xtromirit: Put up initial entry needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (1925–1997)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person <br /> | name = Jephsis Hitler<br /> | image = Portrait of Jephsis Hitler.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of Leitaõ during his youth<br /> | birth_name = José Francisco Leitaõ<br /> | birth_place = [[Chinchinim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1925|6|5|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1997|3|31|1925|6|5|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Chinchinim, Goa, India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|theatre actor|singer|composer|playwright}}<br /> | years_active = {{circa|1937}}–1980s<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Esperança Fernandes|1949}}<br /> | children = 5<br /> | known_for = Playing roles of [[Kunbi]] characters in ''[[tiatr]]s''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''José Francisco Leitaõ''' (5 June 1925 – 31 March 1997), known professionally as '''Jephsis Hitler''', was an Indian comedian, theatre actor, singer, composer, and playwright who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> José Francisco Leitaõ was born on 5 June 1925 in the locality of Tolleaband in [[Chinchinim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was born to [[day laborer]]s Inacinho and Piedade Leitaō into a [[Goan Catholic]] family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&amp;_Mode=B&amp;__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leitaõ showed early signs of being an entertainer when he started organizing ''fells'' ([[Goan]] [[street play]]s) and concerts in Chinchinnim, his village, at the age of 12. Leitaõ established impromptu stages on his neighbors' [[veranda]]s, utilizing bedsheets as makeshift curtains. His performances swiftly garnered acclaim among the local villagers. Leitaō's reputation as an entertaining performer eventually reached the ears of the Goan writer and director, [[mistri|mestri]] Antonio Moraes, who was known for his work with ''fells'' and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell-tiatrs]]'' (non-stop ''[[tiatrs]]''). Moraes recruited Leitaõ to act as a comedian in his ''fells'', and Leitaō's comedic talents were well received by the ''fell'' audiences. This led to Leitaō becoming a sought-after performer in the local Goan theater scene during that time period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> From a young age, Leitaō demonstrated a strong inclination towards the [[performing arts]], particularly singing and acting. He actively participated in cultural programs organized within his school and local community, often captivating audiences with his acting abilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; After gaining experience in comedic performances through his involvement with popular ''fell mestris'' (street plays [[Drama teacher|teachers]]), Leitaõ decided to form his own ''fell'' troupe. This allowed him to showcase his acting talents by performing ''fells'' (also a type of Goan [[folk play|folk theater]]) annually during the [[Carnival in Goa|Carnival]] and [[Easter]] seasons. Leitao's exposure to the commercial ''tiatr'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater) productions, which he regularly attended with his maternal uncle, further fueled his interest in the art form. Inspired by what he witnessed, Leitaō began staging his own ''tiatrs'', starting in his hometown of Chinchinim and gradually expanding to the surrounding villages. This marked the beginning of Leitao's foray into the ''tiatr'' theater tradition, which would become a significant aspect of his artistic pursuits.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Leitaō was a popular figure in the [[Goan]] theater tradition known as ''[[tiatr]]'' during the mid-20th century. He began his stage career performing in local village concerts, where he demonstrated talent as both a singer and comedic actor. One of Leitaō's strengths was his ability to portray [[Kunbi]] characters. &quot;He had a natural knack for capturing the distinct Kunbi accent, and when dressed in [[Gauda and Kunbi|traditional Kunbi attire]], his characterizations were considered flawless,&quot; writes historian [[Wilson Mazarello]]. Leitaō's expanding renown in the local [[Chinchinim]] community led to invitations to showcase his talents in ''tiatrs'', traditional Goan plays, throughout the wider [[Salcete]] region of [[Goa]]. Leading ''tiatr'' directors of the time, including Edward Almeida, [[Minguel Rod]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], Saluzinho,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Sharon |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=38}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamat de Assolna, [[Dioguinho D'Mello]], [[Aleixinho de Candolim]], and [[C. Alvares]], sought to feature Leitaõ in their productions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art &amp; Culture |pages=113–114 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-20 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to Leitaō's [[Short stature|small stature]], humorous character, and skills in singing and acting, he swiftly endeared himself to audiences who frequented ''tiatrs'', especially in the Salcete region. His performances often drew sold-out crowds. In addition to his skills as a performer, Leitaō was known for his proficiency in composing [[musical arrangement]]s, with a focus on creating pieces for [[duet]]s, [[trio (music)|trios]], and [[quartets]]. As a new generation of ''tiatr'' directors emerged, Leitaō continued collaborating with talents such as [[Nelson Afonso]], [[A. S. Conception]], Kamat de Assolna, and [[Aristides Dias]]. Leitaō also authored several ''tiatrs'' himself, including works titled ''Xeutteamchi Ganthon'', ''Belgaumkar'', ''Mogachi Justis'', ''Chouto Upordes'', ''Kunnbi Niklau'', ''Bhau ani Zau'', and ''Bakro Amge Zalem''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Leitaõ authored and staged several ''[[tiatr]]'' productions over the course of his career. His first ''tiatr'' work, titled ''Xeutteamchi Ganthon'', critiqued the corrupt [[legal system]] of the time, in which lawyers were allegedly susceptible to bribery in exchange for a ''ganthon'' ([[braid]]) of [[Mullet (fish)|mullets]]. Following this early commentary, Leitaõ went on to write and perform in a variety of other ''tiatrs'', often collaborating with well-established commercial ''[[tiatrist]]s''. Some of his popular works included ''Bhavart'' (Faith), ''Belgaumkar'' (Belgaum-based), ''Onupkari Put'' (Ungrateful Son), ''Chouto Upordhes'', ''Mogachi Justis'' (Loving Justis), ''Kunnbi Niklau'' (Kunbi Niklau), ''Bacro Amje Zalem'', ''Bhau Ani Zau'', and ''Bhognnar Putache'', among others. In addition to his writing and directing, Leitaō was also an actor and singer, and he participated in ''tiatrs'' produced by other artists. [[Minguel Rod]] recognized the acting and singing abilities of Leitaõ, prompting an invitation to join a theatrical production called ''Intruz Vo Carnaval'' in [[Bombay]]. His performance in Rod's ''Intruz Vo Carnaval'' helped establish Leitaõ as a leading [[Goan]] comedian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Leitaõ captivated and enthralled ''tiatr'' audiences with his comedic prowess, eliciting laughter and earning acclaim for his performances. His popularity soared as he became an entertainer among theatergoers. Leitaō's comedic abilities were further showcased in his acclaimed portrayals in [[John Claro]]'s ''Gupit Karann'' (Secret Reason), which received praise in both [[Goa]] and Bombay. Other ''tiatr'' directors, such as [[M. Boyer]] and Roam Tony, also featured Leitaō in their productions, including ''Atam Konn Ghatki?'' (Now, who is the traitor?), staged in Bombay, and ''Deodita'' (God-given). Leitao's humor and comedic skills caught the attention of [[Jacinto Vaz]], who cast him in the production ''Kunhad Ani Mana'' performed in Africa in 1957. Leitao further showcased his talent by presenting his famous theatrical production ''Kunnbi Niclau'' at the audience's behest, solidifying his reputation as a versatile and crowd-pleasing performer. Throughout his career, Leitaō was known for his comedic flair, which delighted ''tiatr''-going audiences in Goa and beyond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Leitaõ was known for his versatile vocal abilities, delivering a wide range of songs as a [[Solo (music)|soloist]] and in ensemble pieces such as [[duet]]s, [[trio (music)|trios]], and [[quartet]]s. His duet performances as a [[Kunbi]] character alongside Anita de Goa were favored by the audience, showcasing their popularity and appeal in the entertainment realm. Despite his [[Short stature|diminutive stature]], Leitaō commanded a strong presence on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He collaborated with several popular actors and playwrights over the course of his career, including Luciano Dias, who later achieved fame in his own right within the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-03 |title=Luciano Dias: A tuneful journey ends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/luciano-dias-a-tuneful-journey-ends/articleshow/21563659.cms |access-date=2024-05-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520212137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/luciano-dias-a-tuneful-journey-ends/articleshow/21563659.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Leitaō was primarily celebrated for his comedic abilities. His distinctive physicality, including his [[Gait (human)|gait]] and [[body language]], as well as his [[wordplay]], regularly elicited laughter from ''[[tiatr]]'' audiences. Because of his diminutive stature, he excelled in comedic roles. The future Konkani playwright and politician [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] attended Leitaō's performances in his youth. In addition to his solo comedic work, Leitaō also participated in [[Double act|comic duet]] routines during ''tiatr'' productions. In one particular ''tiatr'' directed by [[Aristides Dias]], he appeared alongside another comedian, Luis Rod, who portrayed a female character. Leitaő's small stature contrasted humorously with Rod's taller, more feminine appearance, further entertaining the viewers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |date=5 October 2013 |title=Jephsis Hitler Tiatr machiecho khoddegantt 'Comedian' |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/5th_oct_av |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214043226/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/5th_oct_av |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Leitaō and Luis Rod were a popular [[Goan]] [[comedy duo]] known for their performances in ''tiatrs'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]] plays). Their significant height difference was a key part of their act, often eliciting laughter from audiences. In one noted instance, the taller Luis Rod, who frequently portrayed female characters, easily lifted and carried the smaller Leitaō on his back during a performance, a memorable moment in their collaborative work, writes [[Tomazinho Cardozo]]. Beyond their [[physical comedy]], Leitaō also earned acclaim for his portrayals of [[Kunbi]] characters, drawing on his familiarity with the Kunbi dialect used by many [[Gauda and Kunbi|native Goans]]. Leitaō's skills as a playwright were acknowledged for his creation of ''tiatrs'' that delved into contemporary events and [[Social issue|societal matters]] pertinent to the Goan community, shedding light on these subjects on the Konkani theatrical platform. Leitaō's comedic career unfolded during a period dominated by two of the popular Konkani stage performers - [[Jacinto Vaz]], known as the &quot;Charlie Chaplin of the Konkani stage,&quot; and [[Anthony Mendes]], the &quot;Spring Man of the Konkani stage.&quot; Despite the prominence of these figures, Leitaō was able to establish his own respected place within the Konkani theatrical landscape through his talents, writes Cardozo. In the later stages of his career, Leitaō ultimately retired from the Konkani theatre due to the effects of advancing age and declining health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Fernandes, who was also a professional [[tailor]], ceased to participate in ''[[tiatr]]s'' performances since the early 1990s due to his poor health condition. He lived in the area of Tolleaband in [[Chinchinim]], [[Goa]], alongside his family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In his later years as a performer, Fernandes chose to go by the [[stage name]] &quot;Jephsis Hitler,&quot; which have been influenced by his likeness to [[Adolf Hitler]], especially when he incorporated a [[Toothbrush moustache|similar moustache]] into his comedic roles in ''tiatr'' productions. The name &quot;Jephsis&quot; was crafted from the initial letters of his first and middle names, José Francisco. While Fernandes engaged in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater performances, it served more as a [[recreational]] pursuit for him rather than a primary occupation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Accounts from writer John Gomes Kokoy suggest that Fernandes embraced the &quot;Hitler&quot; portion of his stage name, styling it to resemble the infamous [[Nazi Germany|20th century dictator]]. Overall, Fernandes maintained a career as a ''tiatr'' performer during the mid-20th century, known by the distinctive stage name &quot;Jephsis Hitler&quot; which referenced both his own name and appearance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the writings of [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], Leitaő's participation in ''[[tiatr]]s'' was not solely driven by financial motivations. Instead, Cardozo suggests that Leitaō was more interested in being part of the theatrical production and taking on various roles that suited him. By profession, Leitaō was a tailor, and this occupation served as the primary means of income to support himself and his family. Cardozo also described Leitaö as a hardworking individual. Despite retiring from the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'' stage due to his advanced age and declining health, Leitaō maintained an affection for the Konkani ''tiatr'' tradition. In a time of adversity for the Konkani ''tiatr'' stage, Leitaō affirmed the vitality of ''tiatr'', a sentiment that remains ingrained within the Konkani ''tiatr'' community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; On 22 October 1949, Leitaō married Esperança Maria Francisca Fernandes, a [[day laborer]] from [[Carmona, Goa]], at the [[Chinchinim]] church. The couple's [[civil marriage]] was also recorded in Chinchinim,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Antonio Francisco |date=5 November 1949 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520212143/https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and they had five children together-three sons Newton (born 1957), Xaverino (born 1954), and Joanito (born 1950), and two daughters Maria (born 1951) and Feliciana (born 1963).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Leitaō died on 31 March 1997, aged 71, at his residence in Tolleaband, Chinchinim, Goa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 1997 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hitler, Jephsis}}<br /> [[Category:1925 births]]<br /> [[Category:1997 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Tiatrists]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Konkani-language singers]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagyavantha&diff=452296 2026-03-03T22:12:51Z

<p>Xtromirit: Minor edits and structural improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Bhagyavantha poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[B. S. Ranga]]<br /> | writer = B. S. Ranga<br /> | starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar|Master Lohith]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jai Jagadish]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Aarathi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[K. S. Ashwath]]<br /> | producer = S. A. Govinda Raj&lt;br /&gt;V. Bharath Raju<br /> | music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]<br /> | cinematography = B. R. Ramkumar<br /> | editing = P. G. Mohan<br /> | studio = Nirupama Art Combines<br /> | released = {{Film date|1981}}<br /> | runtime = 137 minutes<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | country = India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhagyavantha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಾಗ್ಯವಂತ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama (genre)|drama]] film directed and written by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film featured [[Puneeth Rajkumar|Master Lohit]], [[Aarathi]] and [[Jai Jagadish]] in pivotal roles. Veteran actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] made brief appearances in the film.<br /> <br /> The film is a remake of director's own 1954 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Maa Gopi]]'' which itself was a remake of 1953 Hindi film ''Bhagyawan'' and its [[Marathi language|Marathi]] version ''Soubhagya''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maa-gopi-1954/article5538714.ece |title=Maa Gopi (1954) - the Hindu |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309044309/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maa-gopi-1954/article5538714.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/fc278603/plot/|title = Bhagyawan (1953) &amp;#124; Hindi Movie Plot - Bollywood MuVyz}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1982 Hindi movie ''[[Anokha Bandhan]]'' based on the story ''Ramer Sumati'' by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] had a similar storyline except for the climax. The movie saw a theatrical run of 28 weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |title= Welcome to Chitatara |website=www.chitratara.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/all-time-blockbusters-posters-data.3742/page-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173619/http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/all-time-blockbusters-posters-data.3742/page-9|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 November 2018|title = All-Time Blockbusters Posters &amp; Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The dialogues and lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. Performance of Master Lohith were praised by critics and audience. The film featured original score and soundtrack composed by [[T. G. Lingappa]]. The soundtrack included two songs sung by actor Rajkumar.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The movie stars and revolves around the life of Krishna (Puneeth Rajkumar) who is considered as an unlucky child and is shunned by most of his family members except his paternal uncle, his uncle's daughter and his brother's wife.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Krishna (credited as Master Lohit)<br /> * [[Aarathi]] as Seeta, Krishna's sister-in-law<br /> * [[Jai Jagadish]] as Ramu, Krishna's brother<br /> * [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] Guest appearance<br /> * [[Sudharani]] as young Tara<br /> * [[K. S. Ashwath]] <br /> * [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] <br /> * [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] <br /> * [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Train Loco pilot<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[T. G. Lingappa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131009191923/http://www.dhingana.com/kannada/bhagyavantha-songs-3c30fd1 Bhagyavantha Songs]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the soundtrack included the very popular devotional song &quot;Vaara Banthamma Guruvara Banthamma&quot; sung by actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] earlier for a private album for which music was scored by [[M. Ranga Rao]] but he was not credited in this movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=wmDCqkj_cWHmj-8l&amp;v=PkLDUrAZUjM&amp;feature=youtu.be | title=&quot;ವಾರ ಬಂತಮ್ಮ&quot; ಹಾಡಿಗೆ ಸಂಗೀತ ನೀಡಿದ್ದು ರಂಗರಾವ್.. ಆದರೆ ಹೆಸರು ಬಂದಿದ್ದು TG ಲಿಂಗಪ್ಪಗೆ.. &amp;#124; M Ranga Rao &amp;#124; Ep 6 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] made his singing debut with &quot;Baana Daariyalli&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/10/29/actor-icon-activist-donor-the-many-shades-of-puneeth-rajkumar.html|title=Actor, icon, activist, donor: The many shades of Puneeth Rajkumar|first=Prathima|last=Nandakumar|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=29 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Baana Daariyalli<br /> | extra1 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar|Master Lohith]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]<br /> | length1 = <br /> | title2 = Amma Seethamma<br /> | extra2 = Poornachandra, Master Lohith<br /> | lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar<br /> | length2 = <br /> | title3 = Nagu Kanda<br /> | extra3 = Kumari Jyothi<br /> | lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar<br /> | length3 = <br /> | title4 = Thilidavaro Moodaro<br /> | extra4 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]<br /> | lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar<br /> | length4 = <br /> | title5 = Guruvara Banthamma<br /> | extra5 = Rajkumar<br /> | lyrics5 = Chi. Udaya Shankar<br /> | length5 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] said that this is his favorite film as a child actor and that the song &quot;Banadaariyalli Soorya Jaari Banda&quot; is his favorite song sung by him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/I-wanted-to-earn-money-and-make-merry-Puneeth-Rajkumar/articleshow/44797577.cms|title=I wanted to earn money and make merry: Puneeth Rajkumar |website=The Times of India|date=13 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The song inspired a 2023 film [[Baanadariyalli|of the same name]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baanadariyalli-movie-review-this-ganesh-rukmini-vasanth-romance-fails-to-hit-the-heights/article67355876.ece|title='Baanadariyalli' movie review: This Ganesh, Rukmini Vasanth romance fails to hit the heights|website=The Hindu|date=28 September 2023 |last1=M. V. |first1=Vivek }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/baanadariyalli-movie-review/|title=Baanadariyalli review: It hardly scores apart from the title taken from Puneeth Rajkumar's song|website=The South First|date=28 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1981 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1981 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1981 films]]<br /> [[Category:1981 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by B. S. Ranga]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ugadi_(1997_film)&diff=473606 2026-03-03T18:29:26Z

