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Raja Babu (film)

2026-05-07T18:01:16Z

Xavierncr: Starting Basic Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|1994 Indian Hindi film by David Dhawan}}
{{About|the 1994 Hindi film|the 2006 Telugu film|Rajababu (film)|the 2015 Bangladeshi film|Rajababu: The Power}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Babu
| image = Raja Babu film.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| based_on = ''[[Rasukutty]]'' (Tamil) by [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| producer = Nandu G. Tolani
| screenplay = [[K. Bhagyaraj]] [[Anees Bazmee]] (Dialogues)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Karisma Kapoor]] [[Shakti Kapoor]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = Rajan Kinagi
| editing = A. Muthu
| distributor = Sapna Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994|01|10|India}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}2.30 crore<ref name="BO"/>{{efn|Figure contains print and advertising costs}}
| gross = {{INR}}15.26 crore<ref name="BO"/>
}}
'''''Raja Babu''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[melodrama]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[David Dhawan]]. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Prem Chopra]] and [[Gulshan Grover]], with music by [[Anand–Milind]] and lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raja Babu Cast List |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raja-babu/cast/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film was inspired from the 1992 Tamil film ''[[Rasukutty]]''. The film was a blockbuster hit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Bobby |date=15 December 2020 |title=CinemaScope: David Dhawan, Govinda and their world of remakes |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-david-dhawan-govinda-and-their-world-of-remakes |work=Free Press Journal |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raja Singh a.k.a. Raja Babu is the sole heir to a rich village couple. He is good-hearted but is also spoilt, unsophisticated, and uneducated. Lakhan pretends to be an ally of Raja's rich father but is secretly embezzling funds. He also creates problems for Raja and his family.

Raja regularly visits the village photo studio and gets his picture taken, each time wearing a different outfit. He is always accompanied by his sidekick Nandu. He falls for Madhubala "Madhu" when he sees her photograph in the studio.

He harasses Madhu so that he can get her attention. Madhu becomes annoyed with Raja's antics and comes to his village with her entourage. In the ensuing confusion they mistake one of Raja's neighbours as Raja, Madhu's entourage kidnaps him and takes him back to their village. Later, Madhu sees one of Raja's photos as a Lawyer and mistakes his costume as the real thing. She agrees to marry him but accidentally finds out that Raja is not only not a [[lawyer]], he is also completely illiterate. Enraged at this perceived duplicity, she rushes to Raja's house, tears up their wedding invitations, and insults Raja's father.

Raja still wants to marry Madhu, but his father refuses to grant him permission and tries to compel him to quickly marry a mentally challenged girl to save his family's honour. Raja refuses as he loves Madhu and ends up insulting the girl's parents. Angered at this insult, the girl's mother reveals a big secret regarding Raja's origins. He is actually not his parents' biological child, rather he was an orphan found on the steps of a {{transliteration|hi|mandir}} ([[Hindu temple]]), and subsequently adopted by his parents.

Raja becomes overwhelmed with gratitude and decides to do as his father says. In the meantime, Madhu understands that Raja did not deceive her and it was all a misunderstanding. She forgives him and declares her love for him. But Raja tells her about his changed situation and asks her to forget him. Madhu refuses to listen to him and pursues him anyway.

Raja's father misunderstands his son's intentions and kicks him out for breaking his promise of no longer seeing Madhu. Taking advantage of this tense situation, Lakhan plans to kill Raja's entire family and take control of their property. He along with his son Banke kidnaps Raja's parents. Raja rushes to rescue them. After a long fight, he manages to defeat his family's enemies. His father finally understands his son's deep love and respect for him and agrees to let him unite with Madhu.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Raja Singh aka Raja Babu; Madhu's husband
*[[Karishma Kapoor]] as Madhubala "Madhu" Singh; Raja's wife
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Nandu; Raja's friend and servant
*[[Kader Khan]] as Kishen Singh; Raja's foster father
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Janki Singh; Raja's foster mother
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Lakhan Singh; Kishen Singh's brother
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Banke Singh
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Lala Shukiram
*Kanchan as Radha ,Madhu's sister
*[[Sameer Khakhar]] as Amavas Singh
*[[Vikas Anand]] as, Mohan Singh, Madhu's dad
*[[Arun Bakshi]] as Chandra Mohan
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Mrs Shanti Mohan
*Shashi Kiran as Photographer Sadanand
*[[Dina Pathak]] as Bansi's Mother
*K. K. Raj as Bansi
*[[Mahavir Shah]] as Police Inspector Arvind Mehta
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Police Inspector Jaichand
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]] as Postman and writer Ram Singh
}}

==Box office==
Made on a budget of ₹2.30 [[crore]], ''Raja Babu'' was blockbuster success at box office, managing to gross ₹15.26 crore worldwide.<ref name="BO">{{cite web |title=Raja Babu - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3183 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2026}}
The soundtrack of ''Raja Babu'' (1994), composed by [[Anand–Milind|Anand-Milind]] with lyrics by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]], features a blend of romantic, playful, and folk-inspired tracks that complement the film's comedic and melodramatic tone. Released on 21 January 1994, the album consists of seven songs performed by renowned playback singers such as [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], and [[Vinod Rathod]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
|1.
|"Pak Chik Pak Raja Babu"
|[[Vinod Rathod]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]] & Anand
|-
|2.
|"Ho Sarkay Leo Khattiya Jaada Lage"
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|-
|3.
|"Aaja Aaja Yaad Sataye
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-

|4.
|"Aa Aa E Ooh Ooh Ooh Mera Dil Na Todo" (Male)
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|-
|5.
|"Aiya Aiya Aiya Masti Chha Gayi"
|[[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|-
|6.
|"Hey Ooi Amma Ooi Amma"
| [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
|7.
|"Aa Aa E Ooh Ooh Ooh Mera Dil Na Todo" (Female)
|[[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|}

== Awards ==

; [[40th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] – [[Shakti Kapoor]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0110942|Raja Babu}}

{{David Dhawan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Babu (Film)}}
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 action comedy films]]

Jisshu Sengupta filmography

2026-05-04T18:35:29Z

Xavierncr:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Jishu Sengupta.jpg|250px|thumb|upright=1|Sengupta in 2007]]
'''[[Jisshu Sengupta]]''' is an Indian actor, producer, television presenter and anchor who predominantly works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] cinema, in addition to few [[Hindi]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] language films. Sengupta made his debut through a Bengali TV series, ''Mahaprabhu'' where he portrayed the role of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]; the role gained him much recognition. Subsequently, he made his film debut with ''Priyojon'' (1999), which became a debacle at the box office. In 2002, he played [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] in Sukanta Roy's ambitious venture ''Chelebela'' alongside [[Debashree Roy]] playing [[Kadambari Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-suitable-girl/cid/403057 |title=A suitable girl |date=12 April 2011 |website=www.telegraphindia.com|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301154934/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-suitable-girl/cid/403057}}</ref> following which he appeared in a spate of critically and commercially unsuccessful projects. He made his [[Bollywood]] debut with [[Shyam Benegal]]'s [[National Film Award|National Award]] winning film ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' (2004). A turning point came in his career when he collaborated with [[Rituparno Ghosh]] for the latter's ''[[Abohomaan]]'', which earned him critical acclaim. His subsequent collaborations with Ghosh for films which include ''[[Noukadubi]]'' and ''[[Shob Charitro Kalponik]]'' brought him a higher degree of critical and commercial success. Sengupta's collaborations with other directors for films such as ''[[Jaatishwar]]'', ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'', ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]'' enabled him to become one of the most sought out actors in Bengali cinema.

Sengupta continued to garner wider attention and further critical acclaim for the role of a contract killer in ''[[Rajkahini]]'' (2015) and a private detective in ''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]'' (2016). His biggest commercial success came with the action drama ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016),<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Out-of-the-box-Of-bad-reviews-and-good-collections-in-Tollywood/articleshow/54833046.cms |title=Out of the box: Of bad reviews and good collections in Tollywood |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014054823/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Out-of-the-box-Of-bad-reviews-and-good-collections-in-Tollywood/articleshow/54833046.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He continued to draw praise for his performances in ''Sesh Bole Kichu Nei'' (2014), ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' (2014) and ''[[Arshinagar]]'' (2015). In 2019, he debuted in Telegu cinema with ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' . He has also acted in a number of Hindi and Telegu films like ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi|Manikarnika]]'', ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]'', ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' and ''[[Sita Ramam]]''.

Apart from films, Sengupta is actively involved in anchoring reality shows and award shows, including Filmfare Awards East (2017). In 2011, he made a comeback on television in the fiction category through ''Aparajito'', which he produced for [[Star Jalsha]].

==Films==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

* ''All films are in Indian Bengali-language, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Jisshu Sengupta film credits
|-
! scope-"col" | Year
! scope-"col" | Title
! scope-"col" | Role(s)
! class="unsortable" scope-"col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope-"col" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1999
! scope="row" | ''Priyojon''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
! scope="row" | ''Shesh Thikana''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Rinmukti''
|
|
|
|-
|2001
! scope="row" | ''Ektu Choya''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
! scope="row" | ''Chelebela''
|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterji |first1=Shoma A |date=26 April 2006 |title=rediff.com, Movies: Chhelebela will capture the poet's childhood |work=www.rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/26tagore.htm |url-status=live |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506073508/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/26tagore.htm |archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Devdas (2002 Bengali film)|Devdas]]''
|Paro's Son
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''
| Akaash
|[[English language|English]] film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kurukshetra (2002 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
| Sagar Chowdhury
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
! scope="row" | ''Sneher Protidan''
|Sagar
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Abar Aranye]]''
| Jisshu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Moner Majhe Tumi]]''
| Arun
| [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi film]]; [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Guru (2003 film)|Guru]]''
| Jeet
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2004
! scope="row" | ''Anyay Atyachar''
| Raja
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Premi]]''
| Sumit
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Gaindakol''
|Dablu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sajani (2004 film)|Sajani]]''
| Rahul
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Rajababu''
|Sundar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005
! scope="row" | [[Sangram (2005 film)|''Sangram'']]
|Somu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Devi''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]''
| [[Sisir Kumar Bose]]
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chore Chore Mastuto Bhai]]''
| Rahul
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Shudhu Bhalobasha''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2006
! scope="row" |''Swarthopor''
|Arnab
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Swapno]]''
| Sujoy
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Abhimanyu (2006 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
|Ajit Ghosh
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Tapasya''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Hungama''
| Bijoy
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aamra]]''
| Amit Roy
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
! scope="row" |''Shapmochan''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalishankar|Kali Shankar]]''
|SP Vikram
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Last Lear]]''
| Goutam
|English film
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Janmadata]]''
| Raj Sinha
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Premer Kahini]]''
| Major Gautam
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Golmaal (2008 film)|Golmaal]]''
| Siddharth
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[90 Ghanta]]''
| Rishi
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ek Nadir Galpo: Tale of a River]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love (2008 Bengali film)|Love]]''
| Rahul
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bor Asbe Ekhuni]]''
| Abhi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Neel Akasher Chandni]]''
| Neel
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shob Charitro Kalponik]]''
| Shekhar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Abohomaan]]''
| Apratim
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kokhono Biday Bolona''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]''
| Uday / Tushar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Noukadubi (2011 film)|Noukadubi]]''
| Ramesh
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Takhan Teish]]''
| Tamodeep
|
|
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish]]''
| Partho, the percussionist
|
|
|-
|2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Barfi!]]''
| Ranjit Sengupta
|Hindi film
|
|-
|2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Golemale Pirit Koro Na]]''
|Anil Sen
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Mardaani]]''
| Dr. Bikram Roy
|Hindi film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jaatishwar]]''
| Rohit Mehta
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Sesh Bole Kicchu Nei''
| Andy
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Piku]]''
| Syed Afroz
|Hindi film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nirbaak]]''
| Amit Sengupta
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2015 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
| Byomkesh Bakshi
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rajkahini]]''
| Kabir
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Arshinagar]]''
| Tayyab
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Kelor Kirti]]''
| Joy
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]''
| Kashinath Kundu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]''
| Byomkesh Bakshi
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hemanta (film)|Hemanta]]''
| Hirak
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[The Bongs Again]]''
| Jisshu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Aranyadeb''
| Aranya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Acharya |first=Anindita |date=3 November 2016 |title=Bengali cinema's first superhero is more human |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/bengali-cinema-s-first-superhero-is-more-human/story-jmDDHqDnKCKLyVpSPU4ehJ.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203920/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/bengali-cinema-s-first-superhero-is-more-human/story-jmDDHqDnKCKLyVpSPU4ehJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
| Arnab Lahiri
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''
| Jung Bahadur Rana
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Byomkesh O Agnibaan]]''
| Byomkesh Bakshi
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jio Pagla]]''
| Ananta Sen
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghare & Baire]]''
| Amit Roy
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Amoli (film)|Amoli]]''
| Narrator
| Documentary film
|<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=Amoli: Kamal Haasan, Vidya Balan, Rajkummar Rao lend voice to documentary on sexual exploitation |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amoli-kamal-haasan-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-lend-voice-to-documentary-on-sexual-exploitation-4458819.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719200629/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amoli-kamal-haasan-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-lend-voice-to-documentary-on-sexual-exploitation-4458819.html |archive-date=19 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]''
| Himadri Sen
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shonar Pahar]]''
|Soumya Mukherjee
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]''
| Raja Mahendra Kumar Chowdhury
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''
| [[L. V. Prasad]]
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi|Manikarnika]]''
| [[Gangadhar Rao Newalkar]]
| rowspan="2" |Hindi film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mardaani 2]]''
| Dr. Bikram Roy
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mukhomukhi]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Basu Poribar (2019 film)|Basu Poribar]]''
| Raja
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Jisshu Sengupta Movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/basu-paribar/movie-review/68745296.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429163303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/basu-paribar/movie-review/68745296.cms |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]''
| [[Uttam Kumar]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bornoporichoy]]''
| Dhananjoy
|
|<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1098463916722536448 |user=taran_adarsh |title=Abir Chatterjee, Jisshu U Sengupta and Priyanka Sarkar... First look poster of #Bengali film #Bornoporichoy... Directed by Mainak Bhaumik... Music by Anupam Roy... June/July 2019 release. #SVF https://t.co/5I9y6KBGo4 |author=Taran Adarsh |date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghawre Bairey Aaj]]''
| Sandip Jha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Shironam]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]''
| Dr. Manoj Kumar
| rowspan="2" |Telugu film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]''
| Raghavan
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shakuntala Devi (film)|Shakuntala Devi]]''
| Paritosh Banerji
| rowspan="5" |Hindi film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sadak 2]]''
| Yogesh Desai
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Durgamati]]''
| ACP Abhay Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021
! scope="row" | ''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''
| Ramdas Thakur
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]''
| Pitya Bagare
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maestro (2021 film)|Maestro]]''
| [[Circle Inspector|CI]] N. Ravindar / Bobby
| rowspan="2" |Telugu film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
| Debendra Singha Roy
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=Nani plays Vasu in Shyam Singha Roy, film to release in December. See poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-plays-vasu-in-shyam-singha-roy-film-to-release-in-december-see-poster-1864777-2021-10-14 |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=India Today |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014111602/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-plays-vasu-in-shyam-singha-roy-film-to-release-in-december-see-poster-1864777-2021-10-14 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Baba Baby O]]''
| Megh Roddur Chatterjee
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhijaan (2022 film)|Abhijaan]]''
| [[Soumitra Chattopadhyay]]
|[[Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Award Bangla Best Actor (Critics)]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |date=26 March 2021 |title=Soumitra Chatterjee biopic Abhijaan trailer out |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soumitra-chatterjee-biopic-abhijaan-trailer-out-film-releases-on-may-7-1783941-2021-03-26 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327140341/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soumitra-chatterjee-biopic-abhijaan-trailer-out-film-releases-on-may-7-1783941-2021-03-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''
| Rathod
| rowspan="4" | Telugu film
|<ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2021 |title=Jisshu Sengupta to take on Chiranjeevi |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180221/jisshu-sengupta-to-take-on-chiranjeevi.html |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220020020/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180221/jisshu-sengupta-to-take-on-chiranjeevi.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|[[Nawab]], Princess Noor Jahan's brother
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Shaakuntalam]]''
|[[Indra|Indra Deva]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2023 |title=When will Shaakuntalam premiere on OTT? Check release date, time and where to watch Samantha Ruth Prabhu's film online |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/when-will-shaakuntalam-premiere-on-ott-check-release-date-time-and-where-to-watch-samantha-ruth-prabhus-film-online/articleshow/100051486.cms |access-date=17 May 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519052429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/when-will-shaakuntalam-premiere-on-ott-check-release-date-time-and-where-to-watch-samantha-ruth-prabhus-film-online/articleshow/100051486.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Spy (2023 film)|Spy]]''
|Abdur Rahman
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Palaan]]''
|Jisshu Sen
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]''
|Biswarup Bardhan
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao (film)|Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''
|[[Circle Inspector|CI]] Mouli
| rowspan="4" |Telugu film
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Saindhav]]''
|Michael
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Prathinidhi 2]]''
| [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Vikram Santhosh
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Viswam (film)|Viswam]]''
| Jalaluddin Qureshi
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lantrani]]''
| A Gay Man
| rowspan="2" |Hindi film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Blackout (2024 film)|Blackout]]''
|Detective Arvind Dasgupta
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mirza: Part 1 – Joker]]''
|Tiger Bhai
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Khadaan]]''
| Mohan Das
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=শ্যাম-মোহনের বন্ধুত্বের গল্প নিয়ে আসছে 'খাদান', শুরু ছবির শ্যুটিং |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/khadan-movie-shooting-starts-from-today_508346.html |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=16 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
! scope="row" |''[[Borbaad (2025 film)|Borbaad]]''
| Muhammad "Farhan" Khan
| Bangladeshi film
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-25 |title=শাকিবের 'বরবাদ' সিনেমায় ভারতের যীশু |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-624661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112081622/https://bangla.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-movies/dhallywood/news-624661 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Daily Star Bangla |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Ghaati]]''
|Mahaveer Mandhani
|Telugu film
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]''
|
|[[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]''
|[[Nityananda]]
|Special appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2026
! scope="row" | ''[[Mardaani 3]]''
| Dr. Bikram Roy
| rowspan="2" |Hindi film
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhooth Bangla]]''
| Dr. Vasudev Acharya
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-01-08 |title=‘Bhooth Bangla’: Akshay Kumar’s horror-comedy gets new release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhooth-bangla-new-release-date-akshay-kumar-priyadarshan-paresh-rawal/article70486810.ece |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[KD: The Devil|KD:The Devil]]''
| Rudra Mishra
|Kannada film
|
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''[[G2 (film)|G2]]''{{dagger}}
|Capt. Nagappa
|Telugu film
|
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" | ''Haiwaan''{{dagger}}
| {{TBA}}
| rowspan="3" |Hindi film
|
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" | ''[[Maharagni: Queen of Queens]]''{{dagger}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Jisshu Sengupta television credits
|-
! scope-"col" | Year
! scope-"col" | Title
! scope-"col" | Role(s)
! scope-"col" | Language
!Network
! class="unsortable" scope-"col" | Notes
! scope-"col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|1998
! scope="row" | ''Mahaprabhu''
|[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
| rowspan="7" |Bengali
|
|
|
|-
|
!scope="row" | ''Rupkatha''
|
|
|
|
|-
|
! scope="row" | ''Hiyar Majhe''
|
|
|
|
|-
|
! scope="row" | ''Pratibimbo''
|
|
|
|
|-
|2011{{Ndash}}2012
! scope="row" |''[[Aparajito]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|
|
|-
|2013{{Ndash}}2015
! scope="row" |''[[Tomay Amay Mile]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2016
! scope="row" |''Bhalobasha Bhalobasha''
|
|
|
|-
|2019
! scope="row" |''[[Skyfire (TV series)|Skyfire]]''
|Harshvardhan Dharma
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2019 |title=Bengali actor Jisshu Sengupta plays a social worker in Skyfire, a web series on climate change |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bengali-actor-jisshu-sengupta-plays-a-social-worker-in-skyfire-a-web-series-on-climate-change/story-ITAjZma0Lx83Zpw9NmS4DP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604015145/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bengali-actor-jisshu-sengupta-plays-a-social-worker-in-skyfire-a-web-series-on-climate-change/story-ITAjZma0Lx83Zpw9NmS4DP.html |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=31 May 2019 |title='Skyfire' turns good premise into middling affair |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/skyfire-turns-good-premise-into-middling-affair |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707201049/https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/skyfire-turns-good-premise-into-middling-affair |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
! scope="row" |''[[Typewriter (TV series)|Typewriter]]''
|Amit Roy
|[[Netflix]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Typewriter Actor Jisshu Sengupta: Live Every Character Between 'Action' And 'Cut' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/typewriter-actor-jisshu-sengupta-live-every-character-between-action-and-cut-2071605 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430114938/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/typewriter-actor-jisshu-sengupta-live-every-character-between-action-and-cut-2071605 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Panicker |first=Anahita |date=12 July 2019 |title=Ghostbusters of Goa: on director Sujoy Ghosh's first Netflix series, 'Typewriter' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-sujoy-ghoshs-first-netflix-series-typewriter/article28406899.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619104547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-sujoy-ghoshs-first-netflix-series-typewriter/article28406899.ece |archive-date=19 June 2021 |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)#Sequel Series|Criminal Justice: Behind closed doors]]''
|Vikram Chandra
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |date=10 December 2020 |title=Pankaj Tripathi returns to save Kirti Kulhari in Criminal Justice Behind Closed Doors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/pankaj-tripathi-returns-to-save-kirti-kulhari-in-criminal-justice-behind-closed-doors-1748374-2020-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928155732/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/pankaj-tripathi-returns-to-save-kirti-kulhari-in-criminal-justice-behind-closed-doors-1748374-2020-12-10 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022{{Ndash}}present
! scope="row" | ''[[Horogouri Pice Hotel]]''
|
| rowspan="2" |Bengali
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Jalsha]]
| rowspan="2" |Producer
|
|-
|2023{{Ndash}}2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Star Jalsha|Love Biye Aaj Kal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
! scope="row" |''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]''
|Rajeev Sengupta
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[P I Meena]]''
|Dr. Andrew Rakhaw
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|
|-
|2024
! scope="row" |''[[Dabba Cartel]]''
|Shankar Dasgupta
|[[Netflix]]
|
|
|-
|2025
! scope="row" |[[Dance Bangla Dance]]
| Judge
| rowspan="1" |Bengali
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|Season 13
|
|-
|2026
! scope="row" |''Brown''
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1702868/filmotype?ref_=m_nm_flmg Jisshu Sengupta filmography] at [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Jisshu}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

JBCN International School

2026-05-02T06:26:03Z

Xavierncr: put up a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = JBCN International School
| native_name =
| logo = JBCN-International-School-logo-2026.png
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = 
| motto_translation =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1984
| founder = Pinky Dalal
| closed =
| school_board = IBDP
| district = [[Mumbai]]
| authority = JBCN Education Group
| oversight = 
| director = Kunal Dalal
| principal = 
| head = 
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades = K-12
| gender = 
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 
| enrollment_as_of = 
| classes =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| campus_size =
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| colors = 
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = [[Cambridge Assessment International Education]] (CAIE) [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE) [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB)
| website = {{URL|https://www.jbcnschool.edu.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''JBCN International School''' is a group of [[Private school|private]], [[co-educational]] [[day school]]s, in Mumbai, India. The group operates five campuses - in [[Borivali]], [[Parel]], [[Oshiwara]], [[Chembur]], and [[Mulund]] -and is affiliated with the [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB), [[Cambridge Assessment International Education]] (CAIE) and [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE). The schools are managed by '''JBCN''' '''Education Group'''.

== History ==
The origins of JBCN Education trace back to 1984, when Pinky Dalal launched a preschool called Children's Nook in Gamdevi, [[South Mumbai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Building a legacy of innovation and transformation: Pinky Dalal |url=https://educationworld.in/building-a-legacy-of-innovation-and-transformation-pinky-dalal/ |work=EducationWorld}}</ref> In 2003, Pinky Dalal and her son Kunal Dalal co-founded JBCN Education with the objective of providing academic consulting and management services to schools and eventually set up their own group of schools.<ref name=":3" />

The group's first [[international school]] campus became operational in 2009 at [[Borivali]].<ref name=":3" /> The [[Parel]] campus was established in 2011, offering the [[IB Primary Years Programme|International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (IB-PYP)]] and Cambridge [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]].<ref name=":1" /> Further campuses opened in [[Oshiwara]] in 2013, [[Chembur]] in 2019, and [[Mulund]] in 2024.<ref name=":4" />

== Campuses ==

=== JBCN International School, Borivali ===
The [[Borivali]] campus was the group's first international school, located in Borivali West. It offers Cambridge Primary, [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]], and Cambridge [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]]. The campus was described by Afternoon DC as the first "eco-friendly school" in Mumbai's western suburbs.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Aishwarya R. |title=School turns 'eco friendly' |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/school-turns-eco-friendly/article_198464 |publisher=[[Afternoon DC]] |date=30 June 2017 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630064021/http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/school-turns-eco-friendly/article_198464 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2025, the campus hosted the Inter-School Sports Organisation (ISSO) Under-14 Cricket Tournament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=ISSO Under-14 Cricket Tournament Begins At JBCN International School, Borivali |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/isso-under-14-cricket-tournament-begins-at-jbcn-international-school-borivali |work=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>

=== JBCN International School, Parel ===
The [[Parel]] campus was established in 2011 and is located in Parel East, [[South Mumbai]].<ref name=":1" /> It offers [[IB Primary Years Programme|IB-PYP]], Cambridge [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], and the [[IB Diploma Programme|IB Diploma Programme (IBDP)]] from nursery through Grade 12. The campus incorporates a co-curricular programme spanning creative [[The arts|arts]], [[sport]]s, and real-world learning experiences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=August 2023 |title=School of Eminence: JBCN International School, Parel, Mumbai |url=https://educationworld.in/school-of-eminence-jbcn-international-school-parel-mumbai/ |work=EducationWorld, 2023.}}</ref> In the 2023-24 Cambridge IGCSE examinations, three students from the campus received Cambridge Outstanding Learner Awards: Leaisha Patil and Nivaan Punamiya each achieved Top in the World for [[Mathematics]] (Without Coursework), and Aarav Kshitij Chaudhary achieved second place in India in the Best Across Eight category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2025 |title=Three JBCN, Parel, learners shine in Cambridge Awards |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/three-jbcn-parel-learners-shine-in-cambridge-awards/|work=Tribune News Service}}</ref>

=== JBCN International School, Oshiwara ===
The [[Oshiwara]] campus is located in [[Andheri|Andheri West]] and offers IB-PYP, Cambridge [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], and IBDP or Cambridge A Levels from pre-primary through Grade 12. The campus integrates technology across classroom instruction and incorporates leadership training and co-curricular activities in sports, theatre, and creative arts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2022 |title=JBCN Education Group: Nurturing future-ready students for a dynamic world |url=https://educationworld.in/jbcn-education-group-nurturing-future-ready-students-for-a-dynamic-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://educationworld.in/category/news/campus/page/84/ |archive-date=17 April 2026 |work=EducationWorld}}</ref> In 2024, the campus was included in a list of top 50 IB schools globally compiled by Education Advisers Limited (UK), as reported by Business Standard.<ref name="future50">{{cite web |title=Future 50 Schools Shaping Success |url=https://www.future50schools.com/schools/jbcn-international-school-borivali/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817051943/https://www.future50schools.com/schools/jbcn-international-school-borivali/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2019 |website=future50schools.com |accessdate=17 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2024 |title=JBCN International School Oshiwara recognised in Top 50 IB Schools Globally |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/jbcn-international-school-oshiwara-recognised-in-top-50-ib-schools-globally-124113000158_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

=== JBCN International School, Chembur ===
The [[Chembur]] campus was established in 2019 and offers [[IB Primary Years Programme|IB-PYP]], Cambridge [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], and [[IB Diploma Programme|IBDP]]. It has been listed among notable schools in the Chembur area by [[The Times of India]].<ref name=":5" /> The campus operates a programme called iPROPEL, designed to support student development alongside the standard curriculum.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=10 Popular schools in Mumbai's Chembur area one can consider |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/10-popular-schools-in-mumbais-chembur-area-one-can-consider-for-quality-education/articleshow/114189501.cms|work=Times of India}}</ref>

=== JBCN International School, Mulund ===
The [[Mulund]] campus opened in 2024 and is the group's primary [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]]-focused campus.<ref name=":4" /> It offers Cambridge Primary, [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]], Cambridge Lower Secondary, [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], and A Levels. The campus uses assessments as tools for student development and incorporates experiential learning within its curriculum.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=JBCN International School, Mulund EducationWorld |url=https://educationworld.in/jbcn-international-school-mulund/|work=EducationWorld}}</ref>

== Academic Programmes ==
JBCN International School offers curricula based on the Cambridge Assessment International Education (CAIE), International Baccalaureate (IB), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) frameworks. Specific offerings vary by campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JBCN International School |url=https://www.jbcnschool.edu.in/ }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Stage
!Grades
!'''Programme'''
!Description
|-
|Pre-Primary
|Pre-Nursery - Senior Kindergarten
|Internal Programme
|Conceptual learning designed to build readiness for the IB-PYP and Cambridge Primary programmes.
|-
|Primary
|Grades I - V
|IB Primary Years Programme (IB-PYP) / Cambridge Primary
|Inquiry-based programme focusing on the development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes across subject areas.
|-
|Secondary
|Grades VI - X
|Cambridge Lower Secondary, Cambridge IGCSE / ICSE
|Application-based curriculum providing preparation for higher education.
|-
|Senior School
|Grades XI - XII
|IB Diploma Programme (IBDP) / Cambridge A Levels
|Internationally recognised pre-university programmes emphasising critical thinking and in-depth subject knowledge.
|}
ICSE is offered at the Borivali and Mulund campuses. The [[IB Diploma Programme]] is available at the Parel, Oshiwara, and Chembur campuses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Structure at JBCN International School, Parel |url=https://www.jbcnschool.edu.in/parel/programme/academics/overview/ |website=JBCN International School}}</ref>

=== Campus wise details ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! JBCN International School's Branch !! Primary !! Secondary !! Higher secondary
|-
| JBCN International School, Borivali || [[Cambridge Primary Review|Cambridge Primary]] (CP) || [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] & [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]] || [[GCE Advanced Level|AS and A level]]
|-
| JBCN International School, Oshiwara || [[Primary Years Programme]] (PYP) || [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]]|| [[IB Diploma Programme|IBDP]]
|-
| JBCN International School, Parel || [[IB Primary Years Programme|Primary Years Programme]] (PYP) || [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]]|| [[IB Diploma Programme|IBDP]]
|-
| JBCN International School, Chembur || [[IB Primary Years Programme|Primary Years Programme]] (PYP) || [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]]||[[IB Diploma Programme|IBDP]]
|-
| JBCN International School, Mulund || [[Cambridge Primary Review|Cambridge Primary]] (CP) || [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] & [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]] ||
|}

== Facilities ==
JBCN campuses include dedicated learning zones alongside standard classroom facilities. These include an Innovation Lab, Science and Technology Lab, Learner Resource Centre, Self Expression Zone, Discovery and Sensory Zone, Physical Education Zone, Auditorium, Swimming Pool, Astroturf, and Sports Ground.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=JBCN International School Parel |url=https://educationworld.in/jbcn-international-school-parel/ }}</ref> Classrooms are designed with breakout zones intended to support collaborative and inquiry-based learning.<ref name=":6" />

Classrooms feature reading books, flexible seating and child safety features.<ref name=":1" />

== University Placements ==
According to Mid-Day's article, JBCN's graduating Class of 2025 received university offers spanning 19 countries, with scholarships exceeding USD 13 million.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Class of 2025: JBCN International School amongst the best in the World |url=https://www.mid-day.com/schoolsurvey-2025/article/class-of-2025-jbcn-international-school-amongst-the-best-in-the-world-35}}</ref> Institutions mentioned include [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Stanford University]], [[Cornell University]], [[University of Oxford|the University of Oxford]], [[University of Cambridge|the University of Cambridge]], [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins University]], [[Imperial College London]], and University College London, among others.<ref name=":2" /> The same article also reported that Parel and Oshiwara campus students achieved an average IB Diploma Programme score of 37.4, against a global average of 30.8.<ref name=":2" />

== IB School Rankings ==
In 2024/2025 rankings compiled by Education Advisers Limited (UK), based on IB Diploma Programme average scores, the Parel and Oshiwara campuses were both listed among the top 40 IB schools globally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2025 |title=JBCN International School Sets a Global Benchmark, Ranked Among the Top 40 IB Schools in the World |url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/jbcn-international-school-sets-a-global-benchmark-ranked-among-the-top-40-ib-schools-in-the-world |work=The Wire}}</ref> The Oshiwara campus had also appeared on the same organisation's top 50 list in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2024 |title=JBCN International School Oshiwara recognised in Top 50 IB Schools Globally |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/jbcn-international-school-oshiwara-recognised-in-top-50-ib-schools-globally-124113000158_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* In 2025, JBCN Education Group received dual recognition at the '''ET Education Annual Education Excellence Awards''', organised by The Economic Times, in the categories of K-12 excellence and preschool excellence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2025 |title=JBCN Group secures dual recognition for K-12 and Preschool Excellence at the ET. Education Annual Education Excellence Awards 2025 |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/jbcn-group-secures-dual-recognition-for-k-12-and-preschool-excellence-at-the-et-education-annual-education-excellence-awards-2025/123670422 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* In 2025, JBCN was recognised at the BW Businessworld Top Education Brands Summit & Awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2025 |title=BW Businessworld Honours Leading Educators At ‘Top Education Brands Summit & Awards 2025’ |url=https://www.bweducation.com/article/bw-businessworld-honours-leading-educators-at-top-education-brands-summit-awards-2025-577654 |work=BW Businessworld}}</ref>
* In 2024–25, Kunal Dalal, Managing Director of JBCN Education, was recognised as Education Leader of the Year at the EducationWorld India School Ranking Awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2024 |title=Kunal Dalal honoured as Education Leader of the Year at the Education World India School Ranking Awards 2024-2025 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/kunal-dalal-honoured-as-education-leader-of-the-year-at-the-education-world-india-school-ranking-awards-2024-2025-124110800507_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
* JBCN Oshiwara was cited in a 2022 report stating that 20% of Maharashtra's best educators teach at the campus, as recognised by a survey conducted by Uniapply supported by The Times of India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2022 |title=20% of Maharashtra's Best Educators teach at JBCN Oshiwara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/20-of-maharashtras-best-educators-teach-at-jbcn-oshiwara/articleshow/88990505.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* JBCN Education has received the '''Great Place to Work''' certification for three consecutive years.

== Mid-Day Education School Survey 2025 ==
[[Mid-Day|The Mid-Day Education School Survey 2025]], ranked JBCN campuses across multiple categories in its Mumbai city-wide and zone-level surveys.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Class of 2025: JBCN International School amongst the best in the World |url=https://www.mid-day.com/schoolsurvey-2025/article/class-of-2025-jbcn-international-school-amongst-the-best-in-the-world-35 |work=Mid-Day}}</ref>

=== City-wide rankings ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Campus
!Category
!Rank
|-
|JBCN International School, Parel
|International Baccalaureate / Cambridge Curriculum/ International Curriculum
|1
|-
|JBCN International School, Oshiwara
|International Curriculum
|2
|-
|JBCN International School, Oshiwara
|International Baccalaureate
|3
|-
|JBCN International School, Oshiwara
|Cambridge Curriculum
|4
|-
|JBCN International School, Borivali
|National + International Curriculum
|1
|-
|JBCN International School, Borivali
|National Curriculum – ICSE
|3
|-
|JBCN International School, Chembur
|Cambridge Curriculum
|6
|-
|JBCN International School, Chembur
|International Baccalaureate/ International Curriculum
|5
|-
|JBCN International School, Mulund
|Emerging – Cambridge Curriculum
|Listed
|}

=== Zone-level rankings (Rank 1) ===

* JBCN International School, Parel - Ranked 1st in Cambridge Curriculum, [[International Baccalaureate]], and International Curriculum in Zones A and B
* JBCN International School, Oshiwara - Ranked 1st in Cambridge Curriculum, [[International Baccalaureate]], and International Curriculum in Zone C
* JBCN International School, Borivali - Ranked 1st in Cambridge Curriculum, National + International Curriculum, and National Curriculum (ICSE) in Zones E and G
* JBCN International School, Chembur - Ranked 1st in Cambridge Curriculum, [[International Baccalaureate]], and International Curriculum in Zone H

== Times School Survey 2025 ==
The Times School Survey 2025, published by the [[The Times Group|Times Group]], ranked JBCN campuses across multiple categories in its Mumbai city-wide and zone-level surveys.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Welcome to the Times School Survey 2025 |url=https://www.timesschoolsurvey.com/mumbai/ |work=Times Group}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Campus
!Category
!City Rank
!Zone Rank
|-
|JBCN International School, Parel
|International Curriculum
|2
|1 (Zone B)
|-
|JBCN International School, Oshiwara
|International Curriculum
|5
|2 (Zone D)
|-
|JBCN International School, Borivali
|National + International Curriculum
|2
|1 (Zone G)
|-
|JBCN International School, Chembur
|International Curriculum Emerging
|Listed
|
|-
|JBCN International School, Mulund
|National + International Curriculum Emerging
|Listed
|
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Schools|Education}}
* [[International Baccalaureate]]
* [[Cambridge International Education|Cambridge Assessment International Education]]
* [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]
* [[List of international schools in India|List of International Schools in India]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]
* [[List of schools in Maharashtra]]
* [[Rakesh Jhunjhunwala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.jbcnschool.edu.in/}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:International schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1984]]
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)

2026-04-25T23:59:55Z

Xavierncr: creating initial entry nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swathi Muthyam
| image = Swathi Muthyam 2022 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Lakshman K. Krishna
| writer = S. V. Raghav Reddy {{small|(Dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Lakshman K. Krishna
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Naga Vamsi
| starring = Bellamkonda Ganesh [[Varsha Bollamma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Suryaa
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| studio = Sithara Entertainments Fortune Four Cinemas
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10|5}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Swathi Muthyam''''' ({{translation|White pearl}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Lakshman K Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/naveen-polishetty-gracing-the-swathi-mutyam-pre-release-event-785433|title=Swathi Mutyam Movie | 'స్వాతిముత్యం' ప్రీ రిలీజ్‌ ఈవెంట్‌కు గెస్ట్‌గా టాలీవుడ్ యంగ్‌ హీరో?|date=2 October 2022|website=Namasthe Telangana|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015084838/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/naveen-polishetty-gracing-the-swathi-mutyam-pre-release-event-785433|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by Naga Vamsi, the film stars Bellamkonda Ganesh (in his debut) and [[Varsha Bollamma]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/sep/14/bellamkonda-ganesh-in-swathi-muthyam-26635.html|title=Bellamkonda Ganesh in Swathi Muthyam|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|author=Cinema Express|date=14 September 2021|accessdate=13 November 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928061614/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/sep/14/bellamkonda-ganesh-in-swathi-muthyam-26635.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ganesh-wins-audiences-hearts-with-a-special-teaser-trailer-of-swathi-muthyam|title=Ganesh wins audience's hearts with a special 'teaser trailer' of 'Swathi Muthyam'|date=15 September 2022|website=Telangana Today|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015084850/https://telanganatoday.com/ganesh-wins-audiences-hearts-with-a-special-teaser-trailer-of-swathi-muthyam|url-status=live}}</ref> The film revolves around dramatic life of an innocent boy, Bala.

== Plot ==
A young man, Bala Murali Krishna works as a government employee. He is innocent and pure at heart. His family starts searching a bride for him. One of those matches is Bhagyalakshmi aka Bhagi (Varsha). They meet in a coffee shop. She tells that she needs some time to decide about their marriage. They decided to meet frequently to better understand each other. Soon, they fall in love and Bhagi agrees to marry Bala.

On the day of his marriage Bala gets a phone call from his office. He is shocked to see Sailaja (Divya) at his office. It is revealed that Bala donated his sperm for an illegal surrogacy for a lady in Dubai few months back. Sailaja is the one who carried surrogacy and gave birth to a baby. She informs him that the lady died and no one is responding to her.

Bala invites her to his marriage and promised to settle down the matter later. She overhears a conversation between Bala and his friend Bucchi Babu on how to handle the surrogacy matter. She misunderstands Bala and leaves the marriage leaving the baby with Bala. Everyone at marriage thinks that the Bala is the father of the baby, and he had an affair with Sailaja. He tries to persuade the elders on what happened, but nobody listens. As a result, his marriage is cancelled. He takes care of that baby. Bhagi learns that surrogacy issue and understands that Bala is innocent. Her parents find another match for her. She goes to hospital to do female sterilization (surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy permanently). Upon knowing this Bala comes to the hospital. Bucchi Babu and Sailaja also come to their rescue to clear the misunderstandings between Bala and his family.

Finally Bala and Bhagi's families understand their love and his innocence and agree to their marriage and both decides to take care of baby.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* Bellamkonda Ganesh as Bala Murali Krishna
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] as Bhagyalakshmi "Bhagi"
* [[Divya Sripada]] as Sailaja
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as R.M.P Bucchi Babu, Bala's best friend
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Venkatrao, Bala's father
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Bala's mother
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Hanumantha Rao, Bhagi's father
* Surekha Vani as Bhagi's mother
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Bhagi's uncle
* [[Subbaraju]] as Bala's office EO
* [[Harsha Vardhan|Harshavardhan]] as Dr. Daiva Prasad
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Daniel, Bala's colleague
* Bindu as Srilakshmi, Bala's colleague
* Pammi Sai as Govindam, Bala's assistant
* Sunaina as Bucchi Babu's wife
* Pawan Bolisetty as Vasu, Bala's brother
* [[Ananth Babu]] as marriage broker
* [[Rajitha]] as gynaecologist
* Viva Raghav as Bala's friend
* Satish Saripalli
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] was completed in 60 days, with filming taking place in [[Pithapuram]], [[Kakinada]], and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=Director Lakshman K Krishna interview about Swathimuthyam film |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/lakshmankkrishna-swathimuthyam.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 13 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jun/14/release-date-of-bellamkonda-ganeshs-swathi-muthyam-isout-32115.html|title=Release date of Bellamkonda Ganesh's Swathi Muthyam is out|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=14 June 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015084848/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jun/14/release-date-of-bellamkonda-ganeshs-swathi-muthyam-isout-32115.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that the film "relies heavily on its situational humour but fails to engage midway because of its thin plot. Nevertheless, give it a try for its humour".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/swathi-muthyam/movie-review/94663667.cms|title=SWATHI MUTHYAM REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 October 2022|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015084831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/swathi-muthyam/movie-review/94663667.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Eenadu]]'' critic appreciated the story and performances while criticizing the direction and execution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/bellamkonda-ganesh-varsha-bollamma-starrer-swathi-muthyam-review/0203/122189913|title=''Eenadu'' review|language=te|date=5 October 2022|work=[[Eenadu]]|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005045204/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/bellamkonda-ganesh-varsha-bollamma-starrer-swathi-muthyam-review/0203/122189913|url-status=live}}</ref> On the technical aspects, Thummala Mohan of ''[[Samayam Telugu]]'' wrote, " {{Sic|the songs by Mahati Swara Sagar's music are okay. Background music is good. Surya's cinematography is good}}."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/bellamkonda-ganesh-and-varsha-bollamma-movie-swathimuthyam-review-and-rating/moviereview/94652693.cms|title=స్వాతిముత్యం|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015084848/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/bellamkonda-ganesh-and-varsha-bollamma-movie-swathimuthyam-review-and-rating/moviereview/94652693.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] acquired the streaming rights of film right after the theatrical release and made it available for streaming on 24 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Swathi Muthyam streaming on Aha video |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/swathimuthyam |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Aha Video}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt15422468|title=Swathi Muthyam}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mahati Swara Sagar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kakinada]]

Rhinoplasty

2026-04-24T00:12:58Z

Xavierncr: adding some stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Surgical procedure to enhance or reconstruct a human nose}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox interventions
| Name = Rhinoplasty
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|ə|ˌ|p|l|æ|s|t|i}}
| Image = Exposing lower lateral cartilage during rhinoplasty.jpg
| Caption = '''Rhinoplasty:''' The lower lateral cartilage ([[greater alar cartilage]]) exposed for plastic modification via the left nostril.
| ICD10 =
| ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|21.87}}
| MeshID = D012225
| MedlinePlus = 002983
| OtherCodes =
}}

'''Rhinoplasty'''{{efn|From [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ῥίς}} {{translit|grc|rhís}}, "nose", and {{lang|grc|πλαστός}} {{translit|grc|plastós}}, "moulded". It is commonly called '''nose job''' and medically called '''nasal reconstruction'''.}}, sometimes referred to as a "nose job," is a [[plastic surgery]] procedure performed to change the shape, size, or proportions of the nose or to improve nasal function and breathing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=Helmut|last2=Gubisch|first2=Wolfgang|date=24 October 2008|title=Nasal Reconstruction|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|volume=105|issue=43|pages=741–746|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2008.0741|issn=1866-0452|pmc=2696977|pmid=19623298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhinoplasty - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/rhinoplasty/about/pac-20384532 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> There are two types of plastic surgery used – [[plastic surgery#reconstructive surgery|reconstructive surgery]] that restores the form and functions of the nose and [[Plastic surgery#Cosmetic surgery procedures|cosmetic surgery]] that changes the appearance of the nose. Reconstructive surgery seeks to resolve nasal [[injury|injuries]] caused by various [[Trauma (medicine)|trauma]]s including [[blunt trauma|blunt]], and [[penetrating trauma]] and trauma caused by [[blast injury]]. Reconstructive surgery can also treat [[birth defect]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Veeramani|first1=Anamika|last2=Wilson|first2=Alexander T.|last3=Sawh-Martinez|first3=Rajendra|last4=Steinbacher|first4=Derek M.|date=February 2020|title=Staged Abbe-Rhinoplasty Technique to Correct Bilateral Cleft Deformity|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=145|issue=2|pages=518–521|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000006508|issn=1529-4242|pmid=31985651|s2cid=210922206}}</ref> [[Respiratory disease|breathing problems]], and failed primary rhinoplasties. Rhinoplasty may remove a dorsal hump, narrow the nostril width, alter the nasolabial angle, or address injuries, birth defects, or other functional issues that affect breathing, such as a [[nasal septum deviation|deviated nasal septum]], internal nasal valve collapse, or external nasal valve collapse.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Abi Zeid Daou |first=Christophe |last2=Jalkh |first2=Rita Maria |last3=Semaan |first3=Zeina Maria |last4=Daou |first4=Anne Marie |date=2025-08-06 |title=Outcomes of Open Versus Closed Rhinoplasty, a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12327578/ |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open |volume=13 |issue=8 |article-number=e7047 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000007047 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=12327578 |pmid=40771258}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rettinger |first=Gerhard |date=2007 |title=Risks and complications in rhinoplasty |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3199839/ |journal=GMS current topics in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery |volume=6 |pages=Doc08 |issn=1865-1011 |pmc=3199839 |pmid=22073084}}</ref> Surgery only on the septum is called a [[septoplasty]].

In '''closed rhinoplasty''' and '''open rhinoplasty''' surgeries – a plastic surgeon, an [[Otolaryngology|otolaryngologist]] (ear, nose, and throat specialist), or an [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery|oral and maxillofacial surgeon]] (jaw, face, and neck specialist), creates a functional, aesthetic, and facially proportionate nose by separating the nasal skin and the [[soft tissues]] from the [[human nose|nasal framework]], altering them as required for form and function, [[Surgical suture|suturing]] the incisions, using [[Dermal adhesive|tissue glue]] and applying either a package or a [[stent]], or both, to immobilize the altered nose to ensure the proper healing of the surgical incision.

==History==
[[File:Edwin Smith Papyrus v2.jpg|thumb|right|Plates vi & vii of the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] at the [[Rare Book Room]], [[New York Academy of Medicine]]<ref>"Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art". The New York Academy of Medicine. 2005-07-27. {{cite web |url=http://www.nyam.org/news/2493.html |title=The New York Academy of Medicine: News & Publications: Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2008-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127161922/http://www.nyam.org/news/2493.html |archive-date=2010-11-27 }}. Retrieved 2008-08-12.</ref>]]
Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]],<ref name=cossurg>{{cite book|last=Shiffman|first=Melvin|title=Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-21837-8|page=20|date=2012-09-05}}</ref> a transcription of text dated to the [[Old Kingdom]] from 3000 to 2500 [[Before Christian Era|BCE]].<ref name=plsurgery>{{cite book|editor1-first=Peter C.|editor1-last=Neligan|editor2-first=Geoffrey C.|editor2-last=Gurtner|first1=Ricardo F.|last1=Mazzola|first2=Isabella C.|last2=Mazzola|title=Plastic Surgery: Principles|chapter=History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-1052-2|pages=11–12|date=2012-09-05}}</ref>

The ''[[Ebers Papyrus]]'' ({{Abbr|c.|circa}} 1550 BC), an [[Ancient Egyptian]] [[Egyptian medical papyri|medical papyrus]], describes rhinoplasty as the [[Plastic surgery|plastic surgical]] operation for reconstructing a nose destroyed by rhinectomy. Such a mutilation was inflicted as a criminal, religious, political, and military punishment in that time and culture.<ref name="Arneja">{{EMedicine|article|1292131|Basic Open Rhinoplasty}}</ref>

Rhinoplasty techniques are described in the [[History of India|ancient Indian]] text ''[[Sushruta Samhita|Sushruta samhita]]'' by [[Sushruta]], where a nose is reconstructed by using a flap of skin from the cheek.<ref>{{cite book|author=Melvin A. Shiffman, Alberto Di Gi|title=Advanced Aesthetic Rhinoplasty: Art, Science, and New Clinical Techniques|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|page=132}}</ref>

During the [[Roman Empire]] (27 BC – 476 AD) the encyclopaedist [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] ({{Abbr|c.|circa}} 25 BC – 50 AD) published the 8-tome ''[[De Medicina]]'' (On Medicine, {{Abbr|c.|circa}} 14 AD), which described plastic surgery techniques and procedures for the correction and the reconstruction of the nose and other body parts.<ref>{{cite book |veditors=Chernow BA, Vallasi GA |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1993 |pages=488–9 |edition=5th}}</ref>

At the [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] Roman court of the Emperor [[Julian the Apostate]] (331–363 AD), the royal physician [[Oribasius]] ({{Abbr|c.|circa}} 320–400 AD) published the 70-volume ''Synagogue Medicae'' (Medical Compilations, 4th century AD), which described facial-defect reconstructions that featured loose [[Surgical suture|sutures]] that permitted a [[Surgery|surgical]] wound to heal without distorting the facial flesh; how to clean the bone exposed in a wound; [[debridement]], how to remove damaged tissue to forestall [[infection]] and so accelerate healing of the [[wound]]; and how to use [[Free flap|autologous skin flaps]] to repair damaged cheeks, eyebrows, lips, and nose, to restore the patient's normal [[face|visage]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3dCQAAQBAJ&q=carmagnola++statue+justinian+ii+venice&pg=PA161 Papadakis Marios et al. "Plastic surgery of the face in Byzantine times", in D. Michaelides, ''Medicine and Healing in the Ancient Mediterranean'', Oxbow Books (2014) pp. 155-162]</ref>

In Italy, [[Gasparo Tagliacozzi]] (1546–1599), professor of [[surgery]] and [[Human anatomy|anatomy]] at the [[University of Bologna]], published ''Curtorum Chirurgia Per Insitionem'' (The Surgery of Defects by Implantations, 1597), a technico–procedural manual for the [[surgery|surgical]] repair and reconstruction of facial wounds in soldiers. The illustrations featured a [[Reattachment|re-attachment]] rhinoplasty using a [[biceps muscle]] pedicle flap; the graft attached at 3-weeks post-procedure; which, at 2-weeks post-attachment, the surgeon then shaped into a nose.

In Great Britain, [[Joseph Constantine Carpue]] (1764–1846) published the descriptions of two rhinoplasties: the reconstruction of a battle-wounded nose, and the repair of an [[arsenic]]-damaged nose. (cf. [[Joseph Constantine Carpue|Carpue's operation]]).<ref name="Rinzler09">{{cite book|last=Rinzler|first=CA|title=The Encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery|publisher=Facts on File|year=2009|location=New York NY|page=151}}</ref><ref name="vigyanprasar">Muley G. Sushruta: Great Scientists of ancient India. URL: http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/july2000.article.htm.Accessed{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on 07/07/2007 (s)</ref>

[[File:Plated metal artificial nose, 17th to 18th century. Front vi Wellcome L0058566.jpg|thumb|x150px|right|alt=complete metal nose with nostrils|Artificial nose, made of plated metal, 17th–18th century Europe. This would have been worn as an alternative to rhinoplasty.]]

In Germany, rhinoplastic technique was refined by surgeons such as the [[Berlin University]] professor of surgery [[Karl Ferdinand von Graefe|Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe]] (1787–1840), who published ''Rhinoplastik'' (Rebuilding the Nose, 1818) wherein he described 55 historical plastic surgery procedures, and his technically innovative free-graft nasal reconstruction (with a tissue-flap harvested from the patient's arm), and surgical approaches to eyelid, [[cleft lip]], and [[cleft palate]] corrections. Dr. von Gräfe's [[protégé]], the [[Medicine|medical]] and [[Surgery|surgical]] [[polymath]] [[Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach]] (1794–1847), who was among the first surgeons to anaesthetize the patient before performing the nose surgery, published ''Die Operative Chirurgie'' (Operative Surgery, 1845), which became a foundational medical and plastic surgical text (see [[strabismus]], [[torticollis]]). Moreover, the [[Prussia]]n [[Jacques Joseph]] (1865–1934) published ''Nasenplastik und sonstige Gesichtsplastik'' (Rhinoplasty and other Facial Plastic Surgeries, 1928), which described refined surgical techniques for performing nose-reduction rhinoplasty via internal incisions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldwyn RM |title=Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1794–1847) |journal=Plast. Reconstr. Surg. |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=19–28 |date=July 1968 |pmid=4875688 |doi=10.1097/00006534-196842010-00004}}</ref>

In the United States, in 1887, the otolaryngologist John Orlando Roe (1848–1915) performed the first modern endonasal rhinoplasty (closed rhinoplasty) in order to treat [[saddle nose]] deformities.<ref>Roe JO. "The Deformity Termed 'Pug Nose' and its Correction, by a Simple Operation". 31. New York: ''The Medical Record''; 1887:621.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rinzler|2009|pp=151–2}}</ref> In America June 1894, a successful operation was reported to remove cartlidge and "gratify the vanity" of a large nosed individual.<ref>''Shortening a Man's Nose'', [[Birmingham Gazette]], Jun 20, 1894</ref>

In the early 20th century, Freer, in 1902, and Killian, in 1904, pioneered the [[Submucous Resection|submucous resection]] septoplasty (SMR) procedure for correcting a deviated [[Nasal septum|septum]]; they raised mucoperichondrial tissue flaps, and resected the cartilaginous and bony septum (including the [[vomer bone]] and the [[Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone|perpendicular plate]] of the [[ethmoid bone]]), maintaining septal support with a 1.0-cm margin at the dorsum and a 1.0-cm margin at the caudad, for which innovations the technique became the foundational, standard [[Septoplasty|septoplastic]] procedure. In 1929, Peer and Metzenbaum performed the first manipulation of the caudal septum, where it originates and projects from the forehead. In 1934, Aurel Rethi introduced the open rhinoplasty approach featuring an incision to the nasal septum to facilitate modifying the tip of the nose.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rethi A |title=Operation to Shorten an Excessively Long Nose |journal=Revue de Chirurgie Plastique |volume=2 |page=85 |year=1934}}</ref> In 1947, Maurice H. Cottle (1898–1981) endonasally resolved a septal deviation with a minimalist hemitransfixion incision, which conserved the septum; thus, he advocated for the practical primacy of the closed rhinoplasty approach.<ref name="Arneja" /> In 1957, A. Sercer advocated the "decortication of the nose" (''Dekortication des Nase'') technique which featured a columellar-incision open rhinoplasty that allowed greater access to the [[nasal cavity]] and to the nasal septum.

The endonasal rhinoplasty was the usual approach to nose surgery until the 1970s, when Padovan presented his technical refinements, advocating the open rhinoplasty approach; he was seconded by Wilfred S. Goodman in the later 1970s, and by Jack P. Gunter in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodman WS, Charles DA |title=Technique of external rhinoplasty |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=13–7 |date=February 1978 |pmid=342721}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gunter JP |title=The merits of the open approach in rhinoplasty |journal=Plast. Reconstr. Surg. |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=863–7 |date=March 1997 |pmid=9047209 |doi=10.1097/00006534-199703000-00040}}</ref> Goodman impelled technical and procedural progress and popularized the open rhinoplasty approach.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goodman WS |title=External Approach to Rhinoplasty |journal=Canadian Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=207–10 |year=1973 |pmid=4791580}}</ref>{{fix|text=secondary source needed|link=BP:SECONDARY}} In 1987, Gunter reported the technical effectiveness of the open rhinoplasty approach for performing a secondary rhinoplasty; his improved techniques advanced the management of a failed nose surgery.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00006534-198708000-00001 |author=Gunter JP, [[Rod Rohrich|Rohrich RJ]] |title=External Approach for Secondary Rhinoplasty |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=161–174 |date=August 1987 |pmid=3602167|s2cid=10012520 }}</ref>{{fix|text=secondary source needed|link=BP:SECONDARY}}

In early 2021, it was reported that a trend that involved getting a rhinoplasty had emerged on the social media platform [[TikTok]]. The trend became known as the #NoseJobCheck trend and involved users of the platform posting videos that showed how their noses looked before and after their rhinoplasty surgeries, with a specific audio soundtracking the video. From October 2020 to January 2021, the #NoseJobCheck audio had been used in over 120,000 videos and videos with the #NoseJobCheck hashtag had accumulated over one billion views.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zitser |first=Joshua |date=10 January 2021 |title=Insider created a TikTok account and set the age at 14 to test how long before a plastic surgeon's promotional video appeared. It only took 8 minutes. |url=https://www.insider.com/rhinoplasty-is-being-promoted-to-teenagers-nose-job-tiktok-2020-12 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Insider |quote=The hashtag #nosejobcheck, which mainly consists of videos showcasing before-and-after clips of [[nasal surgery]], has accumulated over one billion views on the platform. The hashtag #nosejob, which hosts similar videos, has over 1.6 billion views. There's even a unique 'nose job check' sound. Over 120,000 videos using this sound have been published on TikTok since last October.}}</ref>

==Anatomy of the human nose==
{{Main|Human nose}}

===The structures of the nose===
[[File:Illu epithelium.jpg|thumb|200px|Nasal anatomy: Squamous epithelium is one of several types of epithelia.]]
[[File:Procerus.png|thumb|right|Nasal anatomy: The procerus muscle (musculus procerus, pyramidalis nasi, depressor glabellae).]]

For plastic surgical correction, the structural anatomy of the nose comprises: '''A.''' the nasal soft tissues; '''B.''' the aesthetic subunits and segments; '''C.''' the blood supply arteries and veins; '''D.''' the nasal lymphatic system; '''E.''' the facial and nasal nerves; '''F.''' the nasal bone; and '''G.''' the nasal cartilages.

==== A. The nasal soft tissues ====

*'''Nasal skin''' – Like the underlying [[bone]]-and-[[cartilage]] (osseo-cartilaginous) support framework of the nose, the external skin is divided into vertical thirds (anatomic sections); from the [[glabella]] (the space between the eyebrows), to the bridge, to the tip, for corrective plastic surgery, the nasal skin is anatomically considered, as the:

# '''Upper third section''' – the skin of the upper nose is thin, subcutaneous fat layer is thicker and relatively distensible (flexible and mobile), but then tapers, adhering tightly to the osseo-cartilaginous framework, and becomes the thinner skin of the dorsal section, the bridge of the nose.
# '''Middle third section''' – the skin overlying the bridge of the nose (mid-dorsal section) is the thinnest, least distensible, nasal skin, because it most adheres to the support framework.
# '''Lower third section''' – the skin of the lower nose and tip is significantly thicker and less mobile due to a higher density of sebaceous glands.<ref name=":1" /> This increased thickness can often efface the underlying cartilaginous framework, requiring more aggressive surgical definition in the tip area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alyahya |first=Abdulmalik |last2=Bin Jasser |first2=Saud |date=2025-10-25 |title=Optimizing Maxillomandibular Position in Orthognathic Surgery: Introducing the T Concept in Treatment Planning |journal=Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=45 |doi=10.3390/cmtr18040045 |doi-access=free|issn=1943-3875 |pmc=12641982 |pmid=41293768}}</ref> The subcutaneous fat layer is very thin.

* '''Nasal lining''' – At the vestibule, the human nose is lined with a [[mucous membrane]] of [[squamous epithelium]], which tissue then transitions to become columnar [[respiratory epithelium]], a pseudo-stratified, [[cilium|ciliated]] (lash-like) tissue with abundant seromucous glands, which maintains the nasal moisture and protects the respiratory tract from bacteriologic infection and foreign objects.
* '''Nasal muscles''' – The movements of the human nose are controlled by groups of facial and neck muscles that are set deep to the skin; they are in four functional groups that are interconnected by the nasal superficial [[aponeurosis]]—the '''superficial musculoaponeurotic system''' (SMAS)—which is a sheet of dense, fibrous, [[collagen]]ous [[connective tissue]] that covers, invests, and forms the terminations of the muscles.

===== The movements of the nose are affected by =====

# '''the elevator muscle group''' – which includes the [[procerus muscle]] and the [[levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle]].
# '''the depressor muscle group''' – which includes the [[nasalis muscle|alar nasalis muscle]] and the [[depressor septi nasi muscle]].
# '''the compressor muscle group''' – which includes the transverse [[nasalis muscle]].
# '''the dilator muscle group''' – which includes the [[dilator naris muscle]] that expands the nostrils; it is in two parts: (i) the dilator nasi anterior muscle, and (ii) the dilator nasi posterior muscle.

[[File:Rhinoplasty-nose diagram-nasal subunits-labelled.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rhinoplasty: the surgical nose as aesthetic nasal segments.]]

==== B. Aesthetics of the nose – nasal subunits and nasal segments ====
To plan, map, and execute the surgical correction of a nasal defect or deformity, the structure of the external nose is divided into nine '''aesthetic nasal subunits''', and six '''aesthetic nasal segments''', which provide the plastic surgeon with the measures for determining the size, extent, and topographic locale of the nasal defect or deformity.

===== The surgical nose as nine ''aesthetic nasal subunits'' =====

# tip subunit
# columellar subunit
# right alar base subunit
# right alar wall subunit
# left alar wall subunit
# left alar base subunit
# dorsal subunit
# right dorsal wall subunit
# left dorsal wall subunit

In turn, the nine aesthetic nasal subunits are configured as six aesthetic nasal segments; each segment comprehends a nasal area greater than that comprehended by a nasal subunit.

===== The surgical nose as six ''aesthetic nasal segments'' =====

# the dorsal nasal segment
# the lateral nasal-wall segments
# the hemi-lobule segment
# the soft-tissue triangle segments
# the alar segments
# the columellar segment

[[File:Gray513.png|thumb|right|Rhinoplasty: The common carotid artery.]]

Using the co-ordinates of the subunits and segments to determine the topographic location of the defect on the nose, the plastic surgeon plans, maps, and executes a rhinoplasty procedure. The unitary division of the nasal topography permits minimal, but precise, cutting, and maximal corrective-tissue coverage, to produce a functional nose of proportionate size, contour, and appearance for the patient. Hence, if more than 50 percent of an '''aesthetic subunit''' is lost (damaged, defective, destroyed) the surgeon replaces the entire '''aesthetic segment''', usually with a regional [[tissue graft]], harvested from either the face or the head, or with a tissue graft harvested from elsewhere on the patient's body.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fattahi TT |title=An overview of facial aesthetic units |journal=J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1207–11 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14586859 |doi=10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00684-0}}</ref>

==== C. Nasal blood supply – arteries and veins ====
Like the face, the human nose is well vascularized with arteries and veins, and thus supplied with abundant [[blood]]. The principal arterial blood-vessel supply to the nose is two-fold: '''(i)''' branches from the [[internal carotid artery]], the branch of the [[anterior ethmoidal artery]], the branch of the [[posterior ethmoidal artery]], which derive from the [[ophthalmic artery]]; '''(ii)''' branches from the [[external carotid artery]], the [[sphenopalatine artery]], the [[greater palatine artery]], the [[superior labial artery]], and the [[angular artery]].

The '''external nose''' is supplied with blood by the [[facial artery]], which becomes the angular artery that courses over the superomedial aspect of the nose. The [[sellar region]] ([[sella turcica]], "Turkish chair") and the dorsal region of the nose are supplied with blood by branches of the internal [[maxillary artery]] ([[infraorbital artery]]) and the [[ophthalmic arteries]] that derive from the internal [[common carotid artery]] system.

Internally, the '''lateral nasal wall''' is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery (from behind and below) and by the anterior ethmoid artery and the posterior ethmoid artery (from above and behind). The '''nasal septum''' also is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery, and by the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries, with the additional circulatory contributions of the superior labial artery and of the greater palatine artery. These three vascular supplies to the internal nose converge in the '''Kiesselbach plexus''' ([[Kiesselbach's plexus|the Little area]]), which is a region in the anteroinferior-third of the nasal septum, (in front and below). Furthermore, the nasal vein vascularisation of the nose generally follows the arterial pattern of nasal vascularisation. The nasal veins are biologically significant, because they have no vessel-valves, and because of their direct, circulatory communication to the [[cavernous sinus]], which makes possible the potential intracranial spreading of a bacterial infection of the nose. Hence, because of such an abundant nasal blood supply, [[tobacco smoking]] does therapeutically compromise post-operative healing.

==== D. Lymphatic system of the nose ====
The pertinent nasal [[lymphatic system]] arises from the superficial mucosa, and drains posteriorly to the [[Retropharyngeal lymph nodes|retropharyngeal nodes]] (in back), and anteriorly (in front), either to the upper [[Deep cervical lymph nodes|deep cervical nodes]] (in the neck), or to the [[submandibular gland]]s (in the lower jaw), or into both the nodes and the glands of the neck and the jaw.

[[File:Gray778 Trigeminal.png|thumb|right|225px|Nasal innervation: Cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve (nervus trigeminis) gives sensation to the nose, the face, and the upper jaw (maxilla).]]

==== E. Nerves of the nose ====
The sensations registered by the human nose derive from the first two branches of '''cranial nerve V''', the [[trigeminal nerve]]. The [[nerve]] listings indicate the respective innervation (sensory distribution) of the trigeminal nerve branches within the nose, the face, and the upper jaw (maxilla).

[[File:Cranial nerve VII.svg|thumb|left|285px|Nasal innervation: Cranial nerve VII (nervus facialis) is the facial nerve that gives sensation to the nose and the upper jaw (maxilla).]]

;The indicated nerve serves the named anatomic facial and nasal regions:

===== Ophthalmic division innervation =====

*[[Lacrimal nerve]] – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the lateral [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbital]] (eye socket) region, except for the [[lacrimal gland]].
*[[Frontal nerve]] – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the forehead and the scalp.
*[[Supraorbital nerve]] – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the eyelids, the forehead, and the scalp.
*[[Supratrochlear nerve]] – conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelid skin area, and the medial region of the forehead skin.
*[[Nasociliary nerve]] – conveys sensation to the skin area of the nose, and the mucous membrane of the anterior (front) nasal cavity.
* Anterior ethmoid nerve – conveys sensation in the anterior (front) half of the nasal cavity: (a) the internal areas of the [[ethmoid sinus]] and the [[frontal sinus]]; and (b) the external areas, from the nasal tip to the rhinion: the anterior tip of the terminal end of the nasal-bone suture.
* Posterior ethmoid nerve – serves the superior (upper) half of the nasal cavity, the [[Sphenoidal sinus|sphenoids]], and the ethmoids.
*[[Infratrochlear nerve]] – conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelids, the palpebral [[conjunctiva]], the [[nasion]] (nasolabial junction), and the bony dorsum.

===== The maxillary division innervation =====

*[[Maxillary nerve]] – conveys sensation to the upper jaw and the face.
*[[Infraorbital nerve]] – conveys sensation to the area from below the [[Orbit (anatomy)|eye socket]] to the external nares (nostrils).
*[[Zygomatic nerve]] – through the [[zygomatic bone]] and the [[zygomatic arch]], conveys sensation to the cheekbone areas.
* Superior posterior dental nerve – sensation in the teeth and the gums.
* Superior anterior dental nerve – mediates the sneeze reflex.
*[[Sphenopalatine nerve]] – divides into the lateral branch and the septal branch, and conveys sensation from the rear and the central regions of the [[nasal cavity]].

[[File:Illu nose nasal cavities.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Nasal anatomy: The shell-form turbinates (conchae nasales).]]
[[File:Gray854.png|thumb|right|Nasal anatomy: The ''septum nasi'' bones and cartilages.]]
The supply of [[parasympathetic]] nerves to the face and the upper jaw (maxilla) derives from the [[Greater petrosal nerve|greater superficial petrosal]] (GSP) branch of '''cranial nerve VII''', the [[Cranial nerve VII|facial nerve]]. The GSP nerve joins the [[deep petrosal nerve]] (of the sympathetic nervous system), derived from the carotid plexus, to form the [[vidian nerve]] (in the vidian canal) that traverses the [[pterygopalatine ganglion]] (an autonomic ganglion of the maxillary nerve), wherein only the parasympathetic nerves form synapses, which serve the [[lacrimal gland]] and the glands of the nose and of the palate, via the (upper jaw) maxillary division of '''cranial nerve V''', the [[trigeminal nerve]].

==== F. Bony anatomy of the nose ====
In the upper portion of the nose, the paired [[nasal bones]] attach to the [[frontal bone]]. Above and to the side (superolaterally), the paired nasal bones connect to the [[lacrimal bone]]s, and below and to the side (inferolaterally), they attach to the ascending processes of the [[maxilla]] (upper jaw). Above and to the back (posterosuperiorly), the bony nasal septum is composed of the [[perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone]]. The [[vomer]] bone lies below and to the back (posteroinferiorly), and partially forms the choanal opening into the nasopharynx, (the upper portion of the [[pharynx]] that is continuous with the nasal passages). The floor of the nose comprises the [[premaxilla bone]] and the [[palatine bone]], the roof of the mouth.

