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Apharan (TV series)

2026-05-07T15:48:26Z

Xannat:

{{short description|2018 Hindi language web series}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Apharan web series.jpg
| caption =
| creator = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer = Mohinder Pratap Singh '''Dialogues''' [[Varun Badola]]
| director = Sidharth Sengupta
| creative_director = Baljit Singh Chaddha Snehil Dixit Mehra
| starring = [[#Cast|see below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 23
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Siddharth Sen Gupta Jyoti Sagar
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| cinematography =
| editor = Jaskaran Imran
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 18-27 minutes
| company = EDGESTORM Productions
| network = [[ALT Balaji]] {{small|(season 1)}} [[Voot]] {{small|(season 2)}}
| released = {{Start date|2018|12|14|df=y}} - {{End date|2022|03|18|df=y}}
}}

'''''Apharan''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] [[streaming television]] series directed and co-produced by [[Sidharth Sengupta]] for [[video on demand]] platform [[ALTBalaji]]. Starring [[Arunoday Singh]],<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arunoday-singh-to-star-as-cop-turned-criminal-in-altbalajis-apharan-directed-by-siddharth-sengupta-4442699.html|title=Arunoday Singh to star as cop-turned-criminal in ALTBalaji's Apharan, directed by Siddharth Sengupta|last=|first=|date=23 April 2018|website=Firstpost|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425022804/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arunoday-singh-to-star-as-cop-turned-criminal-in-altbalajis-apharan-directed-by-siddharth-sengupta-4442699.html |archive-date=2018-04-25 |access-date=}}</ref> the series is set in current times and revolves around kidnapping, suspense, mystery and action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/904626/apharan-trailer-one-wrong-step-changes-lives-forever-in-altbalaji-series|title='Apharan' trailer: One wrong step changes lives forever in ALTBalaji series|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Scroll.in]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206170857/https://scroll.in/reel/904626/apharan-trailer-one-wrong-step-changes-lives-forever-in-altbalaji-series |archive-date=2018-12-06 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Apharan - Sabka Katega' web series review: Apharan, New and latest Web Series On ALT, ALTBalaji.com {{!}} Ekta Kapoor {{!}} Arunoday Singh {{!}} Mahie Gill {{!}} अपहरण वेब सीरिज रिव्यू {{!}} ALTBalaji original Apharan|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/bollywood/apharan-web-series-review-arunoday-singh-mahie-gill-altbalaji-original/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=www.lokmatnews.in}}</ref>

The series has been available for streaming on the ALT Balaji App and its associated websites since its release date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/apharan-trailer-launched-altbalaji-web-series-starts-streaming-14-december-1502714284.html|title=Apharan trailer launched, ALTBalaji web series starts streaming from 14 December|last=Web|first=S. N. S.|date=6 December 2018|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044255/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/apharan-trailer-launched-altbalaji-web-series-starts-streaming-14-december-1502714284.html |archive-date=2019-03-30 |access-date=}}</ref> Season 2 was released on 18 March 2022.

==Plot==
Rudra Srivastava ([[Arunoday Singh]]), a senior inspector of [[Uttarakhand Police]] is lured into kidnapping a young girl named Anusha ([[Monica Chaudhary]]), at the request of her step-mother ([[Mahie Gill]]). The plot begins as a simple plan to extort money in exchange for Anusha but she is murdered. He was falsely accused and ends up in jail for 3 years.

Season 2 revolves around Rudra navigating his professional duties with his personal life at stake. To find a cure for his wife's addiction, [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] sends the formidable cop to [[Serbia]] to track down and capture Vikram Bahadur Singh, or VBS, a wanted criminal responsible for the death of 9 Indian RAW agents in one month.

== Season Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Title
!Release date
!Episodes
|-
|1
|'''''Apharan - Sabka Katega'''''
|{{Date|Dec 14, 2018|DMY}}
|12
|-
|2
|'''''Apharan - Sabka Katega Dobara'''''
|{{Date|18 March 2022|DMY}}
|11
|}

==Cast==
* [[Arunoday Singh]]<ref name="Cast"/> as Rudra Srivastava/ Vikram Bahadur Shah (VBS) (Dual Roles in season 2)
* [[Mahie Gill]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/mahie-gill-roped-altbalaji|title=Mahie Gill Roped In By ALTBalaji|date=12 May 2018|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212601/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/mahie-gill-roped-altbalaji|url-status=dead}}</ref> as Madhu Tyagi / Malini
* Ujjawal Chopra as Bhandari (Season 2)
* [[Monica Chaudhary]] as Anusha Tyagi (Season 1)
* [[Nidhi Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/nidhi-singh-apaharan|title=Nidhi Singh In Apaharan|date=9 May 2018|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015836/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/nidhi-singh-apaharan|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/internet-sensation-nidhi-singh-in-altbalaji%27s-first-suspense-thriller-series-apaharan-23424|title=Internet sensation Nidhi Singh roped in for ALTBalaji's first suspense thriller series 'Apaharan'|website=Mumbai Live|first=Bhagyashree|last=Labdhe|accessdate=5 June 2022}}</ref> as Ranjana Srivastava
* [[Varun Badola]] as Laxman Saxena
*[[Saanand Verma]] as Satyanarayan Dubey
*Neha Kaul as Madhu Tyagi
*[[Pawan Chopra]] as Commissioner
* Ram Sujan Singh as Mishra
* Surender Singh as Constable Joshi
*[[Sanjay Batra]] as Govind Tyagi
*Nilesh Mamgain as Shukla
* Snehil Dixit Mehra as Sadhu's Wife
* Shweta Rajput as Ria-the Bride (Anusha's Friend)
* Nishant Tanwar as Inspector Bhatnagar
* Aditya Jadhav as Crying Child

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://altt.co.in/shows/apharan--season1/6538 Apharan Season 1] at [[ALTBalaji]]
*{{IMDb title|tt8392006}}

{{ALT Balaji Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apharan}}
[[Category:2018 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Amy Carmichael

2026-05-06T15:15:29Z

Xannat: started first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Christian missionary to India (1867–1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox saint
| name = Amy Beatrice Carmichael
| image = File:Amy Carmichael with children2.jpg
| caption = Amy Carmichael with children in India
| birth_date = {{birth date|1867|12|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Millisle]], [[County Down]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1951|1|18|1867|12|16|df=y}}
| death_place = Dohnavur, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| feast_day = 18 January
| venerated_in = [[Anglican Communion]]
}}

'''Amy Beatrice Carmichael''' (16 December 1867 – 18 January 1951) was an Irish [[Christianity|Christian]] [[missionary]] in India who opened an [[orphanage]] and founded a mission in [[Tamil Nadu|Dohnavur]]. She served in India for 55 years and wrote 35 books about her work as a missionary.

== Early life ==
Amy Beatrice Carmichael, born in the small village of [[Millisle]], [[County Down]], [[Ireland]], in 1867, as the oldest of seven siblings. Her parents were David Carmichael, a miller, and his wife Catherine, both devout [[Christians]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.ephrataministries.org/remnant-2001-11-amy-carmichael-of-dohnavur.a5w |title= Amy Carmichael of Dohnavur |work= The Heartbeat of the Remnant |publisher= Ephrata ministries |access-date= 2015-03-07 |archive-date= 1 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194805/http://www.ephrataministries.org/remnant-2001-11-amy-carmichael-of-dohnavur.a5w |url-status= live }}</ref> Amy attended Harrogate Ladies College for four years in her youth.

Amy's father moved the family to Belfast when she was 16 years old, but he died two years later. In Belfast, the Carmichaels founded the [http://www.welcomechurch.co.uk/amy-carmichael-centre/ Welcome Evangelical Church].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.welcomechurch.co.uk/?page_id=14 |title= Amy Carmichael |publisher= Welcome church |access-date= 2015-03-07 |date= 30 July 2013 |archive-date= 1 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201143026/http://www.welcomechurch.co.uk/?page_id=14 |url-status= live }}</ref> In the mid-1880s, Carmichael started a Sunday-morning class for the 'Shawlies' (mill girls who wore shawls instead of hats) in the church hall of Rosemary Street Presbyterian. This mission grew quickly to include several hundred attendees. At this time Amy saw an advertisement in ''The Christian'' for an iron hall that could be erected for £500 and would seat 500 people. Two donations, £500 from Miss Kate Mitchell and one plot of land from a mill owner, led to the erection of the first "Welcome Hall", on the corner of Cambrai Street and Heather Street in 1887.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://borivaliassembly.net/article/amy-carmichael-go-tell/ |title= Amy Carmichael: Go, Tell |last= Parayil |first= Michelle Sunny |date= |website= Borivali Assembly |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

Amy continued at the Welcome until she received a call to work among the mill girls of Manchester in 1889, from which she moved on to overseas missionary work, despite suffering from [[neuralgia]]. At the [[Keswick Convention]] of 1887, she heard [[Hudson Taylor]], founder of the [[China Inland Mission]] (CIM), speak about missionary life; soon afterwards, she became convinced of her calling to missionary work. She applied to the CIM and lived in London at the training house for women, where she met author and missionary to China [[Mary Geraldine Guinness]], who encouraged her to pursue missionary work. Carmichael was ready to sail for Asia, but she was told that her health made her unfit for the work. She postponed her missionary career with the CIM and decided later to join the [[Church Missionary Society]].

[[File:Amy Carmichael statue Bangor.jpg|thumb|The bronze statue of Amy Carmichael as a young girl that stands in Hamilton Road in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, on the grounds of the Presbyterian church.]]

== Work in India ==
Initially Carmichael traveled to Japan, staying for fifteen months, but returned home for health reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.missionfrontiers.org/issue/article/a-living-legacy |title=A Living Legacy:: Amy Carmichael and the Origin of the Dohnavur Fellowship |publisher=Mission Frontiers |date=1999-01-01 |access-date=2015-03-07 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201121129/http://www.missionfrontiers.org/issue/article/a-living-legacy |url-status=live }}</ref> After a brief period of service in Ceylon ([[Sri Lanka]]), she went to [[Bangalore]], India, for her health, where she chose to stay to continue her work as a missionary. She was commissioned by the [[Church of England Zenana Mission]]. Carmichael's most notable work was with girls and young women, some of whom were rescued from customs that amounted to [[forced prostitution]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/SlavesOfTheGodsMayo/page/n135 |title=Slaves of the Gods : Katherine Mayo |year=1929 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtGV59UHWus |title=Short film Devadasi by Lenalaxmi in LVPrasad Film & TV Academy | Tamil with English subtitles |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411054436/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtGV59UHWus |url-status=live }}</ref>

Carmichael founded the Dohnavur Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dohnavurfellowship.org/project/santhosha_vidhyalaya/ |title=Santhosha Vidhyalaya – Dohnavur Fellowship |work=Dohnavurfellowship.org |date=2018-03-16 |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135051/http://dohnavurfellowship.org/project/santhosha_vidhyalaya/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1901 to continue her work,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dohnavurfellowship.org/ |title=Dohnavur Fellowship |work=Dohnavurfellowship.org |date=2018-03-16 |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134953/http://dohnavurfellowship.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as she later wrote in ''The Gold Cord'' (1932). Dohnavur is situated in [[Tamil Nadu]], thirty miles from India's southern tip. The name derives from Count Dohna, who initially funded German missionaries at the site in the early 19th century, on which the Rev. Thomas Walker then established a school. Carmichael's fellowship transformed Dohnavur into a sanctuary for over one thousand children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dohnavur.weebly.com/ |title=Welcome to Dohnavur – Home |publisher=Dohnavur.weebly.com |access-date=2015-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140148/http://dohnavur.weebly.com/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Carmichael often said that her [[Christian ministry|ministry]] of rescuing temple children started with a girl named Preena. Having become a temple servant against her wishes, Preena managed to escape. Amy Carmichael provided her shelter, thus beginning her new [[Christian ministry|ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://atgsociety.com/2010/03/amy-carmichael-rescuer-of-children/| title=Amy Carmichael:Rescuer of Children| publisher=atgsociety| access-date=2012-06-27| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501194533/http://atgsociety.com/2010/03/amy-carmichael-rescuer-of-children/| archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>