<p>Xtromirit: correct page and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ugadi<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Ugadi (1997 film).jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> | producer = K. Achi Reddy <br /> | writer = Diwakar Babu<br /> | story = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | narrator =<br /> | starring = S. V. Krishna Reddy&lt;br /&gt;[[Laila (actress)|Laila]]<br /> | music = S. V. Krishna Reddy<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Manisha Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1997|11|10|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ugadi''''' is a 1997 Telugu romantic film directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] starring himself and [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] in the lead roles.<br /> <br /> This film is about a middle class young man winning his lady love despite opposition from the girl's father. Although the film was a box office failure, the music for the film was well received.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/UGADI.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002539/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/UGADI.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Reviews |work=Andhra Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] as Raju<br /> * [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Laila<br /> * [[Sharat Saxena]] as Laila's father<br /> * [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Laila's grandfather<br /> * [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Bose<br /> * [[Tanikella Bharani]]<br /> * [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]<br /> * [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]<br /> * [[Babu Mohan]]<br /> * [[Gautam Raju]]<br /> * [[Bandla Ganesh]]<br /> * [[Sivaji Raja]] as Raju<br /> }}<br /> ==Production==<br /> A song was shot at Kulu Manali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UGADI : Krishna Reddy-Laila in Manali |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/aug15/south1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022125922/http://www.screenindia.com/old/aug15/south1.htm |archive-date=22 October 2008 |access-date=27 August 2025 |date=15 August 1997 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline = Track list&lt;ref name = &quot;Uugadi Songs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4o95jqj4M5cTjhGEoYyiEE | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Uugadi | date = January 2008 | access-date = 12 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | all_music = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Uugadi Songs&quot; /&gt;<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 34:33<br /> | title1 = Preyasi Naave<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra1 = [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | length1 = 4:17<br /> | title2 = Choosa Oka Maru<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br /> | extra2 = Unnikrishnan, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]<br /> | length2 = 4:05<br /> | title3 = Innallu Yemabbullo<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]<br /> | extra3 = Unnikrishnan<br /> | length3 = 3:57<br /> | title4 = Kaatuka Pittala<br /> | lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri<br /> | extra4 = Chorus<br /> | length4 = 1:55<br /> | title5 = Daddy Katha Vinava<br /> | lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri<br /> | extra5 = Unnikrishnan, Sunitha<br /> | length5 = 4:16<br /> | title6 = Yenthanga Undho<br /> | lyrics6 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri<br /> | extra6 = Unnikrishnan, Sunitha<br /> | length6 = 3:30<br /> | title7 = Naa Pate Hoyina<br /> | lyrics7 = Chandrabose<br /> | extra7 = Unnikrishnan, Prasanna Kumar<br /> | length7 = 4:19<br /> | title8 = Brathukaina<br /> | lyrics8 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra8 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> | length8 = 2:33<br /> | title9 = Magic Of The Music<br /> | lyrics9 = Bhuvana Chandra<br /> | extra9 = S. V. Krishna Reddy, Sunitha<br /> | length9 = 5:36<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote, &quot;In his eagerness to direct himself by focusing on the role of the hero he plays, Krishna Reddy complains that he was unable to focus on other characters, the story and the scenes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Oct/24-Oct-1997.pdf|title=ఉగాది|page=9,11|date=24 October 1997|last= Gopalrao|first= Griddaluru|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''Andhra Today'' noted, &quot;The wishy- washy story and the lackluster performance of the hero disappoints the high expectations of the audience&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt4899460}}<br /> <br /> {{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1997 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]<br /> [[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poompatta&diff=448316 2026-03-03T07:03:14Z

<p>Xtromirit: Content improved for clarity and flow</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian children's magazine}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{For|the film|Poompatta (film)}}{{Infobox magazine<br /> | title = Poompatta<br /> | logo = Poompatta logo.jpg<br /> | logo_size = 100px<br /> | image = <br /> | image_file = Poompatta_Childrens_Magazine_Malayalam.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | editor = <br /> | editor_title = <br /> | previous_editor = <br /> | staff_writer = <br /> | photographer = <br /> | category = * Children's Magazine<br /> * [[Comic book|Comic Magazine]]<br /> | frequency = Biweekly<br /> | format = <br /> | circulation = <br /> | publisher = <br /> | founder = <br /> | founded = 1964<br /> | firstdate = &amp;lt;!-- {{Start date|df=yes|year|month|day}} --&amp;gt;<br /> | finaldate = Disputes - 1990s/2000s<br /> | company = <br /> | country = India<br /> | based = [[Kerala]]<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | website = <br /> | issn = <br /> | oclc = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Poompatta''''' ([[Malayalam]]: പൂമ്പാറ്റ; {{Translation|Butterfly}}) was a [[Malayalam]] children's magazine which started publishing in 1964.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-stAQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;q=%22The+Indian+P.E.N.,+Volume+31%22 |title=The Indian P.E.N. |year=1967 |volume=33 |access-date=6 March 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was initially published by P. A. Warrier and later by Sithara Publications, Pai and Company (PAICO), Manorajyam Publications and Suryaprabha Publications.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=R. |date=2021 |title=When Our Hearts Leapt Up |url=https://prd.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Kerala%20Calling%20NOV%20LR.pdf |journal=Kerala Calling |publisher=Information &amp;amp; Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala |volume=42 |pages=41}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;amp;q=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature:+A-Devo |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2003 |isbn=9788126018031 |editor-last=Datta |editor-first=Amaresh |volume=I |location=New Delhi |pages=701 |language= |orig-date=1987}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ''Poompatta'' under PAICO was the first Malayalam children's publisher to syndicate comics produced by [[Amar Chitra Katha|India Book House (Amar Chitra Katha)]] and publish [[Amar Chitra Katha]] in Malayalam.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=R. |date=2021 |title=When Our Hearts Leapt Up |url=https://prd.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Kerala%20Calling%20NOV%20LR.pdf |journal=Kerala Calling |publisher=Information &amp;amp; Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala |volume=42 |pages=40}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Poompatta'' under PAICO is considered as &quot;one of the pioneering children’s magazines in Malayalam&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu12&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |author= |date=13 December 2012 |title=Journalist N. M. Mohan Dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/journalist-nm-mohan-dead/article4194324.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Kottayam |accessdate=}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Before the rise of the ''[[Baalarama|Balarama]]'' magazine in the mid-1980s, it was the market leader and trendsetter among the Malayalam comic magazines.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&amp;gt; Prominent Malayalam children's authors such as [[N. M. Mohan]] (1978–82) and R. Gopalakrishnan (1982–1986) served as editors of the magazine in the 1980s (under publisher S. V. Pai).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Publication history ==<br /> <br /> Over a span of 44 years, from 1964 to 2008, ''Poompatta'' reached its readers through the efforts of five different publishers. ''Poompatta'' stands out as the only children's publication in Malayalam to have emerged from the workshops of various publishers at different times.<br /> <br /> Various nicknames were assigned to ''Poompatta'' magazines to distinguish them under different publishers and formats across different periods. These include ''Warrier Poompatta'', ''Sithara Poompatta'', ''Paico Poompatta'', ''Manorajyam Poompatta'', and ''Suryaprabha Poompatta''.<br /> <br /> === ''Warrier Poompatta'' (1964–1973) ===<br /> <br /> P.A. Warrier, a writer, translator, and an official of All India Radio, founded ''Poompatta'' and served as its first editor. From 1964 to March 1973, ''Poompatta'', under the auspices of Warrier Publishers, reached Malayali readers. Similar to ''Balarama'' in the 1970s, '' Warrier Poompatta'' targeted relatively older children. While the inside pages were in black &amp;amp; white, the magazine cover boasted multicolored designs. However, in early 1973, due to labour issues and financial constraints at the printing press established by Warrier, ''Poompatta'''s publication had to be halted.<br /> <br /> === ''Sithara Poompatta'' (1973-1974) ===<br /> <br /> Two months later, in June 1973, the rights to ''Poompatta'' were acquired from Warrier by P.A. Madhavan Nair, from Ernakulam. Nair resumed ''Poompatta'''s publication under ''Sithara Publications'', which he owned. ''Sithara Poompatta'' maintained similar content and production quality as ''Warrier Poompatta''. However, financial difficulties led Madhavan Nair to cease the publication of ''Poompatta'' under ''Sithara Publications'' after nearly a year.<br /> <br /> === The golden period: ''Paico Poompatta'' (1978–1989) ===<br /> <br /> After a gap of four years, in 1978, Pai &amp;amp; Company (PAICO) of Kochi took over the production of ''Poompatta''. The first issue of ''Paico Poompatta'' was released in June 1978. Until late 1989, ''Poompatta'' was published by PAICO, marking the golden period in its history.<br /> <br /> During this time, ''Poompatta'' underwent drastic changes in content and printing quality to make it enjoyable for kids and adults of all ages. ''Paico Poompatta'''s unique page layout and aesthetics were later imitated by all other children's publications in Malayalam. It was around this time that ''Poompatta'' became a bi-weekly publication and was launched in offset printing.<br /> <br /> Ananta Pai's famous comic character ''Kapish''first appeared in Malayalam through ''Paico Poompatta''. It was during the PAICO era that ''Poompatta'' acquired the reputation of being the most popular children's publication in India, with a record sale of about two and a quarter lakh copies per month. Late N.M. Mohanan (who became editor of Balarama later) and R. Gopalakrishnan, former secretary of Kerala Sahitya Academy, graced ''Poompatta'''s editorship during this period.<br /> <br /> Unfortunately, the labor strikes that began at PAICO in the late 1980s, and the indifference of the management to resolve them and move forward, paved the way for the end of ''Paico Poompatta'' in 1989.<br /> <br /> [[File:Last issue Paico Poompatta.jpg|thumb|The issue of Paico Poompatta (October 15-31, 1989)]]<br /> <br /> === ''Manorajyam Poompatta'' (1990–2002) ===<br /> <br /> In 1990, the Manorajyam Group of Kottayam took over the publication of ''Poompatta'' from PAICO. Manorajyam Publications was then owned by R. Mohan, also known as Goodknight Mohan, a film producer in the Malayalam film industry who produced films under his production company, Shogun Films. The Manorajyam Group, had previously published ''Lalu Leela'', a leading children's publication in Malayalam in the early 80s. The Manorajyam Group managed to sustain the publication of ''Poompatta'' for a decade, albeit being unable to uphold the splendour and beauty of ''Paico Poompatta''. However, in 2002, the publication of Manorajyam ''Poompatta'' also ceased.<br /> <br /> === ''Suryaprabha Poompatta'' (2002–2008) ===<br /> <br /> ''Poompatta'' was lastly published by Suryaprabha Publications, Thrissur. It was the fifth and final publisher of ''Poompatta'' (as of now). The first issue of ''Suryaprabha Poompatta'' was released in the second week of April 2002. ''Suryaprabha Poompatta'' was adorned in full multicolour print. Its publication also ceased in 2008 after six years of circulation.<br /> <br /> The publication rights of ''Poompatta'' are still held by Suryaprabha Publications. As of 2024, it has been 16 years since ''Poompatta'' ceased publication, the longest gap in its history.<br /> <br /> == Republication attempts ==<br /> <br /> Since 2020, there has been a renewed interest in bringing back ''Poompatta'' in some form, spurred by former readers and ex-employees of PAICO ''Poompatta'' who connect through social media groups, particularly Facebook. Responding to this, the PAICO group has been republishing some issues of its popular illustrated series [[PAICO Classics]], with support from the reader community. Notably, this community has also played a big supportive role in the publication of three original works first published in ''Paico Poompatta'': ''Amarjit Singh'', a novel by K Radhakrishnan about Chambal bandits, ''Bhoopathikkotta'', another popular novel by the same author and ''Rukkuvinte Sahasangal'', a collection of stories featuring a clever deer, authored by R. Gopalakrishnan. The PAICO group has also recently republished two collections of early ''Kapish'' comics.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;thenewindianexpress&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |author= |date=19 August 2023 |title=Iconic character Kapish is back, to tell more tales with its magical tail|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2023/Aug/19/iconic-character-kapish-is-back-to-tell-more-tales-with-its-magical-tail-2606677.html|work=The New Indian Express |location=Kerala |accessdate=}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Efforts are underway to publish more titles in the future.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Balarama (magazine)]]<br /> * [[Malarvadi]]<br /> * [[PAICO Classics]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Malayalam journalism}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1964 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Biweekly magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Children's magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Comics magazines published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines established in 1964]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam comics]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language magazines]]<br /> [[Category:Magazines about comics]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{comics-mag-stub}}<br /> {{child-mag-stub}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganapavaram,_Markapuram_district&diff=499709 2026-02-22T13:33:59Z

<p>Xtromirit: started some location first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{other uses|Ganapavaram (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Ganapavaram<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 1000<br /> | population_as_of = 2008<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 523326<br /> | registration_plate = AP27<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ganapavaram''' is a village in [[Tripurantakam]] [[mandal]], located in [[Markapuram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Ganapavaram is located at {{Coord|16.0421015|N|79.5100737|E|type:city_region:IN-AP}}.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Ongole.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ongole]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Markapuram district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uday_Khemka&diff=542309 2026-02-18T14:35:41Z

<p>Xtromirit: added a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian investor}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{advert|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{notability|Bio|date=December 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Uday Khemka<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_place = [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[CEO]], [[Entrepreneur]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Harvard Business School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.synergos.org/news-and-insights/2016/personal-stories-uday-khemka<br /> | title= Spiritual Civilization: Personal Stories: Uday Khemka|accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Uday Khemka''' is an Indian [[investor]], [[entrepreneur]], and [[philanthropist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-leggett/worlds-philanthropists-an_b_5834542.html |publisher=Huffington Post |title= World's Philanthropists and Foundations, Use Your Financial Power Against Global Warming |date=17 September 2014 | accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.philanthropyage.org/development/climate-change-60ft-tsunami |publisher=Philanthropyage |title=Climate change: the 60ft tsunami |date=4 November 2015 |accessdate=4 February 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704203837/http://www.philanthropyage.org/development/climate-change-60ft-tsunami |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/web-exclusive/story/20071022-royal-do-gooders-734349-2007-10-15 |publisher= India Today |title= Royal do-gooders | accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/indian-arms-dealers-the-defence-dynasty |publisher=Open The Magazine |title= Indian Arms Dealers: The Defence Dynasty |date=12 May 2016 | accessdate= 26 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has contributed to the [[climate change]] sector in [[India]] and his work with SUN Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Morena |first=Edoardo |date=2016 |title= The Price of Climate Action: Philanthropic Foundations in the International Climate Debate |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WDUKDQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Uday+Khemka+climate+change&amp;pg=PA55 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |page= |isbn= 978-3319424835<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-uday-khemka/ |publisher= Alliance Magazine |title= Interview – Uday Khemka | accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.india.com/news/agencies/ashok-leyland-sun-mobility-ink-pact-to-develop-e-vehicles-2330271/ |title= Ashok Leyland, Sun Mobility ink pact to develop e-vehicles |date= 18 July 2017 |publisher= India.com | accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has collaborated with [[Bill Clinton]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkHrutMea48/ |publisher= tGelf |title= LIFE2014: Uday Khemka - Climate Change As A Global Concern | accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Narendra Modi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/news-and-blogs/total-collapse-of-solar-costs-in-india-signal-shift-from-alternative-to-core-energy-says-investor-uday-khemka |publisher= The Climate Group |title= Investor Uday Khemka: &quot;Total collapse&quot; of solar costs in India signals its shift to &quot;a core energy&quot; |date= 4 December 2015 |accessdate= 4 February 2018 |archive-date= 4 February 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182541/https://www.theclimategroup.org/what-we-do/news-and-blogs/total-collapse-of-solar-costs-in-india-signal-shift-from-alternative-to-core-energy-says-investor-uday-khemka |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and other political figures in the field of [[climate change]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/blog/sun-groups-uday-khemka-indias-renewable-rollout-challenges/ |title= SUN Group's Uday Khemka on India's renewable rollout challenges |date= 8 September 2017 |publisher= We Mean Business Coalition | accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=World Watch Institute |date=2009 |title= State of the World 2009: Confronting Climate Change |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TgNLFV-JbGYC&amp;dq=Uday+Khemka+climate+change&amp;pg=PA231<br /> |publisher= Earthscan |page= |isbn= 978-1844076949<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.thegreenskeptic.com/2006/03/social-entrepreneurs-uday-khemka.html |publisher= The Green Skeptic | title= Social Entrepreneurs: Uday Khemka Podcast on the Climate Crisis |accessdate= 4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khemka, Uday}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Angel investors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian venture capitalists]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sushmit_Ghosh&diff=538742 2026-02-12T03:06:53Z