The nasal septum is composed of the quadrangular cartilage, the vomer bone (the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone), aspects of the premaxilla, and the palatine bones. Each lateral nasal wall contains three pairs of [[turbinate]]s (nasal conchae), which are small, thin, shell-form bones: (i) the [[superior concha]], (ii) the [[Middle nasal concha|middle concha]], and (iii) the [[Inferior nasal concha|inferior concha]], which are the bony framework of the turbinates. Lateral to the turbinates is the medial wall of the [[maxillary sinus]]. Inferior to the nasal conchae (turbinates) is the meatus space, with names that correspond to the turbinates, e.g. superior turbinate, superior meatus, et alii. The internal roof of the nose is composed by the horizontal, perforated [[cribriform plate]] (of the ethmoid bone) through which pass sensory filaments of the [[olfactory nerve]] ('''cranial nerve I'''); finally, below and behind (posteroinferior) the cribriform plate, sloping down at an angle, is the bony face of the [[sphenoid sinus]].

==== G. The cartilaginous pyramid of the nose ====
The cartilaginous [[Nasal septum|septum]] (''septum nasi'') extends from the nasal bones in the midline (above) to the bony septum in the midline (posteriorly), then down along the bony floor. The septum is quadrangular; the upper half is flanked by two triangular-to-trapezoidal cartilages: the upper lateral-cartilages, which are fused to the dorsal septum in the midline, and laterally attached, with loose ligaments, to the bony margin of the [[Pyriform aperture|pyriform (pear-shaped) aperture]], while the inferior ends of the upper lateral-cartilages are free (unattached). The internal area (angle), formed by the septum and upper lateral-cartilage, constitutes the internal valve of the nose; the [[sesamoid cartilages]] are adjacent to the upper [[Lateral cartilage|lateral-cartilages]] in the fibroareolar connective tissue.

Beneath the upper lateral-cartilages lay the lower lateral-cartilages; the paired lower lateral-cartilages swing outwards, from medial attachments, to the caudal septum in the midline (the medial crura) to an intermediate crus (shank) area. Finally, the lower lateral-cartilages flare outwards, above and to the side (superolaterally), as the lateral crura; these cartilages are mobile, unlike the upper lateral cartilages. Furthermore, some persons present anatomical evidence of nasal scrolling—i.e., an outward curving of the lower borders of the upper lateral-cartilages, and an inward curving of the cephalic borders of the alar cartilages.

===External nasal anatomy ===
The form of the nasal subunits—the dorsum, the sidewalls, the lobule, the soft triangles, the alae, and the columella—are configured differently, according to the race and the ethnic group of the patient, thus the nasal physiognomies denominated as: African, platyrrhine (flat, wide nose); Asiatic, subplatyrrhine (low, wide nose); Caucasian, leptorrhine (narrow nose); and Hispanic, paraleptorrhine (narrow-sided nose). The respective [[external nasal valve]] of each nose is variably dependent upon the size, shape, and strength of the lower lateral cartilage.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Khammar T, Khammar M |title=Anthropometric measurements of the external nose in 18–25-year-old Sistani and Baluch aborigine women in the southeast of Iran |journal=Folia Morphol. (Warsz) |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=88–92 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19449295 }}</ref>

=== Internal nasal anatomy ===
In the midline of the nose, the '''septum''' is a composite (osseo-cartilaginous) structure that divides the nose into two similar halves. The lateral nasal wall and the [[paranasal sinuses]], the superior concha, the middle concha, and the inferior concha, form the corresponding passages, the superior meatus, the middle meatus, and the inferior meatus, on the lateral nasal wall. The [[superior meatus]] is the drainage area for the posterior [[ethmoid bone]] cells and the sphenoid sinus; the middle meatus provides drainage for the anterior ethmoid sinuses and for the maxillary and frontal sinuses; and the inferior meatus provides drainage for the [[nasolacrimal duct]].

The [[internal nasal valve]] comprises the area bounded by the upper lateral-cartilage, the septum, the nasal floor, and the anterior head of the inferior turbinate. In the narrow (leptorrhine) nose, this is the narrowest portion of the nasal airway. Generally, this area requires an angle greater than 15 degrees for unobstructed breathing; for the correction of such narrowness, the width of the nasal valve can be increased with spreader grafts and flaring sutures.

==Nasal analysis==
[[File:Philtrum.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Rhinoplasty. Nasal anatomy: The philtrum.]]
The surgical management of nasal defects and deformities divides the nose into six '''anatomic subunits''': (i) the dorsum, (ii) the sidewalls (paired), (iii) the hemilobules (paired), (iv) the soft triangles (paired), (v) the alae (paired), and (vi) the columella. Surgical correction and reconstruction comprehend the entire anatomic subunit affected by the defect (wound) or deformity, thus, the entire subunit is corrected, especially when the resection (cutting) of the defect encompasses more than 50 percent of the subunit. Aesthetically, the nose—from the nasion (the midpoint of the nasofrontal junction) to the columella-labial junction—ideally occupies one-third of the vertical dimension of the person's face; and, from ala to ala, it ideally should occupy one-fifth of the horizontal dimension of the person's face.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Burget GC, Menick FJ |title=The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction |journal=Plast. Reconstr. Surg. |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=239–47 |date=August 1985 |pmid=4023097 |doi=10.1097/00006534-198508000-00010|s2cid=35516688 }}</ref>

The '''nasofrontal angle''', intersection of the line from the [[nasion]] to the nasal tip with the line from the [[nasion]] to the [[glabella]], usually is 115-130 degrees; the nasofrontal angle is more acute in the male face (115-120°) than in the female face (120-130°).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Metgudmath |first=Vinita V. |last2=Belaldavar |first2=Basavaraj P. |last3=Singh |first3=Yashita |last4=Ramanan |first4=Reshma |last5=Das |first5=Salonee S. |date=April 2023 |title=Analysis of Imperative Facial Angles for Rhinoplasty: An Endowment to the Surgeon |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9758669/ |journal=Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery: Official Publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India |volume=75 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=774–780 |doi=10.1007/s12070-022-03363-z |issn=2231-3796 |pmc=9758669 |pmid=36571094}}</ref> The '''nasofacial angle''', intersection of the line from the [[nasion]] to the nasal tip with the line from the [[nasion]] to the pogonion, is approximately 30–40 degrees, and this angle is roughly similar between men and women. The '''nasolabial angle''', the intersection of the line of the columella and the line from the subnasale to upper lip (eg, [[philtrum]]), is approximately 90–95 degrees in the male face, and approximately 100–105 degrees in the female face. Therefore, when observing the nose in profile, the normal show of the columella (the height of the visible nasal aperture) is 2 mm; and the dorsum should be rectilinear (straight). When observed from below (basal view), the alar base configures an isosceles triangle, with its apex at the infra-tip lobule, immediately beneath the tip of the nose. The facially proportionate projection of the nasal tip (the distance of the nose's tip from the face) is determined with the Goode Method, wherein the projection of the nasal tip should be 55–60 percent of the distance between the nasion (nasofrontal junction) and the tip-defining point. A columellar double break might be present, marking the transition between the intermediate crus of the lower-lateral cartilage and the medial crus.

The '''Goode Method''' determines the extension of the nose from the facial surface by comprehending the distance from the alar groove to the tip of the nose, and then relating that measurement (of nasal-tip projection) to the length of the nasal dorsum (eg, the line from the nasion to the nasal tip). The nasal projection measurement is obtained by delineating a right triangle with lines parting from the nasion (nasofrontal juncture) to the alar–facial–groove. Then, a second, perpendicular delineation, that traverses the tip-defining point, establishes the ratio of projection of the nasal tip; hence, the range of 0.55:1 to 0.60:1, is the ideal nasal-tip-to-nasal-length projection.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bailey BJ, Johnson JT, Newlands SD |title=Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2006 |page=2,490}}</ref> According to '''Crumley and Lanser''', the ideal dimensions of the right triangle formed by the nasion, alar crease, and nasal tip are 3-4-5 (hence 0.6 to 1 ratio).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crumley |first=R. L. |last2=Lanser |first2=M. |date=February 1988 |title=Quantitative analysis of nasal tip projection |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=202–208 |doi=10.1288/00005537-198802000-00017 |issn=0023-852X |pmid=3339933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lu |first=Kevan |date=2022-12-14 |title=Crumley and Lanser Method |url=https://www.otoscape.com/eponyms/crumley-and-lanser-method.html#:~:text=The%20Crumley%20and%20Lanser%20method,tip%20projection%20in%20facial%20analysis.&text=Nasal%20projection%20is%20then%20measured,nose%20(the%20alar%20crease). |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.otoscape.com |language=en}}</ref>

Systematic approaches to nasal analysis have been described. For example, the 10-7-5 method allows for methodical analysis of the nose. It describes 10 features from the frontal view, 7 features from the lateral view, and 5 features from the basal view.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brito |first1=Íris M. |last2=Avashia |first2=Yash |last3=Rohrich |first3=Rod J. |date=2020-02-26 |title=Evidence-based Nasal Analysis for Rhinoplasty: The 10-7-5 Method |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=e2632 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000002632 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=7159929 |pmid=32309081}}</ref>

'''3D simulations and planning''' can be used to communicate the patients existing deformities, and plan or propose the desired approach.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Kitae E.|last2=Pourtaheri|first2=Navid|last3=Maniskas|first3=Seija|last4=Allam|first4=Omar|last5=Steinbacher|first5=Derek M.|date=January 2021|title=Aesthetic Rhinoplasty: Technique, 3-Dimensional Simulation, and Outcome Assessment|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum|volume=3|issue=1|article-number=ojaa054|doi=10.1093/asjof/ojaa054|issn=2631-4797|pmc=7954385|pmid=33791674}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Anusha|last2=Maniskas|first2=Seija A.|last3=Bruckman|first3=Karl C.|last4=Steinbacher|first4=Derek M.|date=April 2020|title=Rhinoplasty Using Three-Dimensional Analysis and Simulation|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=145|issue=4|pages=944–946|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000006687|issn=1529-4242|pmid=32221210|s2cid=214694466}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Persing|first1=Sarah|last2=Timberlake|first2=Andrew|last3=Madari|first3=Sarika|last4=Steinbacher|first4=Derek|date=October 2018|title=Three-Dimensional Imaging in Rhinoplasty: A Comparison of the Simulated versus Actual Result|journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery|volume=42|issue=5|pages=1331–1335|doi=10.1007/s00266-018-1151-9|issn=1432-5241|pmid=29789868|s2cid=46895687}}</ref> 3-dimensional cameras allow photographic capture, inspection, analysis, and modification to understand the existing nasal anatomy, and communicate a potential result to the patient.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aesthetic orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty|date=2019|editor-first=Derek M.|editor-last=Steinbacher|isbn=978-1-119-18711-0|location=Hoboken, NJ|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|oclc=1057242839}}</ref>

==Patient characteristics==
To determine the patient's suitability for undergoing a rhinoplasty procedure, the surgeon clinically evaluates them with a complete [[medical history]] ('''anamnesis''') to determine their physical and [[Mental health|psychological health]]. The prospective patient must explain to the physician–surgeon the functional and aesthetic nasal problems that they have. The surgeon asks about the ailments' symptoms and their duration, past surgical interventions, allergies, drugs use and drugs abuse (prescription and commercial medications), and a general medical history. Furthermore, additional to physical suitability is psychological suitability—the patient's psychological motive for undergoing nose surgery is critical to the surgeon's pre-operative evaluation of the patient.<ref name="Arneja" />

The complete physical examination of the rhinoplasty patient determines if he or she is physically fit to undergo and tolerate the physiologic stresses of nose surgery. The examination comprehends every existing physical problem, and a consultation with an anaesthesiologist, if warranted by the patient's medical data. Specific facial and nasal evaluations record the patient's skin-type, existing surgical scars, and the symmetry and asymmetry of the '''aesthetic nasal subunits'''. The external and internal nasal examination concentrates upon the '''anatomic thirds''' of the nose—upper section, middle section, lower section—specifically noting their structures; the measures of the nasal angles (at which the external nose projects from the face); and the physical characteristics of the naso-facial bony and soft tissues. The internal examination evaluates the condition of the nasal septum, the internal and external nasal valves, the [[turbinates]], and the nasal lining, paying special attention to the structure and the form of the nasal dorsum and the tip of the nose.<ref name="Arneja" />

Furthermore, when warranted, specific tests—the mirror test, vasoconstriction examinations, and the Cottle maneuver—are included to the pre-operative evaluation of the prospective rhinoplasty patient. Established by Maurice H. Cottle (1898–1981), the '''Cottle maneuver''' is a principal diagnostic technique for detecting an internal nasal-valve disorder; whilst the patient gently inspires, the surgeon laterally pulls the patient's cheek, thereby simulating the widening of the cross-sectional area of the corresponding internal nasal valve. If the maneuver notably facilitates the patient's inspiration, that result is a positive '''Cottle sign'''—which generally indicates an airflow-correction to be surgically effected with an installed spreader-graft. Said correction will improve the internal angle of the nasal valve and thus allow unobstructed breathing. Nonetheless, the Cottle maneuver occasionally yields a '''false-positive Cottle sign''', usually observed in the patient affected by [[Nasal valve collapse|alar collapse]], and in the patient with a scarred nasal-valve region.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinberg CE, Kern EB |title=The Cottle sign: An Aid in the Physical Diagnosis of Nasal Airflow Disturbances |journal=Rhinology |volume=11 |pages=89–94 |year=1973}}</ref>

==Surgical rhinoplasty==
There is limited evidence that a single dose of corticosteriods decreases oedema and bleeding first two days post operation but the difference is not maintained after this.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=da Silva|first1=Edina MK|last2=Hochman|first2=Bernardo|last3=Ferreira|first3=Lydia M|date=2014-06-02|editor-last=Cochrane Wounds Group|title=Perioperative corticosteroids for preventing complications following facial plastic surgery|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=6|article-number=CD009697|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009697.pub2|pmid=24887069|pmc=11069365}}</ref> Swelling and edema can take at least 1-year to diminish.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pavri|first1=Sabrina|last2=Zhu|first2=Victor Z.|last3=Steinbacher|first3=Derek M.|date=December 2016|title=Postoperative Edema Resolution following Rhinoplasty: A Three-Dimensional Morphometric Assessment|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=138|issue=6|pages=973e–979e|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000002760|issn=1529-4242|pmid=27879585|s2cid=2617482}}</ref> Certain adjuncts, including fat grafting may help quicken the time to edema and bruising resolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gabrick|first1=Kyle|last2=Walker|first2=Marc|last3=Timberlake|first3=Andrew|last4=Chouairi|first4=Fouad|last5=Saberski|first5=Ean|last6=Steinbacher|first6=Derek|date=2020-03-23|title=The Effect of Autologous Fat Grafting on Edema and Ecchymoses in Primary Open Rhinoplasty|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=40|issue=4|pages=359–366|doi=10.1093/asj/sjz075|issn=1527-330X|pmid=30868159}}</ref>

===Open rhinoplasty versus closed rhinoplasty===
The plastic surgical correction of [[Congenital defect|congenital]] and acquired abnormalities of the [[Human nose|nose]] restores functional and aesthetic properties by the surgeon's manipulations of the nasal skin, the subcutaneous (underlying) cartilage-and-bone support framework, and the [[mucous membrane]] lining. Technically, the plastic surgeon's incisional approach classifies the [[nasal surgery]] either as an '''open rhinoplasty''' or as a '''closed rhinoplasty''' procedure. In open rhinoplasty, the surgeon makes a small, irregular incision to the [[Nasal septum|columella]], the fleshy, exterior-end of the nasal septum; this columellar incision is additional to the usual set of incisions for a nasal correction. Typically the columellar incision is paired with bilateral marginal (eg, infracartilaginous) incisions to open the nose. In closed rhinoplasty, the surgeon performs every procedural incision endonasally (exclusively within the nose), and does not cut the columella.<ref name="Arneja" />

[[File:Cleftlipandpalate.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rhinoplastic correction: A child affected by a cleft lip and a cleft palate.]]
[[File:Orbital bones.png|thumb|right|Rhinoplasty: In relation to the [[nasal bone]] (teal green), seven bones compose the orbit: (1) the [[frontal bone]] (yellow) (2) the [[lacrimal bone]] (green) (3) the [[ethmoid bone]] (brown) (4) the [[zygomatic bone]] (blue) (5) the upper jaw [[maxillary bone]] (purple) (6) the [[palatine bone]] (aqua) (7) the [[sphenoid bone]] (red)]]

==== Procedural differences ====
Except for the columellar incision, the technical and procedural approaches of open rhinoplasty and of closed rhinoplasty are similar; yet closed rhinoplasty procedure features:
* Reduced dissection (cutting) of the nasal tissues—no columellar incision
* Decreased potential for the excessive reduction (cutting) of the nasal-tip support
* Reduced post-operative [[edema]]
* Decreased visible [[scar]]ring
* Decreased [[Iatrogenesis|iatrogenic]] (inadvertent) damage to the [[Human nose|nose]], by the surgeon
* Increased availability for effecting ''in situ'' procedural and technical changes
* Palpation that allows the surgeon to ''feel'' the interior changes effected to the nose
* Shorter operating room time
* Quicker post-surgical recovery and convalescence for the patient<ref>{{EMedicine|article|1291976|Basic Closed Rhinoplasty}}</ref>
On the other hand, benefits of an open procedure include better visualization for surgical access, granting the surgeon greater tip precision. The open approach is therefore usually preferred for revision rhinoplasty.

While the open technique provides direct visualization and greater control in complex cases, systematic reviews and meta-analyses show no significant difference in long-term functional or aesthetic outcomes (eg, NOSE and ROE scores) when compared to the closed approach.<ref name=":2" /> The choice of approach is primarily driven by surgeon expertise and the specific anatomical requirements of the patient.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crosara |first=Paulo Fernando Tormin Borges |last2=Nunes |first2=Flávio Barbosa |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Danilo Santana |last4=Figueiredo |first4=Ana Rosa Pimentel |last5=Becker |first5=Helena Maria Gonçalves |last6=Becker |first6=Celso Goncalves |last7=Guimarães |first7=Roberto Eustáquio Santos |date=2016-09-22 |title=Rhinoplasty Complications and Reoperations: Systematic Review |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5205520/ |journal=International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=97–101 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1586489 |issn=1809-9777 |pmc=5205520 |pmid=28050215}}</ref>

==== The "ethnic nose" ====
The open rhinoplasty approach affords the plastic surgeon advantages of ease in securing grafts ([[skin]], [[cartilage]], [[bone]]) and, most importantly, in securing the nasal cartilage properly, and so better to make the appropriate assessment and remedy. This procedural aspect can be especially difficult in revision surgery, and in rhinoplastic alteration of the thick-skinned "ethnic nose" of the person of color. The study, ''Ethnic Rhinoplasty: a Universal Preoperative Classification System for the Nasal Tip'' (2009), reports that a nasal-tip classification system, based upon skin thickness, has been proposed to aid the surgeon in determining if an open rhinoplasty or a closed rhinoplasty can best correct the defect or deformity affecting the patient's nose.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopping SB, White JB |title=Ethnic Rhinoplasty: a Universal Preoperative Classification System for the Nasal Tip |journal=The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |year=2009 |doi=10.1177/074880680902600109 |s2cid=78905090 }}</ref>

==== Cause ====
Cause, the open and closed approaches to rhinoplastic correction resolve: (i) nasal pathologies (diseases intrinsic and diseases extrinsic to the nose); (ii) an unsatisfactory aesthetic appearance (disproportion); (iii) a failed primary rhinoplasty; (iv) an obstructed airway; and (v) congenital nose defects and deformities.

==== Congenital abnormalities ====

* [[Cleft lip and palate]] in combination; cleft lip (''cheiloschisis'') and cleft palate (''palatoschisis''), individually.
* Congenital nasal abnormalities
* Genetically derived ethnic-nose abnormalities

==== Acquired abnormalities ====

* [[Allergic rhinitis|Allergic]] and vasomotor rhinitis – inflammations of the [[mucous membrane]] of the nose caused by an allergen, and caused by circulatory and nervous system disorders.
* [[Autoimmune disease|Autoimmune system diseases]]
* [[Bite]]s – animal and human
* [[Burn]]s – caused by [[chemicals]], [[electricity]], [[friction]], [[heat]], [[light]], and [[radiation]].
* [[Connective tissue disease|Connective-tissue diseases]]
* Inflammatory conditions
* Nasal fractures
* Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures – damages to the nose and the [[Orbit (anatomy)|eye-sockets]]; and damage to the bones and the walls of the nasal cavity; it is the [[ethmoid bone]] that separates the [[brain]] from the [[Human nose|nose]].
* [[Neoplasm]]s – malignant and benign [[tumor]]s
* Septal [[hematoma]] – a mass of (usually) clotted blood in the septum
* Toxins – chemical damages caused by inspired substances – e.g. powdered [[cocaine]], aerosol [[antihistamine]] medications, et cetera.
* [[Trauma (medicine)|Traumatic]] deformities caused by [[blunt trauma]], [[penetrating trauma]], and blast trauma.
* Venereal infection – e.g., [[syphilis]]

=== Ultrasonic rhinoplasty ===
Recently, ultrasonic rhinoplasty<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.acteongroup.com/fr/uploads/media/default/0001/03/1c5fd31284dd290fac9897249afad786c64770a2.pdf|title=Ultrasonic bone surgery for more treatments secure and less traumatic.|website=Acteon Group|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-date=2020-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020062703/https://www.acteongroup.com/fr/uploads/media/default/0001/03/1c5fd31284dd290fac9897249afad786c64770a2.pdf}}</ref> which was introduced by Massimo Robiony in 2004 has become an alternative to traditional rhinoplasty.<ref name="ultrasonic">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Manish |title=What is an ultrasonic rhinoplasty? |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/blog/what-is-an-ultrasonic-rhinoplasty |website=American Society of Plastic Surgeons |access-date=26 February 2020 |language=en |date=14 May 2019}}</ref> Ultrasonic rhinoplasty uses [[piezoelectric]] instruments<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniel |first1=Rollin K. |last2=Pálházi |first2=Péter |title=Rhinoplasty: An Anatomical and Clinical Atlas |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-67314-1 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wd1PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |language=en}}</ref> to reshape atraumatically nasal bones, also known as rhinosculpture. Ultrasonic rhinoplasty uses piezoelectric instruments (scrapers rasps, saws) that affect only the bones and the stiff cartilages through ultrasonic vibrations, as the instruments used in [[dental surgery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magazine.invivox.com/training-room-en/ultrasonic-rhinoplasty-a-revolution-for-patients/|title=Ultrasonic Rhinoplasty: A revolution for patients|date=2017-05-22|website=Invivox|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-date=2019-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407041051/http://magazine.invivox.com/training-room-en/ultrasonic-rhinoplasty-a-revolution-for-patients/}}</ref> The use of piezoelectric instruments requires a more extended approach than the isial one, allowing to visualize the whole bony vault, to reshape it with rhinosculpture or to mobilize and stabilize bones after controlled osteotomies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pribitkin|first1=Edmund A.|last2=Lavasani|first2=Leela S.|last3=Shindle|first3=Carol|last4=Greywoode|first4=Jewel D.|date=2010|title=Sonic rhinoplasty: sculpting the nasal dorsum with the ultrasonic bone aspirator|journal=The Laryngoscope|language=en|volume=120|issue=8|pages=1504–1507|doi=10.1002/lary.20980|pmid=20564664|s2cid=46295767|issn=1531-4995}}</ref>

==Surgical procedure==
[[File:Open Rhinoplasty Surgical Exposure and Cartilage Grafting.jpg|alt=Close-up of an open rhinoplasty procedure showing a surgeon placing a cartilage graft into the nasal structure using surgical instruments|thumb|308x308px|Cartilage graft placement during open rhinoplasty to support and refine nasal structure]]
A rhinoplastic correction can be performed on a person who is under [[sedation]], under [[general anaesthesia]], or under [[local anaesthesia]]; initially, a [[local anaesthetic]] mixture of [[lidocaine]] and [[epinephrine]] is injected to numb the area, and temporarily reduce vascularity, thereby limiting any bleeding. Generally, the [[plastic surgery|plastic surgeon]] first separates the nasal skin and the [[soft tissues]] from the [[bone|osseo]]-[[cartilage]]nous nasal framework, and then reshapes them, sutures the incisions, and applies either an external or an internal stent, and tape, to immobilize the newly reconstructed nose, and so facilitate the healing of the surgical cuts. Occasionally, the surgeon uses either an [[Autotransplantation|autologous]] cartilage graft or a bone graft, or both, in order to strengthen or to alter the nasal {{not a typo|contour(s)}}. The autologous grafts usually are harvested from the [[nasal septum]], but, if it has insufficient cartilage (as can occur in a revision rhinoplasty), then either a costal cartilage graft (from the [[rib cage]]) or an auricular cartilage graft ([[Pinna (anatomy)|concha]] from the [[ear]]) is harvested from the patient's body. Homologous (donor) rib cartilage is also sometimes used if the patient's own cartilage is unsuitable.<ref name="pmid35354546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luan CW, Chen MY, Yan AZ, Tsai YT, Hsieh MC, Yang HY, Chou HH |title=Complications associated with irradiated homologous costal cartilage use in rhinoplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery |volume=75 |issue=7 |pages=2359–2367 |date=July 2022 |pmid=35354546 |doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.026}}</ref><ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salzano G, Audino G, Dell'Aversana Orabona G, Committeri U, Troise S, Arena A, Vaira LA, De Luca P, Scarpa A, Elefante A, Romano A, Califano L, Piombino P |title=Fresh Frozen Homologous Rib Cartilage: A Narrative Review of a New Trend in Rhinoplasty |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=13 |issue=6 |page=1715 |date=March 2024 |pmid=38541940 |pmc=10971137 |doi=10.3390/jcm13061715|doi-access=free }}</ref> When the rhinoplasty requires a bone graft, it is harvested from either the [[Human cranium|cranium]], the hips, or the rib cage; moreover, when neither type of autologous graft is available, a synthetic graft ([[Sinus implant|nasal implant]]) is used to augment the nasal bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.robertkotlermd.com/revrhino.php|title=Revision Rhinoplasty|access-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073529/http://www.robertkotlermd.com/revrhino.php|archive-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> The main types of grafts to support and reposition the nasal tip (or the central/medial limb of the tripod) are either columellar strut, or the septal extension graft. Both are useful and effective, but the septal extension graft (SEG) is shown to impart greater control, and less changes over time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sawh-Martinez|first1=Rajendra|last2=Perkins|first2=Kevin|last3=Madari|first3=Sarika|last4=Steinbacher|first4=Derek M.|date=November 2019|title=Control of Nasal Tip Position: Quantitative Assessment of Columellar Strut versus Caudal Septal Extension Graft|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=144|issue=5|pages=772e–780e|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000006178|issn=1529-4242|pmid=31373990|s2cid=199388873}}</ref>

===Photographic records===
For the benefit of the patient and the physician–surgeon, a photographic history of the entire rhinoplastic procedure is established; beginning at the pre-operative consultation, continuing during the surgical operation procedures, and concluding with the post-operative outcome. To record the "before-and-after" physiognomies of the nose and the face of the patient, the specific visual perspectives required are photographs of the nose viewed from the anteroposterior (front-to-back) perspective; the lateral view (profiles), the worm's-eye view (from below), the bird's-eye view (overhead), and three-quarter-profile views.<ref name="Arneja" />

* '''Photograph A. – Open rhinoplasty:''' At rhinoplasty's end, after the plastic surgeon has sutured (closed) the incisions, the corrected (new) nose will be dressed, taped, and splinted immobile to permit the uninterrupted healing of the surgical incisions. The purple-ink guidelines ensured the surgeon's accurate cutting of the defect correction plan.
* '''Photograph B. – Open rhinoplasty:''' The new nose is prepared with paper tape in order to receive the metal nasal-splint that will immobilize it to maintain its correct shape as a new nose.

<gallery class="center">
File:RhinoplastySplint1.jpg|Photograph A. Open rhinoplasty: Pre-operative, the guidelines (purple) ensured the surgeon's accurate incisions in cutting the nasal defect correction plan.
File:RhinoplastySplint2.jpg|Photograph B. Open rhinoplasty: Post-operative, the taped nose, prepared to receive the metal nasal splint that immobilizes and protects the newly corrected nose.
File:RhinoplastySplint3.jpg|Photograph C. Open rhinoplasty: The metal nasal splint aids wound healing by protecting the tender tissues of the new nose.
File:RhinoplastySplint4.jpg|Photograph D. Open rhinoplasty: The taped, splinted, and dressed nose completes the rhinoplasty.
</gallery>

* '''Photograph C. – Open rhinoplasty:''' After the preliminary taping of the nose, a custom-made, metal nasal-splint, designed, cut, and formed by the surgeon, is emplaced to immobilize and protect the tender tissues of the new nose during convalescence.
* '''Photograph D. – Open rhinoplasty:''' The taping, emplacement of the metal splint, and dressing of the new nose complete the rhinoplasty procedure. The patient then convalesces, and the wound dressing will be removed at 1-week post-procedure.
[[File:RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg|thumb|195px|right|Photograph 2. Open rhinoplasty: The right lower lateral cartilage (blue) is exposed for correction.]]
[[File:Rhinoplasty Incisions 1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Photograph 1. Open rhinoplasty: The columellar incision delineated as a red-dot guideline, will assist the surgeon in the precise suturing of the nose.]]
[[File:RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Photograph 4. Rhinoplastic correction: A nasal-hump excision plan; the black line delineates the dorsal plane of the new nose.]]
[[File:RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Photograph 3. Open rhinoplasty: the nasal tip is sutured to narrow the nose.]]

* '''Photograph 1.''' – '''Open rhinoplasty:''' The incisions are endonasal (in the nose), and thus are hidden. The skin-incision to the [[Columella nasi|columella]] aids the plastic surgeon in precisely suturing to hide the [[scar]]—except for the columellar incision (red-dot guideline) across the [[Human nose|nasal]] base. The columellar incision allows the surgeon to view the size, shape, and condition of the nasal cartilages and bones to be corrected.
* '''Photograph 2.''' – '''Open rhinoplasty:''' The nasal interior. The scissors indicate the [[greater alar cartilage|lower lateral cartilage]] (blue), which is one of the wing-shaped cartilages that conform the tip of the nose. The jagged red delineation indicates the locale of the columellar incision. Once the skin has been lifted from the bone-and-cartilage framework, the surgeon performs the nasal correction tasks.
* '''Photograph 3.''' – '''Open rhinoplasty:''' To narrow the tip of a too-wide nose, the surgeon first determines the cause of the excess nasal width. The suture being emplaced will narrow the tip of the nose. The red delineation indicates the edge of the nose-tip cartilage, which is narrowed when the surgeon tightens the folded cartilage apex. The suture (light blue) ends in the needle (white); tweezers (green) hold the nasal cartilage in place for the suturing.
* '''Photograph 4.''' – '''Nasal hump excision:''' The black delineation indicates the desired nose-reduction outcome: a straight nose. The nasal hump is bone (red) above the scalloped grey line, and cartilage (blue) below the scalloped grey line. The surgeon cuts the cartilage portion of the hump with a [[scalpel]], and chisels the bone portion with an [[osteotome]] (bone chisel). After chiselling away the main mass of the nasal hump with an osteotome, the surgeon then sculpts, refines, and smoothens the cut nasal bones with rasps (files).

<gallery class="center">
File:RhinoplastyRasps.jpg|Rhinoplastic instruments: Bone-scraping rasps, of various grades and types, that the plastic surgeon uses to refine the corrections required to produce a new nose.
</gallery>

===Types of rhinoplasty===
In [[plastic surgery|plastic surgical]] praxis, the term '''primary rhinoplasty''' denotes an initial (first-time) reconstructive, functional, or aesthetic corrective procedure. The term '''secondary rhinoplasty''' denotes the revision of a failed rhinoplasty, an occurrence in 5–20 per cent of rhinoplasty operations, hence a '''revision rhinoplasty'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bouaoud |first=Jebrane |last2=Loustau |first2=Marine |last3=Belloc |first3=Jean-Baptiste |date=September 2018 |title=Functional and Aesthetic Factors Associated with Revision of Rhinoplasty |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6191217/ |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e1884 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000001884 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=6191217 |pmid=30349780}}</ref> The corrections usual to secondary rhinoplasty include the cosmetic reshaping of the nose because of a functional breathing deficit from an over aggressive rhinoplasty, asymmetry, deviated or crooked nose, areas of collapses, hanging columella, pinched tip, scooped nose and more. Although most revision rhinoplasty procedures are "open approach", such a correction is more technically complicated, usually because the nasal support structures either were deformed or destroyed in the primary rhinoplasty; thus the surgeon must re-create the nasal support with cartilage grafts harvested either from the [[ear]] (auricular cartilage graft) or from the [[rib cage]] (costal cartilage graft).

A '''functional rhinoplasty''' refers to a rhinoplasty performed to alleviate nasal obstruction, whereas a '''cosmetic rhinoplasty''' refers to a rhinoplasty performed for aesthetic reasons. Procedures performed as part of a functional rhinoplasty typically include septoplasty, inferior turbinate reduction, and spreader graft placement.

'''Results'''

Can be good if performed by an experienced practitioner. As in all plastic surgery procedures, there can be some unpredictability, and biologic systems can heal in different ways.

===Nasal reconstruction===
[[File:Gray852.png|thumb|right|Rhinoplasty: Right lateral view of the [[cartilages of the nose|nasal cartilages]] and the nasal bone.]]
[[File:Gray855.png|thumb|right|200px|Rhinoplasty: Lateral wall of the nasal cavity.]]
In reconstructive rhinoplasty, the defects and deformities that the [[plastic surgeon]] encounters, and must restore to normal function, form, and appearance include broken and displaced nasal bones; disrupted and displaced nasal cartilages; a collapsed bridge of the nose; [[Cleft palate|congenital defect]], [[Trauma (medicine)|trauma]] ([[Blunt trauma|blunt]], [[Penetrating trauma|penetrating]], [[blast injury|blast]]), [[autoimmune disorder]], [[cancer]], intranasal drug-abuse damages, and failed primary rhinoplasty outcomes. Rhinoplasty reduces bony humps, and re-aligns the nasal bones after they are cut (dissected, resected). When [[cartilage]] is disrupted, [[Surgical suture|suturing]] for re-suspension (structural support), or the use of cartilage grafts to camouflage a depression allow the re-establishment of the normal nasal contour of the nose for the patient. When the bridge of the nose is collapsed, rib-cartilage, ear-cartilage, or cranial-bone grafts can be used to restore its anatomic integrity, and thus the aesthetic continuity of the nose. For augmenting the nasal dorsum, autologous cartilage and bone grafts are preferred to (artificial) [[nose prosthesis|nose prostheses]], because of the reduced incidence of [[Histology|histologic]] rejection and medical complications.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley RB, Schwartz MS |title=Immediate reconstruction of contaminated central craniofacial injuries with free autogenous grafts |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=99 |issue=10 Pt 1 |pages=1011–5 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2796548 |doi=10.1288/00005537-198210000-00007|s2cid=44787942 }}</ref>

===Surgical anatomy for nasal reconstruction===
The [[human nose]] is a sensory organ that is structurally composed of three types of tissue: (i) an [[bone|osseo]]-[[cartilage|cartilaginous]] support framework (nasal skeleton), (ii) a mucous membrane lining, and (iii) an external skin. The anatomic [[topography]] of the human nose is a graceful blend of convexities, curves, and depressions, the contours of which show the underlying shape of the nasal skeleton. Hence, these anatomic characteristics permit dividing the nose into '''nasal subunits''': (i) the midline (ii) the nose-tip, (iii) the dorsum, (iv) the soft triangles, (v) the alar lobules, and (vi) the lateral walls. Surgically, the borders of the nasal subunits are ideal locations for the scars, whereby is produced a superior aesthetic outcome, a corrected nose with corresponding skin colors and skin textures.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Millard DR |title=Aesthetic reconstructive rhinoplasty |journal=Clin Plast Surg |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=169–75 |date=April 1981 |doi=10.1016/S0094-1298(20)30443-0 |pmid=7273620 }}</ref><ref name=Burget85>{{cite journal |author=Burget GC |title=Aesthetic restoration of the nose |journal=Clin Plast Surg |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=463–80 |date=July 1985 |doi=10.1016/S0094-1298(20)31673-4 |pmid=3893849 }}</ref>

;Nasal skeleton
Therefore, the successful rhinoplastic outcome depends entirely upon the respective maintenance or restoration of the anatomic integrity of the nasal skeleton, which comprises (a) the nasal bones and the ascending processes of the maxilla in the upper third; (b) the paired upper-lateral cartilages in the middle third; and (c) the lower-lateral, alar cartilages in the lower third. Hence, managing the surgical reconstruction of a damaged, defective, or deformed nose, requires that the plastic surgeon manipulate three anatomic layers:

# '''the osseo-cartilagenous framework''' – The upper lateral cartilages that are tightly attached to the (rear) caudal edge of the [[nasal bones]] and the [[nasal septum]]; said attachment suspends them above the [[nasal cavity]]. The paired alar cartilages configure a tripod-shaped union that supports the lower third of the nose. The paired medial crura conform the central-leg of the tripod, which is attached to the anterior nasal spine and septum, in the midline. The lateral crura compose the second-leg and the third-leg of the tripod, and are attached to the (pear-shaped) pyriform aperture, the nasal-cavity opening at the front of the skull. The dome of the nostrils defines the apex of the alar cartilage, which supports the nasal tip, and is responsible for the light reflex of the tip.
# '''the nasal lining''' – A thin layer of vascular [[mucous membrane|mucosa]] that adheres tightly to the deep surface of the bones and the cartilages of the nose. Said dense adherence to the nasal interior limits the mobility of the mucosa, consequently, only the smallest of mucosal defects (< 5 mm) can be sutured primarily.
# '''the nasal skin''' – A tight envelope that proceeds inferiorly from the glabella (the smooth prominence between the eyebrows), which then becomes thinner and progressively inelastic (less distensible). The skin of the mid-third of the nose covers the cartilaginous dorsum and the upper lateral cartilages and is relatively elastic, but, at the (far) distal-third of the nose, the skin adheres tightly to the alar cartilages, and is little distensible. The skin and the underlying soft tissues of the alar lobule form a semi-rigid anatomic unit that maintains the graceful curve of the alar rim, and the patency (openness) of the nostrils (anterior nares). To preserve this nasal shape and patency, the replacement of the alar lobule must include a supporting cartilage graft—despite the alar lobule not originally containing cartilage; because of its many sebaceous glands, the nasal skin usually is of a smooth (oiled) texture. Moreover, regarding {{not a typo|[[scar]]rification}}, when compared to the skin of other facial areas, the skin of the nose generates fine-line scars that usually are inconspicuous, which allows the surgeon to strategically hide the surgical scars.<ref name=Fata>{{EMedicine|article|1820512|Principles and Techniques of Nasal Reconstruction}}</ref>

===Principles of rhinoplastic reconstruction===
;Principles
The technical principles for the [[surgery|surgical]] reconstruction of a [[Human nose|nose]] derive from the essential operative principles of [[plastic surgery]]: that the applied procedure and {{not a typo|technique(s)}} yield the most satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcome. Hence, the rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit, of virtually normal appearance, can be done in a few procedural stages, using intranasal tissues to correct defects of the [[mucosa]]; [[cartilage]] battens to brace against [[Histology|tissue]] contraction and depression (topographic collapse); axial [[free flap|skin flaps]] designed from three-dimensional (3-D) templates derived from the topographic subunits of the nose; and the refinement of the resultant correction with the subcutaneous sculpting of [[bone]], cartilage, and flesh. Nonetheless, the physician-surgeon and the rhinoplasty patient must abide the fact that the reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper, but a [[collagen]]-glued collage—of forehead skin, cheek skin, mucosa, vestibular lining, nasal septum, and fragments of [[Human ear|ear]] cartilage—which is perceived as a nose only because its contour, skin color, and skin texture are true to the original nose.<ref name=Burget85/>

;Restoration
In nasal reconstruction, the plastic surgeon's ultimate goal is recreating the shadows, the contours, the skin color, and the skin texture that define the patient's "normal nose", as perceived at conversational distance (c. 1.0 metre). Yet, such an aesthetic outcome suggests the application of a more complex surgical approach, which requires that the surgeon balance the patient's required rhinoplasty, with the patient's [[body image|aesthetic ideal]] (body image). In the context of surgically reconstructing the patient's physiognomy, the "normal nose" is the three-dimensional (3-D) template for replacing the missing {{not a typo|part(s)}} of a nose (aesthetic nasal subunit, aesthetic nasal segment), which the plastic surgeon re-creates using firm, malleable, modelling materials—such as [[bone]], [[cartilage]], and [[free flap|flaps of skin and of tissue]]. In repairing a partial nasal defect (wound), such as that of the alar lobule (the dome above the nostrils), the surgeon uses the undamaged, opposite (contralateral) side of the nose as the 3-D model to fabricate the anatomic template for recreating the deformed nasal subunit, by molding the malleable template material directly upon the normal, undamaged nasal anatomy. To effect a total nasal reconstruction, the template might derive from quotidian observations of the "normal nose" and from photographs of the patient before they sustained the nasal damage.

The surgeon replaces missing parts with tissue of like quality and quantity; nasal lining with [[mucous membrane|mucosa]], cartilage with cartilage, bone with bone, and skin with skin that best match the native skin color and skin texture of the damaged nasal subunit. For such surgical repairs, skin flaps are preferable to skin grafts, because skin flaps generally are the superior remedy for matching the color and the texture of nasal skin, better resist tissue contracture, and provide better vascularisation of the nasal skeleton; thus, when there is sufficient skin to allow tissue harvesting, nasal skin is the best source of nasal skin. Furthermore, despite its notable [[scar]]ring propensity, the nasal skin flap is the prime consideration for nasal reconstruction, because of its greater verisimilitude.

The most effective nasal reconstruction for repairing a defect (wound) of the nasal skin, is to re-create the entire nasal subunit; thus, the wound is enlarged to comprehend the entire nasal subunit. Technically, this surgical principle permits laying the scars in the [[superficial anatomy|topographic]] transition {{not a typo|zone(s)}} between and among adjacent aesthetic subunits, which avoids juxtaposing two different types of skin in the same aesthetic subunit, where the differences of color and texture might prove too noticeable, even when reconstructing a nose with [[free flap|skin flaps]]. Nonetheless, in the final stage of nasal reconstruction—replicating the "normal nose" anatomy by subcutaneous sculpting, the surgeon does have technical allowance to revise the scars, and render them (more) inconspicuous.<ref name=Fata/>

===Reasons for reconstruction===
[[File:Melanoma.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rhinoplasty: A [[melanoma]] lesion, a type of [[skin cancer]] that occurs to the nasal skin.]]
Reconstruction rhinoplasty is indicated for the correction of defects and deformities caused by:
# '''Skin cancer.''' The most common cause ([[etiology]]) for a nasal reconstruction is [[Skin neoplasm|skin cancer]], especially the lesions to the nose of [[melanoma]] and [[basal-cell carcinoma]]. This [[Oncology|oncologic]] [[epidemiology]] occurs more readily among the aged and people who reside in very sunny geographic areas; although every type of [[skin]] is susceptible to skin cancer, white-skin is most epidemiologically prone to developing skin cancer. Furthermore, regarding [[plastic surgery|plastic surgical]] scars, the age of the patient is a notable factor in the timely, post-surgical healing of a skin cancer defect (lesion); in terms of {{not a typo|[[scar]]rification}}, the very elastic skin of young people has a greater regenerative propensity for producing scars that are thicker (stronger) and more noticeable. Therefore, in young patients, the strategic placement (hiding) of the rhinoplastic scars is a greater aesthetic consideration than in elder patients; whose less elastic skin produces scars that are narrower and less noticeable.
# '''Traumatic nasal defect.''' Although [[Trauma (medicine)|trauma]] is a less common rhinoplastic occurrence, a nasal defect or deformity caused by blunt trauma (impact), [[penetrating trauma]] (piercing), and [[Blast injury|blast trauma]] (blunt and penetrating) requires a surgical reconstruction that abides the conservational principles of plastic surgery, as in the corrections of cancerous lesions.
# '''Congenital deformities.''' The unique plastic properties of the [[bone]], [[cartilage]], and [[skin]] of patients' affected by [[congenital defect]]s, and associated anomalies, are considered separately.<ref name=Fata/><ref>{{EMedicine|article|840910|Saddle Nose Rhinoplasty}}</ref>

===Surgical techniques===
The effectiveness of a rhinoplastic reconstruction of the [[Human nose|external nose]] derives from the contents of the surgeon's [[Medical equipment|armamentarium]] of skin-flap techniques applicable to correcting defects of the nasal skin and of the mucosal lining; some management techniques are the '''bilobed flap''', the '''nasolabial flap''', the '''paramedian forehead flap''', and the '''septal mucosal flap'''.

;I. Bilobed flap
The design of the bilobed flap derives from the creation of two adjacent random transposition flaps (lobes). In its original design, the leading flap is applied to cover the defect, and the second flap, is emplaced where the skin flexes more, and fills the donor-site wound (from where the first flap was harvested), which then is closed primarily, with [[Surgical suture|sutures]]. The first flap is oriented geometrically, at 90 degrees from the long axis of the wound (defect), and the second flap is oriented 180 degrees from the axis of the wound. Although effective, the bilobed flap technique did create troublesome "dog ears" of excess flesh that required trimming and it also produced a broad skin-donor area that was difficult to confine to the nose. In 1989, J. A. Zitelli modified the bilobed flap technique by: (a) orienting the leading flap at 45 degrees from the long axis of the wound; and (b) orienting the second flap at 90 degrees from the axis of the wound. Said orientations and emplacements eliminated the excess-flesh "dog ears", and thus required a smaller area of donor skin; resultantly, the '''broad-based, bilobed flap''' is less prone to the "trap door" and the "pin cushion" deformities common to skin-flap transposition procedure.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zitelli JA|title=The bilobed flap for nasal reconstruction|journal=Arch Dermatol|volume=125|issue=7|pages=957–9|date=July 1989|pmid=2742390|url=https://galleryofcosmeticsurgery.com/plastic-surgery-orange-county/nose/rhinoplasty/ |doi=10.1001/archderm.1989.01670190091012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[File:Nasalis.png|thumb|right|Rhinoplasty: The nasal muscle compresses the nasal bridge, depresses the tip of the nose, and flares (elevates) the corners of the nostrils.]]
;Surgical technique – the bilobed flap
The design of the bilobed flap co-ordinates its lobes with the long axis of the nasal defect (wound); each lobe of the flap is emplaced at a 45-degree angle to the axis. The two lobes of the bilobed flap rotate along an arc, of which all points are equidistant from the apex of the nasal defect.
* Based upon the available area of nasal skin, the surgeon selects the locale for the bilobed flap, and orients the pedicle. If the defect is in the lateral aspect of the nose, the pedicle is based medially. If the defect is at the nasal tip, or at the nasal dorsum, the pedicle is based laterally. An ideal location for the second flap is along the junction of the nasal dorsum and the lateral nasal wall.
* The nasal wound is cut and shaped into a teardrop form, by the cutting out of a Burrow's triangle of flesh on the side of pedicle base. Cutting out the Burrow's triangle (skin and subcutaneous fat) permits the moving the pedicle flap, to emplace it without buckling the tissues adjacent to the graft.
* Using a 20 mm [[calliper]] as a [[protractor]]—one tip at the apex of the wound—the surgeon delineates two semi-circles, an inner semi-circle, and an outer semi-circle. The outer semi-circle defines the necessary length of the two lobes of the skin flap. The inner semi-circle bisects the center of the original wound, and continues across the donor skin, establishing limit measure of the pedicle common to the two lobes of the flap. The surgeon then draws two lines from the apex of the wound; the first line drawn is at an angle of 45 degrees from the long axis of the wound, and the second line drawn is at a 90-degree angle from the axis of the wound. The two lines delineate the central axes of the two lobes of the bilobed flap.
* The delineation of each of the two lobes of the flap begins and ends at the inner semi-circle, and extends to the outer semi-circle, to the point where it intersects its central axis. The width of the first lobe is approximately 2 mm narrower than the width of the wound; the width of the second lobe is approximately 2 mm narrower than the width of the first lobe.
* After the cutting from the tissue donor-site, the bilobed flap is elevated to a plane between the subcutaneous fat and the [[nasalis muscle]]. The wound is deepened, down to the nasal skeleton, to accommodate the tissue thickness of the bilobed flap. Technically, cutting the wound, enlarging it, is preferable, and safer, than trimming (thinning) the flap to fit the wound.
* Undermining the donor site for the second lobe allows closing it primarily; it also eliminates excess-skin "dog-ears" at the donor site. Moreover, if the donor site cannot be closed with sutures, or if the skin blanches (whitens) when sutured, usually because of excessively tight sutures, the tension is decreased by reducing the size (length, width, depth) of the wound with deep sutures that will allow it to heal more readily.

;II. Nasolabial flap
In the 19th century, the surgical techniques of [[Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach|J.F. Dieffenbach]] (1792–1847) popularized the nasolabial flap for nasal reconstruction, for which it remains a foundational nose surgery procedure. The nasolabial flap can be either superiorly based or inferiorly based; of which the superiorly based flap is the more practical rhinoplastic application, because it has a more versatile arc of rotation, and the donor-site scar is inconspicuous. Depending upon how the defect lay upon the nose, the flap pedicle-base can be incorporated either solely to the nasal reconstruction, or it can be divided into a second stage procedure. The blood supply for the flap pedicle are the transverse branches of the contralateral [[angular artery]] (the facial artery terminus parallel to the nose), and by a confluence of blood vessels from the angular artery and from the [[supraorbital artery]] in the medial canthus, (the angles formed by the meeting of the upper and lower eyelids). Therefore, the incisions for harvesting the nasolabial flap do not continue superiorly beyond the medial canthal tendon. The nasolabial flap is a random flap that is emplaced with the proximal (near) portion resting upon the lateral wall of the nose, and the distal (far) portion resting upon the cheek, which contains the main angular artery, and so is perfused with retrograde arterial flow.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dieffenbach JF |chapter=Die Nasenbehändlung |title=Die operative Chirurgie |publisher=Brockhaus FA |location=Leipzig |year=1845 }}{{page needed|date=July 2015}}</ref>

;Surgical technique – the nasolabial flap
The pedicle of the nasolabial flap rests upon the lateral nasal wall, and is transposed a maximum of 60 degrees, in order to avoid the "bridge effect" of a flap emplaced across the nasofacial angle.
* The surgeon designs the nasolabial flap and sets its central axis at a 45-degree angle from the (long) axis of the nasal dorsum. The shape of the skin flap is cut from the wound template fabricated by the surgeon.
* An incision is made to the flap (without an anaesthetic injection of [[epinephrine]]), which then is elevated and oriented, in an inferior-to-superior direction, between the subcutaneous fat and the muscle fascia.
* The cutting continues until the skin flap can be freely transposed upon the nasal defect. A Burrow's triangle is excised from the skin between the medial border of the flap and the nasal dorsum; the triangle can be cut either before or after the elevation of the nasolabial.
* The flap then is bent back (reflected), and can be thinned (cut) under [[loupe|loupe magnification]]; however, a nasolabial flap cannot be thinned as easily as an axial skin-flap.
* After the nasolabial flap has been emplaced, the flap donor-site wound is sutured closed. For a wound of the lateral nasal wall that is less than 15 mm wide, the flap donor-site can be closed primarily, with sutures. For a wound wider than 15 mm—especially a wound that comprehends the alar lobule and the lateral wall of the nose—primary closure is not indicated, because such a wound closure imposes excessive stresses upon the skin flap, thereby risking either blanching (whitening) or distortion, or both. Such risks are avoided by advancing (moving) the skin of the cheek towards the nasofacial junction, where it is sutured to the deep tissues. Furthermore, a narrow wound, less than 1 mm wide can be allowed to heal by secondary intention (autonomous re-epithelialisation).

;III. Paramedian forehead flap
The paramedian forehead flap is the premier [[Autotransplantation|autologous]] skin graft for the reconstruction of a nose, by replacing any of the aesthetic nasal subunits, especially regarding the problems of different tissue thickness and skin color. The forehead flap is an axial skin flap based upon the [[supraorbital artery]] (an ophthalmic artery branch) and the supratrochlear artery (an ophthalmic artery terminus), which can be thinned to the subdermal plexus in order to enhance the functional and aesthetic outcome of the nose. Restricted length is a practical application limit of the paramedian forehead flap, especially when the patient has a low frontal hairline. In such a patient, a small portion of scalp skin can be included to the flap, but it does have a different skin texture and does continue growing hair; such mismatching is avoided with the transverse emplacement of the flap along the hairline; yet that portion of the skin flap is random, and so risks a greater incidence of [[necrosis]].

The paramedian forehead flap has two disadvantages, one operational and one aesthetic: Operationally, the reconstruction of a nose with a paramedian forehead flap is a two-stage surgical procedure, which might a problem for the patient whose health (surgical suitability) includes significant, secondary medical risks. Nonetheless, the second stage of the nasal reconstruction can be performed with the patient under local anaesthesia. Aesthetically, although the flap donor-site scar heals well, it is noticeable, and thus difficult to conceal, especially in men.<ref name=Fata/>

[[File:Flap design.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Rhinoplasty: A paramedian forehead flap design]]
;Surgical technique – the paramedian forehead flap
{{Main|Nasal reconstruction using a paramedian forehead flap}}

The surgeon designs the paramedian forehead flap from a custom-fabricated three-dimensional metal foil template derived from the measures of the nasal defect to be corrected. Using an [[Medical ultrasonography|ultrasonic scanner]], the flap-pedicle is centre-aligned upon the Doppler signal of the supraorbital artery. Afterwards, the distal one-half of the flap is dissected and thinned to the subdermal plexus.
* The surgeon fabricates a metal foil template derived from the dimensions of the nasal wound.
* Applying a [[Medical ultrasonography|Doppler ultrasonic scanner]], the surgeon identifies the axial pedicle of the tissue-flap (composed of the [[supraorbital artery]] and the [[supratrochlear artery]]), usually at the base, next to the medial brow; the point usually is between the midline and the supraorbital notch.
* Tracing the Doppler pulse of the blood flow of the supraorbital artery as far as possible, its delineation is continued as a vertical line, until it intersects with the hairline of the patient. The line extended from the pulse of the blood flow is the central axis of the forehead flap.
* The length of the flap is determined by placing an un-folded, un-stretched 4 × 4-inch gauze upon the wound, and with it measuring from the pedicle base to the distal (farthest) point of the wound. This measure is the length of the central axis of the skin flap.
* The template is rotated 180 degrees and placed over the distal (far) portion of the axis of the skin flap; the surgeon outlines it with a surgical marker. The outline markings are continued proximally and parallel to the central axis, maintaining a 2-cm width for the proximal flap.
* Without applying an injection of anaesthetic [[epinephrine]], the flap is incised (cut), and the distal one-half is elevated between the [[frontalis muscle]] and the subcutaneous fat.
* At approximately the mid-portion of the forehead, the surgeon deepens the plane of the dissection down to the submuscular plane. The dissection continues toward the brow and the glabella (the smooth prominence between the eyebrows) until the skin flap is sufficiently mobile to allow its relaxed transposition upon the nose.
* Under loupe magnification, the distal portion of the forehead flap is de-fatted, down to the subdermal plexus. Yet, the fat-removal should be conservative, especially if the patient is either a [[tobacco]] [[tobacco smoking|smoker]] or a [[Diabetes|diabetic]], or both, because such health factors negatively affect blood circulation and tissue perfusion, and thus the timely and correct healing of the surgical scars to the nose.
* The flap is allowed to perfuse, while the donor site is sutured closed by means of the wide undermining deep to the [[frontalis muscle]]. At that time, diluted epinephrine can be injected to the forehead skin, but not to the {{not a typo|area(s)}} near the pedicle of the forehead flap. Moreover, if the distal wound is wider than 25 mm, it usually is not closed by primary intention, with sutures, but is allowed to heal by secondary intention, by re-epithelialisation.
* The forehead flap is attached to the nasal wound with subcutaneous sutures and skin sutures. If the excess tension of a suture compromises the color of the skin flap, the suture can be loosened, with a skin hook, and observed for 10–15 minutes; if the skin color remains compromised (white), the suture is removed.
* Upon the complete attachment of the paramedian forehead flap to the nose, the surgical wounds are dressed only with antibiotic ointment.

;IV. Septal mucosal flap
The septal mucosal tissue flap is the indicated technique for correcting defects of the distal half of the nose, and for correcting almost every type of large defect of the mucosal lining of the nose. The septal mucosal tissue flap, which is an anteriorly based pedicle-graft supplied with blood by the septal branch of the superior labial artery. To perform such a nasal correction, the entire septal mucoperichondrium can be harvested.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Millard DR |title=Hemirhinoplasty |journal=Plast. Reconstr. Surg. |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=440–5 |date=November 1967 |pmid=6074142 |doi=10.1097/00006534-196711000-00003|s2cid=220556982 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Burget GC, Menick FJ |title=Nasal support and lining: the marriage of beauty and blood supply |journal=Plast. Reconstr. Surg. |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=189–202 |date=August 1989 |pmid=2748735 |doi=10.1097/00006534-198908000-00001|s2cid=23704094 }}</ref>

;Surgical technique – the septal mucosal flap
The surgeon cuts the anteriorly based septal mucosal tissue-flap as widely as possible, and then releases it with a low, posterior back-cut; but only as required to allow the rotation of the tissue-flap into the nasal wound.

* The surgeon measures the dimensions (length, width, depth) of the nasal wound, and then delineates them upon the [[nasal septum]], and, if possible, incorporates an additional margin of 3–5 mm of width to the wound measurements; furthermore, the base of the mucosal tissue flap should be at least 1.5-cm wide.
* The surgeon then makes two parallel incisions along the floor and the roof of the [[nasal septum]]; the incisions converge anteriorly, towards the front of the nasal spine.
* Using an elevator, the flap is dissected in a sub-mucoperichondrial plane. The (far) distal edge of the flap is cut with a right-angle Beaver blade, and then is transposed into the wound. The exposed cartilages will reepithelialise (regenerate the [[epithelium]]), provided the opposite (contralateral) side of the septal mucosa is undisturbed.

A technical variant of the septal mucosal flap technique is the '''trap-door flap''', which is used to reconstruct one side of the upper half of the nasal lining. It is emplaced in the contralateral [[nasal cavity]], as a superiorly based septal mucosal flap of rectangular shape, like that of a "trap-door". This septomucosal flap variant is a random flap with its pedicle based at the junction of the septum and the lateral nasal skeleton. The surgeon elevates the flap of septal mucosa to the roof of the nasal septum, and then traverses it into the contralateral (opposite) nasal cavity through a slit made by removing a small, narrow portion of the dorsal roof of the septum. Afterwards, the septomucosal flap is stretched across the wound in the mucosal lining of the lateral nose.<ref name=Fata/>

===Surgical management===
The following rhinoplastic techniques are applied to the surgical management of: (i) partial-thickness defects; (ii) full-thickness defects; (iii) {{not a typo|heminasal}} reconstruction; and (iv) total nasal reconstruction.

;I. Partial-thickness defects
A partial-thickness defect is a wound with adequate soft-tissue coverage of the underlying nasal skeleton, yet is too large for primary intention closure, with sutures. Based upon the locale of the wound, the surgeon has two options for correcting such a wound: (i) healing the wound by secondary intention (re-epithelialisation); and (ii) healing the wound with a full-thickness skin graft. Moreover, because it avoids the patched appearance of a skin-graft surgical correction, healing by secondary intention can successfully repair nasal wounds up to 10 mm in diameter; and, if the resultant scar proves aesthetically unacceptable, it can be revised later, after the wound has healed.

In the event, larger nasal wounds (defects) do successfully heal by secondary intention, but do present two disadvantages. First, the resultant scar often is a wide patch of tissue that is aesthetically inferior to the scars produced with other nasal-defect correction techniques; however, the skin of the medial canthus is an exception to such scarring. The second disadvantage to healing by secondary intention is that the contracture of the wound might distort the normal nasal anatomy, which can lead to a pronounced deformity of the alar rim area. For this reason, healing by secondary intention generally is not recommended for defects of the distal third of the nose; nonetheless, the exception is a small wound directly upon the nasal tip.

Full-thickness skin grafts are the effective wound-management technique for defects with a well-vascularized, soft-tissue bed covering the nasal skeleton. The patient's [[Human ear|ear]] is the preferred skin-graft donor site from which to harvests grafts of pre-auricular skin and grafts of post-auricular skin, usually with an additional, small amount of adipose tissue to fill the wound cavity. Yet, nasal correction with a skin graft harvested from the patient's neck is not recommended, because that skin is low-density pilosebaceous tissue with very few follicles and sebaceous glands, thus is unlike the oily skin of the nose.

The technical advantages of nasal-defect correction with a skin graft are a brief surgery time, a simple rhinoplastic technique, and a low incidence of tissue [[necrosis|morbidity]]. The most effective corrections are with a shallow wound with sufficient, supporting soft-tissue that will prevent the occurrence of a conspicuous depression. Nonetheless, two disadvantages of skin-graft correction are mismatched skin color and skin texture, which might result in a correction with a patch-work appearance; a third disadvantage is the natural [[Histology|histologic]] tendency for such skin grafts to contract, which might distort the shape of the corrected nose.

;II. Full-thickness defects
Full-thickness nasal defects are in three types: (i) wounds to the skin and to the soft tissues, featuring either exposed bone or exposed cartilage, or both; (ii) wounds extending through the nasal skeleton; and (iii) wounds traversing all three nasal layers: skin, muscle, and the osseo-cartilaginous framework. Based upon the dimensions (length, width, depth) and topographic locale of the wound and the number of missing nasal-tissue layers, the surgeon determines the rhinoplastic technique for correcting a full-thickness defect; each of the aesthetic nasal subunits is considered separately and in combination.

;(a) Medial canthus
The skin between the nasal dorsum and the medial canthal tendon is uniquely suited to healing by secondary intention; the outcomes often are superior to what is achieved with either skin grafts or skin-flaps and tissue-flaps. Because the medial canthal tendon is affixed to the facial bone, it readily resists the forces of [[wound contracture]]; moreover, the animation (movement) of the medial brow also lends resistance to the forces of wound contracture. Furthermore, the medial canthal region is aesthetically hidden by the shadows of the nasal dorsum and of the supraorbital rim, thereby obscuring any differences in the quality of the color and of the texture of the replacement skin (epithelium).

Healing by secondary intention (re-epithelialisation) occurs even when the wound extends to the nasal bone. Although the rate of healing depends upon the patient's wound-healing capacity, nasal wounds measuring up to 10 mm in diameter usually heal in at 4-weeks post-operative. Nonetheless, one potential, but rare, complication of this nasal correction approach is the formation of a medial canthal web, which can be corrected with two opposing [[Z-plasty|Z-plasties]], technique which relieves the disfiguring tensions exerted by the scar tissue's contracture, its shape, and location on the nose.

[[File:Basal cell carcinoma2.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rhinoplasty: A basal-cell carcinoma lesion on the juncture of the left alar base subunit and the left dorsal sidewall subunit, i.e. on the left nostril.]]
[[File:Quadrants.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rhinoplasty: A divided section design used in Mohs surgery for excising cancerous lesions before nasal reconstruction.]]

;(b) Nasal dorsum and lateral nasal wall defect
The size of the nasal defect (wound) occurred, in either the dorsum or the lateral wall, or both, determines the reconstructive skin-flap technique applicable to the corresponding aesthetic nasal subunits.

* A wound of less than 10 mm in diameter can be managed either by primary intention healing (suturing) or by secondary intention healing (re-epithelialisation).
* A wound measuring 10–15 mm in diameter can be reconstructed with a single-stage modified bilobed flap, because it best matches the skin color and the skin texture of the wounded aesthetic subunit. Although not every scar can be hidden at the margins of the aesthetic nasal subunits concerned, the superior scarring ability of those nasal skin areas minimizes such an [[Histology|histologic]] disadvantage. In a patient whose [[basal-cell carcinoma]] was excised with [[Mohs surgery]], the scar of the nasal reconstruction (an 11 mm full-thickness, laterally based, bilobed-flap applied down to the bone and the cartilage), was hidden by aligning the axis of the second lobe to and emplacing the skin graft at the junction of the nasal dorsum and the lateral wall of the nose.
* A wound greater than 15 mm in diameter can be corrected with a paramedian forehead flap, which will reconstruct either the entire nasal dorsum or the lateral wall of the nose, as required. The surgical management of such wounds (< 15 mm dia.) usually requires enlarging the wound as necessary, in order for the skin graft to comprehend the entire aesthetic subunit being corrected. Moreover, if the wound comprehends the dorsum and the lateral wall of the nose, then a cheek-advancement skin flap is the applicable correction for replacing the lateral nasal skin up to its junction with the dorsum; afterwards, a paramedian forehead flap is applied to resurface the nasal dorsum.
* A wound in the lateral nasal wall that is greater than 15 mm in diameter can also be corrected with a superiorly based, nasolabial-flap, which is especially suited for correcting distal defects that lay among the convexities of the nasal tip and the alar lobule. The nasolabial flap can correct defects that comprehend the distal two-thirds of the nose, if there is a supply of skin sufficient for constructing the base of the flap pedicle; and the donor sites cannot be closed primarily. Yet, bulkiness is the principal disadvantage of the nasolabial flap—except in elderly patients with atrophic cheek skin; nonetheless, it is technically effective for patients unsuitable for a two-stage rhinoplasty with a paramedian forehead flap.
* Nasal defects involving either the bone or the cartilage of the lateral nose are best managed with free grafts of flat septal bone and of cartilage. Small defects of the nasal dorsum can be covered with cartilage grafts harvested from either the septum or the [[Human ear|concha of the ear]]. The correction of large-area defects of the nasal dorsum requires the stable support of a bone graft affixed either with a lag screw or with a low-profile plate. A costal graft (from the rib cage) is ideal for such a repair, because it can be harvested with an attached extension of cartilage that can be sculpted to blend into the nasal tip; other potential donor sites for nasal dorsum reconstruction materials are the outer table of the skull, the iliac crest, and the inner table of the ilium proper.
* To correct a defect of the nasal lining of the upper two-thirds of the nose, the wound dimensions (length, width, depth) determine the technique. A nasal-lining defect of less than 5 mm in diameter can be closed primarily, with sutures. A nasal-lining defect 5–15 mm in diameter can be closed with a random transposition flap harvested from a nasal area that remains protected, either by the [[nasal bones]] or by the upper lateral cartilages; and the flap donor-site can be healed by secondary intention, re-epithelialisation. For a mucosa defect greater than 15 mm in diameter, the indicated correction is a superiorly based "trap door" septal mucosal flap, grafted to the roof of the nasal septum.

;(c) Nasal tip defect
The width of the human nasal-tip ranges 20–30 mm; the average width of the nasal tip, measured between the two alar lobules, is approximately 25 mm.

* A nasal skin defect of less than 15 mm in diameter can be managed with a bilobed flap; the surgeon trims the edges of the wound (defect) to match its dimensions (length, width, depth) to the natural curve at the border of the nasal tip. If the wound is eccentric, the skin-flap is positioned so that the lateral base of the graft occupies the largest portion of the wound's surface.
* If the nasal-tip wound is greater than 15 mm in diameter, the surgeon enlarges it to comprehend the entire aesthetic subunit affected by the defect, and the reconstruction of the nasal subunit done with a forehead flap. If the nasal-tip defect also involves the nasal dorsum, a forehead flap is indicated for reconstructing the entire nasal-tip and dorsum.
* If an alar cartilage is missing, either partially or entirely, it is reconstructed with cartilage grafts. The defect of an alar dome, which retains adequate anatomic support-tripod configuration, can be corrected with an onlay graft harvested either from the nasal septum or from the conchal cartilage of an ear. The surgeon forms the cartilage graft into the shape of a shield—its widest margins become the replacement alar domes. Typically, the shield cartilage graft is stacked in two layers, in order to transmit the desired light reflex characteristic of the nasal tip.
* Defects of the lateral crura can be corrected with a flat strut of formed cartilage, but, if the support of the medial crura is absent, then a columella strut must be inserted, and attached at the level of the anterior nasal spine. If a strut of nasal-septum cartilage proves too weak, then a rib cartilage strut can be applied to provide the adequate nasal support; afterwards, the strut is covered with onlay grafts.
* Absent alar cartilages can be replaced using all of the conchal cartilage from both ears; two strips, each 10 mm wide, are harvested from the [[Human ear|antihelical fold]], and then are applied as replacement alar wings. The surgeon attaches them to the anterior nasal spine, and to each side of the (pear-shaped) pyriform aperture; the remainder of the harvested conchal cartilage is applied as onlay grafts to augment the nasal tip.
* A nasal-tip lining defect is unusual, because of its midline location; yet, the reconstruction is with an anteriorly based septal mucosal flap that is rotated into place to provide adequate coverage and correction of the nasal lining defect.
* Vertical lobule division (VLD) is a common technique for nasal tip refinement, which involves the medial crural angle and the lateral crural angle.<ref>Funk, Etai. ''Nasal Tip Dynamics''. 2008, p. 1. funkfacialplastics.com</ref>

;(d) Alar lobule defect
The appropriate surgical management of an alar lobule defect depends upon the dimensions (length, width, depth) of the wound. Anatomically, the nasal skin and the underlying soft tissues of the alar lobule form a semi-rigid aesthetic subunit that forms the graceful curve of the alar rim, and provides unobstructed airflow through the nostrils, the ''anterior nares''.

* When most of the alar lobule tissue is missing, the nose collapses; the correction is with an ear concha cartilage-graft harvested from the antihelix, a donor site where the cartilage is most rigidly curved, thus is ideal for replacing an alar lobule.
* Nasal skin defects can be corrected with a medially based bilobed flap, which is emplaced to provide adequate skin coverage for wounds limited to the alar lobule. If the entire lobule is missing, it might be necessary to leave the second-lobe donor-site wound partially open; it will close at 2–4 weeks post-operative; afterwards, the scar can be revised. Nonetheless, the alternative surgical correction is a two-stage, superiorly based, nasolabial flap.
* If the alar lobule defect also comprehends the lateral wall of the nose, the defect can be closed either with a superiorly based nasolabial-flap or with a forehead flap. If the cheek skin is thin and atrophic, a nasolabial flap is the recommended reconstruction; otherwise, a forehead flap is recommended, because the thickness of forehead skin is a superior match for nasal skin and tissue. [[mucous membrane|Mucosal lining]] defects of the alar lobule can be resurfaced with a bipedicled mucosal advancement-flap harvested from inside the lateral wall of the nose. Likewise, larger defects of the mucosa do require correction with an anteriorly based septal mucosal flap.