In an attempt to respect Indian culture, members of the Dohnavur organization wore Indian dress and gave the rescued children Indian names. Carmichael herself dressed in Indian clothes and [[Brownface|dyed her skin]] with dark coffee. While serving in India, Carmichael received a letter from a young lady who was considering life as a missionary, asking, "What is missionary life like?" Carmichael wrote back, "Missionary life is simply a chance to die."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Elisabeth |title=A Chance to Die |date=May 2005 |publisher=Fleming H Revell |isbn=0800730895}}</ref>

In 1912, money and workers were available that helped fund a hospital at Dohnavur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.welcomechurch.co.uk/?page_id=14 |title=Amy Carmichael – Welcome |publisher=Welcomechurch.co.uk |date=30 July 2013 |access-date=2015-03-07 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201143026/http://www.welcomechurch.co.uk/?page_id=14 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1913, the Dohnavur Fellowship was serving 130 girls. In 1918, Dohnavur added a home for young boys, many born to the former temple prostitutes. Meanwhile, in 1916 Carmichael formed a Protestant religious order called Sisters of the Common Life.

==Legacy==

Amy Carmichael was a prolific writer, publishing many books and articles about her experiences as a missionary in India.

Temple prostitution was outlawed in India in 1948.

Carmichael died in [[India]] in 1951 at the age of 83. She asked that no stone be put over her grave at Dohnavur.

Other Christian missionaries have cited her as an influence.<ref>Elisabeth Elliot, ''A Chance to Die: the Life and Legacy of Amy Carmichael.''</ref>

The Dohnavur Fellowship continues the ministry, now supporting approximately 500 people on 400 acres with 16 nurseries and a hospital. The foundation is now run by Indians under the jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Tirunelveli of the Church of South India|C.S.I. Tirunelveli Diocese]], founded in 1896. Changed policies acknowledging Indian law require that all children born in or brought to Dohnavur be sent out for education in the 6th grade. Furthermore, since 1982, infant boys have been adopted out rather than remaining in the community.

Amy is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Commemoration (observance)|commemoration]] on 18 January.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|url-status=live}}</ref>

Carmichael College in [[Morayfield, Queensland|Morayfield]], [[City of Moreton Bay]], [[Queensland]], Australia is named after her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Story|url=https://www.carmichael.qld.edu.au/about/our-story/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Carmichael College|date=20 July 2021 |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102024015/https://www.carmichael.qld.edu.au/about/our-story/ |archive-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref>

== Selected works ==
<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/NorScrip-ByAmyCarmichael-Dated1921-BroughtByPeter-johnParisis|title=Nor Scrip – by Amy Carmichael – dated 1921 – brought by Peter-John Parisis – The School of Prayer's Founder|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

* ''[[iarchive:fromsunriseland00carmgoog|From Sunrise Land: Letters from Japan]]'', Marshall (1895)
* From fight<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/fromfight00carm/page/n5 |title=From the fight : Carmichael, Amy, 1867–1951 |year=1887 }}</ref> (1901)
* Raisins (1901)
* ''[https://archive.org/stream/thingsastheyarem00wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Things as they are; mission work in southern India]'', London: Morgan and Scott (1905)
* Overweights of Joy (1906)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/overweightsofjoy00carm/page/n3 |title=Overweights of joy : Carmichael, Amy, 1867–1951 |year=1906 }}</ref>
* Beginning of a Story (1908)
* ''[https://archive.org/stream/lotusbuds00carmiala#page/n9/mode/2up Lotus Buds]'', London: Morgan and Scott (1912)
* Continuation of a Story (1914)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alyson-Wieczorek |url=https://archive.org/details/continuationofst00carmiala |title=The continuation of a story : Carmichael, Amy, 1867–1951 |access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref>
* ''[https://archive.org/stream/walkeroftinnevel00carmuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Walker of Tinnevelly]'', London: Morgan & Scott (1916) (biography of Thomas Walker)
* NorScrip (1922)<ref name="auto" />
* ''[https://archive.org/stream/raglandpioneer00carmiala#page/n5/mode/2up Ragland, pioneer]'', Madras: S.P.C.K. Depository (1922) (biography of Thomas Gajetan Ragland)
* Made in the Pans (1917)
* Ponnammal: Her Story (1918)
* From the Forest (1920)
* Dohnavur Songs (1921)
* Tables in the Wilderness (1923)
* The Valley of Vision (1924)
* ''Mimosa: A True Story'' (1924), CLC Publications (September 2005)
* Raj (1926)
* The Widow of the Jewels (1928)
* Meal in a Barrel (1929)
* ''Gold Cord'' (1932),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169948/page/n1 |title=Gold Cord The Story of a Fellowship : Amy Carmichael |year=1932 }}</ref> Christian Literature Crusade (June 1957)
* ''Rose from Brier'' (1933), Christian Literature Crusade (June 1972)
* ''Ploughed Under: The Story of a Little Lover'', Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) (1934)
* Gold by Moonlight (1935)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lotu Tii |url=https://archive.org/details/goldbymoonlight00amyc |title=Gold by moonlight : Carmichael, Amy, 1867–1951 |year=1991 |publisher=CLC Publications |isbn=978-0-87508-087-1 }}</ref>
* Towards Jerusalem (1936)
* Windows (1937)
* ''If'' (1938), Christian Literature Crusade (June 1999) [https://archive.org/details/if1968carm If...]
* Figures of the True (1938)
* Pools and the Valley of Vision (1938)
* ''Kohila: The Shaping of an Indian Nurse'' (1939), CLC Publications (July 2003
* His Thoughts Said...His Father Said (1941)
* ''Though the Mountains Shake'', Madras: Diocesan Press (1943)
* Before the Door Shuts (1948)
* This One Thing (1950)
* ''Edges of His Ways'', Fort Washington: Christian Literature Crusade (1955) [https://archive.org/details/edgesofhiswaysse0000carm Edges of His ways : selections for daily reading]
*Wings (with [[Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer]]; 1960)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doig|first=Chris|title=Spencer Palmer Children|url=https://www.thornburyroots.co.uk/families/palmer-children/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Thornbury Roots|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ''Thou Givest, They Gather'', [https://archive.org/details/thougivesttheyga00amyc Thou givest-- they gather] CLC Publications (June 1970)
* ''Candles in the Dark'', Christian Literature Crusade (June 1982)
* ''Mountain Breezes: The Collected Poems of Amy Carmichael'', Christian Literature Crusade (August 1999)
* ''Whispers of His Power'', CLC Publications (June 1993) [https://archive.org/details/whispersofhispow00carm Whispers of His power]
*''That Way and No Other'', Plough Publishing (January 2020) https://www.plough.com/en/topics/faith/discipleship/that-way-and-no-other

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Elisabeth Elliot|Elliot, Elisabeth]], ''A Chance to Die: the Life and Legacy of Amy Carmichael.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chancetodielif00elli|isbn=978-0-8007-1535-9|title=A chance to die : The life and legacy of Amy Carmichael|year=1987|last1=Elliot|first1=Elisabeth|publisher=F.H. Revell Company }}</ref> Grand Rapids, MI: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1987. {{ISBN|978-0800730895}}
* Robbins, Nancy Estelle, "God's madcap: the story of Amy Carmichael of Dohnavur".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/godsmadcapstoryo00robb/page/10|title = God's madcap : The story of Amy Carmichael of Dohnavur|year = 1960}}</ref> Christian Literature Crusade, 1962.
* [[Frank Houghton|Houghton, Frank]], ''Amy Carmichael of Dohnavur: The Story of a Lover and Her Beloved''. London: SPCK; Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1953.
* Davis, Rebecca Henry, "With Daring Faith: a Biography of Amy Carmichael".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/withdaringfaithb00davi/page/4|isbn=978-0-89084-414-4|title=With daring faith : A biography of Amy Carmichael|year=1987|last1=Davis|first1=Rebecca Henry|publisher=Bob Jones University Press }}</ref> Greenville, South Carolina: Bob Jones University Press, 1987.
* Kommers, J. (Hans), "Triumphant Love: the contextual, creative and strategic missionary work of Amy Beatrice Carmichael in south India".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.182/page/n3/mode/2up|isbn = 978-1-928396-21-5|title = Triumphant Love : The contextual, creative and strategic missionary work of Amy Beatrice Carmichael in south India|year = 2017|last1 = (Hans) Kommers|first1 = J.| publisher=AOSIS }}</ref> AOSIS, South Africa, 2017.
* [[Iain Murray (author)|Murray, Iain H.]], "Amy Carmichael; Beauty for Ashes, a Biography". Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 2015.
* Wellman, Sam, ''Amy Carmichael: A Life Abandoned to God''. Barbour Publishing, 1998.
* Bingham, Derick, ''The Wild-Bird Child: A Life of Amy Carmichael''. Ambassador-Emerald International (2004) {{ISBN|1-84030-144-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-84030-144-1}}
* Benge, Janet and Geoff, ''Amy Carmichael: Rescuer of Precious Gems''. YWAM Publishing, 1998.
* Amy Carmichael Documentary, BBC 2

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=33906| name=Amy Carmichael}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Amy Carmichael}}
* {{Librivox author |id=11229}}
* [http://www.amycarmichael.org/ Songs from Dohnavur Fellowship]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03d64w7 BBC Two: Groundbreakers]
* [https://www.evangelical-times.org/the-life-and-legacy-of-amy-carmichael/ Evangelical Times: The life and legacy of Amy Carmichael]
* [https://www.essaymarathi.com/2023/02/amy-carmichael-biography.html Amy carmichael biography]
* [https://dohnavurfellowship.org/ Dohnavur Fellowship]
* [https://www.friendsofdohnavur.org/ Friends of Dohnavur]

{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carmichael, Amy}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Japan]]
[[Category:Presbyterian writers]]
[[Category:Irish women writers]]
[[Category:Irish Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:Irish evangelicals]]
[[Category:People from County Down]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]]
[[Category:British Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in Japan]]

Shama Bhate

2026-05-06T08:49:22Z

Xannat: started new entry - done

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}
{{Peacock|date=May 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shama Bhate
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|10|6|df=y}}
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Kathak dancer
| partner = Sanat Bhate
| children = Angat Bhate
| image = File:Guru Shama Bhate - Workshop.jpg
| caption = Shama Bhate conducting a [[Kathak]] workshop in Bangalore
}}

Guru '''Shama Bhate''' ({{Langx|mr|शमा भाटे}}; born 6 October 1950) also known as '''Shama Tai''', is among the [[List of Kathak exponents|Kathak exponents in India today]]. Her career spans over 40 years and she has been learning and performing [[Kathak]] from the age of 4 and has been a teacher and is involved with choreography and training many Kathak dancers in India. She is also the artistic director of her Dance Academy Nadroop<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nadroop.org/shama-bhate/ |title=Shama Bhate {{!}} Nadroop |website=www.nadroop.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822023506/http://www.nadroop.org/shama-bhate/ |archive-date=2016-08-22}}</ref> in Pune.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/expanding-the-boundaries-kathak-dancer-shama-bhate-indian-classical-dance-5334543/|title=Expanding The Boundaries|date=1 September 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Guru Shama Bhate was born in Belgaum (now Belagavi) on 6 October 1950. Born to Smt Gulab Baisa Naik and Sri Ganagadhar G Naik. She is married to Sanat Bhate, who is the son of Guru Rohini Bhate, in 1974 and has a son Angad Bhate.