<p>Xtromirit: added new entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sushmit Ghosh<br /> | alma_mater = A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre<br /> | occupation = Filmmaker<br /> | years_active = 2007 - Present<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sushmit Ghosh''' is an Academy award nominated filmmaker based in India. His Peabody-award winning documentary film, [[Writing With Fire]], became the first Indian feature documentary to be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bolly Buzz: 'Writing With Fire' makes it to The Academy Awards nomination, Farhan Akhtar and Shibani Dandekar's wedding festivities to take place in multiple destinations - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bolly-buzz-writing-with-fire-makes-it-to-the-academy-awards-nomination-farhan-akhtar-and-shibani-dandekars-wedding-festivities-to-take-place-in-multiple-destinations/articleshow/89457565.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bolly-buzz-writing-with-fire-makes-it-to-the-academy-awards-nomination-farhan-akhtar-and-shibani-dandekars-wedding-festivities-to-take-place-in-multiple-destinations/articleshow/89457565.cms |archive-date=2022-02-13 |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oscars 2022: India's 'Writing With Fire' Nominated In Best Documentary Feature Category |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/oscars-2022-india-s-writing-with-fire-nominated-in-best-documentary-feature-category-1911458-2022-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/oscars-2022-india-s-writing-with-fire-nominated-in-best-documentary-feature-category-1911458-2022-02-10 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; It premiered at the [[2021 Sundance Film Festival]], winning the Audience Award as well as the Special Jury Award in the World Cinema Documentary Competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hailu |first=Selome |date=2021-11-19 |title=CAA Signs 'Writing With Fire' Directors Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/caa-rintu-thomas-sushmit-ghosh-writing-with-fire-1235115651/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213212509/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/caa-rintu-thomas-sushmit-ghosh-writing-with-fire-1235115651/ |archive-date=2021-12-13 |access-date=2022-02-13 |work=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ghosh’s work has also been nominated for the [[Grierson Awards|Grierson]], [[International Documentary Association|IDA]] and [[Producers Guild of America|PGA]] awards. He is a co-founder of the award-winning production company, Black Ticket Films and a member of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=#IDADocAwards: Courage Under Fire Award - Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh |url=https://www.documentary.org/awards2021/honorees/rintu-thomas-sushmit-ghosh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117003854/https://www.documentary.org/awards2021/honorees/rintu-thomas-sushmit-ghosh |archive-date=2022-01-17 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13 |website=International Documentary Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oscars 2022: Writing With Fire Directors Screamed, Jumped, Hugged When Nomination Was Announced|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/oscars-2022-writing-with-fire-directors-screamed-jumped-hugged-when-nomination-was-announced-2757834 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/oscars-2022-writing-with-fire-directors-screamed-jumped-hugged-when-nomination-was-announced-2757834 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-12|website=NDTV.com}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Ghosh received his Masters in Mass Communication from the [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]], Jamia University, New Delhi in 2008. Ghosh’s foray into filmmaking was accidental, resulting from the success of a solo exhibition of his photographs curated by the [[British High Commission]], which later became a part of a travelling exhibition that was taken to Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and the United Kingdom. This led him to the beginning of his debut film, Bullets and Butterflies, which traces the journey of a disabled street child and a motorcycling enthusiast, as they travel 1,500 kilometres over 7 days from Delhi to Himachal Pradesh, inadvertently also mapping an unlikely friendship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Documentary Film makers &amp; Film Productions. Watch Documentaries Online |url=https://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/39/bullets-and-butterflies |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.cultureunplugged.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film, which premiered in 2007 and went on to play in over 50 film festivals, won seven awards and was inducted into the curriculum of universities in Canada, UK and France. Bullets and Butterflies was broadcast on [[NDTV]] in 2008.<br /> <br /> Ghosh’s films have been supported by the [[British High Commission]], The [[National Geographic]], The [[Sundance Institute]], The Tribeca Institute, the Finnish Film Foundation, among others. In 2021, he was awarded the Courage Under Fire Award by the International Documentary Association.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Courage Under Fire Award - Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh {{!}} International Documentary Association |url=https://www.documentary.org/awards2021/honorees/rintu-thomas-sushmit-ghosh |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.documentary.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> In 2009, Ghosh co-founded Black Ticket Films with [[Rintu Thomas]] and the duo have together directed and produced over 150 short documentaries under the company banner. His short documentary [[Dilli (film)|Dilli]], is a visual poem exploring notions of home, public space and belonging. It was released in 2011 and went on to win 22 awards including 10 best Short Documentary awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DILLI |url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/film/dilli |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.filmfestivals.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dilli was broadcast on [[NDTV]] and [[NBC]]. In 2012, Ghosh co-directed and shot Timbaktu, a meditation on life and sustenance, explored through the story of a small village in Andhra Pradesh, India. It won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film|Best Environment Film]] at the [[60th National Film Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-03-18 |title=National awards: Regional films shine in non-feature category |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/national-awards-regional-films-shine-in-non-feature-category/articleshow/19039837.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; and screened at major environment festivals and sustainability conferences across the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Timbaktu – PSBT |url=https://psbt.org/films/timbaktu/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ghosh’s body of work has been profiled across leading broadsheets including [[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]], [[The New York Times]], [[Los Angeles Times]], The Guardian and also curated and exhibited by global forums such as the [[United Nations Climate Change Conference]] and [[Lincoln Center]] for Performing Arts.<br /> <br /> Ghosh is known for centering the power of non-fiction films in designing and leading successful impact campaigns for organisations including the [[MacArthur Foundation]], National Liver Foundation, Friendicoes, [[UNICEF]], [[Public Health Foundation of India]] which have resulted in policy level changes in the spheres of public health, human rights and access to education in South and South East Asia.<br /> <br /> Ghosh serves as an advisor and juror for several global film festivals and fellowships including the [[Zurich Film Festival]], [https://moviesthatmatter.nl/en/about-us/ Movies That Matter Film Festival] and a Chair for the [[International Documentary Association]] Awards. He is a board member for the Omega Resilience Awards, which supports the work of emerging Global South leaders in finding innovative solutions to the global polycrisis.<br /> <br /> Ghosh’s debut feature-length documentary [[Writing with Fire|Writing With Fire]] premiered in 2021 at the [[Sundance Film Festival]]'s World Cinema Documentary Competition, where it won two awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=2021 Sundance Film Festival Awards Announced - sundance.org |url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2021-sundance-film-festival-awards-announced/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the first reviews was [[The Washington Post]] describing it as “The most inspiring journalism movie – maybe ever”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rezaian |first=Jason |date=February 1, 2021 |title=The most inspiring journalism movie — maybe ever |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/01/india-writing-with-fire-khabar-lahariya-journalism/ |work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The New York Times]] called it &quot;nothing short of galvanizing&quot;. [[The Hollywood Reporter]] called it “insightful and inspirational”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kang |first=Inkoo |date=2021-02-01 |title='Writing With Fire': Film Review {{!}} Sundance 2021 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/writing-with-fire-film-review-sundance-2021-4123315/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Financial Times]] in its review said, “Writing with Fire is a genre-defying masterpiece, one moment reminiscent of a dogged detective movie, the next recalling the great surround-sound reportage of Tom Wolfe and Joan Didion in the 1960s”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How a film about fearless Indian female reporters made it to the Oscars |url=https://www.ft.com/content/802a4423-1f7a-499f-b0e8-a556e6a00c70 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.ft.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ghosh and co-director Rintu Thomas became the first Indian filmmakers to win a [[Peabody Awards|Peabody Award]] for Writing With Fire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Independent Lens: Writing with Fire |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/independent-lens-writing-with-fire/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The jury described their work as one of “the most compelling and empowering stories released in 2022 across broadcasting and streaming media”. A New York Times Critics’ Pick, the film also was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the [[Grierson Awards]], [[International Documentary Association]] Awards and [[Producers Guild of America]] Awards. Along with winning 40 awards, Writing With Fire become the first Indian first documentary to be nominated for an Academy Award. In India, the film premiered at the [[Dharamshala International Film Festival|Dharamshala International Film Festival in November, 2022.]]<br /> <br /> Following the New York premiere of the documentary at [[Doc NYC]] in November 2021, the documentary had a theatrical release in the United States, with the opening weekend at the [[Film Forum]] in New York. In August 2023, it had a theatrical release in Japan, across 50 Japanese theatres in 22 prefectures.<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Worked as<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |Bullets and Butterflies<br /> |Director,  Cinematographer, Editor<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |In Search of My Home<br /> |Director, Cinematographer, Producer<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |Dilli<br /> |Director, Cinematographer, Producer<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |Timbaktu<br /> |Director, Cinematographer, Producer<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Writing with Fire<br /> |Director,  Cinematographer, Editor<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|4424010}}<br /> * [https://www.tfiny.org/filmmakers/detail/sushmit_ghosh Sushmit Ghosh], [[Tribeca Film Festival]]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Sushmit}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Applied_Microwave_Electronics_Engineering_%26_Research&diff=536466 2026-02-10T18:18:47Z

<p>Xtromirit: added new stub - done</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Short description|Autonomous R&amp;D institute}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox research institute<br /> |name = Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering &amp; Research<br /> |image = SAMEER-Logo-Wiki.png<br /> |motto =Passion for Performance <br /> |established = {{start date and age|1984}}<br /> |research_field = [[Microwave Engineering]] and [[Electromagnetic]] Technologies<br /> |director = Dr. P. Hanumantha Rao (Director General)<br /> |address =Hill Side [[IIT Bombay]] Campus area [[Powai]] [[Mumbai, India]] (headquarters) [[ Maharashtra ]]<br /> |nickname = SAMEER<br /> |operating_agency = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]]<br /> |website = https://sameer.gov.in/<br /> |zipcode=400076<br /> |lab_type=[[Research and Development]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering &amp; Research''' (SAMEER) is an [[autonomous]] [[research]] and development institution under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] (MeitY), Government of India. It was originally founded in 1984 as a laboratory under the then Department of Electronics and is an offshoot of the Microwave Engineering Group at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai. In 1988, it relocated to its headquarters within the [[IIT Bombay]] campus.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About SAMEER {{!}} Introduction |url=https://sameer.gov.in/about_sameer |website=sameer.gov.in |access-date=21 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> *'''1977''' – The Special Microwave Products Unit (SMPU) was established at [[TIFR]], Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dixit |first1=T |last2=Deshpande |first2=A |last3=Krishnan |first3=R |title=Development of Accelerators for Medical Applications at SAMEER |journal=Physics News |date=1 January 2021 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=36–41 |url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~ipa1970/news/2020/OctDec/Oct_Dec_2020_final.pdf |access-date=21 July 2025|issn= 0253-7583}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''1984''' – SAMEER Mumbai was formally constituted from SMPU as an autonomous R&amp;D unit under the Department of Electronics.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;/&gt;<br /> *'''1987–88''' – The Chennai Centre (Centre for Electromagnetics, originally established in 1983) was merged into SAMEER in 1987, and the Mumbai unit moved to IIT Bombay campus by 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;/&gt; <br /> *'''1994 onwards''' – Expansion to centres in Kolkata (Millimeter‑Wave Centre), Visakhapatnam (Electromagnetic Environmental Effects), and Guwahati (High‑Power Microwave Technology).&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research areas==<br /> SAMEER's mission is to advance application‑oriented research in [[RF]], [[microwave]], [[Millimeter wave scanner|millimeter‑wave]] electronics and electromagnetics, enabling development of indigenous technologies to reduce dependence on foreign imports. Its core research and service areas include:<br /> *[[Linear particle accelerator|Linear accelerators]] for medical therapy ([[LINAC]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dixit |first1=Tanuja |last2=Bansode |first2=Nitin |last3=Bhagwat |first3=Amol |last4=Chavan |first4=Sharad |last5=Deshpande |first5=Abhay |last6=Gaikwad |first6=Ganesh |last7=Ghosh |first7=Soumyabrata |last8=Krishnan |first8=Ramamoorthy |last9=Nainwad |first9=Chandrakant |last10=Panchal |first10=Gajendra |last11=Pethe |first11=Sanjay |last12=Thakur |first12=Kiran |last13=Ukey |first13=Virendra |last14=Vidwans |first14=Mandar |title=Review of Medical Accelerator Development at Sameer, India |journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference |date=2021 |volume=IPAC2021 |pages=3 pages |doi=10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-WEPAB209}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Medical imaging]] technologies (e.g., indigenously developed 1.5 T [[MRI]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=SAMEER exchanges MoU on MRI and technology transfer of Linear Accelerator with industry in presence of Secretary, MeitY |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2021864 |work=www.pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=27 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Radar]] and [[atmospheric]] [[instrumentation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=A. |last2=Aurobindo |first2=K. |last3=Isola |first3=G. |last4=Abhyankar |first4=J. D. |last5=Shrivastava |first5=P. |last6=Pillai |first6=J. S. |last7=Rambabu |first7=S |title=Ka-Band Polarimetric Doppler Radar for Profiling of Low Level Clouds at Mumbai During Monsoon Season |journal=Proceedings of the 9th International Radar Symposium India (IRSI-13) |date=2013 |pages=10–14 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/37998450/13-FP-064.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Electromagnetic Interference &amp; Compatibility ([[Electromagnetic interference|EMI]]/[[EMC effect|EMC]]), Electromagnetic [[Natural environment|Environmental]] Effects.<br /> *[[Photonics]], [[optoelectronic]] systems and thermal management engineering.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Saoji |first1=Samruddhi |last2=Rathi |first2=Snehal |last3=Jilkar |first3=Nandini |last4=Khedkar |first4=Vijayshri |last5=Paygude |first5=Priyanka |last6=Makkar |first6=Roshan |chapter=A Machine-Agnostic Approach to Denoising OCT Images of the Retina |title=2024 4th Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON) |date=23 August 2024 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1109/ASIANCON62057.2024.10837750|publisher=IEEE |isbn=979-8-3503-5421-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Secure communications]], antennas and millimeter‑wave subsystems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Gande Arun |last2=Mondal |first2=Sibabrata |last3=Biswas |first3=Bijit |last4=Poddar |first4=D. R. |title=A Broadband Millimeter-Wave Waveguide Window: A Low-Cost Design for Environmental Protection |journal=IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |date=October 2018 |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=4540–4547 |doi=10.1109/TMTT.2018.2859311 |bibcode=2018ITMTT..66.4540K }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Quantum technology]] and next‑generation telecom platforms ([[5G]]/[[6G]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Marias |first1=Stephen Las |title=SAMEER, MCTE, and Indian Army to Collaborate on Next-Gen Wireless Technologies |url=https://www.eetindia.co.in/sameer-mcte-and-indian-army-to-collaborate-on-next-gen-wireless-technologies/ |access-date=21 July 2025 |work=[[EE Times|EE Times India]] |date=25 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Centres==<br /> *SAMEER [[Mumbai]] – Headquarters at [[IIT Bombay]]; active in medical electronics, optoelectronics, MRI, atmospheric remote sensing, radar instrumentation, electromagnetic compatibility and more.<br /> *[[Chennai]] Centre (CEM) – Specialized in Electromagnetics, EMI/EMC, antenna engineering, thermal management, and 5G/6G systems research.<br /> *[[Kolkata]] Centre (Millimeter‑Wave) – Established in 1994; focuses on millimeter‑wave systems including CATR-based antenna testing.<br /> *[[Visakhapatnam]] Centre (CE3) – Focused on Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3), EMI/EMC/EMP testing and strategic-level evaluation.<br /> *[[Guwahati]] Centre (CHMTCT) – Based at [[IIT Guwahati]]; specializes in high‑power microwave tube and component technology.<br /> <br /> ==Recent highlights==<br /> *In March 2025, [[AIIMS New Delhi]] signed a memorandum of understanding with SAMEER to collaborate on indigenous MRI and linear accelerator development under the national Indigenous MRI (IMRI) Mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Aksheev |title=A first: Indigenous MRI machine set for trials at AIIMS |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/a-first-indigenous-mri-machine-set-for-trials-at-aiims/ |access-date=21 July 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)]] |date=26 March 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> *On 10 August 2024, MeitY’s R&amp;D Institute SAMEER signed a [[Transfer of Technology]] (ToT) agreement with two private firms for its Microwave‑Based Brix Measurement System (also called the SCORE system) to measure sugar concentration ([[Brix]]) rapidly and non‑destructively in sugar mills during production.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=SAMEER inks tech transfer agreement for commercial production of sugar content measurement |url=https://theprint.in/india/sameer-inks-tech-transfer-agreement-for-commercial-production-of-sugar-content-measurement/2217976 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=10 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *In December 2023, SAMEER, along with [[IIT Madras]] and [[IIT Kanpur]], licensed an indigenous [[5G]] RAN sub-system developed at the national ''5G Test Bed'' to [[Tejas Networks]] for {{INRConvert|12|c}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur and SAMEER license 5G Tech to Tejas Networks for Rs 12 Cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/iit-madras-iit-kanpur-and-sameer-license-5g-tech-to-tejas-networks-for-rs-12-cr/articleshow/105926197.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> [[Category:Research institutes in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Research institutes established in 1984]]<br /> [[Category:Information technology organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:Research and development]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sreekala_Rani&diff=536990 2026-02-08T01:29:59Z

<p>Xtromirit: added pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2001)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Sreekala Rani''' (born 19 January 2001)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=Sreekala Rani (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/241208-sreekala-rani#career-stats |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Kerala]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a forward. She plays for Kerala state team in the domestic tournaments and is registered with the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sreekala to lead Team India in SABA qualifiers, two other Keralites in squad |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/02/20/saba-qualifiers-three-kerala-basketball-players-india-squad-sreekala-captain.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Sreekala to lead Team India in SABA qualifiers, two other Keralites in squad |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, she was with Railways team.<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Rani is from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sreekala Rani |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/fc15d156-fbe4-4b59-a0e2-229fa372d3e8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927091730/https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/fc15d156-fbe4-4b59-a0e2-229fa372d3e8 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=play.fiba3x3.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is selected to captain the Indian team in the 3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship 2025 qualifiers at New Delhi from 23 to 26 February 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team results|Nepal]] for a berth in the [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA women's Asia Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Leandra |title=3rd South Asian Women's C'ship: Indian Basketball Squad Announced |url=https://www.ekalavyas.com/p/3rd-south-asian-womens-cship-indian-basketball |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.ekalavyas.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the first match, India beat Nepal 113–32 on 23 February 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitts |first=Andre |date=23 February 2025 |title=Indian basketball team opens campaign with 113-32 win over Nepal |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saba-women-championship-2025-basketball-india-vs-nepal-match-report |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She played both the matches, and the final against Maldives on 26 February 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Nepal |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624275/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With 16 points, 5 rebounds and six assists, Rani played a crucial role in Kerala bagging a silver medal at the [[National Games of India|National Games]] 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=NATIONAL GAMES {{!}} Punjab men, Kerala women enter basketball semifinals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games-punjab-men-kerala-women-enter-basketball-semifinals/article69159784.ece |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier, she represented India in the [[India at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]] and the [[2021 FIBA Women's Asia Cup|2021 FIBA Women's Asia Cup]]. She also played the 74th Senior National Basketball Championship at Bhavnagar, where she was awarded a cash prize for best three-pointer shooter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-01-12 |title=Tamil Nadu men, Railway women retain National basketball titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/basketball/article69092554.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Know Your Squad: Indian women's basketball team for SABA Women's Championship 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/saba-womens-championship-2025-india-squad-facts-202502 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Railways crush Kerala in final, but two Malayalis bag individual honours |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/01/12/senior-national-basketball-kerala-sreekala-pranav-prince-individual-awards.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=OnManorama.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She represented India in the 2018 [[FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship]] Division B and in the 2017 [[FIBA Under-16 Women's Asian Championship]] Division B.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Sports links}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Sreekala}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:2001 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]<br /> [[Category:Basketball players from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Basketball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games basketball players for India]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> [[Category:Forwards (basketball)]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._R._Sahadevan&diff=498003 2026-02-07T18:58:16Z