;III. {{not a typo|Heminasal}} and total nasal reconstruction
The reconstruction rhinoplasty of an extensive {{not a typo|heminasal}} defect or of a total nasal defect is an extension of the plastic surgical principles applied to resolving the loss of a regional aesthetic subunit. The skin layers are replaced with a paramedian forehead flap, but, if forehead skin is unavailable, the alternative corrections include the '''Washio retroauricular-temporal flap''' and the '''Tagliacozzi flap'''. The nasal skeleton is replaced with a rib-graft nasal dorsum and lateral nasal wall; septal cartilage grafts and conchal cartilage grafts are applied to correct defects of the nasal tip and of the alar lobules.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Washio H |title=Retroauricular-temporal flap |journal=Plast. Reconstr. Surg. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=162–6 |date=February 1969 |pmid=4885510 |doi=10.1097/00006534-196902000-00009|s2cid=26723648 }}</ref><ref>Tagliacozzi G, Gaspare B. editor, Venice. ''De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem'' (1597).</ref>

The nasal lining of the distal two-thirds of the nose can be covered with anteriorly based septal mucosal flaps; however, if bilateral septal-flaps are used, the septal cartilage does become devascularized, possibly from [[Iatrogenesis|iatrogenic]] septal perforation. Furthermore, if the nasal defect is beyond the wound-correction scope of a septal mucosal flap, the alternative techniques are either an inferiorly based pericranial-flap (harvested from the frontal bone) or a free flap of temporoparietal fascia (harvested from the head), either of which can be lined with free grafts of mucosa to achieve the nasal reconstruction.

===Corrections of defect and deformity===
* '''Cancer''' – The excision of cancerous nasal skin can cause the loss of skin and internal support cartilage; such resections (surgical removal) usually are via the [[Mohs surgery|Mohs' chemosurgical technique]]. After removing the cancerous tissues, the reconstructive rhinoplasty will provide skin coverage using either skin grafts or pedicle flaps, (see [[Nasal Reconstruction, Paramedian Forehead Flap]]). If the resection of the cancerous skin leads to losing the nose tip, cartilage grafts can be used for support, and to prevent long-term distortion consequent to the force of the contracture of [[scar|scar tissue]].

[[File:W. C. Fields 1938.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Revision rhinoplasty: The American actor W.C. Fields was affected by rhinophyma.]]

* '''Congenital deformity''' – The correction of [[Circulatory system|vascular]] malformations and [[cleft lip and palate]] abnormalities. In vascular malformations, the progression of the disease distorts the skin and the underlying structure of the nose. Cleft lip and cleft palate defects usually distort the size, position, and orientation of the nasal-tip cartilages. Reconstruction of vascular malformations can involve [[Medical laser|laser]] treatment of the skin, and surgical excision of the deformed tissues. When the underlying cartilage support structure is disturbed, cartilage grafts and suturing of the native nasal cartilages can help improve nasal aesthetics by re-orienting the nasal tip cartilages; and cartilage-graft refinements to the nose tip are performed as required.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang TD, Madorsky SJ |title=Secondary rhinoplasty in nasal deformity associated with the unilateral cleft lip |journal=Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=40–5 |year=1999 |pmid=10937075 |doi=10.1001/archfaci.1.1.40}}</ref>
* '''Obstructed airways''' – The restoration of normal breathing by correcting nasal obstruction caused by a cosmetic rhinoplasty wherein nasal cartilages were over-aggressively trimmed, and the nose appears pinched, which compromises nasal potency (airflow), especially when the patient attempts deep inspiration. These grafting techniques restore normal breathing by increasing the size of the nose tip with baton grafts (internal cartilage), and spreader grafts to widen the nasal middle vault. Furthermore, to improve breathing a [[septoplasty]] can be performed concurrent to the reconstructive surgery; likewise, if there is [[turbinate]] [[hypertrophy]], an inferior [[turbinectomy]] can be performed.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khosh MM, Jen A, Honrado C, Pearlman SJ |title=Nasal valve reconstruction: experience in 53 consecutive patients |journal=Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=167–71 |year=2004 |pmid=15148124 |doi=10.1001/archfaci.6.3.167|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''Perforated septum''' – The reconstruction of a saddle nose caused by a (collapsed) perforated septum, or by autoimmune problems such as [[granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] (GPA), [[sarcoidosis]], [[eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] (EGPA), [[relapsing polychondritis]], by intranasal drug use, and by excessive nasal aerosol use. The saddle nose deformity resulting from lost dorsum support is reconstructed using autologous bone grafts and rib cartilage grafts.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tardy ME, Schwartz M, Parras G |title=Saddle nose deformity: autogenous graft repair |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=121–34 |year=1989 |pmid=2487867 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1064719|s2cid=8584171 }}</ref>
* '''[[Rhinophyma]]''' – The correction of late-stage [[Rosacea]], wherein the nasal skin is infected with [[acne rosacea]] that reddens, thickens, and enlarges the nose tip; an exemplar case is the American actor [[W.C. Fields]]. Although antibiotic acne treatments (e.g. Acutane) can halt the progression of Rosacea, the thickened skin and the fleshy obscuring of the nasal tip can only be corrected with rhinoplasty. [[Medical laser|Laser]] excision of abnormally thickened skin is the best rhinoplastic treatment for Rhinophyma; the [[Carbon dioxide laser|CO2 laser]] and the infrared [[Er:YAG laser|Erbium: YAG laser]] are the most effective treatments.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=[[Rod Rohrich|Rohrich RJ]], Griffin JR, Adams WP |title=Rhinophyma: review and update |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=860–69; quiz 870 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12172152 |doi=10.1097/00006534-200209010-00023}}</ref>

[[File:RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Illustration 2: Nose-narrowing rhinoplasty; two chisel cuts (green and black arrows) meet at the red zig-zag line to release the bone for corrective re-alignment.]]

[[File:RhinoplastySkull.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Illustration 1: The nasal bones (violet) of the dorsum identified, for effecting a nose-narrowing rhinoplasty.]]

* '''Wide nose''' – To narrow a too-wide nose, the plastic surgeon cuts, contours, and rearranges the craniofacial bones to achieve the desired functional and aesthetic outcome of a narrower, straighter nose. To leave no visible, surgical scars upon the new nose, the surgeon effects the osteotome (bone chisel) incisions to the nasal bones beneath the facial skin.

'''Illustration 1:''' The surgeon cuts the excessively wide bones of the upper nasal [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsum]] (violet) with an [[osteotome]] (bone chisel), then detaches, corrects, and relocates them inwards, to a position, between the ocular orbits (red), that narrows the width of the nasal dorsum.

'''Illustration 2:''' The surgeon chisels two cuts (incisions) to the nasal bones, each incision begins at the nasal cavity. The first incision begins at the yellow dot and extends upwards, along the green arrow, until meeting the zig-zag line (red). The second incision begins at the blue dot and extends upwards, along the black arrow, until meeting the zig-zag line (red). Once cut and loosened from the face, the nasal bone pieces are corrected, then pushed inwards and re-set, thus narrowing the nose.

<gallery class="center">
File:RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg|Rhinoplastic instruments: An osteotome (bone chisel) and a surgical hammer for sculpting craniofacial bones.
</gallery>

[[File:Rhinoplasty.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Rhinoplasty: At 3-days post-operative, the patient wearing their nasal [[Splint (medicine)|splint]] after a dorsal bone reduction, re-setting, and nasal-tip refinement. The [[Raccoon eyes|panda eyes]] (orbital discoloration) is consequent to trauma and ocular blood vessel disruption.]]

===Post–surgical recovery===
;Convalescence
The rhinoplasty patient returns home after surgery, to rest, and allow the nasal cartilage and bone tissues to heal the effects of having been forcefully cut. Assisted with prescribed medications—[[antibiotics]], [[analgesic]]s, [[steroid]]s—to alleviate pain and aid wound healing, the patient convalesces for about 1-week, and can go outdoors. Post-operatively, external sutures are removed at 4–5 days; the external cast is removed at 1-week; the stents are removed within 4–14 days; and the "panda eyes" [[Raccoon eyes|periorbital bruising]] heal at 2-weeks. If an alar base reduction is performed conjunctively within the Rhinoplasty, these sutures need to be removed within 7–10 days post operatively. Throughout the first year post-operative, in the course of the rhinoplastic wounds healing, the tissues will shift moderately as they settle into being a new nose. Furthermore, as rhinoplasty climbs the ladder of surgical procedures performed to achieve an aspired appearance, especially amongst women, the relationship between body image and mental state must be examined in order to destigmatize motives behind the surgical intervention.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonell |display-authors=etal |first=Sarah |date=Sep 2021 |title=Under the knife: Unfavorable perceptions of women who seek plastic surgery |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2570021746 |access-date=9 Dec 2024 |journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16 |issue=9 |article-number=e0257145 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0257145 |doi-access=free |pmid=34492078 |pmc=8423238 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1657145B |id={{ProQuest|2570021746}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferreira |display-authors=etal |first=Thales Victor Fernandes |date=2025 |title=Importance of psychological follow-up in rhinoplasty |journal=Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology|volume=91 |issue=1 |article-number=101498 |doi=10.1016/j.bjorl.2024.101498 |pmid=39332083 |pmc=11470162 }}</ref>

===Risks===
{{More citations needed|section|date=April 2015}}

Rhinoplasty is safe, yet [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] can arise. Postoperative deformities remain a primary risk with clinical data indicating revision surgery is required in 5% to 15% of cases.<ref name=":1" /> The "pollybeak" deformity, characterized by excessive supratip fullness usually involving a cartilaginous hump or loss of tip projection, is the indication for approximately 50% of all revision rhinoplasties. If too much of the osseo-cartilaginous framework is removed, the consequent weakening can cause the external nasal skin to become shapeless, resulting in a "pollybeak" deformity, resembling the beak of a [[parrot]]. Likewise, if the septum is unsupported, the bridge of the nose can sink, resulting in a "saddle nose" deformity, usually caused by over-resection of the septal L-strut, necessitating structural reconstruction with autologous cartilage or bone grafts. The tip of the nose can be over-rotated, causing the nostrils to be too visible, resulting in a [[Pig|porcine]] nose. If the cartilages of the nose tip are over-resected, it can cause a pinched-tip nose. If the columella is incorrectly cut, variable-degree numbness might result, which requires a months-long resolution. Other deformities that may result from a rhinoplasty include Rocker deformity, inverted V deformity, and open room deformity.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Raggio |first1=Blake S. |title=Open Rhinoplasty |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546628/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31536235 |last2=Asaria |first2=Jamil}}</ref>

Post-operative bleeding is uncommon, but usually resolves without treatment. [[Infection]] is rare, but, when it does occur, it might progress to become an [[abscess]] requiring the surgical drainage of the [[pus]], whilst the patient is under [[Anesthesia|general anaesthesia]]. Adhesions, [[scars]] that obstruct the airways, can form a bridge across the nasal cavity, from the [[Nasal septum|septum]] to the [[turbinates]], and lead to difficulty breathing and may require surgical removal. Furthermore, in the course of the rhinoplasty, the surgeon might [[Iatrogenesis|accidentally]] perforate the septum (septal perforation), which later can cause chronic nose bleeding, crusting of nasal fluids, difficult breathing, and whistling breathing. A [[turbinectomy]] may result in [[empty nose syndrome]].

==Non-surgical rhinoplasty==
{{Main|Non-surgical rhinoplasty}}

[[Non-surgical rhinoplasty]] is a medical procedure in which injectable fillers, such as [[collagen]] or [[hyaluronic acid]], are used to alter and shape a person's nose without [[invasive surgery]]. The procedure fills in depressed areas on the nose, lifting the angle of the tip or smoothing the appearance of bumps on the bridge.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/history |work=acmilan.com |publisher=Associazione Calcio Milan |access-date=4 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130309/http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/history| archive-date=7 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The procedure does not alter nose size, though it can be used to correct some functional [[birth defects]].

Originally developed at the turn of the twenty-first century, early attempts used biologically harmful soft-tissue fillers such as [[paraffin wax]] and [[silicone]]. After 2000, physicians use [[minimally invasive procedure|minimally invasive]] techniques using modern fillers.<ref name="LeAndrew">{{cite journal |author=Le, Andrew Tuan-anh |title=Rhinoplasty Using Injectable Polyacrylamide Gel — A Patient Study |journal=Australasian Journal of Cosmetic Surgery |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=2005}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Arslan E, Aksoy A |title=Upper lateral cartilage-sparing component dorsal hump reduction in primary rhinoplasty |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=990–6 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17545863 |doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e31805366ed |s2cid=19141198 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Boccieri A, Macro C |title=Difficult revision case: Two previous septo-rhinoplasties |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=407–9, viii |date=November 2006 |pmid=17088189 |doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2006.06.013}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Cochran CS, Ducic Y, DeFatta RJ |title=Restorative rhinoplasty in the aging patient |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=803–7 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17473672 |doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000248240.72296.b9 |s2cid=9142473 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Gruber R, Chang TN, Kahn D, Sullivan P |title=Broad nasal bone reduction: an algorithm for osteotomies |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=1044–53 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17312512 |doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000252504.65746.18|s2cid=37699763 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Gubisch W |title=Twenty-five years experience with extracorporeal septoplasty |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=230–9 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17131265 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-954841|s2cid=260135059 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Gurney TA, Kim DW |title=Applications of porcine dermal collagen (ENDURAGen) in facial plastic surgery |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=113–21, viii |date=February 2007 |pmid=17317562 |doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2006.10.007}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Hellings PW, Nolst Trenité GJ |title=Long-term patient satisfaction after revision rhinoplasty |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=985–9 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17460577 |doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e31804f8152 |s2cid=40923497 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Inanli S, Sari M, Baylancicek S |title=The use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) in rhinoplasty |journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=345–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17549553 |doi=10.1007/s00266-007-0037-z |s2cid=12792419 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Patrocínio LG, Patrocínio JA |title=Open rhinoplasty for African-American noses |journal=The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=561–6 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17350737 |doi=10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.01.011}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Pedroza F, Anjos GC, Patrocinio LG, Barreto JM, Cortes J, Quessep SH |title=Seagull wing graft: a technique for the replacement of lower lateral cartilages |journal=Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=396–403 |year=2006 |pmid=17116787 |doi=10.1001/archfaci.8.6.396|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Reilly MJ, Davison SP |title=Open vs closed approach to the nasal pyramid for fracture reduction |journal=Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=82–6 |year=2007 |pmid=17372060 |doi=10.1001/archfaci.9.2.82 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Romo T, Kwak ES |title=Difficult revision case: Overaggressive resection |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=411–5, viii |date=November 2006 |pmid=17088190 |doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2006.06.009}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Romo T, Kwak ES, Sclafani AP |title=Revision rhinoplasty using porous high-density polyethylene implants to re-establish ethnic identity |journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=679–84; discussion 685 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17093875 |doi=10.1007/s00266-006-0049-0|s2cid=34787006 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Swanepoel PF, Fysh R |title=Laminated dorsal beam graft to eliminate postoperative twisting complications |journal=Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=285–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17638765 |doi=10.1001/archfaci.9.4.285}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomson C, Mendelsohn M |title=Reducing the incidence of revision rhinoplasty |journal=The Journal of Otolaryngology |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=130–4 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17459286 |doi=}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Thornton MA, Mendelsohn M |title=Total skeletal reconstruction of the nasal dorsum |journal=Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery |volume=132 |issue=11 |pages=1183–8 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17116812 |doi=10.1001/archotol.132.11.1183 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Toriumi DM |title=Difficult revision case: Foreshortened nose and severe alar retraction, two prior rhinoplasty surgeries. |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=401–6, viii |date=November 2006 |pmid=17088188 |doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2006.06.012}}
{{refend}}

{{Respiratory system procedures}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nose surgery]]
[[Category:Plastic surgery]]

Vishvarupa

2026-04-23T17:21:40Z

Xavierncr:

{{Short description|Universal form of vishnu in Hinduism}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Bazaar art print of Bhavadgita, c. mid-1900's.jpg|thumb|Arjuna bows to the Vishvarupa of Vishnu-Krishna.]]
'''Vishvarupa''' ({{Langx|sa|विश्वरूप|lit=universal form|translit=Viśvarūpa}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Vishvarupa, Viśvarūpā, Visvarupa, Viśvarūpa, Vishva-rupa: 25 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vishvarupa |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> also spelt as '''Vishwaroopa''' and known as '''Virāḍrūpa''', is an [[iconographical]] form and [[theophany]] of a Hindu deity [[Vishnu]] in contemporary [[Hinduism]]. Though there are multiple Vishvarupa theophanies, the most celebrated is in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', given by [[Krishna]] in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which was shown to Pandava prince [[Arjuna]] on the battlefield of [[Kurukshetra]] in the [[Kurukshetra War|war]] between the [[Pandava]]s and [[Kaurava]]s. Vishvarupa is considered the supreme form of Vishnu, where the whole universe is described as contained within him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wisdomlib.org |date=2020-05-08 |title=Verse 11.16 [Bhagavad-gita] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shrimad-bhagavad-gita/d/doc420114.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Literary descriptions==
[[File:Visnu Visvarupa, 5th century CE, Mathura.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Early ''Visnu Visvarupa'': Vishnu as three-headed cosmic creator, showing Vishnu with a human head, flanked by his avatars (the head of a lion for [[Narasimha]], the muzzle of a boar for [[Varaha]]), with a multitude of beings on his aureole, symbol of the emanations resulting from his creative power. 5th century CE, [[Art of Mathura]]<ref name="CS">For English summary, see page 80 {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}</ref>]]

=== ''Bhagavad Gita'' ===

In the [[Kurukshetra War|climactic war]] in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]] and his brothers fight against their cousins, the [[Kauravas]], with Krishna as Arjuna's charioteer. Faced with the moral dilemma of whether or not to fight against and kill his own family, Arjuna has a crisis of conscience. To appease him, Krishna discourses with Arjuna about life and death as well as [[dharma]] (duty) and [[yoga]] in form of the ''Bhagavad Gita''. In chapters 10 and 11, Krishna reveals himself as the [[King of the gods|Supreme Being]] and finally displays his Vishvarupa to Arjuna. Arjuna experiences the vision of the Vishvarupa with divine vision endowed to him by Krishna. Vishvarupa's appearance is described by Arjuna, as he witnesses it.<ref name="Howard pp. 58-60">Howard pp. 58–60</ref><ref name="Sharma2004">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Chakravarthi |last2=Sharma |first2=Rajani |last3=Sharma |first3=Mrs. Rajani |title=Self Offerings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAfrlQ1cUR8C&pg=PA16 |access-date=8 December 2012 |year=2004 |isbn=9781418475024 |pages=18–19|publisher=AuthorHouse }}</ref>

Vishvarupa has innumerable forms, eyes, faces, mouths and arms. All creatures of the [[universe]] are part of him. He is the infinite universe, without a beginning or an end. He contains peaceful as well as wrathful forms. Unable to bear the scale of the sight and gripped with fear, Arjuna requests Krishna to return to his four-armed Vishnu form, which he can bear to see.<ref name="Howard pp. 58-60"/><ref name="Sharma2004"/><ref>Srinivasan pp. 20–1</ref> Fully encouraged by the teachings and [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of Krishna in his full form, Arjuna continues the Mahabharata War.<ref name="Sharma2004"/><ref name="Competition2004">{{cite book |last1=Competition |first1=Sura College of |last2=Padmanabhan |first2=M. |last3=Shankar |first3= Meera Ravi |title=Tales of Krishna from Mahabharata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39TA4-XyaQkC&dq=Vishwaroopa+Darshan&pg=PT93 |access-date=8 December 2012 |year=2004 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=9788174784179 |page=88}}</ref>

=== ''Mahabharata'' ===
[[File:Vishvarupa Vishnu, Kingdom of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, 6th century CE.jpg|thumb|250px|Vishvarupa Vishnu, Kingdom of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, 6th century CE]]

There are two more descriptions in the ''Mahabharata'', where Krishna or Vishnu-[[Narayana]] offers the theophany similar to the Vishvarupa in the ''Bhagavad Gita''. When negotiations between Pandavas and Kauravas break down with Krishna as the Pandava messenger, Krishna declares that he is more than human and displays his cosmic form to the Kaurava leader [[Duryodhana]] and his assembly. Vishvarupa-Krishna appears with many arms and holds many weapons and attributes traditionally associated with Vishnu like the conch, the [[Sudarshana chakra]], the [[gada (weapon)|gada]] (mace), his bow, his sword [[Nandaka]]. The inside of his body is described. Various deities (including [[Vasus]], [[Rudras]], [[Adityas]], [[Dikpalas]]), sages and tribes (especially those opposing the Kauravas, including the Pandavas) are seen in his body. This form is described as terrible and only people blessed with divine vision could withstand the sight.<ref>Srinivasan p. 135</ref>

The other theophany of Vishnu (Narayana) is revealed to the divine sage [[Narada]]. The theophany is called ''Vishvamurti''. The god has a thousand eyes, a hundred heads, a thousand feet, a thousand bellies, a thousand arms and several mouths. He holds weapons as well as attributes of an ascetic like sacrificial fire, a staff, a [[kamandalu]] (water pot).<ref name="Srinivasan p. 136">Srinivasan p. 136</ref>

Another theophany in the ''Mahabharata'' is of a [[Vaishnava]] (related to Vishnu or Krishna) form. It misses the multiple body parts of Vishvarupa, but conveys the vastness and cosmic nature of the deity. His head covers the sky. His two feet cover all ground. His two arms encompass the horizontal space. His belly occupies the reattaining space in the universe.<ref name="Srinivasan p. 136"/>

=== Other texts ===
Vishvarupa is also stated as the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', as Vishnu's consisting form of all gods. During a [[Hindu mythological wars|Devasura war]], he took this form and slew the demons (including Taraka and [[Mayasura|Maya]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=harivamsham 40 |url=http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/hv_1_40.html |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=mahabharata-resources.org}}</ref>

Vishvarupa is also used in the context of Vishnu's "dwarf" avatar, [[Vamana]] in another part in the ''Harivamsa''. Vamana, arrives at the asura king [[Mahabali|Bali]]'s sacrifice as a dwarf [[Brahmin]] boy and asks for three steps of land as donation. Where the promise is given, Vamana transforms into his Vishvarupa, containing various deities in his body. The Sun and the Moon are his eyes. The Earth his feet and heaven is his head. Various deities; celestial beings like [[Vasus]], [[Maruts]], [[Ashvins]], [[Yakshas]], [[Gandharvas]], [[Apsara]]s; [[Vedas|Vedic scriptures]] and sacrifices are contained in his body. With two of his strides, he gains heaven and Earth and places the third on Bali's head, who accepts his mastership. Bali is then pushed to the realm of [[Patala]] (underworld).<ref name="Soifer1991">{{cite book|author=Deborah A. Soifer|title=The Myths of Narasiṁha and Vāmana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YoydqgcseYC&pg=PA137|access-date=9 December 2012|year=1991|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0800-1|pages=135–8}}</ref>

==Development==
The name ''{{IAST|Viśvarūpa}}'' ({{Langx|sa|विश्वरूप}}) is composed from [[Vishnu|viśva]] and [[rūpa]]. Taken together, it refers to an omniscient form that pervades the entire universe. It first appears as a name of [[Trisiras]], the three-headed son of [[Tvastr]], the Vedic creator-god who grants form to all beings.<ref>Howard p. 57</ref> In the ''[[Rig Veda]]'', he is described as generating many forms and containing several forms in his womb.<ref name="Srinivasan p. 6">Srinivasan p. 6</ref> The epithet ''Vishvarupa'' is also used for other deities like [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] (Rig Veda), [[Prajapati]] (Atharva Veda), [[Rudra]] ([[Upanishad]]) and the abstract [[Brahman]] (''[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]]'').<ref>Srinivasan pp. 27, 37, 131</ref> The ''[[Atharva Veda]]'' uses the word with a different connotation – a bride is blessed to be ''vishvarupa'' (all-formed) - to be showered with glory and offspring.<ref name="Srinivasan p. 6"/>

Then, Vishvarupa is revealed in the [[Bhagavad Gita|Srimad ''Bhagavad Gita'']] and then the ''[[Puranas]]'' in connection to Vishnu-Krishna. However, these literary sources do not detail the iconography of Vishvarupa.<ref>Howard p. 60</ref> The ''Bhagavad Gita'' may be inspired by the description of [[Purusha]] as thousand-headed, thousand-eyed and thousand-footed or a cosmic Vishnu ("creator of the universe").<ref>Srinivasan pp. 20-1, 134</ref>

Vishvarupa is mentioned as Vishnu's avatar in [[Pañcaratra]] texts like the ''[[Satvata Samhita]]'' and the ''[[Ahirbudhnya Samhita]]'' (which mention 39 avatars) as well as the ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'', that mentions 14 avatars.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=5 October 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=459}}</ref>

Vishvarupa is also interpreted as "the story of evolution", as the individual evolves in this world doing more and more with time. The Vishvarupa is a cosmic representation of gods and goddesses, sages and asuras, good and the bad as we perceive in our own particular perspective of existence in this world.<ref name="BeckerBecker2010">{{cite book|author1=Carl Becker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ll6rZOoYiSEC&pg=PA330|title=A Modern Theory of Evolution|author2=J Becker Carl J Becker|date=8 April 2010|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4502-2449-9|pages=330–|access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref>

==Iconography==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Shivas Kinder - 0191.jpg
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| caption1 = Changu Narayan temple Vishvarupa
| image2 = Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Vishvarupa with many heads, arms and legs, c.1740, [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
| footer =
}}

=== Early depictions ===
The literary sources mentions that Vishvarupa has "multiple" or "thousand/hundred" (numeric equivalent of conveying infinite in literary sources) heads and arms, but do not give a specific number of body parts that can be depicted.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Water, Source of 'Genesis' and the End Macro and Micro Viṣṇu in the Hymns of the Āḻvārs|url=https://www.academia.edu/44602573|journal=The Medieval History Journal|date=January 2020|volume=23|issue=2|page=296|doi=10.1177/0971945820956583|s2cid=227240912|language=en}}</ref> Early Gupta and post-Gupta sculptors were faced with difficulty of portraying infiniteness and multiple body parts in a feasible way.<ref>Srinivasan p. 137</ref> Arjuna's description of Vishvarupa gave iconographers two options: Vishvarupa as a multi-headed and multi-armed god or all components of the universe displayed in the body of the deity.<ref name="Howard p. 63">Howard p. 63</ref> Early Vishvarupa chose the former, while Buddhist images of a Cosmic [[Buddha]] were displayed in the latter format. An icon, discovered in [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]] dated to c. 600, has seven figures all appearing interlinked to each other. Though the icon mirrors the Vishvarupa of Vishnu, it is actually a rare image of the Vishvarupa of Shiva.<ref name="Howard p. 63"/>

Vishvarupa becomes crystallized as an icon in the early Vishnu cult by the time of [[Gupta]]s (6th century CE). The first known image of Vishvarupa is a Gupta stone image from the Mathura school, found in Bhankari, [[Angarh district]], dated c. 430-60 CE. The Gupta sculptor is inspired by the ''Bhagavad Gita'' description. Visvarupa has three heads: a human (centre), a lion (the head of [[Narasimha]], the man-lion avatar of Vishnu) and a boar (the head of [[Varaha]], the boar avatar of Vishnu) and four arms. Multiple beings and Vishnu's various avatars emerge from the main figure, accompanying half of the 38 cm (high) X 47 cm (wide) stela. Another early image (70 cm high) is present in the [[Changu Narayan]] temple, [[Nepal]], dated 5th-6th century. The central image is ten-headed and ten-armed and is surrounded by the three regions of Hindu cosmology, [[Svarga]] (heavenly realms, upper portion of the stone relief), [[Prithvi]] (the earth, the middle) and [[Patala]] (the underworld, the bottom) and corresponding beings gods, humans and animals and [[Nāga|nagas]] and spirits respectively. The figures on his right are demonic while on the left are divine, representing the dichotomy of his form. A similar early image is also found at and the Varaha Temple, [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>Howard pp. 60-1</ref> A 5th century Garhwa image shows Vishvarupa with six arms and three visible heads: a horse (centre, [[Hayagriva]]-avatar of Vishnu), a lion and a boar. Possibly a fourth head existed which popped up from the horse head. An aureole of human head surround the central heads. Flames emitting from the figure, illustrating its blazing nature as described by Arjuna.<ref>Srinivasan p. 138</ref> Three Vishvarupa icons from [[Shamalaji]], [[Gujarat]] dated sixth century have three visible animal heads and eight arms, with a band of beings emanating from the upper part of the deity forming an aureole. Unlike other icons which are in standing position, the Shamalaji icons are in a crouching position, as though giving birth and is similar to icons of birth-giving mother goddesses in posture. The posture may convey the idea that he is giving birth to the beings radiating from him, though none of them are near his lower area.<ref>Srinivasan pp. 138-40</ref>

=== Scriptural iconographic descriptions ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = A Vishva-rupa print.jpg
| width1 = 210
| alt1 =
| caption1 = c.1900s Vishvarupa lithograph
| image2 = Vishnu Vishvarupa.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Vishvarupa with the three realms: heaven (head to belly), earth (groin), underworld (legs), c. 1800-50, [[Jaipur]]
| footer =
}}

The ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'' prescribes that Vishvarupa have four arms and should have as many as arms that can be possibly depicted.<ref>Srinivasan p. 140</ref> A 12th-century sculpture of Vishvarupa from [[Rajasthan]] shows a fourteen-armed Vishnu riding his mount [[Garuda]]. The image has three visible human heads, unlike the early sculptures which include animal ones.<ref name="ArtPal1989">{{cite book|author1=Los Angeles County Museum of Art|author2=MR Pratapaditya Pal|title=Indian Sculpture (700-1800): A Catalog of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fvKVDxcJoUC&pg=PA132|access-date=9 December 2012|date=1 February 1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06477-5|page=132}}</ref> Some iconographic treatises prescribe a fourth demonic head at the back, however this is generally not depicted in iconography.<ref name="ArtPal1989" />

Another iconography prescribes that Vishvarupa be depicted with four faces: male (front, east), lion/Narasimha (south), boar/Varaha (north) and woman (back/west). He should ride his Garuda. He has twenty arms: a left and right arm outstretched in ''pataka-hasta'' and another pair in ''yoga-mudra'' pose. The other fourteen hold hala (plough), shankha (conch), [[vajra]] (thunderbolt), [[ankusha]] (goad), arrow, [[sudarshana chakra]], a lime fruit, [[danda]] (staff), [[pasha]] (noose), [[gada (weapon)|gada]] (mace), sword, lotus, horn, [[musala]] (pestle), [[akshamala]] (rosary). A hand is held in [[varada]] [[mudra]] (boon-giving gesture).<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=T.A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |volume=1: Part I|year=1916|publisher=Law Printing House|location=Madras|page=258|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924071128825#page/n667/mode/2up}}</ref>

In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', another description of this cosmic form is given by [[Shuka|Suka]] to Parikshit. This form is known as Vairājaḥ Puruṣaḥ. This cosmic form is described as having the sole of his feet as patāla, his heels and toes as rasātala, ankles form the mahātala, while his shanks are talātala, sutāla is the knees, lower part of thigh is ''vitala'' and the upper part is ''atala''. The earth (''bhuloka'') is his hips and the navel vault is the sky (''bhuvarloka''). His chest is the ''svargaloka'', with stars. His neck is ''maharloka'', his mouth the ''janaloka'', his forehead the ''tapaloka'' and his head the ''[[satyaloka]]'', abode of Brahma.<ref>Motilal Bansaridas Publishers Bhagavata Purana, Book 1 Skandha II 156-157</ref>

=== Depictions in Nepal ===
{{Vaishnavism}}

The artistic imagination of Hindu artists of Nepal has created iconic Vishvarupa images, expressing "sacred terror", as expressed by Arjuna. Vishvarupa has twenty heads arranged in tiers. They include Vishnu's animal avatars [[Matsya]] (fish), [[Kurma]] (tortoise), Varaha (boar), Narasimha (lion) as well as heads of [[vahana|''vahanas'']] (mounts) of Hindu deities: elephant (of [[Indra]]), eagle ([[Garuda]] of Vishnu), swan ([[Hamsa (bird)|Hansa]] of [[Brahma]]) and [[Nandi (bull)|bull]] (of [[Shiva]]). Among the human heads, Vishnu's avatars as [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], Krishna and [[Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]. His two main hands hold the sun and the moon. He has ten visible legs and three concentric rings of hands accounting to 58. Other artistic representations of Vishvarupa in Nepal have varying number of heads, hands and legs and some have even attributes of [[Mahakala]] and [[Bhairava]], such as flaying knife and [[Kapala|skull bowl]]. Other attributes shown are arrows, bows, bell, [[vajra]], sword with shield, umbrella and canopy. Another terrifying feature is a face on the belly that gorges a human being.<ref name="Linrothe2004">{{Cite book|last1= Linrothe|first1=h Robert N |last2= Watt|first2= Jeff|last3= Rhie|first3= Marylin M.|title= Demonic Divine: Himalayan Art and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jevte7eDc60C&dq=Vishvarupa&pg=PA240|access-date=9 December 2012|year=2004|publisher= Serindia Publications, Inc|isbn=9781932476088|pages =242, 297}}</ref>

=== Modern depictions ===
In modern [[calendar art]], Vishvarupa is depicted having many heads, each a different aspect of the divine. Some of the heads breathe fire indicating destructive aspects of God. Many deities are seen on his various body parts. His many hands hold various weapons. Often Arjuna features in this scene bowing to Vishvarupa.<ref name="Pattanaik2009">{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=7 Secrets of Hindu Calendar Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNbRjX1ZisUC&pg=PP59|access-date=10 December 2012|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Westland Ltd./HOV Services|isbn=978-81-89975-67-8}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Jyotisar]], where Krishna revealed the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' to Arjuna, has a {{convert|40|feet}} tall statue of Krishna in ''viratswaroop'' (vishvarupa) made of ''[[ashtadhatu]]'' (eight metals).<ref name="virat1">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/work-to-install-lord-krishnas-statue-begins-268702 Work to install Lord Krishna’s statue begins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041945/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/work-to-install-lord-krishnas-statue-begins-268702 |date=5 April 2023 }}, The Tribune, 15 June 2021.</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the ''[[Infinity Horizon]]'' universe, Vishva-Rupa is the name of a highly organized, eusocial civilization that inhabits the upper atmosphere of the gas giant Grro Thum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishva-Rupa|url=https://infinityhorizon.wiki/vishva-rupa/|website=[[Infinity Horizon Wiki]]|access-date=March 27, 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Macranthropy]]
* [[Microcosm–macrocosm analogy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|author=Howard, Angela Falco |title=The Imagery of the Cosmological Buddha|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUFCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62|access-date=8 December 2012|year=1986|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-07612-9|chapter=Possible Brahmanic Influences in the cosmological Buddha}}
* {{cite book|author=Srinivasan, Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA138|access-date=8 December 2012|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10758-8}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Viśvarūpa}}
{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Forms of Krishna]]
[[Category:Theophany]]

Musheerabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:22Z

Xavierncr: added basic article more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| name = Musheerabad
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (57-Musheerabad highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Musheerabad Assembly constituency within Telangana
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| division =
| constituency_no = 57
| loksabha_cons = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Muta Gopal]]
| party = {{party index link|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = 2,75,016
| reservation = None
}}

'''Musheerabad Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the fifteen constituencies in the capital city of [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]. It is part of [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[K. Laxman|Dr. K. Laxman]], president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] unit of Telangana has represented the constituency twice. [[Muta Gopal]] won the 2023 election.

==Extent of the constituency==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following neighbourhoods:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| '''[[Musheerabad]]'''
|-
| [[Chikkadpally]]
|-
| [[Ashok Nagar, Hyderabad|Ashok Nagar]]
|-
| [[Domalguda]]
|-
| [[Ramnagar, Hyderabad|Ramnagar]]
|-
| [[Kavadiguda]]
|-
| [[Azamabad, Hyderabad|Azamabad]]
|-
| [[Parsigutta]]
|-
| [[Adikmet]]
|-
| [[Nallakunta]] (part)
|-
| ''[[Bagh Lingampally]]'' (part)
|-
| [[Vidyanagar]] (part)
|-
| [[Bholakpur]] (part)
|-
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
Members of Legislative State Assembly, who represented Musheerabad.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/musheerabad.html MLA list]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[G. S. Melkote]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| K. Seethiah Gupta
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Tanguturi Anjaiah]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Nayani Narasimha Reddy]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Sripathi Rajeshwar Rao]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Nayani Narasimha Reddy
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | [[M. Kodanda Reddy]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[K. Laxman]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Nayani Narasimha Reddy]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| 2008^
| rowspan="2" | [[T. Manemma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[K. Laxman]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Muta Gopal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Musheerabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|candidate= [[Muta Gopal]]
|votes= 75207
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]|votes=37,410|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Poosa Raju|votes=35,423|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=37,797|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Musheerabad<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34784/239 Musheerabad Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=[[Muta Gopal]]
|votes=72,997
|percentage=50.42%
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Anil Kumar Yadav|votes=36,087|percentage=24.93%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[K. Laxman|Dr. K. Laxman]]|votes=30,813|percentage=21.28%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,664|percentage=1.15%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=36,910|percentage=25.8%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,44,770|percentage=52.82%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Musheerabad (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34784/239 Musheerabad Results]</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[K. Laxman|Dr. K. Laxman]]
| votes =65,209
| percentage = 43.5%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = M. Gopal
| votes =37,823
| percentage =25.3%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = P. Vinay Kumar
| votes = 26,808
| percentage = 17.9%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 27,386
| percentage = -
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,50,884
| percentage =54.9%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Musheerabad (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30468|title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Musheerabad 2009}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = T. Manemma
| votes = 45,966
| percentage = 34.62%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[K. Laxman|Dr. K. Laxman]]
| votes = 31,123
| percentage = 23.44%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Nayini Narsimha Reddy
| votes = 21,967
| percentage = 16.55%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = P.V. Ashok Kumar
| votes = 16,300
| percentage = 12.28%
| change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Trivia==
* [[Tanguturi Anjaiah|T. Anjaiah]], former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] represented the constituency three times in 1962, 1967 and 1972.
* [[Naini Narshimha Reddy|N. Narsimha Reddy]], the first [[List of cabinet ministers of Telangana|Home Minister of Telangana]], represented the constituency for two terms as a [[Janata Party]] candidate and one time as a [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] candidate.

==See also==
* [[Musheerabad]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.417|78.501|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Majaz Lakhnawi

2026-04-14T12:10:40Z

Xavierncr: added some pg w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian Urdu poet (1911–1955)}}
{{For|the 2017 Indian film about the poet|Majaz: Ae Gham-e-Dil Kya Karun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Majaz Lakhnawi
| image = Majaz.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Majaz
| birth_date = 19 October 1911
| birth_place = [[Rudauli]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 5 December 1955 (aged 44)
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Poet
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = [[Urdu poetry]], [[Ghazal]], [[nazm]], [[Geet (song)|geet]]
| subject = [[Lust]], [[philosophy]], [[revolution]]
| movement = [[Progressive Writers' Movement]]
| relatives = [[Hamida Salim]] (sister) [[Ansar Harvani]] (brother) [[Javed Akhtar]] (nephew) [[Salman Akhtar]] (nephew) [[Farhan Akhtar]] (grandnephew)
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Asrar-ul-Haq''' (19 October 1911 – 5 December 1955), better known as '''Majaz Lakhnawi''', was an Indian [[Urdu poets|Urdu poet]]. He is known for his [[Romanticism|romantic]] and [[revolutionary poetry]]. He composed ''[[ghazal]]s'' and ''[[nazm]]s'' in [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. He was the maternal uncle of poet and screenplay writer [[Javed Akhtar]] and Indian-American psychoanalyst [[Salman Akhtar]].<ref name=BS>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/a-poet-for-all-times-majaz-lakhnavi-column-bookends-114060100190_1.html|title=A poet for all times: Majaj Lakhnavi|author=IANS|date=1 June 2014|newspaper=Business Standard newspaper|access-date=6 February 2026|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927115540/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/a-poet-for-all-times-majaz-lakhnavi-column-bookends-114060100190_1.html}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Majaz was born on 19 October 1911 at [[Rudauli]] in [[Ayodhya district]] of what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Dawn/>{{sfn|Coppola|1981|p=48}} His family were a branch of a land-owning gentry family, but were not wealthy. His brother [[Ansar Harvani]] was a journalist and he had two older sisters, namely Safia and [[Hamida Salim|Hamida]].{{efn|[[Hamida Salim|Hamida]] wrote an account of her family titled ''Hum Paanch Thay'' (We Were Five).{{sfn|Jalil|2014}}}} Safia was the wife of poet [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]. Thus, Majaz was the maternal uncle of [[Javed Akhtar]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014}}<ref name=":1" />

Majaz suffered from a hearing impairment even as a child, and probably for this reason, he tended to be somewhat difficult, with erratic behavior; he was moody and also a [[loner]].<ref name=Dawn/> He had the habit of staying awake all night and doing most of his work then; as a result, his earned the nickname "Jaggan Bhaiyya" ("stays-awake brother" in Hindi). According to a major newspaper of the region, "With hindsight one could deduce that he had the marks of a [[Bipolar disorder|bipolar mental disorder]] that became more pronounced as he grew older and his life began to fall apart".<ref name=Dawn/>

Majaz's father, Seraj-ul-Haq, was a university graduate at a time when this was rare; he joined government service, serving in the middle ranks of the registration department, and finally reached the rank of Assistant Registrar. He was posted mainly in [[Lucknow]], but since his aged parents needed attention, he kept his wife and children in the ancestral house at Rudauli, which is not far from [[Lucknow]], and he would visit them about twice a month. Thus, Majaz grew up mainly in Rudauli and received his basic education there. In the late 1920s, his father was transferred to [[Agra]]. Since his parents were no more, and since Agra was too far from Rudauli for frequent visits, Seraj-ul-Haq decided to take his wife and children with him.

Majaz completed school in [[Agra]] in 1929, and enrolled in St. John's Intermediate College. Almost immediately, his father was transferred to [[Aligarh]], and the family moved again, leaving Majaz in a hostel. The young Majaz was given a cash allowance for the first time in his life, and freedom from his mother's adoring but eagle surveillance.<ref name=Dawn/> He behaved like many teenagers of his age, neglected his studies, spent his time and money the way he liked, and failed his exams. Yet, his time was spent not on games or in disreputable activities, but in attending ''[[mushaira]]s'' (poetry symposia) and [[Music concert|music concerts]]. It was at this time that he came in contact with both senior and upcoming poets of Agra, including [[Fani Badayuni]], [[Ale Ahmad Suroor]] and Jazbi. With difficulty, Majaz finally cleared his intermediate exams in 1931, and rejoined his parents in Aligarh, where his father got him enrolled for BA at [[Aligarh Muslim University]],<ref name=Dawn/> his subjects being philosophy, economics and Urdu. He graduated in 1936, again taking a year more than he should have.<ref name=MT>{{cite news|url=http://muslimstoday.in/asrar-ul-haq-majaz-a-journey-of-love-hope-and-nationalism/ |title=Asrar-ul-Haq Majaj - A Journey of Love, Hope and Nationalism|newspaper=Muslims Today newspaper|author=Inam Abidi|date=12 December 2011|access-date=4 February 2026|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713141545/http://muslimstoday.in/asrar-ul-haq-majaz-a-journey-of-love-hope-and-nationalism/}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Aahang Autograph Copy.jpg|thumb|''Aahang'', a self autographed copy by Majaz.]]
The years that Majaz spent in [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) coincided with the presence there of many important poets and writers of Urdu. AMU was indeed a nursery of literary talent during those years. Here he came in contact with the [[Progressive Writers' Movement]] under [[Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf|K. M. Ashraf]] and [[Abdul Aleem (professor)|Abdul Aleem]].{{sfn|Coppola|1981|p=48}} Majaz lived and wrote in times which were exceptionally vibrant for poetry; Urdu-language poets such as [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], [[Fani Badayuni]], Jazbi, [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin|Makhdoom]], [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Ismat Chughtai]], and [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] were among his peers.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="MT" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2021-10-19|title=Remembering Majaz Lakhnavi, the Keats of Urdu poetry|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/remembering-majaz-lakhnavi-the-keats-of-urdu-poetry-7579989/|access-date=2026-02-06|newspaper=The Indian Express newspaper|author=Faisal Fareed|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019110148/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/remembering-majaz-lakhnavi-the-keats-of-urdu-poetry-7579989/}}</ref> They were not merely his contemporaries but close friends as well. Others such as [[Josh Malihabadi|Josh]] and [[Firaq Gorakhpuri|Firaq]] knew him well. His first diwan, ''Ahang'', is dedicated to Faiz and Jazbi whom he calls his "dil-o-jigar," and to [[Ali Sardar Jafri|Sardar Jafri]] and Makhdoom, who are "mere dast-o-bazu." Faiz wrote a thoughtful prelude to ''Ahang''.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1024394/column-the-lonely-poet-majaz |title=The lonely poet: Majaz|author=Mehr Afshan Farooqi|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|date=14 July 2013|access-date=4 February 2026|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717164731/https://www.dawn.com/news/1024394/column-the-lonely-poet-majaz}}</ref>

Majaz abandoned his MA in Aligarh due to financial reasons and moved to [[Delhi]] where he worked as sub-editor for the journal, ''Awaaz'' (Call). Here he became actively involved with the Delhi branch of the Progressive Writers' Association run by [[Shahid Ahmad Dehlvi]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=254}} He also worked for the [[All India Radio]] for a year<ref name=MT/> before moving to [[Bombay]], where he worked in the Department of Information for the Government of Bombay.{{sfn|Coppola|1981|p=49}}

In 1937, he returned to Lucknow and along with Jafri and [[Sibte Hassan]] founded the literary magazine, ''Parcham'' (Flag) which ran only for a single issue.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=258}} In Lucknow, he also worked on the editorial staff of journals like ''Halqa-e-Adab'' (Circle of Literature) and in ''Naya Adab'' (New Literature) along with Jafri and Sibte Hassan.{{sfn|Coppola|1981|p=49}}

===Commemorative postage stamp===
[[File:Majaz 2008 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Majaz on 2008 postage stamp of India]]
In 2008, [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative postage stamp honoring his contributions to Indian literature.<ref name=MT/>

One of his poetic verses shown on this postage stamp is:
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left: 2em;">
Bakhshi Hain Hum Ko Ishq Ne Woh Jurra'tain Majaz
Darte Nahin Siasat-e-Ahle-Jahan Say Hum<ref name=MT/>
</poem>

Translation:
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left: 2em;">
Majaz, love has blessed us with such courage
I am not even afraid of any politics by this world
</poem>

From another poem ''Aawaara'':

<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left: 2em;">
Shehar Ki Raat Aur Mein Naashad O Naakara Phirun
Jagmagaati Jaagti Sadkaun Pe Aawara Phirun
Ghair Ki Basti Hai Kab Tak Dar-Badar Maara Phirun
Ae Gham-e-Dil Kya Karun, Ae Wahshat-e-Dil Kya Karun<ref name=":1" />
</poem>

==Death==
[[File:Majaz Grave.jpg|thumb|Majaz's grave at Nishatganj Graveyard in [[Lucknow]].]]
Majaz died on 5 December 1955,<ref name=Dawn/> while the first Students' Urdu Convention was underway in Lucknow. His condolence meeting was held on 7 December 1955 in the [[Rifa-e-Aam Club|Rifah-e-Aam Hall]] and was attended by poets and writers from all over India.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=264}}

Due to his heavy drinking over a failed love life, he had a tragic death.<ref name=":1" /> On the night of his death, according to a newspaper, "Majaz's friends took him to a tavern in [[Lalbagh Fort|Lalbagh]] where they all drank on the rooftop. One by one they all left leaving Majaz alone in the cold winter night. The next morning he was rushed to the hospital where doctors diagnosed a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|brain hemorrhage]] and [[pneumonia]]".<ref name=MT/> Majaz died that night.

He was buried in a cemetery in Lucknow. His grave bears a verse from one of his ghazals written in 1945:<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=264}}

<blockquote>And after this there is morn and the new morning Majaz With me ends the eve of sorrows of Lucknow.</blockquote>

==Major works==
Majaz's collection of poems include:{{sfn|Coppola|1981|p=49}}
* ''Ahang'' (Melody) - 1938<ref name=Dawn/>
* ''Shab-e-tar'' (Dark Night) - 1945
* ''Saaz-e-Nau'' (New Musical Instruments) - 1949
* ''Tarana'' (anthem) ''Yeh Mera Chaman, Yeh Mera Chaman'' of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<ref name=":1" />
* ''Noora Nurse'' Poem
* ''Aawara'' Poem<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
* In memory of the poet a book launch of, ''Majaz Aur Uski Shaayeri'', edited by [[Salman Akhtar]] was held in collaboration with [[The Nehru Centre, London]] and [[Aligarh Muslim University]] Alumni Association (UK). The programme included video clippings on Majaz including comments by [[Hamida Salim]] (Majaz's sister) and [[Ali Sardar Jafri]] (Majaaz's friend and contemporary poet), a speech by Parvaiz Alam (broadcaster and dramatist), a lecture Majaz – Teen Daayeron ka Shayer by Akhtar, and Kalam-e-Majaz sung by Nasser Harvani and Majaz's nephew from New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=In memory of the legendary Urdu poet Asrarul Haq Majaaz (1913-54): Book launch of 'Majaaz Aur Uski Shaayari'|url=http://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/events/details/article/in-memory-of-the-legendary-urdu-poet-asrarul-haq-majaaz-1913-54-book-launch-majaaz-aur-uski-shaa.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221165526/http://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/events/details/article/in-memory-of-the-legendary-urdu-poet-asrarul-haq-majaaz-1913-54-book-launch-majaaz-aur-uski-shaa.html|archive-date=21 February 2014|access-date=6 February 2026 |website=Nehrucentre.org.uk}}</ref>
* [[Kahkashan]] lit. Galaxy, A calassic doordarshan biographical telefilm based on the life stories of a Galaxy of Poets covers Majaz's major life events and poetry, narrated by [[Ali Sardar Jafri]]. This play portrays the stages of 'Zuhoor', 'Urooj' and then 'Zawaal' of Majaz, furthered by the general deterioration.
* A [[dastangoi]] based on Majaz's life and poetry was performed by [[Ankit Chadha]] and [[Himanshu Bajpai]]<ref>[http://tehelkahindi.com/dastangoi-on-majaz-lakhnav/?singlepage=1 नई दास्तान, नया दास्तानगो!]. [[Tehelka|Tehelka Hindi]] (19 November 2014). Retrieved on 2018-11-13.</ref> This narrative introduces the audience to Majaz, his childhood, his fame at AMU, his days in Delhi, his love, his poetry and most importantly his vagabondism.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Farzand|date=27 October 2014|title=The premier show of Dastan-e-Majaz in Lucknow left everyone sobbing|url=http://shahernama.com/the-premier-show-of-dastan-e-majaz-in-lucknow-left-everyone-sobbing/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219233903/http://shahernama.com/the-premier-show-of-dastan-e-majaz-in-lucknow-left-everyone-sobbing/|archive-date=2015-02-19|website=Shahernama.com website|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref> The story was told through accounts of the poet's relatives, friends and acquaintances.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Dastangoi-returns-home-to-Lucknow/articleshow/44872414.cms Dastangoi returns home to Lucknow] The Times of India (19 October 2014). Retrieved 30 October 2021</ref>
*''[[Majaz: Ae Gham-e-Dil Kya Karun]]'', is a 2017 Indian biographical film directed by [[Ravindra Singh (film director)|Ravindra Singh]] about Majaz.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 March 2015|url-status=dead|title=Majaz - Ae Gham-e-Dil Kya Karun - Feature film on "Majaz" to be released soon|url=http://www.muslimissues.com/feature-film-on-majaz-to-be-released-in-next-month/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518001334/http://www.muslimissues.com/feature-film-on-majaz-to-be-released-in-next-month/|archive-date=18 May 2015|access-date=2026-02-04|website=Muslimissues.com website}}</ref>
*A poem ''Yeh Mera Chaman, Yeh Mera Chaman'' by Majaz is now the anthem for Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name=":1" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Cited sources==
* {{Cite journal|last=Coppola|first=Carlo|date=1981|title=Asrarul Haq Majaz: The Progressive Poet as Revolutionary Romantic|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23330208|journal=Indian Literature|volume=24|issue=4|pages=46–62|jstor=23330208|issn=0019-5804}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_2HngEACAAJ|title=Liking Progress, Loving Change: A Literary History of the Progressive Writers' Movement in Urdu|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-809673-3|language=en}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|isbn=9788176505284|title=Majaz Aur Uski Shayari|publisher=Star publications, New Dekhi|year=2012}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://aligarians.com/category/poets/majaz-lucknawi/ Biography of Majaz] at Aligarians.com
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zcif4Ip4-O8&index=1&list=PL4Lg0-essiw0o7fl0fYdMjOe5YiMAcH_K Listen and Explore Majaz] at SahityaStudio

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh|Rudaulvi, Majaz]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Badaun Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:15Z

Xavierncr: Added new post...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badaun
| constituency_no = 115
| map_image = 115-Badaun.svg
| mla = [[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| established = 1956
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Badaun district|Badaun]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 313,196 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Badaun Assembly constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|bəd̪aːjũː}}) is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Badaun district|Badaun]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 115.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/badaun.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Badaun Assembly constituency is KCs Binawar, Kunwargaon, Budaun MB & Kunwargaon NP of Budaun Tehsil; PCs Wazirganj, Lahra Ladpur, Sursena, Kaser Panauta, Bankota, Kallia Kazampur, Rota, Karkatpur, Gotha of 4-Satsai KC & Wazirganj NP of Bisauli Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || - || - || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Tika Ram || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Rukum Singh || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || M. A. Ahmad || [[Republic Party Of India]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Krishan Swaroop || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Purshottam Lal || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Krishan Swaroop || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Shrikrishana Goel || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Premila Bhadwar Mehra || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Krishan Swaroop || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jugender Singh || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Prem Swaroop Pathak || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || Vimal Krishana Agarwal || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Abid Raza Khan]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || 1,825 || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || - || - ||<ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2017 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017}}</ref>
|-
| 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}

=== Election results ===

=== 2022 ===
Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Badaun<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
|votes = 101,096
|percentage = 46.12
|change = {{increase}}5.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rais Ahmad]]
|votes = 89,917
|percentage = 41.02
|change = {{increase}}7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Singh
|votes = 23,135
|percentage = 10.56
|change = {{decrease}}4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajni Singh
|votes = 2,235
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,392
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,179
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{decrease}}2.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 219,183
|percentage = 58.28
|change = {{decrease}}1.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh

<ref name=" 2017 Election Results "/>

{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Badaun}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
|votes = 87,314
|percentage = 41.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Abid Raza Khan]]
|votes = 70,847
|percentage = 33.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhupendra Singh
|votes = 32,641
|percentage = 15.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramsewak Singh Patel
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 14,576
|percentage = 6.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,509
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,467
|percentage = 7.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 212,745
|percentage = 60.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Badaun}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Abid Raza Khan]]
|votes = 62,786
|percentage = 32.44
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]
|votes = 47,373
|percentage = 24.47
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramsawak Singh
|votes = 44,643
|percentage = 23.06
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 candidates
|votes = 38,764
|percentage = 20.03
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15,413
|percentage = 7.96
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 193,566
|percentage = 61.8
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

== Results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Badaun<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahesh Chandra Gupta
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:101096}}
|percentage = 46.12
|change = {{increase}}5.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rais Ahmad
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:89917}}
|percentage = 41.02
|change = {{increase}}7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:23135}}
|percentage = 10.56
|change = {{decrease}}4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajni Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2235}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1392}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11179}}
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{decrease}}2.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219183}}
|percentage = 58.28
|change = {{decrease}}1.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Badaun<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahesh Chandra Gupta
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87314}}
|percentage = 41.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abid Raza Khan
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:70847}}
|percentage = 33.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhupendra Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:32641}}
|percentage = 15.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramsewak Singh Patel
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = {{formatnum:14576}}
|percentage = 6.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1509}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16467}}
|percentage = 7.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:212745}}
|percentage = 60.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Budaun district]]
*[[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Budaun]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Budaun district]]
[[Category:Politics of Budaun district]]

Jasnath Temple

2026-04-13T06:59:39Z

Xavierncr: put up new place

{{Short description|Temple in Rajasthan district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jasnath Ji Temple
| image = कतरियासर.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Jasnath Ji Temple Inside View in [[Katariyasar]], [[Bikaner]]
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates ={{coord|28.2191253|N|73.5620354|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bikaner]]
| location = [[Katariyasar]]
| elevation_footnotes = (Hight of Temple)
| elevation_m = 50
| deity = Jasnath
| festivals= Saptami of Chaitra Month of every year (विक्रम संवत्)
| architecture = Sanatan Dharma Temple Architecture
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 2006
| creator = Sidh Jasnathi community|Jasnathi Samaj]]
| website =
}}

The '''Jasnath Temple'''<ref>{{cite news|title=उमड़ा श्रद्धा का सैलाब, धधकते अंगारों पर थिरके अनुयायी|url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/jasnath-sampraday-fire-dance-in-katriyasar-bikaner-5183423/|publisher=patrika|access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref> situated in [[Katariyasar]]<ref>{{cite news|title=गौरवमयी इतिहास से साक्षात्कार कराएंगे पेनोरमा : CM|url=https://m.khaskhabar.com/news/news-bikaner-news--chief-minister-vasundhara-raje-inaugurated-sri-karni-mata-panorama-in-deshnok-of-bikaner-news-hindi-1-329870-KKN.html|publisher=khas khabar|access-date=2022-01-21}}</ref> village in the [[Bikaner]] district of [[Rajasthan]]. It is 45 km from [[Junagarh Fort]] in [[Bikaner District]] and 6 km from [[Malasar]] village of [[Bikaner District]].<ref>{{cite book
|title=सबद-ग्रंथ : समग्र जसनाथी-साहित्य व परम्परा की सुविचारित एवं शोधपूर्ण प्रस्तुति
|author=सूर्यशंकर पारीक
|publisher=श्रीदेव जसनाथ सिद्धाश्रम (बाड़ी) धर्मार्थ ट्रस्ट
|year=1996
|location=बीकानेर
|id=BB18807062
|lccn=99935704
|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/99935704
}}</ref>

==History==
The temple is the main Dham (meaning: [[abode]]) of the Jasnath sect. Jasnath ji Maharaj, while taking samadhi, ordered Haroji to establish Dharmapeeth, propagating Dharma sect. It is known for the fire dance ('''Hindi''': Agni Nritya)<ref>{{cite web|title=Agni Nritya|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/performing-arts/agni-nritya|language=en|access-date=2022-01-23|publisher=Indian Culture-Government Of India}}</ref> of the Jasnathi Siddh community.<ref>{{cite book|author=K. S. Singh|title=People of India: Rajasthan|year=1998|publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788171547692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm_KCE4XXPMC&q=sidh%20people%20of%20rajasthan&pg=PA901}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/bikaner.html|access-date=2022-01-23|publisher=Department of Tourism - Rajasthan|title=ATTRACTIONS & PLACES TO VISIT AND EXPLORE IN BIKANER|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Preview State Based Question Rajasthan Part-8d 2024 (24140-C) (Ebook) |year=2024 |publisher=Sam Samyik Ghatna Chakra |location=n.p. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7kOEQAAQBAJ }}</ref>

The Jasnathi community was formally launched in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1561, after making Ramuji Saran promise to follow thirty-six religious rules. Siddhacharya Jasnathji himself completed Ramuji's formal initiation ceremony.

Siddhacharya Jasnathji's appearance occurred on the auspicious festival of Kati Sudi Ekadashi, Devuthani Gyaras Vaar, in the [[Brahmamuhurtha|Brahma Muhurta]] on Saturday. One of the reasons for his incarnation as Siddhacharya Jasnathji is said to be that [[Hammir Singh|Hamirji]], the ruler of Katariasar village, had done penance in Satyayugadi. In fulfilment of his boon, Jasnathji's were found as a child near the Dabhala pond in the north direction of [[Katariasar]] village. This incident can be tallied to how [[Kabir|Kabir ji]] appeared on a lotus flower, after taking the form of a child, in [[Lahartara Pond|Lahar Tara pond]] in Kashi. Rushi Ashtanand Ji was an eyewitness of this wonder.

When Jasnathji was young, he sat in a hearth full of coals. When mother Rupande took him out in panic, she was stunned to see that there was no burn mark on the child's body; the fire had no effect on him. Even today, performing a fire dance on the flaming embers is a beautiful act of the [[Siddha|Siddhas]] of the Jasnathi sect, which remains a centre of attraction for domestic and foreign tourists.

In Shrimad [[Bhagwad Gita]] chapter 4, verses 32 to 34, it is mentioned that for one to know the actual spiritual knowledge of that supreme God (Purn Brahm), a devotee will have to understand the tatvagyan (knowledge of the essence of life) from the Tatvadarshi saint (one who knows all the Holy Scriptures and gives true worship of God to his disciples).

Siddhacharya Jasnathji was engaged to Kalaldeji at a young age who was the daughter of Nepalji, a resident of the village of the state. Kalaldeji is considered to be the incarnation of Sati and Bhagwati.

Jasnathji took a living tomb at the young age of 24 years.<ref>{{cite book |title=Philosophy emerging from the poetic expressions of Rajastan s Nirgun saints Dadu Dayal Jasnath Ji and Jambho Ji|year=2018 |publisher=Shodh Ganga |location=n.p. |hdl=10603/549738 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/549738|access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Jasnath Jasnathee samprayday ebong sahitya gabeshanatyak adhyayan volume 3|year=1982 |publisher=Shodh Ganga |location=n.p. |hdl=10603/152982 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/152982|access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[List of Other Papers Presented] Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 63, 2002, pp. 1369–80. JSTOR|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158274|language=en|access-date=2024-07-22|publisher=JSTOR|jstor=44158274 }}</ref>

== [[Katariyasar|Festivals]] ==
[[File:Jasnath Ji Fire Dance At Baytu (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jasnathi male performing the fire dance of Jasnath Sect]]

They have three main festivals -

# '''[[Ashvin (month)|Ashwin]] Shukla [[Saptami]]:''' It is celebrated on the day of Jasnath ji taking samadhi, i.e. Nirvana festival of Jasnath ji.
# '''[[Magha (month)|Magh]] Shukla [[Saptami]]:''' It is celebrated in memory of Jasnath ji's disciple Hansuji seeing the light appears.
# There are two festivals in [[Chaitra]]: '''Sati ji's festival''' is celebrated on Chaitra Sudi Chauth, and '''Jasnath ji's festival''' is celebrated three days later on Saptami.

Jasnathi community (around 90% jat and 10% other casts) people come to [[Katariasar]] on [[Chhath]] to glimpse Sati mata and return to [[Saptami]] after waking up at night. Jats and other servants coming from that side stop. The festival of Saptami has celebrated there itself. In other festivals, everyone wakes up in their villages a day before. At the time of the fire dance, they sing seven hymns to the sound of drums and majors. In a way, this sect is mainly of [[Jats]] only.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rajasthan ke nirgun sunth dadu dayal jasnath ji evam janmbho ji ki kavyaathmak abhivyakthiyum se ubhartha hua darshan|year=2018 |publisher=Shodh Ganga |location=n.p. |hdl=10603/543076 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/543076|access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref>

==Panorama==

In March 2024, the [[Rajasthan]] Chief Minister [[Bhajanlal Sharma]] announced a series of cultural and [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] projects, which include the construction of a panorama dedicated to Jasnath Ji in [[Katariyasar]]. The project aims to preserve and promote the heritage associated with the temple and its founder. The planned panorama is intended to serve as a cultural landmark, providing information about the life and teachings of Jasnath Ji and enhancing the temple's role as a site of tourism and pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan CM announces multiple cultural, heritage projects |url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-cm-announces-multiple-cultural-heritage-projects/2002576/ |website=The Print |date=March 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthans-old-age-yogic-fire-dance-is-also-boost-as-yoga-becoming-international-fest/articleshow/59728767.cms|Rajasthan: Yogic fire dance gaining popularity] Times of India
*https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/video/cm-vasundhara-raje-is-on-the-2-day-visit-of-bikaner/424935/amp
*https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/five-day-qatariasar-mela-1845482/
*[http://m.samaylive.com/news-diffrent/149586/superstition-devotion-fire-dance-video.html : पांच दिवसीय कतरियासर मेला: श्रद्धा का सैलाब, धोक लगा मांगी मन्नत]
*https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-cm-vasundhara-raje-inaugurates-19-panoramas-in-rajasthan-2668867

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jasnath Temple}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bikaner district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Temples]]
{{commons category|Jasnath Temple}}

Kadhal Kadhai

2026-04-10T01:38:40Z

Xavierncr: put up new data

{{short description|2009 film directed by Velu Prabhakaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Velu Prabhakaranin Kadhal Kadhai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]
| writer = Velu Prabhakaran
| producer = [[J. Satish Kumar]]
| starring = {{ubl|Velu Prabhakaran|Shirley Das|Preity Rangayani|Babilona|Stefi}}
| cinematography = Veda Selvam
| editing = P. Keerthi Mohan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| distributor = [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|07|17}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kadhal Kadhai''''' ({{translation|Love story}}), also known as '''''Velu Prabhakaranin Kadhal Kadhai''''' ({{translation|Velu Prabhakaran's love story}}), is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[sex in film|erotic]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Velu Prabhakaran]]. The film stars himself, Shirley Das, Preity Rangayani, Babilona, and Stefi, with Jai Rathan, Adhiroopan, [[Sampath Ram]], Srilekha, [[Saakshi Siva]], and [[Suruli Manohar]] playing supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2018 |title=Velu Prabhakaran ties the knot with Shirley Das, his heroine from Kadhal Kadhai |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/tamil-director-velu-prabhakaran-married-a-30yearold-actress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025200054/http://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/tamil-director-velu-prabhakaran-married-a-30yearold-actress |archive-date=25 October 2017 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> The film, produced by [[J. Satish Kumar]], had music by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. After years of struggle with the [[censor board]], the film was released on 17 July 2009 amid a controversy over its adult content.

==Plot==
Film director [[Velu Prabhakaran]] has directed a controversial film containing nudity, and the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] banned the film's release; thus, Prabhakaran is caught in legal battles to release the film. One day, after a court hearing, goons attack Prabhakaran, and he is rushed to the hospital in a serious condition. The police investigate the murder attempt, and a female journalist (Stefi) who has recently interviewed Prabhakaran is interrogated by the police. A few days ago, Prabhakaran told her the story of his film, which was about three women – Raani (Shirley Das), Thangam (Preity Rangayani), and Saroja (Babilona) – who hailed from the village Vishnupuram. The three women have one common issue: [[lust]].

Vishnupuram is affected by communal riots that frequently break out between upper-caste people and lower-caste people. During a riot, the lower-caste girl Raani is saved by the upper-caste boy Sakthi (Jai Rathan), and they fall in love. Sakthi is the son of the heartless caste leader Reddiar, while Raani is the niece of the brute Karuppaiah ([[Sampath Ram]]). Reddiar and Karuppaiah are archenemies. A bachelor schoolteacher (Adhiroopan) falls under the spell of his maid Thangam, a poor single mother. Thangam was dumped by her boyfriend after he made her pregnant; therefore, she was rejected by her brother Pazhani and sister-in-law Saroja. One day, the teacher gives Thangam a glass of milk mixed with sleeping pills and rapes her in her sleep. The teacher then promises to marry Thangam, but he later tells her that his family arranged his wedding with a woman of his caste. Feeling betrayed by a man for the second time, Thangam spits on the teacher's face, and he leaves the village. Saroja, who would do anything for money, has an affair with Reddiar. One day, Pazhani catches Saroja sleeping with Reddiar, and Reddiar brutally kills him.

After telling the story, Prabhakaran shared with the journalist his troubled love life and the reason why he directed this film. Back to the present, the police arrest the culprit: Prabhakaran's ex-wife. She wanted to hide her previous marriage from her new husband, so she hired goons to kill him.