==Training==
Shama Bhate is the disciple and daughter-in-law <ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-legend-remembered/481101/ | title=A legend remembered | date=25 June 2009 | first1=Rishi | last1=Iyengar | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=3 January 2019 }}</ref> of Guru Smt. [[Rohini Bhate]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAbMS6ynGJ8C&q=shama+bhate&pg=PA214 |title = Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art|isbn = 9788170172239|last1 = Kothari|first1 = Sunil|year = 1989| publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref> She has also had her training from Pt. [[Birju Maharaj]] and Pt. [[Mohanrao Kallianpurkar]]. Her idiom of kathak dance has special inputs in ‘Taal’ and ‘Laya’, from tabla taal maestro and exponent Pt. [[Suresh Talwalkar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/shama-bhate-on-her-artistic-journey/article17475803.ece|title = Keeping pace with the times|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 16 March 2017|last1 = Srikanth|first1 = Rupa}}</ref>

Shama Bhate has trained numerous professional Kathak Dancers and is on the board of many universities and functions as one of the senior Gurus in Lalit Kala Kendra of Pune University, Nalanda College of Mumbai University, Bharat College of Nagpur University, Bharati Vidyapeeth in Pune. Under her guidance, more than thirty of her students have acquired a post-graduate degree from various universities and as many as 12 students have been awarded the HRDC National scholarship (for senior students), and also CCERT scholarship (for junior students).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nadroop.org/shama-bhate/index.html |title=Shama Bhate {{!}} Nadroop |website=www.nadroop.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108171740/http://www.nadroop.org/shama-bhate/index.html |archive-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>

==Choreographic work==
Shama Bhate's choreographic work<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nadroop.org/innovative-choreographies/index.html |title=Innovative Kathak Choreographies {{!}} Nadroop |website=www.nadroop.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214081635/http://www.nadroop.org/innovative-choreographies/index.html |archive-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> is extensive.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160921033049/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5289607667452540483&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsDate=20150804&NewsTitle=Blending Article title]}} the traditional with the modern</ref> She has experimented with both traditional<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Paramaparaas-Ancient-Temple-Dance-Fest-From-Jan-30/2016/01/28/article3248042.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092903/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Paramaparaas-Ancient-Temple-Dance-Fest-From-Jan-30/2016/01/28/article3248042.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2016|title=Paramaparaa's Ancient Temple Dance Fest from Jan 30}}</ref> and contemporary formats of Kathak. She has created a repertoire of traditional and classical compositions (Taals, Taranas, Thumris, etc.) with her own perspective. Some examples include Trishul (a blend of Taal cycles of 9, 10, and 11 beats), Samvaad (domuhi composition), and Layasopan (traditional Kathak sequence presented through Panch Jatis). A more recent production from 2015 saw her drawing inspiration from the Indian Epic Mahabaratha and created the "Ateet ki Parchhaiyan - Reflections on the Mahabharatha Saga"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/delhi/7-dance-forms-meld-together-retell-mahabharata-430|title=7 dance forms meld together to retell the Mahabharata|first=SHATAKSHI|last=GAWADE|date=5 November 2015|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> with dancers performing 7 different Indian classical and Indian folk dance forms. Another choreography that was performed by her students from Nadroop during the occasion of the 85th birthday celebration of the singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]], was the dance ballet 'Chala Vahi Des'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sachin-tendulkar-to-felicitate-lata-mangeshkar-on-85th-birthday-293524-2014-09-20|title=Sachin Tendulkar to felicitate Lata Mangeshkar on 85th birthday|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=September 20, 2014|website=India Today}}</ref>

Some of her most recent production in 2018 are:

# Chaturang Ki Chaupal – this production introduces the four components of Chaturang-Sahitya, Sargam, nach ke Bol and Tarana in four Ragas woven together.
# Echoes – Shama Tai's latest choreography is inspired by the Inner Voice and focuses on bhaav and abhinaya through the medium of five stories.<ref name="auto" /> Guru Shama Bhate also organizes and curates the Madame Menaka Choreography Movement, a proverb based choreography festival which happens on an annual basis in Pune.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/pune/choreography-festival-concludes-on-a-high-note-at-jyotsana-bhole-sabhagruha/articleshow/69857961.cms|title=Choreography festival concludes on a high note at Jyotsana Bhole Sabhagruha | Pune News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 June 2019 }}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==

* Maharashtra Rajya Puraskar – 2011 conferred by the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra State Government]]
*Kala Darpan Puraskar in 2012
* Kala Samvardhan Puraskar by Krishna Mulgur Smriti Pratishthan, 2012
*Kala Gaurav Puraskar by [[Kalanidhi Narayanan|Kalanidhi]], 2013
*Rohini Bhate Puraskar by the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]], 2018
*Y.U.V.A Puraskar on International Women's Day, 2018 for her invaluable contribution to Kathak
*Nehru Yuva Kendra Puraskar – Krida mantralaya. 2018
*Shri Kundanlal Gangani Award, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guru Shama Bhate|url=https://nadroop.org/guru-shama-bhate/|access-date=2021-11-19|website=nadroop|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Kathak dancers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8UubntiViE// |title=Guru Shama Bhate {{!}} Abhinay (Expression) {{!}} Thumri {{!}} Karat Bar Jori |date=2018-03-07 |last=Nad Roop & Guru Shama Bhate |access-date=2025-04-09 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=Rupa |date=2017-03-16 |title=Shama Bhate on her artistic journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/shama-bhate-on-her-artistic-journey/article17475803.ece |access-date=2025-04-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}
* [https://rcpuneshivajinagar.rotary3131.org/index.php Rotary Club of Pune Shivajinagar]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhate, Shama}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Mercy (2025 film)

2026-05-05T15:29:26Z

Xannat: started a info basic info

{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|2025 Hindi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mercy
| image =
| caption =
| director = Mitul Patel
| writer = Mitul Patel
| starring = [[Adil Hussain]] Raj Vasudeva [[Niharica Raizada]]
| cinematography = Karthik Mallur
| editing = Sanjay Ingle
| music = Kingshuk Chakravarthy
| studio = Ever Clear Films
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|05|UK Asian Film Festival|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/mercy-starring-adil-hussain-to-premiere-at-the-uk-asian-film-festival-in-london-9037090|title=Mercy, starring Raj Vasudeva and Adil Hussain, to premiere at the UK Asian Film Festival in London|website=Wion|date=5 May 2025|access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>|2026|04|24|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''Mercy''''' is a 2025 [[Hindi]]-language drama film directed by Mitul Patel. The film stars [[Adil Hussain]], Raj Vasudeva and Niharica Raizada in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News18 |first=Entertainment Desk |date=2025-04-29 |title=Adil Hussain's Mercy explores love and letting go at UK Asian Film Fest debut |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/adil-hussains-mercy-explores-love-and-letting-go-at-uk-asian-film-fest-debut-aa-9317570.html |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=en}}</ref>

The film is based on the subject of [[Euthanasia|passive euthanasia]] and explores the emotional and ethical complexities surrounding end-of-life decisions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mid-Day |date=2026-03-27 |title=Adil Hussain's Mercy locks release date, first look to be attached with Dhurandhar 2 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/dhurandhar-2-first-look-of-adil-hussains-mercy-to-be-attached-with-film-23622883 |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Shekhar on a silent Christmas Eve as he struggles with the agonizing decision of whether to end his mother's life.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amar Ujala |first=Entertainment Desk |date=2026-03-27 |title=इच्छामृत्यु पर आधारित ‘मर्सी’ की पहली झलक आई सामने |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/adil-hussain-starrer-mercy-first-glimpse-attached-with-dhurandhar-2-film-will-release-on-24th-april-2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Adil Hussain]]
* Raj Vasudeva
* [[Niharica Raizada]]
* Aparna Ghoshal
* Kunal Bhan
* Azinkya Mishra
* Ajay Dutta

== Production ==
The film marks the directorial debut of Mitul Patel and is produced by Ever Clear Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Filmfare |first=Editorial Team |date=2026-03-27 |title=First glimpse of Adil Hussain's Mercy to drop with Dhurandhar: The Revenge |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/first-glimpse-of-adil-hussains-mercy-to-drop-with-dhurandhar-the-revenge-82720.html |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Mercy'' is scheduled to be released theatrically in [[India]] on 24 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times of India |first=Entertainment Desk |date=2026-03-27 |title=Adil Hussain's 'Mercy' release date OUT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/adil-hussains-mercy-release-date-out-films-first-look-to-be-attached-with-ranveer-singhs-dhurandhar-the-revenge/articleshow/129843424.cms |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times of India |first=Entertainment Desk |date=2026-03-27 |title=Adil Hussain's 'Mercy' first look details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/adil-hussains-mercy-release-date-out-films-first-look-to-be-attached-with-ranveer-singhs-dhurandhar-the-revenge/articleshow/129843424.cms |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film has been shown at international film festivals including the [[UK Asian Film Festival]] and [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], where it received positive responses. ''Mercy'' also won Best International Feature Film at the 2025 London Independent Film Festival (LIFF) and won Best Actor and Best Debutante Director at the 18th Jaipur International Film Festival (JIFF) 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times of India |first=Entertainment Desk |date=2025-09-25 |title=Adil Hussain says Mercy captures emotional complexity with honesty and grace |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/adil-hussain-says-mercy-capturers-emotional-complexity-with-honesty-and-grace/articleshow/124099171.cms |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=en}}</ref> <ref> https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mercy-first-glimpse-releases-dhurandhar-revenge-ahead-april-24-theatrical-debut/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|31471297}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercy}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Kulliyyat

2026-04-30T04:11:58Z

Xannat: started the data w/ sources

{{Short description|Collection of the poetry of any one poet}}
{{Italic title}}[[File:Sauda kulliyat 1872.jpg|thumb|Cover of the 1872 translation of the works of [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda]] (1713–1781)]]
A '''''kulliyyāt''''' (from [[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|كلّيّات}} {{Transliteration|ar|kulliyyāt}}; {{langx|fa|کلیات}} {{Transliteration|fa|kolliyyât}}; {{langx|az|külliyyat}}; {{langx|ur|کلیات}}; {{langx|uz|kulliyat}}) is a collection of the [[poetry]] of any one poet.