<p>Xtromirit: started some article w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Actor}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = E. R. Sahadevan<br /> | birth_name = Sahadevan<br /> | occupation = Film actor, Stage actor<br /> | years_active = 1937-1972<br /> | notable_works = [[1000 Thalai Vaangi Apoorva Chinthamani]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Malaikkallan]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mayabazar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Thillana Mohanambal]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''E. R. Sahadevan''' was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] veteran villain actor. He acted as the villain along with [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], and [[S. S. Rajendran]] in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. He made his debut film ''Rajasekaran Emantha Sonagiri'', released in 1937.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/e-r-sahadevan/|title=E.R.Sahadevan|date=2013-07-23|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He acted in ''Thiruvilayadal'' film released 1965<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> In his early days he acted in many stage plays, then started to act in feature films. His first film was ''Rajasekaran''. Starting in the 1940s, he acted in villain roles and supporting roles. His notable movies were [[1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani|1000 Thalai Vaangi Apoorva Chinthamani]], [[Malaikkallan]], [[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]], [[Mayabazar]], [[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]], [[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudumaipithan]], and [[Thillana Mohanambal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/er-sahadevan-92845|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228064226/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/er-sahadevan-92845|url-status=live|archive-date=28 February 2020|title=ER Sahadevan movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2020-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/actor/e-r-sahadevan-movies-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228064225/https://spicyonion.com/actor/e-r-sahadevan-movies-list/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 February 2020|title=E.R.Sahadevan|website=Spicyonion.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> !Note<br /> |-<br /> |1937<br /> |Rajasekaran Emantha Sonagiri<br /> |<br /> |Debut as lead actor <br /> |-<br /> |1941<br /> |[[Dayalan]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1943<br /> |[[Devakanya]]<br /> |Suravarman<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1943<br /> |[[Dewan Bahadur (film)|Dewan Bahadur]] <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1944<br /> |[[Prabhavathi]]<br /> |Sunabhan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1947<br /> |[[1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani|1000 Thalai Vaangi Apoorva Chinthamani]]<br /> |Purandharan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1948<br /> |[[Lakshmi Vijayam (1948 film)|Lakshmi Vijayam]]<br /> |King of Avandhi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1949<br /> |[[Inbavalli]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1949<br /> |[[Kanniyin Kathali]]<br /> |Kithivarman <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1951<br /> |[[Kalavathi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1953<br /> |[[Naalvar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1954<br /> |[[Malaikkallan]]<br /> |Kathavarayan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1954<br /> |[[Koondukkili]] <br /> |Sokkalingam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1955<br /> |[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1955<br /> |[[Guna Sundari]] <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1955<br /> |[[Pennarasi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1955<br /> |[[Kaveri (1955 film)|Kaveri]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1956<br /> |[[Rambaiyin Kaadhal (1956 film)|Rambaiyin Kaadhal]]<br /> |Lord [[Indra]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1956<br /> |[[Naane Raja (1956 film)|Naane Raja]] <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1956<br /> |[[Marumalarchi (1956 film)|Marumalarchi]] <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1956<br /> |[[Thaikkupin Tharam]]<br /> |Rathnam Pillai<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Mayabazar]]<br /> |Dushasana<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Alladin and the Wonderful Lamp (1957 film)|Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum]] <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudumaipithan]]<br /> |Parakraman<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Magathala Nattu Mary]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]<br /> |Mayandi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Neelamalai Thirudan]]<br /> |Neelamalai Thirudan's father<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1958<br /> |[[Bhoologa Rambai]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1958<br /> |[[Nadodi Mannan]]<br /> |the commander-in-chief of Ratnapuri<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1958<br /> |[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]]<br /> | King Aryan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1958<br /> |[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1958 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1958<br /> |[[Petra Maganai Vitra Annai]]<br /> |General Vikraman<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1958<br /> |[[Sengottai Singam]]<br /> |Malayandi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1959<br /> |[[Sumangali (1959 film)|Sumangali]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1959<br /> |[[Thaai Magalukku Kattiya Thaali]] <br /> |Thiruvenkatam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1960<br /> |Chenchi Lakshmi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1961<br /> |[[Sri Valli (1961 film)|Sri Valli]] <br /> |Nambi Raja<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |[[Mahaveera Bheeman]]<br /> |Bhima<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1964<br /> |[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]] <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1965<br /> |[[Veera Abhimanyu (1965 film)|Veera Abhimanyu]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1966<br /> |[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]<br /> |King<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1966<br /> |[[Saraswati Sabatham]]<br /> |Soldier<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1967<br /> |[[Seetha (1967 film)|Seetha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1968<br /> |[[Thirumal Perumai]]<br /> |[[Raja Raja Chola I|Chola King]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1968<br /> |[[Thillana Mohanambal]]<br /> |'Minor' Nagalingam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1970<br /> |[[Nadu Iravil]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1971<br /> |[[Aathi Parasakthi]] <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1972<br /> |[[Agathiyar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=3212279|name=E. R. Sahadevan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_Corporation_of_India&diff=463022 2026-01-30T04:08:58Z

<p>Xtromirit: fix structure per standard format as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Central Public Sector Undertaking}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = The Cotton Corporation of India<br /> | logo = Cotcorp logo.png<br /> | type = [[Public-sector undertaking|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]<br /> | key_people = Lalit Kumar Gupta, ([[Chairman]] &amp; [[Managing Director]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cotcorp.org.in/directors.aspx |title=Board of Directors |publisher=The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd. |date=2016-09-26 |accessdate=2017-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034750/http://cotcorp.org.in/directors.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | industry = [[Textiles]]<br /> | foundation = 1970<br /> | location = [[Mumbai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cotcorp.org.in/ |title=The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd |publisher=The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd |accessdate=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016070251/http://www.cotcorp.org.in/ |archive-date=16 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | homepage = {{URL|www.cotcorp.org.in|Official website}}<br /> }}<br /> '''The Cotton Corporation of India''' '''Limited''' or '''CCI''' is a [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Madhvi Sally |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/high-cotton-prices-hit-cci-business-plans/articleshow/6745615.cms |title=High cotton prices hit CCI business plans |work=The Economic Times |date=2010-10-14 |accessdate=2011-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; engaged in diverse activities related to trade, procurement, and export of [[cotton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-11-04 |title=CCI treads cautiously as cotton ryots suffer - Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-02/hyderabad/28226329_1_senior-cci-official-cotton-farmers-open-market |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-02/hyderabad/28226329_1_senior-cci-official-cotton-farmers-open-market |archive-date=2012-11-04 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; CCI is a public sector agency responsible for equitable distribution of cotton among the different constituents of the industry and for aiding in the import of cotton. It was incorporated on 31 July 1970 under the Companies Act 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/14/stories/2010101460290200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019001257/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/14/stories/2010101460290200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-10-19 |title=Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Cotton Corporation adopts Madurai village to raise output |date=2010-10-14 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2010-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; CCI is governed by Textile Policy 1985 issued by the [[Ministry of Textiles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-27 |title=CCI officials to look into plight of cotton farmers in Telangana |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-to-send-cci-officials-to-telangana-to-resolve-cotton-procurement-issue-1509082313-1 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.cotcorp.org.in/ Cotton Corporation of India] — Official website<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Agricultural marketing in India]]<br /> [[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Cotton industry in India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1970]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Textiles]]<br /> [[Category:Cotton organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Textile companies based in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:1970 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{textile-arts-stub}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Binzani_City_College,_Nagpur&diff=535347 2026-01-22T17:59:39Z

<p>Xtromirit: added a place - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Short description|Higher-educational institution in Nagpur, India}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Shri Binzani City College, Nagpur<br /> | image = Logo of Shri Binzani City College Nagpur.png<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1930}}<br /> | type = [[Private college|Private]]<br /> | principal = Dr. Sujit Metre<br /> | academic_staff = 13<br /> | students = 2054&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shri Binzani City College, Nagpur: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/colleges/shri-binzani-city-college-nagpur |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=@careers360 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | address = Umred Rd, Raghuji Nagar<br /> | city = [[Nagpur]]<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | postalcode = 440009<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br /> | campus_size = {{Convert|32|acre}}<br /> | accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] Re-Accredited 'A' Grade, [[Grading in education|CGPA]] 3.01<br /> | affiliations = [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.binzanicitycollege.in}}|<br /> }}<br /> '''Shri Binzani City College, Nagpur''' established in 1930, is one of the oldest general degree college in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. This college offers different courses in arts and commerce. It is affiliated to [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University | url=http://www.nagpuruniversity.org/pdf/LIST_OF_AFFILIATED_COLLEGES.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Departments==<br /> <br /> *Marathi<br /> *English<br /> *Hindi<br /> *History<br /> *Political Science<br /> *Economics<br /> *Sanskrit<br /> *Sociology<br /> *Geography<br /> *Philosophy<br /> *Physical Education<br /> *Computer Science<br /> *Management<br /> *Commerce<br /> <br /> ==Accreditation==<br /> The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.binzanicitycollege.ac.in|website=binzanicitycollege.ac.in|title=Welcome to Shri Binzani City College|access-date=2017-09-30}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1930]]<br /> [[Category:1930 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagpur]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-university-stub}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munda_Pind&diff=519052 2025-12-27T11:35:45Z

<p>Xtromirit: new - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Munda Pind<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang =<br /> | other_name =<br /> | nickname =<br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt =<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position =<br /> | pushpin_map_alt =<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|31.2907913|N|75.0597095|E|display=inline}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tarn Taran District]] <br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Khadur Sahib<br /> | established_title = &lt;!--Established--&gt;<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder =<br /> | named_for =<br /> | parts_type = [[Block]]<br /> | parts = <br /> | government_type =<br /> | governing_body =<br /> | unit_pref = <br /> | area_footnotes =<br /> | area_rank =<br /> | area_total_km2 =<br /> | elevation_footnotes =<br /> | elevation_m =<br /> | population_total = 4, 526<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank =<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto <br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | population_footnotes =<br /> | demographics_type1 = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 143407<br /> | registration_plate = PB 046<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 =<br /> | blank_info_sec1 =<br /> | website =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Munda Pind''' village situated on edge of [[Sutlej River]] in [[Tarn Taran Sahib]] District of Punjab, India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[2001 census of India]] the Village has the population of 4,526 and 782 houses.<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> <br /> *Government primary school<br /> *Government high school<br /> *Baba amar singh model school<br /> *Baba Deep Singh public school (Dehra sahib) <br /> *Sri guru hargobind sahib sen sec school jamarai<br /> *Lotus valley sen. Sec. school tur<br /> *Shah harbans school rani walah<br /> *Baba bir singh public school bhail<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Tarn Taran district]]<br /> {{Tarn Taran district}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramgarh,_Siwan&diff=529313 2025-12-24T04:15:34Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Siwan}}<br /> {{Cleanup|date=November 2025|reason=the history section could do with improved wording and sourcing.}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Ramgarh <br /> | native_name = रामगढ़<br /> | native_name_lang = Hindi<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[List of villages in Siwan district|Gram Panchayat]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | map_alt = to<br /> | pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Bihar<br /> | pushpin_relief = yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.9781|N|84.4285|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Seal_of_Bihar.svg|size=23px}} [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Siwan district]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Siswan]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Local Government<br /> | governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]] <br /> | leader_title = [[Gram Panchayat|Panchayat]] <br /> | leader_name = Ramgarh&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramgarh Panchayat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ramgarh Panchayat|url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats|access-date=2025-05-01 |website=siwan.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya<br /> | leader_name1 = Chanda Bharati&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramgarh, Siswan - Wowsome |url=https://wowsome.com/siwan/siswan/ramgarh/ |website=wowsome.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]<br /> | leader_name3 = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes =&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramgarh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Area of Ramgarh Village|url=https://vill.co.in/bihar/siwan/siswan-218012470/ramgarh-012472327940/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=vill.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 3.65<br /> | elevation_footnotes =&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehdar Elevation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sea Level of Ramgarh Village|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=freemaptools.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = 57<br /> | population_total = 6684<br /> | population_as_of = 2011 Census <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes =&lt;ref name=&quot;Population of Ramgarh Village&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Ramgarh Panchayat - District Census Handbook 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/318/download/922/DH_2011_1016_PART_A_DCHB_SIWAN.pdf |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] &amp; [[English language|English]]<br /> |demographics1_title2 = Regional <br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> | demographics_type2 = Demographics<br /> | demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy in Bihar|Literacy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary Report of Ramgarh Village&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Summary Report of Ramgarh Village|url=https://villagedatabase.com/village-info/india/bihar/siwan/siswan/ramgarh#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villagedatabase}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics2_info2 = 55.36%&lt;br /&gt;Males: (68.62%)&lt;br /&gt;Females:(41.19%)<br /> | demographics2_title3 = [[Demographics of Bihar|Sex ratio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramgarh Village Population 2025: Census Data and Literacy - Siswan, Siwan, BIHAR |url=https://censusofindia.net/bihar/siwan/siswan/ramgarh/232794 |website=censusofindia.net |access-date=4 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics2_info3 = 912<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 841203&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramgarh BO Pin Code, Siwan, Bihar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/bihar/siwan/ramgarh-bo |website=ndtv.com |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=14 September 2025 |location=Ramgarh |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR29]]<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = <br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://siwan.nic.in/tourist-place/mahendra-nath-temple|siwan.nic.in}}<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ramgarh''' is a [[gram panchayat]] located in the [[Siswan]] block of [[Siwan district]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): RAMGARH (रामगढ ) |url=https://civicatlas.in/gram-panchayat-ramgarh-239377 |website=civicatlas.in |access-date=31 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The village is situated near the [[Daha River]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=लुप्त होने की कगार पर है दहा नदी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/siwan/daha-river-is-on-the-verge-of-extinction |website=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=hi |date=30 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=सिसवन में दाहा नदी के तट पर मवेशियों को नहीं मिल रहा पीने के लिए पानी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/siwan/news/cattle-are-not-getting-drinking-water-on-the-banks-of-daha-river-in-siswan-135637349.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar]] |date=9 August 2025 |access-date=14 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The history of the village is intrinsically linked to the legend of this ancient [[Shiva]] temple, which dates back to the 17th century.<br /> According to local legend, the temple's story begins with [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra Vir Vikram Sahdeo of Nepal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mahendra Nath Temple In Bihar {{!}} Things To Do |url=https://seawatersports.com/places/bihar/mahendra-nath-temple |website=Tours &amp; Travel Company, Sea Water Sports |access-date=16 September 2025 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The king was suffering from a skin disease and was on his way to [[Varanasi]] to bathe in the holy [[Ganges|Ganges River]] for a cure.<br /> While passing through a dense forest (the site of present-day [[Siwan district|Siwan]]), he stopped to rest under a peepal tree. As he searched for water, he found a small ditch. When he washed his hands with the water, his disease was miraculously cured.<br /> That night, Lord Shiva appeared to the king in a dream and told him to excavate the area under the peepal tree and build a temple there.<br /> The king followed the divine instructions, and a [[Lingam|shivalinga]] (a representation of Lord Shiva) was unearthed. He then built the temple on that very spot. He also had a large pond dug next to the temple, known as the 52 Beegha Pond, which is believed to have healing properties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=जानें, नेपाल नरेश ने क्यों कराई थी महेंद्रनाथ मंदिर की स्थापना और क्या है इसका महत्व - Know The Story Of Mahendranath Mandir And Importance Of 52 Beegha Pond Bath |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-know-the-story-of-mahendranath-mandir-and-importance-of-52-beegha-pond-bath-20336744.html |website=[[Jagran]] |access-date=16 September 2025 |location=[[Mehdar]], [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> According to [[Government of India|government records]], the village code of Ramgarh is 232794. The total geographical area of Ramgarh village is 365 hectares. The village has 1,268 houses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=रामगढ़ पंचायत में राजस्व कैंप का हुआ आयोजन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/siwan/story-revenue-camp-organized-in-ramgarh-panchayat-for-land-issues-resolution-201739001344054.html |website=www.livehindustan.com |publisher=LiveHindustan, [[HT Media]] |language=hi |date=8 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> The [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]] recorded Ramgarh village in Bihar with a population of 6,684, comprising 3,497 males and 3,187 females, spread across 23 households. The village has a notable literacy rate of 55.36%, with 2,533 literate males and 1,895 literate females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A-03: Villages by population size class - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42874/download/46543/A-3_MDDS_Release.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=14 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sex ratio in Ramgarh is 912, indicating a below-average ratio compared to the national average of 940.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/319/download/926/DH_2011_1016_PART_B_DCHB_SIWAN.pdf |title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK - Census of India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Census of India |access-date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Age distribution ===<br /> Children aged 0–6 years number 1,054, accounting for 15.77% of the total population of this village. The child sex ratio is 873 females for every 1,000 males.&lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Literacy ===<br /> According to the 2011 Census, the literacy rate in Ramgarh is 55.36%. The male literacy rate is 68.62%, while the female literacy rate is 41.19%&lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Villages in panchayat ==<br /> Here the list of the village name which is in the Ramgarh Panchayat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramgarh - Gram Panchayat |url=https://grammanchitra.gov.in/gm4MVC |website=grammanchitra.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Pipra<br /> * Nagai<br /> * Birti Lakheraj<br /> * Birti<br /> * [[Menhdar]]<br /> * Nagai Khas<br /> * Nirmal Nagai<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Siswan]]<br /> * [[Siwan district]]<br /> * [[Panchayati raj (India)]]<br /> * [[List of villages in Siwan district]]<br /> * [[Siwan subdivision]]<br /> * [[Administration in Bihar]]<br /> * [[Daraunda Assembly constituency]]<br /> * [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Siwan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Siwan district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Warora&diff=531451 2025-12-15T20:41:03Z