A few months later, Prabhakaran, now healed, meets the journalist and tells her the climax of his film. Sakthi and Raani wanted to elope, but Reddiar caught them and beheaded Raani. In turn, Sakthi murdered him. The journalist then proposes her love to Prabhakaran, who tells her that he does not believe in love but in lust.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Velu Prabhakaran]] as himself
*Shirley Das as Raani
*Preity Rangayani as Thangam
*Babilona as Saroja
*Stefi as Journalist
*Jai Rathan as Sakthi
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Karuppaiah
*Adhiroopan as Teacher
*Srilekha as Raani's mother
*[[Saakshi Siva]] as Police Inspector
*[[Suruli Manohar]]
*Sundar
*Poochi Senthil
*Aavadi Manoharan
*Anbu Thennarasu
}}

==Production==
Velu Prabhakaran began work on the production of a film titled ''Kadhal Arangam'' in October 2003, writing the story, screenplay and dialogue for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2003 |title="Kaathal Arangam"! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/octo/28-10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025125807/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2003/octo/28-10.htm |archive-date=25 October 2004 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2004 |title=Making a mark |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/24/stories/2004052400730200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030182245/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/24/stories/2004052400730200.htm |archive-date=30 October 2004 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] was not initially willing to give it a certificate due to objectionable scenes and an ongoing battle with the censor board emerged in December 2004. In 2009, the team finally agreed to tone down the scenes and mute certain dialogues and to compromise with the censors, they changed the title from ''Kadhal Arangam'' to ''Kadhal Kadhai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2009 |title=Velu Prabhakar's bold film gets censor nod! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velu-prabhakars-bold-film-gets-censor-nod-news-tamil-kkfrMVegbajsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219112340/http://www.sify.com/movies/velu-prabhakars-bold-film-gets-censor-nod-news-tamil-kkfrMVegbajsi.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2009 |title=All about sleaze |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Jul/23/all-about-sleaze-70137.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228040740/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Jul/23/all-about-sleaze-70137.html |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The director had reportedly inserted a few elements from this story of his life into the film and in the title credits of the film, Velu Prabhakaran included an extended scene which narrates his opinions and difficulties of the way the film released; while he also played the role of a film director in the venture, noting that parts were autobiographical.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2009 |title=Grill Mill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article3021632.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625063726/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article3021632.ece |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by Muthulingam and [[Mu. Metha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kadhal Kadhai (2009) |url=http://mio.to/album/Kadhal+Kadhai+%282009%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824023253/http://mio.to/album/Kadhal+Kadhai+(2009) |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref>

{{Track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 9:19
| title1 = Malare Malare
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Kadukule Nadakurathe
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Chorus
| length2 = 4:45
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 17 July 2009,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kadhal Kadhai (2009) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kadhal-kadhai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805041755/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kadhal-kadhai |archive-date=5 August 2025 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Screen4Screen}}</ref> and took a good opening, which the media attributed to steamy scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2009 |title=Chennai Box-Office (July 17-19) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14900724&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211093453/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14900724&cid=13525926 |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2009 |title=Ready for this? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ready-for-this/articleshow/22092042.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914171050/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Ready-for-this/articleshow/22092042.cms |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Velu Prabhakaran}}

[[Category:2000s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films about sexuality]]
[[Category:Films directed by Velu Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic romance films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]
[[Category:2009 erotic films]]

Jalgaon Mhasawad Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:07:53Z

Xavierncr: put up entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalgaon Mhasawad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,04,465
| mla = Kandare Bhagwan Budhaji
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
Jalgaon Mhasawad Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kandare Bhagwan Budhaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Bagwan Shaikh Gulam Rasul Haji Hasan
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon Mhasawad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kandare Bhagwan Budhaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,464 |percentage = 27.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bagwan Shaikh Gulam Rasul Haji Hasan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,537 |percentage = 21.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narkhede Krishna Mohan |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 11,268 |percentage = 10.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salunke Trimbak Tukaram |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,427 |percentage = 9.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Birhade Dhanji Ramchandra |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,029 |percentage = 7.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jain Bhikamchand Mulchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,830 |percentage = 7.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalerao Sadashiv Narayan |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 7,326 |percentage = 6.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyani Hiralal Indal |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,874 |percentage = 5.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Medhe Senu Narayan |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,338 |percentage = 2.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Risbud Dattatraya Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,555 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,196 |percentage = 16.90% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,648 |percentage = 103.05% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,648}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,465 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah

2026-04-02T00:20:56Z

Xavierncr: Starting A Pg First Draft

{{Short description|Pakistani political slogan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2018}}
'''Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Illaha Illal Allah.''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان کا مطلب کیا لاالہ الا اللہ}}}} — ; ''lit.'' ''What does [[Pakistan]] mean?... [[shahada|There is no God but Allah]]'') was a couplet and political slogan coined in 1943 by Urdu poet '''Asghar Sodai'''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alyssa |last=Ayres |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-51931-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA194 |page=194}}</ref>

The slogan became a battle cry and greeting for the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], which was struggling for an independent country for the [[Islam in South Asia|Muslims of South Asia]], when [[World War II]] ended and the [[Pakistan Movement|Pakistan independence movement]] geared up.<ref>{{cite book|first=Khālid|last=Ḥasan|title=Remembrances|year=2001|publisher=Vanguard|isbn=9789694023526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakistan+ka+matlab+kya|accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> This slogan shows the [[Islamic]] identity of Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |chapter=Religious Violence beyond Borders |editor1=Linell E. Cady |editor2=Sheldon W. Simon |title=Religion and Conflict in South and Southeast Asia: Disrupting Violence |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-134-15306-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccJ8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |page=111}}</ref> In the present day, this slogan is mainly used by [[List of political parties in Pakistan|Pakistani Islamic religio-political parties]] in their rallies.

== See also ==
* [[Pakistan Zindabad]]
* [[Pakistan Movement]]
* [[Pakistani nationalism]]
* [[Islamisation in Pakistan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pakistani nationalism]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Pakistani political slogans]]
[[Category:Battle cries]]

Rajdhar Manikya I

2026-03-31T01:03:02Z

Xavierncr: Starting A Info Nd Citations.

{{Infobox royalty
|type = monarch
|name = Rajdhar Manikya I
|succession = [[Twipra Kingdom|Maharaja of Tripura]]
|title =
|image =Tripura, Rajadhara Manikya 1586-1599 CE.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Silver tanka of Rajadhara Manikya (1586–1599 CE), king of Tripura.
|reign = 1586–1600
|predecessor = [[Amar Manikya]]
|successor = [[Ishwar Manikya]]
|spouse = Satyavati{{sfnp|Majumdar|1974|p=361}}
|spouse-type = Consort
|issue = {{Unbulleted list
| [[Ishwar Manikya]] (possibly){{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=90}}
| [[Yashodhar Manikya]]
}}
|father = [[Amar Manikya]]
|house = [[Manikya dynasty]]
|birth_date =
|birth_name = Rajdhar Narayan
|death_date = 1600
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
{{Kingdom of Tripura}}

'''Rajdhar Manikya I''' (d. 1600), also spelt '''Rajadhara Manikya''', was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]] from 1586 to 1600. Formerly a warrior-prince who fought with distinction during his father's reign, upon his own ascension to the throne, Rajdhar showed little interest in such matters, instead becoming occupied with religious pursuits. The decline of Tripura is thought to have begun during his reign.

==As heir apparent==
Born Rajdhar Narayan, he was the second son of Maharaja [[Amar Manikya]]. Following the premature death of his elder brother Rajadurlabha, Rajdhar was named [[heir apparent]] in his place and granted his former title of ''[[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]]''.{{sfnp|Bhattacharyya|1986|p=27}}

Alongside his younger brothers, Amaradurlabha and Jujhar Singh, Rajdhar contributed significantly to his father's military campaigns.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=86}} In 1581, in what was likely the first expedition of Amar's reign, Rajdhar was dispatched against the insubordinate [[zamindar]] of [[Taraf Kingdom|Taraf]], Syed Musa. When the latter fled to Fateh Khan, the ruler of [[Sylhet]], Rajdhar marched a formidable military force into the region. In the battle that followed, Khan was defeated and Syed Musa arrested.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=77–78}}{{sfnp|Sarma|1978|p=12}} Rajdhar escorted Khan to [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]],{{sfnp|Bhattasali|1928|p=42}} where he submitted to the Maharaja's authority.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=78}}

Following the conquest of [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] and [[Chittagong]] by the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakanese]] king [[Min Phalaung]], Rajdhar, commanding a large contingent, was sent into the occupied regions to drive out the invaders.{{sfnp|Khan|1999|p=23}} The army landed in Chittagong and Rajdhar, alongside his brother Amaradurlabha and the generals Chandradarpa-Narayan and Chattrajit Najir, led the capture of six enemy camps successively before halting at [[Ramu, Cox's Bazar|Ramu]]. The Arakanese, following a failed retaliatory assault, blockaded the troops, resulting in the latter's supplies soon dwindling. Additionally, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] soldiers who formed part of the Tripura army were enticed to desert, turning their camps over to the enemy. This forced the Tripuri to begin retreating back to Chittagong, though at the [[Karnaphuli|Karnaphuli River]], they were attacked and defeated by the Arakanese, resulting in heavy casualties. However, upon reaching Chittagong, Rajdhar had the army reorganised and launched a counter-assault, capturing seven of the enemy fortresses and forcing their retreat.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=81}}

After a brief hiatus, a second invasion of Chittagong was launched by Min Phalaung. The Tripura army were routed in the ensuing conflict, with Rajdhar's younger brother Jujhar Singh being killed and he himself suffering a serious bullet wound. The Arakanese then invaded Tripura itself, penetrating all the way to Udaipur and having it sacked and plundered. As a result of this humiliation, Rajdhar's father committed suicide, with his mother later performing ''[[Sati (practice)|Sati]]'' in the king's funeral pyre.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=82–84}}{{sfnp|Long|1850|p=550}}

==Reign==
With the Arakanese having abandoned the capital after their pillaging, Rajdhar returned and claimed his father's throne, adopting the traditional royal title of "Manikya". His reign is believed to have commenced in 1586.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=87}}

Rajdhar proved himself to be a ruler of spiritual leanings.{{sfnp|Chib|1988|p=10}} Avoiding the battlefield and having little interest in the administration of his kingdom, he instead devoted himself to religious pursuits. A patron of [[Vaishnavism]], under his rule the influence of the sect spread significantly throughout Tripura. A temple to [[Vishnu]] was constructed in Udaipur and eight [[Brahmin]]s were employed to perform devotional songs before the idol perpetually.{{sfnp|Das|1997|p=16}}{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1983|p=23}} Its gardens were adorned with fruit and flowering plants and the Maharaja visited it daily. Rajdhar was also considered notable for his great respect for Brahmins, participating in religious discussions with the 200 in his court and distributing significant amounts of land to them, in spite of opposition from his nobles.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=88}}

It is perhaps because of Rajdhar's devout manner that the ruler of [[Bengal]] invaded Tripura during this time, though the practical reason was likely to obtain access to the kingdom's elephants. This campaign ultimately failed, with the attacking army being repelled by the veteran general Chandradarpa-Narayan. The actual identity of the invader is uncertain, though the most likely individual would have been the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Bengal Subah|governor]] of the region, [[Man Singh I]].{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=87–88}}

==Death and legacy==
Whilst walking on the banks of the [[Gomti River]], Rajdhar, absorbed in meditation and drinking water in which an image of Vishnu had been washed, fell into the river and drowned.{{sfnp|Long|1850|p=551}} His death is believed to have occurred in 1600.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=87}}

Rajdhar is depicted in the ''[[Rajmala]]'' as a benevolent monarch, affable and religious-minded, and charitable both with Brahmins and his subjects; a reputation he likely deserved.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=87}} However, it was through his aloofness in regards to the running of his kingdom that Tripura's decline began. Royal power waned and lost territory was never regained, with the morale of the military also being decreased. This culminated in the kingdom's nadir during the reign of his son [[Yashodhar Manikya]], who ultimately fell victim to external imperial aggression.{{sfnp|Majumdar|1948|p=243}}{{sfnp|Das|1997|p=16}}{{sfnp|Khan|1977|p=38}}

Rajdhar was succeeded by [[Ishwar Manikya]], whose relation to him is uncertain.{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1983|p=23}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Banikantha|title=Tripura Administration: The Era of Modernisation, 1870-1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmgrZgspJbIC&pg=PA27|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bhattasali|first=Nalini Kanta|authorlink=Nalini Kanta Bhattasali|title=Bengal Chiefs' Struggle for Independence in the Reigns of Akbar and Jahangir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E105gL-F5usC|journal=Bengal: Past and Present|volume=35|year=1928|publisher=Calcutta Historical Society.}}
*{{cite book|last=Chib|first=Sukhdev Singh|title=Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMItAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Ess Ess Publications|isbn=978-81-7000-039-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Das|first=Ratna|title=Art and Architecture of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOjVAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Tribal Research Institute, Government of Tripura}}
*{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Abdul Mabud|title=The Maghs: a Buddhist community in Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDRuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=University Press}}
*{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Nurul Islam|title=Bangladesh District Gazetteers: Comilla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Bangladesh Government Press}}
*{{cite journal|last=Long|first=James|authorlink=James Long (Anglican priest)|title=Analysis of the Bengali Poem Raj Mala, or Chronicles of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM7wdWc0bFsC&pg=PA550|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=XIX|year=1850|publisher=Asiatic society|location=Calcutta}}
*{{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|authorlink=R. C. Majumdar|title=The History of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_YJAAAAMAAJ|volume=II|year=1948|publisher=University of Dacca|location=Dhaka}}
*{{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|authorlink=R.C. Majumdar|title=History of mediaeval Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBlBAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=G. Bharadwaj}}
*{{cite book|first=Nalini Ranjan|last=Roychoudhury|title=Tripura through the ages: a short history of Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoJ5AAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Sterling}}
*{{cite journal|last=Sarma|first=Ramani Mohan|title=Manikya Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3to7AQAAIAAJ|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|volume=XX|year=1978|publisher=Asiatic Society.}}
*{{cite book|last=Sarma|first=Ramani Mohan|title=Political History of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Puthipatra|location=Calcutta}}

[[Category:Kings of Tripura]]
[[Category:1600 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]

Vandavasi Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T13:54:28Z

Xavierncr: basic cleaned up citations and added references per standard format

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{coord|12.5|N|79.62|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Constitution-Vandavasi.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 69
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[S. Ambethkumar]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Vandavasi
| electors = 211,811
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Vandavasi''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|state legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 69. The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Caste]]s and comprises a portion of [[Vandavasi taluk]]. It is a part of [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
|rowspan=2| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]{{efn|2-member constituency}}
|Dasarathan
|{{Full party name with color|All India Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
|[[Somasundara Gounder]]
|{{Full party name with color|Commonweal Party}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|2-member constituency}}
| [[D. Dasarathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[M. Ramachandra Reddy]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[S. Muthulingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Muthulingam
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| V. Rajagopal
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[P. Munuswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| C. Kuppusamy
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| A. Arumugam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[V. Dhanaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[C. K. Tamizharasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Bala Anandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. Murugavelrajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[S. P. Jayaraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2009{{efn|by-election}}
| [[Kamalakannan]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[V. Gunaseelan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=69}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[S. Ambethkumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|49.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Commonweal Party}}|31.02}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[S. Ambethkumar]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rani|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Udhayakumar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =245615 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web|title=Vandavasi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a069|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ambethkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=102,064 |percentage=55.41% |change=+11.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murali |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=66,111 |percentage=35.89% |change=+22.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Prabavathi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,284 |percentage=5.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,769 |percentage=0.96% |change=-0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venkatesan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,728 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Suresh |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,692 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manikandan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,264 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,953 |percentage=19.52% |change= 9.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,205 |percentage=76.58% |change= -5.00% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=347|percentage=0.19% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,533 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.21% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Ambethkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,206 |percentage=44.20% |change=-0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Meganathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,138 |percentage=34.24% |change=-17.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivel Ravanan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=24,277 |percentage=13.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Metharamesh |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=7,745 |percentage=4.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,421 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Sudha |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,079 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,068 |percentage=9.96% |change= 2.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,476 |percentage=81.58% |change= -0.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,453 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Gunaseelan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,529 |percentage=52.05% |change=+17.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Kamalakkannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,233 |percentage=44.48% |change=-8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Devendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,020 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ponnan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,112 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajasekar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,090 |percentage=0.67% |change=-0.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,296 |percentage=7.57% |change= -10.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=162,399 |percentage=81.60% |change= 10.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,026 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Jayaraman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,762 |percentage=53.29% |change=+11.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chakkrapani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,974 |percentage=34.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Siva Shanmugam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,096 |percentage=7.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,895 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajasekar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,535 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=684 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Masilamani |party=Independent politician |votes=673 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,788 |percentage=18.46% |change= 10.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,414 |percentage=70.77% |change= 7.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,376 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 4.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugavelrajan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=55,773 |percentage=49.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Loganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,902 |percentage=41.33% |change=-18.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. Jayavindhiyaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,822 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajagopal |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,832 |percentage=2.50% |change=+0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Lakshmanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,790 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anbumani |party=Independent politician |votes=998 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=863 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,871 |percentage=7.82% |change= -28.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,490 |percentage=63.35% |change= -5.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,151 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bala Anandan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,775 |percentage=59.97% |change=+34.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Gunaseelan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,029 |percentage=23.73% |change=-29.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=13,496 |percentage=12.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajagopal |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,214 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,362 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,746 |percentage=36.24% |change= 8.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,686 |percentage=68.62% |change= 1.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,850 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Thamazharasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,990 |percentage=53.34% |change=+35.41 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajagopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,496 |percentage=25.24% |change=-18.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Murthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=21,649 |percentage=20.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kistan |party=Independent politician |votes=839 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,494 |percentage=28.10% |change= 10.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,974 |percentage=67.41% |change= 11.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,559 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Dhanaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,264 |percentage=43.54% |change=+1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Govindan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,176 |percentage=26.15% |change=-27.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Senguttuvan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,522 |percentage=17.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Munusamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,962 |percentage=9.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,421 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=524 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,088 |percentage=17.40% |change= 6.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,988 |percentage=55.99% |change= -18.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,671 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arumugham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,712 |percentage=53.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajagopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,326 |percentage=41.93% |change=-5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Malgova |party=Independent politician |votes=1,219 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Kuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,217 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=525 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Arumugham |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=474 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,386 |percentage=11.36% |change= 8.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,406 |percentage=74.11% |change= 11.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,211 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kuppusami |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,501 |percentage=50.21% |change=+9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kanniappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,019 |percentage=46.97% |change=+8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ashok Iiayaraja |party=Janata Party |votes=1,178 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mohanavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=570 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Radhakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=410 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,482 |percentage=3.24% |change= 0.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,678 |percentage=62.41% |change= 4.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,733 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Munuswamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,306 |percentage=41.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kanniappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,476 |percentage=38.45% |change=-25.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kumaraswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=10,034 |percentage=14.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,071 |percentage=3.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arumugam |party=Republican Party of India |votes=820 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthulingam |party=Independent politician |votes=682 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,830 |percentage=2.66% |change= -25.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,862 |percentage=58.22% |change= -11.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,981 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajagopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,452 |percentage=63.85% |change=+2.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Dasarathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,465 |percentage=36.15% |change=+2.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,987 |percentage=27.71% |change= 0.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,917 |percentage=69.95% |change= -0.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,562 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Muthulingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,626 |percentage=61.25% |change=-3.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Adineelam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,300 |percentage=33.78% |change=-1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kuppusami |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,903 |percentage=3.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karunaiprakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,231 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,326 |percentage=27.48% |change= -1.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,060 |percentage=70.62% |change= 9.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,447 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthulingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,922 |percentage=64.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Dasarathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,160 |percentage=35.43% |change=+7.29 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,762 |percentage=29.14% |change= 21.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,082 |percentage=61.39% |change= -37.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,928 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 36.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramachandra Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,610 |percentage=28.13% |change=5.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Dharma Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=33,185 |percentage=20.93% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Dasarathan (SC) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,187 |percentage=13.99% |change=-8.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthuilingam (ST) |party=Independent politician |votes=15,747 |percentage=9.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ettippa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=12,965 |percentage=8.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=7,941 |percentage=5.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kerunaiprakasam (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=6,187 |percentage=3.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindaraju (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=6,081 |percentage=3.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Damodaram (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=5,170 |percentage=3.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=4,494 |percentage=2.83% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,425 |percentage=7.21% |change=-1.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,58,567 |percentage=99.09% |change= 5.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,030 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Commonweal Party |swing= -2.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vandavasi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Somasundara Gounder |party=Commonweal Party |votes=41,975 |percentage=31.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanuja Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,962 |percentage=22.14% |change=22.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dasaratham |party=Republican Party of India |votes=29,115 |percentage=21.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velayuthapani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,557 |percentage=17.41% |change=17.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramania Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=10,714 |percentage=7.92% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,013 |percentage=8.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,323 |percentage=93.37% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,937 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Commonweal Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

India–North Macedonia relations

2026-03-26T15:15:37Z

Xavierncr:

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–North Macedonia|India|North Macedonia|map=India North Macedonia Locator.svg}}

[[Bilateral relations]] exist between [[India]] and [[North Macedonia]].

==History==

India co-sponsored the [[United Nations General Assembly]] Resolution to admit North Macedonia to the [[United Nations]]. Diplomatic and consular relations between India and Republic of Macedonia were established on 9 February 1995.
the Republic of Macedonia appointed an Indian businessman in New Delhi to serve as Republic of Macedonia's Honorary Consul in 2006. The Embassy of Republic of Macedonia in [[New Delhi]] was opened on 7 October 2008. The Embassy was registered under the country's former constitutional name of Republic of Macedonia, rather than its United Nations reference, the ''Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia''. India had officially referred to the country as the Republic of Macedonia, despite [[Macedonia naming dispute|objection from Greece]], before the Prespa agreement.<ref>{{cite web|title=MINA Breaking News - Macedonia & India deepen relations|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/5135/2/|website=macedoniaonline.eu|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062530/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/5135/2/|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/india-recognises-republic-of-macedonia|title=India Recognises 'Republic of Macedonia'|website=Balkan Insight|date=23 October 2008|access-date=2017-03-31}}</ref> North Macedonia appointed an Honorary Consul in [[Kolkata]] in 2009, and subsequently appointed Honorary Consuls in [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], and [[Bangalore]]. India appointed an Honorary Consul in Republic of Macedonia in 2008. The Embassy of India in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] is jointly accredited to Republic of Macedonia.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India- Macedonia Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Macedonia_DEC_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=31 March 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

Foreign Minister of Republic of Macedonia [[Antonio Milososki]] visited India in January 2009, becoming the first government official of Republic of Macedonia to visit the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umdiaspora.org/index.php/en/name-recognition-contents/206-india-recognizes-macedonia-by-constitutional-name-deepens-ties|title=India Recognizes Macedonia by Constitutional Name; Deepens Ties|last=Manchevska|first=Dijana|website=www.umdiaspora.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-03-31|archive-date=2017-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171221/http://www.umdiaspora.org/index.php/en/name-recognition-contents/206-india-recognizes-macedonia-by-constitutional-name-deepens-ties|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prime Minister of Republic of Macedonia [[Nikola Gruevski]], accompanied by Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister [[Zoran Stavreski]] and several other ministers, visited India in March 2012 becoming the first Prime Minister of Republic of Macedonia to visit the country.<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vlada.mk/node/2151?language=en-gb|title=There's great potential for strengthened economic and political cooperation between Macedonia and India|website=Влада на Република Македонија|date=5 March 2012|access-date=2017-03-31|archive-date=2017-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170930/http://vlada.mk/node/2151?language=en-gb|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stavreski, and several other ministers, visited the country again in October 2012. Gruevski, Stavreski and other ministers visited the country again in January 2015 to attend the [[Vibrant Gujarat]] and CII-Partnership Summits. National Assembly President [[Trajko Veljanovski|Trajko Veljanoski]] led a parliamentary delegation on a visit to India in March 2013. Foreign Minister of North Macedonia [[Nikola Poposki]] visited New Delhi and [[Agra]] in December 2013.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The two countries signed a [[Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement]]<ref>{{cite web|title=India and the Government of Republic of Macedonia Signed an Agreement for The Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101917|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> and an MoU on Cooperation between the Diplomatic Academy of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Macedonia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia]] and the [[Foreign Service Institute, India|Foreign Service Institute]] during the visit on 17 December.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

From India, the highest level visits to North Macedonia have been at the level of minister of state. Minister of State for External Affairs [[Preneet Kaur]], and a CII business delegation, visited North Macedonia on 10–11 July 2012 becoming the first Indian minister to visit the country. Kaur met with Foreign Minister Nikola Poposki, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Zoran Stavrevski, and Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Policy Antonio Milososki.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Citizens of North Macedonia are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]. Several diplomats from North Macedonia have also attended the Professional Course for Foreign Diplomats (PCFD) programme run by the Foreign Service Institute.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

==Trade==
[[Bilateral trade]] between India and North Macedonia totaled US$37.12 million in 2019–20. India exported $22.61 million worth of goods to North Macedonia, and imported $14.51 million.{{cn|date=January 2022}} The main commodities exported by India to North Macedonia are organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles, vehicles, oil seeds, ceramic products, cement, iron, steel and electrical machinery. The major commodities imported by India from North Macedonia are ships, boats and floating structures, mineral fuels, mineral oils, iron and steel.{{cn|date=January 2022}}

India and North Macedonia signed a Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement on 17 March 2008.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

[[ArcelorMittal|Arcelor Mittal]] acquired a 90% stake in Balkan Steel in 2004. In September 2011, Mumbai-based fabric trader and garment manufacturer Bang Overseas Limited founded Bang & Scott DOO (North Macedonia), a wholly owned subsidiary of North Macedonia. Indian metal products manufacturer [[BG Group|BRG Group]] signed an agreement with the Government of North Macedonia on 12 January 2016 to invest EUR31 million in the country. The factory in Porcelanka will employ 1,000 people and manufacture steel kitchenware for export.<ref name="MEA2016"/> In December 2016, Indian cable manufacturer for the automotive industry Malhotra Cables announced that it would invest $10 million to establish a manufacturing plant in [[Skopje]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Malhotra Cables to build $10 mln manufacturing plant in Macedonia - SeeNews - Business intelligence for Southeast Europe|url=https://seenews.com/news/indias-malhotra-cables-to-build-10-mln-manufacturing-plant-in-macedonia-549864|website=seenews.com|access-date=31 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>

[[Sahara Group]] chief [[Subrata Roy]] visited North Macedonia in January, July and October 2013. He met with Prime Minister and announced plans to EUR invest 2.7 billion in the country. Despite allegations of fraud and debt against Sahara in India, the Government of North Macedonia portrayed Roy domestically as a businessman who wanted to help the poor Macedonians because "[[Mother Teresa]] helped a lot of poor people in India." His arrest in India in March 2014 was met with shock in North Macedonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Macedonia believed Sahara chief was India's return gift for Mother Teresa|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/macedonia-believed-sahara-chief-was-indias-return-gift-for-mother-teresa/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2017|date=21 March 2014}}</ref>

==Cultural relations==
Mother Teresa, who became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day North Macedonia) in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa's heritage contested by Balkan countries|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mother-teresa-canonisation-sainthood-claimed-by-two-balkan-countries-3011497/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2017|date=3 September 2016}}</ref>

As of December 2016, there are 10 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin in North Macedonia. They hold senior managerial positions in ArcelorMittal Steel, or work in IT and other sectors.<ref name="MEA2016"/>
==Resident diplomatic missions==
* India is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in [[Sofia]], Bulgaria.
* North Macedonia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].
==See also==
{{Portal|India|North Macedonia|Politics}}
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of North Macedonia]]
* [[India–Yugoslavia relations]]
* [[Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of North Macedonia}}
{{Portal bar|India|North Macedonia|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-North Macedonia relations}}
[[Category:India–North Macedonia relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|North Macedonia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of North Macedonia]]

Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran

2026-03-25T14:30:25Z

Xavierncr: fix page and updated info

{{Short description|Indian poet (1864–1913)}}
{{about|the Malayalam poet and Sanskrit scholar|the Malayalam film actor and Kathakali artist|Kunjikkuttan Thampuran (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran
| image = Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran.png
| birth_date = {{birth date|1864|9|8}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|1|22|1864|9|8}}
}}

'''Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran'''{{efn|also transliterated as Kotungallur Kunhikkuttan Thampuran}} (1864 - 1914) was a [[Malayalam]] poet and prominent [[Sanskrit]] scholar of [[Kerala]]. His birth-name was '''Rama Varma'''. He is famous for his single-handed, word-by-word translation of entire [[Mahabharata]] within 874 days for which he gained the epithet '''Kerala Vyasa''' ({{literally|the [[Vyasa|Vyāsa]] of Kerala}}).

== Birth ==
He was born on 18 September 1864 (i.e., [[Malayalam era]] 1040 Kanni 4).<ref>A.D. Harisarma (Introduction to NBS second edition). Mahakavi Kunhikuttan Thampuran: Jiivitavum kritikaLum by Prof. K. Sivarama Menon, published by The Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Co. Ltd. Calicut (1989)</ref> His father was [[Venmani Achhan Nambudiripad]] and his mother was Kunjippilla Thampuratti. During his childhood, he was known by the nickname "Kunjikkuttan".{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Life ==
His family tutor, Valappil Unni Ashaan, was his first teacher.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Later, he studied under Moonnaamkoor Godavarma Thampuran. He learned [[Tarka Shastra]] from Vidwan Kunhirama Varman Thampuran and [[Jyothisha]] from Valiya Kochunni Thampuran. He started writing poetry in ME 1047. At the age of 16, turned full-time to writing poetry. Started in Sanskrit. Turned to writing poetry in Malayalam under the influence of Venmani Achan and Venmani Mahan. He married Kodungallur Koippalli Pappiyamma at his age of 21. In ME 1062, at his age of 22, his first book "Kavibharatam" was published.<ref>Pallippattu Kunjukrishnan; Mahachcharitha Samgraha sagaram, The great Indians- A biographical Dictionary; Vol V. Minarva Press, 1967.</ref> At his age of 39, when Pappiyamma died, he married [[Thrissur]] Vadakke kuruppath(Kizhakke Srambil) Kuttipparu Amma. Later he married Sridevithampuratti of [[Zamorin]] family. In 1914 January 22 (i.e. on Makaram 10th of ME 1088), at his age of 49, he died.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Literary movements==
Kunjikkuttan Thampuran started two literary movements in Malayalam: '''Pacha Malayalam ''' (Pure Malayalam) and Puranetihasa Vivartanam (Translation of Itihasas and Puranas).{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Paccha Malayalam Movement===
Kunjikkuttan Thampuran had many scholar friends. Their meetings, called "Kavi Sammelanam", were also famous. They began writing poems in pure Malayalam, avoiding the excessive influence of [[Sanskrit]]. This movement came to be known as the "Paccha Malayalam" Movement. {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

===Translations===
He collected and studied the ancient scriptures of India. He translated the entire [[Mahabharata]] within 874 days. In the Malayalam Era year 1068, under the leadership of C. P. Achuta Menon, an effort was made to translate the Mahabharata as [[kilippaattu]]. An advertisement appeared in the [[Malayala Manorama]] daily on ME 1068, Kanni 17. The plan was to finish the translation in five years. Whatever portion Kunhikkuttan Thampuran was assigned, he supposedly completed. However, the manuscript was never found. {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

After 8 to 10 years, Katatthanaattu Udayavarman Thampuran began an effort to translate Bharata Manjari by [[Kshemendra]]. Kunhikkuttan Thampuran completed the Drona Parva. The effort remained unfinished due to the death of Udayavarman Thampuran. The work was completed up to the Santi Parva. {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Kunhikkuttan Thampuran started the translation single-handedly on ME 1079, Metam 25. He planned to translate 50 slokas a day during one yaama (until 9 o'clock), so that the work could be finished in 4 to 5 years. As he continued translating, his speed increased to up to 150 slokas in one yaama. The translation was completed on ME 1082, Kanni 12 (874 days). This was a metre-by-metre translation. He remained faithful even to broken metres in the original. {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Works ==
14 in Sanskrit. In Malayalam: 18 poems, 11 Ruupakams, 16 Gathas, 38 Khanda Kaavya, 3 in health, grammar, 18 translations.

* ''Kavibharatam''
* ''Ambopadesham''
* ''Dakshayaga Satakam''
* ''Nalla Bhasha''
* ''Thuppal Kolampi''
* ''Palulli Charitham''
* ''Madirasi Yathra''
* ''Krithirathna Panchakam''
* ''Kamsan''
* ''Keralam - Onnam Bhagam''
* ''Dronacharyar'' (incomplete)
* ''Nalacharitam''
* ''Chandrika''
* ''Santhanagopalam''
* ''Seetha Svayamvaram''
* ''Ganga Vitharanam''
* ''Marthanda Vijayam'' (incomplete)
* ''Madusoodana Vijayam''
* ''Ghoshayathra''

=== Poems ===
* ''Ayoddhyakandham''
* ''Athmabodham Pana''
* ''Pattabhishekam Pana''
* ''Doshavicharam Kilippattu''
* ''Radhamadhava Yogam Vanchippattu''
* ''Kodungallur Bhagavati Kurathippattu''

=== Translations ===
*''[[Mahabharata]]'' as ''Bhasha Bharatam''
**''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' as ''Bhasha Bhagavad Gita''
*''[[Kadambari]]''
* ''[[Vikramorvashiyam]]''
* ''Shukasandesham''

==External links==
* [[iarchive:vyasamahabharatham-gadyam-padyam/srimahabharatham-kunjikuttan-thampurnan-vol2/page/n33/mode/2up|''Bhasha Bharatam'' (or ''Shri Mahabharatam'') in Malayalam]] by Kodungallur Kunjikuttan Thampuran
* ''[https://ia801909.us.archive.org/2/items/sreyas-ebooks/bhasha-bhagavad-gita-janathaykku.pdf Bhasha Bhagavadgita]'' by Kodungallur Kunjikuttan Thampuran
* [http://www.mahabharata-resources.org/kkkt.html Kunhikkuttan Thampuran - Basic information]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}<references/>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thampuran, Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Madhubani Municipal Corporation

2026-03-23T14:20:46Z

Xavierncr: added initial data more to come

{{Short description|Local civic body in Madhubani, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Madhubani Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2020}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] Me Arun Rai
| leader1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]] Mr Amanullah Khan
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =
| seats = 45
| last_election1 =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL | https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/madhubani}}
}}

'''Madhubani Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing [[India]]n city of [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Madhubani Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==
Madhubani Municipal Corporation was formed in year 2020<ref name="ma2">{{cite news |title=मधुबनी नगर निगम |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-madhubani-municipal-corporation-3697514.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=Hindustan |date=21 December 2020 |language=hindi}}</ref> to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="ma1">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Abhay |title=Cabinet nod to creation of three new urban local bodies in state {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cabinet-nod-to-creation-of-three-new-urban-local-bodies-in-state/articleshow/88552286.cms |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Madhubani Municipal Corporation has been categorised into various wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Madhubani Municipal Corporation is governed by an elected [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] and administered by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Functions ==
Madhubani Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="ma9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="ma10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority.
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==
The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="ma11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ma12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ma13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/madhubani|name=Official Website - www.nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/madhubani}}


[[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Madhubani, India]]

Suraj Venjaramoodu

2026-03-21T01:55:06Z

Xavierncr: new

{{Short description|Indian actor, comedian, impressionist, TV presenter (born 1976)}}
{{family name hatnote|Venjaramoodu|Suraj|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suraj Venjaramoodu
| image = Photo of Suraj captured by Ujwal Rajeev.jpg
| alt = Suraj Venjaramoodu
| caption = Suraj in 2022
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|06|30}}
| birth_place = [[Venjarammoodu]], [[Thiruvananthapuram ]][[Kerala]], India
| education = Government ITI, [[Attingal]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|[[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]]|television presenter}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| works = [[Suraj Venjaramoodu filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Supriya Suraj|2005}}
| relatives =
| children = 3
| website =
| awards = {{unbulleted list|[[National Film Award for Best Actor]] (2013)| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] (2019) | [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedian]] (2009, 2010, 2013)}}
}}

'''Suraj Vasudevan ''' (born 30 June 1976), professionally credited as '''Suraj Venjaramoodu''', is an Indian actor, comedian, [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]], and television presenter, who appears in [[Malayalam]] films, television and stage plays. He has acted in more than 250 films. He has won a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863 |title=61st National Film Awards |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182538/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863 |archivedate=16 April 2014 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=17 April 2014 |accessdate=17 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and four [[Kerala State Film Awards]].

Throughout the 2000s and towards mid-2010s, he played comedic roles in numerous films and won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedian]] three times (2009, 2010, 2013). In his later career, he found success in playing [[character roles|character]] and leading roles. In 2013, Suraj won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for his lead role in ''[[Perariyathavar]]''. In 2019, he won [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'' and ''[[Vikruthi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu, Kani Kusurthi and Lijo Jose Pellissery win big at 50th Kerala State Film Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-kani-kusurthi-and-lijo-jose-pellissery-win-big-at-50th-kerala-state-film-awards/articleshow/78634381.cms|access-date=2020-10-13 |website=The Times of India|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013091649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-kani-kusurthi-and-lijo-jose-pellissery-win-big-at-50th-kerala-state-film-awards/articleshow/78634381.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Suraj is the youngest of the three children of Venjaramood K. Vasudevan Nair, a retired soldier from the [[Indian Army]] and Vilasini, a housewife.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vadizen.com/contact |title=Contact Us | Vadizen Technologies|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=7 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307053949/http://vadizen.com/contact|url-status=live}}</ref> He was called "Kuttappan" by his parents and relatives. His elder brother V. Saji, was also an officer in Indian Army. His sister Sunitha V. V. is married and settled in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Suraj also wanted to serve in the army after completing his [[SSLC|Secondary School Leaving Certificate]], but had to give up as he broke his arm in a bicycle accident. He received his primary education from K.V.M.L.P.S, Venjaramoodu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/178975 |title=പേരറിയിച്ചവന്‍...!!! | mangalam.com |website=www.mangalam.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508202429/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/178975 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He completed his Mechanical diploma course from ''Government ITI, [[Attingal]]'' and turned to mimicry soon after. His breakthrough came with ''Jagapoka'', a comedy program which was broadcast on [[Kairali TV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900930302.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128025831/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/09/stories/2002090900930302.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-01-28 |title=Kairali Tv |date=2002-09-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Film career==
Suraj started his career as a stand-up comedian. His mimicry shows were a success with the audience and he was noted for his artificial mockery of the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] accent. Later, he was also criticised for this by some audience during his early film career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2020-10-17 |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu: It feels good when one's hard work is recognised |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/it-feels-good-when-ones-hard-work-is-recognised-suraj-venjaramoodu/article32880628.ece|access-date=2021-07-02 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603224826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/it-feels-good-when-ones-hard-work-is-recognised-suraj-venjaramoodu/article32880628.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He first acted in a film named ''[[Jagapoga]]'' which was a spoof of Malayalam movies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jagapoga-review-malayalam-8938505.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428185327/http://www.sify.com/movies/jagapoga-review-malayalam-8938505.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-28 |title=Review |website=[[Sify]] |date=2001-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He played the role of Pachan as well as [[Dada Sahib|''Dadasahib'']] in this film. However the movie was a box office flop and received negative reviews. Suraj then went on to act in several minor roles in films such as ''[[Rasikan]]'', ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'', [[Bus Conductor (2005 film)|''Bus Conductor'']] and ''[[Rasathanthram]]''. Suraj grabbed the attention in Malayalam film industry after he assisted [[Mammootty]] with the Thiruvananthapuram accent in ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' (2005). He would go on to act alongside Mammootty in many comedy films. The duo is considered one of the most memorable onscreen duos in Malayalam cinema. His first breakthrough came with [[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|''Thuruppugulan'']] (2006) where he played the sidekick role for the character of [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-15 |title=How Suraj Venjaramoodu Went From Playing The Fool To Hero |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/suraj-venjaramoodu-went-from-fool-to-hero_in_5e4503adc5b61ef3adcf7973|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=HuffPost |language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101064009/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/suraj-venjaramoodu-went-from-fool-to-hero_in_5e4503adc5b61ef3adcf7973|url-status=live}}</ref> Suraj then went on to play the comedy roles in several hit films such as [[Classmates (2006 film)|''Classmates'']], [[Pachakuthira|''Pachakkuthira'']], ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' and [[Hallo (film)|''Hallo'']]. In 2007, he got his first major supporting role again in a [[Mammootty]] starrer [[Mayavi (2007 film)|''Mayavi'']], which became another major breakthrough in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-09 |title=From loud comedian to versatile actor: The evolution of Malayalam cinema's Suraj Venjaramoodu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/loud-comedian-versatile-actor-evolution-malayalam-cinemas-suraj-venjaramoodu-66509|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191706/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/loud-comedian-versatile-actor-evolution-malayalam-cinemas-suraj-venjaramoodu-66509|url-status=live}}</ref> Suraj received appreciation for his role as ''Peethamparan'' in ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' and ''Jabbar'' in [[Lollipop (2008 film)|''Lollipop'']], both of which released in 2008. He played the lead role for the first time with [[Duplicate (2009 film)|''Duplicate'']] (2009). Suraj's iconic comedy character ''Dasamoolam Damu'' came out with the movie [[Chattambinadu|''Chattambinaadu'']] (2009) starring [[Mammootty]]. The character became popular several years after the release of ''Chattambinaadu'' and eventually attained a [[cult]] status.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shafi: Suraj and I decided to do Dasamoolam Damu because of his fans – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shafi-suraj-and-i-decided-to-do-dasamoolam-damu-because-of-his-fans/articleshow/72455285.cms|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204004242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shafi-suraj-and-i-decided-to-do-dasamoolam-damu-because-of-his-fans/articleshow/72455285.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ദശമൂലം ദാമു മടങ്ങി വരുമോ; ഒടുവില്‍ ആ സര്‍പ്രൈസ് പൊട്ടിച്ച് സുരാജ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-suraj-venjaramoodu-talks-about-dasamoolam-damu-meme-movie-comedy-scenes-troll-1.4230344|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=27 October 2019 |language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182613/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-suraj-venjaramoodu-talks-about-dasamoolam-damu-meme-movie-comedy-scenes-troll-1.4230344|url-status=live}}</ref> He won his first [[Kerala State Film Award]] in 2009, by winning the award for the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]] for his performance in ''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]''. He won the award again two times in 2010 and 2013 for the movies ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' and ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A flashback to 2013 {{!}} When Suraj was Best Comedian and Fahadh the Best Actor|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/10/14/suraj-fahadh-kerala-state-film-awards-best-actor-category-trivia.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=OnManorama|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182906/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/10/14/suraj-fahadh-kerala-state-film-awards-best-actor-category-trivia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Suraj's another popular comedy character is ''Idivettu Sugunan'' which came out with [[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|''Pokkiriraja'']] (2010). He was also praised for his role as ''Vadivelu'' in the Dileep starrer comedy movie [[Kaaryasthan|''Karyasthan'']]. Suraj played some memorable roles in the movies [[China Town (2011 film)|''China Town'']] and [[Teja Bhai & Family|''Teja Bhai & family'']], both released in 2011. His other memorable comedy roles came out with the movies such as ''[[Mallu Singh]]'', ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'', ''[[101 Weddings]]'', ''[[Manthrikan]]'', ''[[Sound Thoma]],'' ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'', ''[[Ring Master]]'', ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]'', [[Cousins (2014 film)|''Cousins'']] and ''[[Two Countries]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=Happy Birthday Suraj Venjaramoodu: Interesting facts about the actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-suraj-venjaramoodu-interesting-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/83975216.cms|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630070221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-suraj-venjaramoodu-interesting-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/83975216.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Suraj's potential to play the character and lead roles came out in 2013 as he won that year's [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for his performance in ''[[Perariyathavar]]'', at the [[61st National Film Awards]]. Noted filmmaker and jury chairman Saeed Mirza, while announcing Suraj's award in a press meet, said: "Suraj has played a municipal sweeper [in the film] but it is an incredibly dignified performance. He excels in comedy but in this film Suraj has brilliantly played a reticent character. I would not have been able to sleep had his name not been in the list of awardees".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=2014-04-16 |title=Ship of Theseus named best film at National film awards |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ship-of-theseus-named-best-film-at-national-film-awards/article5918928.ece|access-date=2021-07-02 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182830/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ship-of-theseus-named-best-film-at-national-film-awards/article5918928.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Suraj received critical appreciation for his acting with a potent cameo in ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top cameos by Mollywood stars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/top-cameos-by-mollywood-stars/photostory/54585950.cms|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710082117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/top-cameos-by-mollywood-stars/photostory/54585950.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This movie was also a turning point in his career and a breakthrough performance as he underwent a complete evolution with his acting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2017-08-02 |title=Action Hero Bjiu was the mega bumper after which offers started pouring in: Suraj Venjaramoodu |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/action-hero-bjiu-mega-bumper-offers-started-pouring-suraj-venjaramoodu/|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=onlookersmedia |language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182009/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/action-hero-bjiu-mega-bumper-offers-started-pouring-suraj-venjaramoodu/|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]'', he portrayed a ruthless police officer and in ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]'', he played the lead role. Suraj returned to do the comedy role with the 2016 blockbuster ''[[Pulimurugan]]''. In the movie [[Aby (film)|''Aby'']] (2017) he played the character of a selfish neighbour. Suraj's another critically acclaimed performance came out with ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' (2017), where he played a lead character alongside [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahad Fasil]], who also received appreciation for his performance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu: I wondered why Dileesh gave me the role that he had kept for Fahadh – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-i-wondered-why-dileesh-gave-me-the-role-that-he-had-kept-for-fahadh/articleshow/59865145.cms|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709234905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-i-wondered-why-dileesh-gave-me-the-role-that-he-had-kept-for-fahadh/articleshow/59865145.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to play lead roles in ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' and ''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]'' (2018). He bagged the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Kerala State Film Award for the Best Actor]] in 2019 for his performance in ''[[Vikruthi]]'' and ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'', both the films in which he played a lead role alongside [[Soubin Shahir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=നാരായണൻ |first=സംജദ് |title='നടപ്പില്‍, നോട്ടത്തില്‍, വെറുപ്പിക്കലില്‍, മുരടന്‍സ്വഭാവത്തില്‍ ഒന്നിലും സുരാജെന്ന നടനില്ല' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/suraj-venjaramoodu-android-kunjappan-version-5-25-dasamoolam-damu-evolution-as-an-actor-troll-1.4331715|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=3 December 2019 |language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182321/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/suraj-venjaramoodu-android-kunjappan-version-5-25-dasamoolam-damu-evolution-as-an-actor-troll-1.4331715|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance in [[Driving Licence (film)|''Driving License'']] alongside [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] also received appreciation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2019-11-08 |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu on getting selective and serious |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suraj-venjaramoodu-sets-a-new-high-with-plays-the-role-of-a-septuagenarian-in-his-latest-film-android-kunjappan-ver-525/article29921421.ece|access-date=2021-07-02 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185305/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suraj-venjaramoodu-sets-a-new-high-with-plays-the-role-of-a-septuagenarian-in-his-latest-film-android-kunjappan-ver-525/article29921421.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Suraj played the lead role in ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' which received positive reactions from various film critics and was well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu: I have always wished for good roles and now by working hard, I get to play them – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-i-have-always-wished-for-good-roles-and-now-by-working-hard-i-get-to-play-them/articleshow/78639630.cms|access-date=2021-07-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114151109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-i-have-always-wished-for-good-roles-and-now-by-working-hard-i-get-to-play-them/articleshow/78639630.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, he played a pivotal role in Prithviraj starrer ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' which was critically acclaimed and was a commercial success.

==Personal life==
In 2005, Suraj married Supriya at Vaikuntam Auditorium, near [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]. They have three children: Kashinathan, Vasudev and Hridya. Kashinathan has acted in the films ''[[Annan Thampi]]'' and ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=Happy Birthday Suraj Venjaramoodu {{!}} സുരാജ് വെഞ്ഞാറമൂടിന് പിറന്നാൾ ആശംസയുമായി താരങ്ങൾ|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/it-is-birthday-for-suraj-venjaramoodu-mm-402097.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=News18 Malayalam|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183445/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/it-is-birthday-for-suraj-venjaramoodu-mm-402097.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

An accident occurred on the [[Thammanam]]-[[Karanakodam]] road on the night of July 29, 2023 when Suraj was behind the wheel of a [[Speed limit|speeding]] car. The collision resulted in injuries to a bike rider, 31-year-old Sarath from Manjeri, who suffered a fracture in his right big toe along with injuries to other toes. Following this incident, in February 2024, the [[Kerala Motor Vehicles Department]] initiated actions to revoke/suspend his driving license.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor and Comedian Suraj Venjaramood under trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-faces-driving-license-suspension-details-inside/articleshow/108032325.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>. However, there are no confirmed reports of a suspension as of February 2026.

==Filmography==
{{main|Suraj Venjaramoodu filmography}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Suraj Venjaramoodu
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Rajat Kamal Award for Best Actor (Shared) Perariyathavar (Malayalam) to Shri Suraj Venjaramoodu, at the 61st National Film Awards function, in New Delhi on May 03, 2014.jpg
| image_size = 240
| alt =
| caption = The [[President of India|President]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the Rajat Kamal Award for Best Actor (for [[Perariyathavar]]) to Suraj Venjaramoodu, at the [[61st National Film Awards]] function held at New Delhi on May 03, 2014
| wins = 22
| nominations = 26
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Suraj Venjaramoodu awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|2013
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Perariyathavar]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|2009
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Mammootty-Shwetha-Menon-win-best-actor-awards/article16364412.ece/amp |title=Mammootty, Shwetha Menon win best actor awards |date=6 April 2010 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925125927/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Mammootty-Shwetha-Menon-win-best-actor-awards/article16364412.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Oru Naal Varum]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/salim-kumar-kavya-receive-kerala-state-film-awards/885447 |title=Salim Kumar, Kavya receive Kerala state film awards |date=9 December 2011 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2013
| {{br list | ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' | ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''}}
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-mohanlal039s-039drishyam039-fahadh-lal-and-suraj-bag-awards-complete-list-of-winners-548764 |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Mohanlal's 'Drishyam', Fahadh, Lal and Suraj Bag Awards [Complete List of Winners] |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=International Business Times |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925125919/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-mohanlal039s-039drishyam039-fahadh-lal-and-suraj-bag-awards-complete-list-of-winners-548764 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{br list | ''[[Vikruthi]]'' | ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]''}}
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Balach |first1=Logesh |date=13 October 2020 |title=Kerala announces 50th State Film Awards: See full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-announces-50th-state-film-awards-see-full-list-of-winners-1731133-2020-10-13 |access-date=13 October 2020 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014023918/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-announces-50th-state-film-awards-see-full-list-of-winners-1731133-2020-10-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|rowspan="5"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|2012
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor in a Comedy Role (Malayalam)
|''[[Mr. Marumakan]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top-laurels-at-siima-awards-613893 |title=Dhanush, Shruti Haasan win top laurels at SIIMA awards |date=14 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2021 |work=NDTV|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906045604/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top-laurels-at-siima-awards-613893|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2017
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Malayalam)
|''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |2019
|Best Actor (Malayalam)
| {{br list | ''[[Vikruthi]]'' | ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]''}}
|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |date=28 August 2021 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=The News Minute |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830151926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Malayalam)
| {{br list | ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' | ''[[Finals (film)|Finals]]''}}
|{{Nom}}
|-

|[[CPC Cine Awards]]
|2019
|Best Actor in a Lead Role
| {{br list | ''[[Vikruthi]]'' | ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'' | ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' | ''[[Finals (film)|Finals]]''}}
|{{Won}}
|-

|North American Film Awards
|2018
|Best Supporting Actor
|''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nafaawards.com/winners2018 |title=The Winners of NAFA Awards 2018 |work=NAFA Website |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603202247/http://www.nafaawards.com/winners2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|rowspan=7|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|2007
| rowspan="4" |Best Actor in Humorous Role
|''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2010
|''Various films''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2011
|''Various films''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2014
|''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2017
| rowspan="2" |Best Character Actor
|''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2018
| {{br list | ''[[Theevandi]]'' | [[Njan Marykutty]] | ''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]''}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|2019
|Best Actor Critics Award
|''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]''
|{{Won}}
|-

|rowspan=3|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|2010
|Best Comedian
|''Various films''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2018
|Best Supporting Actor
|''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/02/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2018-list.html?m=1 |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2018 : Winner's List |work=Vinodadarshan|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925125920/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/02/winners-of-vanitha-film-awards-2018-list.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Special Performance (Actor)
| {{br list | ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25]]'' | ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]''}}
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html |title=Vanitha film awards 2020: Mohanlal wins best actor, Manju Warrier is best actress |date=9 February 2020 |work=Onmanorama | access-date=23 September 2021 | archive-date=28 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928051410/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Asiavision Awards]]
|2013
|Best Comedian
| {{br list | ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' | ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]''}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|2017
|Outstanding Performer Of the Year(male)
|''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2017:Deepika Padukone, Dulquer Salman, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas grace the show |work=International Business Times|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193036/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|rowspan=2|[[Asianet Comedy Awards]]
|2016
|Award for Multifaceted Talent
|''Various Films''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2016/Dec/26/asianet-comedy-awards-presented-1553323.html |title=Asianet Comedy Awards presented |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925125920/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/dec/26/asianet-comedy-awards-presented-1553323.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| {{br list | Top TV Performer | All-time favorite of Media (TV)}}
|''Various TV Shows''
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Suraj Venjaramoodu}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2241427|name=Suraaj Venjarammoodu}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Suraj%20Venjaramoodu&limit=156 Profile] at msidb.org
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aW5qHopxrFs#aid=P-pIIgph7Rc Interview on ''JB Junction'' – ''YouTube'']

{{National Film Award Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venjaramoodu, Suraj}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]

Suyamvaram

2026-03-20T21:46:58Z

Xavierncr: add layout

{{Short description|1999 Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Suyamvaram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suyamvaram#Crew|14 directors]]
| screenplay = [[Siraj (director)|Siraj]]
| story = Giridharilal Nagpal
| producer = Giridharilal Nagpal
| cinematography = [[Suyamvaram#Crew|17 cinematographers]]
| editing = [[Suyamvaram#Crew|4 editors]]
| music = [[Suyamvaram#Crew|4 composers]]
| studio = L. S. Movies
| released = {{film date|df=y|1999|7|16}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Suyamvaram''''' ({{translation|[[Svayamvara|Betrothal ceremony]]}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film produced and co-written by Giridharilal Nagpal. The film is notable for its unique production process, in which 14 directors, 19 cinematographers, and over 30 prominent actors collaborated. Conceptualized by Nagpal, the film features an [[ensemble cast]] and was shot in a single day. Nagpal, who also wrote the story, brought together a diverse group of talent from the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] for the project. ''Suyamvaram'' was later dubbed into Telugu as ''Pellante Idhera''.

== Plot ==
Kuselan ([[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]) and his wife Suseela ([[Manjula Vijayakumar]]) head a large family consisting of their three sons — Arunachalam ([[Sathyaraj]]), Aavudaiyappan ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]), and Indiran ([[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]) – and six daughters – Urvashi ([[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]), Easwari ([[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]), Uma ([[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]), Aishwarya ([[Maheswari]]), Hema ([[Preetha Vijayakumar]]), and Ezhilarasi ([[Suvalakshmi]]). Azhagappan ([[Parthiban]]) is the family's loyal servant, and Krishna ([[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]) is their family doctor.

The film begins with Kuselan suffering a heart attack during his 60th birthday celebrations. At the hospital, the family is informed that Kuselan's condition is critical, and he is expected to live only a short while. In his final days, Kuselan requests one last favour: that all his children be married before his death. The children agree, and an advertisement is placed offering family property and ₹1 [[crore]] in cash to anyone who marries one of Kuselan's children. The announcement attracts numerous potential brides and grooms, who are interviewed by Gnanapithan ([[K. Bhagyaraj]]) and Arivolimangai ([[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]), or by doctors Mithrabuthan ([[Janagaraj]]) and Panchabootham ([[Senthil]]).

Kuselan, Suseela, and Krishna are happy upon thinking that everything would happen as planned, but there is a major hitch that they did not know about: most of the children have already fallen in love. Arunachalam, Aavudaiappan, and Indiran have romantic relationships with [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], Savithri ([[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Ishwarya]]), and [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]], respectively. Easwari, Uma, Aishwarya, and Hema are in love with Kanna ([[Prabhu Deva]]), Pallavan ([[Pandiarajan]]), Gautham ([[Vineeth]]), and Kanthen ([[J. Livingston|Livingston]]), respectively. With some effort and bribery, the lovers manage to be selected for the marriage interviews. Urvashi is paired with the absent-minded Dr. Ram Kumar ([[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]), who mistakenly believes the interview is for a medical position. Ezhilarasi is matched with Azhagappan.

The plot takes a twist when Kabilan ([[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]), with his accomplice Vichitra ([[Vichithra]]), attempts to pose as a groom but fails. In retaliation, he kidnaps the nine brides for ransom. Kuselan's friend, ACP Sanjay IPS ([[Arjun Sarja]]), is called to handle the situation. Sanjay defeats Kabilan and his gang, defuses a bomb planted by Kabilan at the wedding hall, and rescues the brides.

In the final revelation, Kuselan confesses that his heart attack was a ruse, and his true intention was to ensure that his children got married without delay.

== Cast ==
In order of appearance:
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Kuselan, the patriarch of the family
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Suseela, Kuselan's supportive wife
'''Sons:'''
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Arunachalam, the eldest son.
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Aavudaiyappan, the middle son.
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Indiran, the youngest son.
'''Daughters:'''
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Easwary, the eldest daughter.
* [[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]] as Uma, the second daughter.
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Urvasi, the third daughter.
* [[Maheswari]] as Aiswarya, the fourth daughter.
* [[Pritha Hari|Preetha Vijayakumar]] as Hema, the fifth daughter.
* [[Suvaluxmi]] as Ezhilarasi, the youngest daughter.
'''Love interests and spouses:'''
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as a tribal woman and Arunachalam's love interest turned wife.
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwariyaa]] as Savithri, a Telugu-speaking cleaner and Aavudaiyappan's wife.
* [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]] as Maheswari, a modern woman and Indiran's love interest turned wife.
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Kanna, a movie ticket seller and Easwary's love interest turned husband.
* [[Pandiarajan]] as Pallavan. Uma's love interest turned husband.
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Dr. Ram Kumar, an absent-minded doctor and Urvasi's love interest turned husband.
* [[Vineeth]] as Gautham. Aiswarya's love interest turned husband.
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Kanthan. Hema's love interest turned husband.
* [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] as Azhagappan, Kuselan and Suseela's house servant and Ezhilarasi's husband.
'''Supporting roles:'''
{{Cast listing|
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Dr. Krishna. Kuselan and Suseela's family doctor.
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as ACP Sanjay IPS.
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Gnanapithan, who interviews potential grooms alongside Arivolimangai.
* [[Urvashi filmography|Urvashi]] as Arivolimangai, who interviews potential brides alongside Gnanapithan.
* [[Janagaraj]] as Mitrabuthan.
* [[Senthil]] as Panchabootham.
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Kabilan, a gangster posing as a groom to plant a bomb at the wedding hall.
* [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Ezhilarasi's prospective groom
* [[Vichithra|Vichitra]] as Vichitra
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as a dancer
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Paandi
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Savithri's father
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Savithri's mother
* [[Balu Anand]] as Kanna's father
* [[K. R. Vatsala]] as Kanna's mother
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Pallavan's mother
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Pallavan's sister
* [[Kavithalayaa Krishnan]] as the auto driver
* [[Dhamu]] as a patient
* [[Kumarimuthu]] as the compounder
* [[Madhan Bob]] as the priest
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as potential groom
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as potential groom
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as potential groom
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Sanjay's assistant
* [[Crane Manohar]] Paandi's friend
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Arunachalam's friend
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Arunachalam's friend
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as Aavudaiyappan's friend
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Kannikkadevi
* [[Mohan Sharma]] as Sundaram
* [[Bonda Mani]] as hosteller
* [[Nellai Siva]] as hosteller
* [[Mohan Raman]]
* [[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]] as wedding guest
* [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] as wedding guest
* [[Vellai Subbaiah]] as wedding guest
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as wedding guest
}}

== Crew ==
* Directors: J. Paneer, [[A. R. Ramesh]], [[Keyaar]], [[E. Ramdoss]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Guru Dhanapal]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan (director)|Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[R. Sundarrajan]], [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]], [[K. Subash]], [[Sundar C]], [[Siraj (director)|Siraj]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[P. Vasu]]
* Screenplay & dialogues: [[Siraj (director)|Siraj]]
* Story & producer: Giridharilal Nagpal
* Music Composers: [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]], [[Sirpy]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
* Cinematographers: Babu, Raghunatha Reddy, B. L. Rao, D. Shankar, K. S. Selvaraj, A. Karthik Raja, Ashokrajan, K. S. Udhayashankar, C Vijayasri, [[M. V. Panneerselvam]], [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]], R. B. Imayavaramban, Ram Gunasekharan, R. Rajarathnam, R. H. Ashok, K. B. Ahmed, G. Mohan, Victor S. Kumar
* Editors: [[P. Sai Suresh]], K. Thanikachalam, P. Madan Mohan, L. Kesavan
* Art Director: GK (art director), Ashok Chockalingam (art associate)

== Production ==
Producer Giridharilal Nagpal announced his intentions of making ''Suyamvaram'', a film shot within 24 hours, in January 1999, stating it had been a fourteen-year dream. The film's launch event was held in the same month on 24 January 1999, with prominent actors [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] attending.<ref>{{Cite web |title='SUYAMWARAM' POOJAI |url=http://www.reocities.com/bbalaji/rajni/rajnews.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005034912/http://www.reocities.com/bbalaji/rajni/rajnews.html |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Reocities.com}}</ref><ref name=dina /> Initially, the filmmakers intended to complete the entire production in 24 hours on 24 March 1999. However, delays occurred, leading to significant changes in the cast and crew. As a result, actors [[Vijayakanth]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Prashanth]], and [[Prakash Raj]], who had initially committed to the project, had to opt out. Additionally, actresses [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] and [[Keerthi Reddy]], along with directors [[R. K. Selvamani]] and [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], were no longer part of the film.<ref name=dina>{{Cite web |date=28 January 1999 |title=Cine News: 12 Heroes – 8 Heroines 10 Directors For A Single Film |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/28-01-99/13heroes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116232459/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/28-01-99/13heroes.htm |archive-date=16 November 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> Siraj, one of the directors, wrote the screenplay and dialogues for the film.<ref name="ts">{{Cite web |title=24 hrs record time {{!}} A rare feat indeed! |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/record/swayamvaram/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429095451/http://www.tamilstar.com:80/record/swayamvaram/ |archive-date=29 April 2001 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref>

Despite the delays, Nagpal remained determined to complete the film within 24 hours. He scheduled the filming for 5 and 6 April 1999 across multiple studios in [[Chennai]], bringing together a massive crew. The production involved 19 associate directors, 45 assistant directors, 19 cameramen, 36 assistant cameramen, nine [[steadicam]] operators, 14 lead actors, 12 lead actresses, villains, comedians, five dance masters, 16 assistants, 140 chorus dancers, stunt coordinators, and a large team of technicians, including makeup artists, costume designers, set designers, and a still photographer. In total, 1,483 extras were involved.<ref name="article">{{Cite news |last=Sumangal |first=B |date=22 March 2002 |title=The 24-hour Film! |url=http://www.pitara.com/magazine/features/online.asp?story=120&page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030825034503/http://www.pitara.com/magazine/features/online.asp?story=120&page=2 |archive-date=25 August 2003 |access-date=5 August 2012 |work=Pitara |pages=2}}</ref>

The filmmakers were under constant pressure to complete the film in the allotted time. Despite months of preparation, many details were left to the last minute, and no script was available. Directors provided scenes to actors, who would rehearse briefly before filming.<ref name="iexpress">{{Cite web |last=Karp |first=Jonathon |date=9 May 1999 |title=A day in a director's life -- Giridharilal Nagpal shoots film in 24 hours |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19990509/fle09047.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001021100223/http://expressindia.com/fe/daily/19990509/fle09047.html |archive-date=21 October 2000 |access-date=17 July 2011 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Two representatives from the [[Guinness World Records]] were present to oversee the time-schedule,<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |date=7 April 1999 |title=Swayamvaram: all in a day's work |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/CC2F936A3CD1A98165256940004B7B18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120322151708/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/CC2F936A3CD1A98165256940004B7B18 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=17 July 2011 |website=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 1999 |title=Tamil Film shot in 24 hours |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HegDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Tamil+Film+shot+in+24+hours%22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630050311/https://books.google.com/books?id=HegDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Tamil+Film+shot+in+24+hours%22#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |magazine=Competition Science Vision |publisher=[[Pratiyogita Darpan]] |page=433}}</ref> accompanied by officials from the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref name="wsj">{{Cite web |last=Karp |first=Jonathon |date=6 May 1999 |title=Indian Director Works to Make A Major Movie in Only One Day |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB903471515243108000 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230630062847/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB903471515243108000 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=23 January 2018 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

Nagpal outlined his ambitious plan: the entire filmmaking process—including shooting, developing rushes, editing, dubbing, re-recording, and final mixing—was to be completed within 24 hours. The script was divided into 11 parts, with each director responsible for filming one part, and all directors worked simultaneously across different sets and venues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=26 March 1999 |title=A go at Guinness |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/26ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121645/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/26ss.htm |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Filming commenced at 7:00 AM on 5 April at [[AVM Productions|AVM Studios]]' sixth floor and AVM Gardens, directed by [[Sundar C]].<ref name="ts" /><ref name="rediffdt">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=7 April 1999 |title=24 hours |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/apr/07rec.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026132735/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/apr/07rec.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=17 July 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> At 9.30 AM scenes were shot at the Kamaraj Memorial with [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], followed by scenes at 11:00 AM involving [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in a gypsy tent camp set.<ref name="article" /> At noon, a song sequence featuring [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] and [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]] was filmed at Film City, and scenes with [[Pandiarajan]] and [[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]] were shot by [[E. Ramdoss|Ramdoss]] at [[Guindy]].<ref name="article" /> Filming continued throughout the day and into the night, with [[P. Vasu]] filming scenes with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] at 2:45 PM.<ref name="wsj" /> Karin Przygocki, an English teacher at the American International School Chennai, was recruited to play an American who marries into a traditional Indian family but her role was later changed to that of a jilted lover in Prabhu's office.<ref name="wsj" />

A dance sequence at a discothèque in Abu Palace was filmed at 5:30 PM, featuring [[Vineeth]] and [[Maheswari]]. By 6:30 PM, the entire crew gathered at the [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]], which had been transformed to resemble a wedding hall, for the final scenes. However, by 3:00 AM on 6 April, the production had fallen two hours behind schedule. In response, four directors improvised and revised the storyline, merging two scenes into one to save time.<ref name="article" /> At the same time, Vineeth refused to shoot a scene in which his character was locked in a bathroom, causing additional delays as the directors attempted to convince him to continue. Despite these challenges, the team completed the filming of the kidnap scenes at Kushaldoss House by 6:25 AM. The final shot was completed at 6:50 AM, with just ten minutes left before the 24-hour deadline.<ref name="iexpress" />

Director [[Sundar C]], who shot the opening scene of the film, noted that all the directors had several planning sessions to ensure smooth transitions between scenes,<ref name="rediffdt" /> while P. Vasu emphasised constant coordination to ensure continuity. Actor-director Arjun, who appeared as a cop in the film, also co-ordinated the action scenes in the climax.<ref name="rediffdt" /> Costume designer S. V. Kumar worked with forty assistants, and dance choreographer Lalita Mani contributed to the film's musical sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 'Swayamvaram' experience |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/24102000/news07.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515042251/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/24102000/news07.shtml |archive-date=15 May 2001 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Art director G. K. oversaw the set designs across 21 locations, managing the operations via mobile communication. Giridharilal's son Vinay played a key role in ensuring the smooth progression of the project across locations.<ref name="rediffdt" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of five songs composed by four composers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suyamvaram (1998) |url=http://tamilmp3world.com/Suyamvaram.html?d=FHIBHD9Y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715002118/http://tamilmp3world.com/Suyamvaram.html?d=FHIBHD9Y |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Tamilmp3world}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suyamvaram / Poovellam Kettuppaar |url=https://avdigital.in/products/suyamvaram-poovellam-kettuppaar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328121149/https://avdigital.in/products/suyamvaram-poovellam-kettuppaar |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>The Prabhu Deva–Roja dance for the song “Siva Siva Sankara” (composed by Vidyasagar, with lyrics by Ilakkiyan and sung for the first time by Prabhu Deva) is one of the highlights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swayamvaram (Movie Review) |url=https://www.oocities.org/wallstreet/district/1108/swayamvaram.html |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=May Matha Ithazhl |url=http://www.india4u.com/kollywood/snippets.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000226051714/http://www.india4u.com/kollywood/snippets.htm |archive-date=26 February 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=India4u}}</ref>

'''Tamil'''

{| class="wikitable"
! Song title !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Singers
|-
|"Kaanakozhikku" || Ponniyin Selvan || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]|| [[Anuradha Sriram]], Sabesan
|-
|"Kathirunthaalea Rajakumari" ||[[Mu. Metha]] ||[[S. A. Rajkumar]]||[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|"Margazhi Maasathu" || [[Palani Bharathi]] ||[[S. A. Rajkumar]]|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]],
[[Swarnalatha]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|"Sekka Sivanthavalea" || [[Palani Bharathi]] || [[Sirpy]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|"Siva Siva Siva Shankara" ||Ilakkiyan|| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]|| [[Prabhu Deva]]
|}

'''Telugu'''

The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Pellante Idera''. All the songs in the film were written by Vennelakanti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pellante Idera (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2gwHU8BdGlTgEipMqxNh3G |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241222191225/https://open.spotify.com/album/2gwHU8BdGlTgEipMqxNh3G |archive-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=21 November 2024 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Song title
!Lyrics
!Composer
!Singers
|-
|"Magha Maasam"
|[[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]]
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S.P. Sailaja]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Parthasarathy]]
|-
|"Siva Siva Sankara"
|Vennelakanti
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|"Nacchina Chinnadaana"
|Vennelakanti
|[[Sirpy]]
|[[Unni Krishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|"Eduru Choose Rajakumari"
|Vennelakanti
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|"Pellante Noorella Panta"
|Vennelakanti
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 16 July 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suyamvaram (Tamil) |url=http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/275-suyamvaram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630044035/http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/275-suyamvaram |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]]}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "The cast seems to have enjoyed themselves tremendously doing this movie. So will you, too".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=7 August 1999 |title=Be entertained by the stars |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IaNOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rRQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5761%2C1935168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619034602/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IaNOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rRQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5761%2C1935168 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=24 November 2022 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> [[Shobha Warrier]] of [[Rediff.com]] claimed the attempt "particularly praiseworthy if we take into consideration the time factor and the amount of co-ordination the film-makers had to do", whilst adding that the film was "slicker and better made than many churned out regularly by some film factories".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=15 July 1999 |title=A good day's work |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/15swa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728061652/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/15swa.htm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' noted, "it can be seen for its record achievement feat but entertainment it does not offer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swayamvaram |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6006720&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229090534/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6006720&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the directors for covering every portion into a full-length film and every scene seemed like watching a new film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே.பி.எஸ் |date=8 September 1999 |title=சுயம்வரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-08/page/n57/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230629140023/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-08/page/n57/mode/2up |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=23 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote the film is "not only a fairly humorous entertainer but an example of how the artistes and technicians of Tamil filmdom can co-operate wholeheartedly, put their heart and soul, complete a movie in just 24 hours and earn a place in the Guinness Book of Records".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=9 July 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya/Swayamvaram |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/09/stories/09090225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604211226/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/09/stories/09090225.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However Kala Krishnan Ramesh of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave a negative review noting "Swayamvaram is disappointing largely because there is enough in the existing story and its events to have made a much better film. A few more competent dialogues, a slightly more imaginative screenplay, and you would`ve had an enjoyable entertainer".<ref>{{cite web |last=Krishnan Ramesh |first=Kala |date=29 August 1999 |title=Swayamvaram (Tamil) |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug29/enter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000607193856/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug29/enter.htm |archive-date=7 June 2000 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
The film was dubbed into Telugu as ''Pellante Idera!'' by P. R. Kutumba Rao and released in October 2001. Kutumba Rao was persuaded to release the film in Telugu by Narasimha Rao of the Raasi Movies studio, while [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]] worked on the Telugu dialogues and music was rearranged by G. Anand. The makers of the Telugu version opted to select a different voice artist for each character, rather than save costs by using individuals who can provide multiple voices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swayamvaram in Telugu |url=http://screenindia.com/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012052904/http://screenindia.com/south.htm |archive-date=12 October 1999 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

A Hindi remake of the film was pondered by the producer, but later shelved.<ref name="toi" />

Inspired by the film, the producers later announced their next project, which would feature five actors and actresses, to be shot within ten days, but the project did not proceed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Better luck next time |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/swayam.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181624/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/swayam.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Keyaar}}
{{R. Sundarrajan}}
{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{P. Vasu}}
{{Selva (director)}}
{{Sundar C.}}
{{Arjun Sarja}}
{{K. Subash}}
{{Guru Dhanapal}}

[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Ramesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arjun Sarja]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. Ramdoss]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Liaquat Ali Khan (director)]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Sundarrajan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siraj (director)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Khalji invasion of Mithila

2026-03-13T15:10:01Z

Xavierncr: put up a stub

{{Short description|Invasion of Mithila from the Delhi Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Alauddin Khalji's invasion of Mithila
| partof =
| image = File:Map of the Khalji Sultanate.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Map of the [[Khalji dynasty]] of the Delhi Sultanate
| date = 1297–1298
| place = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], Bihar
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Mithila becomes an ally or vassal of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| result = Dehli Sultanate victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Karnats of Mithila]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = Sheikh Ismail
| commander2 = Shaktisimhadeva{{POW}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''Khalji invasion of Mithila''' took place between 1297–1298 as a military expedition led by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] against the [[Karnats of Mithila]] in present-day Northern [[Bihar]].