Kulliyat is one of the principal collection forms of [[Urdu poetry]]. Taken literally, the term signifies a complete collection of one author's poems, but in practice it is also applied to any collection of poems of one type by an author.<ref name="introduction">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/bailey/000introduction.pdf |title=A History of Urdu literature by T. Grahame Bailey; ''Introduction''}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Persian literature]]
*[[Azerbaijani literature]]
*[[Urdu poetry]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.urdupoetry.com/poetryforms.html Urdu poetic forms]
*[https://www.dawn.com/news/638614/controversy-over-poet-ali-haider danw.com]

{{Urdu poetry}}

[[Category:Arabic and Central Asian poetics]]
[[Category:Persian poetry]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani poetry]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry]]

{{Poetry-stub}}

Snow Leopard Conservancy India Trust

2026-04-27T03:01:46Z

Xannat: started a article - done

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organization}}
{{Advert|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The Snow Leopard Conservancy India Trust
| native_name_lang =
| named_after =
| image = SLC-LOGO.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
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| predecessor =
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| formation = 
| founder =
| founding_location =
| merger =
| type =
| vat_id =
| registration_id = 
| status = Charitable Trust
| purpose =
| headquarters = Korban House, Changspa, Sheldan, Leh, Ladakh, India
| location = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| services = Snow Leopard Conservation
| products =
| methods =
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| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors = *Mr. David Sonam (Managing Trustee)
*Mr. Renzino Lepcha (Trustee)
*Ms. Rigzin Dolma (Trustee)
| key_people = *Late Mr. Rinchen Wangchuk (co-founder)
*Dr. Rodney Jackson (co-founder)
*Dr. Tsewang Namgail (Director)
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations = [[Panthera Corporation]]
| budget =
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| website = {{URL|snowleopardindia.org}}
| remarks =
| former_name = Snow Leopard Conservancy
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Snow Leopard Conservancy India Trust''' (SLC-IT) is a non-profit conservation organization for the protection of [[snow leopard]]s (''Panthera uncia''), its prey species, and its habitat in [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. The trust primarily focuses on the Indian range of the [[snow leopard]]. Apart from conservation and ecological research on the snow leopard, the SLC-IT initiated the Himalayan Homestay Program in 2003.

== History ==
The Snow Leopard Conservancy India Trust was formed in 2000 as the Indian branch of the [[Snow Leopard Conservancy]]. It became an independent organization of India in 2003.

== Community-based conservation ==
SLC-IT has been active at the community level and prioritizes [[Community-based conservation]] who share the resources with snow leopard and other mountain wildlife on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramanan |first1=S Suresh |date=8 March 2019 |title=Local communities key in conservation of snow leopards: study |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/local-communities-key-inconservation-of-snow-leopards-study-63516 |accessdate=8 March 2019 |publisher=DownToEarth |agency=Down To Earth}}</ref>

== Environmental education ==

The conservancy produces educational materials highlighting biodiversity and conservation issues in Ladakh. Partnering with [[Kalpavriksh]], a Pune-based organization, in bringing up the Ri Gyancha<ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2020 |title=A practical resource: Ri Gyancha |url=http://www.teacherplus.org/a-practical-resource-ri-gyancha |accessdate=23 April 2020 |agency=Teacher Plus}}</ref> (jewels of the mountains), a biodiversity resource kit for [[Ladakh]], which has been used by both children and educators. Teacher training is an integral part of their educational initiatives, which also extend to providing education and training for graduate students and adults.

== Awards and recognition ==

* '''2004''' – First Choice Responsible Tourism Award at the World Travel Market
* '''2005''' – Global Vision Award for Community Outreach
* '''2008''' – Finalists in the Geo-tourism Challenge by National Geographic's Centre for Sustainable Destinations and Ashoka Changemakers
* '''2013''' – Favorite Responsible Tourism Initiative Award by [https://www.outlooktraveller.com/ Outlook Traveller]
* '''2015''' – Earth Guardian Award by the Royal Bank of Scotland
* '''2016''' – IRTA-Gold in Best Contribution to Wildlife Conservation<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Outlook Responsible Tourism|url=https://www.responsibletourismindia.com/irta-2017}}</ref>
* '''2016''' – IRTA-Overall Winner<ref name=":0" />
* '''2018''' – Carl Zeiss Wildlife Conservation Award
* '''2018''' – TOFTigers Wildlife Tourism Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://snowleopardindia.org/ SLC-IT official website]
* [http://www.himalayan-homestays.com/ Himalayan Homestays website]

[[Category:Snow leopards]]
[[Category:Leh]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Nature conservation organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Cat conservation organizations]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]

Maranamass

2026-04-24T14:10:48Z

Xannat: started a info initial version

{{for|the song|Petta (soundtrack)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maranamass
| image = Maranamass.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sivaprasad
| producer = [[Tovino Thomas]] Tingston Thomas Rapheal Pozholiparambil Thanzeer Salam
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Siju Sunny]] Sivaprasad
| story = Siju Sunny
| based_on =
| starring = [[Basil Joseph]] [[Anishma Anilkumar]] [[Siju Sunny]] [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] [[Babu Antony]] [[Rajesh Madhavan]]
| narrator =
| music = JK
| editing = [[Chaman Chakko]]
| cinematography = Neeraj Revi
| studio = Tovino Thomas Productions Rapheal Productions World Wide Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|04|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}19.50 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Maranamass Final Box Office Worldwide: Basil Joseph's dark comedy set to wrap theatrical run at Rs 19.50 crore; becomes an average performer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/maranamass-final-box-office-worldwide-basil-josephs-dark-comedy-set-to-wrap-theatrical-run-at-rs-19-50-crore-becomes-an-average-performer-1386480 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=9 May 2025 |language=en |date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Maranamass''''' is a 2025 Indian Malayalam language [[Psychological film|psychological]] [[black comedy film]] written and directed by Sivaprasad in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Basil Joseph]], [[Siju Sunny]], [[Rajesh Madhavan]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Anishma Anilkumar]] and [[Babu Antony]]. It is jointly produced by actor [[Tovino Thomas]] and his brother Tingston Thomas under his banner Tovino Thomas Productions along with Raphael Pozholiparambil of Raphael Productions and Thanzeer Salam of Worldwide Films.

It was released on 10 April 2025, coinciding with [[Vishu]] to mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=tt>{{cite web |title=Tovino Thomas launches Basil Joseph's next 'Marana Mass' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-launches-basil-josephs-next-marana-mass/articleshow/109190394.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=10 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=jk>{{cite web |title=Basil Joseph's next titled 'Marana Mass'; Tovino Thomas to produce it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/basil-josephs-next-titled-marana-mass-tovino-thomas-to-produce-it/article68050376.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=10 April 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kerala is gripped in fear as a [[serial killer]] starts kidnapping old men, hammering them to death and dumping their dead bodies with a banana stuffed in their mouths. Nicknamed the 'Banana Killer', he becomes the subject of a statewide manhunt spearheaded by top cop Ajay Ramachandran who is distraught about the disappearance of his beloved dog, Pakru. The police zero in on a suspect, a young man named Luke P.P who is considered a dreaded menace to society by the people of Vallikkunnu, his village. Suspicions of the police about Luke being the killer is cleared off by the people who are crowdfunding a trip for him to [[Czech Republic]] in order to get rid of him. Luke's penchant to troublemaking and him being suspected of being the killer leads to him getting dumped by his girlfriend Jessy, a [[kickboxer]].

Keshava Kuruppu, a perverted old man is dropped off at an old age home by his son after he misbehaves with his son's wife. Incidentally, Kuruppu is also the last target of the serial killer who is revealed as Sreekumar alias SK, a government official who is hell-bent on revenge fuelled by some past deed of his victims. He frantically searches for Kuruppu to no avail but to his luck, Kuruppu after freshly escaping the old age home ends up right in front of him in a bar where he has been drinking. SK takes him along with him and boards a bus which Jessy also happens to be in. As night falls, all the passengers are dropped off except Jessy, SK and Kuruppu who remain along with the crew of the bus including the driver Jithin Kumar alias Jikku, a soon-to-be groom and the conductor Aravindan alias Aruvi, whose father went missing 20 years ago. Kuruppu harasses Jessy who [[Pepper spray|sprays pepper]] on him but the old man dies instantly of as an asthma attack ensues, triggered by it. SK is disappointed as his opportunity for revenge is lost but offers to claim responsibility for a meager amount of money and dispose off the body which everyone agrees to. While all this is happening, the police work out that the victims have all been working together as insurance agents in the past and Kuruppu will be the next target. They find out that Kuruppu has escaped the old age home and initiates a search for him. In the CCTV footage of the old age home while determining how Kuruppu was kidnapped, Ramachandran spots Pakru with Kuruppu.

Meanwhile Luke, who had been tailing Jessy to confront her about the break-up intercepts and boards the bus, only to realise that he has landed in deep trouble but decides to help out Jessy. He expresses suspicions about SK and his offer to dispose the body without any serious incentive. Luke comes up with a plan to barge in to the local cemetery and lay the body inside the tomb of a young swimmer whose funeral had happened just that day. Luke smokes a joint on Kuruppu's person and gets high. As they lay the body to rest, Aruvi notices a tattoo on its chest and realises that it was a rare tattoo only he and father had concluding that Kuruppu is his long lost father who had left him when he was a child. Overcome by emotion, Aruvi demands the corpse be cremated properly in accordance to funerary rites. The group obliges hesitantly, drops the plan and boards the bus with the body which irks SK who reveals his true identity as the Banana Killer. He threatens to kill them all and when the police stops the vehicle on the road, he escapes with the corpse. Luke discloses that when he was high, he clothed the body using his jacket which has his picture on it and once the body is discovered the next day, the police are surely going to come after him suspecting him to be the killer. Angrily, Jikku slaps Luke and Jessy inadvertently hurts him by saying that he is disturbing her after the villagers and he created all the problems. A heartbroken Luke says that he was only trying to help the villagers, but they thought that he has a bully and Jessy is now doing the same.

The police comes to know that Kuruppu was seen travelling alongside Luke from a child who had boarded the bus earlier and confirms him to be the Banana Killer, declaring a bounty of ten lakhs for his capture. Luke gets to know of this and decides to take the blame on himself and save Jessy while allowing the others to escape. Jessy apologises to him and bids an emotional and tearful goodbye to him. Luke encounters Pakru coincidentally and realizes he is a missing dog. He rings up Ramachandran and lets him know that he has found Pakru, not realizing that he was a cop in charge of the Banana Killer investigation. He waits for the police to find and arrest him but deduces that SK took the body to a nearby junkyard by viewing drone footage from a couple dressed as a ghost and vampire who happened across his path to film their save-the-date video. Despite everyone trailing him to catch him and collect the bounty, he successfully evades them by taking Pakru hostage and reaches the junkyard and fights of SK who takes the upper hand. He is saved when Jessy, Jikku and Aruvi arrive on time and in the resulting clash, SK ends up getting pepper sprayed by Jessy and Luke overpowering him. After getting the killer under control, the couples reunite and they help Aruvi perform the last rites and cremation of his father in the junkyard itself. SK frees himself from his restraints and drags out the burning body from the pyre and sets the junkyard on fire in the process but this is witnessed by the townsfolk and the police. SK is arrested by the police as the Banana Killer, thereby clearing Luke's name. Luke's reputation also changes for the better thanks to everything and he decides to stay in India, resuming his relationship with Jessy. Later while visiting a temple, Aruvi spots the exact same tattoo he has on his chest on many people and realizes that it is not a rare tattoo that only him and his father shared, clearly hinting that Kuruppu was not his father. He however decides to believe Kuruppu was his long lost father.