<p>Xtromirit: Creating new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British merchant steamship}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox ship<br /> |section1={{Infobox ship/image<br /> |image= <br /> |image_caption= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section2={{Infobox ship/career<br /> |hide_header= <br /> |country= United Kingdom<br /> |flag= {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}<br /> |name= ''Warora''<br /> |namesake= [[Warora]]<br /> |owner= [[British India Steam Navigation Company|British India SN Co]]<br /> |operator= <br /> |registry= [[Glasgow]]<br /> |route= <br /> |ordered= <br /> |builder= [[Alexander Stephen and Sons|A Stephen &amp; Sons]], [[Linthouse]]<br /> |original_cost= <br /> |yard_number= 296<br /> |laid_down= <br /> |launched= 18 August 1887<br /> |completed= <br /> |maiden_voyage= <br /> |refit= <br /> |identification= *UK [[official number]] 95004<br /> *[[code letters]] KNLG<br /> *{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|November}}{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Golf}}<br /> |fate= scrapped 1911<br /> |notes= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br /> |hide_header= <br /> |header_caption= <br /> |type= [[cargo ship]]<br /> |tonnage= {{GRT|3920}}, {{NRT|2554}}<br /> |length= {{cvt|350.0|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |beam= {{cvt|47.2|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |height= <br /> |draught= {{convert|1|ft|0|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> |depth= {{cvt|20.3|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |decks= 2<br /> |power= 311 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]<br /> |propulsion= *1 × [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion engine]]<br /> *1 × [[Propeller|screw]]<br /> |sail_plan= 2-masted [[schooner]]<br /> |speed= {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}<br /> |capacity= 34 × 1st class passengers<br /> |troops=<br /> |crew= <br /> |complement= <br /> |notes= [[sister ship]]: {{SS|Wardha||2}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''SS ''Warora''''' was a [[Merchant ship|merchant]] [[steamship]] that was built in Scotland in the 1880s and scrapped in [[British Raj|India]] in 1911. She was one of a pair of [[sister ship]]s that were designed for a [[Liverpool]] shipping company to carry cotton, but completed for the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] (BI) to carry sugar. In 1899 she carried troops and [[Horses in warfare|cavalry horses]] for the [[Second Boer War]]. She was a [[Troopship|troop ship]] again in the [[Boxer Rebellion]].<br /> <br /> She was the first of three BI ships to be named after the city of [[Warora]] in the [[Central Provinces]]. The second was a steamship that was launched in 1917 and scrapped in 1939.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=132}} The third was a [[motor ship]] that was launched in 1948 and scrapped in 1972.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=165}}<br /> <br /> ==Building==<br /> In 1884 [[Alexander Stephen and Sons]] of [[Linthouse]], [[Glasgow]], laid down a pair of cargo ships for Hume, Smith and Company of [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool]]. Their [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was relatively broad in proportion to their length, as they were designed to carry baled cotton from [[Port of New Orleans|New Orleans]] to Liverpool. While they were being built, Hume, Smith went into liquidation, leaving yard numbers 295 and 296 incomplete.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=70}}<br /> <br /> The two incomplete hulls lay in Stephen's shipyard until 1887, when BI had them completed. 295 was launched on 7 July as {{SS|Wardha||2}}, followed by 296 on 18 August as ''Warora''.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=70}}<br /> <br /> ''Warora''{{'}}s registered length was {{cvt|350.0|ft|abbr=on}}, her [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was {{cvt|47.2|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|20.3|ft|abbr=on}}. Her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|3920}} and {{NRT|2554}}.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1888|loc=WAR}} She had berths for 34 first class passengers.&lt;ref name=NMH-1891-0506&gt;{{cite news |title=The B.I.S.N. Warora. |newspaper=[[The Newcastle Herald|The Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners Advocate]] |date=6 May 1891 |page=4 |place=Newcastle |via=[[Trove]] |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/136066374}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She had a single screw, driven by a three-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion engine]] that was rated at 311 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1911|loc=WAR}} and gave her a speed of {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}. Her [[steering engine]] and her winches on deck were steam-powered. She was equipped with electric light throughout.&lt;ref name=NMH-1891-0506/&gt; She had two masts,{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=70}} and was rigged as a [[schooner]].&lt;ref name=NMH-1891-0506/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> BI [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Warora'' at [[Glasgow]]. Her [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] [[official number]] was 95004 and her [[code letters]] were KNLG.{{sfn|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1888|p=199}} BI at first used both ''Wardha'' and ''Warora'' to import sugar from [[British Mauritius|Mauritius]] to [[British Raj|India]].{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=70}}<br /> <br /> In 1891 ''Warora'' made her first voyage to Australia.&lt;ref name=NMH-1891-0506/&gt; She left [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta]] on 1 May, with a cargo that included rice, jute, and castor oil. She called at [[Port of Penang|Penang]] and [[Port of Singapore|Singapore]],&lt;ref name=Argus-1891-0606&gt;{{cite news |title=The S.S. Warora. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |date=6 June 1891 |page=9 |place=Adelaide |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/8643557}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on 28 May she reached [[Port Adelaide]], carrying 23 passengers bound for [[Port of Melbourne|Melbourne]] and [[Port Jackson|Sydney]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Latest Shipping. |newspaper=[[The News (Adelaide)|The Evening Journal]] |date=28 May 1891 |page=2 |place=Adelaide |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/198409642}}&lt;/ref&gt; She reached Melbourne on 5 June, and Sydney on 16 June.&lt;ref name=Argus-1891-0606/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Warora. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 June 1891 |page=6 |place=Sydney |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13828530}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Warora'' then loaded 2,060 tons of coal at [[Darling Harbour]] in Sydney, and left on 4 July for Calcutta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Warora—The Darling Harbour Cranes |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=6 July 1891 |page=4 |place=Sydney |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28271253}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Warora'' continued to trade between India and Australia. On 28 May 1892, a [[smallpox]] patient from the ship was [[quarantine]]d on [[Torrens Island]], Adelaide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Killed by an electric shock. |newspaper=The Evening Journal |date=30 May 1892 |page=3 |place=Adelaide |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/208515478}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died soon afterward, and was buried on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Death of a clergyman on Torrens Island. |newspaper=The Evening Journal |date=31 May 1892 |page=2 |place=Adelaide |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/204480016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A year later, on 29 May 1893, 11 of her passengers were quarantined on Torrens Island, also for smallpox.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Quarantine Station. |newspaper=The Evening Journal |date=29 May 1893 |page=2 |place=Adelaide |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/197868859}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> All BI ships were designed to be converted into [[Troopship|troop ships]], by putting troop accommodation in the [[Hold (compartment)|holds]].{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=12}} In the Second Boer War the UK Government [[Chartering (shipping)|chartered]] at least 37 BI ships for war service.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=20}} On 23 September 1899 in Bombay (now [[Mumbai Harbour|Mumbai]]) she embarked part of the [[19th Royal Hussars]]. On 9 October she reached [[Port of Durban|Durban]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.angloboerwar.com/books/92-maurice-history-of-the-war-in-south-africa/1932-maurice-history-vol-1-appendix-1-reinforcements-sanctioned-on-the-8th-september-1899 |title=Maurice: History – Vol 1: Appendix 1 - Reinforcements Sanctioned On The 8th September, 1899. |work=Books |publisher=AngloBoerWar.com |access-date=20 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 July 1900 she embarked troops at Calcutta to take to the [[Taku Forts]] in [[Qing dynasty|China]] during the [[Boxer Rebellion]].{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=70}}<br /> <br /> On 1 August 1904, one of ''Warora''{{'}}s passengers was reported missing. The ship reached [[Port of Brisbane|Brisbane]] that day, and reported that the passenger, an [[accountant]] of the [[Queensland National Bank]] from [[Townsville]], had not slept in his bunk the previous night, and was nowhere aboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Disappearance of a passenger |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |date=1 August 1904 |page=5 |place=Adelaide |via=Trove |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4992842}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Warora'' was [[Ship breaking|broken up]] in Bombay in June 1911.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=70}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{cite book |last=Haws |first=Duncan |year=1987 |title=British India S.N. Co |series=Merchant Fleets |volume=11 |place=Burwash |publisher=Travel Creatours Ltd Publications |isbn=0-946378-07-X}}<br /> *{{cite book |year=1911 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I.–Steamers |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1912ST/page/n1075/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1911}} }}<br /> *{{cite book |year=1888 |title=Mercantile Navy List |place=London |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?name=Warola&amp;year=1888&amp;submit=Enter |via=Crew List Index Project |ref={{harvid|''Mercantile Navy List'' 1888}} }}<br /> *{{cite book |year=1888 |title=Universal Register |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HESROSU1888/page/n992/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1888}} }}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Warora, SS}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1887 ships]]<br /> [[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company]]<br /> [[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]<br /> [[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Troop ships of the United Kingdom]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solah_Khamba_Mosque&diff=536511 2025-11-22T06:20:10Z

<p>Xtromirit: added new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mosque in Bidar, Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | name = Solah Khamba Mosque<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = Solah Khamba.jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.4<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = A wide-angle view of the [[façade]], showing 15 of the 16 arches, in 2015<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]<br /> | tradition = <br /> | sect = <br /> | district = <br /> | prefecture = <br /> | province = <br /> | region = <br /> | deity = <br /> | rite = <br /> | festival = &lt;!-- or |festivals= --&gt;<br /> | organisational_status = [[Mosque]]&lt;!-- or |organizational_status= --&gt;<br /> | ownership = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | leadership = <br /> | bhattaraka = <br /> | patron = <br /> | consecration_year = <br /> | functional_status = Active<br /> | religious_features_label = <br /> | religious_features = <br /> | location = [[Bidar Fort]], [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | municipality = <br /> | cercle = <br /> | state = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | map_type = India Karnataka <br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_relief = 1<br /> | map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Karnataka]]<br /> | grid_name =<br /> | grid_position =<br /> | sector = <br /> | territory = <br /> | administration = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.9208|77.5281|region:IN-KA_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes =<br /> | heritage_designation = <br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br /> | architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Architecture of the Deccan sultanates|Deccan]]}}<br /> | founded_by = [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Sultanate]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | funded_by = <br /> | general_contractor = <br /> | established = <br /> | groundbreaking = <br /> | year_completed = {{AH|827|link=yes}}<br /> | construction_cost = <br /> | date_demolished = &lt;!-- or |date_destroyed= --&gt;<br /> | facade_direction = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | width_nave = <br /> | interior_area = <br /> | height_max = <br /> | dome_quantity = 41 {{small|(estimate)}}<br /> | dome_height_outer = <br /> | dome_height_inner = <br /> | dome_dia_outer = <br /> | dome_dia_inner = <br /> | minaret_quantity = <br /> | minaret_height = <br /> | spire_quantity = <br /> | spire_height = <br /> | site_area = <br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity = <br /> | shrine_quantity = <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | materials = <br /> | elevation_m = &lt;!-- or |elevation_ft= --&gt;<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | nrhp = <br /> | designated = <br /> | added = <br /> | refnum = <br /> | delisted1_date =<br /> | website =<br /> | module = &lt;!-- for embedding other infobox templates --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Solah Khamba Mosque''' is a [[mosque]] within the [[Bidar Fort]] in [[Bidar]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> The original name of the building is not known. It has been described as the ''Zanani Masjid'' (mosque of the [[zenana]]) owing to its presence in the women's enclosure. The name ''Solah Khamba'' ''(sixteen pillars'') refers to the presence of sixteen columns in the middle of the hall.&lt;ref name=Yazdani/&gt;<br /> <br /> The building has been traditionally considered to be the [[congregational mosque]] of Bidar. However, Helen Philon argues that the building was intended to be a royal ceremonial hall, rather than a congregational mosque. She claims that the mosque is located well within Bidar Fort, and would not have been accessible to the general public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Philon |first=Helen |title=Sultans of the South : arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687 |chapter=The Solah Khamba Mosque at Bidar as the Ceremonial Hall of the Bahmanis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> An inscription, written in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], found during the clearing of debris from a decayed part of the building reads, when translated into [[English language|English]]:<br /> {{Quote|text=During the time of the viceregent of God; Prince Muhammad, who has no equal; 'In {{AH|827|link=yes}} Qubli Sultani was the auspicious founder of this mosque.’}}<br /> <br /> The eastern [[façade]] is {{convert|310|ft|m|order=flip}} wide. An arcade of nineteen{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Is it 19 or 16?}} uniform arches forms the façade of the mosque. The span of each of the arches is approximately {{convert|11|ft|4|in|m|order=flip}}, and their height approximately {{convert|20|ft|m|order=flip}}. A [[parapet]] wall rises above the mosque, considered to be a later addition. The mosque is well known for the symmetry of its arches, its [[clerestory]] windows with perforated geometrical screens, completed in the [[Architecture of the Deccan sultanates|Deccan]] style.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dsource.in/resource/bidar-fort-karnataka/solah-khamba-mosque#:~:text=Marking%20the%20second%20phase%20of,his%20father%20Shah%20Jahan%20suddenly. |title= Bidar Fort - Karnataka / Solah Khamba Mosque |work=D'source India |date= |access-date=12 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The mosque is surmounted with a massive dome. The dome rests on a circular drum, with [[trefoil]] [[crenellation]]s in relief. The prayer hall measures {{convert|294|ft|9|in|m|order=flip}} long, and {{convert|80|ft|m|order=flip}} wide. It is divided into ninety-five bays by means of nineteen aisles, each five bays deep. Royal palaces that were constructed towards the east of the mosque blocks light from entering. As a result, five of the smaller domes have openings at their apexes.&lt;ref name=Yazdani&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n69/mode/2up |title=Bidar Its History And Monuments |date=1947 |pages=54–56 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Recessed into the western wall is the pentagonal [[mihrab]], entered through a cusped arch.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Bidar - Fort (4278998017).jpg|The smaller domes on the roof are hidden from view by the [[parapet]] wall<br /> File:Sola Kaman.jpg|Inside the arches<br /> File:Plan of the prayer hall of the Solah Khamb Mosque.png|Plan of the prayer hall<br /> File:Inside view of the mosque.jpg|The western wall; the central niche is the [[mihrab]]<br /> File:Solah Khamba Mosque of Bidar fort.jpg<br /> File:Front View- Solah Khamba Mosque.jpg<br /> File:Hypostyle Wall in Solah Khamba Mosque, Bidar fort, Bidar.JPG<br /> File:Bidar Fort, by KalyanD.jpg<br /> File:The Great Mosque or Sola Khamb Masjid at Bedar.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}<br /> * [[Islam in India]]<br /> * [[List of mosques in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons cat-inline|Solah Khamba Masjid}}<br /> <br /> {{Mosques in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1424]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Bidar district]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques completed in the 1420s]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques in Karnataka]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zadibal_Assembly_constituency&diff=474225 2025-11-15T10:10:36Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = [[Zadibal]]<br /> | state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | district = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]<br /> | established = 1996<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 24<br /> | incumbent_image = Tanvir Sadiq.jpg<br /> | mla = [[Tanvir Sadiq]]<br /> | party = [[Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Zadibal'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pdp-wrests-srinagar-all-bjp-candidates-except-1-lose-deposit-114122300623_1.html|title=PDP wrests Srinagar, All BJP candidates except 1 lose deposit|agency=Press Trust of India|date=December 23, 2014|via=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; is one of the 90 constituencies in [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] in India administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It comprises parts of [[Eidgah tehsil|Eidgah]], [[North Srinagar tehsil|North Srinagar]] and [[Khanyar Tehsil|Khanyar]] tehsils, all in [[Srinagar district]]. It is also a part of the [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14157-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-union-territory-of-jammu-kashmir-%E2%80%93-final-notification-%E2%80%93-regarding/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Union Territory of Jammu &amp; Kashmir – Final Notification – regarding. |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date= 6 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/zadibal-19-issue18-vol06-61632/|title=Zadibal 19|date=July 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Shaik Mohammad Abdullah || {{Full party name with color|Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Salim Anwar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ghulam Ahmad Shunthoo || {{Full party name with color|Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Sheikh Abdul Rashid <br /> |- <br /> | [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Peer Mohammed Shafi <br /> |- <br /> | [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Sadiq Ali]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Shahjahan Dar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Peer Aafaq Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Abid Hussain Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Tanvir Sadiq]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&amp;K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanvir Sadiq]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,189 |percentage=63.59% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abid Hussain Ansari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=6,016 |percentage=17.24% |change={{increase}}13.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Junaid Azim Mattu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,700 |percentage=7.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Gowher Ali |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=956 |percentage=2.74% |change={{decrease}}39.92 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Omar Hafiz |party=Independent politician |votes=902 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=695 |percentage=1.99% |change={{increase}}1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanveer Hussain Pathan |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=604 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Burhan Basheer Bazaz |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,173 |percentage=46.35% |change= {{increase}}30.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=34,893 |percentage=30.92% |change= {{increase}}6.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,864 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.74 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}20.93 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir 2014 - Jammu &amp; Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abid Hussain Ansari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=7,852 |percentage=42.66% |change={{increase}}17.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Afaq Ahmad |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,849 |percentage=26.35% |change={{decrease}}8.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahid Ali Kachroo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,329 |percentage=7.22% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ud Din Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,063 |percentage=5.78% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shameema Raina |party=Indian National Congress |votes=922 |percentage=5.01% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=630 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arshid Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=468 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Gaash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=360 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saleem Akhtar Malik |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Owais Qadri |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=138 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,003 |percentage=16.32% |change= {{increase}}6.33 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=18,404 |percentage=23.93% |change= {{increase}}6.63 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.10 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}7.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Aafaq Ahmed |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,335 |percentage=34.89% |change={{decrease}}2.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahi Jahan Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,094 |percentage=24.90% |change={{increase}}23.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanvir Sadiq]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,759 |percentage=22.20% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmed Tantray |party=Indian National Congress |votes=715 |percentage=5.75% |change={{decrease}}0.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abul Hassan Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasir Ahmed Naikoo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=227 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Shair |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front (Secular) |votes=176 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Ajaz Ahmed Rizvi |party=Independent politician |votes=166 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Iftikhar Hussain |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=135 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabia |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muzaffar Hussain Reshi |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=127 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,241 |percentage=9.99% |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,426 |percentage=17.30% |change= {{increase}}12.52 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,819 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}11.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahjahan Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,514 |percentage=46.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khawja Sadiq Ali |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,220 |percentage=37.61% |change={{decrease}}11.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdullah Rizvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=205 |percentage=6.32% |change={{decrease}}12.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Qayoom |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Maqsood Shah |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=93 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=54 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Muzzafar |party=Independent politician |votes=25 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sikander |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=21 |percentage=0.65% |change={{decrease}}6.33 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=294 |percentage=9.06% |change= {{decrease}}15.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,244 |percentage=4.78% |change= {{decrease}}7.51 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,852 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.79 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.41 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sadiq Ali]] |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,948 |percentage=49.08% |change={{decrease}}5.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hassan Bhat |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,451 |percentage=24.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdulla Safvi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,107 |percentage=18.43% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramzan Bangi |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=419 |percentage=6.98% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Kabli |party=Independent politician |votes=82 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,497 |percentage=24.92% |change= {{increase}}14.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,007 |percentage=12.68% |change= {{decrease}}57.21 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,887 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}32.31 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.35 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Mohammed Shafi |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=27,316 |percentage=54.42% |change={{decrease}}34.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Abdul Rouf |party=Independent politician |votes=22,121 |percentage=44.07% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=755 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,195 |percentage=10.35% |change= {{decrease}}71.10 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=50,192 |percentage=71.24% |change= {{decrease}}18.11 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.19 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Abdul Rashid |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=49,937 |percentage=88.54% |change={{increase}}36.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jehangir Ali Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,001 |percentage=7.09% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmmed Amim Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,710 |percentage=3.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=545 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}50.59 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,936 |percentage=81.45% |change= {{increase}}77.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=56,399 |percentage=88.93% |change= {{increase}}7.12 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,380 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.15 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}36.99 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmad Shunthoo |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,401 |percentage=51.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salin Anwar Dhar |party=Janata Party |votes=21,522 |percentage=47.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Nowshehri |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=469 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}2.20 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,879 |percentage=4.14% |change= {{decrease}}10.21 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=45,392 |percentage=81.71% |change= {{increase}}23.36 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,400 |ref = |change= {{increase}}72.35 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salim Anwar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,173 |percentage=33.02% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aga Syed Afzil Jalali |party=Independent politician |votes=3,491 |percentage=18.68% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=1,842 |percentage=9.85% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Gayas Ud Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,698 |percentage=9.08% |change={{decrease}}19.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdulla Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,681 |percentage=8.99% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Krishan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,182 |percentage=6.32% |change={{decrease}}6.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sadiq Ali]] |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=4.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Nowshehri |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=604 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohamed Shafi |party=Independent politician |votes=342 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Misra Bano |party=Independent politician |votes=287 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohamed Yusuf |party=Independent politician |votes=247 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,682 |percentage=14.35% |change= {{decrease}}9.18 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=18,692 |percentage=60.53% |change= {{increase}}29.86 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,724 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.15 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}19.07 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaik Mohammad Abdullah |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,599 |percentage=52.10% |change={{decrease}}31.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Shair |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,974 |percentage=28.58% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=856 |percentage=12.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Shah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=314 |percentage=4.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. G. Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,625 |percentage=23.52% |change= {{decrease}}44.00 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,908 |percentage=28.55% |change= {{decrease}}40.95 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,338 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.73 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}31.66 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zadibal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaik Mohammad Abdullah |party=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,093 |percentage=83.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdullah Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=2,732 |percentage=16.24% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,361 |percentage=67.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=16,825 |percentage=72.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,665 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Srinagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1996]]<br /> [[Category:1996 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sounkni_Da_Kot&diff=536789 2025-11-13T19:18:02Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{onesource|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sounkni Da Kot<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|32.110169|N|76.27606|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India]]<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sounkni Da Kot''' is a village in the [[Kangra District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sounkni Da Kot|url=http://village.org.in/Sounkni-Da-Kot|website=village.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kangra district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kangra district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balarama_Dasa&diff=489284 2025-11-03T07:32:35Z