The only source for the conflict between the Delhi Sultanate and Mithila is Mulla Taqia. According to him, the Mithila king Shaktisimhadeva defeated the Delhi army in the first three battles, fought at Maqbara and Sakkuri. In the final battle, the Mithila king was defeated and arrested.{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|p=111}}{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|pp=44-45}} According to the Mithila tradition, Shaktisimharadeva subsequently served as a commander of the Delhi army during [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore]], but this tradition is not supported by any reliable evidence.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1967|p=398}}{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|p=45|ps=: "It is true that there is not much of truth in these tales"}} Nevertheless, the Mithila king likely became an ally or a vassal of Alauddin Khalji:{{sfn|Rosa Maria Cimino|1986|p=1|ps=:"Sakrasimha or Śaktisimha who was defeated by Alā-ud-din Khaljī , becoming his vassal or his ally"}} according to Mulla Taqia, he financially supported Alauddin Khalji.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|p=46}} Mithila appears to have regained its independent status as an ally of the Delhi Sultanate, until its annexation by the [[Tughluq dynasty]] in 1324.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|pp=46-47}}

== Background ==
After annexing most of Western India, [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin]] set his sight eastwards and eventually moved to [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] where his army encountered with [[Shaktisimhadeva]] of the [[Karnat dynasty|Karnat Dynasty]] of Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505783/page/n3/mode/2up |title=History of Mithila (Circa 3000BC-1556AD) |year=1956|publisher=Bhola Nath Mishra Acharya At Sudhakar Press. }}</ref> Shaktisimhadeva's main strength was in his minister Vireshvara,{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|p=111}} who himself was the father of [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura|Chandeshvara Thakur.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=DR.Rajiv |date=2019 |title=Vidyapati : a Great Devotional Poet |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1907O21.pdf |page=1}}</ref>

== Battles ==
The Khalji army eventually encountered Northern Bihar in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. There, the army was immediately confronted by Shaktisimhadeva, the successors to [[Ramasimhadeva|Ramasimhadeva's]] rule. Four battles occurred between them with reports from Mulla Taqia indicating that the Khalji army suffered defeat twice in the first two skirmishes at the hands of [[Karnat dynasty|Karnat]] King and his commander from [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. However, in the third battle, [[Alauddin Khalji|Khalji]] sent his commander, Seikh Ismail, to capture the King and was successful, capturing numerous territories of Mithila as well.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|pp=44-45}} but this proved short lived as Shaktisimhadeva regained those territories against Alauddin's strength when they became independent in their final verdict - all according to accounts provided by Mulla Taqia himself.{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|pp=111-112}}

== Aftermath ==
Amir Khusrav records that [[Alauddin Khalji]] proceeded to the Bihar garden after his victory in Karra, with an intention of staining the soil there red like a tulip with blood. According to Mulla Taqia and the prevailing [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] tradition advocating for independence, it is justifiable to conclude that Tirhut (Mithila) triumphed by all measures in safeguarding its autonomous position against Alauddin's imperial power. Amongst numerous other states at the time, Tirhut (Mithila) was able to maintain its freedom from Alauddin's rule.{{sfn|Radhakrishna Choudhary|1970|p=46}}

After the arrest of Mithila king Shaktisimhadeva, He was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Alauddin's army against his enemies. His imprisonment was short-lived, He and his commander Vireshvara were able to gain independence again and maintained alliance with the Alauddin Khalji.{{sfn|C.P.N. Sinha|1979|p=112}} The [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] regime subsequently took over with [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura|Chandeshvara Thakur]], son of Vireshvara Thakur serving as commander for the [[Karnat dynasty|Karnat Dynasty]] later. While attempting to rescue people in the [[Nepal|Nepal region]] from hostile Tughlaq generals; he had some skirmishes but ultimately succeeded against them. During this era, King [[Harisimhadeva]] ascended to power after Shaktisimhadeva passed away as his successor.{{sfn|R.C. Majumdar|1967|p=398}}

== See also ==
*[[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{Cite book |author=C.P.N. Sinha |title=Mithila Under the Karnatas (C. 1097—1325 A.D.) |url=https://archive.org/details/72754/page/109/mode/2up |year=1979 }}
* {{Cite book |editor=R.C. Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/398/mode/1up |title=The Delhi Sultanate |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1967 |edition=2nd |volume=6 |page=398}}
* {{Cite book |author=Radhakrishna Choudhary |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut |title=History Of Muslim Rule In Tirhut |date=1970 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Rosa Maria Cimino |title=Simraongarh: The Forgotten City and its Art |year=1986 |journal=Contribution to Nepalese Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |publisher=Tribhuvan University |page=277 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0MAQAAMAAJ |quote=}}
{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalji invasion of Mithila}}
[[Category:History of the Mithila region]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1297]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1298]]
[[Category:1297 in Asia]]
[[Category:1298 in Asia]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]

1987–1989 JVP insurrection

2026-03-13T14:32:56Z

Xavierncr: corrected information based on references for consistency

{{Short description|Armed revolt in Sri Lanka}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Merge Bibliography and References|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
| partof = the [[Cold War]] and [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]
| date = {{Start and end dates|1987|4|15|1989|12|29|df=yes}} ({{Age in years, months and days|1987|3|15|1989|12|29}})
| place = [[Sri Lanka]]
| image = File:Sla-on-patrol-dec-88.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Sri Lankan army on patrol in a village to combat the Insurgents
| territory =
| result = [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Government]] victory
* Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted
* Insurgency declined following the fall of the [[Eastern Bloc]]
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flag|India}}
}}
----
{{plainlist|
* '''Pro-government paramilitaries:'''
* [[Eagles of the Central Hills]]
* [[Black Cat group|Black Cats]]
* ''...and at least 8 other minor groups''
* '''Anti-JVP leftist militias:'''
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Peoples Revolutionary Red Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Vikalpa Kandayama]]<ref>''Recolonisation'': ''Foreign Funded NGOs in Sri Lanka''. p. 233</ref>
}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]]
* [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya]]
** [[Patriotic People's Armed Troops]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[J. R. Jayawardene]]
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]]
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[Ranjan Wijeratne]]
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[General (military)|Gen]]. [[Cecil Waidyaratne]]
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[Colonel|Col]]. [[Janaka Perera]]
* {{flagdeco|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
* {{flagdeco|India}} [[V. P. Singh]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Rohana Wijeweera]][[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|15px|link=Extrajudicial killing]]
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Upatissa Gamanayake]][[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|15px|link=Extrajudicial killing]]
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Saman Piyasiri Fernando|Keerthi Vijayabahu]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]]{{surrendered}}
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Shantha Bandara]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Lalith Wijerathna]][[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|15px|link=Extrajudicial killing]]
* {{flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} Ranjitham Gunarathnam[[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|15px|link=Extrajudicial killing]]
}}
| units1 = {{plainlist|
* {{army|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sri Lanka Police.svg}} [[Sri Lankan Police]]
}}
* [[Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)|Special Task Force]]
{{plainlist|
* [[Sri Lanka Civil Defence Force]]
* {{flagdeco|India|army}} [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
}}
| units2 = {{plainlist|
* North-Eastern cell
* South-Western cell
* Central Cell
}}
| strength1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka|army}} 40,000
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sri Lanka Police.svg}} 6,000
* {{flagdeco|India|army}} 40,000 (1989)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Continuing Crisis in Sri Lanka: The JVP, Indian Troops, and Tamil Politics|publisher=University of California press|date=July 1989|jstor=2644676|journal=Asian Survey|pages=716–724|jstor-access=free|last1=Kodikara|first1=Shelton U.|volume=29|issue=7|doi=10.2307/2644676}}</ref>
}}
| strength2 = {{plainlist|
* 2,000 members<ref name='bma'>{{harvnb|Matthews|1989|page=5}}</ref><ref name=thesis2>{{Cite thesis|title=The Patriotic Struggle of Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna: A Reappraisal|author=Owen Bennet|url=http://jvpthesis.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/9/5/26951649/jvp_thisis_final_1.pdf|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230193253/http://jvpthesis.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/9/5/26951649/jvp_thisis_final_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 80,000+ supporters
}}
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} 6,700 killed by insurgents
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sri Lanka Police.svg}} 300+ killed in direct combat, multiple heavy infantry vehicles destroyed mostly in landmine blasts
* {{flagdeco|Sri Lanka|army}} 250+ killed in direct combat, multiple installments attacked
* '''SLCDF:''' 98 killed
* {{flagdeco|India|army}} 14 Jawans killed by the DJV, 1 heavy infantry vehicle destroyed{{efn|On July 25, 1989 DJV blew up a truckload of Indian soldiers killing 14 of them before seizing all their weapons{{efn|[[#Insurgency in Kallar]]}}}}
}}
| casualties2 = 10,000–60,000 captured and/or killed
20,000+ disappeared
| casualties3 = {{plainlist|
* '''Total killed:''' 60,000–80,000
* '''Disappeared:''' 20,000+<ref>{{Cite book|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to{{nbsp}}..., Volume 997|page=1698|year=1988|publisher=U.S. Government printing office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS82AAAAIAAJ|access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928001755/https://books.google.com/books?id=yS82AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/SriLanka-StateofConflictandViolence.pdf|title=Sri Lanka – State of Conflict and Violence|publisher=[[Asia Foundation]]|chapter=JVP Insurgency|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426191941/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/SriLanka-StateofConflictandViolence.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Politics of Sri Lanka}}
{{Communism sidebar}}

The '''1987–1989 JVP insurrection''', also known as the '''1988–1989 revolt''' or the '''JVP troubles''', was an armed revolt in [[Sri Lanka]] led by the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) against the [[Government of Sri Lanka]], then led by the right-wing [[United National Party]] (UNP). The insurrection, like the previous one in [[1971 JVP insurrection|1971]], was unsuccessful. The main phase of the insurrection was a [[low-intensity conflict]] that lasted from April 1987 to December 1989.{{efn|The first attacks took place in 1986 but many historians consider this to be the prelude to an open insurrection.}} The insurgents led by the JVP resorted to [[subversion]], [[List of people assassinated by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|assassinations]], raids, and attacks on military and civilian targets<ref>{{Cite book|title=Patterns of Global Terrorism|publisher=[[U.S Department of State]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzJDzxlbch0C|year=1990|access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928001755/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzJDzxlbch0C|url-status=live}}</ref> while the Sri Lankan government reacted through [[counter-insurgency]] operations to suppress the revolt using army and paramilitary groups who were allegedly backed by government.

[[Guerrilla warfare|Guerrilla]] forces of the insurrection were led by the military branch of the JVP, the [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya]] (DJV). The insurgency reached its peak in 1988 and impacted all Sri Lankan civilians, including those without any political stake in the situation. Attacks on civilians by pro-government guerrillas began after the [[1988 Sri Lankan presidential election|election]] of president [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]]. A period of mass killings by the government began soon after the ceasefire of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] and the expulsion of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]], resulting in the death of many Sri Lankan civilians and multiple Indian [[expatriate]]s.

The JVP received support from its one-time enemy, the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP). However, this alliance broke down following the SLFP's participation in the provincial elections which the JVP and the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) openly boycotted. The government lifted the ban on both parties in 1987, hoping that they would participate in the elections, but this attempt ultimately failed. For over two years, the state saw mass militancy of youth and workers, mass execution, and feuds between government militias and the JVP. Anti-JVP militias allegedly backed by the UNP government also caused violence, including the [[Black Cat group]], the [[Eagles of the Central Hills]] and the leftist [[Peoples Revolutionary Red Army|People's Revolutionary Red Army]] along with nine to eleven other groups.

In 1989, [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] launched [[Operation Combine]] (Ops Combine). Even after revolutionary leader, [[Rohana Wijeweera]] was killed, the insurgency persisted. Violence escalated when the DJV leader [[Keerthi Vijayabahu]] took over. DJV members also operated in the LTTE-occupied areas of [[Trincomalee]] against the Sri Lanka Armed Forces and the IPKF. The DJV was supported by [[Tamil militants]] so that it could also operate as a front against the Indian forces. Many smaller anti-government groups gave up the armed struggle, but the largest threats persisted, with the DJV continuing to operate as an armed group until December 1989. [[Ranjan Wijeratne]], who played a major role in the Ops Combine, claimed he was ready to launch a similar counterinsurgency against the LTTE. Wijeratne was [[Havelock Road bombing|assassinated]] in 1991, which led to the outbreak of the second phase of the Sri Lanka-LTTE conflict, known as the [[Eelam War II|Second Eelam War]].

==Background==
===History of Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna===
{{main|Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War}}
Founded by communist [[Rohana Wijeweera]], the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|Janatha Vmukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) is known for its revolutionary youth background. The organization was banned more than once when the group was first involved in [[Anti-Americanism|Anti-American]] [[Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War|protests against the Vietnam War]] in the 1970s. Since then, the movement was called the "''[[Che Guevara]] clique"'' (a nickname the JVP did not claim) by the Sri Lankan government and international media.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uyangoda|first=Jayadeva|date=2008|title=The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Split|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40277655|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=43|issue=18|pages=8–10|jstor=40277655|issn=0012-9976|jstor-access=free|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817013541/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40277655|url-status=live}}</ref> The group was first internationally recognized as a political party when it participated in a communist youth conference in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] in 1978.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Institute of Fundamental Studies|title=Sri Lanka, a Lost Revolution?: The Inside Story of the JVP|year=1990|chapter=Leadership, Cadre and the Organization}}</ref>

=== 1971 JVP Insurrection ===
{{main|1971 JVP Insurrection}}

The JVP launched an open revolt against Prime Minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|Sirimavo Bandaranaike's]] government in April 1971. While the government was caught off guard, it was able to subdue the insurgency in a matter of weeks. The insurgency may have led to the death of 4,000–5,000 people. Over 20,000 suspected rebels, mostly young people, were arrested in the period that followed the insurrection, but most were released after rehabilitation. The Sri Lankan government called upon [[India]] for military assistance, however Indian involvement was less known at the time of the insurrection.{{sfn|Kadian|1990|page=90-91}}<ref name=IndianAndJVP>{{Cite journal|title=Sri Lanka in 1987: Indian Intervention and Resurgence of the JVP|last=Pfaffenburger|first=B.|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=28|number=2|date=1988|pages=137–147|doi=10.2307/2644815|jstor=2644815|jstor-access=free}}</ref>

Rohana Wijeweera and the other major leaders of the insurgency were sentenced to prison and the JVP was banned as a political party. However, all of them were released in 1977 by new Prime Minister [[J. R. Jayewardene]] after the [[United National Party|UNP]] won the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|general elections]] after running on a platform of amnesty for those prosecuted by the infamous [[Criminal Justice Commission (Sri Lanka)|Criminal Justice Commission]].

=== Tamil insurgency and pro-United States policy ===
During the mid-1980s, as the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] with Tamil militants in the north became more intense, there was a significant shift in the ideology and goals of the JVP. Initially Marxist in orientation, the JVP claimed to represent the oppressed of both the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] communities. Later, however, the group increasingly began to identify as a [[Sinhalese nationalist]] organization, opposing any compromise with the Tamil insurgency.<ref name='Four'>{{Cite book|title=History of the JVP|publisher=Niyamuwa|url=http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/english/download/1168/|year=2014|isbn=978-955-8696-39-2|via=jvpsrilanka.lk|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320190038/http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/english/download/1168/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Third ban ===
Rohana Wijeweera received the third-highest number of votes in the [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|1982 presidential elections]], and the Jayawardene government feared the increasing popularity of the JVP.

The JVP would continue to be involved in more controversy along with the [[Nava Sama Samaja Party]] following an assembly held on 6 July 1983, which was held in support of Tamil civilians; at the assembly, NSSP leader [[Vikramabahu Karunaratne]] defended the Tamil insurgency.{{sfn|Dissanayake|2002|page=58}} The government was greatly threatened by these parties, and alleged that three socialist parties were preparing to topple the government.<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights in Developing Countries: A Yearbook on Countries Receiving Norwegian Aid|year=1986|location=Norway|publisher=Norwegian University Press|page=242}}</ref> The Jayawardene government also alleged that the JVP was involved in the [[Black July]] riots, but provided no concrete evidence. Due to these allegations, Jayawardene banned the party, a move which was suspected to be due to his fear of losing future elections to [[Leftist parties in Sri Lanka|leftist parties]] as he was highly pro-U.S. and anti-Soviet due to his anti-Indian policy.<ref name="Four" /><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/312963|title=Thoroughly Modern Revolutionaries: The JVP in Sri Lanka|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=312963|last1=Moore|first1=Mick|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|year=1993|volume=27|issue=3|pages=593–642|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010908|jstor-access=free|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627030405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/312963|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is also to be noted that during this time, Jayawardene degraded diplomatic relations with [[socialist state|socialist countries]] like [[Cuba]] and the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Moore|1993|page=18}}

== Preparation ==
Having been banned and driven underground, the JVP began preparing to overthrow the government. They targeted political opponents, carried out robberies in the form of [[Bank robbery|bank heists]] to collect funds, and began acquiring weapons, usually pistols and shotguns from owners who had gained gun licenses from the government. Thereafter, they planned to raid armories of the government, which had deployed its forces to the north and east of the country to counter the Tamil insurgency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/03/08/fea03.asp|title=The birth of JVP fear psychosis|volume=1|author=Geoff Wijesinghe|publisher=Daily News.lk|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019005523/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/03/08/fea03.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=JVP 1969–1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GucfAAAAIAAJ|last=Alles|first=A.C.|author-link=A.C Alles|year = 1991}}</ref>{{sfn|Alles|1991|page= 286}}

The politburo members of the insurrection were Rohana Wijeweera, [[Upatissa Gamanayake]], Sumith Athukorala, [[D. M. Ananda]], [[Saman Piyasiri Fernando]], [[Piyadasa Ranasinghe]], [[H. B. Herath]], [[Gunaratne Wanasinghe]], [[P. R. B. Wimalarathna]], [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]], [[Shantha Bandara]], [[Nandathilaka Galappaththi]] and [[Lalith Wijerathna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Siri Aiya" the Great Survivor: Saga of JVP Stalwart Somawansa Amarasinghe |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/40665 |access-date=2021-06-13 |website=dbsjeyaraj |date=18 April 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144102/https://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/40665 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until 1987, no arms were available for the youth military arm of the JVP, the [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya]] (DJV) to train their soldiers. The collection of weapons for this purpose began in early 1987, and weapons training began in mid-1987, with deserters from the army providing instruction.<ref name='erasing3'/>

During this period, police inspectors reported their pistols to be missing and landlords were given shotguns by the police to defend themselves. The DJV stole weapons and ammunition from military bases, defense academies, and landlords. A spike in gun thefts were reported from [[Balangoda]], [[Deniyaya]], [[Hakmana, Matara|Hakmana]], and [[Nochchiyagama Divisional Secretariat|Nochchiyagama]] in 1987. There were reports in May 1987 that an increasing number of youths were stealing such weapons from police stations in the south. 600 weapons, mostly shotguns, were taken by DJV in July 1987.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mathews|first=Bruce|title=The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna and the politics of the underground in Sri Lanka|journal=The Round Table|issn=0035-8533}}</ref><ref name='erasing3'/>

Armed with these stolen weapons, DJV members were trained in universities and were joined by new members from lower castes.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} At the start of the insurgency, it was estimated by western diplomats that of the 10,000 armed carders of the DJV, approximately 3,000 were well trained.<ref name='thesis2'/> According to [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]], a Central Committee member of the JVP, these groups were also provided aid by North Korea since 1970.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Farrel|first=Tom|title=North Korea's Role in Sri Lanka's Bloody Insurgencies|publisher=[[NKNews]]|url=http://www.nknews.org/2014/03/north-koreas-role-in-sri-lankas-bloody-insurgencies|year=2014|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123213636/https://www.nknews.org/2014/03/north-koreas-role-in-sri-lankas-bloody-insurgencies|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Prelude to open insurrection==
{{see also|Assassination of Daya Pathirana}}
On 15 December 1986, the JVP abducted and murdered [[Daya Pathirana]], leader of the Independent Students' Union (ISU) of the [[University of Colombo]], who was a rival of the [[Socialist Students Union]], the student wing of the JVP. By this time, the JVP had been designated as a terrorist organization by the Jayawardene government.

JVP carried out small scale bombings throughout 1986, but what marked the beginning of the pre-insurgency took place on 7 May 1986, when the JVP claimed responsibility for a large bombing in the Colombo Central Telegram office which killed 14 and coordinated anti-Indian propaganda in Sinhalese universities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature|year = 1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgDks1hUjhMC|pages=644, 665|publisher=Transaction publishers|isbn = 9781412815666}}</ref>

==Insurgency==
[[File:Jvp 16-300x200 (3).jpg|250px|thumb|Trees felled across streets by the DJV to block food supply.]]

===Early attacks===
====Attack on the Pallekele Army Camp====
{{see also|Attack on the Pallekele detachment}}
On 15 April 1987, JVP attacked the army detachment in Pallekele in [[Kandy]]. An unknown amount of carders, under the directions of [[Shantha Bandara]] and [[Premakumar Gunaratnam]], the JVP seized twelve [[Type 56 assault rifle]]s, seven sub-machine guns, and ammunition.

====Indo-Sri Lanka Accord====
On 26 May 1987, [[Sri Lankan Armed Forces]] launched the [[Vadamarachchi Operation]] (English: "Operation Liberation") with the objective of defeating the LTTE militarily and re-establishing government control in areas dominated by Tamil militants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rajapaksa |first1=Gotabhaya |title=Sri Lanka's national security |journal=Prism: A Journal of the Center for Complex Operations |date=2013 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=139–155 |url=http://www.intelros.ru/pdf/Prism/2014_4_4/9.pdf |access-date=13 February 2020 |location=Russia |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712171804/http://www.intelros.ru/pdf/Prism/2014_4_4/9.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the second phase of Operation Liberation was abandoned with the Indian intervention with [[Operation Poomalai]], which led to the signing of the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] in [[Colombo]] on 29 July 1987 and the arrival of the first troops of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) on 30 July. These events were widely unpopular among the general public in Sri Lanka as well as the Sri Lankan Armed Forces. Protests in the Southern parts of the island that began against the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord turned into rioting and government imposed a curfew to control the rioting and establish normalcy. On 31 July 1987, government party member of parliament [[Jinadasa Weerasinghe]] was shot dead, which was blamed on the JVP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Memories of a Horrific Day in Parliament |url=https://ceylontoday.lk/2022/08/20/memories-of-a-horrific-day-in-parliament/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |publisher=Ceylon Today |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928001848/https://ceylontoday.lk/2022/08/20/memories-of-a-horrific-day-in-parliament/ |url-status=live }}</ref>



====Attacks on military instaltions in the South====
The prospect of Tamil autonomy in the north and East together with the presence of Indian troops stirred up a wave of Sinhalese nationalism and the sudden growth of anti-government violence by the DJV which had emerged as an offshoot of the JVP and was led by [[Saman Piyasiri Fernando]].{{sfn|Pfaffenburger|1988|page=3}} On 7 June 1987, Sri Lanka Air Force Base, [[SLAF Katunayake]], and the [[Kotelawala Defence Academy]] were attacked. Weapons and ammunition were stolen, while four of the attackers were killed. These attacks were led by the militant unit, [[Patriotic People's Armed Troops]].{{sfn|Guneratne|1990|page=270}} Afterwards, DJV claimed responsibility and a [[Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)|Criminal Investigation Department]] investigation resulted in the arrest of thirteen JVP members.

====Attack in the Parliament====
{{main|1987 grenade attack in the Sri Lankan Parliament}}

On 18 August, when the first parliamentary group meeting took place after the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, an [[1987 grenade attack in the Sri Lankan Parliament|assassination attempt]] was made on the president and prime minister by the DJV: resulting in the death of [[Keerthisena Abeywickrama]], District Minister for Matara and one other.{{sfn|Nubin|2002|page=92}} [[Lalith Athulathmudali]], the Minister of National Security and Deputy Minister of Defence, was also severely wounded.{{sfn|Guneratne|1990|page=271}}{{sfn|Pfaffenburger|1988|page=7}}

The beginning of the insurgency was marked when a few days later the [[BBC]] correspondent [[John Rettie]] received a call from an unknown caller who spoke English claiming he had an organization that consisted of 2,000 fighters and was ready to overthrow the Sri Lankan government. Rettie received this call after the Sri Lankan parliament was attacked.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sri Lanka Fears Infiltration by Outlawed Group : Mysterious Sinhalese Extremists Suspected in Parliament Grenade, Gun Attack|date=30 August 1987|last=Tempest|first=Rone|via=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=SRI LANKA ATTACK MISSES PRESIDENT; 1 KILLED, 14 HURT|date=19 August 1987|agency=Associated Press|via=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>

On 4 October 1987, 50 members of the DJV raided a security forces camp in [[Trincomalee]]; DJV succeeded and stole 6 [[Type 56 assault rifle|T-56 assault rifles]], 3 shotguns, [[.303 British]] rifles, and ammunition.{{sfn|Guneratne|1990|page=272}}

===Intimidation tactics===
After this, the DJV launched a campaign of intimidation against the government and the ruling party: [[United National Party]] (UNP), killing a large amount of its members and MPs as well as members of other political parties. Organized into cells of multiple Joint Commands based mostly in [[Kandy]] in the centre of the island, the JVP murdered upwards of thousands of people between 1988 and 1989. Throughout this period, it crippled the country with enforced [[hartal]]s (general strikes) for two years. Individuals or organizations were intimidated via messages, posters, or graffiti that appeared overnight. Those that did not cooperate were killed, with their family members often harmed as well. Executions were mostly carried out during the night with JVP/DJV militants coming to the homes of victims and carrying them away to be tortured, executed, and left as an example. Most of these victims were killed by the [[Type 56 assault rifle]] or handmade [[Galkatas]] rifles. In most cases, the funerals of these victims were not allowed by the JVP, traditional last rites were forbidden, and the caskets were to be carried below knee level as a mark of disrespect. Acts of sabotage on government property were common, with electric transformers being a common target. Tire burning was also practised by the JVP at times. With these techniques of sabotage and intimidation, the JVP was able to bring the country to standstill.<ref name='erasing3'/><ref name="erasing">{{cite web|title=LankaWeb – ERASING THE EELAM VICTORY Part 17 C 9|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/20/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-9/|access-date=January 23, 2021|newspaper=Lankaweb.com|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019210417/https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/20/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-9/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Assassinations===
{{further|List of people assassinated by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna}}

==== Political assassinations ====
Officials were targeted after receiving death threats which demanded that the victims leave the United National Party, victims of this manner of assassination included the wife of the MP for Karandeniya district [[Daya Sepali Senadheera]]; [[Galagedara, Central Province|Galagedara]] MP [[W.M.P.G. Banda]], and [[Borella]] MP [[Lesley Ranagal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.island.lk/2008/01/23/features1.html |title=The Island- Features |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221946/http://www.island.lk/2008/01/23/features1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As the insurgency escalated, numerous public figures were assassinated by the JVP. On 1 October 1987, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] and [[Ceylon Communist Party]] offices were attacked and burnt, while former Deputy Minister for Education and MP for Matara, [[B. Y. Tudawe]] was shot, but survived.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barnett R. |title=Cycles of Violence: Human Rights in Sri Lanka Since the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement |year=1987 |page=74 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=9780938579434 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7F-dUh5_j8C&q=B.+Y.+Tudawe+MP&pg=PA74 |access-date=4 November 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928001800/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7F-dUh5_j8C&q=B.+Y.+Tudawe+MP&pg=PA74#v=snippet&q=B.%20Y.%20Tudawe%20MP&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harsha Abhayawardene]], the UNP Secretary General, was killed by JVP gunmen in [[Wellawatte]] on 23 December 1987, DJV gunmen fired T-56 guns on full-automatic killing three others. [[Lionel Jayatilleke]], Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation, was shot dead on 26 September 1988 near a temple in an attack which killed three other people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://noolaham.net/project/34/3306/3306.pdf|title=UNP Chairmen gunned down|newspaper=[[Tamil Times]]|year=1988|issue=1|pages=3–4|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019210416/https://noolaham.net/project/34/3306/3306.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/world/cabinet-minister-slain-in-sri-lanka.html|title=Cabinet Minister slain in Sri Lanka|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=27 September 1988|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715085004/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/world/cabinet-minister-slain-in-sri-lanka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 February 1988, [[Mervyn Cooray]], MP for [[Panadura]], survived an assassination attempt. On 1 May, the newly elected UNP Secretary General [[Nandalal Fernando]] was also killed and the [[Galle District]] Minister [[G. V. S. de Silva]] was shot dead later that month. On 21 October, Tudor Keerthinanda, a UNP Working Committee Member, was killed.

====Assassination and funeral of Vijaya Kumaratunga====
{{main|Assassination of Vijaya Kumaratunga}}

[[Vijaya Kumaratunga]]'s assassination was one of the turning points of the insurgency. Pro-Kumaratunga groups attacked suspects of both government forces and the DJV with the help given by other socialist anti-insurgent militias.<ref name="amnesty">[http://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa370211990eng.pdf Amnesty report: 1988 Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712171808/http://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa370211990eng.pdf |date=12 July 2021 }} [[Amnesty International]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-prra-killers-diary-ranil-w-rajitha-r-and-the-left/|title=The PRRA Killer's Diary: Ranil W, Rajitha R And The Left|first=Colombo|last=Telegraph|date=27 February 2014|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=27 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427073840/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-prra-killers-diary-ranil-w-rajitha-r-and-the-left/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumaratunga was shot in the head with a [[Type 56 assault rifle]] outside his home in the outskirts of [[Colombo]] on 16 February 1988 by Lionel Ranasinghe, known as Gamini. Ranasinghe confessed to the murder under questioning by the [[Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)|Criminal Investigation Department]], saying that he had been carrying out orders given to him by the DJV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/pol/vijaya2.htm|title=WWW Virtual Library: Confessions of Vijaya's killer|website=www.lankalibrary.com|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408091013/http://www.lankalibrary.com/pol/vijaya2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a [[Presidential Commission of Inquiry|presidential commission report]] appointed in 1994 by Kumaratunga widow [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]] claimed that President [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] of the UNP and two government ministers, [[Gamini Lokuge]] and [[Ranjan Wijeratne]], were behind the Kumaranatunga assassination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/03/21/new03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112040/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2004/03/21/new03.html|url-status=live|title=Vijaya Kumaratunga assassination was a UNP conspiracy: Gamini Lokuge's gun alleged death weapon (Sunday Observer, 21 March 2004)|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

Kumaratunga's funeral, on 21 February 1988, attracted huge crowds and was the first funeral to be broadcast live on Sri Lankan television. It was held at [[Independence Memorial Hall|Independence Memorial Square]] in Colombo as a [[state funeral]], even though he represented the opposition to the UNP government. The day of his assassination is widely known as "The Horrible Tuesday" or "The Darkest Tuesday in Sri Lankan History".{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} His death is still mourned by many people in Sri Lanka.<ref name="vijaya-20-years-bbc">{{cite news|date=19 February 2008|title=Devolution only solution – CBK (Vijaya's 20th Death Anniversary)|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/02/080219_chandrika_vijaya|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111131812/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2008/02/080219_chandrika_vijaya.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chandraprema|1991|pages=97–98}}</ref>

==== Military and police assassinations ====
One of the key police officers leading the effort to counter the JVP, [[Senior Superintendent of Police]] [[Terrence Perera]], was killed by gunmen in [[Battaramulla]] on 3 December 1987. 1989 saw the killing of Senior Superintendent of Police Bennet Perera, who was gunned down at [[Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia|Mount Lavinia]] on 1 May 1989. The [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] was killed on 23 August 1989, and Captain B. M. Perera of the military police was shot dead in Moratuwa on 12 September 1989.<ref name="thesis2" />

==== Killing of dissidents ====
JVP killings were not limited to those in government or the higher classes. Close to 50 school principals and tea estate owners were killed in 1988 and 1989 for defying JVP orders sent via short memos known as ''chits''.<ref name="thesis2" />

Many other professionals were also killed for defying JVP orders including Dr. [[Gladys Jayawardene]],{{efn|She was also the sister of J.R Jayawardene which may have been a reason for the assassination of her.}} broadcaster [[Premakeerthi de Alwis]], newscaster [[Sagarika Gomes]], engineer D. C. Athukorale, and corporate director Liayana Pathirana. Many wealthy businessmen were also killed, including the Shanmugam brothers, [[K. Gunaratnam]], and Shabeer Hussain. Several [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian expatriates]] were also killed, including the Banshalls working at the Pelwatta Sugar Factory, D. K. Sundaram, P. Nadar Weeramuni, and Ann Herchoi.<ref name="nation1">{{cite news |title=JVP – A never-ending power struggle |url=https://www.nation.lk/2008/05/18/newsfe1.htm |access-date=13 March 2021 |publisher=The Nation |last=Jancz |first=Frederica |author-link=Frederica Jansz |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707013949/https://www.nation.lk/2008/05/18/newsfe1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=[[Tamil Times]]|year=1988|title=Indian Nationals Killed|page=6}}</ref>

During the insurgency, JVP assassinated a total of 117 members of the United Socialist Alliance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloody betrayal, by Dilrukshi Handunnetti (The Sunday Leader, 22 February 2004)|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20040222/spotlight-1.htm|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117181416/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20040222/spotlight-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> which includes the [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front|EPRLF]], [[Nava Sama Samaja Party|NSSP]], [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|CPSL]], [[TELO]] and the [[Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya]].<ref>[http://telo.org/?p=214215 Vijaya's Killing and the JVP] {{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization]]</ref> PD Wimalasena, a veteran trade union activist of the LSSP was killed in May 1989; a year prior, LW Panditha, a Communist Party trade union activist, was killed in Dematagoda. Gamini Medagedara, another Communist Party member, was killed at Polonnaruwa. KAD Saddhatissa, a retired school principal living in [[Akuressa]] and supporter of Communist party, was killed while he was sick and in bed. His son was also allegedly killed. JVP then ordered his villagers not to put up white flags. Six members of an NSSP family were killed at Pujapitya in Katu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 23, 2020|title=ERASING THE EELAM VICTORY Part 17 C 11|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/23/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-11|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225449/https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/23/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-11/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1989 attacks===
In 1989, the government accused the DJV of having caused the death of over 35,000 people, mostly government supporters<ref>{{cite news|title=President of Sri Lanka Pins Hopes on Consensus|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=5 May 1989|page=12}}</ref> Another report, however, states that the JVP and its militia, the [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya]] (DJV), were responsible for "more than 10,000" deaths thus supporting evidence of the number of deaths caused by the government.<ref>"Insurgents: Tigers North, Marxists South", Asiaweek, 30 June 1989, p. 20</ref><ref>Nowak M. and T. Swinehart, eds., Human Rights in Developing Countries 1989, (Kehl, Strasbourg, and Arlington: N.P. Engel, 1989), p. 336</ref> The JVP also expressed its patriotic ideals from 1986; when its fighters (PPF) called for a boycott of Indian goods and gave warning to all Indian nationals to leave the island before 14 June 1989<ref>"Sri Lanka: Blood, Toil, Tears and Onions", The Economist, 10 June 1989, p. 32</ref>
At the beginning of August 1989, seven people died following encounters between the JVP and police forces<ref>"Sri Lanka: affrontements", Libération, 8 August 1989</ref> A leading Buddhist monk was gunned down by the JVP on 3 August 1989.<ref>"Sri Lanka: The Loss of Innocence", Asiaweek, 25 August 1989, p. 29</ref> Later that month, a top journalist and some civilians were killed by the JVP, while some of its own supporters died in the encounters.<ref>"Top Journalist, 38 Others Slain in Sri Lanka", ''The Globe and Mail'', 14 August 1989, p. A8; "At Least 23 Reported Killed in Sri Lankan Fighting", ''The Globe and Mail'', 12 August 1989, p. A7</ref> A successful strike by transportation and health workers were called by the JVP in mid-August 1989, thus showing the extent of JVP unionist support. At the end of August 1989, the JVP threatened to target soldiers' families if they did not resign from governmental forces. The threats were carried out soon after, in the context of another strike organized by the JVP on 28 August<ref>"Massacre of 14 Civilians Seen as Retaliatory", ''The Globe and Mail'', 30 August 1989, p. A13; "Sri Lanka Paralyzed by Radical-Led Strike", ''The Globe and Mail'', 29 August 1989, p. A13; Zecchini L. "Quand les massacres répondent aux massacres", Le Monde, 28 August 1989</ref>

Violent clashes occurred again at the beginning of October 1989, leading to the deaths of 59 people during the 7–8 October weekend alone.<ref>"Sri Lanka: rupture du cessez-le-feu", Libération, 10 octobre 1989</ref> At the beginning of November 1989, clashes between JVP and government forces caused at least 60 deaths in the space of 24 hours.<ref>"Sri Lanka: soixante morts", La Presse, 7 novembre 1989</ref> One deputy of the United National Party was assassinated by JVP gunmen on 25 June 1989, a few days after the imposition of a state of emergency throughout Sri Lanka, imposed by the government as result of an increase in civil strife <ref>"Sri Lanka: assassinat", Libération, 26 June 1989</ref> The following day, the JVP called for a general strike in [[Colombo]] and warned residents to remain indoors because of fighting in the streets.<ref>"A Chance for Peace in Sri Lanka", Asiaweek, 7 July 1989, p. 32</ref><ref>[[Canada]]: [[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]], Sri Lanka: What were the activities of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) and its militia in 1989</ref>

As the JVP threatened to attack the Indian High Commission and India House in Sri Lanka, India brought its firepower to [[Colombo]]. Having informed the government, India airlifted a heavily armed contingent of troops to [[Ratmalana]]. The troops landed at the Ratmalana air base on July 27 to fight against the DJV. The government tried to resist but it however failed to resist the troops. Indian troops took up position at the High Commission and India House. The Indian High Commission asserted that its troops would protect Indian lives and property regardless of the consequences. Indian troops also took up positions at the Taj Samuda, where many Indian diplomatic staff took refuge. They were forced to move into the Taj in the second week of June 1989, as the JVP posed a heavy threat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pdfs.island.lk/defence/20130206_101.html|title=Premadasa's plan goes awry as JVP opens up new front|author=Shamindra Fernando|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629222417/http://pdfs.island.lk/defence/20130206_101.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

JVP had a good spy network which they used to extort money. In 1989 JVP came to the home of garment exporter [[Noel Weerakoon|Ramya Weerakoon]] and demanded money. "Come out you and your daughters, We're the Patriotic People's Movement" they said. They mentioned a bank account to which Ramya had received a remittance for a shipment sent out earlier. She said the payment was for raw material for the new shipment. "We don't care," the militants said. "Our leaders have ordered us to take Rs 50,000 from you. We will come here tomorrow. Have the money ready." they said further. The next day they came at 9.30 pm and took the money away. Weapons were purchased for Rs. 50,000 from Nimrods.<ref name='erasing3'>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/23/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-11|title=Erasing the Eelam victory|date=23 September 2020|author=Nimalka Pieris|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225449/https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/23/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-11/|url-status=live}}</ref>

JVP brought forward not thousands but ten thousands of workers aside its militant background. Most tea plantation workers in the southern Ratnapura district went on strikes from 7 September 1989 in response to a call by the JVP. Neither the imposition of emergency nor the threat of dismissal had any effect on the rebelling workers, possibly because of the social forces the JVP inspired. The striking workers also could not be dismissed as that might have resulted in a wave of sympathy strikes in other sectors.<ref name='erasing3'/> JVP was highly accepted not just by the lower classes or oppressed workers but even middle classes due to the patriotic ideals it has shown. Private transport was nearly impossible, not even three-wheelers were allowed in streets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/21/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-10/|title=LankaWeb – ERASING THE EELAM VICTORY Part 17 C 10|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928113400/https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/21/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-10/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The JVP used various militant arms to attack the enemy. The most notable was the Patriotic People's Movement of Sri Lanka commonly known in the country as the Patriotic People's Front. It had various other sub-guerrilla groups such as the [[Patriotic People's Battalion]] and the [[People's Militant Front]]. The students' wing was named the Patriotic Students' Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JVP Insurgency II: Deaths|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2015/08/10/jvp-insurgency-ii-death-strikes-724-bhikkus|author=Dharman Wickramatne|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019211924/https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2015/08/10/jvp-insurgency-ii-death-strikes-724-bhikkus/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2007/11/second-jvp-insurgency-part-one.html|title=The Second JVP Insurgency (Part One)|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707232826/http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2007/11/second-jvp-insurgency-part-one.html|url-status=live}}</ref> JVP also had a quantity of quick firing automatic rifles better than what the IPKF had. Peradeniya undergraduates were armed with lethal weapons.<ref name='erasing3'/>

==== Destruction of property ====
The JVP destroyed 113 vehicles owned by politicians, 76 houses of police officers, various homes of Indian businessmen, 553 C.T.B. buses, 15 C.T.B. depots, and a C.T.B. workshop. It destroyed various foreign construction projects.<ref name="sunday">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110105024037/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20040215/spotlight-more.htm The Sunday Leader]</ref>

JVP did not hold as aggressive a campaign against government property until the government launched a counter-insurgency. The group then destroyed 16 trains, 12 rail tracks, and 24 railway stations. In addition, the DJV sabotaged 132 electric transformers, 13 pylons, 69 power lines, two power stations, 25 electric meters, and nine electricity sub stations.<ref name="sunday" />

===Calls for ceasefire===
In September 1989 President Premadasa convened an all-party conference to discuss proposals to resolve the crisis.{{sfn|Nubin|2002|page=93}} The JVP refused to attend, however, and the main opposition party, SLFP, pulled out at the end of October and gave up arms. The opposition United Socialist Alliance (USA) also boycotted the proceedings along with the JVP.<ref name='amnesty'/> The LTTE agreed and gave up arms with their demands of expelling the IPKF being met. As of late 1989, the JVP was the only remaining significant threat to the Sri Lankan Government.

===Insurgency in Kallar===
The DJV was active in [[Trincomalee]] which the LTTE declared its capital city. The first notable activity was when 50 members of the DJV raided the camp in Kallar{{efn|Also known as Kallaruppu in Tamil and Kallaru after the Sinhalization}} prior to the heavy deployment of the IPKF.{{efn|as mentioned previously in
[[#Early attacks]]}} After a 20-minute gunfight, the DJV captured the camp.<ref name="erasing2">{{Cite web|title=ERASING THE EELAM VICTORY Part 17 C 8|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/16/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-8|access-date=24 January 2021|publisher=Lankaweb|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019005552/https://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/09/16/erasing-the-eelam-victory-part-17-c-8/|url-status=live}}</ref> The DJVs Trincomalee sector killed 14 Jawans in a landmine blast in 1989. Many at the time were unaware of this attack, and in order to avoid conflict with the Indian army, JVP did not claim responsibility.<ref>{{Cite AV media|last=Jeyaraj|first=DBS|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/37896|title=How the JVP Fought a Guerilla War Against the Indian Army in Trincomalee|author-link=|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131030852/https://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/37896|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Multiple Tamil groups{{efn|''For citation and information, see'' [[List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups]]}} assisted the JVP through the links that Premakumar Gunaratnam established to certain militant groups active in [[Trincomalee]] who were also in conflict with government authorities and the [[LTTE]]. Wijeweera himself visited an EPRLF camp to get training for the JVP cadre. Some members of the JVP also went to the Northern Province to get training. It is alleged that the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE) directly supplied landmines to the JVP and gave them training on the usage of landmines as well.<ref name="erasing2" />{{sfn|Guneratne|1990|pages=45–47}}{{sfn|Guneratne|1993|pages=228–318}}<ref name="erasing" />{{sfn|Alles|1991|page=308}}<ref>{{harvnb|Chandraprema|1991|page=141}}</ref>

===Counter-insurgency operations===
{{Further|Sri Lanka and state terrorism}}
Early counter insurgency efforts began under the Jayawardene government, but these failed to slow or resist the insurgency in any meaningful way. The JVP continued to violently fight back against government forces, causing a kind of fear paralysis among military and police forces.<ref name='erasing'/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Human rights in developing nations|page=357}}</ref><ref>Uyangoda. 1993.</ref>

====Paramilitary counter-insurgency====

[[Image:After-PRRA.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Sri Lanka Army looks at dead bodies of suspected JVP members killed by the [[Peoples Revolutionary Red Army|People's Revolutionary Red Army]]]]

However, in 1989 Ranasinghe Premadasa was elected president amidst a mass boycott of elections by multiple militant organizations. He openly supported the LTTE in order to end the threats to the government. Without the support of the Sri Lankan government, the STF trained with the aid of [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Israeli Defence Forces]] (IDF) were not strong enough to take on the insurgency alone.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Opposition within|location=India, Sri Lanka|publisher=Indiatoday.in|year=1988|url=http://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19880115-sri-lanka-janatha-vimukthi-peramuna-unleashes-reign-of-terror-on-united-national-party-796883-1988-01-15|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502045513/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19880115-sri-lanka-janatha-vimukthi-peramuna-unleashes-reign-of-terror-on-united-national-party-796883-1988-01-15|url-status=live}}</ref> When the JVP offensive came to a peak, government paramilitaries such as the '[[Black Cat group|Black Cats]]', 'Yellow Cats', 'Scorpions' and '[[Eagles of the Hill Country|Eagles]]' were used in order resist the insurgency.{{sfn|Guneratne|1990|page=295}}<ref name='erasing' />

These paramilitary groups were involved in mass killings of Sri Lankan civilians during their operations. In reaction to a DJV attack on military personnel which killed fifteen soldiers, members of the Eagles paramilitary group launched an attack and killed more than 82 suspected JVP supporters. All victims of the attack were unarmed, and victims included children and Indian Tamils.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news|date=17 September 1989|title=Sri Lanka Gunmen Massacre 82 Civilians in Village Rampages|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-17-mn-501-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401165212/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-17/news/mn-501_1_sri-lanka|archive-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gunmen Kill 82 Sinhalese in Sri Lanka|work=The New York Times|date=17 September 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/world/gunmen-kill-82-sinhalese-in-sri-lanka.html|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917152032/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/world/gunmen-kill-82-sinhalese-in-sri-lanka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In a similar incident on 5 October, the Eagles killed fourteen members of the staff of the [[Peradeniya University massacre|University of Peradeniya]]. Later claiming responsibility for the attack, the Eagles claimed that the victims were JVP supporters which engineered the murder of Captain T.E. Nagahawatte, the Assistant Registrar of the university and a volunteer officer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=UN Human Rights Committee Decisions on Communications from Sri Lanka|page=46,52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Sri Lanka: Extrajudicial Executions, 'Disappearances' and Torture, 1987 to 1990|publisher=Amnesty International|location=United Kingdom}}</ref>

Even when responsibility for these mass killings were claimed, security forces would deny all knowledge of missing or killed persons. When relatives inquired about missing persons at police stations or army camps, they would sometimes refuse to register any complaint. While sometimes the bodies of those taken away were allowed to be identified by relatives, in other cases those who were abducted or killed were never traced. Some of the missing people were later found to be in the custody of security forces, being arrested and detained for indeterminate periods without trial, lending evidence to the participation of regular security forces in paramilitary operations.<ref name="amnesty" /> In addition to these abductions and mass killings, [[gang rape]] or other forms of rape by both paramilitary groups and official soldiers was also observed.<ref name="amnesty" /><ref>{{cite journal|year=2016|url=http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/download/3075/pdf/14756|title=Sri Lanka|pages=11–23|journal=International Journal of Conflict and Violence|last=Braithewaite|first=John|publisher=Australian National University|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225506/https://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/download/3075/pdf/14756|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Detention camps====
In response to the JVP attacks, the government has been accused of using [[Internment|detention camps]] in order to put down the JVP insurrection. These camps were said to be run by units of the police who were officially tasked with disarming the rebels.<ref name="wsws">{{cite web|title=Sri Lankan government exploits allegations of murder and torture against opposition – World Socialist Web Site|date=26 August 2000|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/08/sri-a26.html|access-date=11 November 2016|publisher=wsws.org|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225450/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/08/sri-a26.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/04234216454178AFC12576B20038FF61-Full_Report.pdf|title=Commissions of inquiry in Sri Lanka|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121032655/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/04234216454178AFC12576B20038FF61-Full_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Atrocities of Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) or|url=http://www.tchr.net/civil_and_pol_jvp_army_deserters.htm|access-date=28 September 2016|website=www.tchr.net|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401171927/http://tchr.net/civil_and_pol_jvp_army_deserters.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anura Kumara apologises in London for JVP's 1988–89 terror|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2014/06/01/pol03.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001182426/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2014/06/01/pol03.asp|archive-date=1 October 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|website=www.sundayobserver.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2013|title=JVP says Matale mass grave has remains of 200 torture victims ::. Latest Sri Lanka News|url=http://www.onlanka.com/news/jvp-says-matale-mass-grave-has-remains-of-200-torture-victims.html|access-date=28 September 2016|language=en-US|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225445/https://www.onlanka.com/news/jvp-says-matale-mass-grave-has-remains-of-200-torture-victims.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is believed that 5,000 to 10,000 JVP rebels were either tortured or killed in camps established across the country. The largest camp was in [[Batalanda detention centre|Batalanda]] and was run by the Black Cat paramilitary group, with [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] having been accused of being the political authority in charge of overseeing the detention camp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Demons of Batalanda: Who was behind them? – LNW Today|url=http://www.lankanewsweb.today/english/archives/4609|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002064124/http://www.lankanewsweb.today/english/archives/4609|archive-date=2 October 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|website=www.lankanewsweb.today}}</ref> After the insurrection, a Batalanda commission was appointed to look into violations of human rights which took place at the Batalanda detention camp. The commission recommended that legal action be taken against Wickremesinghe, although ultimately no action was taken against him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/120212/News/nws_28.html|title=Vijaya assassination: Politics kills police professionalism|website=www.sundaytimes.lk|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220015809/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/120212/News/nws_28.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lalith Athulathmudali's Assassination –Fact or Fiction?|url=http://www.ceylontoday.lk/print20170401CT20170630.php?id=20301|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823165521/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/print20170401CT20170630.php?id=20301|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Notable attacks===
{{Further|Patriotic People's Front (Sri Lanka)}}
Although much of the insurgency was a low-intensity conflict, with targeted assassinations and intimidation forming the majority of the conflict, major attacks include the [[1987 grenade attack in the Sri Lankan Parliament]] and [[1989 Temple of the Tooth attack]]. In addition, the militant wing of the JVP led by [[Saman Piyasiri Fernando]] staged several major attacks on military installations in the south of the island and a small number in the East were led by [[Premakumar Gunaratnam]].

===Attacks on military installations===
* April 1987 [[Pallekele Army Camp attack]]
* 1987 Kallar Army Camp attack<ref name="erasing2" />
* [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya#1988 Attack on the Kallar armory|Kallar Indian Peacekeeping Force camp attack]]
* May 1987 [[SLAF Katunayake]] camp and [[Kotelawala Defence Academy]] attacks
* April 1988 SLAF Katunayake camp attack
* 1988 Pannala Nation Air Force camp
* 1988 Kumbukke Army camp
* 1989 Auxiliary Force Training Camp at Pannala attack
* 1989 Panagoda Cantonment attack
* [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya#1989 Landmine attack on the IPKF|1989 landmine attack on the IPKF]]
* 1989 Colombo Police Field Force Headquarters attack
* More attacks on certain police stations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Gnanadass|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011202/interviews.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720053610/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20011202/interviews.htm|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

===Prison uprisings===
* 1987 Bogambara Prison attack
* 1988 [[Magazine prison break]]

===Attacks on civilian targets===
* 1986 Colombo Telegraph office bombing
* [[1987 grenade attack in the Sri Lankan Parliament]]
* 1988 Kathireshan Hindu temple bombing<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dexter Cruez|date=February 17, 1988|title=Hand Grenades Kill At Least Five Believed to be Tamils; Film Star Shot|website=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://apnews.com/f37681f6b218abeca95db0c6e7237596&ved=2ahUKEwiylsyCv7_uAhWxFLcAHR4MDG0QFjAAegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0Eq_5uJ1OrgTeY8yq2uiaJ}}</ref>
* [[1989 Temple of the Tooth attack]]
* [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya#Attack on the Kataragama Temple|Attack on the Kataragama Temple]]

In many of attacks, the JVP through the DJV targeted the armories capturing weapons and ammunition that it claimed to use against Indian Peace Keeping Forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=70955 |title=Missed opportunities, War on terror revisited |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125040054/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=70955 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In total the JVP killed 342 police personnel, 209 armed forces personnel and 98 [[Sri Lankan home guards]] in combat, with many more being killed outside direct conflict.<ref name="nation1" /> DJV also used landmines to destroy various infantry vehicles.<ref name="erasing" /><ref name="erasing2" />

==Anti-India campaign==
Aside its military activity, the JVP conducted a social campaign against the Indian intervention. In 1986, even prior to the signing of the Indo-Lanka deal, JVP began delivering posters warning about a possible Indian invasion. The JVP undertook numerous anti-Indian propaganda efforts, including protest strikes, prohibition of wearing the [[Sari|Indian Sari]], and boycotts of Indian goods.<ref>{{Cite book| chapter=The Indo-Lanka agreement|last= Chattopadhyaya| first= Haraparasad| chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC|title=Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Sinhalese and Tamil Race Relations|via=Google books|publisher=MD publications|location=[[India]]|chapter-url-access=limited|year=1994|isbn= 9788185880525}}</ref> Despite their openly anti-Indian sentiment, the JVP denied any violence against Indian Tamils.<ref>Guneratne, Rohan. "JVP's Anti-India Campaign", ''Indian Intervention in Sri Lanka''. South Asian Network on Conflict Research, Colombo, 1994. {{isbn|955-95199-0-5}}</ref>

The ideology of the JVP may have rapidly changed, but some speculated that it may have been split in two, one faction more nationalistic than the other.{{sfn|Guneratne|1990|page=81-83}}<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=The Bottom Line|title=The JVP and Tamil militancy|year=2011|url=http://www.thebottomline.lk/2007/11/28/B34.htm|author=T. Subaratnam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929235805/http://www.thebottomline.lk/2007/11/28/B34.htm|archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref> The JVPs propaganda, made people rethink whether the Indian Army actually wanted to defend the island or annex its territory indirectly. By 1988, however, the Indian Army had already suffered over 500 casualties fighting only the Tamil militants.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sri Lanka in 1988: Seeds of the Accord|journal=Asian Survey|year=1989|volume=29|issue=2|jstor=2644584|jstor-access=free|first=Bruce|last=Matthews|pages=229–235|publisher=University of California|doi=10.2307/2644584}}</ref>

===Attacks on provisional elections===
The JVP in opposition to the [[13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka|13th Amendment]] which was brought as a suggestion from India, formed the National Salvation Front with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) but felt betrayed when the SLFP participated in elections and began a violent campaign against them as well.<ref name='nation1'/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cave |first1=Rosy |last2=Manoharan |first2=N. |title=Resistance to Reform; Submission to Status Quo: Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka |journal=South Asian Survey |date=1 July 2009 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=291–314 |doi=10.1177/097152310901600208 |s2cid=154090420 |language=en |issn=0971-5231}}</ref><ref name=TT1288>{{cite journal|title=JVP Turns its Guns and Bombs Against SLMP|journal=[[Tamil Times]]|date=December 1988|volume=VIII|issue=1|page=19|url=http://noolaham.net/project/34/3317/3317.pdf|issn=0266-4488|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=13 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513145023/https://noolaham.net/project/34/3317/3317.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|See [[#Assassination and funeral of Vijaya Kumaratunga]]}}

== Impact on civilians ==
{{see also|Sooriyakanda mass grave|Necklacing}}

[[File:strike-village-1988.jpg|300px|thumb|A village locked down due to a JVP-enforced [[hartal]]]]

===Attacks on security forces' families===
The JVP made a serious misjudgment when, through the DJV, it called for the killing of members of the families of the security personnel. This destroyed the small but significant amount of support that it enjoyed among the lower ranks of the armed forces, and made it possible for the government to justify its [[State terrorism in Sri Lanka|campaign of terror]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lankanewsweb.net/67-general-news/2052-a-bribery-case-against-raththaran|title=Gotabaya Rajapaksha|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502073913/https://www.lankanewsweb.net/67-general-news/2052-a-bribery-case-against-raththaran|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Most notable of the attacks on families of the security personal was the attack on a family of [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] Premadasa Udugampola when on 24 July 1988 his ancestral home in [[Bope-Poddala Divisional Secretariat|Poddala]] was surrounded and set ablaze by suspected members of the JVP. Following this, Udugampola began a ruthless crackdown of the JVP in the Southern and Central provinces.<ref name="nation1"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Island of Blood|author=Anita Pratap|author-link=Anita Pratap}}</ref>

As a means of pacifying the support base of the JVP, a wide range of acts of cruelty including the [[torture]] and [[mass murder]] of school children, who were allegedly JVP supporters, was carried out by the state.<ref>
[http://www.ndpsl.org/political_analysis/JVP-LessonsfortheLeft,2003.DOC JVP: Lessons for the Genuine Left] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154029/http://www.ndpsl.org/political_analysis/JVP-LessonsfortheLeft,2003.DOC |date=2007-10-13 }}</ref><ref name="cannibalism2">Gananath Obeyesekere, "Narratives of the self: Chevalier Peter Dillon's Fijian cannibal adventures", in Barbara Creed, Jeanette Hoorn, ''Body Trade: captivity, cannibalism and colonialism in the Pacific'', Routledge, 2001, p. 100. {{ISBN|0-415-93884-8}}. "The 'time of dread' was roughly 1985–89, when ethnic Sinhalese youth took over vast areas of the country and practiced enormous atrocities; they were only eliminated by equally dreadful state terrorism."</ref> In one case, security forces allegedly opened fire on a rally convened by the JVP on 28 July 1989, killing 129 people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 1989|title=Sri Lanka: Time For Tea|page=33|publisher=The Economist}}</ref>

===Methods of killing===
Multiple violent ways of murder was reported to media, throughout the insurgency. The practice of Necklacing was at its peak in the country since the late 1970s. Many alleged supporters of the JVP were killed on the streets with the message tagged in their heads "This is what happens when you join the JVP". Anyone who spoke out against the police was sentenced to death and was killed with methods similar to what the JVP used.<ref name="cannibalism2"/><ref name="Niestat20082">{{cite book|author=Anna Niestat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSTnNbcSIIkC&pg=PA19|title=Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=2008|pages=19–|id=GGKEY:UXWF05XJ0X5|access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref>

===Other Sinhalese nationalists===
A vigilante group named Deshapremi Sinhala Tharuna Peramuna (''English'': Patriotic Sinhala Youth Front) was formed around 1989. The group used the infamous slogan "Ape ekata thopee dolahak" ({{translation|Twelve of Yours, for that one of us}}). Soon it emerged in bloody combat against the Patriotic People's Front.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandraprema|1991|pages=296–297}}</ref> One death threat issued by the group read:

{{blockquote|Dear Grandfather/Grandmother/Mother/Sister, we know that your son/brother/husband is engaged in brutal murder under the pretence of patriotism. Your son/brother/husband, the so-called patriot, has cruelly taken the lives of mothers like you, of sisters, of innocent little children. In addition he has started killing the family members of the heroic Sinhalese soldiers who fought with the Tamil Tigers and sacrificed their lives, in order to protect the motherland. "It is not amongst us, ourselves, the Sinhalese people, that your son/brother/husband has launched the conflict in the name of patriotism? Is it then right that you, the wife/mother/sister of this person who engages in human murder of children should be free to live? Is it not justified to put you to death? From this moment, you and all your family members must be ready to die. May you attain peace in the afterlife! – Patriotic Sinhala Youth Front.}}

==Internal conflict post-insurrection==
{{main|Operation Combine}}

Government forces attached to [[Operation Combine]] captured JVP leader [[Rohana Wijeweera]] in [[Ulapane]] and brought him to Colombo, where the government claimed on 13 November 1989 that Wijeweera was shot and killed. Although the Government won a decisive military victory there were credible accusations of brutality and extrajudicial killings.<ref name=PFTCOV>{{cite news |last1=Ferdinando |first1=Shamindra |title=President fails to capitalize on victory over JVP War on terror revisited |url=http://pdfs.island.lk/defence/20130318_118.html |access-date=21 February 2021 |publisher=Island.lk |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629222911/http://pdfs.island.lk/defence/20130318_118.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''Political Killings in Southern Sri Lanka'', [[International Alert]], [[London]] 1989</ref>

On 27 December 1989, a special police team led by SSP Lionel Gunathilake arrested Saman Piyasiri Fernando along with his mother and fiancé at [[Koswatte]], [[Nawala]]. [[Lalith Wijerathna]], Upali Jayaweera, Ranjitham Gunaratnam, Gamini Wijegunasekara, and Shantha Bandara tried to regroup following these events, but government forces managed to capture them and subsequently killed them in December 1989. The leadership of the JVP was transferred to [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]]. It is believed that Lalith Wijerathna was captured sometime later in Colombo by a special police team from Kandy in either late December 1989 or early January 1990. When the government reported the deaths of all of the major leaders of the insurgent party, over 15,000 troops surrendered and gave up their arms. Achieving a decisive military victory over the JVP, the government forced the party to return to democratic and nonviolent politics under the leadership of [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]].<ref name=PFTCOV/>

Some sectors of the JVP opposed the peace deal and urged remaining insurgents to continue fighting. The secondary wings of the JVP continued to fight under the leadership of [[D.M. Ananda]]. However, after his death, the party lost a majority of its supporters and was no longer able to continue its insurrection.<ref>Rajesh Venugopal (2008). The Politics of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna.</ref><ref>C.A Chandraprema (1991). pp. 17.</ref>

== Fatalities ==
{{Further|List of assassinations of the Second JVP Insurrection|Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka}}
A European delegation estimated the total death toll to be 60,000, while other estimates have placed the death toll at 35,000.<ref name="casualties-hrw">{{cite web |title=SRI LANKA |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1990/WR90/ASIA.BOU-11.htm#P731_163022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2018-06-24 |archive-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228103104/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1990/WR90/ASIA.BOU-11.htm#P731_163022 |url-status=live }}</ref> For [[genocide studies]], it was an example of [[politicide]] that happened in a democratic regime, and resulted in the killing of at least 13,000 and 30,000 JVP members and its alleged supporters.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harff|first=Barbara|year=2017|chapter=The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-54463-2_12.pdf|editor-last=Gleditish|editor-first=N. P.|title=R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions|volume=37|series=SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice|location=New York City, New York|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12|doi-access=free|isbn=978-3-319-54463-2|access-date=30 August 2021|pages=117–118|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126183601/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-54463-2_12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Killings by group===
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2021}}
* DJV [[Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya#Type of attacks|killed]] around 6,000 people who were mostly police or armed forces. It also killed 41 Buddhist Monks and 2 Christian Clergy. However, only the killings that happened between 1988 and 1989 are counted by investigators
* A group named Draa killed 26 Indian soldiers
* The PRRA and SRRA killed around 1,000 people<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Sunday Leader: Spotlight|date=15 February 2004|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20040215/spotlight-more.htm|author=Frederica Jancz|publisher=[[The Sunday Leader]]|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208044947/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20040215/spotlight-more.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ukussa paramilitary]] killed 80–100 people in the Kandy massacre and 14–20 people in the [[Peradeniya massacre]]
* The [[Black Cat group]] killed 300 members of the CPSL and a number of people in the Eppawela attack<ref>CartoonistsRights. ''[http://www.cartoonistsrights.org/cartoonists_rights_free_speech.php?id=40 Sri Lanka] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919195217/http://www.cartoonistsrights.org/cartoonists_rights_free_speech.php?id=40 |date=September 19, 2012 }}''</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa370201990en.pdf|title=Sri Lanka brief: A human rights crisis|isbn=0-86210-185-9|chapter=THE SOUTHWEST|year=1990|publisher=Amnesty International Publications|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928001755/http://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/200000/asa370201990en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/2005/08/06/life/3.asp|title= Daily Mirror - Opinion |date=16 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216194922/http://www.dailymirror.lk/2005/08/06/life/3.asp |archive-date=16 February 2008 }}</ref>

===United Nations research===
Three members of the [[Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances]] (WGEID) of the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] visited Sri Lanka from 7 to 17 October 1991 and from 5 to 15 October 1992 at the invitation of the Sri Lankan government. Prior to the 1992 visit, the WGEID had attributed 4,932 cases of "disappearances" to the Government of Sri Lanka and had received reports from various reliable sources about approximately 9,000 cases that had not been processed. The WGEID considers only cases of "disappearances" in which the government is involved; thus, although the WGEID acknowledged it received information about people who disappeared at the hands of the JVP and the LTTE, it could not consider those cases in its report. The WGEID reported its findings to the Commission in February 1993, issuing a series of recommendations, including one that the PCIIRP expand its mandate to investigate the thousands of cases reported prior to its establishment.<ref>AI Feb. 1998, 2–5</ref><ref>[[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]], Sri Lanka: Information on the current status of the People's Liberation Front ([[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] – JVP) in the south of [[Sri Lanka]], 2 December 1998</ref>

===Calls for further investigations===
International jurist [[Neelan Thiruchelvam]], in a speech at the ICES-Colombo, indicated that the appropriate investigations into the [[forced disappearances|disappearances]] of civilians, including many children in the [[Sathurukondan massacre|Sathurukondan]], [[Eastern University massacre|Eastern University]], [[Mylanthanai massacre|Mylanthanai]] and the mass murder and burial of school children at Sooriyakanda, were being hampered by the adoption of [[emergency]] [[regulations]], which were contributing to a climate of impunity. He called for the partial, if not complete, revocation of emergency regulation so that an impartial inquiry into these incidents could take place.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208082545/http://www.icescolombo.org/Neelan/ps060994.htm Speech by Neelan Tiruchelvam at the Debate on the Emergency]}}</ref> These attempts also failed and Thiruchelvam was later assassinated by the LTTE.<ref>{{cite book |last= Salter |first= M.|title=To End a Civil War|date=2015|publisher=Hurst Publishers|pages=40–41}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
By 1991, the JVP still existed as a pressure group or an organization regardless of the government operations to stop its activity.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGnFuDexMVoC|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|title=The World Factbook, 1991|series=CIA – The World Factbook|year=1991|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928001757/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGnFuDexMVoC|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the insurrection, the JVP was relaunched and participated in electoral politics. At the [[2004 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|parliamentary elections held on 2 April 2004]], the party was part of the [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] that won 45.6% of the popular vote and 105 out of 225 seats. As the second partner in this alliance it once again became part of the government. It also supported the winning candidate [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] in the [[2005 Sri Lankan presidential election|2005 parliamentary election]]. Along with the UNP it supported General [[Sarath Fonseka]] in the [[2010 Sri Lankan presidential election|2010 presidential election]].<ref>Hughes, Dhana (2013). "'Retired' Insurgents: Recreating Life after Sri Lanka's Terror." ''Contemporary South Asia''. '''21''' (1): 72–74. {{doi| 10.1080/09584935.2012.75758}}.</ref>

==In popular media==
A documentary film of the second JVP insurgency titled ''[[Udugan Yamaya]]'' was released in 2006. It was screened in The Times London film festival that same year.

A movie based on Wijeweera's backstory called [[Ginnen Upan Seethala]] was released in 2017 featuring many of the events that took place between 1977 and 1987.

[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Predator]] is loosely based on the insurgencies of [[Sri Lanka]]. It features combat with a group named 'People's Action Front' which is a reference to the 'People's Liberation Front'.