Meanwhile, SK's motives are revealed to the public by the media. His father used to be the coworker of the victims long back and they all used to live together. Once while he was away, due to the rat infestation in the house they set up bananas filled with rat poison. When he came back, he consumed one of these bananas unknowingly and died as a result. After his death, his wife - SK's mother committed suicide as well triggering him to swear revenge on the men responsible for his loss.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Luke P P
* [[Anishma Anilkumar]] as Jessy
* [[Siju Sunny]] as Aravindan K. "Aruvi"
* [[Babu Antony]] as [[DySP]] Ajay Ramachandran
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Jithin Kumar C. "Jikku"
* [[Rajesh Madhavan]] as Sreekumar "SK", a serial killer
* [[Joemon Jyothir]] as Baby
* [[Pooja Mohanraj]] as Annie
* Puliyanam Poulose as Keshava Kurup
* Dheeraj Denny as Sumesh Kurup
* [[Alexander Prasanth]] as [[Circle Inspector|SI]] "Tiger" Sam K D
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Kochuvava
* [[Jeo Baby]] as Jessy's dad
* Vijay Ajith as Journalist
* Kudassanad Kanakam as Jessy's grandmother
* Nadira Mehrin as Anganwadi teacher<ref>{{cite news |title=Nadira Mehrin on her role in 'Maranamass': This is what the transgender community has been hoping for |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nadira-mehrin-on-her-role-in-maranamass-this-is-what-the-transgender-community-has-been-hoping-for/articleshow/120271276.cms |date=14 April 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[M. R. Gopakumar]] as Doctor
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Death man, killed by Sreekumar
* Naga Sairandhri as Lalitha, Jikku's fiancee (voice and photo appearance)<ref>{{cite news |title=എനിക്ക് ഈ നാഗയെ അറിയില്ലായിരുന്നു, ഇപ്പോ അവരെയും 'കൺവിൻസ്' ആക്കി: സുരേഷ് കൃഷ്ണ അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2025/04/15/exclusive-chat-with-suresh-krishna.html |date=15 April 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=അയ്യോ, നമ്മുടെ നാഗ ചേച്ചിയല്ലേ ഇത്; 'മരണമാസ്' കയ്യടി നേടി നാഗസൈരന്ധ്രി |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/naga-sairanthri-steals-the-show-in-maranamass-trailer-8944450 |date=9 April 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as Puthanthottil Umesh, dead [[Swimming (sport)|swimmer]] (cameo)
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as a Tattoo artist in [[Rameshwaram]] (cameo)
}}

==Production==
The film was announced on 9 April 2024 by actor Tovino Thomas, who co-produced the film. The film has a tagline as 'Not a mass padam'.<ref name=tt/> The first look poster of the film was released on [[Valentine's Day]], 14 February 2025 with lead actor Basil Joseph appearing as a funky haired sigma male.<ref>{{cite web |title='Maranamass' first-look: Basil Joseph intrigues as a funky-haired 'sigma male' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maranamass-first-look-basil-joseph-intrigues-as-a-funky-haired-sigma-male/article69219025.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=14 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Basil Joseph's next 'Maranamass' produced by Tovino; poster out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/basil-joseph-next-movie-maranamass-poster-out-1.9474971 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=10 April 2024}}</ref> Actor [[Siju Sunny]], apart from writing the story, has also written the dialogues along with the film's director Shivaprasad. Neeraj Revi was roped in as cameraman while Jay Unnithan was assigned for music. <ref name=jk/> The makers also signed veteran actor Babu Antony as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Ajay Ramachandran, who takes over the investigation of serial killings that form the crux of the story. After playing the female lead in ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'', Anshima Anilkumar plays the female lead with [[Basil Joseph]]. The promo video of the film with Basil pokes fun at a popular news anchor in Kerala was released on 13 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basil Joseph interview, maranamass promo video, maranamass viral video |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/13/basil-joseph-interview-in-maranamass-promo-video-goes-viral.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=13 March 2025 |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318082437/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/13/basil-joseph-interview-in-maranamass-promo-video-goes-viral.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='കുട്ടികൾക്ക് ടീച്ചേഴ്സ് ശല്യമായ സാഹചര്യത്തിൽ സ്റ്റാഫ്റൂം കത്തിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്'; മരണമാസ്സ് സിവിക് സെൻസ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/marana-mass-basil-joseph-comedy-movie-1.10420099 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=13 March 2025 |archive-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326135048/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/marana-mass-basil-joseph-comedy-movie-1.10420099 |url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 2 April 2025.<ref name=ba>{{cite web |title=Maranamass trailer: 'Naughty' Basil Joseph fights a serial killer in this action-comedy backed by Tovino Thomas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/maranamass-trailer-basil-joseph-serial-killer-action-comedy-tovino-thomas-9919966/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Basil Joseph's Maranamass trailer is a thrilling blend of comedy and suspense |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/basil-josephs-maranamass-trailer-is-a-thrilling-blend-of-comedy-and-suspense-72589.html |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=2 April 2025}}</ref> In an interview, screenwriter Siju Sunny said, "It is exhilarating to see the characters one has created, coming alive on screen", concluding it as a, "priceless feeling".<ref>{{cite web |title=Siju Sunny Interview: It is exhilarating to see the characters one created on screen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/02/siju-sunny-interview-it-is-exhilarating-to-see-the-characters-one-created-on-screen |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |date=2 April 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 10 April 2025.<ref name="release">{{cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=Basil Joseph's 'Marana Mass' to release on 10 April |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/basil-josephs-marana-mass-to-release-on-10-april/ |access-date=5 April 2025 |publisher=The South First}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
The film will begin streaming on [[SonyLIV]] from 15 May 2025 in Malayalam and dubbed versions of Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 May 2025 |title=Basil Joseph's Maranamass OTT release confirmed. When and where to watch the Malayalam hit movie |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/basil-josephs-maranamass-ott-release-confirmed-when-and-where-to-watch-the-malayalam-hit-movie/articleshow/120903098.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Marana Mass'' received mixed reviews from critics. Writing for ''[[Onmanorama]]'', Princy Alexander wrote,"Most films on serial killers often take the dark route. But in 'Maranamass', directed by debutant Shivaprasad and headlined by Basil Joseph, there is no space for such fear even when an entire village knows that a serial killer is out on the loose. Instead, the makers weave in trunk loads of confusion and chaos, giving you a story that has plenty to laugh about."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph's 'Maranamass' is fun despite the chaos {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/04/10/maranamass-movie-review-basil-joseph-siju-sunny-serial-killer-quirky.html |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Basil Joseph's 'Maranamass' is fun despite the chaos {{!}} Movie Review |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413074652/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/04/10/maranamass-movie-review-basil-joseph-siju-sunny-serial-killer-quirky.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Rating the film 3/5, Avinash Ramachandran of [[The Indian Express|''The Indian Express'']] wrote, "The crowning moment of Maranamass is the way things are finally given a closure, and it doesn’t make us go all gaga over it, but just give it a cursory nod as if we understand why SK did what he did. The film pulls us in right from the first frame, and even when there are moments when the grip loosens, it gets a hold at just the right times. And, in a film as grey, over-the-top, and blasphemous as Maranamass, the laughs keep on coming, and it just makes you wish they had just gone crazier with the premise in hand. Now, that would have been a kola mass too."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Maranamass Movie Review: Basil Joseph leads an effective ensemble in this dark comedy with both hits and misses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maranamass-review-basil-joseph-leads-dark-comedy-with-both-hits-and-misses-9937257/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413074651/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maranamass-review-basil-joseph-leads-dark-comedy-with-both-hits-and-misses-9937257/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Janani K of [[India Today|''India Today'']] rated the film 3/5 mentioning,"''Maranamass'' is yet another great attempt at dark comedy from [[Malayalam cinema]]. While there are drawbacks, the performances and the quirky characters make it an enjoyable affair."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2025 |title=Maranamass review: Basil Joseph's film is a treasure trove of absurd comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maranamass-review-basil-joseph-rajesh-madhavan-tovino-thomas-2707063-2025-04-10 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In her review for [[The News Minute|''The News Minute'']], Sukanya Shaji praised the performances of the cast whilst criticising the screenplay in the second half for being disjointed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=Sukanya |date=10 April 2025 |title=Maranamass review: Quirky characters make Basil's dark comedy a fun watch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/maranamass-review-quirky-characters-make-basils-dark-comedy-a-fun-watch |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 3/5 mentioning,"Basil Joseph's dark comedy, though packed with laughs, works only in parts. However, the film is a breezy watch if you want to enjoy the Vishu weekend, leaving all the care behind."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maranamass movie review: Basil Joseph's dark comedy is a bumpy ride, but |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maranamass-movie-review-basil-josephs-dark-comedy-is-a-bumpy-ride-but-one-packed-with-laughs/18a7d1a7f3901 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|32065993}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]

Nitin Kareer

2026-04-17T23:59:04Z

Xannat: started some post v1

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[List of chief secretaries of Maharashtra|Chief Secretary Government of Maharashtra]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| term_start = 1 January 2024
| term_end = 30 June 2024
| successor = [[Sujata Saunik]]
| predecessor = Manoj Saunik
| appointer =
| office1 =
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| governor1 = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| prime_minister3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| appointer4 =
| prime_minister4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|03|29}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], [[Civil servant]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
| birth_place = Loni
}}

'''Nitin Kareer''' (born 29 March 1964) is a retired 1988 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and former [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of government of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Nitin Kareer appointed state chief secretary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/nitin-kareer-appointed-state-chief-secretary-9089934/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nitin Kareer gets 3-month extension as chief secretary">https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/nitin-kareer-gets-3-month-extension-as-chief-secretary-101711827118998.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=IAS officer Nitin Kareer appointed new Maharashtra chief secretary |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/ias-officer-nitin-kareer-appointed-new-maharashtra-chief-secretary-2830730 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

After joining Maharashtra cadre in 1988 of the Indian Administrative Service, he started his career as the Chief Executive Officer of [[Pune]] [[Zilla Parishad (India)|Zilla Parishad]].