<p>Xtromirit: added basic data more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Odia poet}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Balarama Dasa<br /> | honorific_prefix = Krupasiddha Matta<br /> | image = Bhakta Kabi Balarama Dasa.jpg<br /> | caption = Statue of Balarama Dasa at Erabanga, his native place<br /> | imagesize = 250<br /> | language = [[Odia Language|Odia]]<br /> | notableworks = [[Jagamohana Ramayana]], Lakshmi Purana<br /> | birth_date = {{circa|1472}}<br /> | birth_place = Puri<br /> | nationality = <br /> | occupation = Poet, Saint<br /> | genre = Puranas, spiritual history, philosophy, yoga&lt;br/&gt;[[Odissi music]]<br /> | death_date = {{circa|1556}}<br /> | native_name = ବଳରାମ ଦାସ<br /> | native_name_lang = or<br /> }}<br /> ''Krupasiddha'' '''Balarama Dasa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Satpathy|first1=Sumanyu|last2=Nayak|first2=Jatindra K.|date=2015|title=&quot;Mad&quot; Balarama Dasa and His &quot;Rāmāyana&quot;|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44478655|journal=Indian Literature|volume=59|issue=3 (287)|pages=10–12|jstor=44478655|issn=0019-5804}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bahinipati|first=Priyadarshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrUqDgAAQBAJ|title=Jagamohana Ramayana. The Epic of Balarama Dasa|date=2017-02-20|publisher=Anchor Academic Publishing|isbn=978-3-96067-624-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (alternatively spelled ''Balaram Das''; {{IPA|or|bɔl̪ɔraːmɔ d̪aːsɔ|lang|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Prateek Pattanaik-ବଳରାମ ଦାସ.wav}}; {{circa|1474-1522}}) was a mystic seer-poet who wrote in Odia, best known as the author of the voluminous ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'' or ''[[Dandi Ramayana]]''. He was one of the five great poets in [[Odia literature]], the 'Panchasakhā&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mahanta |first=Brajabandhu |date=15 April 2018 |title=Pancha Sakhas of Medieval Odisha |url=https://historyofodisha.in/pancha-sakhas-of-medieval-odisha/ |website=History of Odisha}}&lt;/ref&gt;' named [[Ananta Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Jasobanta Dasa]] and [[Achyutananda Dasa]] during the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti age]] of literature. He was the eldest of the five. The honorific ''Krupāsiddhā'' or ''Krupāsāgara'', meaning 'bestowed with divine grace' is used for him by tradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee 1998 p. 35&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=S. | title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 | publisher=Orient Longman | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&amp;pg=PA35 | access-date=2019-08-27 | page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;St-Pierre Kar 2007 p. 171&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1=St-Pierre | first1=P. | last2=Kar | first2=P.C. | title=In Translation: Reflections, Refractions, Transformations | publisher=John Benjamins Pub. | series=Benjamins translation library | year=2007 | isbn=978-90-272-1679-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S37EdUramu0C&amp;pg=PA171 | access-date=2019-08-27 | page=171}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Not much is known about his early life. From his own writings it is known that he was the son of Somanatha Mahapatra and Jamuna Debi who belonged to [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&amp;dq=balarama+dasa+karana&amp;pg=PA75 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI4eAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=A Study of History of Orissa: From the Earliest Times to Mukundadeva |date=1984 |publisher=Panchashila |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_YdAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors |date=1981 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balarama Dasa hailed from an aristocratic family; his father, Somanatha, a minister in the Gajapati Empire, belonged to the Karana community. Somanatha was a devout follower of Lord [[Jagannath]] and raised Balarama in a deeply religious environment. He was known by the title Mahamantri Somanatha Mohapatra in the [[Gajapati Empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeXeEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=balarama+dasa+karana&amp;pg=RA1-PR19 |title=The Two-Headed Deer: Illustrations of the Ramayana in Orissa |date=2023-12-22 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-32182-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Citaristi |first=Ileana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2J6EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=balarama+dasa+father+karana&amp;pg=PT25 |title=Odissi and the Geeta Govinda |date=2022-10-06 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78098-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=balarama+dasa+mahamantri&amp;pg=PT205 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balarama Dasa also served as a minister in [[Prataparudra Deva|Prataparudra Deva's]] court and originally belonged to the village of Erabanga in Puri district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dasa |first=Balarama |title=Bhakta Kabi Balarama Dasa Granthabali |publisher=Odisha Book Emporium |year=2017 |editor-last=Sahoo |editor-first=Dr. Niranjana |edition=1 |volume=1 |location=Cuttack, Odisha |language=or |script-title=or:ଭକ୍ତକବି ବଳରାମ ଦାସ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥାବଳୀ |trans-title=Collected works of Bhakta Kabi Balarama Dasa}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was educated and was well versed in Sanskrit. Balarama naturally grew to be proficient in both Odia and Sanskrit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patnaik Parida 1996 p.&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1=Patnaik | first1=H.S. | last2=Parida | first2=A.N. | title=Aspects of socio-cultural life in early and medieval Orissa | publisher=DSA Programme, Post Graduate Dept. of History, Utkal University | year=1996 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jluAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-08-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He became a devotee of Jagannatha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalal 2014 p. 260&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Dalal | first=R. | title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2014 | isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT260 | access-date=2019-08-27 | page=260}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is speculated that he died while on a pilgrimage to Puri in Begunia village near Konark. There is a memorial for him near this village.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalal 2014 p. 261&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Dalal | first=R. | title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2014 | isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT261 | access-date=2019-08-27 | page=261}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literary works ==<br /> [[File:Jagannatha triad worshipped by Balarama Dasa at Erabanga Pitha.jpg|thumb|355x355px|Jagannatha triad worshipped by the poet, Erabanga, Odisha]]<br /> Dasa translated the Ramayana to Odia. It is also known asJagamohana Ramayana or Dandi Ramayana. More than a translation, the work is a transcreation, as it deviates in many ways from the original. In some parts he goes against the original text and in some parts follows the original text closely and yet in some other parts he creates entirely new narratives.&lt;ref name=&quot;St-Pierre Kar 2007 p. 171&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paniker Sahitya Akademi 1997 p. 401&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Paniker | first=K.A. | author2=Sahitya Akademi | title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&amp;pg=PA401 | access-date=2019-08-27 | page=401}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also broke new grounds by translating the Bhagabat Gita into Odia. Before this the philosophical and theological texts were not translated into Odia. Even in Odia Mahabharata by [[Sarala Das]]a, the portion containing Bhagabata Gita was omitted by the author. Balarama Dasa was subsequently persecuted by the priestly class for his translation of Bhagabata Gita.&lt;ref name=&quot;St-Pierre Kar 2007 p. 171&quot;/&gt;he Bhavishya Malika text was written by Panchsakhas and Balrama Das Ji was also one of them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who are the authors of the sacred scripture Bhaviṣya Mālikā? |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balarama_Dasa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;wvprov=sticky-header |website=Bhavishya Malika.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> His other works are as below.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalal 2014 p. 260&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee 1998 p. 35&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReportOdisha.com 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=&quot;Panchasakha&quot;-Sri Balaram Das | website=ReportOdisha.com | date=2015-10-28 | url=https://reportodisha.com/panchasakha-sri-balaram-das/ | access-date=2019-08-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has also contributed to the religious texts of Bhavishya Malika,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bhavishya Malika Predictions 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/zodiacs-astrology/bhavishya-mallika-predictions-2025-what-does-bhavishya-malika-predicts-for-the-future/articleshow/117256848.cms |work=The Times Of India |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; which are known to have been written by the Panchasakhas&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PanchaSakhaā - Five Saints and Sada Goswāmi - Six Lords |url=https://garoiashram.org/english/panchasakha.html |website=Sri Gobardhana Pitha Garoi Asshram}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Odia language|Odiya language]].<br /> <br /> <br /> {{columns-list|* ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'' (Dandi Ramayana)<br /> * ''[[Lakshmi Purana]]''<br /> * ''[[Bedanta Sara Gupta Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Gupta Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Amarakosa Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Srimad Bhagabad Gita (Odia)]]''<br /> * ''[[Bata Abakasa]]''<br /> * ''[[Panasa Chori]]''<br /> * ''[[Kamala Lochana Chautisa]]''<br /> * ''[[Birata Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Baula Adhyaya]]''<br /> * ''[[Kanta Koili]]''<br /> * ''[[Mruguni Stuti]]''<br /> * ''[[Chhatisa Gupta Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Saptanga Jogasara Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Bhaba Samudra]]''<br /> * ''[[Garuda Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Ananta Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Arjjuna Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Srabana Sara Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Diptisara Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Uddhaba Gita]]''<br /> * ''[[Bedha Parikrama]]'' <br /> * ''[[Linga Purana]]''<br /> * ''[[Kurala Purana]]''<br /> * ''[[Brahma Purana]]''|colwidth=27em}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Odissi music}}<br /> {{Jagannath}}<br /> {{Odia literature}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dasa, Jagannatha}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Odia-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Odia people]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Devotees of Jagannath]]<br /> [[Category:Odissi music composers]]<br /> [[Category:Shudra Hindu saints]]<br /> [[Category:Odia Hindu saints]]<br /> [[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:1472 births]]<br /> [[Category:1556 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Vaishnava saints]]<br /> [[Category:15th-century Hindu religious leaders]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latehar&diff=453274 2025-10-24T17:34:34Z

<p>Xtromirit: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Latehar<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 250<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 1/2/1/2<br /> | image1 = Pine_trees_of_Netarhat_Hill_station.jpg<br /> | image2 = Sunset in netarhatt, jharkhand.jpg<br /> | image3 = Palamu quila 1.jpg<br /> | image4 = Lodh Fall.png<br /> | image5 = Netarhat, Jharkhand.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = ..<br /> | image_caption = Top to bottom: Pine trees at [[Netarhat]], [[Palamu Fort]], [[Lodh Falls]], Birds-eye view of Prabhat Vihar Government guest house at [[Netarhat]] in the evening<br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.75|N|84.50|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Latehar district|Latehar]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = 4 April 2001<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 387<br /> | population_total = 26,981<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = <br /> | postal_code = 829206<br /> | registration_plate = JH-19<br /> | website = {{URL|latehar.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal governance in India]] <br /> ([[town panchayat]])<br /> | governing_body = Nagar Panchayat Latehar<br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Latehar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) ]]<br /> | leader_name1 = [[Baidyanath Ram]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Latehar''' is a town in the [[Latehar district]] of [[Jharkhand]], India. It is known for its natural environment, forest, forest products and mineral deposits. <br /> <br /> Latehar remained a part of Palamau District as a sub division since 1924. It was elevated from sub divisional status to a district on 4 April 2001, vide Jharkhand Government Notification No 946 dated 04.04.2001. Latehar is located on the north–west corner of Jharkhand in the Palamau Commissionary. It is surrounded by [[Ranchi]], [[Lohardaga]], [[Gumla]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]] and [[Chatra district]] apart from [[Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh state]]. 45.54% of the population belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]]. More than 66% of total population comprises SCs and STs. The total area of the district is 3,622.50&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and one of the block headquarters is more than 200&amp;nbsp;km away from the district headquarters.<br /> <br /> ==Early history==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}<br /> The early history of Palamu is shrouded in legends and traditions. Since the district consisted mostly of forest tracts the territory seldom engaged the attention of invading armies, and the area remained outside the pale of influence of empires which were established in other parts of modern [[Bihar]]. The area was probably inhabited by autochthonous tribes in the past. The Kharwars, Oraons and Cheros, three aboriginal races ruled over this tract.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} Inscriptions and other relics which have been found indicate a fairly developed civilization in spite of the jungles and comparative inaccessibility of the area. The Oraons had their headquarters at Rohtas Garh in the then Shahabad district (which included the present district of Kaimur and Rohtas) and there are indications that for sometime a portion of Palamu was ruled from the headquarters of Rohtas Garh.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} The Cheros reigned in Palamu for nearly 200 years. This included the Chero ruler Medni Rai, who according to tradition made himself lord Paramount of the southern portion of Gaya and of large portions of Hazaribag and Surguja (in [[Chhattisgarh]]). His son, Pratap Rai built a fort at Palamu separate from the fort that had been built by his father. Prior to the domination of Palamu by the Cheros, Rakshel Rajputs held sway over the district. They, in turn, had supplanted early Marhatta settlers of whom, however, no trace is to be found now. They have probably been assimilated in the indigenous population. A factual history of Palamu, begins from the first half of the 16th century. In 1538, [[Sher Shah Suri]] had sent one of his officers to control the turbulent chiefs and free the Grand Trunk Road from their clutches who used to exploit the travellers. The Mughal influence extended to Palamu during the reign of Emperor Akbar when it was invaded by Raja Mansingh in 1574. The troops left by him were, however, driven out in 1605 when Akbar died.<br /> <br /> In 1629, Emperor Shah Jahan appointed Ahmad Khan as the sufedar of Patna. Palamu was conferred to him as his Jagir. Ahmad Khan imposed tax to the tune of {{INR}} 1,36,000. The non-payment of this mandatory tax by the Chero rulers of Palamu led to three successive attacks by the Mughals. The first invasion took place in the reign of Pratap Rai. The Mughal army was led by Shaista Khan the Governor of Bihar. The army reached the fort of Palamu, defeated Pratap Rai and compelled him to pay a tax of {{INR}} 80,000. The second invasion was called by internal bickerings. As a result of this Pratap Rai after negotiations agreed to pay an annual tax off Rs. One lakh only On the recommendation of Itaikad Khan, successor of Shaista Khan, Emperor Shahjehan gave Palamu to him as a military chief on a jama of {{INR}} 2.5 lakh. Despite two invasions, the payment of tax by Chero Chiefs were never regular. As a last resort, Daud Khan, Governor of Bihar, left Patna with a strong force in 1660 and in spite of heavy drawbacks and difficult terrain, reached within 3&amp;nbsp;km of Palamu. There was an engagement and fighting which lasted three days, after which the fort was captured. Palamu was then placed in charge of Muhammadan Faujdar. But this system was done away soon and Palamu was placed under the direct control of the Viceroy of Bihar in 1660. Palamu was again invaded by Subedar Sarballand Khan. But actual fighting was warded off by the payment of one lakh of rupees in cash and in the shape of diamonds.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Latehar lies at {{coord|23.75|N|84.50|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Latehar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Latehar]&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 387&amp;nbsp;m (1,270&amp;nbsp;ft).<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Latehar town had a population of 26,981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-towns-and-urban-agglomerations-jharkhand/census-population-jharkhand-latehar|publisher=Census Commission of India|access-date= 8 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> The economy of the people revolves round the forest produces, agriculture and minerals. Rice, fruits, maize, wheat, etc. are the major crops grown here.<br /> <br /> Magadh Amrapali coal mines of [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfield Ltd]] between Latehar &amp; Chatra districts is the largest coal mine of Asia. It has many operational coal mines in Latehar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/coal-india-s-magadh-mine-may-produce-51-mtpa-by-2020-115100600762_1.html|title=Coal India's Magadh mine may produce 51 mtpa by 2020|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-10-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jharkhand State Mineral Development Corporation (JSMDC) also has a coal mining project at Sikni. [[Hindalco Industries]] has a bauxite mine at Kukutpat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/maoist-attack-in-latehar-118010600694_1.html|title=Maoist attack in Latehar|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-01-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Chandwa (community development block)|Chandwa]] has a thermal power project, i.e, Matrishri Usha Jayaswal Thermal Power Plant, a coal-fired power plant of 1080 MW established by Corporate Power Ltd, a unit of Abhijeet Groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/abhijeet-group-seeks-jharkhand-cm-raghuvar-dass-help-to-revive-power-plant/articleshow/46664944.cms?from=mdr|title=Abhijeet Group seeks Jharkhand CM Raghuvar Das's help to revive power plant|date=2015-03-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Essar Power Limited|Essar Power Ltd]] has a thermal power plant of 1800MW at Tori.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/fa8DvhSTGpkbJK8QzPGjzL/Essar-Power-to-restart-work-on-Rs1000-crore-Tori-project-in.html|title=Essar Power to restart work on Rs1,000 crore Tori project in Jharkhand|last=Pillay|first=Ruchira Singh, Amritha|date=2015-04-13|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tourist Attractions ==<br /> <br /> ===Betla National Park===<br /> {{main article|Betla National Park}}<br /> Situated in the district of Latehar, 8&amp;nbsp;km away from Barwadih, it is spread over an area of 979 sq km. The core area of 232&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of the sanctuary was declared as Betla National Park in September 1989. The park occupies the western parts of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and was constituted in 1960 as an extension of the Hazaribagh National Park. Barwadih has the distinction of being the forest where the world's first tiger census was enumerated in 1932. The park became one of the earliest 9 tiger reserves in India under 'Project Tiger' in 1974.<br /> <br /> The forests of the park have a range of vegetation consisting of tropical wet evergreen forests in the lower reaches, mixed (moist and dry) deciduous forests in the middle and temperate alpine forests in the upper reaches including sal and bamboo as the major components along with a number of medicinal plants. The river Koel and its tributaries run through the northern portion of the park. There are grasslands in the river flowing area. It also has waterfalls and hot springs. Once the seat of Chero kings, there are two historical forts, one of them from the 16th century, deep inside the forest. The main sentinel of the old fort is visible high up on the hill with defences in three directions and three main gates.<br /> <br /> ===Adventure Tourism===<br /> '''[https://plus.google.com/+LATEHARTOURISMindia Tourist places]'''<br /> <br /> *1) Netarhat Sunrise Point<br /> *2) Netarhat Sunset Point<br /> *3) Lodh waterfalls<br /> *4) Upper Ghaghri Waterfall<br /> *5) Lower Ghaghri Waterfall<br /> *6) Sugha Bandh waterfall<br /> *7) Mirchiya waterfall<br /> *8) Indra waterfall<br /> *9) Betla National Park<br /> *10) Cave of tubed<br /> *11) Palamu Fort<br /> *12) Nagar temple<br /> *13) Vaishno Durga Mandir<br /> *14) Tattha pani<br /> *15) Netarhat school<br /> *16) Tappa Hill<br /> *17) Tree House Betla<br /> *18) Netarhat Dam<br /> *19) Lalmatiya Dam<br /> *20) Jhariya Dam<br /> *21) Maa Vaishno Temple<br /> *22) Jagraha Dam Chandwa<br /> *23) Datam Patam Waterfall Balumath<br /> *24) Dumohan Chandwa<br /> *25) Boda Pahar Chandwa<br /> *26) Chullah Pani Boda Pahar Chandwa<br /> *27) Chatuag Chnadwa.<br /> <br /> == Schools ==<br /> Schools and colleges:<br /> * St. Joseph-2 School<br /> * Latehar Public School<br /> * Latehar College<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Latehar district]]<br /> * [[Medininagar]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://latehar.nic.in/ Latehar district website]<br /> * [http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-districts/latehar.html Latehar travel guide and maps]<br /> <br /> {{Palamu Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Latehar district]]<br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Latehar district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Latehar district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_91_(India,_old_numbering)&diff=521066 2025-10-14T18:13:34Z