==Leaders of the insurrection==
After the ban, JVP was reorganized in April 1984 and its pre-1983 members in the Politburo were Wijeweera, Gamanayake, Sumith Athukorala, Piyadasa Ranasinghe and Wanasinghe. In the same year, Galappaththi, Shantha Bandara, Saman Piyasiri, Somawansa Amarasinghe, D. M. Ananda were included. Later, during the Second insurrection, H. B. Herath, P. R. B. Wimalarathna and Lalith Wijerathna also joined. Accordingly, out of the 13 main leaders of the 2nd JVP uprising, 8 were involved in the April 1971 uprising. Also, four of them were university graduates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here is the profile of the leaders of the 2nd JVP uprising! |url=http://www.silumina.lk/2021/01/09/දේශපාලනය/ජවිපෙ-2වැනි-කැරැල්ලේ-නාය%C2%ADක%C2%ADයන්ගේ-පැටි%C2%ADකි%C2%ADරිය-මෙන්න |access-date=2021-06-13 |website=Silumina |date=8 January 2021 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 13 Politburo Leaders during 1987 insurrection
|-
! Name !! Date of birth !! Post of JVP !! Spouse (no. of children) !! Education !! Date of death
|-
| [[Rohana Wijeweera]] || 14 July 1943 || Leader || Chithrangani Fernando (06) || Dharmasoka College, Ambalangoda || 13 November 1989
|-
| [[Upatissa Gamanayake]] || 17 October 1948 || Chief Secretary || S. Karunawathi (02) || Ganthalawala Maha Vidyalaya || 13 November 1989
|-
| Sumith Athukorala || 7 May 1949 || Administrative & Finance Secretary || Sujatha Wijenayake (01) || Weeraketiya Maha Vidyalaya || 3 May 1988
|-
| [[Piyadasa Ranasinghe]] || 1946 || Organizing Secretary || Seelawathi Senasinghe (01) || Weeraketiya Maha Vidyalaya || 15 November 1989
|-
| [[Gunaratne Wanasinghe]] || 1948 || Headquarters Coordinator || Wimala Wanasinghe (01) || Keenadeniya Maha Vidyalaya || 15 November 1989
|-
| [[Nandathilaka Galappaththi]] || 2 February 1949 || Educational Secretary || Tamara Ranjani (01) || Debarawewa Maha Vidyalaya || 10 September 1989
|-
| [[Shantha Bandara]] || 3 September 1954 || Publicity Secretary & Youth Leader || Indu Kanthiratne (01) || Trinity College, Kandy Government Science College, Matale || 6 January 1990
|-
| [[Saman Piyasiri Fernando]] || 23 March 1958 || Military Wing Leader || Was about to get engaged to Indrani || Galahiriyawa Central College || 29 December 1989
|-
| [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]] || 5 June 1943 || International network, Human rights & Intellectual property Coordinator || Pamara Kumari Herath (01) || Kalutara Vidyalaya || 15 June 2016
|-
| [[D. M. Ananda]] || 2 February 1957 || Student, Bhikku & Women's wing Leader || {{center|—}} || Ratmale Rathanasena Pirivena || 15 November 1989
|-
| [[H. B. Herath]] || 24 June 1954 || Regional Political & Military Wing Leader || Was about to get engaged || Medawachchiya Maha Vidyalaya || 13 November 1989
|-
| [[P. R. B. Wimalarathna]] || 4 May 1946 || Union Leader || Kamani Jayasekara (03) || Vidyaloka Vidyalaya, Trinco || 29 September 1989
|-
| [[Lalith Wijerathna]] || 1 January 1958 || Regional Political & Military Wing Leader || Was about to get engaged to Mangala Herath || Hunumulla Central College || 6 January 1990
|}

== See also ==
* [[Easter Sunday Raid]]
* [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
* [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings]]
* [[Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War]]
* [[Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)]]
* [[Jathika Nidahas Peramuna]]
* [[Foreign relations of North Korea]]
* [[Cocos Island Mutiny]]
* [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]]
* [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
===Books===
* {{cite book|last=Gunasekara|first=Prinse|title=A lost generation: Sri Lanka in Crisis|year=1998|publisher=S. Godage & Brothers |isbn=955-202-82-64}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Rohan|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv-old/Lostrevo.htm|title=Sri Lanka, a Lost Revolution?: The Inside Story of the JVP|year=1990|publisher=Institute of Fundamental Studies|location=Sri Lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822073446/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv-old/Lostrevo.htm|archive-date=22 August 2005}}
* {{cite book|last=Guneratne|first=Rohan|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv-old/IndiaIntervention.htm|title=Indian Intervention in Sri Lanka|year=1993|publisher=South Asian Network on Conflict Research |isbn=955-95199-0-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228172707/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv-old/IndiaIntervention.htm|archive-date=28 February 2006}}
* {{cite book|last=Dissanayake|first=T.|title=War or Peace in Sri Lanka|year=2002|isbn=9555720029}}
* {{cite book|first=Rajesh|last=Kadian|title=India's Sri Lanka Fiasco: Peace Keepers at War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36VHAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 June 2021|year=1990|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=978-81-7094-063-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|last=Nubin|first=Walter|publisher=Nova publications|year=2002}}

===Accounts===
* {{cite book|last= Chandraprema|first= C.A.|title= The Years of Terror|location= Sri Lanka|publisher=Lake House Bookshop|year= 1991|isbn= 9559029037}}
* {{cite book|last= Pratap|first= Anita|location= India|title= The Island of Blood: Sri Lanka}}

===Further reading===
* ''Rebellion, Repression and the Struggle for Justice in Sri Lanka'' : ''The Lionel Bopage Story'' by Michael Colin Cooke, Agahas Publishers, Colombo (2011) {{ISBN|978-0300051308}}
* [[Rohan Gunaratna|Gunaratna, Rohan]]. (1998). ''Sri Lanka's Ethnic Crisis and National Security'', [[Colombo]]: South Asian Network on Conflict Research. {{ISBN|955-8093-00-9}}
* An Exceptional Collapse of the Rule of Law: Told Through Stories by Families of the Disappeared in Sri Lanka, Edited by Shyamali Puvimanasinghe, researched by Moon Jeong Ho and Bruce Van Voorhuis, Published by the Asian Legal Resource Center and Asian Human rights Commission (Hong Kong) and the 'Families of the Disappeared' (Sri Lanka), 2004.
* Holt, John. ''The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics''. Duke University Press, 2011 WR.
* Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015, Page XV.

==External links==
* [http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/ JVP's Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050822073446/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv-old/Lostrevo.htm SRI LANKA – A LOST REVOLUTION? The Inside Story of the JVP by Rohan Gunaratna] (dead links)
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=C7w9AVED2Rc&t=1s J.R Jayawardene in the U.S], (18 June 1984)

{{JVP}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline}}
{{Armed Conflicts Involving Sri Lanka}}
{{Sri Lankan coups}}
{{Cold War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:JVP insurrection}}
[[Category:1987–1989 JVP insurrection| ]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:1987 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1988 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1989 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Cold War rebellions]]
[[Category:Communism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Communist rebellions]]
[[Category:History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Wars involving Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Guerrilla wars]]
[[Category:Dirty wars]]
[[Category:Socialism in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Sri Lanka]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2012

2026-03-07T07:24:13Z

Xavierncr: added new bio from scratch.

{{Short description|2012 Bengali films}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Bengali films}}

A list of films produced by the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in the year 2012.

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:20%;" | Director
! style="width:40%;" | Cast
! Genre
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''6'''
| ''[[Bedroom (film)|Bedroom]]'' || [[Mainak Bhaumik|Mainak Bhowmik]] || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Parno Mittra]], Ushashie Chakraborty, [[Tanusree Chakraborty|Tanushree Chakraborty]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Drama Film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Ek Je Chilo Bhooter Chana'' || Samar || Kuntal Pal, Prem, Manisha Das, Souvik Mahoto, Tapasi Bose, Mrinal Mukherjee, Tapati Sharma, Shibaji Bagchi, Satyen Chakraborty, Dipanjan Chakraborty|| [[Fantasy]] [[Children]]
|-
| ''[[Prem Bibhrat]]'' || Archan Chakraborty || June Maliah, Naina Das, Subhendu Chatterjee, [[Manoj Mitra]], [[Chinmoy Roy]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''13'''
| ''[[Khokababu]]'' || Shankar Aiyya || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Subhashree Ganguly|Subhashree]], [[Ferdous Ahmed|Ferdous]], [[Laboni Sarkar]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''20'''
| ''[[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]'' || [[Rabi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]], Supriya Dutta || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| ''[[Aparajita Tumi]]'' || [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''3'''
| ''Goray Gondogol'' || [[Aniket Chattopadhyay]] || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], Sampurna, [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Kanchan Mullick]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''10'''
| ''Chaal — The Game Begins'' || Alok Roy || [[Saheb Chatterjee|Saheb Chattopadhyay]], Pallabi Chattopadhyay, [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], Dolon Roy, [[Arunima Ghosh]], [[Dulal Lahiri]] || [[Action film|Action]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''17'''
| ''[[Nobel Chor]]'' || Suman Ghosh || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], Harsh Chhaya, [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Soma Chakraborty, [[Paran Bandopadhyay|Paran Bandyopadhyay]], [[Arindam Sil]], Shankar Debnath, [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Suspense film|Suspense]] / [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Ek Tuku Chhoya Lage'' || - || [[Amitabh Bhattacharjee]], Arnab, Ragini || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| ''Jaal'' || Amit Samanta || Tanveer, Pamela Mondal, Rohan, [[Victor Banerjee]], Santu Mukhopadhyay, Sumanta Mukhopadhyay, Anuradha Ray, [[Silajit Majumder]], Masud Akhtar || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''24'''
| ''Flop-E'' || Pritam Sarkar || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Paoli Dam]], Monika Chakraborty, [[Barun Chanda]], Suvrojit, Saswati Guhathakurta, [[Srijit Mukherji]], Sanjib Mukherjee || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
! rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |M A R C H
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''2'''
| ''[[Charuulata 2011]]'' || [[Agnidev Chatterjee]] || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Dibyendu, [[Arjun Chakraborty]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Bhalobasa Off Route E'' || Arunava Khasnobis || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Abhiraj, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Kanchan Mullick]], Tanusree, Parijat, Partha Sarathi Deb, Padmanabha Dasgupta || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Zameen'' || Sourav Mukhopadhyay || [[Supriya Devi]], Dolon Roy, Dulal Lahiri || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Atmatyag]]'' || Kumar Monojit || Chumki Chowdhury, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Debika Mukhopadhyay, Dulal Lahiri, Sumit Gangopadhyay, [[Manoj Mitra]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''9'''
| ''[[Macho Mustanaa]]'' || Reshmi Mitra || [[Hiran Chatterjee]], [[Pooja Bose]] || [[Action film|Action]] [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| ''Pather Sesh Kothay'' || [[Tanima Sen]] || [[Saheb Chatterjee|Saheb Chattopadhyay]], Chandreyee Ghosh, Krishna Kishor Mukhopadhyay, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Gourab Chattopadhyay || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''16'''
| ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]'' || [[Anik Dutta]] || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Samadarshi Dutta|Samadarshi Dutt]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], Paran Bandyopadhyay, George Baker, Bibhu Bhattacharya, [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], [[Mir Afsar Ali]], Manami Ghosh, Sumit Samaddar || [[Horror film|Horror]] [[Drama film|Drama]] [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| ''Hariye Jaai''|| Joy Mukherjee || Abhishek Chatterjee, Nibedita, Gargi Raychowdhury, Santana Bose, [[Anusuya Majumdar]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]], [[Kushal Chakraborty]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''23'''
| ''[[Abar Byomkesh]]'' || [[Anjan Dutt]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Ushashie Chakraborty, [[Swastika Mukherjee]] || [[Detective film|Detective]]
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi#Film and TV adaptations|Bomkesh Bakshi (Adimripu)]]'' (Re-Release) || [[Anjan Dutt]] ||[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Ushashie Chakraborty, [[Chandan Sen]] || [[Detective film|Detective]]
|-
| ''Adhikar''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epratidin.in/Details.aspx?id=7391&boxid=1334234 |title=Adhikar |date=3 November 2013 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103215857/http://epratidin.in/Details.aspx?id=7391&boxid=1334234 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|| Rajat Das || [[Amitabh Bhattacharjee]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''30'''
| ''Amrita'' || Tapan Saha || [[Smriti Irani]], [[Victor Banerjee]], Sreya Pandey || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Comeback'' || Pallab Kumar Ghosh || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Ferdous Ahmed]], Anshuman || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|}

==April–June==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:40%;" | Cast
! Genre
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |A P R I L
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''13'''
| ''[[Le Halua Le]]'' || Raja Chanda || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Hiran Chatterjee]], [[Laboni Sarkar]], [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Laptop (2012 film)|Laptop]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Rahul Bose]], [[Churni Ganguly]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Ananya Chatterjee]], [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Pijush Ganguly]], Arindam Sil, [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], Ridhima Ghosh, Arun Guhathakurta, Aparajita Adhya, [[Anjana Basu]], Jojo, Neha Kapoor, Indranil Banerjee, Pratyay Basu. || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Ki Kore Bojhabo Tomake|Ki Kore Bojhabo ...Tomake]]'' || [[Chaya Singh]] || [[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Chaya Singh]], Tanveer Khan, Riwk, Payal, Joy Badlani || [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''27'''
| ''[[8:08 Er Bongaon Local]]'' || Debaditya || [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Paoli Dam]], Sonalee Chaudhuri || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Hathat Sedin'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] || [[Ferdous Ahmed]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |M A Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''4'''
| ''[[Teen Yaari Katha]]'' || [[Sudeshna Roy]] & Abhijit Guha || [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], Gargi Roy Choudhuri, June Maliah, [[Rimjhim Mitra]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Gita Dey]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''11'''
| ''[[Elar Char Adhyay]]'' || [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]] || [[Paoli Dam]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Bikram Chatterjee, Arunima Ghosh || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Hridoye Lekho Naam'' || Paritosh Das || Raj, Debomita, Arun Bandyopadhyay, Anuradha Ray, Rajat Ganguly, [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''24'''
|''[[Kanchenjunga Express (film)|Kanchenjunga Express]]''||Amab Ghosh||[[Mumtaz Sorcar]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]||Suspense
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''25'''
| ''[[Bikram Singha: The Lion Is Back|Bikram Singha]]'' || Rajib Biswas || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] || [[Action film|Action]]
|-
| ''Koyekti Meyer Golpo'' || [[Subrata Sen]] || [[Raima Sen]], [[Locket Chatterjee]], [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], Rii, [[Kanchana Moitra]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Jaaneman (2012 film)|Jaaneman]]'' || Raja Chanda || Soham Chakraborty, [[Koel Mallick]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |J U N E
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''1'''
| ''Mayabazaar'' || Joydeep Ghosh || [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee|Dhritiman Chaterji]], Badshah Moitra || [[Drama Film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''8'''
| ''Abhiman — Osthityer Lorai'' || Debanik Kundu || [[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] || [[Drama Film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''22'''
| ''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherji]] || [[Koel Mallick]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Deepankar De|Dipankar Dey]], [[Silajit Majumder]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabitri Chatterjee|Sabitri Chattopadhyay]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Bratya Basu]], Barun Chanda, [[Raj Chakraborty]], Sudeshna Roy, Sohag Sen || [[Drama Film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''29'''
| ''[[Om Shanti (2012 film)|Om Shanti]]'' || [[Satabdi Roy]] || [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] || [[Drama Film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Ullas]]'' || Ishwar Chakraborty || [[Tapas Paul]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Mahasweta Devi]] || [[Drama Film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Haatchhani]]'' || Gourishankar Sarkhel || Rupsha, [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]], Bhaskar Bandyopadhyay, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Santana Bose, [[Bhola Tamang]], Rana Pratap Bose, Ranajoy Bhattacharya || [[Horror Film|Horror]]
|-
| ''Phire Eso Tumi'' || Asish Mitra || Badsha Moitra, Dulal Lahiri, Mrinal Mukherjee, Anup Sharma, Vivek Trivedi, Meghna Halder and [[Shakuntala Barua]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| ''Bhallu Sardar'' || Debdut Ghosh || [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], Satarupa Sanyal, [[Monami Ghosh]], [[Kanchan Mullick]], Supriyo Dutta, [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], Suhina, Debdut Ghosh || [[Children's film|Children]]
|-
|}

==July–September==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:40%;" | Cast
! '''Genre'''
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J U L Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''6'''
| ''Chhoan'' || Shibendu Guha Biswas || [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Tanusree, Wriju Biswas, Siddhartha, Rhea Mukherjee, Sumanta Mukhopadhyay, Pramita Chatterjee || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''13'''
| ''[[Awara (2012 film)|Awara]]'' || [[Rabi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Mukul Dev]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| ''Keno Mon Take Chay'' || Milan Bhowmick || Raaj, Rimjhim Mitra, Oindrila, [[Biplab Chatterjee]], Arpita Baker, Mrinal Mukherjee || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''20'''
| ''[[Life in Park Street]]'' || Raj Mukherjee || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], Dron Mukherjee, Shruti Bandyopadhyay || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''27'''
| ''[[Darling (2012 film)|Darling]]'' || Raj Mukherjee || Mayukh Mazumder, Riya Chanda, Pamela Mondal, Aishwarya || [[Romantic film|Romance]]

|-
| ''Palatak'' || Nehal Dutta || Jayanto, Suchandra, [[Ferdous Ahmed]], Shankar Chakraborty, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], Soma Dey, Ramen Raychowdhury, Biplab Ketan Chakraborty || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A U G U S T
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''3'''
| ''[[Muktodhara]]'' || [[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Nigel Akkara]], [[Bratya Basu]], Debshankar Haldar, Kharaj Mukherjee || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''17'''
| ''Shooter'' || Provash & Arijit || Joy, Sayantika, [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Bhalobashar 2nd Marriage'' || Prashanta Bardhan|| Sujjoy Ghosh, Poulomi, [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]], [[Deepankar De]], [[Manoj Mitra]], Subhashish Mukherjee||[[Romantic film|Romance]]/[[Comedy]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''20'''
|''[[Se Amar Mon Kereche]]''||Sohanur Rahman Sohan||[[Shakib Khan]], [[Srabosti Dutta Tinni]]||Romance, Action
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''31'''
| ''[[Paglu 2]]'' || Sujit Mondal || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Koel Mallick]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] / [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish|Chitrangada]]'' || [[Rituparno Ghosh]] || [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Deepankar De|Dipankar Dey]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |S E P T E M B E R
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''14'''
| ''Dashami'' || Suman Maitra || [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Locket Chatterjee]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Passport (2012 film)|Passport]]'' || Raj Mukherjee || [[Ferdous Ahmed]], Gargi Raychowdhury, [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Love History'' || - || - || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''21'''
| ''[[Abosheshey]]'' || Aditi Roy || Ankur Khanna, [[Raima Sen]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Manasi Sinha]], Sudipta Chakraborty, [[Kamalika Banerjee|Kamalika Bandyopadhyay]], [[Suman Mukherjee]], Abhijit Guha, Arijit Dutta || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''E Shudhu Amar Gaan'' || Shankar Ray || Raj, Santu Mukherjee, Biswajit Chakroborty, Dwijen Banerjee, Debdut Ghosh, Janiva Roy || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''28'''
| ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]'' || Nandita Roy & Shiboprosad Mukherjee || [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Shiboprosad Mukherjee, [[Sampurna Lahiri]], [[Debshankar Haldar]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Sankarshan Das, Kanchana Moitra || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|}

==October–December==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:20%;" | Director
! style="width:40%;" | Cast
! '''Genre'''
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |O C T O B E R
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''5'''
| ''[[Ekla Akash]]'' || Sandipan Roy || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Gautam Ghose]], [[Parno Mittra]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Shudhu Tomake Chai'' || Rudranil Chowdhury || [[Soumili Biswas]], Bhaswar, [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], Tilottama Dutta, Shaheb Chatterjee || [[Romantic film|Romance]] / [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Ragging'' || Anup Shankar Saha & Bikash Banerjee || Vik, Olivia, Subhomoy Chowdhury, Rana Mukhkopadhyay, Koushik Dutta || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''19'''
| ''[[Challenge 2]]'' || Raja Chanda || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Pooja Bose]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] || [[Action film|Action]]
|-
| ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]'' || [[Pratim D. Gupta]] || [[Dia Mirza]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] / [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Astra (2012 film)|Astra]]'' || Tathagata Bhattacharjee || Joy, [[Samapika Debnath|Samapika]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] || [[Action film|Action]] / [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
! rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |N O V E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''2'''
| ''[[3 Kanya]]'' || Agnidev Chatterjee || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Ananya Chatterjee]], [[Unnati Davara]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], Sudip Mukherjee, [[Biplab Chatterjee]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
|''[[Borolar Ghor]]''||[[Mani C. Kappan]]||[[Utpal Das (actor)|Utpal Das]], Debasmita Banerjee||Romance
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''9'''
| ''Prem Leela'' || Goutam Majumder || Trambak Roy Chowdhury, Taniska, [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] ||[[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''14'''
| ''[[Idiot (2012 film)|Idiot]]'' || Rajib Biswas || [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee|Srabanti]], [[Aditya Pancholi]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''16'''
| ''[[Na Hannyate]]'' || [[Riingo Banerjee]] || [[Roopa Ganguly]], Dibyendu Mukherjee, Sayani Dutta, [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]], Chaiti Ghosal, Deb Shankar Halder || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''23'''
| ''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]'' || [[Anjan Dutt]] || [[Anjan Dutt]], Ronodeep Bose, [[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], Rita Kayral, [[Parno Mittra]], [[Dipankar De]], Shankar Chakraborty, [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay|Subhasish Mukherjee]], [[Srijit Mukherji]], Manasi Sinha, Debranjan Nag, Pradip Ray, Somak Ghosh ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''30'''
| ''Tabe Tai Hok'' || Sougata Ray Barman || [[Joy Sengupta]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], Samadarshi Dutta ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Sector 5'' || Souradip Banerjee || [[Rajatava Dutta]], Barun Chanda, Apala Pal, Arijit Dutta, Suman haldar, Shamal saha ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''From Headquarters'' || Debabrata Roy || Abhishek Chatterjee, Locket Chatterjee, Chandan Sen, Anindya Banerjee, Sourav ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |D E C E M B E R
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''7'''
| ''[[Bapi Bari Jaa]]'' || Sudeshna Roy and Abhijit Guha || Arjun Chakrabarty, [[Mimi Chakraborty]], Shalmi Barman, Anindya Chatterjee, Dhruva Lal, Tista Dutta || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''Tor Naam'' || Jaya Shankar || Gaurav, Swati, [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], Mithu Chakraborty, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], Mousami Saha, Tota Roy Choudhury, Suman Banerjee || [[Romantic film|Romance]]/[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Chupkatha]]'' || Souvick Sarkar and Dipankar || Payel Roy, [[Silajit Majumder]], [[Aparajita Auddy]], [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''14'''
| ''[[Balukabela.com]]'' || Partha Sen || [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Locket Chatterjee]], [[Payel Sarkar]], Ambalika, Taniya, Indranil, Abhiraj, [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], [[Bratya Basu]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Paran Bandopadhyay, Sudipa Basu ||[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Antore Bahire]]'' || Somnath Sen || Abhiraj, [[Moubani Sorcar]], [[Debashree Roy]], Abhishek Chatterjee || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''21'''
| ''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]'' || [[Sandip Ray]] || [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], Bhaswar Chatterjee, [[Saswata Chatterjee]] ||[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''28'''
| ''[[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]]/[[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
| ''[[Bawali Unlimited]]'' || [[Sujit Mondal]] || [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], Joy, Sourav || [[Romantic film|Romance]] [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| ''Gundaraj'' || Sanjay Banerjee || Raja Goswami, Megha, Bodhisattwa Majumdar, Anuradha Ray, Kalyani Mondal, Koushik Bandyopadhyay, Jayanta Dutta Burman, [[Anamika Saha]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], Sambhavana Sheth || [[Action film|Action]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''31'''
|''[[Khasi Katha- A Goat Saga]]''||Judhajit Sarkar||[[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Anindita Bose]]||Drama
|-
|}

* ems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/rabindrasangeet-exponent-maya-sen-dead/966061.html |title=Rabindrasangeet exponent Maya Sen dead, IBN Live News |date=14 April 2013 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414002103/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/rabindrasangeet-exponent-maya-sen-dead/966061.html |archive-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2012 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 2012}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2012]]
[[Category:Lists of 2012 films by language]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian cinema|Bengali]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films| ]]

Mangamma Sabatham (1943 film)

2026-03-06T03:42:01Z

Xavierncr: Content updated and refined

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mangamma Sabatham
| image = Mangamma Sabatham 1943 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. G. Raghavachari|Acharya]]
| writer = Acharya
| producer = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vasundhara Devi|Vasundhara]]|[[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]]}}
| cinematography = [[K. Ramnoth|Ramnoth]]
| editing = Chandru
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| distributor = Gemini Studios
| released = {{Film date|1943|7|30|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mangamma Sabatham''''' ({{translation|Mangamma's vow}}) is a 1943 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, starring [[Vasundhara Devi]], [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram]]. The film was produced by [[S. S. Vasan]] and directed by [[T. G. Raghavachari]], credited as Acharya.<ref name="hindu" /> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Mangala (film)|Mangala]]'' (1950 and 1951) and again in Telugu as ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1965 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]'' (1965).

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2022}}
Mangamma, a village girl, is humiliated by a prince and vows to take revenge. She vows to make the prince marry her and have a child who would whip the prince in the court. However, her plans are almost foiled when the prince imprisons her when she tries to seduce him. The story revolves on how she tricks him into falling in love with her and begets a son through the prince who ultimately whips him in court.

== Cast ==
Adapted from the [[song book]]:<ref name="song book" />
{{Cast listing|* [[Vasundhara Devi|Vasundhara]] as Mangamma
* [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] as Sugunan, Jayapalan
* P. A. Subbaiah Pillai as Venkatachalam
* P. N. Seshagiri Bhagavathar as King
* [[P. V. Rao]] as Minister
* P. Appanna Iyengar as Adappakkaran
* Puliyoor Duraisami Iyer as Guard
* M. Ramamurthi as Sumathi
* A. S. Leelavathi as Rathi
* Kolathu Mani as Acrobat
* Ramasami as Sarangi
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Sathan
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Yamuna}}

== Production ==
''Mangamma Sabatham'' is the first film that [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram]] featured for [[Gemini Studios]]. Krishnan trained hard to do the tight-rope walking scene himself without using a double.<ref name="hindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] while the lyrics were penned by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[Kothamangalam Subbu]].<ref name="song book" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Puththiyulla Manithar Enraal" || Vasundhara || Kothamangalam Subbu || 02:44
|-
| "Anjaathae Nee Vaa" || Vasundhara || Kothamangalam Subbu || 01:41
|-
| "Vanna Puraavae Nee Yaar" || Ranjan || Kothamangalam Subbu || 01:51
|-
| "Aanantham Ithae" || Vasundhara || || 01:53
|-
| "Ayyaiyaiya Solla Vetkamaguthae" || Vasundara || ||
|-
| "Jayame Jayame" || Vasundara Devi || Papanasam Sivan || 02:04
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Mangamma Sabatham'' was released on 30 July 1943.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 1943 |title=Mangamma Sabatham |pages=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19430730&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 February 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that despite the lengthy running time, it was "a perfect artistic unit in every detail".<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 1943 |title=Mangamma Sabatham |pages=4 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KuRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5003%2C1595702 |access-date=18 February 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the film netted a profit of {{INRConvert|4|m|year=1943}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=December 2008 |title=... And thus he made Chandralekha sixty years ago |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |magazine=[[Madras Musings]] |volume=XVIII |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524070957/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=2 July 2013}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Mangamma Sabatham'' was remade in [[Hindi]] in 1950 and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 1951, both titled ''[[Mangala (film)|Mangala]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranga Rao |first=V.A.K |author-link=V. A. K. Ranga Rao |title=Hindi film dance |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2015/676/676_v_a_k_ranga_rao.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726085735/http://www.india-seminar.com/2015/676/676_v_a_k_ranga_rao.htm |archive-date=26 July 2016 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=india-seminar.com}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=323}} A [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] remake ''Mathalan'' was released in 1955.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=14 May 2018 |title=Lester and Ceylon's films |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/lester-and-ceylons-films/article23879760.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043650/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/lester-and-ceylons-films/article23879760.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> A second Telugu remake, ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1965 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]'', was released in 1965.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 November 2007 |title=Blast from the past |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/blast-from-the-past/article3024037.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171007021201/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/blast-from-the-past/article3024037.ece |archive-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2020/05/1943.html |title=மங்கம்மா சபதம் |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |year=1943 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623101005/http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2020/05/1943.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=8496360}}

{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1943 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]

Vishnu Priya

2026-03-05T18:48:30Z

Xavierncr: creating the details nd citations

{{short description|Indian romantic film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishnu Priya
| image = Vishnu Priya poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| writer = V. K. Prakash
| screenplay = [[Ravi Srivatsa]]
| story = Sindhushree
| based_on = 
| producer = [[K. Manju]]
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Shreyas Manju]]
*[[Priya Prakash Varrier]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[A. Vinod Bharathi]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| studio = [[K. Manju|K. Manju Cinemaas]]
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|2|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vishnu Priya''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[V. K. Prakash]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jul/22/veteran-director-vk-prakash-to-helm-shreyas-manjus-second-film-vishnu-priya-13127.html |title=Veteran director VK Prakash to helm Shreyas Manju's second film Vishnu Priya |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 July 2019}}</ref> written by [[Ravi Srivatsa]] and produced by [[K. Manju]]. Set in the 1990s, the film's story is based on a real-life incident written by Sindhushree.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/Apr/10/makers-of-shreyas-manjus-vishnu-priya-reshoot-the-climax-42128.html |title=Makers of Shreyas Manju's Vishnu Priya reshoot the climax |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 April 2023 |access-date=19 February 2025 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422220526/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/apr/10/makers-of-shreyas-manjus-vishnu-priya-reshoot-the-climax-42128.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Shreyas Manju]] and [[Priya Prakash Varrier]], in her Kannada debut,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/i-want-to-shed-the-wink-girl-tag-priya-varrier/articleshow/118357181.cms |title=I want to shed the 'wink girl' tag: Priya Varrier |website=The Times of India |date=19 February 2025}}</ref> in lead roles, along with [[Suchendra Prasad]] and [[Achyuth Kumar]] in key supporting roles.

The film's announcement following by the [[principal photography]] began in September 2019 in various parts of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shreyas-k-manjus-next-film-is-vishnu-priya/articleshow/70316307.cms |title=Shreyas K Manju's next film is Vishnu Priya |website=The Times of India |date=21 July 2019}}</ref> The musical score and soundtrack for the film is composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] in his second Kannada film after ''[[Vijayanand (film)|Vijayanand]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |title=Gopi Sundar to be music director for Vishnu Priya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/gopi-sundar-to-be-music-director-for-vishnu-priya/articleshow/70870639.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 August 2019}}</ref> The cinematography and editing were handled by [[A. Vinod Bharathi]] and [[Suresh Urs]] respectively.

''Vishnu Priya'' was released on 21 February 2025 after undergoing significant delays in post-production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/06/shreyas-manjus-film-vishnu-priya-finally-set-to-hit-theatres |title=Shreyas Manju's film 'Vishnu Priya' finally set to hit theatres |website=The New Indian Express |date=6 January 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |archive-date=16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116214306/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/06/shreyas-manjus-film-vishnu-priya-finally-set-to-hit-theatres |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vishnu, emotionally guarded due to his father’s early death and his mother’s subsequent remarriage, grows up in a small town during the 1990s. Best friends since childhood with Balu (Balaji), their bond becomes strained when Balu confides that he loves Priya and asks Vishnu to convey his feelings. Instead, when Vishnu approaches Priya, she surprises both by expressing her love for Vishnu himself and not for Balu, leaving Vishnu torn between loyalty to his friend and his own emotions.

Over time, Vishnu and Priya’s romance blossoms amid the nostalgia of bus rides, handwritten notes, and campus canteens. Their relationship, however, is far from smooth: Balu’s quiet heartbreak fosters subtle resentment, Priya’s parents express disapproval, and Vishnu battles his own trust issues shaped by past wounds. Priya’s unwavering devotion contrasts with Vishnu’s reluctance, rooted in his belief that love cannot flourish without absolute trust. As the duo’s bond deepens, familial expectations and misunderstandings test their bond—leading to emotional confrontations and a temporary parting. Balu’s unspoken bitterness occasionally surfaces, threatening the harmony among the trio, but his actions stem more from sadness than malice. Vishnu eventually commits to Priya, recognizing that true love demands honesty and courage, while Priya continues to anchor their connection with patience and hope.

In the finale, Vishnu and Priya choose to stand together, overcoming societal pressures and reconciling with Balu, who accepts their love. The story concludes on a bittersweet yet hopeful note, portraying that enduring love, grounded in trust, can transcend misunderstandings, rivalry, and personal fear—reminding audiences of the purity of first love in simpler times.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Shreyas Manju]] as Vishnu
*[[Priya Prakash Varrier]] as Priya
*[[Suchendra Prasad]] as Priya's father
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Vishnu's father
*[[Sundar Raj]]
*Rajesh Rao
*K. S. Shridhar
*Nihal Raj
*[[Naveen D. Padil]]
*Ananth Padmanabh
*Vinod
*Ashwini Gowda
*Chithkala Biradar
*Saniha
*Ramya
*Master Vidath
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of songs composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] marking his return to Kannada cinema after his debut in ''[[Vijayanand (film)|Vijayanand]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |title=Gopi Sundar to be music director for Vishnu Priya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/gopi-sundar-to-be-music-director-for-vishnu-priya/articleshow/70870639.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 August 2019}}</ref> All the songs are written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]. The first single "Chiguru Chiguru" was released on .<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Jan/31/vishnu-priya-uniquely-captures-90s-romance-and-the-first-single-sets-the-theme-51636.html |title=Vishnu Priya uniquely captures 90s romance and the first single sets the theme |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=31 January 2024}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by A2 Music label.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Elu Girigala
| length1 = 4:40
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]
| title2 = Summane Summane
| length2 = 4:17
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Priya Prakash Varrier]], Akbar Khan
| title3 = Kshana Kshana
| length3 = 3:41
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra3 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| title4 = Chiguru Chiguru
| length4 = 3:57
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = [[Najim Arshad]]
| total_length = 17:33
}}

==Reception==
The movie received mixed reviews from critics. While some praised its nostalgic appeal and emotional depth, others criticized its slow pacing and formulaic narrative. Sridevi S from [[The Times of India]] described Vishnu Priya as a romantic drama with a predictable narrative but praised its nostalgic appeal and performances, noting its slow pacing as a drawback.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sridevi |first=S |title=Vishnu Priya Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/vishnu-priya/movie-review/118444748.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of [[The New Indian Express]] called it a "90s love story that unfolds slowly but strikes deep," appreciating its emotional depth and retro charm, though noting its leisurely pace.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |title=Vishnu Priya Movie Review: A 90s love story that unfolds slowly but strikes deep |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/22/vishnu-priya-movie-review-a-90s-love-story-that-unfolds-slowly-but-strikes-deep |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> Jagdish Angadi from [[Deccan Herald]] labeled the film a "formulaic romantic drama," critiquing its lack of originality but acknowledging its appeal to fans of traditional love stories.<ref>{{cite web |last=Angadi |first=Jagdish |title=Vishnu Priya Movie Review: A formulaic romantic drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vishnu-priya-movie-review-a-formulaic-romantic-drama-3417245 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> Y Maheshwara Reddy of [[Bangalore Mirror]] described Vishnu Priya as a "classic love flick," praising its adherence to traditional romantic tropes but noting it may feel dated for modern audiences.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reddy |first=Y Maheshwara |title=Kannada Movie Review: Vishnu Priya - Classic love flick |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewvishnu-priya-classic-love-flick/articleshow/118459766.cms |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>[[Times Now]]'s Shashiprasad SM remarked that the film allows viewers to "relive the typical 1990s love story but at a snail’s pace," highlighting its nostalgic elements but criticizing its slow narrative.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shashiprasad |first=SM |title=Vishnu Priya Movie Review: Relive the typical 1990s love story but at a snail's pace |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/vishnu-priya-movie-review-relive-the-typical-1990s-love-story-but-at-a-snail-s-pace-review-118440170 |website=[[Times Now]] |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14324896}}
{{V. K. Prakash}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]

Satya in Love

2026-03-03T21:47:19Z

Xavierncr: Page updated with additional details

{{Tone|date=April 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Satya in Love.JPG
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Raghav Loki Marasur
| producer = T. N. Ramesh
| story = Raghav Loki Marasur
| writer = Malavalli Saikrishna
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = Raghav Loki Marasur
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = M. R. Seenu
| editing = Shyam Yadav
| studio = Ananya Enterprises
| distributor = Ramu Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|2008|03|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Satya in Love''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Raghav Loki and produced by T.N. Ramesh under Ananya Enterprises. The film features [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]] in the lead roles. The music is composed by [[Gurukiran]].

==Plot==
Satya falls in love with Veda when he witnesses her nursing a stranger who had a seizure. After this encounter, Veda disappears into a crowd, prompting Satya to embark on a search to find her. He learns that she lives in [[Kurnool]] with her father Ranga Reddy, who holds control in that region. Satya goes to Reddy's house but is beaten by Ranga's henchmen. Veda is surprised to see Satya as she has never seen him before. Satya, undeterred by the beating, perseveres in his quest to win Veda's affection. Despite the initial setback, he discovers a way to connect with her, determined to overcome the challenges presented by Veda's formidable father.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Satya
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] as Veda
* Ramnitu Chaudhary
* [[Vinaya Prasad]]
* [[Pavithra Lokesh]]
* Sangeetha
* Baby Apoorva
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* Vijaykashi
* [[Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Ranga Reddy, Veda's father (Telugu factionist)
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Subbaraju]] as Veda's elder brother (Telugu factionist)
* Sanjay Jayaraman
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
* [[Narsing Yadav]]
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]
}}

==Production==
''Satya in Love'' is the first Kannada film to employ 4K [[digital intermediate]] technology.

== Music ==
The official soundtrack contains eight songs with one theme song. Released on 14 February 2008, Satya in Love's soundtrack was composed by [[Gurukiran]]. The lyrics were written by four different lyricists: Hrudaya Shiva, Kaviraj, V. Manohar, and Malavalli Saikrishna. The audio was released on Valentine's Day at a hotel in Bangalore.

{{Infobox album
| name = Satya in Love
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">14 February 2008 (music launch) 14 February 2008 (CD release)</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 41:50
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Skanda Audio</div>
| producer = T.N.Ramesh
| prev_title = [[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = Raa
| next_year = 2008
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Satya Is in Love (Sereyadenu)
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length1 = 04:52
| lyrics1 = Hrudaya Shiva

| title2 = Nodalavalu Lovely
| extra2 = [[Gurukiran]]
| length2 = 04:48
| lyrics2 =[[V. Manohar]]

| title3 = Banda Kole Basava
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 04:25
| lyrics3 = Malavalli Saikrishna

| title4 = Taane Tantaane
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length4 = 05:30
| lyrics4 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
|
| title5 = Rama Srirama
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 05:16
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj

| title6 = Romanchana
| extra6 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Sicily
| length6 = 04:48
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj

| title7 = Golla Golla
| extra7 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length7 = 04:40
| lyrics7 = Kaviraj

| title8 = Rama Srirama (Telugu)
| extra8 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length8 = 05:17
| lyrics8 = Kaviraj

| title9 =Theme Bit
| note9 =instrumental
| length9 = 02:14
|
}}

==Reception==
The movie opened to positive reviews, receiving praise from the [[Deccan Herald]] and a rating of 2.5 out of 5 from [[Rediff.com]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar292008/movies2008032859956.asp |title=Deccan Herald – Satya in Love |access-date=11 April 2008 |archive-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403044859/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar292008/movies2008032859956.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/31sss.htm|title=Sathya...: Only for Shivraj Kumar fans!|date=13 March 2008|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=RG Vijayasarathy|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912010642/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/31sss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It received major criticism from viewers in Karnataka due to excessive usage of Telugu language throughout the movie.

The film opened to record-breaking collections and was the first Kannada film to simultaneously release across India in places like [[Tamil Nadu|TN]], [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and Delhi.

''Satya in Love'' grossed 4 [[crores]] in the opening weekend.<ref>{{cite news|title=Genelia D'Souza, the next Bollywood bee|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/4648|accessdate=22 January 2011|newspaper=Newstrack India|date=1 July 2008|archive-date=23 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323074231/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/4648|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie completed 50 days in 19 centers and 100 days in 3 cities – Bangalore, [[Hubli]] and [[Belgaum]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.chitraloka.com/satyainlove}}
* {{IMDb title|14254826}}

[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]

Kaikudunna Nilavu

2026-03-03T21:17:16Z

Xavierncr: small expanded page to improve readability additionally and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaikudunna Nilavu
| image = Kaikudunna Nilavu poster.jpeg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Kalliyoor Sasi
* P. M. Basheer
}}
| writer = [[Ranjith]]
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Ranjitha]] [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]
| music = [[Kaithapram]]
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = United Vision
| distributor = Surya Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|1998|4|3|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kaikudunna Nilavu''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Drama|drama film]] directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and written by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]. The film stars [[Jayaram]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Ranjitha]], and [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] in the lead roles. The film has songs by [[Kaithapram]]. The background score was by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Nilave Unakkaga''. The film was an average run at the box office.

== Plot ==
Balakrishnan, an aged musician, along with his granddaughter Veni, arrive at the [[Brihadisvara Temple|Brihadeshwara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]], seeking asylum. There, they cross paths with Mahendran and family, consisting of his grandparents and friend Lakshmanan. Balakrishnan was an acquaintance of Mahendran's late father, a district collector, and thus the two families become familiar. One day, Mahendran saves Balakrishnan and Veni from Subhramaniyan, a distant relative who is hunting them for an unpaid debt and has an eye on Veni. Balakrishanan is constantly on the run with Veni, due to his fear of Subhramaniyan. That night, Balakrishnan dies in his sleep. After performing Balakrishnan's final rites, Mahendran and his family decide to take Veni back with them to their home, Sreemangalam.

Back at home, a few hijinks ensue as Veni gets settled in to a new life. A few problems and confusions happen in the form of Bhama, Mahendran's childhood sweetheart, feeling jealous of Mahendran and Veni's closeness. One day, they find Veni writing a love letter, and after some further enquiry, learn that there is a boy named Kichamani aka Kichan, whom Veni loves. Kichamani was sent away by Balakrishnan after he clashed with Subhramaniyan. In order to make Veni happy, Mahendran decides to find and bring Kichamani to Sreemangalam.

After some searching, he finds Kichamani, only to realize that a new problem has unfolded. After learning that Balakrishnan had died, Kichamani went to find Veni at the temple, but instead crossed paths with Subhramaniyan, who is also hunting Veni. In an ensuing fight, Kichamani accidentally kills Subhramaniyan, and has been in hiding since. The case is big, due to it happening within the temple, but the lack of witnesses or proof leaves it open. Kichamani however is overcome with guilt for what he did. Mahendran convinces him that everything will turn out all right and reunites Kichamani and Veni.

As they all adjust to a new life, and Kichamani and Veni's wedding is fixed, a new problem arises in the form of Hameed Rawther, a [[Tamil Nadu Police]] officer in charge of solving the murder case. Following a trail of clues and suspicions, Rawther reaches Sreemangalam in search of Kichamani, and ends up staying there as a guest. A game of wits unfolds between Rawther and Mahendran, the former driven by his sense of justice and the latter by his desperation to protect Kichamani, and by extension Veni.

Eventually, overcome by guilt, Kichamani agrees to surrender and secretly tells the truth to a heartbroken Veni. But before Rawther can apprehend him, Kichamani and Veni attempt suicide. Though they survive, Mahendran is broken by their sadness. In a moment of self sacrifice, Mahendran asks Rawther to arrest him as the culprit, in order to save Kichamani. Reluctantly, Rawther arrests Mahendran and takes him away, to the sadness of his family and friends. However at the Kerala - Tamil Nadu border, Rawther's coscience gets the better of him, and he lets Mahendran go, willing to accept a suspension or even a dismissal for the same, and plans to let Subhramaniyam's case die down unsolved. As Rawther crosses the border and leaves, Mahendran starts his journey back to his awaiting family and friends, with the simple hope that they never have to meet another problem ever again.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jayaram]] as Mahendran
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Kichamani
*[[Ranjitha]] as Bhama
*[[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] as Veni
*[[Bharath Gopi]] as Balakrishnan, Veni's grandfather
*[[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]] as Muthassan
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Lakshmanan
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Constable Hamsa
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Sathyan, Kichamani's friend
*P Sukumar as Subhramaniyan
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Hameed Rowther, Police Officer
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Janardhanan, Bhama's father
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/kaithapram-gireesh-puthanchery-kaikkudanna-nilavu-movie-songs-kamal-ranjith-d9b8cca9|title=കൈതപ്രം ഈണമിട്ടു; ഈണത്തിൽ ഗിരീഷ് നിറഞ്ഞു|language=ml|date=29 May 2021|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>
| all_music = [[Kaithapram Damodaran]]

| title1 = Iniyum Paribhavam
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title2 = Iniyum Paribhavam
| note2 = Female
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra

| title3 = Kaaveri Theerathe
| note3 = Female
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra

| title4 = Kaaveri Theerathe
| note4 = Male
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas

| title5 = Malayannaarkkannan Maarkazhithumpiye
| note5 = Duet
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Sujatha Mohan]]

| title6 = Malayannaarkkannan Maarkazhithumpiye
| note6 = Female
| extra6 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]

| title7 = Mangala Deepavumaay
| note7 = Male
| extra7 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]

| title8 = Mangala Deepavumaay
| note8 = Female
| extra8 = K. S. Chithra, Shabnam

| title9 = Vaalittu Kannezhuthum
| extra9 = K. J. Yesudas

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0273304}}
{{Kamal (director)}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ranjith]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Yeh Dil

2026-03-03T11:48:50Z

Xavierncr: basic adjusted content after review and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yeh Dil
| image = Yeh Dil poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]
| producer = Kiran
| writer =
| screenplay = Teja
| story = Teja
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''|Teja}}
| starring = [[Tusshar Kapoor]] [[Anita Hassanandani]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Nadeem–Shravan]] '''Score:''' [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = Shankar
| studio = [[Anandi Art Creations]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|04|04|df=yes}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yeh Dil''''' ({{translation}} ''This Heart'') is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Teja (film director)|Teja]], starring [[Tusshar Kapoor]] and [[Natassha|Anita Hassanandani]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/04dil.htm| title = For a love story, Yeh Dil lacks romance - Rediff.com| access-date = 2 December 2021| archive-date = 2 December 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211202030043/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/04dil.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-dil/critic-review/yeh-dil-movie-review/|title=Yeh Dil Review 1.5/5 | Yeh Dil Movie Review | Yeh Dil 2003 Public Review | Film Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202030044/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-dil/critic-review/yeh-dil-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041906031147|title=Yeh Dil - movie review by Suraj das - Planet Bollywood|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202030048/https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041906031147|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a remake of Teja's 2001 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''. [[Anita Hassanandani]] reprised her role from the original version.

==Synopsis==
Ravi Pratap Singh ([[Tusshar Kapoor]]) is a college student and the son of a wealthy businessman Raghuraj Pratap Singh ([[Akhilendra Mishra]]). His best friend Kabir always helps him. Ravi lives with his father, as his mother died. Vasundhara Yadav ([[Anita Hassanandani]]), is the daughter of a middle class wrestler Mithua Yadav ([[Vineet Kumar]]) studying in the same college. She lives in a joint family with many of her relatives. Ravi excels in sports, but is terrible in academics. Vasu doesn't pay attention to sports and focuses on academics.

Ravi is neglected by Raghuraj who always focuses on business and wealth. Raghuraj expects him to excel in academics, so he can send him to [[Harvard Business School]]. Similarly, Mithua, who wanted a boy, neglects Vasu and his wife ([[Chetana Das]]).

Ravi and Vasu start studying together and gradually become friends and eventually fall in love, but Raghuraj disapproves of her due to her social status. Mithua sends some goons to the college who beat up Ravi. Raghuraj orders the police to retaliate, and Mithua is taken to the police station and beaten up by the police. Vasu tells Ravi, after which he calls his father and threatens him.

Raghuraj arranges a "swaymvar" for his son, to which all the business tycoons and rich people send their daughters. Ravi invites Vasu and publicly proclaims his love for her. Mithua discovers she went to Ravi's house and confronts Raghuraj, after which the police commissioner tells them they should trick Ravi and Vasu into keeping their love on hold until the completion of their studies.

After this agreement, Ravi is tricked into going to Mumbai and Vasu is tricked into going to her uncle's house. Both escape, Ravi goes to Hyderabad, and Vasu goes to Mumbai. Ravi thinks Vasu is in Hyderabad and goes to her house, only to be beaten up by goons. Vasu goes to Mumbai, and is captured and taken to Ravi's house where Raghuraj arranges for a killer to kill Vasu. Both are saved and they return to Hyderabad to get married with the help of Kabir and college. Mithua eventually accepts the marriage and stops her aunt Chandi ([[Pratima Kazmi]]) from interfering. Raghuraj is also stopped from interfering. Ravi and Vasundhara marry and the last scene shows Kabir and the whole college congratulating them.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] as Ravi Pratap Singh
* [[Anita Hassanandani]] as Vasundhara Ravi Pratap Singh
* [[Supriya Karnik]] as Mrs. Chaudhary
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Pandit, the goon
* [[Pratima Kazmi]] as Chandi (Mithua's sister)
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Mithua Yadav
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Raghuraj Pratap Singh
* [[Chetana Das]] as Vasundhara's mother
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as College Director Parvez
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Police Commissioner Suraj
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Economics Teacher Vipin
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Mansukh
* [[Anupam Shyam]] as Inspector Mahendra
* [[Sunila Karambelkar|Sunila]] as Dance teacher Vinita
}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by [[Nadeem-Shravan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]. Two of the tunes (Gajuvaka Pilla and Priyathama) was retained here as "Jaaneman" and "Charminar Ke Laila".
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
|1.
|"Charminar Ki Laila"
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|-
| 2.
| "College Mein"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| 3.
| "Ek Mein Ek Tu"
| Abhijeet, Nirja Pandit
|-
| 4.
| "Hey Kya Ladki"
| Abhijeet, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 5.
| "Jaaneman O Jaaneman"
| Tauseef Akhtar, Nirja Pandit
|-
| 6.
| "Kyun Dil Bichade"
| Tauseef Akhtar
|-
| 7.
| "Telephone"
| Abhijeet, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 8.
| "Tera Dilbar"
| Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 9.
| "Tera Dilbar" (Sad)
| Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 10.
| "Yeh Dil"
| [[Nadeem-Shravan|Nadeem Saifi]]
|-
| 11.
| "Yeh Dil" (Theme)
| Tauseef Akhtar
|}

==Box office==
''Yeh Dil'' performed poorly at the box office and was declared a "disaster" by [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=548|title=Yeh Dil - Movie - Box Office India|website=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117180143/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=548|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0357328}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Teja (film director)]]

German International School Chennai

2026-03-03T09:56:22Z

Xavierncr: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[German International School, Chennai]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Tamil Ini

2026-03-03T03:24:41Z

Xavierncr: creating basic info w/ sources

{{Infobox film
| name = Tamil Ini
| image = Tamil Ini.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Title card
| native_name = 
| director = Mani Ram
| writer = Mani Ram
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*Thirumudi Thulasiraman
*Vishwas Mani
*Vidhya Subramanian
*Mani Ram
*Adi Govindarajan
*Joya Nandy Kazi
*Dhruva Nair
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Eswaran
| editing = Giri
| music = [[Balamurali Balu]]
| studio = Avatars Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2012|12|15|YouTube}}
| runtime = 18 minutes, 33 seconds
| country = United States
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tamil Ini ...?''''' ({{Translation|Tamil, hereafter ...?}}) is a 2012 Tamil-language short [[drama film]] directed and written by Mani Ram and starring himself, Thirumudi Thulasiraman, Vishwas Mani, Vidhya Subramanian, Adi Govindarajan, Joya Nandy Kazi and Dhruva Nair. The film is based on Dev, a second generation [[Tamil American]], who slowly loses touch with his mother tongue Tamil over time. The film's title is based on the "''Mella Tamil ini sagum...''" ({{Translation|Tamil will die slowly hereafter...}}) quote by [[Bharathiyar]].<ref name=review>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oswTPl_v2Wg|title=Nalaya Iyakkunar judges comments for Tamil Ini|date=15 December 2012|via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with Krishnamoorthy praising many things about America including the temples (Shiva Murugan Temple, Concord), his son Saminathan's close-knit family, the Golden Gate Bridge, Disneyland, road, parks and above all his grandson Dev, whom he affectionately calls Deva. Krishnamoorthy and Dev run after each other in the park before Krishnamoorthy gets tired. Saminathan provides them with refreshments when a ball lands on Krishnamoorthy. He overhears them speaking a different language and Dev tells him that they are speaking Mandarin. Krishnamoorthy always wondered why Dev was unable to speak their mother tongue Tamil. He notices the lack of several Tamil traditions in Saminathan's household including his wife Lakshmi's decision to stop dancing [[Bharatanatyam]] and even Dev's name, which in Tamil should be Deva. Dev questions why his grandfather has a long name and mocks his name by calling him Krishnamoorthy blah blah. Krishnamoorthy explains that [[Kumaramangalam]] is his village's name and that Ramasamy is his father's name. Krishnamoorthy explains that he named his son Saminathan, but he is addressed here as Nathan. A disturbed Saminathan drinks all of water from the [[Tumbler (glass)|tumbler]] on the table. Saminathan activated the Tamil channel and Krishnamoorthy along with the rest of the family sit around the television to see what is playing. Much to Krishnamoorthy's despise, the television plays "[[Thiruda Thirudi|Manmadha Raasa]]", "[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Nethu Rathiri]]" and some dramatic serial. Krishnamoorthy decides that Tamil culture can't be shown through television and decides to put Dev to bed. He discusses the issue of Dev's lack of Tamil fluency with Saminathan. A confused Saminathan tells his father that [[S. P. Balasubramanyam|SPB]] and [[Sudha Ragunathan]] are coming, but Krishnamoorthy asks him will they come in the future if the current generation doesn't speak Tamil? Krishnamoorthy tells his son that the only way Tamil will live if it is spoken and otherwise, it will die. As Krishnamoorthy is about the leave, he gives Dev a watch in remembrance of him and Dev speaks his first words of Tamil: ''thatha, poithuvaanga thatha'' ({{Translation|grandfather, go and come grandfather}}).

Fast forward to the future and Dev is a good tennis player and defeats his father in a match. He tells his father that he is in love with Neelima Ramachandran. His father discloses this information to his mother, who is content that the person he loves is a woman. Neelima tells Dev's parents that she is from [[Overland Park, Kansas]] and that her mother was the chief doctor at [[University of Kansas Medical Center|KU Med]]. Neelima tells Dev's mother that she wants black tea. Neelima is unsure of her father's whereabouts and thinks that he is from [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]], where Lakshmi is also from. Neelima goes on to say that her parents are divorced and that she isn't fluent in Tamil. Dev changes the topic to dinner and when Lakshmi lists out the dishes she made, Neelima asks what [[aviyal]] is. After dinner, they take a family photo.

The photo is displayed on a wall and moves after Nick Nathan, Dev and Neelima's son hit it with a ball. Nick tells his father that he has a project to do. His mom tries to help him with his project but when Nick tells her the project is about ancestry and when he asks her about her dad, Dev steps in and says he can do the project on his family. Nick practices presenting his project with his parents and talks about his great-grandfather, his grandparents and his parents. He asks his father what his ancestral language is and his dad after thinking for a bit responds that it is Tamil. The film ends with the quote "''Mella Tamil ini sagum...''" by Bharathiyar.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Thirumudi Thulasiraman as Krishnamoorthy Kumaramangalam Ramasamy
*Vishwas Mani as Child Dev Nathan<ref name="GA">{{Cite magazine|url=https://gatamilsangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/VasanthaMalar_04302013.pdf|title=வசந்த மலர்|work=Greater Atlanta Tamil Sangam|language=ta|date=30 April 2013|access-date=4 April 2025|pages=0, 2–5}}</ref>
*Vidhya Subramanian as Lakshmi Nathan
*Mani Ram as Saminathan "Nathan" Nathan
*Adi Govindarajan as Dev Nathan
*Joya Nandy Kazi as Neelima Nathan (née Ramachandran)
*Dhruva Nair as Nick Nathan
}}

==Production==
=== Development ===
California-based Mani Ram based the film on his experience with his son, Vishwas, who stopped speaking Tamil after he was five years old and started going to school.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntff.no/News/79|title=2013 Tamilar Awards winners of short film, Documentary and Music Video|work=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]]|author=Ragavi|date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315080854/http://www.ntff.no/News/79|archive-date=15 March 2013|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> His parents noticed a hesitation when he tried to speak Tamil thereafter and noticed that he could only understand. Mani Ram and his wife decided to only respond to him if he spoke in Tamil. After Vishwas successfully spoke to his parents in Tamil, Mani Ram cast him in the film as a means of thanking him.<ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/2013/thirukkural-contest-us-dallas-169894.html|title='தமிழ் இனி' மணி ராம்|date=February 16, 2013|website=[[Oneindia]]|language=ta}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The film's cast was almost entirely locally based and was composed of non-film actors except for Thirumudi Thulasiraman, who acted in ''[[Meipporul]]'' (2009) and ''[[Panithuli]]'' (2012). His character was based on Mani Ram himself.<ref name=review/> Mani Ram, who worked as a theater actor, himself starred in the short.<ref name="GA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/514591-vijay-tv-ramar-play-as-a-hero-1.html|title=ஹீரோவாக நடிக்கும் விஜய் டிவி ராமர்|work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|language=ta|date=7 September 2019|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Vidhya Subramanian, an Indian-based [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, plays a dancer in the film as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vidhyasubramanian.com/theatre-film|title=THEATRE & FILM|work=Vidhya Subramanian|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Balamurali Balu]] and features vocals by Jaya Vidyasagar.

==Release and reception==
The short film was released to positive reviews from both critics and audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2019/Sep/10/wi-cricketer-alvin-kalicharan-inaugurates-a-fantasy-comedy-thriller-tamil-movie-in-chennai-3231502.html|title=அமெரிக்க ஐடி கம்பெனி வேலை வேண்டாம்! சினிமாதான் கனவு!|date=September 10, 2019|website=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="GA"/> Reviewing the film during the fourth season of the ''Naalaiya Iyakkunar'' show on [[Kalaignar TV]] hosted by [[Nancy Jennifer]], [[Prabhu Solomon]] noted the importance of self-repentance and [[Suresh Krissna]] appreciated the film's dedication and intensity towards its subject matter.<ref name=review/> As of 2013, the film has received 225,000 views on YouTube.<ref name="GA"/> The film was popular amongst the Tamil audience, especially the [[Tamil diaspora]].<ref name="GA"/>

== Accolades ==
The film also shown as the ninth episode of the fourth season of the ''Naalaiya Iyakkunar'' show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDBPAvvsvtw|title=Tamil Ini | Tamil Short Film | Naalaiya Iyakkunar | Season 2 | By Mani Ram|date=July 2, 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> The film was awarded the best film of the week, Mani Ram was awarded the best technician - director of the week, and Thirumudi Thulasiraman was awarded the best performer of the week during the show's fourth season.<ref name="GA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufvA_VNj--M|title="Tamil Ini" - Short Film - "தமிழ் இனி" குறும்படம்|date=December 15, 2012|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=review/>

In 2013, Mani Ram won the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award]] for Best Short Film Director.<ref name="N"/><ref name="GA"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufvA_VNj--M ''Tamil Ini''] on YouTube

[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2012 short films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ramayana: The Epic

2026-03-02T09:57:05Z

Xavierncr: brief adjust citations per sources further and improved wording

{{About|a 2010 Indian animated feature|a similar film from 1992|Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramayana: The Epic
| image = Ramayana, The Epic.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Chetan Desai<ref name=hr/><ref name=standard/>
| producer = [[Ketan Mehta]]<ref name=msn/> Deepa Sahi<ref name=bharat>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/hindi/info/Ramayana.htm|title=''Ramayana'' movie info|accessdate=19 October 2010|publisher=Bharat Movies|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406061736/http://www.bharatmovies.com/hindi/info/ramayana.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Niraj Bhukanwala<ref name=bharat/>
| screenplay = Chetan Desai<ref name=bharat/>
| story = Rituraj Ramendra Tripathi
| starring = [[Manoj Bajpayee]]<ref name=hr/> [[Juhi Chawla]]<ref name=hr/> [[Ashutosh Rana]]<ref name=hr/> [[Mukesh Rishi]]<ref name=cinegoer/>
| music = Shaarang Dev Pandit<ref name=bharat/>
| cinematography = Chetan Desai<ref name=bharat/>
| editing = Sayed Sher Abbas<ref name=bharat/>
| studio = Maya Digital Media<ref name=hr/>
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]<ref name=hr/>
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2010|10|15}}
| runtime = 102 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹7 crore<ref name="BOI">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=980|title=Ramayana: The Epic|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=12 November 2011}}</ref>
| gross = ₹0.98 crore<ref name="BOI" />
}}

'''''Ramayana: The Epic''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language computer-animated [[Mythological film|mythological]] [[action film]] from Maya Digital Media.<ref name=hr>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/asia/news/e3ia02b5fdf7bb7dfc160982c1f9a1886f0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125110308/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/asia/news/e3ia02b5fdf7bb7dfc160982c1f9a1886f0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |last=Bhushan|first=Nyay|title=Warner India to release 'Ramayana'|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[e5 Global Media]]}}</ref><ref name=standard>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/warner-bros-to-distribute-ramayana/408038/|last=Chakraborty|first=Swarup|title=Warner Bros to distribute Ramayana|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Limited}}</ref> Directed by Chetan Desai<ref name=hr/><ref name=standard/> and produced by [[Ketan Mehta]],<ref name=msn>{{Cite web|url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4393520|title=''Ramayana: The Epic'' slideshow|date=17 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=[[MSN]] Entertainment India|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920174241/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4393520|archive-date=20 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> it was released by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] on 15 October 2010.<ref name=hr/>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
The plot begins with [[Dashratha]] and his three wives ruling the kingdom [[Kosala]], with the capital [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. The king and queens perform a special ritual to pray for children. Soon, Dasratha has four sons: [[Rama]] from [[Kaushalya]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] from [[Kaikeyi]], and [[Lakshman]] and [[Shatrughna]] from [[Sumitra]]. Rama becomes known as a virtuous warrior and Vishamitra asks Dashratha to send Rama to help him defeat the demoness Tadka. After this incident, Vishwamitra takes Rama and Lakshmana to King Janak's [[swayamvara]] for his daughter [[Sita]]. Rama wins the contest by lifting and breaking [[Shiva]]'s bow, where he and Sita get married. The three brothers also marry Sita's other sister. Dashratha decides to make Rama as his successor. Kaikeyi agrees that as the eldest son, Rama deserves the throne.

However, [[Manthara]] tells Kaikeyi that if Rama is crowned king, the other queens will become more powerful and that they will harass Kaikeyi and Bharat. Manthara reminds Kaikeyi that she has two boons to ask of Dashratha, where she asks Dashratha to crown Bharata as king and send Ram into exile for fourteen years. Dashratha is pained to see him leaving, but Rama is determined not to disobey his father's orders. Lakshmana and Sita decide to join Rama in exile. Dashratha dies longing for Rama and Bharata refuses to be a part of his mother's conspiracy. Bharata follows Rama and asks him to come back, but Rama refuses, so Bharata takes his sandals back as a symbol of Rama's rule over Ayodhya. In exile, [[Agastya]] gifts the brothers divine weapons that make them invincible.

In the thirteen of exile, [[Ravana]]'s sister [[Shurpanakha]] meets Rama in the forest and is attracted to him. When he politely declines her offer to come with her, she threatens to kill Sita. To protect them, Lakshman cuts off her nose. When Ravana hears of his sister's humiliation, he plans vengeance by harming Sita. In the forest, Sita sees a beautiful deer and asks Rama to capture it for her. Rama goes to find the deer and instructs Lakshman to protect Sita while he's gone. When Rama strikes the deer, he finds that it is actually a demon named [[Maricha|Marich]] in disguise, and he calls out for Sita and Lakshman in Rama's voice. Sita urges Lakshmana to make sure Rama is fine, where Lakshman draws a divine line of security around her to protect her while she is alone, telling her that she should not cross the line under any circumstances.

Ravana approaches Sita in disguise as an old sage seeking alms. He tricks her into exiting Lakshmana's circle of protection. Once she steps outside the boundary, he kidnaps her and takes her into the sky to Lanka. [[Jatayu]] tries to save Sita, but Ravana nearly kills him. To leave a trace of her path, Sita drops her jewelry from the sky, hoping someone will find it and trace their way back to her. Rama and Lakshmana come back to the hermitage and grieve over the missing Sita. Looking for her in the forest, the encounter the nearly dead Jatayu, who tells them she has been abducted. In their quest to find Sita, the brothers meet a demon with no head called Kabandha and an old woman called Shabri, who serves them devotedly. Ram and Lakshman reach [[Kishkindha]], the kingdom of monkeys, where they meet [[Hanuman]].

Hanuman tells them that King [[Sugreev]] can help them if they help him win over his evil brother, [[Bali]]. Rama helps King Sugreeva regain his kingdom, where he enlists his entire monkey army to help him find Sita. Rama gives Hanuman his ring to show to Sita if he finds her, so she can trust him. He tells Hanuman and [[Angada]]'s team to look for her in the southern part of India. Hanuman meets Jatayu's older brother, the aged vulture [[Sampati]], who describes that he saw Ravana abducting a young woman and heading towards the island of Lanka. The monkeys are unsure how to cross the ocean, and Hanuman uses his powers to become extremely large and cross the ocean despite encountering obstacles along the way. When he arrives at [[Lanka]], he makes himself tiny so he can sneak in.

Once he finds the palace, Hanuman enters the garden and sees Sita from atop a tree. He overhears Ravana threatening Sita that she must accept him in two months. Hanuman shows Sita Ram's ring and asks her to come back with him. Sita refuses and says that to protect her honor, Rama must come save her and defeat Ravana himself. Hanuman wreaks havoc in Lanka. Ravana captures him and Hanuman warns him of war if he does not release Sita. To punish him, Ravana orders that Hanuman's tail be set afire. With the fire on his tail, Hanuman burns down the city. Ravana's brother [[Vibhishan]] tries to reason with him, so Ravana expels him from the kingdom. The war begins and the monkey army destroys much of Ravana's army. Ravana's wife asks him to reconsider and let Sita go, but he is further determined to win this war.

Ravana sends his giant brother [[Kumbhakarna|Kumbhakaran]] to the battlefield. Lakshmana is badly wounded and Hanuman brings the entire mountain that contains the divine herb [[Sanjeevani (plant)|Sanjeevani]] to revive him. Ravana sends his son who uses illusory powers to show Rama Sita's severed head. Ravana also shows Sita an illusion of Rama's severed head. The monkey army interrupts [[Meghnad]]'s ritual before he is granted invincibility. Finally, Ravana himself enters the battlefield. After a battle, Rama kills Ravana by shooting an arrow into his navel, his weak spot. Ram and Sita are united and the trio return to Ayodhya after 14 years. They are welcomed by all of the mothers and Rama is throned the king.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center; margin: 5px;"
|-
! style="background:darkGrey;"|Name
! style="background:darkGrey;"|Character
! style="background:darkGrey;"|Source
|-
| [[Manoj Bajpayee]] || [[Rama|Prince Rama]] || <ref name=express>{{Cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Warner-Bros-to-distribute-RamayanaThe-Epic/681690/|author=Agencies|title=Warner Bros to distribute Ramayana-The Epic|date=15 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=ExpressIndia.com|publisher=The Indian Express Limited|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010101156/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Warner-Bros-to-distribute-RamayanaThe-Epic/681690/|archivedate=10 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Juhi Chawla]] || [[Sita|Princess Sita]] || <ref name=express/>
|-
| [[Ashutosh Rana]] || [[Ravana|King Ravana]] || <ref name=express/>
|-
| [[Mukesh Rishi]] || [[Hanuman]] || <ref name=cinegoer>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/september-2010/animated-ramayana-to-be-released-for-dussehra-150910.html|title=Animated Ramayana to Be Released for Dussehra|date=15 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|publisher=CineGoer|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917074419/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/september-2010/animated-ramayana-to-be-released-for-dussehra-150910.html|archivedate=17 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rishabh Shukla]] || [[Lakshmana|Prince Lakshman]] || <ref name=express/>
|-
| [[Dilip Sinha (actor)|Dilip Sinha]] || [[Dasharatha|King Dasharath]] ||
|-
| Neerja Mathur || [[Trijata]] ||
|-
| Niti Mathur || [[Kaikeyi]] [[Surasa|Sursa]] [[Tataka|Tadaka]] ||
|-
| Shailendra Pandey || [[Sugriva|Sugreev]] ||
|-
| [[Abha Parmar]] || [[Manthara]] ||
|-
| Saurav Chakraborty || Shuk Munadiwala ||
|-
| Dishi Duggal || [[Sumitra]] ||
|-
| Nayani Dixit || Shurphanakha [[Urmila]] ||
|-
| Anand Singh || [[Vibhishana|Vibhishan]] ||
|-
| [[Sanjeev Tiwari]] || [[Angada]] ||
|-
| Yogendra Patwal || [[Jambavan]] ||
|-
| Ram Kumar Pravesh || [[Jatayu]] ||
|-
| Pawan Shukla || [[Sampati]] ||
|-
| [[Sachal Tyagi]] || [[Meghnad]] ||
|-
| Krishna Gopal Sharma || [[Prahasta]] ||
|-
| Ravi Yadav || Vali [[Kumbhakarna]] ||
|-
| Arun Thorat || [[Vishvamitra]] ||
|-
| Meghna Dixit || [[Mandodari]] ||
|-
|Himanshu Kushwaha || ||
|}

==Production==
{{quote box|width=35%|quote="The Ramayana holds appeal even today, thousands of years after it is said to have been written. It is impossible to translate the grandeur and the setting of this epic in live action. Hence, animation is the only way to retell it in all its glory."|source=Ketan Mehta, producer<ref name=express-2/>}}
''Ramayana'' is the directorial debut of [[Chetan Desai]],<ref name=standard/> the chairman and managing director of Maya Digital Media.<ref name=hr/> More than 400 crewmembers worked on the film over a five-year period;<ref name=express/> the first three years were spent designing the characters, while the other two were devoted to actual production.<ref name=cinegoer/>

==Release==
In September 2010, Warner Bros. India acquired the rights to ''Ramayana: The Epic''.<ref name=hr/><ref name=standard/><ref name=twitch>{{Cite news|url=http://twitchfilm.net/news/2010/09/indian-animated-ramayana-the-epic-picked-up-by-warner-bros.php|last=Hurtado|first=Josh|title=Film News: Indian Animated 'Ramayana: The Epic' Picked Up by Warner Bros|date=13 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|publisher=[[Twitch Film]]}}</ref> This has made it India's second animated feature to be released by the local arm of a Hollywood studio, following [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] and [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj]]'s ''[[Roadside Romeo]]'' from 2008.<ref name=hr/>

The film was released on 15 October 2010, during the festivity of [[Navratri|Dussehra]].<ref name=standard/> 250 prints<ref name=indian-tv>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k10/aac719.php|author=Staff|title=''Ramayana The Epic'' to reach USA & Canada in early 2011|date=18 October 2010|accessdate=19 October 2010|publisher=Indian Television Dot Com Pvt Ltd}}</ref> were screened in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu versions;<ref name=hr/><ref name=twitch/> English, Gujarati and Bengali versions have also been prepared.<ref name=express-2>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Epic-Effort/682610/|last=Nagpaul D'souza|first=Dipti|title=Epic Effort|date=17 September 2010|accessdate=18 September 2010|work=IndianExpress.com|publisher=The Indian Express Limited}}</ref> A North American release is scheduled for early 2011.<ref name=indian-tv/> Four days after its debut, Joginder Mahajan of Delhi expressed concern over the low box-office take.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Three-festival-flicks-Knocked-Out-at-BO/Article1-614909.aspx|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Three festival filcks 'Knocked Out' at BO|date=19 October 2010|accessdate=19 October 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=HT Media Limited|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104082628/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Three-festival-flicks-Knocked-Out-at-BO/Article1-614909.aspx|archivedate=4 November 2010}}</ref>

==Reception==
Reporting for the [[Twitch Film]] site, Josh Hurtado said, "While the animation of this project may look crude to [Western] eyes based upon the trailer, it is still miles beyond anything we've seen India create in this department so far."<ref name=twitch/> Upon release, ''Indian Express'' gave it three stars out of five and commented that the animation was above par for the Indian animation industry, but singled out the Sanskrit dialogue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Ramayana---The-Epic/698144|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|title=''Ramayana: The Epic''|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=19 October 2010|work=IndianExpress.com|publisher=The Indian Express Limited}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' also praised the animation, adding that "the special effects ... sizzle and crackle".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=''Ramayana: The Epic''|date=15 October 2010|work=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd}}</ref> Anupama Chopra of NDTV Movies gave it a mixed review, calling it a "faithful but dreary retelling". She came to the conclusion that "''Ramayana'' is an ambitious step toward better homegrown cinema for children. I just wish it had more crackle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=557&cp|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=Review: ''Ramayana: The Epic''|date=15 October 2010|accessdate=19 October 2010|work=NDTV Movies|publisher=NDTV Covergence Limited|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915060334/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=557&cp|archivedate=15 September 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Sita Sings the Blues]]''
*[[List of animated feature-length films]]
*[[List of indian animated feature films]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb title|1744641|Ramayana: The Epic}}

{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Warner Bros. theatrical animated features}}

[[Category:Warner Bros. animated films]]
[[Category:2010 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:2010 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Religious works for children]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Animated action films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]

Mari Hakikat

2026-03-01T23:00:29Z

Xavierncr: added a article initial version.