He also held posts like District Collector of Sangli, Pune, Director General of Information and Public Relations, Director General of Registration, Commissioner of Pune Municipal Corporation, Divisional Commissioner of Pune, Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister, Sales Tax Commissioner, and Jamabandi Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Dr Nitin Kareer, the New Chief Secretary of Maharashtra? |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ias-news/who-is-dr-nitin-kareer-the-new-chief-secretary-of-maharashtra/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karer, Nitin}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Dakuaan Da Munda

2026-04-15T10:34:24Z

Xannat: Put Up New Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dakuaan Da Munda
| image = Dakuaan Da Munda.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mandeep Benipal]]
| producer = Ravneet Kaur Chahal Rajesh Kumar Arora
| writer =
| screenplay = Inderpal Gurpreet Bhullar
| based_on = {{based on|''Dakuan Da Munda''|Mintu Gurusaria}}<ref name="tribune1">{{cite web|title='Gangster' pens de-addiction success, has youths hooked|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/-gangster-pens-de-addiction-success--has-youths-hooked/193506.html|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|author=Vishav Bharti|date=8 February 2016|accessdate=9 July 2018|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709221124/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/-gangster-pens-de-addiction-success--has-youths-hooked/193506.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tribune2">{{cite web |title=Movie on former drug addict's life to hit screens soon |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/movie-on-former-drug-addict-s-life-to-hit-screens-soon/468587.html |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Ravi Chandel |date=18 September 2017 |accessdate=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709215715/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/movie-on-former-drug-addict-s-life-to-hit-screens-soon/468587.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| starring = {{startplainlist}}
*[[Dev Kharoud]]
*[[Pooja Verma]]
*[[Jagjeet Sandhu]]
*Lucky Dhaliwal
*Hardeep Gill
*Sukhdeep Sukh
*Anita Meet
*Kuljinder Sidhu
*Vinod Kumar
{{endplainlist}}
| music = Laddi Gill [[Byg Byrd]]
| cinematography = Dhirendra Nath
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2018|08|10|ref1=<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="BookMyShow"/>|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}15.00 crore<ref name=":0" />
| distributor = Omjee Group
}}

'''''Dakuaan Da Munda''''' (English: The Bandits’ Son)<ref name="tribune2"/> is a 2018 Indian [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] film adapted from a novel of same title. The film plots the life of former Kabaddi player Mintu Gurusaria from Gurusar Jodha village, [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dakuan Da Munda release date final |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGdu6noVteY |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Savera Star Talks|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> The film is directed by [[Mandeep Benipal]], and features [[Dev Kharoud]], [[Jagjeet Sandhu]], Sukhdeep Sukh and [[Pooja Verma]] in lead characters along with Lucky Dhaliwal and Hardeep Gill. The film was released on 10 August 2018.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/dakuaan-da-munda/movieshow/63202451.cms|title=Dakuaan Da Munda|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 August 2018|date =10 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="BookMyShow">{{cite web |title=Dakuaan Da Munda |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/penuganchiprolu/movies/dakuaan-da-munda/ET00077285 |website=bookmyshow |accessdate=10 August 2018|date =10 August 2018}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Dev Kharoud]] as Mintu Gurusaria alias Baljinder Singh Sandhu
*[[Pooja Verma]] as Rajji
*[[Jagjeet Sandhu]] as Romi Gill
*Lucky Dhaliwal as Junglee
*Hardeep Gill as Mintu Gurusaria Father
*Sukhdeep Sukh as Bhau
*Anita Meet as Mintu Gurusaria Mother
*Kuljinder Sidhu
*Vinod kumar

==Release==
''Dakuan Da Munda'' was released on 10 August 2018.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="BookMyShow"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music soundtrack of Dakuaan Da Munda was composed by Byg Byrd, Laddi Gill, Veer Baljit and Young Blood. They consists of six tracks.
{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| total_length = 17:03
| title1 = Dollar
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| lyrics1 = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| music1 = Byg Byrd
| extra1 = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| length1 = 2:37
| title2 = Marzi De Faisle
| lyrics2 = Gill Raunta
| music2 = Laddi Gill
| extra2 = Himmat Sandhu
| length2 = 2:37
| title3 = Zindagi
| lyrics3 = Gill Raunta
| music3 = Laddi Gill
| extra3 = [[Nachhatar Gill]]
| length3 = 3:39
| title4 = Pyaar
| lyrics4 = Qaistrax
| music4 = Veet Baljit
| extra4 = Veet Baljit, Shilpra Goyal
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Dakuaan Da Munda
| lyrics5 = Simma Ghuman
| music5 = Young Blood
| extra5 = Bunty Numberdar
| length5 = 2:32
| title6 = Khalnayak
| lyrics6 = Qaistrax
| music6 = Veer Baljit
| extra6 = [[Angrej Ali]]
| length6 = 3:10
}}

==Reception==

===Box office===
''Dakuan Da Munda'' opened as second highest Punjabi film of 2018 after ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]'' and sixth highest of all time. Film raked ₹2.06 Crores on its opening day from India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4179|title=Dakuaan Da Munda Loots Box Office – Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> Film had grossed ₹64.6 lacs at Australian Box Office and ₹22.6 lacs in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Dakuaan-Da-Munda-(India)#tab=international|title=Dakuaan Da Munda (2018) – Financial Information|work=The Numbers|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=AU&id=_fDAKUAANDAMUNDA01|title=Dakuaan Da Munda|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> In [[Canada]] ''Dakuaan Da Munda'' had grossed ₹1.63 Crores<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/happy-phirr-bhag-jayegi-collects-rs-4-2-cr-in-overseas/|title=Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi collects Rs. 4.2 cr. in overseas – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=27 August 2018|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=1 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> and ₹38.2 lacs in [[United States|USA]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/gold-beats-satyameva-jayate-in-overseas/|title=Gold beats Satyameva Jayate in overseas – Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=21 August 2018|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=1 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Amit Arora of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5, noting, "...the movie is perhaps a tad more honest than most such movies are known to be, though just as high on romanticizing and eulogizing the main character... The film is not a social commentary on the drug menace of Punjab but more like one person's story, by which he hopes to inspire others to kick the habit." Arora praised the movie for sticking to the story's "tight curves" as well as the performances of the lead actors. However he criticized some fight scenes and the music in the film. Arora also noted, "Given that it is apparently the first Punjabi film based on an [[autobiography]], it is not a bad start for the [[Punjabi cinema|regional film industry]]."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dakuaan Da Munda Movie Critic's Review {3.0/5}|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/dakuaan-da-munda/movie-review/65356957.cms|website=[[the Times of India]]|author=Amit Arora|date=11 August 2018|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>

==Sequel==
A sequel named ''[[Dakuaan Da Munda 2]]'' was released in cinemas on 27 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/dakuaan-da-munda-2/movieshow/81586962.cms|title=Dakuaan Da Munda 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8409498}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laddi Gill]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about outlaws]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Biographical films about gangsters]]
[[Category:Kabaddi in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on autobiographies]]
[[Category:Kabaddi films]]

Darbhanga Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:18Z

Xannat: Put Up A Info...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Darbhanga
| type = SLA
| map_image = 83-Darbhanga constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sanjay Saraogi]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}} 
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| constituency_no = 83 [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 325,503
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Sanjay Saraogi meeting Nitish Kumar (cropped).jpg
| abolished = 
}}
'''Darbhanga Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darbhanga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 83 Darbhanga Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Darbhanga]] municipal corporation; Kabir Chak, Kansi, Ranipur, Sara Mahamad, Shisho East, Shisho West, Basudeopur, Sahbajpur [[gram panchayat]]s of Darbhanga [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Darbhanga Assembly constituency is part of No. 14 [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Darbhanga Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/darbhanga.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Sayeedul Haque
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R.P. Sinha
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Vallash Jalan
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Surendra Jha 'Suman']]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shiv Nath Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Abdul Sami Nadvi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Asfak Ansari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Kameshwar Purve
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Shiv Nath Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Sultan Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: [[Darbhanga]]<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97453}}
|percentage = 49.66
|change = +0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Umesh Sahani
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72860}}
|percentage = 37.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Mishra
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:11758}}
|percentage = 5.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md Nafisul Haque
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:2314}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party
|candidate = Md Shaquib Najmi
|votes = {{formatnum:1856}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1468}}
|percentage = 0.75
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24593}}
|percentage = 12.53
|change = +6.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196236}}
|percentage = 60.29
|change = +4.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Darbhanga<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84144}}
|percentage = 49.32
|change = +1.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amar Nath Gami
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:73505}}
|percentage = 43.08
|change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankar Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:2757}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Lal Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2152}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sujeet Kumar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2093}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:669}}
|percentage = 0.39
|change = -0.36
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10639}}
|percentage = 6.24
|change = +1.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170606}}
|percentage = 55.79
|change = -1.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Darbhanga<ref name="election2015">[https://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Stat_Assem_GE_Bihar_2015.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2015]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:77776}}
|percentage = 47.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Om Prakash Kheria
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:70316}}
|percentage = 43.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jagadish Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:3609}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nilam Devi Urf Nilam Dutta
|votes = {{formatnum:3106}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Avinash Kumar Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2223}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1216}}
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7460}}
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163187}}
|percentage = 57.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{coord|26|08|58|N|85|51|03|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Darbhanga]]

Bhutasamkhya system

2026-04-14T00:22:28Z

Xannat: started new pg needs work.

{{Short description|Method of recording numbers using words}}
The '''Bhūtasaṃkhyā system''' is a method of recording numbers in [[Sanskrit]] using common nouns having connotations of numerical values. The method was introduced already in astronomical texts in antiquity, but it was expanded and developed during the medieval period.<ref name="Sircar">{{cite book|last=D.C. Sircar|title=Indian Epigraphy|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|location=Delhi|year=1965|edition=1|pages=228–234|isbn=81-208-1166-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=David Pingree|date=September 22, 2003|title=The logic of non-Western science: mathematical discoveries in medieval India|journal=Daedalus|publisher=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|volume=132|issue=4|pages=45–53|jstor=20027880|doi=10.1162/001152603771338779|s2cid=57559157|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kim Plofker|author-link=Kim Plofker|title=Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE|title-link=Mathematics in India (book)|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|year=2009|pages=47–48|isbn=978-0-691-12067-6}}</ref>
A kind of [[rebus]] system, bhūtasaṃkhyā has also been called the "concrete number notation".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kim Plofker|title=The mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook |editor=Victor J. Katz|editor-link=Victor J. Katz|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|pages=420–421|chapter=Mathematics in India|isbn=978-0-691-11485-9}}</ref>

For example, the number "two" was associated with the word "eye" as every human being has two eyes. Thus every Sanskrit word having the meaning "eye" was used to denote "two". All words synonymous with the meaning "earth" could be used to signify the number "one" as there is only one earth, etc.

In the more expansive examples of application, concepts, ideas and objects from all parts of the Sanskrit lexicon were harvested to generate number-connoting words, resulting in a kind of [[kenning]] system for numbers.
Thus, every Sanskrit word indicating an "arrow" has been used to denote "five" as [[Kamadeva]], the Hindu deity of love, is traditionally depicted as a warrior carrying five arrows of flowers. The term ''[[anuṣṭubh]]'' has been used to signify "eight" as it is the name of a meter with eight syllables in a foot.<ref name="Sircar"/> Any Sanskrit word for "tooth" could be used to denote 32 as a grown-up man has a full set of 32 teeth. Terms implying "the gods" were used to indicate 33, as there is a tradition of "thirty-three gods" (''[[trāyastriṃśa]]deva'') in certain Hindu and Buddhist texts.<ref>Beginning with [[Atharvaveda]] [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/av10007.htm 10.7] ("([[:wikt:स्कम्भ|Skambha]]) in whose body are contained all three-and-thirty Deities"), with references in various Upanishadic, Puranic and Sutra texts.</ref>
A potential user of the system had a multitude of words to choose from for denoting the same number. The mapping from "words" to "numbers" is many-to-one. This has facilitated the embedding of numbers in verses in Indian treatises on mathematics and astronomy. This helped in memorising large tables of numbers required by astronomers and astrologers.<ref name="Sircar"/>

Single words indicating smaller numbers were strung together to form phrases and sentences for representing arbitrary large numbers. This formation of large numbers was accomplished by incorporating the decimal place value system into the scheme, where digits are named in ascending order. As an example, in an 18th-century inscription from [[Kalna City|Kalna]], a year is given as ''bāṇa-vyoma-dharādhar-indu-gaṇite śāke'' which means "In the Śāka year enumerated by arrow [5], sky [0], mountain [7] and moon [1]", that is, "Śāka 5-0-7-1" = Śāka 1705 = AD 1783.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richard Solomon|title=Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit and other Indo-Aryan languages|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|pages=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&q=epigraphical+%2B+bhutasankhya&pg=PA173 | isbn=978-0-19-509984-3}}</ref>


The earliest evidence of this system is found in [[Yavanajataka]], a versification of a Greek astronomical text dated to the early centuries CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=David Pingree|title=The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1978|series=Harvard Oriental Series|volume=48 (2 vols)}}</ref>
Limited use of Bhutasamkhya is seen in some [[Purana]]s, for example Bhagavata Mahatmya of Padma Purana (6.66) uses the word '''nagaaha'' to refer to "seven days",<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahatmya|first=Bhagavata|date=8 July 2021|title=Bhagavata Mahatmya|url=https://srikrishnakathamritam.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/part-1-a-journey-towards-the-insight1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184829/https://srikrishnakathamritam.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/part-1-a-journey-towards-the-insight1.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-09 }}</ref> i.e. ''naga'' "mountain" is used as a synonym of "seven" (because of the "seven principal mountains" or ''kula-giri''), a usage already found in medieval recensions of the [[Surya Siddhanta]]. It is found throughout the Indian Buddhist [[Kalacakra Tantra]] literature.