<p>Xtromirit: created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[National Highway 34 (India)]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R with history}}<br /> }}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhu&diff=514425 2025-09-22T06:31:22Z

<p>Xtromirit: starting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Word in Indo-Aryan languages}}<br /> {{about | the word &quot;madhu&quot;|the actor known as Madhu|Madhu (actor)|other uses}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> '''Madhu''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|madhu}}) is a word used in several [[Indo-Aryan languages]] meaning ''[[honey]]'' or ''[[sweet]]''. It is ultimately derived from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/médʰu|''*médʰu'']], whence [[English language|English]] ''[[mead]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Metaphorical use==<br /> ''Madhu'' has been used for millennia since the [[Rigveda]] (1500–1000 BCE)&lt;ref&gt;Jamison and Brereton (2014) The Rigveda, Oxford University Press, p 5&lt;/ref&gt; in a similar metaphorical sense as ''wine'' is in English, e.g. &quot;the wine of truth&quot;, and employed in that manner in Hindu religious literature. For example, the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'', believed to have been composed in the first millennium BCE, contains a chapter called the ''Madhu Brahmana'', and &quot;the secret essence of the [[Vedas]] themselves, was called the ''Madhu-vidya'' or 'honey doctrine'&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref48xuxel&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Soma: the divine hallucinogen | author=David L. Spess | publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear &amp; Company |year=2000 | isbn=978-0-89281-731-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGjX2sLIJ1oC | quote=... the secret essence of the Vedas themselves, was called the ''[[Madhu-vidya]]'' or 'honey doctrine' ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref75jufol&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Sureśvara's vārtika on Madhu Brāhmaṇa | author=Sureśvarācārya, K. P. Jog, Shoun Hino | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year= 1988 | isbn=978-81-208-0438-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9wiepM1y2EC | quote=... space i.e., Akasa which is in the earth as also in the stomach, though referred to separately, applies equally to the Supreme Brahman described in the Madhu Brahmana (a chapter of Brhadaranyaka Upanishad) ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Various opinions==<br /> There are different opinions surrounding the word ''Madhu''. Some scholars date metaphorical usage of ''madhu'' to a time very close to the initial composition of the Vedas. [[Soma (drink)|Soma]], the shared sacred drink of the Indo-Iranians (known as ''haoma'' in Avestan), is often metaphorically referred to as ''madhu'' in the Vedas. However, &quot;the Avesta, which is quite close to the Veda with regard to the terminology of Soma, does not know the equation 'Soma' = 'madhu'.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref83lufuc&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=The religion of the Veda | author=Hermann Oldenberg | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1988 | isbn=978-81-208-0392-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKeubCiBOPQC | quote=... the Avesta, which is quite close to the Veda with regard to the terminology of Soma, does not know the equation 'Soma' = 'madhu'. Here, one does not meet the Vedic poet's fondness for playing with the idea of honey ... | year=1988 | access-date=2016-10-04 | archive-date=2014-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627045229/http://books.google.com/books?id=uKeubCiBOPQC | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Rigveda 8.48.1 and Rigveda 8.48.3, in the book of soma, soma is clearly addressed and explained as madhu.<br /> <br /> ==Usage in names==<br /> The derivative form ''Madhur'' is used as a [[Hindu]] first-name for males and ''Madhu'' is a first-name common among males, although both names can occur for either gender. ''Madhuri'' is a common feminine variant of ''Madhur''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref45cuxof&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Thought Provoking Hindu Names | author=R.C. Dogra | publisher=Star Publications, 1999 | isbn=978-81-7650-316-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vNtDHqp5T4C | quote=... Madhu (मधु) (m/f) Sweet, charming, pleasant, delightful, the juice or nector of flowers ... Madhur (मधुर) (a) Sweet, melodious, pleasant, agreeable ...| year=1999 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The word ''madhur'' is a combination of ''madhu'' (honey/sweet) and ''-r/-ra'' (like or similar). Several other names are based on the root ''madhu'', such as ''Madhukar'', ''Madhusudhan'', ''Madhulika'' and ''Madhubala''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref18juroc&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=Baby names: over 4000 beautiful Indian names for your child | author=Vimla Patil | publisher=Rupa, 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGcbAAAAYAAJ | quote=... Madhubala (f), sweet girl; Madhuchhanda (f), pleasing metrical composition ... Madhulekha (f), beautiful girl; Madhulika (f), honey; Madhumalati (f), a flowering creeper ...| year=1988 | isbn=9788171670123 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Kvasir]], a wise being in Norse mythology born from the spit of the gods and from whose blood the Mead of Poetry is crafted<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Honey]]<br /> [[Category:Given names]]<br /> [[Category:Historical alcoholic beverages]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vortex_Engineering&diff=545109 2025-09-11T08:19:53Z

<p>Xtromirit: added details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Vortex Engineering<br /> | logo = Vortex Engineering Logo.jpg<br /> | type = <br /> | foundation = 2001<br /> | location_city = No 6B, 6th Floor, IIT Madras Research Park, [[Chennai]]<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | location = <br /> | locations = &lt;!--# of locations--&gt;<br /> | key_people = L. Kannan, Founder <br /> Sathyan Gopalan, CEO<br /> Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan, Financial Controller<br /> | area_served = Financial Institutions and banks<br /> | industry = <br /> | products = [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]], Cash Dispenser, Multivendor ATM Monitoring and Management Software <br /> | services = ATM Managed Services<br /> | revenue = <br /> | operating_income = <br /> | net_income = <br /> | num_employees = 201-500<br /> | parent = <br /> | divisions = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | caption = <br /> | homepage = https://vortexindia.co.in<br /> | dissolved = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | intl = &lt;!--Enter ''yes'' to change labels to international instead of US terminology--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vortex Engineering''' is a pioneer in low-power ATMs and is an India-based technology company incubated by [[IIT Madras|IIT-Madras]]. Vortex manufactures self-service transaction systems (such as [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]]) for banks, independent ATM operators, and other financial institutions. Vortex also owns a Multi-vendor ATM Monitoring and Management Software, developed in-house. It can monitor and manage any brand of ATM.<br /> <br /> == Global market ==<br /> Vortex ATMs have a global reach of up to 22 countries in Asia &amp; Africa combined. As of March 2023, DR Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Egypt, Ghana, Mauritania, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia from Africa and Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam from Asia are in its scope of business.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Incorporated on 12 March 2001, Vortex Engineering is a provider of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and multi-vendor ATM management software products. Founded by Mr Kannan Laxminarayan, an alumnus of the IIT-Madras. Later the company was incubated by IIT-Madras.<br /> <br /> In March 2009, Vortex Engineering secured a seed capital infusion of Rs. 50 lakhs from the Aavishkaar Group. This injection of funds catalyzed the company's expansion and enabled it to further refine its products and services.<br /> <br /> Major investors includes entities such as Aavishkaar, [[Tata Capital]], Bamboo Capital, and IFC. Their first pilot deployment was for disbursal of NREGA wages through their ATMs in [[Tamil Nadu]], in association with IIT Madras in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/23/stories/2008112352350300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211092411/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/23/stories/2008112352350300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-11 |title=Archive News |date=2008-11-23|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> They made their first major breakthrough with the winning of an order for 545 ATMs including 300 solar powered ATMs from the [[State Bank of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2010/03/12/stories/2010031254731600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411224922/http://www.thehindu.com/2010/03/12/stories/2010031254731600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-11 |title=Archive News |date=2010-03-12|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Vortex-set-to-install-300-solar-ATMs-in-rural-SBI-branches/589748/ |title=Vortex set to install 300 solar ATMs in rural SBI branches |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=2010-03-13 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finextra.com/news/fullstory.aspx?newsitemid=21179 |title=State Bank of India signs for 300 solar-powered ATMs |publisher=Finextra.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vortex ATMs are currently used in almost all states of India. The total ATMs deployed across the globe had reached over 8000.<br /> <br /> In June 2024, Vortex Engineering stakes had acquired by Vakrangee Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Business Standard |first=Business Standard |date=4 June 2024 |title=Vakrangee to acquire further 48.5% stake in Vortex Engineering |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/vakrangee-to-acquire-further-48-5-stake-in-vortex-engineering-124060400872_1.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=Business Standard |publisher=www.business-standard.com |issue=4 June 2024 |agency=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Engineering companies of India]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaitpura,_Phulera&diff=505333 2025-08-06T08:54:16Z

<p>Xtromirit: Put up initial pg needs work.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More footnotes|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=October 2016}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Lakhote Balaji- An important Religious Place of Village Jaitpura.jpg|thumb|right|Lakhote Balaji Temple in Jaitpura village]]<br /> <br /> '''Jaitpura''' is a village situated in North-East of [[Phulera]] [[Tehsil]] of [[Jaipur district]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<br /> It is 10&amp;nbsp;km from Phulera, 8&amp;nbsp;km from Sambhar, 60&amp;nbsp;km from Jaipur. The village is spread in approx. 18000 Bighas area. Its altitude is 390 metres above MSL. Its Pin-Code is 303604, India.<br /> <br /> Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 11.08% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 8.85% of total population in Jaitpura village.<br /> <br /> In Jaitpura village out of total population, 937 were engaged in work activities. 64.89% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or earning more than 6 months) while 35.11% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 937 workers engaged in Main Work, 265 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 30 were agricultural labourers.<br /> <br /> == Transportation connectivity ==<br /> Its nearest Local railway station is Khandel (approx. 3&amp;nbsp;km), while other nearest bigger railway junction is Phulera which is well connected to nearest bigger cities like Jaipur and [[Ajmer]] via express trains. Khandel railway station falls on route from Phulera to [[Rewari]] (215&amp;nbsp;km) which was formed on 18 May 1905.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A historical view - Jaipur Division|url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1328523668343-A%20Historical%20Preview%20Jaipur%20Division.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography, Climate and Natural Resources==<br /> Jaitpura has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]] &quot;''BSh''&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[[Media:World Köppen Map.jpg|Map]]&lt;/ref&gt; receiving over {{convert|650|mm|in}} of rainfall annually but most rains occur in the monsoon months between June and September. Temperatures remain relatively high during summer from April to early July having average daily temperatures of around {{convert|30|C|F}}. During the monsoon there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|10|-|15|C|F}} and with little or no humidity and cold waves lead to temperatures near freezing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00531.htm|title=World Weather Information Service|accessdate=11 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is having a big water dam which is the main resource for Ground Water Recharge and irrigation.<br /> <br /> ==Languages==<br /> Since, Jaitpura comes under Jaipur (District), its main languages of communication are Rajasthani and [[Hindi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jaipur.org.uk/culture.html|title=Culture Of Jaipur - Cultural Heritage, Art &amp; Architecture of Jaipur|website=www.jaipur.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the people of Jaitpura used to communicate in [[Dhundari language|Dhundhari]], that is a local language of Jaipur and SIkar rural area.<br /> <br /> == Current development status ==<br /> The main occupation of the villagers is agriculture and domestic factory-farming. Its having 7 schools including Government school facility up to 12th standard (arts subjects). Its having a Government hospital, around 20 temples including Lakhota Balaji, one Jain Mandir and a Mosque too. The people of this village live in brotherhood and help each other. It includes majority of Hindu people but also includes Jain and Muslim religions.<br /> <br /> The village has improved a lot in previous couple of years but a lot more improvements are required in the field of Road Connectivity, Better Water Conservation, Better Medical Facilities and Bank Facilities. For last many years the villagers are also moving out of village for earning because due to lack of water conservation and poor irrigation techniques the main source of their income, Agriculture, is getting obsolete. So a lot more improvements are expected in the field of employment so that villagers can earn their life resources in the village itself and be self-dependent and so that the village can stand in the list of developed villages of the nation.<br /> <br /> == Places of interest ==<br /> <br /> ===Shree Lakhote Balaji===<br /> Shri Lakhote Mandir is famous Temple of Lord Veer Hanuman in Jaitpura. Its situated in Khalda (~2&amp;nbsp;km North from Jaitpura). People of Jaitpura and its nearby villages come here for worship mostly on Tuesdays and Saturdays in morning. Large crowds can be seen on the occasions of festivals like Deepawali and Holi. It is the main place of worship in Jaitpura. There is a pond named Bheeva-Sagar on the western side which is filled with water almost all of the year.<br /> <br /> === Jaitpura Bandha ===<br /> [[File:A Panoramic View of Jaitpura Dam (Phulera).jpg|thumb|right|Jaitpura Dam (Rajasthan)]]<br /> The dam was built in 1871. Its water filling capacity is 1.026 million cubic meters. It is the main resource of ground water recharge in the area. It is also the main source of irrigation in the village and its surroundings. This is normally filled if the monsoon rainfall happens normal. A lot of maintenance is done from time to time to keep the condition of dam good.<br /> <br /> === Gramin Talab ===<br /> It is located in the south of the village. There is a well in the north of this pond which is also main resource for drinking water. The well contains water throughout the year.<br /> <br /> === Shiv and Hanuman Mandir ===<br /> [[File:Hanuman and Shiv Mandir, Jaitpura (Phulera).jpg|thumb|right|Hanuman and Shiv Mandir: Jaitpura (Phulera)]]<br /> This temple is one of the oldest temple of the Lord Hanuman Ji and Lord Shiv Ji in Jaitpura, Here is a well from which all villagers drink water. People of the village consider the temple to be miraculous.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *Village website: http://www.jaitpura.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809160202/http://www.jaitpura.com/ |date=9 August 2016 }}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Jaipur district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anupam_Sinha_(film_director)&diff=487006 2025-06-30T04:13:51Z

<p>Xtromirit: added new page first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film director}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Anupam Sinha<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Anupam Sinha<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|09|12}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Pauri Garhwal]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br /> | known_for = ''[[Shukriya]]''<br /> | occupation = Film Director<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anupam Sinha''' (born 12 September 1972) is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work on the film [[Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart]]. His sibling [[Anubhav Sinha]] is also a writer and director.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 2004, Anupam Sinha helmed ''[[Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart|Shukriya]]'' starring [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Shriya Saran]], which released on 8 October 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20041025-film-review-of-shukriya-by-anupam-sinha-791092-2004-10-24|title=Film review: 'Shukriya' starring Anupam Kher, Aftab Shivdasani|date=25 October 2004|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=3146&amp;role=25|title=Anupam Sinha Filmography|website=boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1779900/ Anupam Sinha | Director, Writer]<br /> * [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/anupam-sinha/ Anupam Sinha, Filmography, Movies, Anupam Sinha News, Videos, Songs, Images, Box Office, Trailers, Interviews - Bollywood Hungama]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mysore_Race_Course&diff=519434 2025-05-14T04:02:27Z