{{Short description|Autobiography by Narmadashankar Dave (1933)}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Mari Hakikat
| image = Mari Hakikat 1994.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Cover of critical edition, 1994
| author = [[Narmadashankar Dave]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = મારી હકીકત
| title_working =
| translator = Abhijit Kothari
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Autobiography]]
| set_in =
| published =
{{plainlist|
* 1866 (Limited copies)
* 1933 (First edition)
* 1994 (Critical edition)
}}
| publisher = Gujarati Press (First edition)
| publisher2 = Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust (Critical edition)
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date = 2025
| media_type = Print
| pages =
{{plainlist|
* 73 (Limited copies)
* 184 (Critical edition)
}}
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| native_wikisource =
| orig_lang_code = gu
|external_url =
| wikisource =
}}
'''''Mari Hakikat''''' ({{IPA|gu|ˈmɑɾi ɦəˈkikət̪}}) is the autobiography of [[Narmadashankar Dave|Narmad]]—a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] author from [[Surat]] in 19th-century India. It was the first autobiography to be written in the Gujarati language.{{efn-ua|[[Durgaram Mehta]] had written ''Nityanondh'' in the 1840s, but it was more a personal diary than an attempt at a formal English-style autobiography. [[Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth]] had then written a biography, ''Durgaram Charitra'' (1879) based on the diary.<ref name="Dattax">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA527|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=527}}</ref><ref name="GSP"/><ref name="Kusum2016"/>}} Written in 1866, it was published posthumously in 1933 on the centenary of Narmad's birth.<ref name="GSP"/><ref name="Kusum2016"/>{{efn-ua|Narmad had written his autobiography in 1866 but he had requested it to be published posthumously. It was published in 1933, on his birth centenary. Two autobiographies were published before it, ''Hu Pote'' (1900) by [[Narayan Hemchandra]] and ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|Satyana Prayogo]]'' (1925-1929) by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="Kusum2016"/>}}

==Origin and publication history==
Narmad wrote ''Mari Hakikat'' in 1866.<ref name="Dave1994">{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Narmadashanker Lalshanker|editor=Ramesh M. Shukla|title=Mari Hakikat|url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/537875|edition=1|year=1994|publisher=Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust|location=Surat|pages=5–21, 172|chapter=Preface|language=gu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050702/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/537875|archivedate=2016-10-25}}</ref> He explained his intentions at the start of his autobiography; {{blockquote|I am not writing this autobiography for anybody else but for myself. For me; it is not for recognition (I am already recognized), money or designation but for the encouragement [to me] in future from the past.<ref name="Dave1994"/>}}
He added that his life will give some message to people. Narmad was candid and outspoken and he believed that his thoughts and works are exemplar. To give insights in his mind and world around him, he chose to write as openly as possible about events in his life, people connected with those events, his relations with those people and the results of those relationships.<ref name="Dave1994"/>

Narmad had published a collection of his essays as ''[[Narmagadya]]: Book 1'' in 1865. ''Suratni Mukhatesar ni Hakikat'' was published as ''Narmagadya: Book 2: Issue 1'' in 1866 from page 1 to page 59. He had intended to publish ''Mari Hakikat'' as ''Narmagadya: Book 2: Issue 2,'' but later changed his mind.<ref name="Dave1994"/>

After his death in 1886, his friend [[Navalram Pandya]] published a biography of Narmad, ''[[Kavijivan]]'' (1880) which was based on the autobiography. He wrote that Narmad had only two to five copies printed, which were given to close friends, and had requested it be published only after his death. Natwarlal Desai, his editor and son of another close friend [[Ichharam Desai|Ichchharam Desai]], also corroborated this. But later research found that Narmad had printed 400 copies of the autobiography; it is mentioned in ''Narmakavita'' (1866–67), in which he had included a list of all his books along with the number of published copies of each. Narmad may have destroyed all but a few copies but there has been no firm proof of it.<ref name="Dave1994"/><ref name="GSP"/>

The limited print copy had 73 pages of two columned [[Paper size|Royal size pages]]. It was page number 60 to 132 of ''Narmagadya: Book 2: Issue 2,'' printed by Union Press, owned by his friend Nanabhai Rustomji Ranina. As Narmad's only son Jayshankar died in 1910 without any heir, he had assigned the management of his father's works to his friends, Mulchand Damodardas Mukati and Thakordas Tribhuvandas Tarkasr. They had transferred copyrights of these works to Gujarati Press in 1911.<ref name="Dave1994"/>

[[Kanaiyalal Munshi]] had published a few chapters in ''Gujarat'' magazine in 1926, but stopped when the copyright holder, Gujarati Press objected. Gujarati Press published some excerpts from ''Mari Hakikat'' in the [[Diwali]] editions of ''Gujarati'' in 1930 and 1931, finally publishing the full version in 1933, the birth centenary of Narmad. Later in 1939, they also published ''Uttar Narmad Charitra'' which included some notes and letters as a followup to the autobiography.<ref name="Dave1994"/>

''Mari Hakikat'' is not in continuous prose and includes many notes. Narmad had started keeping notes in 1854, and written the first draft based on information told to him by his father and relatives, papers available in his home, his expense book and his memory. He organised all available information into a timeline and filled in gaps with other information. He had described his autobiography as 'incomplete' and a 'draft' and intended to rewrite it at some future date.<ref name="Dave1994"/>

His prime motive for writing was self encouragement. Other motives were to popularize autobiographies in Gujarati, to give insight into his life to his friends and clarify truths about his life and leave a record of them after his death. He had decided to write as truthfully as possible about his life and his relatives, friends and foes. He did not intended to hurt anybody, and later decided not to publish publicly as he intended it only for his own encouragement.

When Gujarati Press closed operations, they deposited one of his limited copies printed in 1866, with proofreading notes by Narmad himself, at M. T. B. College, Surat.<ref name="Dave1994" />

The first edition published in 1933 had several omissions and misprints. A later edition was edited by [[Dhirubhai Thaker]]. After the Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust was established they decided to republish Narmad's entire works. They researched original manuscripts, limited copies and earlier editions, also examining all the literature of Narmad and extracting writings and letters that were autobiographical in nature. This critical edition consisting of the autobiography, autobiographical notes and letters was edited by Ramesh M. Shukla and published by the Trust in 1994.<ref name="Dave1994" />

==Contents of critical edition, 1994==
The critical edition is divided in four sections.<ref name="Dave1994"/>

The first section covers the autobiography written in 1866. It consists of his birth to 1866, divided into ten subsections, or ''Viram''. All titles and subtitles of the ''Viram''s were given by his editor Natwar Desai.<ref name="Kusum2016"/> It covers his life from 3 September 1833 to 18 September 1866. It covers his birth, his parents and relatives, his education, his formative years, his reformist stand, his rise and career.<ref name="GSP">{{cite web | title=નર્મદશંકર દવે (Narmadashankar Dave)| website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Narmadashankar-Dave.html | language=gu | accessdate=25 October 2016}}</ref> The second section covers essays and notes written by him which are autobiographical in nature. It includes notes and thoughts on his personal life, his family, and his own works. The third section covers letters written to various relatives, friends and people of his time. The fourth section covers appendices which include scans of his and his companions' writings, legal documents, notes and timeline.<ref name="Dave1994"/>

In the beginning of the book Narmad write: {{blockquote|"The story in the book is incomplete, it is simply a jotting down the notes. Yet in the book I won't write those things which I think improper. But whatever I write will be nothing but truth as known to me, without being bothered about public opinion and my own interest."|Narmad<ref name="Datta1989">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ur27mKvc_kC|year=1989|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1804-8|page=2613}}</ref>}}

And apparently, he has frankly written about his cowardice, his calf love, his attempts to attract women, his dislike of his contemporary poet [[Dalpatram]] and their clash, his conflict with his father, how he once arranged a musical concert at his residence under depression and spent five hundred rupees for it, his financial crisis, betrayal by friends, his private love affairs, etc. The book gives clear picture of Narmad's personality, his egoism, hypersensitive nature, generosity and extravagance. There are attempts of self glorification, and attitude of self-righteousness. The language he used has a ting of [[Surat]]i dialect and the style is fully reflective of his personality.<ref name="Datta1989"/>

==Reception==
[[Chandrakant Topiwala]] has highlighted candidness, honesty at the expense of narrative and efforts of introspection as major elements of the autobiography. He has also praised its prose.<ref name="GSP"/> Dhirubhai Modi has criticised its language without beauty but praised its truthfulness and honesty. He has also praised it for its accuracy and the efforts of writing it. [[Chandravadan Mehta]] gave tribute to author by writing,<ref name="Kusum2016">{{cite book | last=Pandya | first=Kusum H| title=Gujarati Atmakatha Tena Swarupagat Prashno. Thesis. Department of Gujarati, Sardar Patel University.| date=31 December 1986 |language=gu|pages=200–220| hdl=10603/98617}}</ref> {{blockquote|Oh! Narmad. Your autobiography, even if it is incomplete, or even if it does not accepted in today's [literary] structure or tomorrow's, even if anybody had tried the same before, your [autobiography] has a clank of truth and thats enough. By knowing it, we will celebrate your courageous and honest book in Gujarati literature and will continue to tribute you by reading it.<ref name="Kusum2016"/>}}

[[Gulabdas Broker]] described it as 'very bold, sincere and beautiful autobiography'.<ref name="Broker1977">{{cite book|last=Broker|first=Gulabdas|authorlink=Gulabdas Broker|title=Narmadashankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyEKAQAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=46|oclc=4136864}}</ref> However Gujarati critic, [[Vishwanath Bhatt|Vishwanath M. Bhatt]] noted that Narmad's autobiography lacks coherence, order and the sense of discrimination about what to write.<ref name="Parekh1999">{{cite book|author=Bhikhu C. Parekh|title=Colonialism, Tradition, and Reform: An Analysis of Gandhi's Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iQI8dmPPQgC&pg=PA346|accessdate=27 April 2017|year=1999|publisher=Thousand Oaks, Calif.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-7619-9383-4|page=346}}</ref>

==Translation and adaptation==
''Mari Hakikat'' was translated into English by Abhijit Kothari under the title ''My Truth'' (2025).<ref name="Sambrani 2025">{{cite web |last=Sambrani|first=Shreekant|title=Gujarat's 19 century trailblazer: 'My Truth' revives legacy of Veer Narmad|website=Business Standard|date=4 April 2025|url=https://www.business-standard.com/book/my-truth-revives-legacy-of-narmad-gujarat-s-19-century-trailblazer-125040401337_1.html|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> ''Narmad: Mari Hakikat'' or ''Narmad: My Life'', a [[soliloquy]] based on his autobiography and life, was written and directed by Harish Trivedi. It was performed by Chandrakant Shah. It was premiered in [[Dayton, Ohio]], US in 1995 and later toured India, [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]].<ref name="Kumar">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Alok | title=India Foundation, Dayton, OH | website=OoCities | url=http://www.oocities.org/india_found/narmad.htm | accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Internet Archive 2011">{{cite web|title=Narmad |website=Internet Archive |date=24 September 2011 |url=http://www.narmad.com/factsheetmain.html |accessdate=24 October 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924231846/http://www.narmad.com/factsheetmain.html |archivedate=24 September 2011 }}</ref> It was critically acclaimed.<ref name="Internet Archive 2011"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis |title=Narrations of a nation explorations through intellectual biographies |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/46631 |author=Tridip Suhrud |author-link=Tridip Suhrud |type=Ph.D. |publisher=School of Social Sciences, Gujarat University |location=Ahmedabad|hdl=10603/46631 }}

== External links ==
* [https://wiki.ekatrafoundation.org/wiki/મારી_હકીકત ''Mari Hakikat''] on Ekatra Foundation

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:Books published posthumously]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books adapted into plays]]
[[Category:1933 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1866 books]]
[[Category:Literary autobiographies]]

All the Prime Minister's Men

2026-02-21T02:31:51Z

Xavierncr: add article further and improved wording

{{Short description|Documentary by Al Jazeera on Corruption of Bangladesh Army Chief's Family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = All the Prime Minister's Men poster.jpeg
| caption = Youtube thumbnail
| genre = 
| creator = [[Al Jazeera Investigates]]
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| narrated = [[David Bergman (journalist)|David Bergman]], [[Tasneem Khalil]], Sami (Pseudonym, real name: [[Zulkarnain Saer Khan]]<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আল জাজিরার প্রতিবেদন ভ্রান্ত ও ভিত্তিহীন: আইএসপিআর |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/839037.details |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=banglanews24.com |date=2 February 2021 |location=Dhaka |language=bn |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202153903/https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/839037.details |url-status=live}}</ref>)
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country =
| language = Arabic English Bengali
| num_series = 8th
| num_episodes = 3rd
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor = 
| location = [[Bangladesh]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Hungary]]
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor = 
| camera = 
| runtime = 60 minutes ([[English language|en]]), 64 minutes ([[Bengali language|bn]])
| company = [[Al Jazeera Media Network]]
| budget =
| network = [[Al Jazeera English]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2021|02|01}}
| related = 
}}
'''''All the Prime Minister's Men''''' is a 2021 Qatari English-language investigative documentary on [[Bangladesh]] published by the international media [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], alleging corruption against powerful political and military figures in Bangladesh. The documentary focuses on the past and present activities of the former [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Bangladesh Army]] [[Aziz Ahmed (general)|General Aziz Ahmed]]'s family members and alleges various forms of corruption.

== Description ==
[[File:General Aziz Ahmed.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Aziz Ahmed]]
The documentary follows General [[Aziz Ahmed (general)|Aziz Ahmed]] (who served as [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Army]] from June 2018 till June 2021) and his three brothers' activities. Aziz's three brothers were convicted in 2004 of a murder. Among the brothers, Anis Ahmed and [[Haris Ahmed]] are currently on the run. A third brother, [[Tofail Ahmed Joseph]], was released from prison with a presidential pardon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yarno |first1=Ritzen |last2=Investigative Unit |first2=Al Jazeera |title=US blacklists ex-Bangladesh general named in Al Jazeera investigation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/21/us-blacklists-ex-bangladesh-general-named-in-al-jazeera-investigation |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=21 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Although the two brothers are on the run, the documentary shows marrying Aziz Ahmed's son in [[Bangladesh]]. Here Anis Ahmed is shown in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] and Haris Ahmed in [[Hungary]]'s capital [[Budapest]].

Harris Ahmed's business activities in Budapest were investigated through secret recordings. He changed his name to Hasan Mohammad and set up several businesses in different countries. In a conversation with a Bangladeshi businessman in Budapest, he is seen talking about supplying bullets to the Bangladesh Army. He also mentioned that up to Tk 5 crore was taken to get the job of [[Bangladesh Police|Police]] with the connivance of the top people of the government.

According to the report, Aziz directly helped [[Sheikh Hasina]] in the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014's]] and [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018's elections]] by the agreement of a secret mutual contract.

In a trapped secret interview by Al Jazeera, Haris said that, the chief of police [[Benazir Ahmed]] do everything according to their command.

The documents also showed that security forces imported Internet and mobile phone surveillance technology from Israel. However, Haris Ahmed was not contacted for comment.<ref>{{cite press release |title=All the Prime Minister's Men |url=https://network.aljazeera.net/pressroom/all-prime-minister%E2%80%99s-men |access-date=3 February 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network |date=1 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201210935/https://network.aljazeera.net/pressroom/all-prime-minister%E2%80%99s-men |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আল জাজিরার প্রতিবেদনে কী আছে, কী বলছে বাংলাদেশ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-55905835 |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=BBC News Bangla |date=2 February 2021 |language=bn |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202172044/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-55905835 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In other video recordings, Azis's brother Haris boasts of profits he made from military contracts using his brother's power as army chief to extract bribes. The documentary also provided photographic evidence that in March 2019, Haris and Anis visited [[Dhaka]] for the wedding of Aziz's son, where the two fugitives partied alongside Bangladesh President [[Mohammad Abdul Hamid]] and foreign dignitaries during an opulent ceremony.

[[Zulkarnain Saer Khan]] — referred to as "Sami" in the film is the whistleblower central to Al Jazeera's investigative documentary, "All the Prime Ministers Men".<ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2021 |title=Awami League's trusted man in Budapest |url=https://netra.news/2021/awami-leagues-trusted-man-in-budapest/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=Netra News |language=en}}</ref> Khan was part of Al Jazeera's investigation that unearthed links between the prime minister and criminal gangs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ritzen |first=Yarno |date=24 March 2023 |title=Bangladesh investigative journalist's brother 'beaten with rods' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/24/bangladesh-investigative-journalist-brother-beaten-with-rods |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Bangladeshi government response ==
The documentary has been alleged to be defamatory by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] and [[Dhaka Cantonment|Army Headquarters]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2021 |title= |script-title=bn:আল-জাজিরার প্রতিবেদনটি মিথ্যা, মানহানিকর ও রাজনৈতিক উদ্দেশ্যপ্রণোদিত: বাংলাদেশ সরকার |language=bn |work=The Daily Star Bangla |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/node/202585 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202160354/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangla/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-202585 |archive-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>
In a statement, the foreign ministry said, {{Blockquote|text=The Bangladesh government is rejecting this 'reckless propaganda' of some extremists and their associates who are doing this from London and other places. It is disappointing that Al Jazeera is being used as a tool to implement a nefarious political plan aimed at ousting a secular democratic government where the government's role in Bangladesh's remarkable socio-economic development has been proven.|source=<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আল জাজিরার প্রতিবেদন 'অপপ্রচার': পররাষ্ট্র মন্ত্রণালয় |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article1854979.bdnews |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=bdnews24.com |date=2 February 2021 |language=bn |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202070846/https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/bn/detail/bangladesh/1854979 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
In a statement, the army headquarter of Bangladesh said,

{{Blockquote|text=These selfish individuals with dishonest and corrupt character are already engaged in anti-Bangladesh activities by establishing links among themselves. It is not undesirable or incomprehensible for these individuals to deviate from mainstream journalism and engage in evil thinking with an international news outlet like Al Jazeera. This report has been prepared by cleverly editing and attaching audio clips and photographs of various official, social and personal activities of the country's top military officials.|source=<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আল জাজিরার প্রতিবেদনের প্রতিবাদ সেনা সদরের |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/article1855223.bdnews |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=bdnews24.com |date=2 February 2021 |language=bn |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202183651/https://m.bdnews24.com/amp/bn/detail/bangladesh/1855223 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==Awards==
Al Jazeera won the top prize for "Best Human Rights Journalism" (investigation category) in the 8th annual [[Amnesty International|Amnesty]] Media award for the documentary in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/middle-east/news/al-jazeera-wins-top-amnesty-media-award-all-the-prime-ministers-men-3017736 |title=Al Jazeera wins Amnesty Media award for 'All the Prime Minister's Men' |date=6 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214115551/https://www.thedailystar.net/middle-east/news/al-jazeera-wins-top-amnesty-media-award-all-the-prime-ministers-men-3017736 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |date=4 May 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/amnesty-international-uk-media-awards-2022-winners-announced |title=Amnesty International UK Media Awards 2022 - Winners Announced |publisher=Amnesty International UK |access-date=2023-02-14 |archive-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127081856/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/amnesty-international-uk-media-awards-2022-winners-announced |url-status=live}}</ref> Al Jazeera's Investigative Journalism Unit has won the Best Long Investigative and Best Audio prizes at the DIG for its Investigative, All the Prime Minister's Men in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIG Festival 2021: Unmute - Guests, winners, pictures |url=https://dig-awards.org/eng/dig-festival-2021-guests-winners-photographs/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=DIG Festival |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Reaction and aftermath ==
After the documentary published, Counter Terrorism & Transnational Crime (CTTC) has submitted charge sheet before a Dhaka court against expatriate Zulkarnain Saer Khan alias Sami and six others in a case filed under Digital Security Act (DSA).<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2021 |title=Al Jazeera's Report: Charge-sheet submitted against Sami, 6 other |url=https://www.risingbd.com/english/national/news/80216 |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=Risingbd.com |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023 Mahinur Ahmed Khan, alleges he was beaten with iron rods by four men in the Shewrapara, Mirpur, Dhaka. Mahinur's brother, Zulkarnain Saer Khan, was one of the journalists who worked with [[Al Jazeera Investigates|Al Jazeera's Investigative Unit (I-Unit)]] on All the Prime Minister's Men<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2023 |title=Police register case for attack on Mahinur |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/197664/us-for-thorough-investigation-into-attack-on-entrepreneur-mahinur |newspaper=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref> US embassy in Dhaka spokesperson Bryan Schiller in a statement, expects a thorough investigation into a reported attack on Mahinur Ahmed Khan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2023 |title=US Embassy expects investigation of alleged assault on journo's brother |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime-and-law/77tzyi6me7 |access-date=2024-06-28 |newspaper=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{YouTube|a6v_levbUN4|''All the Prime Minister's Men''}} {{in lang|en}}
* {{YouTube|B1BM79J863o|''All the Prime Minister's Men''}} {{in lang|bn}}
* {{YouTube|J5L1TzL3iIs|''All the Prime Minister's Men''}} {{in lang|ar}}
* [https://www.ajiunit.com/ Al Jazeera Investigative Unit website]

{{Sheikh Hasina}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 television films]]
[[Category:2021 documentary films]]
[[Category:2021 Qatari films]]
[[Category:Qatari documentary films]]
[[Category:Premiership of Sheikh Hasina]]
[[Category:Al Jazeera English original programming]]
[[Category:Documentary films about Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Political scandals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Awami League scandals]]
[[Category:2021 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Qatari films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]

Priyamvada Singh

2026-02-16T03:12:30Z

Xavierncr: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyamvada Singh
| image = Priyamvada Singh - Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 Awardee (cropped).jpg
| caption = in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1983}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = Heritage Restoration in Rajasthan
| education = [[Mayo College Girls School]]
| employer =
| occupation = TV Industry and Heritage Restoration
| spouse = Vijayendra Chandra Deb
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Priyamvada Singh''' (born c. 1983) is a media professional and a heritage restorer based in India. After working in the television industry in Mumbai for a decade, she returned to her ancestral home in Rajasthan, and used the skills of the local community to restore an ancestral fort in her village Meja near [[Bhilwara]]. Her use of local skills for the restoration and social upliftment efforts towards the local community won her the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] from the Indian Government.

==Early years==

She was born about 1983, and educated at [[Mayo College Girls School]] and Sophia College in Ajmer.
<ref name=quit>{{Cite web|title=She Quit Showbiz to Live in an Old Fort for a Curious Reason|url=https://eshe.in/2018/03/03/priyamvada-singh-meja-fort-restoration/|last=Kapoor|first=Aekta|date=2018-03-03|website=eShe|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

Her father Jitendra Singh is a retired bureaucrat and mother Ramma Kumari is a housewife.

== Early career ==
She began her career in the media as an Assistant Director with filmmaker [[Muzaffar Ali]] in New Delhi and worked on several projects like an Indo-French Opera, an international music festival series [[Jahan-e-Khusrau]], and a Cultural Festival at the Southbank Centre London. These were followed by some freelance creative projects with DDNE, DD Kashir, ICCR, UNODC, etc. Later she worked in the television industry in Mumbai as a Content Developer for shows such as [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]], [[Dus Ka Dum]] and India's Got Talent.<ref name="ici">{{Cite web|title=From showbiz to ancestral fort, a Meja-stic heritage mission for this Rajasthan woman|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/from-showbiz-to-ancestral-fort-a-meja-stic-heritage-mission-for-this-rajasthan-woman/story-dltLDniGJLkSWBJ7sQrk6L.html|date=2018-03-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>

== Restoration ==
However, she decided to give it up on a visit home when she decided to restore the family's ancestral home, a 60 room fort which had not been repaired ever since it was built over 146 years ago. Meja Fort was built by her ancestor, Rawat Amar Singh Ji around 1875 after being granted this Jagir in 1871 by the Maharana of Mewar.

She moved into the fort, and ensured that the restoration process employed local people, and the women in particular benefitted by earning their own income. She used traditional building techniques like dry stone masonry, lime plaster, etc to restore this structure spread across an area of about 50,000 square feet. The [[Meja Dam (Bhilwara)|Meja Dam]] is nearby.<ref name=ici/>

The restored fort was used as a location for a short film titled "Blouse". The film put the restored work on show and the local people earned employment and fame by assisting the filmmaker Vijayeta Kumar and appearing as extras in the film. The film got a theatrical release by PVR Cinemas and received the Best Short Film award at the New York Indian Film Festival in 2014-15. One local boy's singing talent spotted by Singh has seen him establish a move to Mumbai.The fort is used as a base for local celebrations like Gangaur, Jal Jhoolni Ekadashi, etc. and it is also being used for community welfare activities like Blood Donation and Yoga Camps. The fort also houses a Community Library for the locals. Eventually the fort may be used as a residence for visiting tourists.<ref name=quit/>

== Recognition ==
In February 2018, Singh was chosen as one of the 25 inspiring women from across India to receive the Advantage Woman Award given by the [[ICICI Bank]]. The award was presented to her in Mumbai by actor [[Vidya Balan]] for her restoration work and the project's social impact.<ref name=ici/>

In August 2018, the [[Mehrangarh Museum Trust]] and [[Veer Durga Das Smruti Samiti]] Jodhpur, spearheaded by H.H [[Gaj Singh]] Ji of Jodhpur also awarded her efforts towards heritage restoration and its social impact.

On 8 March 2019, she was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] for her leadership and example. This award was presented by the Honorable President of India Shri [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on the recommendation of the Ministry of Women and Child Development. The Prime Minister Shri [[Narendra Modi]] also interacted with her and all the other awardees during this occasion.

==Private life==
She married Vijayendra Chandra Deb in 2014.<ref name=quit/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

https://thebetterindia.com/128207/rajasthan-meja-fort-restoration-by-woman/

https://rajputanacollective.wixsite.com/website/post/one-fort-many-destinies-priyamvada-singh-s-homecoming-the-re-becoming-of-meja

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Priyamvada}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]

Translational Health Science and Technology Institute

2026-02-13T11:11:07Z

Xavierncr: creating initial entry first draft

{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Translational Health Science and Technology Institute
| established = 2009
| location = Faridabad, [[India]]
| key_people = Gagandeep Kang ([[Former-Executive Director]])
}}

'''Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI)''' is a society registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860. It is also an autonomous institute of the [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]]. It was set up in 2009 at [[Gurgaon]] and is now located in NCR Biotech Science Cluster, [[Faridabad]] along with the [[Regional Centre for Biotechnology|Regional Center for Biotechnology]], Advanced Technology Platforms Center, Small Animal Facility, and Bio-incubator. Envisioned by former secretary of DBT, M. K. Bhan, the centre was created to enable faster transition of lab research to market. [[Pramod Garg]] is the executive director of THSTI.

THSTI has six intramural centers namely Vaccine & Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Pediatric Biology Centre (PBC), Centre for Bio-design & Diagnostics (CBD), Centre for Human Microbial Ecology (CHME), Policy Centre for Biomedical Research (PCBR), and Drug Discovery Research Centre (DDRC).

Vaccine & Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC) is engaged in development of technologies pertaining to prophylaxis, treatment and diagnosis of infections caused by JEV, DENV, [[HIV]], [[Rotavirus]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|Mycobaterium tuberculosis]], HEV. In 2009, HIV Vaccine Translational Research (HVTR) laboratory was established in collaboration with International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, USA for developing efficient immunogens to be used in immunogenic composition against HIV. The laboratory works in collaboration with the US-based [[Scripps Research|Scripps Research Institute]], [[New York City|New York]]-based [[Weill Cornell Medicine|Weill Cornell Medical College]], Amsterdam-based [[Academic Medical Center]], and Johannesburg-based [[National Centre for Disease Control|National Institute of Communicable Diseases]].<ref>http://thsti.res.in/pdf/annualreport/AR_Eng15-16.pdf, Page 225</ref> In collaboration with Department of [[Biotechnology]], Bharat Biotech International Limited, PATH and CHRD-SAS, VIDRC was also engaged in the phase III randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial to evaluate the non-interference in the immune response of three doses of ORV 116E (Rotavac) to antigens contained in childhood [[vaccine]]s and to assess the clinical lot consistency of three production lots.<ref>http://thsti.res.in/pdf/annualreport/AR_Eng15-16.pdf, Page 172</ref>

It also has one partnership center named Population Science Partnership Centre (PSPC) with the Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies (CHRD-SAS) and one extramural center named Clinical Development Services Agency (CDSA)to facilitate development of affordable healthcare products for public health diseases.

== Scientists at THSTI ==
'''Executive Director'''
* Dr. Pramod Garg
'''Biotechnology Chair'''
* John David Clemens (Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Founding Director, Centre for Global Infectious Diseases, [[UCLA Fielding School of Public Health|UCLA School of Public-Health]], California)

'''Visiting Professor of Eminence'''
* [[Nirmal Kumar Ganguly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.thsti.res.in/index.php Translational Health Science and Technology Institute]
* [http://www.cdsaindia.in/ Clinical Development Services Agency]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Biotechnology organizations]]
[[Category:Biotechnology in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2009]]

Shivshankar Menon

2026-02-13T04:38:36Z

Xavierncr: rework layout

{{short description|Indian diplomat and former National Security Advisor of India (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shivshankar Menon
| image = Msc2011 SZ 004 Menon (cropped).jpg
| office = 4th [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]]
| term_start = 24 January 2010
| term_end = 26 May 2014
| predecessor = [[M K Narayanan]]
| successor = [[Ajit Kumar Doval]]
| primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| office1 = 27th [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term1 = 1 October 2006 – 31 July 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Shyam Saran]]
| successor1 = [[Nirupama Rao]]
| office2 = Ambassador of India to [[China]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eoibeijing.gov.in/previou-head-of-mission.php |title=Embassy of India, Beijing |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320052454/http://www.eoibeijing.gov.in/previou-head-of-mission.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| term2 = 3 August 2000 – 7 July 2003
| predecessor2 = [[Vijay K. Nambiar]]
| successor2 = [[Nalin Surie]]
| office3 = High Commissioner of India to [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name="HCI Colombo"/>
| term3 = 1997-2000
| successor3 = [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]
| residence = New Delhi, India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|7|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = Diplomat, civil servant
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| relatives = [[K. P. S. Menon]] (grandfather) [[C. Sankaran Nair]] (great-grandfather)
}}

'''Shivshankar Menon''' (born 5 July 1949) is a retired Indian diplomat and statesman of [[Indian Foreign Service]] who served as the 4th [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]] to the [[Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]. He had previously served as the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] in the Ministry of External Affairs. Prior to that he was Indian [[High Commissioner]] to Pakistan, and Sri Lanka and ambassador to China and Israel.<ref name="indianembassypressrelease">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/press_release/2007/Feb/8.asp |title=Profile of Foreign Secretary Mr. Shivshankar Menon |publisher=Embassy of India, Washington DC |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126082230/http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/press_release/2007/Feb/8.asp |archivedate=26 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name=hi>{{cite news |title=Menon is next NSA |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article84408.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726224212/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article84408.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 January 2010|title=Shiv Shankar Menon is new National Security Advisor|work=rediff.com|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/21/shiv-shankar-menon-is-new-national-security-advisor.htm|accessdate=6 November 2018}}</ref> He is Distinguished Fellow at the [[Centre for Social and Economic Progress]]. He is also Visiting Professor of International Relations at [[Ashoka University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/shivshankar-menon-1624|title = Faculty/Staff}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shivshankar Menon hails from [[Ottapalam]] in the [[Palakkad]] district of [[Kerala]]. He comes from a family of diplomats; his father, Parappil Narayana Menon, served as the ambassador to Yugoslavia in his last days.

Menon's grandfather, [[K. P. S. Menon (senior)]], was India's first Foreign Secretary, while his uncle, [[K. P. S. Menon Jr.]], was the former Indian ambassador to China and the 15th Foreign Secretary.<ref name=hi/> His great-grandfather, Sir [[C. Sankaran Nair]], was a president of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1897, so far the only Malayali to hold this position.

Menon did his schooling at [[Scindia School]], [[Gwalior]]. He then completed his [[B.A.]] (Hons.) degree and the [[M.A.]] degree in history from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SHIVSHANKAR MENON |url=https://www.scindia.edu/scindia_management/shivshankar-menon/ |website=The Scindia School}}</ref>

==Career==
Menon started his career in 1972 with the [[Indian Foreign Service]].<ref name="indianembassypressrelease"/>

He served in the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) as Advisor to the Atomic Energy Commission. His work continued through his posting in Vienna. He was then posted to Beijing, the second of three postings he served in China. His last position in China as ambassador was also significant as it marked improvement in [[China–India relations|Sino-India relations]], the high point being the visit of then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Menon has also served as [[Ambassador of India to Israel|Ambassador to Israel]] and High Commissioner to Sri Lanka<ref name="HCI Colombo">{{Cite web|url=https://hcicolombo.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6Ikc4ZndKcm9UdEJMRndwQ3NPV29FTHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTTIwZkwzRVwvWmlTenNvWkwrT3dWNUE9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImM3ZjQyZTliNDUyNTZlN2EyZTQwYWUwODY5ODI3ZGI2MDczOGZlODNmNGMyNTk1Y2Y0ZDRmZTk3NzExMWMyMWUifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IlVDWENKbHZWXC90SW01T1BPRFl0MU5nPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6Im5ESFdkbHNJMHpcLzFMbjNRQlZXQnBBPT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YzYyYTAwODY4M2YzMTljNDkzNWEwMTBmMzNmZTcwNmMyNjk3NjFhOGNkNGE1N2Q2MzNlMTRmMjI3ZDlkYmIwIn0=|title=Former High Commissioners|website=High Commission of India, Colombo, Sri Lanka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315071542/https://hcicolombo.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6Ikc4ZndKcm9UdEJMRndwQ3NPV29FTHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTTIwZkwzRVwvWmlTenNvWkwrT3dWNUE9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImM3ZjQyZTliNDUyNTZlN2EyZTQwYWUwODY5ODI3ZGI2MDczOGZlODNmNGMyNTk1Y2Y0ZDRmZTk3NzExMWMyMWUifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IlVDWENKbHZWXC90SW01T1BPRFl0MU5nPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6Im5ESFdkbHNJMHpcLzFMbjNRQlZXQnBBPT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YzYyYTAwODY4M2YzMTljNDkzNWEwMTBmMzNmZTcwNmMyNjk3NjFhOGNkNGE1N2Q2MzNlMTRmMjI3ZDlkYmIwIn0=|archive-date=2019-03-15|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> and Pakistan. He was appointed Foreign Secretary in 2006, and was the National Security Advisor to Prime Minister [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]]. He relinquished office as India's 4th National Security Advisor on 15 May 2014. He is also a Visiting Professor of International Relations at Ashoka University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka University |url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/faculty-experiences/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.ashoka.edu.in}}</ref>

A major milestone of his career was the [[Indo-US nuclear deal]], for which he had worked hard to convince [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]] member nations along with [[Shyam Saran]] to get a clean waiver for nuclear supplies to India.

Menon joined the [[Brookings Institution]] (USA) as a distinguished fellow and also serves as chairman of the advisory board of the Institute of Chinese Studies based in New Delhi. He has been a Fisher Family Fellow at the [[Harvard Kennedy School|Kennedy School, Harvard University]] 2015 and Richard Wilhelm Fellow at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in 2015. He was chosen to be one of the “Top 100 Global Thinkers” by [[Foreign Policy]] magazine in 2010.<ref>Faculty Profile: Ashoka University (https://www.ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/shivshankar-menon-1624)</ref>

He joined the Institute of South Asian Studies at [[National University of Singapore]] as a Distinguished Visiting Fellow in November 2017.

== Publications ==

* ''Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy''. 2016. Brookings Institution Press. Penguin.
* ''India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present. 2021''. Brookings Institution Press.

Menon wrote "Choices: Inside The Making of Indian Foreign Policy" that was first published in 2016 and was based on his experience as National Security Advisor of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choices |url=https://www.brookings.edu/books/choices/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Mohini Menon and has a daughter and a son. His mother tongue is [[Malayalam]] and he also speaks [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] and [[German language|German]].<ref name="indianembassypressrelease"/>

He has interests in classical music and the Himalayas. The Scindia School conferred on Shivshankar Menon the 'Madhav Award' as an alumnus of eminence for the year 2000.<ref>[http://www.scindia.edu/about_school/madhav_awardees_shivshankarmenon.php Madhav Awardees: Shiv Shankar Menon, 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202220/http://www.scindia.edu/about_school/madhav_awardees_shivshankarmenon.php |date=2011-06-04 }} [[Scindia School]] website.</ref>

==Honours==
* [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg|55px|ribbon bar]] [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class, Gold and Silver Star]] (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100337859.pdf|title= 令和4年春の外国人叙勲受章者名簿|access-date= April 29, 2022|work= Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vijay Keshav Gokhale|Vijay Gokhale]]
*[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar|Dr. S Jaishankar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Shiv Shankar Menon}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=Pradeep Kumar Singh}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ambassador of India to Israel]]|years=1995 - 1997}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ranjan Mathai]]}}
{{s-bef|before=N. Dayal}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of high commissioners of India to Sri Lanka|High Commissioner of India to Sri Lanka]]|years=1997 - 2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before= [[Vijay K. Nambiar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ambassador of India to China]]|years=2000 - 2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nalin Surie]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioner of India to Pakistan]]|years=2003 - 2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Satyabrata Pal]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shyam Saran]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=2006 - 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nirupama Rao]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[M. K. Narayanan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]|years=2010 - 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ajit Doval]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indian civil servants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Shivshankar}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Israel]]
[[Category:People from Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Scindia School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class]]
[[Category:People of the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:National Security Advisor of India]]

Laharpur

2026-02-12T12:44:17Z

Xavierncr: improve details and cleaned formatting

{{for|the village in Bhopal district|Laharpur, Berasia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.72|N|80.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 133
| population_total = 84,000
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/SITAPUR/Laharpur_PINCODE 261135]
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| official_name = Laharpur
| motto = Spread goodness
}}

'''Laharpur''' is a town, tehsil headquarter and a [[municipal board]] in [[Sitapur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== History ==
The foundation of this town was laid by Emperor [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351–1388 AD) in 1370 AD, while he was on his way to the shrine of [[Saiyyad Salar Masud Ghazi]] at [[Bahraich|Baharaich]]. At that time, he settled in some [[Kayastha]] and [[Muslim]] families. Around 1400, a local Hindu ([[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]) strongman, Lahori Pasi, took possession of it and changed its name from Tuglaqpur to Lahoripur, which became Laharpur due to usage. His descendants remained in possession of Laharpur for another 18 years or so. They were exterminated by a Muslim commander, Sheikh Tahir Gazi of [[Kannauj]] in 1418 AD. The town became an important urban center when Raja [[Todar Mal|Todarmal]], the finance minister of Emperor Akbar, reconstituted a new pargana of 765 villages with its administrative center at the town of Laharpur. Muslims ruled the town until the death of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, when, taking advantage of widespread anarchy across [[Mughal Empire]], a local Gaur commander, Raja Chandar Sen invaded [[Sitapur]] in 1707. Since then, it remained under the control local Gaur Kshatriyas until 1858 when it came under the rule of [[British Raj|British Crown]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = A Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh|last = Benett|first = William|publisher = Government of Oudh|year = 1878|location = Allahabad (India)}}</ref>

==Geography==
Laharpur is located at {{Coord|27.72|N|80.9|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Laharpur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Laharpur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 133 [[metre]]s (436 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==
[[File:Road to Laharpur.JPG|thumb|279x279px|Major District Road (MDR) connecting Sitapur and Laharpur]]
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> the town is home to 50,080 souls. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.The sex ratio of Laharpur Tehsil is 896, which means that for every 1,000 men, there are 896 women.

It has an average literacy rate of 60.49%.Male literacy is 64.89%, and female literacy is 55.83%. About 19% of the population in town is under 6 years of age.

==Economic activities ==
The core business used to be weaving by local artisans mostly belonging to Muslim community but due to high cost of raw material and higher labor cost, this artisan based craft is on the verge of extinction. Laharpur used to be a hub of weaving and [[Zardozi]] work in past. However, in present the main businesses in Laharpur are timber and leather work.

== Religious places ==
It is famous for being the seat of Qalandaria Order of Sufism and the Dargah of saints Shah Alauddin Ahmad Chirminaposh Suharwardi, Shah Abdul Rahman Jaanbaaz Qalandar and Shah Maja Qalandar.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitapur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sitapur district]]

TamilRockers

2026-02-08T08:03:12Z

Xavierncr:

{{short description|BitTorrent website}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox website
| name = TamilRockers
| logo = Tamilrockers logo.jpg
| url = 
| type = Torrent index, [[Magnet URI scheme|magnet links]] provider, [[Peer-to-peer]]
| language = English
| area_served = Worldwide
| registration = Optional, free
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2011}}
| revenue = Advertisements
| current_status = Active
| country = India
}}
{{filesharing sidebar}}
'''TamilRockers''' is a torrent website based in India which facilitates unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, including television shows, movies, music and videos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamilrockers-how-does-the-website-work-who-are-uploading-movies/articleshow/66602806.cms |title=Tamilrockers: How does the website work? Who are uploading movies? |last=Prabhakar |first=Siddharth |date=29 November 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190612080015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamilrockers-how-does-the-website-work-who-are-uploading-movies/articleshow/66602806.cms |archive-date=12 June 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mailsamy |first=Jayasurya |date=2025-08-25 |title=TamilRockers New Link 2025 – Working TamilRockers Domain [November Update] – Working TamilRockers Domain [November Update] |url=https://oksurya.com/tamilrockers-back-online-piracy-update/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Oksurya |language=en-US}}</ref> The site allows visitors to search for and download copyrighted material with the help of [[Magnet URI scheme|magnet links]] and [[Torrent file|torrent]] files, which facilitate [[peer-to-peer]] [[file sharing]]. It also operates multiple [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] channels and groups with thousands of subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-27|title=Tamil cinema and TamilRockers: An insider view of the never-ending piracy battle|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-cinema-and-tamilrockers-insider-view-never-ending-piracy-battle-131730|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-08|website=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108201209/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-cinema-and-tamilrockers-insider-view-never-ending-piracy-battle-131730}}</ref> TamilRockers is the tenth most popular torrent site in [[TorrentFreak]]'s Top 10 Most Popular Torrent Sites of 2020 list.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Most Popular Torrent Sites of 2020 * Best of TorrentFreak|url=https://torrentfreak.com/top-10-most-popular-torrent-sites-of-2020-200105-archive/|access-date=2022-01-08|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929131951/https://torrentfreak.com/top-10-most-popular-torrent-sites-of-2020-200105-archive/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In India, [[Internet service provider|ISPs]] have been ordered to block access to the website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-karthik-subbarajs-petta-team-fighting-tamil-rockers-and-other-online-pirates-94915 |title=How Karthik Subbaraj's 'Petta' team is fighting Tamil Rockers |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=January 12, 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218202038/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-karthik-subbarajs-petta-team-fighting-tamil-rockers-and-other-online-pirates-94915 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Block TamilRockers and piracy websites: Delhi High Court to Internet Service Providers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/block-tamilrockers-and-piracy-websites-delhi-high-court-to-internet-service-providers-1580094-2019-08-12 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812144355/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/block-tamilrockers-and-piracy-websites-delhi-high-court-to-internet-service-providers-1580094-2019-08-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-hc-directs-internet-service-providers-to-block-tamilrockers-for-unauthorised-movie-screening-2268223.html|title=Delhi HC Directs Internet Service Providers to Block Tamilrockers for Unauthorised Movie Screening|website=News18|date=12 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914130930/https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-hc-directs-internet-service-providers-to-block-tamilrockers-for-unauthorised-movie-screening-2268223.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The website continues operation by switching to a series of new web addresses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/2-0-leaked-why-is-it-so-hard-to-stop-the-tamilrockers-2816221.html |title=2.0 leaked: Why is it so hard to stop the Tamilrockers? |date=1 December 2018 |website=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218201955/https://www.oneindia.com/india/2-0-leaked-why-is-it-so-hard-to-stop-the-tamilrockers-2816221.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Aside from its traditional list of pirate sites, apps, and hosting providers, the movie industry group [[Motion Picture Association]] (MPA) lists TamilRockers as one of the [[notorious markets]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/mpa-adds-1xbet-and-baidu-to-latest-piracy-threat-report/|title=MPA Adds 1XBET and Baidu to Latest Piracy Threat Report|date=2019-10-13|website=TorrentFreak|language=en|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124012305/https://torrentfreak.com/mpa-adds-1xbet-and-baidu-to-latest-piracy-threat-report/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/images/Motion_Picture_Association_2019_Notorious_Markets_OCR.pdf|title=MPA's full report|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018164847/https://torrentfreak.com/images/Motion_Picture_Association_2019_Notorious_Markets_OCR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
TamilRockers was a [[bootleg recording]] network which was founded in 2011 and later became a public torrent website that links to pirated copies of [[Cinema of India|Indian films]], particularly [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], in addition to Hollywood films dubbed into Indian languages along with the original English audio.

On March 14, 2018, three men said to be behind the site were arrested. One of the men was believed to be the site administrator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-police-arrest-5-piracy-3-tamilrockers-and-2-dvd-rockers-78008|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-08-30|title=Kerala police arrest 5 for piracy: 3 from Tamilrockers and 2 from DVD rockers|date=15 March 2018|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803130540/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-police-arrest-5-piracy-3-tamilrockers-and-2-dvd-rockers-78008|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 May 2019, more members of TamilRockers were arrested in [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Members-of-piracy-website-TamilRockers-arrested/articleshow/55887838.cms|title=TamilRockers: Members of piracy website Tamil Rockers arrested|website=The Times of India|date=30 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830132804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Members-of-piracy-website-TamilRockers-arrested/articleshow/55887838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 19, 2020, the site went offline but came back online after a while; it was speculated that [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] intervened by issuing several [[DMCA]] takedown notices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=TamilRockers domain blocked, but the piracy website can come back anytime |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamilrockers-domain-blocked-piracy-website-can-come-back-anytime-135767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031022951/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamilrockers-domain-blocked-piracy-website-can-come-back-anytime-135767 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=2020-10-30 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

On July 28, 2024 another person who was reported to be an admin of the site was arrested by [[Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Kerala Police|police]] while recording a movie in the theatre for pirating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=Tamil Rockers Member, Filming Dhanush's Raayan, Caught Red-handed |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-rockers-member-filming-dhanushs-raayan-caught-red-handed-8982562.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730035544/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-rockers-member-filming-dhanushs-raayan-caught-red-handed-8982562.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Unofficial clones ===
Since the official TamilRockers went offline, there has been two prominent clone websites called TamilMV and Tamil Blasters, which are also been targeted by ISPs to block them. In May, 2022, [[Disney Star]], a subsidiary of [[The Walt Disney Company]], filed complaint with police in India, targeting Tamil Rockers, TamilMV, and Tamil Blasters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piracy: Disney Files Police Complaint Against Tamilrockers & Pikashow * TorrentFreak |url=https://torrentfreak.com/piracy-disney-files-police-complaint-against-tamilrockers-pikashow-220531/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704041831/https://torrentfreak.com/piracy-disney-files-police-complaint-against-tamilrockers-pikashow-220531/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian OTTs might lose $3 bn to piracy this year as leaked content sites see 62 mn footfalls |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/enterprise/news/disney-star-is-the-latest-victim-of-online-piracy-which-is-expected-to-touch-3-billion-this-year-in-india/articleshow/91912088.cms |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625070957/https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/enterprise/news/disney-star-is-the-latest-victim-of-online-piracy-which-is-expected-to-touch-3-billion-this-year-in-india/articleshow/91912088.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title='Pirates' robbing entertainment giants back in focus as Disney Star files FIR on leaked shows |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/pirates-robbing-entertainment-giants-back-in-focus-as-disney-star-files-fir-on-leaked-shows/978899/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625070953/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/pirates-robbing-entertainment-giants-back-in-focus-as-disney-star-files-fir-on-leaked-shows/978899/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture ==
The TamilRockers name has made [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] in many Tamil movies, including a Tamil movie ''Tamil Rockers'' starring [[Premgi Amaren]] released on December 31, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Premgi's new film titled after the infamous piracy movie website - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/premgis-new-film-titled-after-the-infamous-piracy-movie-website/articleshow/83538912.cms |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Times of India |date=15 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707210821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/premgis-new-film-titled-after-the-infamous-piracy-movie-website/articleshow/83538912.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tamil Rockers Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/tamil-rockers/movieshow/88591267.cms |access-date=2022-06-25 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625070953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/tamil-rockers/movieshow/88591267.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 2, 2022, [[Sony Liv|SonyLIV]] released a series named ''[[Tamil Rockerz]]'', which is about online piracy and cybercrime, it stars [[Arun Vijay]] and [[Vani Bhojan]], directed by [[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhagan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |title=Arun Vijay to star in Arivazhagan's web series 'Tamil Rockerz' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/02/arun-vijay-to-star-in-arivazhagans-web-series-tamil-rockerz |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=DT next |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703120237/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/02/arun-vijay-to-star-in-arivazhagans-web-series-tamil-rockerz |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Vijay's Tamil Rockerz first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/02/arun-vijaystamil-rockerz-first-look-out-32497.html |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=2 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702143959/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/02/arun-vijaystamil-rockerz-first-look-out-32497.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{BitTorrent}}

[[Category:BitTorrent websites]]
[[Category:Notorious markets]]
[[Category:Indian websites]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Indian film websites]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in India]]
[[Category:Copyright infringement]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Government of the Mughal Empire

2026-02-06T13:55:20Z

Xavierncr: new

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox executive government
| government_name = 
| nativename = 
| border =
| image = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| image2 = Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg
| image_size2 =
| alt2 =
| caption = '''Flag and Seal of the Mughal Empire'''
| date_established = {{Start date|1526|04|21|df=yes}}
| date_dissolved = {{End date|1857|09|21|df=yes}}
| state = [[Mughal Empire]]
| country = 
| polity = 
| leader_title = [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]]
| appointed = 
| main_organ =
| ministries = [[Vakil of the Mughal Empire|Vakil]] / [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand vizier]] [[Ministry of finance]] [[Ministry of defence|Ministry of the military]] [[Ministry of justice|Ministry of law/religious patronage]] [[Royal household|Ministry of the imperial household and public works]]
| budget = 
| address = [[Agra]] [[Delhi]] [[Lahore]] [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
}}
The '''government of the Mughal Empire''' was a highly centralised bureaucracy, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor, [[Akbar]].<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=Mughal Empire |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0549 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |access-date=2022-03-28|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Burton-Page |first1=J. |title=Mug̲h̲als |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-COM_0778 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0778 |access-date=2022-03-31 |last2=Islam |first2=Riazul |last3=Athar Ali |first3=M. |last4=Moosvi |first4=Shireen |last5=Moreland |first5=W. H. |last6=Bosworth |first6=C. E. |last7=Schimmel |first7=Annemarie |last8=Koch |first8=Ebba |last9=Hall |first9=Margaret|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[central government]] was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled ''[[mir bakhshi]]'', who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the ''[[mansabdari]]'' system. The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the ''sadr as-sudr,'' who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Conermann |first=Stephan |title=Mughal Empire |date=2015-08-04 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_024206 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206 |access-date=2022-03-28|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Administrative division ==

The territory of the empire was divided into provincial level administrative units known as ''[[Subah]]s'' (provinces), each was controlled by official governor called ''[[subahdar]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=y George Clifford Whitworth |title=An Anglo-indian Dictionary: A Glossary Of Indian Terms Used In English, And Of Such English Or Other Non-indian Terms As Have Obtained Special Meanings In India |year=2016 |publisher=Palala Press |isbn=978-1354764114 |page=301 }}</ref> ''Subahs'' were subdivided into administrative units known as ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkars]],'' which further divided into smaller administrative units known as ''[[Pargana]]''. The government at the ''Pargana'' level consisted of a Muslim judge (Qadi) and a local tax collector official.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Each Pargana has contained more smaller administrative units which called ''Tarafs'', which in their turn consisted of several villages plus some uninhabited mountain and forest land.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Making Of British India - 1756-1858 |year=2006 |publisher=Read Books |page=289 |author1=Ramsay Muir |author-link=Ramsay Muir |id={{ASIN|1406723789|country=in}} }}</ref>

Mughal administrative divisions were not static, as these territories were often changed and reconstituted to suit the evolving physical territories, and to facilitate the better administration of the land cultivation. For example, a ''sarkar'' could change its status into a ''subah'', and ''Parganas'' often transferred into another ''Sarkars''. However, hierarchical authority of each division could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geographical mapping, as the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority for detailed survey of land; hence the geographical limits obstructed the empire to formalise the mappings of their territories. The empire instead relying on recorded statistic details about each division to assess the territory's revenue, based on more simple form of land surveys.<ref>{{cite book |last=Michael |first=Bernardo A. |title=Statemaking and Territory in South Asia |year=2012 |pages=69, 75, 77–78 |publisher=Anthem Press |doi=10.7135/upo9780857285324.005 |isbn=978-0-85728-532-4}}</ref>

The structure of the central government of the empire resembles those Subah provincial units government; To facilitate to government control, each ''subah'' had its own ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|bakhshi]]'', ''sadr as-sudr'', and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the ''subahdar''.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The empire also established "Dastur-ul-Amal", an office responsible for the administration of land revenue. Each cultivator of the land which assigned was known as "Patta", and "Qabuliyat", a status of agreement regarding the said land's revenue.<ref>{{cite book |author1=I.A. Khan |title=Medieval History (Emergence of Islam to downfall of mughal empire) |year=2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLB4EAAAQBAJ |access-date=26 July 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

== Capitals ==
The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established over the course of their rule. These were the cities of [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Lahore]], and [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M.|date=1994|title=Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=33|issue=2|pages=294–295|jstor=42928323|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> The court often maintained and used several cities at a time, but the Mughals found that moving the entirity of the growing imperial bureaucracy and court was increasingly difficult. Sometimes moves were due to necessary political and military demands, or to ideological reasons; such as Akbar's establishment of new capital in [[Fatehpur Sikri]]; Another reason was because the marginal cost of establishing a new imperial capital.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M.|date=1994|title=Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=33|issue=2|pages=304–305|jstor=42928323|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> Certain cities also served as temporary provincial capitals, as when Aurangzeb briefly shifted his central government to [[Aurangabad]] in the [[Deccan]].<ref name=":1" />

The imperial camp are used for military expeditions and royal entourage which also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. All administration and governance was carried out within them. The Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sinopoli |first=Carla M.|date=1994|title=Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928323|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=33|issue=2|pages=296 & 298|jstor=42928323|issn=0066-8435}}</ref>

After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of [[Shahjahanabad]] (modern day Old Delhi).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edmund.|first=Bosworth, Clifford|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231801473|title=Historic cities of the Islamic world|date=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15388-2|pages=127|oclc=231801473}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Catherine B. Asher |title=Architecture of Mughal India, Volume 4 |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521267285 |page=292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=En |chapter=7}}</ref>

== Law ==
[[File:Police Chuprasi, Delhi.png|Police in Delhi under Bahadur Shah II, 1842|thumb]]
The Mughal Empire's legal system was context-specific and evolved over the course of the empire's rule. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the ''[[qadi]]'' (judge), ''[[mufti]]'' (jurisconsult), and ''[[muhtasib]]'' (censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. This was due to Persianate influences on Mughal ideology, and the fact that the Mughal Empire governed a non-Muslim majority.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Chatterjee|first=Nandini|title=Courts of law, Mughal|date=2019-12-01|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_25171|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE|publisher=Brill|language=en|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_25171|access-date=2021-12-13|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Legal ideology ===
The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni [[Hanafi]] system of jurisprudence. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. These included the ''[[Al-Hidayah|al-Hidaya]]'' (the best guidance) and the ''Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya'' (religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). During the Mughal Empire's peak, the ''[[Fatawa 'Alamgiri|Al-Fatawa al-'Alamgiriyya]]'' was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khalfaoui|first=Mouez|title=Mughal Empire and Law|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t349/e0066|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213062301/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t349/e0066|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2021|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref>

The Mughal Empire also drew on Persianate notions of kingship. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs.<ref name=":2" />

=== Courts of law ===
Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal empire. One such court was that of the ''qadi''. The Mughal ''qadi'' was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. The ''qadi'' also had additional importance with regards to documents, as the seal of the ''qadi'' was required to validate deeds and tax records. ''Qadis'' did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. For example, the most basic kind was the ''[[pargana]]'' (district) ''qadi''. More prestigious positions were those of the ''qadi al-quddat'' (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the ''qadi-yi lashkar'' (judge of the army).<ref name=":2" /> ''Qadis'' were usually appointed by the emperor or the ''sadr-us-sudr'' (chief of charities).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Conermann |first=Stephan |title=Mughal Empire |date=2015-08-04 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_024206 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206 |access-date=2022-03-25|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The jurisdiction of the ''qadi'' was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Nandini|title=Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law|date=2014|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2014.20|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|volume=29|issue=3|pages=396–415|doi=10.1017/jlr.2014.20|hdl=10871/15975|s2cid=143513602|issn=0748-0814|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The ''[[jagirdar]]'' (local tax collector) was another kind of official approached, especially for high-stakes cases. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local ''qadi''. Such officials included the ''[[kotwal]]'' (local police), the ''[[faujdar]]'' (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the ''[[subahdar]]'' (provincial governor). In some cases, the emperor themself dispensed justice directly.<ref name=":2" /> Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the [[Agra Fort|Agra fort]] that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1243310832|title=India in the Persianate Age : 1000-1765|publisher=University of California Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-520-97423-4|pages=272|oclc=1243310832}}</ref>

Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. For example, it is unclear how ''[[panchayats]]'' (village councils) operated in the Mughal era.<ref name=":2" />

== Ethnic composition ==
In 1595, among the Mughal nobles 61% were ethnic [[Persians|Iranians]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] who had migrated from [[Iran]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Eaton|1996|p=165}}</ref>

== List of Mughal Emperors ==
{{Main|Mughal emperors}}

== See also ==
* [[Mughal dynasty]]
* [[Mughal emperors]]
* [[Economy of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire]]
* [[Islam in South Asia]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rise_of_Islam_and_the_Bengal_Frontie.html?id=O6QwDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1996-07-31 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |last=Blake |first=Stephen P. |title=The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals |date=November 1979 |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=77–94 |doi=10.2307/2053505 |jstor=2053505|s2cid=154527305 }}
* Habib, Irfan. ''Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps'' (1982).

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Government of the Mughal Empire|*]]

Ghughari

2026-02-06T13:37:44Z

Xavierncr: Made a details more to come!

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghughari
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Adobe wall, Umaria district, Madhya Pradesh, India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = House in village
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.68|N|80.69|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Ghughari''' is a village, a [[Tehsil]] Headquarters, and a Development Block in the [[Mandla District]]. It is situated on the bank of the Burhner River, a tributary of the [[Narmada River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=उपखंड {{!}} जिला प्रशासन मंडला, मध्यप्रदेश शासन {{!}} भारत |url=https://mandla.nic.in/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=hi-IN |archive-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304091318/https://mandla.nic.in/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghughari is located at 22°68"N80°69"E. Ghughari is 35 km away from Mandla .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Ghugri.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ghugri, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=2024-06-27|archive-date=2022-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930170119/https://fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Ghugri.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Ghughari town has a population of 3,760, of which 1,915 are males and 1,845 are females, according to the 2011 Census. There are a total of 964 families residing in Ghughari. In 2011, the literacy rate of Ghughari was 83.48%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/493088-ghughari-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Ghughari Village Population - Ghughari - Mandla, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2024-06-27|archive-date=2024-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628103327/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/493088-ghughari-madhya-pradesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Agriculture==
The main occupation of the people in Ghughari is agriculture. Most residents grow coarse grains and wheat. This area is predominantly tribal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mptradeportal.org/mandla|title=MP Trade Portal|website=www.mptradeportal.org|access-date=2024-06-27|archive-date=2024-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627081519/https://www.mptradeportal.org/mandla|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Ghughari is well connected by roads and is located 35 km away from Mandla. There is a daily bus service available from Ghughari.

==See also==
* [[Mandla District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mandla district]]
[[Category:Mandla]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Frederick Adam

2026-02-02T15:11:46Z

Xavierncr: fix page per sources and added references for consistency

{{Short description|British Army general (1781–1853)}}
{{Other people}}
{{No footnotes|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Frederick Adam
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCMG}}
| image = Sir Frederick Adam by William Salter.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[William Salter (painter)|William Salter]], 1848 or after
| birth_date = {{birth date|1781|6|17|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1853|8|17|1781|6|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Scotland]]
| allegiance = {{Flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} {{Flagcountry|UKGBI}}
| branch = {{army|UK}}, Artillery
| serviceyears = 1795–?
| rank = General
| commands = 3rd (Light) Brigade
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Peninsular War]]
** [[Battle of Castalla]]
** Battle of [[Alicante]]
** Battle of [[Biar]]
** [[Battle of Ordal]]
* [[War of the Seventh Coalition]]
** [[Battle of Waterloo]]
{{tree list/end}}
| relations = father: [[William Adam (MP)]]
| laterwork = Lord High Commissioner, [[Ionian Islands]] Governor of [[Madras]]
| awards = [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Frederick Adam''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCMG}} (17 June 1781{{snd}}17 August 1853) was a Scottish major-general at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], in command of the 3rd (Light) Brigade. He was the fourth son of [[William Adam of Blair Adam]] and his wife Eleanora, the daughter of [[Charles Elphinstone, 10th Lord Elphinstone]]. He was later a [[List of Lord High Commissioners of the Ionian Islands|Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands]], who built [[Mon Repos, Corfu]] and other important landmarks in that Protectorate.

==Military career==
He was born at the family home of Blairadam House, just north of [[Kelty]] in [[Fife]].

At the age of fourteen in 1795, Frederick Adam entered the [[British Army]]. He trained at the artillery school at the [[Royal Arsenal]], [[Woolwich]]. In the same year, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant and in 1796 he was promoted to second lieutenant.

He took part in the campaigns in the Netherlands and Egypt under Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]], he was promoted to the rank of major in 1803 and a lieutenant colonel in 1804. From 1806 to 1811 he was stationed on [[Sicily]]. Between 1812 and 1813 he was in Spain fighting in the [[Peninsular War]], where he was severely wounded at [[Alicante]]. On 12 April 1813, while commanding the Light Brigade in [[John Murray, 8th Baronet|John Murray]]'s expeditionary force, Adam led a brilliant rearguard action against the corps of Marshal [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet]] at [[Biar]]. The following day, his 2/27th Foot battalion inflicted 350 casualties on Suchet's 121st Line Regiment during the [[Battle of Castalla]]. He was wounded again in an action at [[Battle of Ordal|Ordal]] on 13 September 1813.

===Waterloo===

On 18 June 1815, Adam commanded the 3rd British Brigade in [[Henry Clinton (Napoleonic Wars)|Henry Clinton]]'s 2nd Division at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. At the crisis of the battle, Adam's [[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|1/52nd (Light) Foot]] performed a left-wheel to enfilade the flank of the French Imperial Guard's main attack while the British Guards engaged the head of the column. Under fire from two directions, the French guardsmen put up a brief resistance then fled. After their unsuccessful attack on the British centre, the Guard rallied to their reserves of three (some sources say four) regiments, just south of [[La Haye Sainte]] for a last stand against the British. But a charge from Adam's brigade threw them into a state of confusion and those which were left retreated towards [[La Belle Alliance]]. It was during this stand that Colonel [[Hugh Halkett]] took the surrender of General [[Pierre Cambronne|Cambronne]].

The French Imperial Guard made a last stand in squares on either side of the [[La Belle Alliance]]. General Adam's Brigade charged the square which was formed on rising ground to the (British) right of La Belle Alliance and again threw them into a state of confusion. The other square was attacked by the Prussians. The French retreated away from the battlefield towards France. The French artillery, and everything else belonging to them, fell into the hands of the British and Prussians.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Battle Order of the 3rd Light Brigade at The Battle of Waterloo'''
|-
| '''Unit'''
| '''Commander'''
| '''Strength'''
| '''Casualties'''
|-
| '''3rd (Light) British Brigade'''
| '''Major General Frederick Adam'''
| '''2,937 men'''
| '''698'''
|-
| [[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|1/52nd Regiment of Foot (Oxfordshire Light Infantry)]]
| Lt-Colonel Sir [[John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton|John Colborne]]
| 1,130
| 199
|-
| 1/71st Regiment of Foot (Highland Light Infantry)
| Lt-Colonel Reyner
| 936
| 202
|-
| 2/95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles)
| Major Norcott
| 666
| 247
|-
| 3/95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles)
| Major John Ross
| 205
| 50
|}

==Later life==
[[File:Estàtua de Sir Frederick Adam, Palaia Anaktora, Corfú.JPG|thumb|250px|Statue by [[Pavlos Prosalentis]] in [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]]]]

From 1817 to 1824, Adam continued his career in the army. Between 1824 and 1832 he was a popular [[Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands]]. His commissioning of the construction of public buildings on [[Corfu]] was appreciated by the local population. He was sworn of the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]] in 1831.
[[File:Corfu Mon Repos R01.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Mon Repos, Corfu]]]]

From 25 October 1832, to 4 March 1837, he was Governor of [[Madras]] and, in 1846, he was promoted to general.

==Military commands==
Incomplete list of military commands:
* 1813 – commanded Anglo-Allied Light Brigade at Biar and Castalla.
* 1813 – commanded Anglo-Allied Advanced Guard at Ordal.
* 1815 – commanded 3rd (Light) British Brigade at Waterloo.
* 1829 – 1835 Colonel of 73rd ''Perthshire'' Regiment of Foot.
* 1835 – Colonel of 57th Foot who were stationed in India.
* 1843 – Colonel 21st Fusiliers.

==References==
{{Wikisource|Frederick Adam}}
* [[John Keegan|Keegan, John]]. ''[[The Face of Battle]].'' Vintage, 1977.
* Smith, Digby. ''The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.'' Greenhill, 1998.

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | before=[[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] | title=Colonel of the [[73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot|73rd Regiment of Foot]] | years=1829–1835 | after=[[William Harris, 2nd Baron Harris|Lord Harris]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[William Inglis (British Army officer)|Sir William Inglis]] | title=Colonel of the [[57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1835–1843 | after=[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[James Forbes, 17th Lord Forbes|The Lord Forbes]] | title=Colonel of the [[Royal Scots Fusiliers|21st Regiment of Foot (Royal North British Fuzileers)]] | years=1843–1853 | after=[[De Lacy Evans|Sir George De Lacy Evans]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adam, Frederick}}
[[Category:1780s births]]
[[Category:1853 deaths]]
[[Category:57th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:73rd Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Royal Scots Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Waterloo Medal]]
[[Category:Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa]]
[[Category:British people of the Greek War of Independence]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People of the Battle of Waterloo]]

C. R. Pattabhirama Iyer

2026-01-24T21:25:03Z

Xavierncr: Made a post needs work!