==See also==
* [[Aksharapalli]]
* [[Āryabhaṭa numeration]]
* [[Katapayadi system]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sanskrit.iitk.ac.in/jnanasangraha/sankhya/bhoota '''Bhūtasaṅkhyā''', a Bhūtasaṅkhyā encoding-decoding system]

==Further reading==
* For a list of words commonly used for the representation of numbers in ''bhūtasaṃkhyā'' system see:
** {{cite web |url=https://sanskrit.iitk.ac.in/jnanasangraha/sankhya/bhoota/list |title= Bhūtasaṅkhyā
|last=Terdalkar |first=Hrishikesh |date= |website=Sanskrit Activities at IIT Kanpur |publisher= |access-date=January 2, 2023 |quote=}}
** {{cite book|last=D.C. Sircar|title=Indian Epigraphy|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|location=Delhi|year=1965|edition=1|pages=228–234|isbn=81-208-1166-6}}
** {{cite book|author = P. V. Kane | title = History of Dharmaśāstra Volume 5 part 1 | pages = 701–703 | year = 1968 | url = https://archive.org/stream/KhistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLaw/Kane_A-History-of-Dharmasastra-v5-1toc_1958#page/n713/mode/2up}}
** {{cite book|author = C. P. Brown | year = 1869 | title = Sanskrit Prosody and Numerical Symbols Explained | pages=49–54 | url = https://archive.org/stream/sanskritprosody00browgoog#page/n64/mode/2up}}
* Related Video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nY6Aro93ZOY]

[[Category:Indian mathematics]]

Bali

2026-03-29T06:23:46Z

Xannat: correct article further and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Province in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bali
| translit_lang1 = Local
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Balinese alphabet|Balinese]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = ᬩᬮᬶ
| type = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| official_name = Province of Bali {{nobold|{{lang|id|Provinsi Bali}}}}
| image_shield = Official_seal_of_the_Province_of_Bali.png
| shield_link = Armorial of Indonesia#Provincial
| image_flag =
| shield_size = 110px
| flag_size =
| image_map = Bali in Indonesia (special marker).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''Bali''' in {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''}}
| coordinates = {{coord|8|20|06|S|115|05|17|E|region:ID-BA_type:adm1st_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 14 August 1958<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/index/id/1304|title=Pembentukan Daerah-daerah Tingkat I Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat Dan Nusa Tenggara Timur|website=dpr.go.id|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029171156/http://www.dpr.go.id/jdih/index/id/1304}}</ref>
| subdivision_type2 = [[Subdivisions of Indonesia|Regencies and cities]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{Collapsible list
| title = [[List of regencies and cities in Bali|List]]
| frame_style = border:yes; padding:0
| list_style = text-align:left; display:yes
| 1= [[Jembrana Regency|Jembrana]]
| 2= [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]]
| 3= [[Badung Regency|Badung]]
| 4= [[Gianyar Regency|Gianyar]]
| 5= [[Klungkung Regency|Klungkung]]
| 6= [[Bangli Regency|Bangli]]
| 7 = [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]]
| 8 = [[Buleleng Regency|Buleleng]]
| 9 = [[Denpasar City|Denpasar]]}}
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Capital {{nobold|and largest city}}
| seat = [[Denpasar]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = Bali Provincial Government
| leader_title = [[Governor of Bali|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[I Wayan Koster]] ([[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle|PDI-P]])
| leader_title2 = [[Vice Governor of Bali|Vice Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[I Nyoman Giri Prasta]]
| leader_title3 = [[Regional House of Representatives|Legislature]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bali Regional House of Representatives]] (DPRD)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 5590.15
| area_rank = [[Provinces of Indonesia|36th in Indonesia]]
| elevation_max_ft = 9944
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Agung]]
| population_total = 4461260
| population_as_of = mid 2024 estimate
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Bali Dalam Angka 2025'' [Bali Province In Numbers 2025] (Katalog-BPS 1102001.51)</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions#Asia|Balinese]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]] {{nobold|(2010)}}<ref name="SUKU">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm|title=Citizenship, Tribes, Religions, and Everyday Languages of the Indonesian Population|website=www.bps.go.id|pages=36–41|access-date=22 September 2021|format=pdf|archive-date=2021-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325171828/https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|WITA]]
| utc_offset1 = +08
| iso_code = ID-BA
| website = {{URL|www.baliprov.go.id/|baliprov.go.id}}
| demographics1_info1 = {{ublist
|85.97% [[Balinese people|Balinese]]
|9.60% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]
|4.43% [[ethnic groups in Indonesia|others]]
|}}
| demographics1_title2 = [[Religion in Indonesia|Religion]] {{nobold|(2024)}}<ref name="auto">https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ |date=5 July 2022 }} (visual)</ref>
| demographics1_info2 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|86.40% [[Hinduism in Bali|Hinduism]]
|10.28% [[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]]
{{Tree list}}
* 2.62% [[Christianity in Indonesia|Christianity]]
** 1.76% [[Protestantism in Indonesia|Protestantism]]
** 0.86% [[Catholicism in Indonesia|Catholicism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|0.68% [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhism]]
|0.02% [[Religion in Indonesia|other]]}}
| demographics1_title3 = [[Languages of Indonesia|Languages]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|title=Languages Spoken in Bali|last=bali.com|website=bali.com|language=en|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222052007/https://www.bali.com/bali-languages-translation.html|archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref>
| demographics1_info3 = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (official)
|[[Balinese language|Balinese]] (native)
| [[Balinese Malay]]
| [[#Languages|other]]
}}
| nicknames = {{lang|id|Pulau Dewata}} "Island of the [[Hindu Gods|Gods]]" {{lang|id|Pulau Seribu Pura}} "Island of a Thousand [[Balinese temple|Temples]]"<ref>[https://guideyourtravel.com/nickname-bali-island-of-the-gods/ Nickname Bali Island Of The Gods] Guide Your Travel 2 March 2023</ref>{{efn|Other like the ''Paradise Island''<ref>https://balisuta.com/articles</ref> and ''The Last Paradise''<ref>https://balithelastparadise.com/</ref>}}
| motto = {{nativename|ban|Bali Dwipa Jaya}}{{efn|Written in a mixture of [[Sanskrit]] and Balineseized Sanskrit Dvīpa —> Dwipa ('island')}} {{Script/Bali|ᬩᬮᬶᬤ᭄ᬯᬷᬧᬚᬬ}} "Victorious Bali Island"{{force singular}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| blank_name = GDP (nominal)
| blank_info = 2022
| blank1_name =  - Total<ref name="bpsgdpdata2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank1_info = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 245.2 trillion ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GDP|19th]]) [[USD|US$]] 16.5 billion [[Int$]] 51.5 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank2_name =  - Per capita<ref name="bpspercapitadata">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank2_info = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 55.5 million ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita|20th]]) [[USD|US$]] 3,741 [[Int$]] 11,673 ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank3_name =  - Growth<ref name="bappenas2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |author-link=Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia) |year=2023 |title=Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan |url=https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |publisher=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank3_info = {{Increase}} 4.84%
| blank4_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2024)}}
| blank4_info = {{increase}} 0.786<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|5th]]) – high
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| official_name = Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii), (v), (vi)}}(iii), (v), (vi)
| ID = 1194
| year = 2012
| area = {{convert|19,519.9|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|1,454.8|ha|acre|abbr=on}}}}
| population_rank = [[Provinces of Indonesia|16th in Indonesia]]
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia|DK]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Balinese}}

'''Bali''' (English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|l|i|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Bali.wav}}; {{IPA|id|'bali|lang}}; [[Balinese language|Balinese]]: {{script/Bali|ᬩᬮᬶ}}) is an [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] [[List of islands of Indonesia|island]] and [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] and the westernmost of the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]. East of [[Java]] and west of [[Lombok]], the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller offshore islands, notably [[Nusa Penida]], [[Nusa Lembongan]], and [[Nusa Ceningan]] to the southeast. The provincial capital, [[Denpasar]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Denpasar {{!}} Indonesia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denpasar|access-date=18 September 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> is the [[List of Indonesian cities by population|most populous city]] in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after [[Makassar]], in [[Eastern Indonesia]]. The [[Denpasar metropolitan area]] is the extended metropolitan area around [[Denpasar]]. The upland town of [[Ubud]] in Greater Denpasar is considered as Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in [[Tourism in Bali|tourism]] since the 1980s, and has become the country's area of [[overtourism]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y17MAgAAQBAJ|title=Bali: A Paradise Created|last=Vickers|first=Adrian|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0008-4|language=en}}</ref> Tourism-related business makes up 80% of the Bali economy.<ref name="tourism" />

Bali is the only [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hindu-majority province]] in Indonesia, with 86.40% of the population adhering to [[Balinese Hinduism]].<ref name="auto"/> It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali. Other international events that have been held in Bali include [[Miss World 2013]], the 2018 [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]], and the [[2022 G20 Bali summit|2022 G20 summit]]. In March 2017, [[Tripadvisor]] named Bali as the world's top destination in its Traveler's Choice award, which it earned once again in January 2021<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=11823142|title=Bali named as best destination in the world by TripAdvisor|work=The New Zealand Herald |date=22 March 2017|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://coconuts.co/bali/lifestyle/bali-named-most-popular-destination-on-tripadvisors-2021-travelers-choice-awards/|title=Bali named most popular destination on Tripadvisor's 2021 Travelers' Choice Awards|work=Coconuts Bali|date=28 January 2021|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> and 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/bali-is-worlds-top-travel-destination-for-2026-says-tripadvisor-10781768|title=Bali Is World's Top Travel Destination For 2026, Says TripAdvisor|work=NDTV Lifesyle |date=19 January 2026|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://coconuts.co/bali/lifestyle/bali-named-most-popular-destination-on-tripadvisors-2021-travelers-choice-awards/|title=Bali Named No.1 Travel Destination In The World For 2026 By TripAdvisor|work=The Bali Sun|date=15 January 2026|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.travelmarketreport.com/canada/destinations/articles/bali-high-tripadvisor-names-best-of-the-best-destinations-for-2026|title=Bali High: TripAdvisor Names ‘Best of the Best’ Destinations for 2026|work=Travel Market Report|date=15 January 2026|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