<p>Xtromirit: done - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian race course}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{One source|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox racecourse<br /> | Name = Mysore Race Course<br /> | Image = Mysore Race Course, 2.jpg<br /> | Caption = Mysore Race Course<br /> | Location = [[Mysore]], India<br /> | Coordinates = {{coord|12.29707|N|76.69813|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | Owner = [[Mysore Race Club]]<br /> | Opened = 1891<br /> | Channel = <br /> | CourseType = <br /> | NotableRaces = <br /> | Prev =<br /> | Next = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mysore Race Course''' is a racing track in [[Mysore]] city of [[Karnataka]] province, India.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Mysore Race Course was started in 1891 by the king of Mysore Chamaraja Wadiyar. The original location of the Race Course was near the present J.C.College. In 1920 a new race course was built on a {{Convert|152|acre|abbr=on|adj=on}} land. The races were affiliated to the Royal Calcutta Turf Club. The Bangalore Race Club was formed in 1951 and started to run the Mysore races also. The present race course was leased from the Karnataka government in the year 1977. The new facility of the race course at the foot of the Chamundi hills was built by Krishnaraja Wadiyar in 1906.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.deccanherald.com/content/532688/demand-turning-mysore-race-club.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Facilities==<br /> [[File:Mysore Race Club.jpg|thumb|Mysore Race Club]]<br /> There are 250 members in the Mysore Race Club. The racing track is 2,000 meters long and 30 meters wide. The straight is 500 meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mysoreraceclub.com/Facilities.aspx |title=Facilities |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530052009/http://www.mysoreraceclub.com/Facilities.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The season==<br /> The Mysore Derby season is from November to February and again from May to July.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nammamysore.com/documents/Entratainment/HorseRacing.html |title=Namma Mysore – Horse Racing, The Mysore Race Course |website=nammamysore.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223172638/http://www.nammamysore.com/documents/Entratainment/HorseRacing.html |archive-date=2008-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Lalithadripura]]<br /> <br /> ==Image gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Mysore Race Course.jpg|Old Entrance<br /> File:Mrc.Urs gzymkhana club.jpg|Gymkhana Club<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:Horse racing venues in India]]<br /> [[Category:1891 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues completed in 1891]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues in Karnataka]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udaigarh&diff=542279 2025-04-28T11:07:37Z

<p>Xtromirit: added new data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Udaigarh<br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.53|N|74.53|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type2 = State<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = District<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Alirajpur district]]<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Udaigarh''' is a town and a [[Gram panchayat]] in the [[Alirajpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It's also a [[tehsil]] headquarter.&lt;ref&gt;https://alirajpur.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Udaigarh is located at {{coord|22.53|N|74.53|E|}} and it has an average elevation of {{cvt|269|m}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Udaigarh.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Udaigarh, India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As per [[Census of India]] 2011, Udaigarh has a population of 4,027, with 1,909 males and 2,118 females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/504990-udaigarh-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Udaigarh Village Population - Jobat - Alirajpur, Madhya Pradesh }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indore Division}}[[Category:Cities and towns in Alirajpur district]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=44_Field_Regiment_(India)&diff=483608 2025-04-20T10:37:31Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox military unit<br /> |unit_name=44 Field Regiment <br /> |image=<br /> |caption=<br /> |dates= 1948 – present<br /> |allegiance= {{flag|India}}<br /> |branch=[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|23px]] [[Indian Army]]<br /> |type= [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]<br /> |role=<br /> |size= Regiment<br /> |command_structure=<br /> |equipment= <br /> &lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;<br /> |Past Commanders= <br /> |ceremonial_chief=<br /> |colonel_of_the_regiment= <br /> |notable_commanders= <br /> &lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;<br /> |identification_symbol=44 Fd Regt<br /> |identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation<br /> &lt;!-- Culture and history --&gt;<br /> |nickname= Fighting Forty Four<br /> |patron=<br /> |motto= Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal (Everywhere with Honour and Glory) <br /> |colors= Red &amp; Navy Blue<br /> |march=<br /> |mascot=<br /> |battles=<br /> |anniversaries= - <br /> |decorations= <br /> |battle_honours= <br /> }}<br /> '''44 Field Regiment''' is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].<br /> <br /> == Formation and history==<br /> The regiment was raised as '''44 Anti-Tank Regiment''' in 1948 with a class composition of [[South India]]n Classes. At raising, the unit was equipped with [[Ordnance QF 6-pounder|6-pounder]] anti-tank guns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gulati|first=YB|title=History of the Regiment of Artillery, Indian Army|publisher=Leo Cooper Ltd|year=1973|page=102|isbn=978-0850521184}}&lt;/ref&gt; The regiment has since been converted to a heavy mortar regiment, a light regiment, a medium regiment and is presently a field regiment. The unit consists of 69, 70 and 71 field batteries.&lt;ref name=&quot;DJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/diamond-jubilee-44-field-regiment/ |title=Diamond Jubilee APO cover|date=2009-10-01|access-date=2024-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Operations==<br /> The regiment has taken part in the following operations&lt;ref name=&quot;DJ&quot;/&gt;–<br /> [[File:1959 North-East Frontier Agency by Elwin from Philosophy for NEFA.jpg|thumb|right|Map of North East Frontier Agency by Verrier Elwin, 1959]]<br /> *[[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian War of 1962]] – The regiment was deployed in [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), (presently [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) during the war. The [[Lohit district|Lohit]], [[Siang district|Siang]] and [[Upper Subansiri district|Subansiri]] Frontier Divisions of NEFA were the responsibility of 5 Infantry Brigade (which was under [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4 Infantry Division]] of [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]], located at [[Tezpur]]). 44 Heavy Mortar Regiment was deployed in this large area, with their regiment headquarters at Tezpur in support of 5 Infantry Brigade. 69 Heavy Mortar Battery was deployed in Subansiri frontier division at [[Daporijo]] and then in Taliha in support of [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]. 70 Heavy Mortar Battery was in Siang frontier division at [[Tuting]] and [[Mechuka|Menchuka]] in support of [[Madras Regiment|2 Madras]]. 71 Heavy Mortar Battery was in Lohit Frontier Division at [[Walong]] in support of [[Kumaon Regiment|6 Kumaon]] and later with [[Sikh Regiment|4 Sikh]]. In spite of firing all their mortars, they were overrun by the vastly superior Chinese numbers, ammunition and equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/1962-war-the-unknown-battles-operations-in-subansiri-and-siang-frontier-divisions.html|title=1962 War - The Unknown Battles : Operations in Subansiri and Siang Frontier Divisions|date=2014-07-01|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandhu 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sandhu|first=PJS|title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill|date=1992|publisher=VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd |isbn= 978-9384464769}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit|title=Artillery: The Battle-Winning Arm|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers, New Delhi|isbn= 978-8176021807}}&lt;/ref&gt; The regiment lost one officer and four men during the operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaofthepast.org/sites/indiaofthepast.org/files/pdf/1962war/kia1962list.pdf|title=EXTRACT OF MIA/KIA LIST – 1962|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fnvaworld.org/download/war1962/war-chapter6.pdf|title=Official history, Chapter 6|access-date=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] – 44 Light Regiment took part in Operation Ablaze and Operation Riddle. It lost four men during the operations in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/amarjawan/index.php?qname=&amp;qwar=1965%20India%20Pakistan%20War&amp;cur=0&amp;qunit=44%20Light%20Regiment&amp;qnum=&amp;qregt=Regiment%20Of%20Artillery&amp;qdate=|title=1965 war - Amar-Jawan - A database of Indian Armed Forces Martyrs 1947-1997|date=|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] – During Operation Cactus Lily, 44 Light Regiment was part of 54 Artillery Brigade under [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54 Infantry Division]] in the western sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jagjit&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit|title=Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971|date=1994|publisher= Spantech &amp; Lancer|isbn=978-1897829554|page=131}}&lt;/ref&gt; The regiment lost officer and one Junior commissioned officer during the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/amarjawan/index.php?qname=&amp;qwar=1971%20Bangladesh%20War&amp;cur=0&amp;qunit=44%20Lt%20Regt&amp;qnum=&amp;qregt=Regiment%20Of%20Artillery&amp;qdate=|title=Amar-Jawan - A database of Indian Armed Forces Martyrs 1947-1997|access-date=2024-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Operation Sunflower – 1972 <br /> *[[Operation Blue Star]] – 1984<br /> *[[Operation Brasstacks|Operation Trident]] – 1986-1987<br /> *[[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir|Operation Rakshak]] – 1995<br /> *[[Operation Meghdoot]] – 1995-1997<br /> *[[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]] – 1999 <br /> *[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]] – 2001-2002<br /> *Operation Falcon and Operation Rhino – 2006-2009 – The regiment was actively involved in counter-terrorism operations in [[Assam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/ulfa-tries-to-blow-up-train-on-raising-day-24292-2008-04-07|title=ULFA tries to blow up train on raising day|date=2008-04-07|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/northeast-briefs/cid/603203|title=Northeast Briefs|date=2009-08-05|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://assamtimes.org/node/1170|title=Encounter in North Lakhimpur: 2 ULFA cadres killed|date=2008-03-15|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ulfa-targets-security-forces-triggers-3-grenade-attacks-1144941|title=ULFA targets security forces, triggers 3 grenade attacks|date=2013-11-19|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Flood relief operations ([[2018 Kerala floods]]) – Columns from the regiment weren't actively involved in rescue efforts during the devastating floods affecting the state of Kerala in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/amphtml/india/kerala-flood-army-constructs-35-feet-long-footbridge-2757088.html|title=Kerala flood: Army constructs 35 feet long footbridge|date=2018-08-16|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://lifebeyondnumbers.com/operation-sahyog-indian-army-builds-40-foot-bridge-from-fallen-trees-in-kerala/|title= Operation Sahyog: Indian Army Builds 40-Foot Bridge From Fallen Trees In Kerala|date=2018-08-16|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Equipment==<br /> The regiment has used the following weapon systems over the years&lt;ref name=&quot;DJ&quot;/&gt;–<br /> *1948 – [[Ordnance QF 6-pounder|6-pounder]] anti-tank guns<br /> *1956 – [[ML 4.2-inch mortar|4.2-inch mortar]]<br /> *1963 – 120&amp;nbsp;mm E1 Mortar<br /> *1972 – Mortar (type ?) <br /> *1981 – [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46 130 mm guns]]<br /> *2006 – [[Indian Field Gun|105 mm light field guns]]<br /> <br /> ==Gallantry awards==<br /> The regiment has won the following gallantry awards– <br /> {{Incomplete list|date=January 2024}}<br /> *[[Vir Chakra]] <br /> **Second Lieutenant (later Brigadier) Pradeep Singh Bhandari&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2895|title= Second Lieutenant Pradeep Singh Bhandari|access-date=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Shaurya Chakra]]<br /> **Major (now Brigadier) Sukhmeet Singh, while serving with [[Assam Rifles]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/497|title= MAJ SUKHMEET SINGH, SC|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.2003.111/|title=Gazette of India, No 12, page 462|date=2003-03-22|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sena Medal]] <br /> **Colonel Zohair Ibn Salma Yazdani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69354|title=440 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced|date=2011-01-25|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2011-04-02.075/|title=Gazette of India, No 14, page 707|date=2011-04-02|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1948]]<br /> [[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shri_Kalyan_Medical_College,_Sikar&diff=535365 2025-03-27T13:43:02Z

<p>Xtromirit: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Government Medical College in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{moresources|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Shri Kalyan Government Medical College<br /> | image = <br /> | type = [[Medical]] [[college]] and [[hospital]]<br /> | established = {{start date and age|2019}}<br /> | principal = <br /> | address = Bajaj Gram, Sanwali, NH-8A, Sikar<br /> | city = [[Sikar]], [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | colors = <br /> | affiliations = [[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]<br /> | website = [https://education.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/education/sikar-medical-college/en/home.html# Website]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shri Kalyan Government Medical College''', is a tertiary medical college in [[Sikar]], [[Rajasthan]], India. This college imparts the degree of [[Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery]] (MBBS) and postgraduate courses. Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated with the [[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]]. Selection to the college is done based on merit through the [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.aglasem.com/17-new-medical-colleges/|title = 17 New Medical Colleges opening in the Nation; 2330 New MBBS Seats|date = 21 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Courses==<br /> Sikar Medical College undertakes the education and training of students in MBBS courses, with an intake of 100 students annually via NEET-UG. It also offers post-graduate courses recognized by the NBEMS and NMC. The post-graduate students in various courses of medicine are admitted to Sikar Medical College strictly through all India post-graduate medical entrance examinations, i.e. NEET-PG, held every January.<br /> <br /> The much revered Shri Kalyan Hospital (S.K. Hospital) is the teaching hospital attached with the medical college. The hospital is the front-runner among government medical facilities in the district and receives a massive inflow of patients from the city and adjoining towns of Sikar district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=NEET पास छात्रों को तोहफा, राजस्थान में MBBS की 230 सीटें बढ़ीं, सीकर में नए मेडिकल कॉलेज को मंजूरी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/career/story-neet-good-news-230-mbbs-seats-increased-in-rajasthan-new-sikar-medical-college-got-center-nod-3592419.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-16 |title=राजस्थान की इस कॉलेज को दो महीने पहले ही मिली मान्यता, अब सारी सीट फुल {{!}} all 100 seat full of admission of sikar medical college |url=https://www.patrika.com/sikar-news/all-100-seat-full-of-admission-of-sikar-medical-college-6576488 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=डॉ. के.के.वर्मा बने सीकर मेडिकल कॉलेज के प्राचार्य, 2 साल का रहेगा कार्यकाल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/sikar/news/dr-k-k-verma-becomes-principal-of-sikar-medical-college-01495962.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=सीकर मेडिकल कॉलेज नहीं होगा जयपुर के भरोसे {{!}} Sikar Medical College will not rely on Jaipur |url=https://www.patrika.com/sikar-news/sikar-medical-college-will-not-rely-on-jaipur-6692822 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=सीकर मेडिकल कॉलेज में होगी भर्ती, निगम व बोर्ड से रिटायर कर्मचारी भी कर सकेंगे आवेदन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sikar/news/recruitment-will-be-done-in-sikar-medical-college-retired-employees-from-corporation-and-board-will-also-be-able-to-apply-133544898.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=Medical College News: सुपर स्पेशियलिटी सुविधा मिलेगी : तीस बेड का होगा ट्रोमा, ग्राउंड फ्लोर सहित तीन मंजिला होगा नया हॉस्पिटल {{!}} 300 bed hospital to be built in Sikar Medical College 10101 |url=https://www.patrika.com/sikar-news/300-bed-hospital-to-be-built-in-sikar-medical-college-10101-7502456 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://education.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/education/sikar-medical-college/en/home.html# Website]<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Colleges affiliated to Rajasthan University of Health Sciences}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2019 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Affiliates of Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]<br /> [[Category:Medical colleges in Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hospital-stub}}<br /> {{Rajasthan-university-stub}}</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_552_(India)&diff=521012 2025-03-12T09:03:30Z

<p>Xtromirit: starting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description| National Highway in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> <br /> {{infobox road<br /> | country = IND<br /> | type = NH<br /> | route = 552<br /> | map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-lat=26.14|frame-long=77.38|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q25352236|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 552}}<br /> | map_custom = yes<br /> | map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red<br /> | length_km = 555<br /> | direction = <br /> | direction_a = <br /> | terminus_a = [[Tonk, India|Tonk]]<br /> | destinations = [[Uniara]], [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Sheopur]], [[Sabalgarh]], [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Bhind]]<br /> | direction_b = <br /> | terminus_b = [[Chirgaon]]<br /> | junction = <br /> | states = [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | previous_type = NH<br /> | previous_route = 52<br /> | next_type = NH<br /> | next_route = 27<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''National Highway 552''' ('''NH 552''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;renumber&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331002823/http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 Aug 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 52 (India)|National Highway 52]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=12 Aug 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This highway traverses states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/170223.pdf|title=New national highways notification dated June, 2016|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=12 Aug 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Route ==<br /> The official listed route length of this highway is {{convert|555|km|mi}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159565|title=Press Information Bureau - GOI|access-date=21 Feb 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Rajasthan <br /> [[Tonk, India|Tonk]], [[Uniara]], [[Sawai Madhopur]].<br /> ;Madhya Pradesh<br /> [[Sheopur]], Goras, Shampur, [[Sabalgarh]], [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Ambah]], [[Porsa]], Ater, [[Bhind]], [[Mihona]], Bhander.<br /> ;Uttar Pradesh<br /> M.P. border - Small stretch of 4&amp;nbsp;km up to NH-27 near Chirgaon.<br /> <br /> == Junctions list ==<br /> {{RJL|date=November 2021}}<br /> : {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} Terminal near Tonk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot; /&gt;<br /> : {{jct|NH|148D|country=IND}} near Uniara.<br /> : [[Delhi–Mumbai_Expressway|NE 4]] near [[Sawai Madhopur]]<br /> : {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near Morena.<br /> : {{jct|NH|719|country=IND}} near Bhind.<br /> : {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} Terminal near Chirgaon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of national highways in India]]<br /> * [[List of national highways in India by state]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3189847 NH 552 on OpenStreetMap]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Highways Network}}<br /> {{IND NH52 sr}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:National highways of India]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Xtromirit https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Vaghjiani&diff=465200 2025-01-18T21:58:13Z

<p>Xtromirit: added references after review for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian cricketer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{no footnotes|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br /> <br /> '''Suresh Vaghjiani''' (26 August 1945 – 2004) was an Indian [[cricket]]er. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]. He was born in [[Jamnagar]].<br /> <br /> Vaghjiani made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1963–64 season, against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]. From the lower order, he scored 2 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a duck in the second.<br /> <br /> Vaghjiani bowled 9 overs in the match, conceding 25 runs.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41254/41254.html Suresh Vaghjiani] at Cricket Archive<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vaghjiani, Suresh}}<br /> [[Category:1945 births]]<br /> [[Category:2004 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Saurashtra cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jamnagar]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Gujarat]]</div>

Xtromirit