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and jurist}}
{{family name hatnote|Chetput|Pattabhirama Iyer|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}{{Indian name|Pattabhirama Iyer|Ramaswami}}[[File:C. R. Pattabhirama Aiyar.jpg|thumb|C.R. Pattabhirama Aiyar with wife Rangammal]]
'''Chetput Ramaswami Pattabhirama Iyer''' (c. 1857 – September 29, 1902), surname alternately spelt '''Aiyar''', originally surnamed '''Dikshitar''', was an Indian lawyer and jurist, noted for having led the [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore Bar]] and served as the Tanjore [[public prosecutor]], before relocating to the [[Madras|city of Madras]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Christopher John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHCwCwAAQBAJ |title=South India |last2=Washbrook |first2=D. A. |date=1976-06-18 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-02746-0 |language=en}}</ref> whereupon he ultimately became a [[Vakil]] of the [[High Court of Madras]], central member of the [[Mylapore clique]], and a leader of the Madras bar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=John Jeya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bHQAAAAMAAJ |title=Vakils of Madras, 1802-1928: The Rise of the Modern Legal Profession in South India |date=1986 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |language=en}}</ref> along with [[M. O. Parthasarathy Iyengar]], [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer]], [[P. R. Sundaram Iyer]], [[V. C. Desikachariar|Sir V. C. Desikachariar]], and [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]], immediately behind [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar|Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] and [[S. Subramania Iyer|Sir S. Subramania Iyer]], from 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalratnam |first=V. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-pPAQAAIAAJ |title=A Century Completed: A History of the Madras High Court, 1862-1962 |date=1962 |publisher=Madras Law Journal Office |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed to the [[Madras Presidency|Madras City Civil Court]] as a judge in 1899, serving also on the Court of Small Causes, preparatory for higher judicial office, but died three years later, at the age of 45.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQE5AQAAMAAJ |title=The Law Times |date=1902 |publisher=Office of The Law times |language=en}}</ref>

He fostered his only son, [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], in the family of [[C. V. Runganada Sastri]], betrothing him to [[C. V. Sundara Sastri]]'s daughter Seethamma, and apprenticing him to Sundara Sastri's son [[C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri|Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri]], thus completing a merger of two powerful [[North Arcot]] [[Vadama]] dynasties.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Pamela G. |date=February 1989 |title=Ideology and Ethnicity under British Imperial Rule: 'Brahmans', Lawyers and Kin-Caste Rules in Madras Presidency |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X00011446/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=151–177 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011446 |issn=0026-749X |via=Cambridge University Press|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian jurists]]
[[Category:Mylapore clique]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Mir Shawkat Ali

2026-01-20T14:24:50Z

Xavierncr: brief add article for clarity and cleaned formatting after review

{{short description|Bangladeshi revolutionary, politician, freedom fighter and military officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Mir Shawkat Ali
| honorific_suffix = [[Bir Uttom|BU]]
| image = Mir Shawkat Ali.png
| caption =
| office = Member of Parliament for [[Dhaka-8]]
| predecessor = Anwar Hossain
| primeminister = [[Khaleda Zia]]
| successor = [[Haji Mohammad Salim]]
| term_start = 5 March 1991
| term_end = 24 November 1995
| office1 = Bangladesh High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
| predecessor1 = [[Fakhruddin Ahmed (secretary)|Fakhruddin Ahmed]]
| president1 = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
| successor1 = [[K M Shafiullah]]
| term_start1 = 27 July 1986
| term_end1 = 30 July 1987
| office2 = Ambassador of Bangladesh to Egypt
| term_start2 = 5 September 1981
| term_end2 = 5 August 1982
| predecessor2 = [[Arshad-uz Zaman]]
| successor2 = M. Hedayat Ahmed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cairo.mofa.gov.bd/en/site/page/roll-of-honour|title=Roll of honour|accessdate=2025-11-13|publisher=Bangladesh National Portal}}</ref>
| office3 = President of [[Bangladesh Football Federation]]
| term_start3 = 19 June 1976
| term_end3 = 27 December 1978
| predecessor3 = [[Gazi Golam Mostafa]]
| successor3 = Siddique Ahmed
| birth_date = 11 January 1938
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 20 November 2010
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| resting_place = [[Banani graveyard]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Pakistan}} (before 1971)
| branch = {{ubl|{{army|Bangladesh}}|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} [[Mukti Bahini]]|{{army|Pakistan}}}}
| branch_label = Branch
| serviceyears = 1958–1981
| serviceyears_label = Service years
| rank = [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-8.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant General]] [[File:BD Army Lieutenant General Star Plate.svg|30px]]
| unit = [[East Bengal Regiment]]
| battles = {{ubl|[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]|[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]|[[1976 Bogra mutiny]]}}
| battles_label = Conflicts
| commands = *Principal Staff Officer at [[Armed Forces Division|Supreme Command Headquarters]]
*[[Chief of the General Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of General Staff]]
*GOC of [[9th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|9th Infantry Division]]
*GOC of [[55th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|55th Infantry Division]]
*Commander of {{nobr|[[24th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|65th Independent Infantry Brigade]]}}
*Commander of [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector V]]
| awards = [[File:Bir Uttom ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Bir Uttom]]
}}

'''Mir Shawkat Ali'''{{efn|[[Bir Uttom|BU]], [[National Defence University, Pakistan|ndc]], [[Psc (military)|psc]]}} (11 January 1938 – 20 November 2010) was a Bangladeshi [[three star rank|three-star]] general and [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician. Shawkat fought during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] as one of sector commanders of [[Mukti Bahini]], which awarded him [[Bir Uttom]] the second highest gallantry award of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2010 |title=Mir Shawkat no more |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-163011 |access-date=11 November 2016 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref name="hgfd">{{Cite web |last=Hossain |first=Urmee |title=Ali, Lt General Mir Shawkat |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ali,_Lt_General_Mir_Shawkat |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref> Shawkat later served as the minister of [[Ministry of Food (Bangladesh)|food]] and [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] during the [[First Khaleda ministry]].

==Early life==
He was born in [[Nazirabazar]], [[Dacca]] of then [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], British India (now in [[Dhaka Division]], Bangladesh) on 11 January 1938. He studied at Mahuttuli Free Primary School in Dhaka. He graduated from [[Armanitola Government High School]] in 1953 and [[Dhaka College]] in 1955. After graduation, he joined the [[Pakistan Military Academy]]. In 1958, he received his commission in [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="hgfd" />

==Military career==

=== Pakistan ===
In 1956, Shawkat enlisted to [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in [[Kakol, Abbottabad|Kakol]] and was commissioned in the 2nd East Bengal Regiment with the 17th PMA Long Course on 27 April 1958. But served in a number of units including the military intelligence department. His first experience of battle came from the [[1965 Indo-Pak War]] in [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] border. He joined the Eighth East Bengal Regiment in 1971 at [[Chittagong District|Sholasahar]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]].

==== Bangladesh Liberation War ====
After [[Operation Searchlight]] on 25 March 1971, he revolted with his unit, the Eighth [[East Bengal Regiment]]. He joined the ''Bangladesh Liberation War''. On 30 March 1971, he was given command of the Entire Regiment.<ref name="hgfd" />

He commanded the Battle of Kalurghat in April 1971. After [[Kalurghat]] fell, he retreated to [[Bandarban District|Bandarban]] with his unit. He crossed the border into India. After the formation of Mujibnagar Government, he was appointed Sector-5 commander. He commanded 12 thousand men in his sector. In August 1971, he was promoted to [[Lieutenant Colonel]]. After the war, he was awarded [[Bir Uttom]] the second highest award in Bangladesh.

=== Bangladesh ===
In 1972, Shawkat was promoted to colonel and inaugurated the [[24th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|65th Independent Infantry Brigade]] at [[Kaptai Upazila|Kaptai]]. He was soon promoted to brigadier general in January 1974 and was appointed as commandant of [[School of Infantry and Tactics]]. During the [[3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]], Shawkat remain loyal to the military administration and designated as [[Chief of General Staff|chief of general Staff]] succeeding brigadier general [[Khaled Mosharraf]] who took over as [[chief Martial Law Administrator]] of the country. On 18 November 1975, Shawkat was upgraded as major general and formed the [[9th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|9th Infantry Division]] in [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]] which he served simultaneously along with his administrative duties. He was also chairman of [[Old Dhaka]] Development Committee and Chief Martial Law Administrator of Dhaka.<ref name="hgfd" /> In April 1974, when President [[Anwar Sadat]] of Egypt gifted 30 T-54 tanks to Bangladesh, he led a military delegation to collect them. In 1976, Shawkat was furthermore designated as president of [[Bangladesh Football Federation]] which he served till 1978.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Moinul Hossain |title=Silent Witness of a General |date= |publisher= |year=2000 |isbn=978-984-410-175-3 |location=}}</ref>

During the [[1976 Bogra mutiny|1976 Bogra Mutiny]], he pinned down the 9th Infantry Division with [[46th Independent Infantry Brigade]]. After the [[1977 Bangladesh Air Force mutiny|1977 Bangladesh air force mutiny]], he was posted to [[55th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|55th Infantry Division]] while his colleague and rival major general [[Muhammed Abul Manzur]] succeeded him as the chief of general staff.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |title=Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=1986 |isbn=978-0340394205 |publication-date=1 March 1986}}</ref> However after the [[Assassination of Ziaur Rahman|assassination of President Ziaur Rahman]], Manzur contacted him and gave him orders from a "revolutionary council". Ali refused to follow them and remained loyal to the civilian government. President [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]] appointed Shawkat as principal staff officer of supreme command headquarters which he served till July 1981. Shawkat was promoted to [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] lieutenant general and went to leave per retirement same year.<ref name=":2" />

== Political career ==
After retirement, he served as the ambassador to Egypt, Austria, United Kingdom, Sudan, Germany, and Portugal. He resigned his diplomatic post in protest against the dictatorship of [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]].

He joined the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] shortly afterwards. In 1991, he was elected to parliament from [[Dhaka-8]]. He was the state minister Food, and cabinet minister of Labour and Manpower.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/shawkat-ali-attacks-bnp-s-alliance-with-jamaat-quits-party-post |title=Shawkat Ali attacks BNP's alliance with Jamaat, quits party post |website=[[Bdnews24.com]] |date=29 January 2007}}</ref> He was the vice president of Sector Commanders Forum.<ref name="hgfd" />

== War criminals trial ==
As a freedom fighter, he took issue with BNP's alliance with Jamaat-e-Islami since their top leaders were accused of war crime. He left BNP because of disagreements with chairperson [[Khaleda Zia]] regarding [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] inclusion in the [[Four Party Alliance]]'''.''' In a statement, he said''':'''
<blockquote>It hurts my conscience when I have to sit with Razakaar and al-Badrs at the same table. It reminds me of the days in 1971 when boys fought under my command and laid down their lives.
</blockquote>
He was one of the pioneers of war crimes trial movement. He campaigned countrywide to raise support for the trial.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/11/21/bangladeshwar-hero-to-be-buried-with-military-honors-onmon.html |title=Bangladesh war hero to be buried with military honors on Monday |website=[[Oneindia]] |date=21 November 2010}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 20 November 2010, he died in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was buried with full military honors in Banani Military graveyard.<ref name="hgfd" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mir Shawkat}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Army generals]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Bangladesh to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:National Defence University (Pakistan) alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Egypt]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Austria]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Sudan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Germany]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Portugal]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Uttom]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Bangladesh Football Federation]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi football administrators]]

Anu Aggarwal

2026-01-11T09:52:08Z

Xavierncr:

{{short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{about|the actress and model|the optoelectronics engineer|Anu Agarwal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anu Aggarwal
| image = Anu Aggrawal (selfie).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1969|1|11}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anu Agrawal |work=Rottentomatoes.com |access-date=5 September 2016 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/anu-agrawal/}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actress, model, social activist
| years active = 1988–1996
}}

'''Anu Aggarwal''' (born 11 January 1969) is a former Indian model and actress. She is best known for her work in ''[[Aashiqui]]'', ''[[Khal-Naaikaa]]'', ''[[The Cloud Door]]'' and ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/The-Enigma-of-Arrival/articleshow/15808087.cms |title=The Enigma of Arrival |date=4 May 2008 |first=Vishwas |last=Kulkarni |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Anu was born on 11 January 1969 in Delhi and was also raised in [[New Delhi]]. She had been acting since her school days. When she was in grade 7, she passed a stiff competition to act in a monologue. Next year, when she was in grade 8, she started a theater group. In grade 9, she both acted in as well as directed a play. In grade 10, she began writing a script, when she had to stop everything due to her board exams.<ref name="Anu_Aggarwal">{{ YouTube |title= Anu Aggarwal-Aashiqui से डेब्यू करके रातोंरात स्टार बनी अनु अग्रवाल कहां ग़ायब हो गई थीं (BBC Hindi) |id=JQKBcvdcFSw|time=1m20s}}</ref> She was a gold medalist in [[sociology]] at [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/from-wonder-girl-of-aashiqui-to-a-sanyasi-this-is-anu-aggarwal-s-story-in-her-own-words-248208.html |title=From Wonder Girl Of 'Aashiqui' To A Sanyasi, This Is Anu Aggarwal's Story In Her Own Words! |date=9 December 2015 |website=indiatimes.com |language=en |access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> After a brief stint in modelling, and [[Video jockey|VJ]]ing, and appearance in the Doordarshan serial ''Isi Bahane'' (1988), she made her [[Bollywood]] debut with the musical blockbuster ''[[Aashiqui]]'', following which she was much in demand.<ref name=":0" />

In 1997 she joined Yoga in Bihar School of Yoga and stayed there as a Karmayogi. In 1999 she was back in Mumbai to pack her things when a serious car accident happened. Aggarwal was in a [[coma]] for 29 days, which left her with no memory of her earlier life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/aashiqui-star-returns-to-life-turns-author/story-oNWoqaNS7s5jGIDuF3dCnO.html |title=Aashiqui star returns to life, turns author |date=13 June 2010 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> After that in 2001 she became a monk. She lives in Mumbai and is single.<ref name=":1" /> She practices yoga. She stated in one of her interviews: "To feel strong, to walk amongst humans with a tremendous feeling of confidence and superiority is not at all wrong. The sense of superiority in bodily strength is borne out by the long history of mankind paying homage in folklore, song and poetry to strong women".

Aggarwal is a motivational TED featured speaker, runs Anu Aggarwal Foundation for mental health, environmental well-being, stress relief, and discovering joy in the challenged times of today.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1990
|''[[Aashiqui]]''
| Anu Verghese
| Debut film
|-
| 1992
|''[[Ghazab Tamasha]]''
| Ganga
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993
|''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]''
| Chandralekha "Lekha"
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|''[[King Uncle]]''
| Fenni Fernando
|
|-
|''[[Khal-Naaikaa]]''
|Anuradha Bakshi / Kiran
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] Remake of a 1992 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] film, ''[[The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992 film)|The Hand That Rocks the Cradle]]''
|-
| 1994
|''[[The Cloud Door]]''
| Princess Kurangi
| Short movie (Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/the-cloud-door-1200438102/ |title=The Cloud Door |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=31 August 1994 |website=Variety |language=en |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995
|''[[Janam Kundli]]''
| Kiran M Prasad / Kiran R. Kapoor
|
|-
|''[[Ram Shastra]]''
|
| Special appearance in the song "Love Machine"
|-
| 1996
|''[[Return of Jewel Thief]]''
| Princess Vishaka
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1988
|''Isi Bahane''
| Parineeta
|
|-
| 1994–1997
|''Oye MTV''
| VJ
| Launched MTV India<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/anusualauthor/status/864079591098400768?lang=en |title=Awesome to have launched #MTV in #india 1993! #author #anusual @Harper360 @HarperCollinsIN Got #interviewed by #NYTimes @MTVIndia #bollywoodpic.twitter.com/JidfOZU7tx |last=Aggarwal |first=Anu |date=15 May 2017 |website=@anusualauthor |language=en |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|0013004}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Anu}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Kudi Arasu

2026-01-08T04:11:22Z

Xavierncr: improved article

{{italic title}}
{{Periyar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Periyarkutiarasu.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Front page of ''Kudi Arasu'' (3 September 1939). The headline reads "Veezhga Indhi" (Down with Hindi) during [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937-40]]]]
'''''Kudi Arasu''''' (also pronounced as '''''Kudiyarasu'''''; English: Republic) was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] weekly magazine published by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] in [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]) in India.

== History ==
Periyar started ''Kudi Arasu'' on 2 May 1925 in [[Erode]]<ref name="Srilata2003">{{cite book|author=K. Srilata|title=The Other Half of the Coconut: Women Writing Self-respect History : an Anthology of Self-respect Literature (1928–1936)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AOnhw_0UREC&pg=PA25|year=2003|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-81-86706-50-3|pages=25–26}}</ref> with K. M. Thangaperumal pillai as the editor. Its initial publications were issued weekly on Sunday with 16 pages at a cost of one [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]]. In November 1925, Periyar quit the [[Indian National Congress]] after his failed attempt to bring [[Reservation in India|reservation]] for non-Brahmins in educational institutions and government jobs.<ref name="Muthiah2008">{{cite book|author=S. Muthiah|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA354|year=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|page=354}}</ref> [[S. Ramanathan (politician)|S. Ramanathan]] who founded Self Respect Movement in 1921 along with like minded friends, invited EVR to spearhead the [[Self-Respect Movement]] to propagate [[self-respect]] among Indians, especially [[Tamils]]. The magazine became the mouthpiece of the movement.<ref name="Krishnaraj2012">{{cite book|author=Maithreyi Krishnaraj|title=Motherhood in India: Glorification without Empowerment?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZkVq2vHtkC&pg=PA203|date=27 April 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-51779-2|page=203}}</ref><ref name="Mallampalli2004">{{cite book|author=Chandra Mallampalli|title=Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937: Contending with Marginality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_N-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|date=31 July 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-35025-4|page=176}}</ref> The magazine circulated in the [[Tamil diaspora]], for which [[Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani]] played a prominent role.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tamilnation.co/hundredtamils/sarangapany.htm | title=Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani | publisher=tamilnation.co | work=The Modern rationalist | accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> It had Periyar's wife [[Nagammai]], his sister Kannammal<ref name="Srilata2003" /> and his brother E. V. Krishnasamy<ref name="critic" /> as the publisher for a period of time when he was on tour or arrested. It ceased publication on 5 November 1949.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

== Publications ==
Periyar wrote several articles [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and women's rights|on women's rights]], [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and religion|on atheism]] and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and the eradication of caste|against the caste system]]. Others like [[Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar|M. Singaravelu]] wrote many articles on socialism.<ref name="Omvedt2006">{{cite book|author=Gail Omvedt|title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCwpXZlKqL0C&pg=PA57|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2895-6|page=57}}</ref>

In an editorial dated 29 March 1931, Periyar criticised [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for [[Bhagat Singh]]'s death.<ref name="critic">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/periyar-admired-bhagat-singh-criticised-gandhiji/article2380792.ece | title=Periyar admired Bhagat Singh, criticised Gandhiji | work=The Hindu | date=22 August 2011 | accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> He wrote,
<blockquote>There is no one who has not condoled the death of Mr. Bhagat Singh by hanging. There is none who has not condemned the government for hanging him. Besides, we now see several people known as patriots and national heroes scolding Mr. Gandhi for the happening of this event.<ref name="SinghHooja2007">{{cite book|author1=Bhagat Singh|author2=Bhupendra Hooja|title=The Jail Notebook and Other Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC&pg=PA189|year=2007|publisher=LeftWord Books|isbn=978-81-87496-72-4|pages=189–}}</ref></blockquote>

The Madras government of the [[British Raj]] banned the magazine at several occasions for various reasons including sedition and for propagating communism. In 1935, the Tamil version of ''[[Why I am an Atheist]]'' was banned,<ref name="Reddy2002">{{cite book|author=Kanchi Venugopal Reddy|title=Class, Colonialism, and Nationalism: Madras Presidency, 1928-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzb0blj57o4C&pg=PA85|year=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-854-9|pages=85–}}</ref> and translator [[P. Jeevanandham]] and publisher E.V. Krishnasamy were arrested.<ref name="critic" />

== In recent times ==
In 2010, works from between 1925 and 1938 were reproduced and published as books.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/periyars-speeches-writings-released/article461145.ece | title=Periyar's speeches, writings released | work=The Hindu | date=12 June 2010 | accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:News magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1925]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:Tamil-language magazines]]

Begusarai

2025-12-24T06:10:19Z

Xavierncr:

{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Begusarai district}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{AI-generated|certain=y|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Begusarai 
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2/1
| image1 =
| caption1 = Naulakkha Temple in Begusarai
| image2 = Begusarai railway station.png
| caption2 = [[Begusarai railway station]]
| image3 =
| caption3 = Oil Refinery in Begusarai
}}
| caption =
| nicknames = Industrial Capital of Bihar
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Begusarai in Bihar
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.42|N|86.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
| established_title = 
| governing_body = [[Begusarai Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 41
| population_total = 252,008<ref name="Census"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=22 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff" />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
(recognised under the [[Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]])<ref name="mha.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |title=Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics1_title4 =
| demographics1_info4 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN CODE]]
| postal_code = 851101<ref>{{Cite news |title=BEGUSARAI Pin Code - 851101, Begusarai All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search BEGUSARAI Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/begusarai/begusarai-pincode-851101.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=ABP News}}</ref>
| area_code = 06243
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = BR-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.91 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|begusarai.bih.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Begusarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| leader_title = [[Begusarai Assembly constituency|MLA]]
| leader_name = Kundan Kumar
| leader_party = [[BJP]]
| leader_name1 = Pinki Devi
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
}}

'''Begusarai''' is a city in the Indian state of [[Bihar]] and the administrative headquarters of the [[Begusarai district]]. The district lies on the northern bank of the river [[Ganges]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

Begusarai is home to [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]], an important wetland and a sanctuary for migrating birds. It has been declared a [[Ramsar Site]], signifying its international importance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/kabar-taal-lake-declared-a-ramsar-site-73595 |title=Kabar Taal Lake Declared a Ramsar Site |newspaper=Down To Earth |date=2020}}</ref> The city is known for its rich folk culture and local festivals, reflecting the traditions of Bihar. It is the cultural capital of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bstdc.bihar.gov.in/en/bihar-culture |title=Folk culture of Bihar |publisher=Bihar Tourism}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The origin of the name Begusarai is subject to two primary etymological theories:

* '''Begu's Sarai:''' One theory posits that the name derives from a man named "Begu", a devotee of [[Durga|Bari Durga Maharani]], who served as the caretaker of the town's historic marketplace, known as Sarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Begusarai District and Judgeship |url=https://begusarai.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |publisher=District Court of Begusarai |website=begusarai.dcourts.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>
* '''Begum's Sarai:''' Alternatively, it is suggested that the name originates from the combination of "Begum" (queen) and "Sarai" (inn). This theory proposes that a "Begum" from [[Bhagalpur]] regularly undertook a month-long pilgrimage to [[Simaria Ghat]] on the [[Ganges River]], and the location of her temporary residence became known as Begum's Sarai, eventually evolving into Begusarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://begusarai.nic.in/history/ |publisher=Government of Bihar |website=begusarai.nic.in |access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Topography===
Begusarai is located at {{Coord|25.42|N|86.13|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Begusarai.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Begusarai, India |website=www.fallingrain.com |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 41 metres (134 feet). Begusarai lies in [[North Bihar]] and is surrounded by [[Khagaria]] in the northeast, [[Munger district|Munger]] in the southeast, [[Patna]] in the west, and [[Samastipur]] in the northwest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.begusarai.bih.nic.in|title=Welcome to Begusarai !! District|website=www.begusarai.bih.nic.in|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521022638/http://begusarai.bih.nic.in/|archive-date=21 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Begusarai lies in the middle of the mid-[[Ganges|Ganga]] plain and generally has low-lying [[terrain]] with a south to south-easterly slope.<ref name=":0">The Subsurface Geology of the Indo-Gangetic plains M.B.R Rao, 1973, no:-3, vol-14, Journal of the Geological Society of India, pp-217-242.</ref> Begusarai is basically divided into three [[floodplains]]: the [[Ganges|Ganga]] floodplain, [[Budhi Gandaki River|Burhi Gandak]] floodplain, Kareha-[[Bagmati River|Bagmati]] floodplain.

===Flora and fauna===
[[File:Kanwar Lake Begusarai by Ziddi Photowala.jpg|thumb|Kanwar Lake Begusarai, a [[List of Ramsar sites in India|Ramsar Convention Site wetland]]]]
In 1989, Begusarai district became home to the Kanwar jheel'','' or [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]], with an area of {{convert|63|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Bihar|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref>

=== Air pollution ===
Out of the top 10 polluted cities in the world in 2023, four were in [[Bihar]] and all were small cities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=World Air Quality Report 2023 |url=https://www.iqair.com/dl/2023_World_Air_Quality_Report.pdf}}</ref> Among them, Begusarai turned out to be the world’s most polluted city, with an annual average PM2.5 level of 118.9 μg/m³, which is over 23 times higher than the WHO limit.<ref name=":1" />

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Begusarai Municipal Corporation had a total population of 251,136, of whom 133,931 were male and 117,205 were female with a sex ratio of 875. The number of people under five years of age was 37,966. The literacy rate of people seven years and up was 79.35%.<ref name="Census">{{cite web|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 16 April 2012}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|value1=89.00|value2=10.50|value3=0.50|label1=Hinduism|label2=Islam|label3=Others|color1=darkorange|color2=green|color3=grey|caption=Religion in Begusarai city (2011)<ref name="Census_Religion"/>}}
[[Hinduism]] is the most followed religion in Begusarai city, with 224,282 followers (89%). Islam is second, with 26,531 [[Muslims]] (10.53%). Other religions include 325 [[Christians]] (0.13%), 134 [[Sikhs]] (0.05%), 31 Jains (0.01%), 29 Buddhists (0.01%), 14 other religions (0.01%), and 662 (0.26%) that did not answer.<ref name="Census_Religion">{{cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community - Begusarai |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{AI-generated|section|date=November 2025}}
Begusarai has a rich and complex political history that has been shaped by caste dynamics, the rise of communist ideologies, and the growing influence of national parties like the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Its political landscape reflects a combination of class struggles, ideological shifts, and the influence of powerful caste groups, especially the Bhumihars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref>

The political structure of Begusarai, like much of Bihar, has been deeply influenced by caste. In the early 20th century, the Bhumihar community—traditionally landowners and holders of political power—dominated the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref>

Being one of the dominant castes in Bihar, the Bhumihars were crucial in local political affairs, controlling much of the land and thus influencing economic and political decisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref> Their influence extended through their support for moderate political factions, including the Congress Party and later the JD(U), which focused on development and governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref>

Caste, however, did not remain a static force. As Bihar moved through post-independence phases, political power began to shift toward more organized caste-based parties, with backward castes and Dalits increasingly finding their political voice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofindianpolitics.com|title=Communist Legacy and the BJP's Rise in Begusarai|author=Tripathi, P. (2020)}}</ref> The Bhumihars, while still influential, had to navigate a more complex political system, especially as the region's working-class population began to seek greater representation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofindianpolitics.com|title=Communist Legacy and the BJP's Rise in Begusarai|author=Tripathi, P. (2020)}}</ref>

Begusarai became a stronghold for the Communist Party of India [CPI] during the 1970s and 1980s, a period when leftist ideologies found resonance with the region’s agrarian population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epw.in|title=The Rise of Communism in Bihar|author=Kumar, S. (2019)}}</ref> The CPI capitalized on the discontent among landless peasants and the rural poor, offering an alternative to the established land-owning elites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epw.in|title=The Rise of Communism in Bihar|author=Kumar, S. (2019)}}</ref> The communists advocated for land reforms and social justice, aiming to redistribute land and wealth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref>

This appeal to the working class posed a challenge to the traditional power structures, which included the Bhumihars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref> Despite the CPI’s grassroots support among the poor and landless, the Bhumihars, as large landowners, often found themselves at odds with the party’s revolutionary stance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref> However, their influence meant that they could sometimes negotiate with or adapt to changing political winds, even in a district dominated by leftist ideologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref>

In the late 1990s and 2000s, Nitish Kumar’s Janata Dal (United) [JD(U)] became a dominant force in Bihar, including Begusarai. Nitish Kumar’s rise coincided with a desire for political stability and development, which resonated with both urban and rural voters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref> JD(U)’s broader appeal to various caste groups, including backward castes, Dalits, and even some upper-caste groups like the Bhumihars, allowed the party to maintain a significant presence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref>

However, even as Nitish Kumar’s JD(U) presented itself as a party focused on governance and development, caste-based politics still played a crucial role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofindianpolitics.com|title=Communist Legacy and the BJP's Rise in Begusarai|author=Tripathi, P. (2020)}}</ref> The Bhumihars, while often aligned with JD(U), had their own interests that they balanced against the promises of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofindianpolitics.com|title=Communist Legacy and the BJP's Rise in Begusarai|author=Tripathi, P. (2020)}}</ref> As a result, the region saw a complex political landscape where caste and ideology were constantly in flux, with different groups maneuvering to secure their influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofindianpolitics.com|title=Communist Legacy and the BJP's Rise in Begusarai|author=Tripathi, P. (2020)}}</ref>

The 2010s brought about a major shift in Begusarai’s political environment with the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which capitalized on the growing influence of Hindu nationalism and the appeal of Narendra Modi’s leadership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epw.in|title=The Rise of Communism in Bihar|author=Kumar, S. (2019)}}</ref> In Begusarai, the BJP's message resonated especially with the upper castes, including the Bhumihars, who found its focus on national security and economic development appealing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref> The BJP, drawing on both Hindu identity politics and promises of economic growth, successfully attracted significant support in the region, marking the decline of the CPI and the rise of right-wing politics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref>

For the Bhumihars, who have historically been a key part of Bihar's political establishment, the BJP represented a new direction in alignment with their values.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref> While still politically strategic, the Bhumihars now found themselves not only aligned with regional parties like JD(U) but also more prominently with national forces like the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref> This shift showed the increasing role that caste politics still played, with the BJP drawing on its pro-Hindu, pro-development platform to garner support across a range of caste groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofindianpolitics.com|title=Communist Legacy and the BJP's Rise in Begusarai|author=Tripathi, P. (2020)}}</ref>

The political history of Begusarai is a reflection of Bihar’s broader political shifts, particularly in terms of caste-based power dynamics, the rise of left-wing politics, and the eventual prominence of Hindu nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref> Over the decades, the Bhumihars have remained a central force, navigating the complex interplay between land ownership, political affiliation, and social standing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref> From their historic dominance to their more recent alliance with national parties like the BJP, the Bhumihars’ role in shaping Begusarai’s political landscape cannot be understated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversitypress.com|title=Bihar: Politics and Change|author=Jha, A. (2018)}}</ref>

Today, Begusarai’s politics is a blend of caste-based calculations and national ideological shifts, with the Bhumihars continuing to play an essential role in determining electoral outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofindianpolitics.com|title=Communist Legacy and the BJP's Rise in Begusarai|author=Tripathi, P. (2020)}}</ref> The rise of the BJP has added a new dimension to the region's politics, but the influence of caste and the legacy of earlier political movements remain deeply embedded in the district’s political fabric.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxforduniversitypress.com|title=The Political Economy of Caste in Bihar|author=Singh, R. (2000)}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Shri Krishna Singh wanted to build an industrial corridor from Begusarai-Bakhtiyarpur-Fatuha, so he looked to construct [[Rajendra Setu]] in Mokama. Begusarai is one of the largest milk-consuming districts in India. Sudha dairy plant is also one of the biggest exporters of milk all over Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Rajiv |title=Making of Begusarai was by choice, not accident - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Making-of-Begusarai-was-by-choice-not-accident/articleshow/34169383.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=25 April 2014}}</ref>

Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. The main crops of the Begusarai district are [[rapeseed|oilseeds]], [[Anise|anise seeds]], tobacco, jutes, potatoes, red chilis, tomatoes, and rape-seeds. In fruits, Begusarai has recently become a major contributor in producing [[Lychee|litchi]], mango, guava, and banana. Basil leaves<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/bihar/article1-farming-of-basil-leaves-in-begusarai--543145.html|title=Farming of Basil Leaves In Begusarai|date=5 July 2016|website=Live Hindustan|publisher=LiveHindustan.com|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> and pearl<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/pearl-harvesting-made-this-farmer-a-role-model-for-others-in-his-village-691609.html|title=Pearl harvesting made this farmer a role model for others in his village|website=english.pradesh18.com|access-date=21 August 2016|date=26 February 2015|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915224025/http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/pearl-harvesting-made-this-farmer-a-role-model-for-others-in-his-village-691609.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> farming are also present in the local area.

Begusarai has an inactive [[Begusarai Airport|airport in Begusarai]] Ulao.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-government-should-start-air-flight-service-from-ulao-airport-sanju-4540975.amp.html|title=Dum Dum Begushorai, Ulao Airport." Live Hindustan.livehindustan.com |date=8 September 2021 |access-date= 8 September 2021}}</ref> Begusarai had the second highest [[per capita income]] in the financial year of 2019–2020 in Bihar, after Patna.

==Culture==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Jaimanglagarh Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Jaimangla Gadh Temple]] an important cultural and religious site]]
The culture of Begusarai is the cultural heritage of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. Begusarai is famous for Simaria, a fair of devotional significance every year usually during November in the month of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartik]], according to the Indian [[Panchang]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Revive Kumbh Mela in eight historic cities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Revive-Kumbh-Mela-in-eight-historic-cities/articleshow/7362232.cms |work=The Times of India|date=26 January 2011 |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> Men and women in Begusarai dress for the festivals; the costumes of Begusarai stem from the traditional culture of Mithila. [[Punjabi Tamba and Kurta|Panjabi Kurta]] and [[Dhoti]] have a [[Mithila Painting]] bordered [[gamucha|Maroon coloured Gamchha]], the Symbol of Passion, Love, Bravery, and Courage, are common clothing items for men. Men wear gold ring in their nose, which symbolizes prosperity, happiness, and wealth following [[Vishnu]]. They also wear Balla on their wrist. In ancient times, there was no colour option in Mithila, so the Maithil women wore white or yellow [[sari]] with a red border. Today, they wear ''Laal-Paara'' (the traditional red-boarded white or yellow [[sari]])<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite AV media |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqbPoGYxjS0 |title= Maithil women wore Red Boarded Yellow or White Saree during Jhijhiya Naach|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> on some special occasions, as well as ''Shakha-Pola'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jhajistore.com/blogs/news/mithilas-bengal-connection-a-conversation-with-shalini-ji|title=Mithila as well as Bengal wearing शाखा पोला" www.jhajistore.com |access-date= 12 August 2019}}</ref> with lahthi in their hand. In [[Mithila culture]], this represents new beginnings, passion and prosperity.Red also represents the Hindu goddess [[Durga]], a symbol of new beginnings and feminine power. During Chhaith, the women of Begusarai wear pure cotton dhoti without stitching which reflects the pure, traditional culture of Mithila. Usually crafted from pure cotton for daily use and from pure silk for more glamorous occasions, traditional attire for women of Begusarai includes Jamdani, Banorisi, and Bhagalpuri, among others. Many festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Begusarai, including [[Chhath|Chhaith]] and [[Durga Puja]].

===Dance===
[[Dhunuchi|Dhuno-Naach]] is the Cultural Dance of Begusarai, [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. Dhuno-Naach is performed in Begusarai, Samastipur, Khagaria, [[Katihar]], and [[Naugachhia]] during Durga Puja and Kalipuja with Shankha-Dhaak Sounds and Jhijhiya is performed in [[Darbhanga]], Muzaffarpur, [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]] and their neighbour districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/jale/news/child-artistes-enthralled-the-audience-with-jhijhiya-song-and-dance-132034569.html|title= मिथिला के दरभंगा में बाल कलाकारों ने झिझिया गीत एवं नृत्य से सभी दर्शकों का मन मोहा "www.bhaskar.com|access-date= 19 October 2023}}</ref>

===Painting===
In Mithila, painting is a form of wall art and is practiced widely in Begusarai. The artform originated among the villages in Begusarai, Darbhanga, Naugachhia, and Madhubani, while more contemporary paintings known as ''Begusarai Art'', ''Maduhubani art'', ''Darbhanga Art'', and ''Naugachhia Art'' are on paper and canvas.<ref>Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art," Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33</ref>

===Main festivals===
Here is a list of the main festivals of Begusarai:
* [[Chhath]]: Prayers during Chhath [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] are dedicated to the [[solar deity]], [[Surya]] and her Sister Ranbay Maay(Chhathi Maiya), to show gratitude and thankfulness
* [[Sama Chakeva|Saama-Chakeba]]: Includes folk theater and song, celebrates the love between brothers and sisters and is based on a legend recounted in the [[Purana]]s.
* [[Chhath|Aghaniya Chhath]]: Very popular with the name of "Chhotka-Pabni" and Dopaharka Aragh in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. Celebrated in Aghan Shukla-paksha Shasthi tithi.
* [[Chhath|Baisakkha Chhath]]: This is celebrated in month of Baishakh Shukla-paksha Shasthi tithi and It is also called Chhotka-Pabni(Dopaharka Aragh) in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-baisakhi-chhath-festival-celebrated-with-reverence-6457213.amp.html|title= बेगूसराय, मिथिला में मनाया गया बैसक्खा छ‌इठ"www.livehindustan.com|date= 8 May 2022|access-date= 8 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Chaurchan]]: Along with [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]], [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] and the moon god is worshipped. The story of Charchanna Pabni is also heard on this day after that [[Tarpana|arghya]] is offered to the [[moon]] god ([[Chandra|Chandra Deva]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chauth Chand 2022: आज मनाई जाएगी चौठ चन्द्र पूजा, चांद की इस तरह होती है पूजा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/ganesh-chaturthi-2022-mithila-chaurchan-parv-puja-vidhi-shubh-muhurat-know-how-to-worship-moon-sry |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=30 August 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Chaurchan Puja 2022 Wishes & Chauth Chandra Puja HD Images: Celebrate This Mithila Festival of the Moon on Ganesh Chaturthi Sharing Chaurchan Photos, Messages & Wallpapers {{!}} 🙏🏻 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/festivals-events/chaurchan-puja-2022-wishes-chauth-chandra-puja-hd-images-celebrate-this-bihar-festival-of-the-moon-on-ganesh-chaturthi-sharing-chaurchan-photos-messages-wallpapers-4143117.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jivitputrika|Jitiya]]: Celebrated mainly in entire [[Mithila region|Mithila]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/jivitputrika-vrat-2020-jitiya-puja-vidhi-nahay-khay-date-and-timing-shubh-muhurt-jeevaputrika-vow-will-start-from-today-with-hi-khay-know-what-is-important-to-keep-in-mind-during-the-fast-rdy-2 |title=Jivitputrika Vrat 2020: जीवित्पुत्रिका व्रती महिलाएं आज खोलेंगी व्रत, जानें पारण करने के लिए हर एक शुभ समय और विधि| date=11 September 2020}}</ref> and Nepal; mothers fast (without water) for wellbeing of their children.<ref name="indastro1">{{cite web|url=http://indianastrology.co.in/4117-jivitputrika-vrat-2016-jitiya-2016-date-hindu-panchang/|title=Jivitputrika Vrat 2016 (Jitiya 2016) Date & Hindu Panchang - Indian Astrology|date=18 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=4 September 2016|archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125122123/http://indianastrology.co.in/4117-jivitputrika-vrat-2016-jitiya-2016-date-hindu-panchang/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Vivaha Panchami]]: Hindu festival celebrating the wedding of Rama and Sita. It is observed on the fifth day of the Shukla paksha or waxing phase of moon in the Agrahayana month (November–December) as per Maithili calendar and in the month of Margashirsha in the Hindu calendar.
* [[Sita|Sita Navami]]
* [[Ganga Dussehra]]: [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival celebrated by Maithils in [[Simaria|Mokshdhaam Simaria Dhaam]] (The Welcome Gate of Mithila). [[Ganges in Hinduism#Legend|''avatarana'' (descent) of the Ganges]]. It is believed by Hindus that the [[holy river]] [[Ganges]] descended from heaven to earth on this day.<ref name=today>{{cite news|last1=Agnihotri|first1=Sanjana|title=All you need to know about Ganga Dussehra|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/ganga-dussehra-june-significance-history-14171-2016-06-14|access-date=4 July 2016|work=India Today|date=14 June 2016}}</ref>
* [[Kalpavas|Kalpwas]]: Celebrated in Every Kartik Month in Simaria Dhaam at [[Simaria Ghat]], Begusarai.
* [[Sharad Purnima|Lakshmi Puja]]: In Mithila, the night is known as Kojagari Purnima also called Lachhmi Puja. Kojagari translates to 'one who is awake' in Maithili. It is believed that Goddess Lachhmi visits people's houses on this night, checks whether they are staying awake, and blesses them only if they are awake. It is Harvest festival marking the end of monsoon season in Mithila.
*[[Durga Puja]]: A ten-day festival,{{sfn| Doniger|1999|p=306}}{{sfn| Lochtefeld|2002|p=208}} of which the last five are of the most significance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Parmita Borah |date=2 October 2011 |title=Durga Puja - a Celebration of Female Supremacy |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |publisher=EF News International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051716/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> It is an important festival in the [[Shaktism]] tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn| McDermott|2001|pp=172-174}}{{sfn|Foulston|Abbott|2009|pp=162-169}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=7-8}} It marks the victory of goddess Durga in her battle against the shape-shifting [[asura]], [[Mahishasura]].{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=288}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=215-219}}{{efn-ua|group=note|In the Shakta tradition of [[Hinduism]], many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered as metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature & society emerging victorious over the vicious.{{sfn| McDaniel|2004|pp=20–21, 217–219}}}} Thus, the festival epitomizes the victory of good over evil, though it is also in part a harvest festival celebrating the goddess as the motherly power behind all of life and creation.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=111–112}}{{sfn|Donner|2016|p=25}}
* [[Kali Puja]]: Dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali, celebrated on the new moon day [[Diwali|Dipannita Omavasya]] of the Hindu month Kartik.
* [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Puja]]: Marks the preparation for the arrival of [[Spring (season)|spring]]. The festival is celebrated by people of [[Indian religions|Dharmic religions]] in the [[South Asia]]n countries in different ways depending on the region. Vasant Panchami also marks the start of preparation for [[Holika Dahan|Holika]] and [[Holi]], which take place forty days later.<ref name="Roy2005p192">Christian Roy (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 192–193. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-089-5}}.</ref>
* [[Rama Navami]]: Celebrates the descent of Vishnu as the Rama avatar, through his birth to King [[Dasharatha]] and Queen [[Kausalya]] in [[Ayodhya]], [[Kosala]].<ref name=dna8apr2014>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hindus-around-the-world-celebrate-ram-navami-today-1976344 Hindus around the world celebrate Ram Navami today], DNA, 8 April 2014</ref>
* [[Basant (season)|Basanti Puja]] (Chaiti Navratri)
* [[Makar Sankranti|Til Sakraait]]
* [[Naga Panchami|Naag Ponchami]]
* [[Vat Purnima|Barsaait]]
* [[Vishwakarma Puja]]
* [[Holi]]: In Mithila, Holi starts from Sarsatti Puja(Bosant Ponchami) and ends on Phagun Purnima. Maithils Celebrated Holi for 40 Days. Also Offering Gulaal to Shiva and Gauri on Moha Shivratri.
* [[Kali Puja|Poos Kalipuja]]: Celebrated on Poos Omabasya in Mithila.
* [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Shivratri]]: Maithil celebrates Moha Shivaratri in Phagun and Saavan Maas.

==Tourist places==
Begusarai district in Bihar offers diverse attractions ranging from ecological wonders to historic temples and museums.

===Naulakha Temple===
Naulakha Temple, established in 1953 by Saint Mahavir Das, stands on the banks of the Ganges in Bishanpur village, about 12 km northeast of Begusarai town. Constructed entirely of local sandstone, the temple features a distinctive nine-pinnacled (nava-lakha) shikhara, from which it derives its name. Its sanctum houses idols of Radha–Krishna, Shiva, and Durga, and the annual Purnima fair each Kartik (October–November) attracts thousands of devotees for ritual baths (Ganga Snan) and kirtans. The Bihar government maintains the precinct, which offers panoramic river vistas and features recently installed ghats for improved pilgrim access.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Naulakha Temple |publisher=District Administration, Begusarai |url=https://begusarai.nic.in/tourist-place/naulakha-temple/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

===Muniswar Mandir===
Located in the heart of Begusarai town near the municipal park, Muniswar Mandir is an ancient Shiva temple dating to the Pāla period (8th–12th CE). Archaeological fragments—such as lotus-mandala carvings and lakhuri-tile sections—suggest successive renovations, most recently in 1978. The temple hosts large crowds during Mahashivaratri, when local priests perform all-night jagrans and processions. Conservation efforts by the Bihar State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums in 2019 stabilized its earthen plinth and restored weathered bas-reliefs.
<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anil |title=Muniswar Temple's Pāla-era carvings rediscovered |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/muniswar-temples-pala-era-carvings-rediscovered/articleshow/68321045.cms |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

===Jaimangla Garh Temple===
Jaimangla Garh, also known as Jai Mangla Dham, is an island temple dedicated to Chandi Mangla Devi on the southern edge of Kanwar Lake (25 km from Begusarai). Archaeological excavations have unearthed coins dating to 721 CE and Buddhist sculptures, indicating origins in the Pala period, with significant 15th-century renovations by Oinwar patrons. The temple is a focal point during Navratri and Chhath, and is maintained by the Begusarai district administration.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganesh Dutt College |title=Jaimangla Garh Temple history |publisher=Begusarai District Administration |url=https://begusarai.nic.in/tourist-place/jaimangla-garh/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

===Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary===
The [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]] (locally Kabartal) is Asia’s largest freshwater oxbow wetland, situated 22 km northwest of Begusarai town in Manjhaul block. Covering approximately 2,620 ha, it was designated Bihar’s first Ramsar site in November 2020. Formed by a meander of the Burhi Gandak River, the sanctuary hosts over 394 animal species—including 221 avian species (58 migratory)—and five critically endangered vultures such as the [[red-headed vulture]] (''Sarcogyps calvus'') and the [[sociable lapwing]] (''Vanellus gregarius''). Seasonal flooding during the monsoon mitigates regional inundation, while dry-season recession supports agriculture. Ecotourists visit for boating and birdwatching from October to March, when migratory populations peak.<ref>{{cite web |last=DowntoEarth |title=Kanwar Lake, Bihar's only Ramsar site, faces challenge of survival but not a pollution issue |work=Down To Earth |date=2024 |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/kanwar-lake-bihar-s-only-ramsar-site-faces-challenge-of-survival-but-not-a-poll-issue-96172 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Times of India |title=Favourite New Year spot for nature lovers in Begusarai under threat |work=The Times of India |date=4 January 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/favourite-new-year-spot-for-nature-lovers-in-begusarai-under-threat/articleshow/116858949.cms |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

===Rajendra Setu (Simaria Bridge)===
[[Rajendra Setu]], also known as Simaria Bridge, is the first rail-cum-road bridge across the Ganges in independent India. Commissioned in May 1959 and spanning 2 km between Mokama (Patna district) and Simaria Ghat (Begusarai district), it carries a single-line rail track above and a two-lane roadway below. Designed by Sir M. Visvesvaraya’s team and built by Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company, the bridge pioneered steel-girder construction in India. In 2019, [[NHAI]] restricted heavy vehicles due to structural wear, prompting ongoing rehabilitation work. A parallel six-lane highway bridge (Mokama–Begusarai) is slated for completion in early 2025.
<ref>{{cite web |last=The Economic Times |title=Bihar faces crisis with over a dozen bridge collapses affecting daily travel |work=The Economic Times |date=18 September 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bihar-faces-crisis-with-over-a-dozen-bridge-collapses-affecting-daily-travel/articleshow/112955115.cms |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajendra Setu |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3563.htm |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

===Begusarai Museum===
Situated near Lohaiya Nagar railway crossing, the [[Begusarai Museum]] (est. 1981) exhibits over 1,500 artifacts, from Ashokan-era coins to British-period paintings. Highlights include a life-size Buddha statue dating to the Gupta era and a 17th-century Persian manuscript. The museum’s recent catalogue (2022) organized items by period and type, aiding researchers in regional art history. Educational workshops are held quarterly in collaboration with [[Patna University]]’s Department of History.
<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sushil |title=Begusarai Museum's new catalogue showcases centuries of heritage |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 August 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/begusarai-museum-s-new-catalogue-showcases-centuries-of-heritage-101660123456789.html |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

===Kashi Prasad Jaiswal Archaeological Museum===
Founded in September 1947 at Ganesh Dutt College by Prof. R.K. Choudhary, this college-run museum preserves regional archaeological finds—Buddhist chaitya-doorframes, Pāla-era Navagraha sculptures, and Mauryan-period terracottas. Its 2018 conservation survey led to the restoration of 120 artefacts and the installation of climate-controlled display cases. Open to the public on weekdays, it serves as a key resource for the study of Mithila’s material culture.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum |publisher=Ganesh Dutt College, Begusarai |url=https://www.gdcollegebegusarai.com/Museum.php |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

===Simaria Ghat===
[[Simaria Ghat]] on the north bank of the Ganges, 12 km from Begusarai, is revered as the Kartik Kalpavas site established by [[Janaka|King Janaka]] in [[Treta Yuga]]. The annual Simaria Mela (October–November) draws hundreds of thousands of pilgrims for sacred baths, devotional discourses, and the offering of diyas. A 2023 state initiative upgraded the ghats with reinforced steps, LED lighting, and erosion-control barriers.
<ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |title=Begusarai's Simaria Ghat facelift to attract more pilgrims |work=NDTV |date=20 March 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/begusarais-simaria-ghat-facelift-to-attract-more-pilgrims-3839201 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last=Hindustan Times |title=State to develop Simaria Ghat like Haridwar's Har Ki Pauri |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 November 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/state-to-develop-simaria-ghat-like-haridwar-s-har-ki-pauri-101686234567890.html |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
Colleges:
* [[Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar College of_Engineering]] (A government engineering college)
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=May 2025}}
* [[Ganesh Dutt College]] (Affiliated with Lalit Narayan Mithila University)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shiksha.com/colleges/begusarai |title=Colleges in Begusarai |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[Shree Krishna Mahila College]] (A women's college in Begusarai)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.university.youth4work.com/colleges-in-begusarai |title=List of 19 colleges in Begusarai |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[RCS College]]<ref name="TE">{{cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Begusarai/Colleges/nct-10106380 |title=Top Educational Institutions : Colleges in Begusarai |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[BP Inter College Begusarai]] (Inter college level education)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justdial.com/Begusarai/BP-Inter-College-Begusarai-Near-Kali-Sthan-Begusarai-Ho/06482P6482-XX6482-160803131742-G3B1_BZDET |title="BP Inter College Begusarai Near Kali Sthan Begusarai Ho" in Begusarai |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
Schools:
* [[Doon Public School]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doonbegusarai.in |title=Doon Public School |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doonbgs.in |title=Doon Public School |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[BR DAV Public School, Begusarai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brdaviocl.org.in |title=BR DAV Public School |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brdaviocl.org |title=B.R.D.A.V. Public School |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209155432/http://brdaviocl.org/ |archive-date=2013-02-09 |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brdaviocl.org.in |title=B.R.D.A.V. Public School |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[St. Joseph Public School, Begusarai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjosephps.com |title=Registration for Admission (2025-26) |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[St. Paul's School, Begusarai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spssbeg.org |title=St. Paul Sr. Secondary School |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Begusarai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kvsangathan.nic.in |title=Ministry of Education |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in |title=WELCOME TO THE SITE OF THE KENDRIYAVIDYALAYA SANGATHAN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107044147/http://www.kvsangathan.nic.in/ |archive-date=2004-01-07 |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[St. Jude's Vidyalaya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stjudasvidyalaya.com |title=St. Jude's Vidyalaya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118045919/http://stjudasvidyalaya.com/ |archive-date=2018-01-18 |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjudasvidyalaya.com |title=St. Jude's Vidyalaya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118045919/http://www.stjudasvidyalaya.com/ |archive-date=2018-01-18 |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjvbarauni.com |title=St. Jude's Vidyalaya |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
* [[Mount Litera Zee School, Begusarai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlzbegusarai.com/ |title=Mount Litera Zee School, Begusarai }} {{dead link|date=March 2025 |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* [[Delhi Public School, Begusarai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsbegusarai.com/ |title=Mount Litera Zee School, Begusarai }} {{dead link|date=March 2025 |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* [[Sarvoday Vidyalaya Begusarai]]
* [[Carmel School Begusarai]]

==Notable people ==




[[File:Ramdhari Singh Dinkar 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]]
[[File:Kanhaiya Kumar.jpg|thumb|Kanhaiya Kumar]]
[[File:Balmiki Prasad Singh.jpg|thumb|upright|Balmiki Prasad Singh]]
* [[Ajit Anjum]], journalist
* [[Radha Krishna Choudhary]], Indian historian, thinker, and writer
* [[Shaibal Gupta]], Indian social scientist and political economist, Padma Shri receiver, founder of [[Asian Development Research Institute]]
* [[Kranti Prakash Jha]], actor, model
* [[Sriti Jha]], actress
* [[Ramendra Kumar (politician)|Ramendra Kumar]], National President of [[AITUC]]
* [[Manoj Kumar Mishra]], known for his work on [[Quantum chemistry]]
* [[Mathura Prasad Mishra]], member of [[1st Lok Sabha]],[[2nd Lok Sabha]] and [[3rd Lok Sabha]]
* [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)]]
* [[Kajal Raghwani]], one of the highest paid [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] actress
* [[Rafiuddin Raz]], Pakistani poet
* [[Krishna Sahi]], [[Minister of State|State]] [[Minister of Education (India)]], [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation]], [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)]], [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Minister of Heavy Industries]], [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
* [[Balmiki Prasad Singh]], writer, former IAS officer, former [[Governor of Sikkim]]
* [[Bhola Singh]], politician
* [[Lalit Vijay Singh]], [[Minister of State|State]] [[Minister of Defence (India)]]




==See also==
* [[Mithila (proposed Indian state)]]
* [[Simaria]]
* [[Mithila State Movement]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |first=Alain |last=Daniélou |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C |year=1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Doniger |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Donner |first=Henrike |year=2016 |title=Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RTc3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-14848-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Foulston |first1=Lynn |last2=Abbott |first2=Stuart |year=2009 |title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul |url-access=registration |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-902210-43-8}}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Kinsley |year=1988 |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
* {{cite book |first=James G |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8}}
* {{cite book |first=June |last=McDaniel |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Rachel Fell |last=McDermott |title=Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803071-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Hillary |title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC |year=2003 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7}}
{{refend}}

==External links ==
{{Commons category|Begusarai}}
* [http://begusarai.bih.nic.in/ District website of Begusarai]

{{Munger Division}}
{{Bihar}}{{Settlements in Begusarai district}}

[[Category:Begusarai| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]

1984 Indian general election in Tripura

2025-12-23T04:45:36Z

Xavierncr: Added new post...

{{Short description|none}}
{{one source|date=May 2025}}
The [[1984 Indian general election]] in [[Tripura]] was held to elect representatives of the 2 seats in the Lok Sabha.

The [[Indian National Congress]] won all the two seats of Tripura and won two-thirds of the votes.

== Results by Party ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 4,63,362
| 50.47
|
| 2
| 2
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 4,18,779
| 45.61
|
| 2
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 7,070
| 0.77
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 28,949
| 3.15
|
| 5
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 9,18,160
! 100%
! -
! 10
! 2
! -
|}

== Elected MPs ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=General Election, 1984 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060558/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
|-
! 1
| [[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
| [[Ajoy Biswas]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|232,339
| Sudhir Ranjan Majumder
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|228,819
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|3,520
|-
! 2
| [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East (ST)]]
| [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|231,023
| Kirit Bikram Kishore Debbarman
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|189,960
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|41,063
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tripura elections}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Tripura]]
[[Category:1980s in Tripura]]
[[Category:1984 Indian general election by state or union territory|Tripura]]

{{India-election-stub}}

Jnanabharathi metro station

2025-11-30T10:54:55Z

Xavierncr:

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jnanabharathi
| other_name = Bangalore University, Dhanvantari Vana Park
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple}}
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Jnanabharathi Metro Station (Entrance A).jpg
| photo2a = Jnanabharathi Metro Station (platform).jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage =
}}
| address = Bengaluru University Gate, Kenchenhalli, RR Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560056
| coordinates = {{coord|12.935555922256171|77.51201871082992|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] Platform-2 → [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]]
| tracks = 2
| connections = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Jnanabharati Halt}}
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| status = Staffed
| code = BGUC
| opened = {{start date and age|2021|August|30|df=yes}}
| architect = [[IL&FS]]
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Purple |left=Rajarajeshwari Nagar |to-left=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right=Pattanagere |to-right=Challaghatta}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Jnanabharathi''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] serving the [[Bangalore University]] campus along with Dhanvantri Vana park in [[Bengaluru]], India. The Station was inaugurated on 29 August 2021 and was opened to the public on 30 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-29|title=Kengeri metro line inaugurated, commercial operations from August 30|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metros-extended-purple-line-on-mysuru-road-inaugurated/article36161802.ece|access-date=2021-08-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru Metro: 7.5-km Purple line from Mysore Road to Kengeri inaugurated|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/bengaluru-metro-7-5-km-purple-line-from-mysore-road-to-kengeri-inaugurated/805214|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Jnanabharathi track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Rajarajeshwari Nagar}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Pattanagere}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} '''Next Station:''' [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar metro station|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next Station:''' [[Pattanagere metro station|Pattanagere]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Entry/Exits==
There are 3 Entry/Exit points – A, B and C. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

* Entry/Exit point A: Towards Sri Shwetambhar Terapanth Jain Bhavan side
* Entry/Exit point B: Towards Bangalore University South Gate side
* Entry/Exit point C: Towards Pattanagere side

== See also ==

* [[Bangalore]]
* [[List of Namma Metro stations]]
* [[Transport in Karnataka]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[Portal:Bangalore|Bangalore portal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]
[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

List of accolades received by Thani Oruvan

2025-11-25T06:33:55Z

Xavierncr: added basic details nd citations.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Thani Oruvan''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by ''Thani Oruvan''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{multiple image
| align = center
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Jayam Ravi at Naya Gadget Shop Launch Event.jpg
| image2 = Aravind Swamy at 63rd Filmfare Awards 2016 (South) Press Meet.jpg
}}
[[Jayam Ravi]] and [[Arvind Swamy]] garnered several awards and nominations for their performances in ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|13}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[IIFA Utsavam]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|7}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''21'''}}
|{{nom|'''37'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}

''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Mohan Raja]], who also co-wrote the screenplay and dialogues with the duo [[Subha (writers)|Subha]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/nandamuri-kalyanrams-next-project-to-feature-tamil-script-writers-subha/articleshow/58854227.cms |title=Nandamuri Kalyanram's next project to feature Tamil script writers SuBha |last=Jayakrishnan |date=26 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170707072719/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/nandamuri-kalyanrams-next-project-to-feature-tamil-script-writers-subha/articleshow/58854227.cms |archive-date=7 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="DNA1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-thani-oruvan-telugu-remake-with-ram-charan-tentatively-titled-rakshak-2161084 |title='Thani Oruvan' Telugu remake with Ram Charan tentatively titled 'Rakshak' |date=31 December 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707073026/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-thani-oruvan-telugu-remake-with-ram-charan-tentatively-titled-rakshak-2161084 |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan-review-a-deliciously-twisted-action-drama-review-tamil-pi2pehgcjfbjg.html |title='Thani Oruvan' Review: A deliciously twisted action drama |date=28 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707074948/http://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan-review-a-deliciously-twisted-action-drama-review-tamil-pi2pehgcjfbjg.html |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The film features [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Arvind Swami]] and [[Nayanthara]] in the lead roles. [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Mugdha Godse]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thani-oruvan-is-brilliant-south/20150828.htm |title=Review: Thani Oruvan is brilliant |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=28 August 2015 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707073930/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thani-oruvan-is-brilliant-south/20150828.htm |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The film's story focuses on Mithran (Ravi), an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, who learns of the plans of scientist and businessman Siddharth Abhimanyu (Swami) to sabotage a deal to make [[generic drug|generic medicine]]s available at low cost for poor people. Siddharth succeeds in his plan and begins indulging in a game of [[cat and mouse]] with Mithran. The rest of the story revolves around how Mithran overcomes the obstacles set by Siddharth.<ref name="Sify" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thani-oruvan/movie-review/48719649.cms |title=Thani Oruvan Movie Review |last=Sugnath |first=M. |date=28 August 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170707093456/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thani-oruvan/movie-review/48719649.cms |archive-date=7 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Produced by Kalpathi S. Aghoram, Kalpathi S. Ganesh and Kalpathi S. Suresh under their company [[AGS Entertainment]],<ref name="DNA1" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/04/02/vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-and-venkatesh-give-regional-cinema-a-boost/#737902331b47 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara And Venkatesh Give Regional Cinema A Boost |last=Groves |first=Don |date=26 May 2017 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011150921/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/04/02/vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-and-venkatesh-give-regional-cinema-a-boost/ |archive-date=11 October 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]]. [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]] and [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]] handled the cinematography and editing respectively.<ref name="Rediff" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winning-accolades-for-their-cut-to-the-chase/articleshowprint/52268653.cms |title=Winning accolades for their 'cut' to the chase |date=15 May 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170707074653/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winning-accolades-for-their-cut-to-the-chase/articleshowprint/52268653.cms |archive-date=7 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Made on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]200 million,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dhruva-release-why-ram-charans-next-might-be-a-game-changer-4417479/ |title=Dhruva release: Why Ram Charan's next might be a game changer |date=8 December 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707073746/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dhruva-release-why-ram-charans-next-might-be-a-game-changer-4417479/ |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2015 was 66.768 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |title=Yearly Average Currency Exchange Rates Translating foreign currency into U.S. dollars |publisher=[[Internal Revenue Service]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521112855/https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref>|name=exchange}} ''Thani Oruvan'' was released on 28 August 2015 and received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan-is-jayam-ravi-s-biggest-opener-news-tamil-pjbjSXhfgifcj.html |title=Thani Oruvan is Jayam Ravi's biggest opener! |date=1 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707075519/http://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan-is-jayam-ravi-s-biggest-opener-news-tamil-pjbjSXhfgifcj.html |archive-date=7 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thani-oruvan-first-day-box-office-collection-jayam-ravi-starrer-opens-positive-reviews-644643 |title='Thani Oruvan' First Day Box Office Collection: Jayam Ravi Starrer Opens to Positive Reviews |date=29 August 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707075726/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thani-oruvan-first-day-box-office-collection-jayam-ravi-starrer-opens-positive-reviews-644643 |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOBO">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thani-oruvan-box-office-collection-jayam-ravi-arvind-swamy-starrer-completes-50-days-650858 |title='Thani Oruvan' box office collection: Jayam Ravi-Arvind Swamy starrer completes 50 days |date=16 October 2015 |work=International Business Times |access-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707075731/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thani-oruvan-box-office-collection-jayam-ravi-arvind-swamy-starrer-completes-50-days-650858 |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> It was commercially successful, grossing ₹1.05 billion worldwide.<ref name="TOBO" />{{efn|name=exchange}} The film won 21 awards from 37 nominations; its direction, story, screenplay, performances of the cast members and music have received the most attention from award groups.

At the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]], ''Thani Oruvan'' was nominated in six categories, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]] (Aghoram, Ganesh and Suresh), [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] (Raja) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] (Ravi); it won for Best Director, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]] (Swami) and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South|Critics Award for Best Actor]] (Ravi). The film also received six nominations at the [[1st IIFA Utsavam]] including Best Performance in a Lead Role (Female) (Nayanthara) and Best Performance in a Comic Role (Ramaiah). It won three, Best Direction, Best Performance in a Lead Role (Male), and Best Performance in a Negative Role for Raja, Ravi, and Swami respectively. The film received thirteen nominations at the [[Edison Awards (India)|9th Edison Awards]], and won for Best Director, Best Actor, Best Character Actor (Ramaiah) and Best Villain. It garnered seven nominations at the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]] ceremony, winning two awards, including Best Film and Best Actor (Critics). At the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], the film won awards in six categories. Among other wins, ''Thani Oruvan'' received one [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] and [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] each.

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of Ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="1" | 7 January 2016
| Best Villain — Male
| {{sort|Swami|[[Arvind Swami]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2015-here-complete-list-winners-662345 |title=Vikatan Awards 2015: Baahubali, Ok Kanmani, Kaaka Muttai walk away with top honours [Complete Winners List] |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=7 January 2016 |work=International Business Times |access-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109185124/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2015-here-complete-list-winners-662345 |archive-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="13" | 14 February 2016
| Best Director
| {{sort|Raja|[[Mohan Raja]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/1812/9th-Edison-Award-2016 |title=Yuttha Medai 2015 winners performs at 9th Edison Award 2016 |publisher=[[Astro (television)|Astro Ulagam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704075224/http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/1812/9th-Edison-Award-2016 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=9th Edison Awards |series=Edison Awards |network=[[Astro (television)|Astro]] |date=14 February 2016 |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| {{sort|Ravi|[[Jayam Ravi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| The Gorgeous Belle
| [[Nayanthara]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Character Actor
| {{sort|Ramaiah|[[Thambi Ramaiah]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{sort|Venkatraman|[[Ganesh Venkatraman]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Villain
| {{sort|Swami|[[Arvind Swami]]}}{{efn|Shared with [[Arun Vijay]] for ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/edison-awards-2015-thani-oruvan-yet-again-sweeps-maximum-number-of-awards-377945-2016-02-15 |title=9th Annual Edison Awards: Thani Oruvan bags maximum number of awards, yet again |date=15 February 2016 |website=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706091325/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/edison-awards-2015-thani-oruvan-yet-again-sweeps-maximum-number-of-awards/1/16986.html |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28 |title=Edison Awards 2016 |publisher=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706091650/http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Editor
| {{sort|Krishna|[[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| {{sort|Ravichandran|[[Kharesma Ravichandran]]}} for "Kadhal Cricket"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| [[Subha (writers)|Subha]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story
| {{sort|Raja|[[Mohan Raja]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| {{sort|Tamizha|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Aadhi for "Theemai Dhaan Vellum"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Producer
| {{sort|Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Aghoram}}, Kalpathi S. Ganesh, Kalpathi S. Suresh
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|rowspan="6" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|18 June 2016]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Aghoram}}, Kalpathi S. Ganesh, Kalpathi S. Suresh
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |date=7 June 2016 |website=[[Filmfare]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704080341/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |date=18 June 2016 |website=Filmfare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704080550/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Raja|[[Mohan Raja]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ravi|[[Jayam Ravi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Swami|[[Arvind Swami]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ravichandran|[[Kharesma Ravichandran]]}} for "Kadhal Cricket"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ravi|[[Jayam Ravi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[IIFA Utsavam]]
|rowspan="6" | [[1st IIFA Utsavam|24{{ndash}}25 January 2016]]
| Best Picture – Tamil
| {{sort|Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Aghoram}}, Kalpathi S. Ganesh, Kalpathi S. Suresh
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees — Tamil |publisher=[[IIFA Utsavam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081611/http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 |publisher=IIFA Utsavam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081617/http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Best Direction – Tamil
| {{sort|Raja|[[Mohan Raja]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Lead Role (Male) – Tamil
| {{sort|Ravi|[[Jayam Ravi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Lead Role (Female) – Tamil
| [[Nayanthara]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Comic Role – Tamil
| {{sort|Ramaiah|[[Thambi Ramaiah]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Performance in a Negative Role – Tamil
| {{sort|Swami|[[Arvind Swami]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|rowspan="3" | 27 July 2016
| Upcoming Female Vocalist of the year
| {{sort|Ravichandran|[[Kharesma Ravichandran]]}} for "Kadhal Cricket"
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nomination-tamil-2015/ |title=Mirchi Music Awards South Nominations 2015 – Tamil |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=[[Mirchi Music Awards South]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171019181311/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nomination-tamil-2015/ |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=19 October 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/winners-tamil-2015/ |title=Mirchi Music Awards South Winners 2015 – Tamil |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=Mirchi Music Awards South |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019181502/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/winners-tamil-2015/ |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | Upcoming Music Composer of the year
| {{sort|Tamizha|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]}} for "Kadhal Cricket"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Tamizha|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]}} for "Kannala Kannala"
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|rowspan="1" | 28 April{{ndash}}1 May 2016
| Best Director
| {{sort|Raja|[[Mohan Raja]]}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/136 |title=The 7th annual NTFF — Tamilar Awards 2016 Winners announced! |date=25 March 2016 |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704082111/http://www.ntff.no/node/136 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|rowspan="7" | [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June{{ndash}}1 July 2016]]
| Best Film – Tamil
| {{sort|Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Aghoram}}, Kalpathi S. Ganesh, Kalpathi S. Suresh
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |title=Winners List — Tamil |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704085942/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html |title=SIIMA 2016 nominations creates huge buzz! |date=31 May 2016 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090224/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=5th South Indian International Movie Awards |series=South Indian International Movie Awards |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |year=2016 |location=[[Singapore]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director – Tamil
| {{sort|Raja|[[Mohan Raja]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor – Tamil
| {{sort|Ravi|[[Jayam Ravi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil
| {{sort|Swami|[[Arvind Swami]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director – Tamil
| {{sort|Tamizha|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
| {{sort|Ravichandran|[[Kharesma Ravichandran]]}} for "Kadhal Cricket"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor (Critics) – Tamil
| {{sort|Ravi|[[Jayam Ravi]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|rowspan="7" | 6 March 2024
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Aghoram}}, Kalpathi S. Ganesh, Kalpathi S. Suresh
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards announced for 2015 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/05/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-announced-for-2015 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]
| {{sort|Raja|[[Mohan Raja]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| {{sort|Swami|[[Arvind Swami]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| {{sort|Ramji|[[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
| {{sort|Krishna|[[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
| {{sort|Brinda|[[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2015]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4987556/awards Accolades for ''Thani Oruvan''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Thani Oruvan]]

Aravidu dynasty

2025-11-10T18:26:08Z

Xavierncr:

{{Short description|Fourth and last dynasty of the Vijayanagara empire (c. 1542–1646 CE)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Vijayanagara empire|Aravidu}}
The '''Aravidu Dynasty''' was the fourth and last [[Hindu]] dynasty of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in [[South India]].<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (g)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref> Its founder was [[Tirumala Deva Raya]], whose brother Rama Raya had been the masterful regent of the last ruler of the previous dynasty. Rama Raya's death at the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 led to the subsequent destruction of Vijayanagar by the combined forces of the Muslim states of the Deccan. The Aravidu family claimed to be Kshatriyas and were based in Andhra region.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volumes 14-17 |date=1953 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |page=61}}</ref> They claimed to belong to the Atreya gotra and traced their lineage to the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] king [[Rajaraja Narendra]].<ref>{{cite book |author=M. S. Nagaraja Rao, Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) |title=The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇ̄a: seminar papers |publisher=Mythic Society, 1983 - History - 236 pages |page=63}}</ref>

The Aravidu dynasty, after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire in the 17th century, continued their rule by establishing themselves as the Rajas of Anegundi. These descendants of the Aravidu dynasty, despite not holding active political power, are often respected due to their association with the Vijayanagar Empire.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33544/page/n131/mode/2up]

==List of rulers==
The main rulers of the Aravidu dynasty were:
*[[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]] (1542–1565 CE), first ruler
*[[Tirumala Deva Raya]] (1565–1572 CE)
*[[Sriranga Deva Raya]] (Sriranga I) (1572–1586 CE)
*[[Venkatapati Deva Raya]] (Venkata II) (1586–1614 CE)
*[[Sriranga II]] (1614–1617 CE)
*[[Rama Deva Raya]] (1617–1632 CE)
*[[Peda Venkata Raya]] (Venkata III) (1632–1642 CE)
*[[Sriranga III]] (1642–1652 CE), last ruler of dynasty and empire

== See also ==
* [[Vijayanagar Empire]]
* [[Battle of Toppur]] 1616 - 1617
* [[Aravidu Somadeva]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Aravidu dynasty]]
[[Category:Dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]