Bali is part of the [[Coral Triangle]], an area with high diversity of marine species, mainly fish and turtles.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wDJBQAAQBAJ|title=Arguments for Protected Areas: Multiple Benefits for Conservation and Use|last1=Dudley|first1=Nigel|last2=Stolton|first2=Sue|date=12 August 2010|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-54292-3|language=en}}</ref> In this area alone, over 500 reef-building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven times as many as in the entire [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/facts/coral_species.html |title=Species diversity by ocean basin |publisher=NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program |date=9 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230756/http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/facts/coral_species.html |archive-date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> Bali is the home of the [[Subak (irrigation)|Subak irrigation system]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-27/an-balis-subak-world-heritage-listed/4096016|title=World heritage listing for Bali's 'Subak' tradition|last=Evans|first=Kate|date=27 June 2012|publisher=ABC News|access-date=14 September 2017|language=en-AU}}</ref> It is also home to a unified confederation of kingdoms composed of [[List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs#Indonesia|10 traditional royal Balinese houses]], each house ruling a specific geographic area. The confederation is the successor of the [[Bali Kingdom]]. The royal houses, which originated before [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonisation]], are not recognised by the government of Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Gfir3Ju70C|title=The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey|date=1995|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-8172-4|language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Bali'' is attested in ancient Balinese inscriptions as part of the compound *Vāli-dvīpa* (or *Wāli-dvīpa*), where [[Sanskrit]] **dvīpa** (Sanskrit: द्वीप) means "island".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Damais |first=Louis-Charles |year=1947 |title=Études balinaises: I. La colonnette de Sanur (Belanjong Pillar) |journal={{transl|fr|Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient}} |volume=47 |pages=127–130}}</ref>

One of the earliest attestations of *Vāli-dvīpa* occurs in the [[Belanjong pillar|Belanjong (Blanjong) pillar]] inscription, dated to [[Balinese saka calendar|Saka year]] 835 / Phalguna month, under King [[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] (c. 914 CE).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Damais |first=Louis-Charles |year=1947 |title=Études balinaises: I. La colonnette de Sanur |journal={{transl|fr|Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient}} |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=127–130}}</ref>

The precise meaning of the element *Vāli* (or *Bali*) in *Vāli-dvīpa* is not certain. Some hypothesized interpretations include:
* That *Bali* derives from Sanskrit *bali* (बलि), meaning "offering", "tribute", or "sacrifice", thus rendering *Bali-dvīpa* as "Island of offerings" or "Island of sacrifice".
* That *Vāli* may relate to terms signifying "power", or "force", or possibly be a phonetic variation (i.e., alternation of *b* and *v*) common in epigraphy, which would suggest meanings such as "Island of strength" or similar.

===References===
* Damais, Louis-Charles. "Études balinaises: I. La colonnette de Sanur (Belanjong Pillar)". *Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient*. Vol. 47, 1947, pp. 127–130.
* Bernet Kempers, A. J. *Monumental Bali: Introduction to Balinese Archaeology & Guide to the Monuments*. Periplus Editions, 1991, pp. 35–36.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bali}}

=== Ancient ===
[[File:Bali panorama.jpg|thumb|The [[Subak (irrigation)|Subak]] irrigation system has existed since the 9th century.|left]]
Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by [[Austronesian peoples]] who migrated originally from the island of [[Taiwan]] to Southeast Asia and [[Oceania]] through [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>[[#Taylor|Taylor]], pp. 5, 7</ref><ref name=Hinzler /> Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the [[Indonesia]]n archipelago, [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Oceania]].<ref name=Hinzler /> Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.<ref>[[#Taylor|Taylor]], p. 12</ref><ref name=Lonely />

In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed: the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pasupata]], [[Siddharthanagar|Bhairawa]], Siwa Shidanta, [[Vaishnava]], [[Bodha]], [[Brahma]], Resi, Sora, and [[Ganapatya]]. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/28/the-birthplace-balinese-hinduism.html |title=The birthplace of Balinese Hinduism |work=The Jakarta Post |date=28 April 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma, a contemporary of the Kesari dynasty in the [[Kalingga kingdom|Kalinga Kingdom]] of ancient India, is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, being influenced by the Sanskrit and Pali languages, where [[Buddhism]] and [[Shaivism]] were practiced simultaneously. [[Mpu Sindok]]'s great-granddaughter, [[Mahendradatta]] (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king [[Udayana Warmadewa]] (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to [[Airlangga]] around 1001. This marriage also brought more [[Hinduism]] and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara appear in 1204.<ref name=indianized>{{Cite book
| last = Cœdès
| first = George
| author-link = Georges Coedès
| title = The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press
| year = 1968
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC
| isbn =978-0-8248-0368-1 }}</ref>{{rp|129,144,168,180}}

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Kalinga [[Hindus|Hindu]] culture, beginning around the 1st century AD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balinese {{!}} Culture, Religion & Language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balinese-people |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Bali dwipa'' ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by [[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] in 914 AD, and mentioning '''Walidwipa'''. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system, ''[[Subak (irrigation)|subak]],'' to grow rice in [[Paddy field|wet-field cultivation]]. Some religious and cultural traditions still practiced today can be traced to this period.

The Hindu-Buddhist [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]] (1293–1520 AD) on eastern [[Java]] founded a Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of [[Hayam Wuruk]] is mentioned in the charters of 1384–86. Mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next century when the Majapahit Empire fell in 1520.<ref name=indianized />{{rp|234,240}} Bali's government then became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms, which led to a Balinese national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until 1906, when the Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic control and took it over.<ref>[[#Barski|Barski]], p. 46</ref>

=== Portuguese contacts ===
The first known [[European people|European]] contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and [[Francisco Serrão]] sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, which throughout the 16th century, traveled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Cortesão
| first = Jaime
| title = Esparsos, Volume III
| publisher = Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral
| year = 1975
| location = Coimbra
| page = 288 }} "...''passing the island of 'Balle', on whose heights the nau Sabaia, of Francisco Serrão, was lost''" – from Antonio de Abreu, and in [[João de Barros]] and Antonio Galvão's chronicles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbNS0LHn60C&pg=PA288 Google Books]</ref> In 1585, a ship foundered off the [[Bukit Peninsula]] and left a few Portuguese in the service of [[Dewa Agung]].<ref>Hanna, Willard A. (2004) ''Bali Chronicles''. Periplus, Singapore, {{ISBN|0-7946-0272-X}}, p. 32</ref>

=== Dutch East Indies ===
{{See also|Dutch East Indies}}
[[File:1906 Puputan monument in Denpasar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Puputan]] monument|left]]
In 1597, the Dutch merchant-explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman]] arrived at Bali, and the [[Dutch East India Company]] was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century. Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other.<ref name="ctpqur" /> In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.

In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], travelled to Bali from [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]], landing at [[Buleleng, Bali|Buleleng]] on the north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his [[Wallace Line]] theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and [[Lombok]]. It is a boundary between species. In his travel memoir ''[[The Malay Archipelago]],'' Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, which includes a strong mention of the [[Subak (irrigation)|unique Balinese irrigation methods]]:

<blockquote>I was astonished and delighted; as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about {{convert|10|or|12|mi|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of [[Coconut|coconut palms]], [[tamarind]] and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best-cultivated parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=The Malay Archipelago|year=1869|isbn=978-0-7946-0563-6|page=116|publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Limited }}</ref> </blockquote>

The Dutch mounted large naval and ground [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)|assaults at the Sanur region]] in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers, who, rather than yield to the superior Dutch force, committed ritual suicide (''[[puputan]]'') to avoid the humiliation of surrender.<ref name="ctpqur" /> Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], p. 38.</ref> In the [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)|Dutch intervention in Bali]], a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in [[Klungkung Regency|Klungkung]]. Afterward, the Dutch governors exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia, such as Java and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]].

In the 1930s, anthropologists [[Margaret Mead]] and [[Gregory Bateson]], artists [[Miguel Covarrubias]] and [[Walter Spies]], and musicologist [[Colin McPhee]] all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a Western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of [[Aestheticism|aesthetes]] at peace with themselves and nature". Soon after, Western tourists began to visit the island.<ref name=Friend>Friend, Theodore. ''Indonesian Destinies'', Harvard University Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-674-01137-6}}, p. 111.</ref> The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary, ''Virgins of Bali'', about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls, who the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies."<ref name=doherty>Doherty, Thomas ''Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. {{isbn| 0231110952}}</ref>{{rp|134}} Under the looser version of the [[Hays code]] that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e., white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e., all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of ''Virgins of Bali''.<ref name=doherty/>{{rp|133}} The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women, was a great success in 1932, and was perhaps the main catalyst for the popularity of Bali among tourists.<ref name=doherty/>{{rp|135}} The Dutch also dedicated significant efforts to implement ''Baliseering'' ({{lit|{{ill|Balinization|id|Balinisasi}}}}) politics to maintain traditions on the island, as well as preventing the [[Spread of Islam|Islamization]] of the Islamic sultanates from [[Java]] and banning [[Christian mission|Christian missionaries]]' activities.

[[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign; however, as the airfields on [[Borneo]] were inoperative due to heavy rains, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps ''Prajoda'' (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur) and the island was quickly captured.<ref>{{cite web |author= Klemen, L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/bali.html |title= The Capture of Bali Island, February 1942 |date= 1999–2000 |work= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date= 30 March 2021 |archive-date= 25 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051425/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html }}</ref>

During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, [[I Gusti Ngurah Rai]], formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harsh treatment of the Balinese by the Japanese occupation forces fomented more resentment than the former Dutch colonial rulers.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], pp. 39–40.</ref>

=== Independence from the Dutch ===
In 1945, Bali was liberated by the British [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Infantry Division]] under the command of Major-General [[Robert Mansergh]], who took the Japanese surrender. Once Japanese forces had been repatriated, the island was handed over to the Dutch the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch terror camps in Bali – Inside Indonesia: The peoples and cultures of Indonesia |url=https://www.insideindonesia.org/editions/edition-150-oct-dec-2022/dutch-terror-camps-in-bali |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.insideindonesia.org}}</ref>

In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed [[State of East Indonesia]], a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]]. Bali was included in the "[[Republic of the United States of Indonesia]]" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.<ref>[[#Barski|Barski]], p. 51</ref> The first governor of Bali, [[Anak Agung Bagus Suteja]], was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.<ref>[[#Pringle|Pringle]], p. 167</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
[[File:Bali memorial.jpg|thumb|[[2002 Bali bombings]] memorial]]
The 1963 eruption of [[Mount Agung]] killed thousands, created economic havoc, and forced many displaced Balinese to be [[Transmigration program|transmigrated]] to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional [[Caste|caste system]] and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) and the [[Indonesian National Party|Indonesian Nationalist Party]] (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programmes.<ref name="ctpqur" /> [[30 September Movement|A purported coup attempt]] in Jakarta was averted by forces led by General Suharto.

The army became the dominant power as it instigated [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66|a violent anti-communist purge]] backed by Western powers, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population.<ref name="ctpqur" /><ref name=Friend /><ref name=Ricklefs /> With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.<ref name=Ricklefs />

As a result of the 1965–66 massacres, [[Suharto]] was able to manoeuvre Sukarno [[Transition to the New Order|out of the presidency]]. His [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] government re-established relations with Western countries. The pre-war Bali, as "paradise," was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.<ref name="ctpqur" />

[[2002 Bali bombings|A bombing in 2002]] by militant [[Islamism|Islamists]] in the tourist area of [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]] killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and [[2005 Bali bombings|another in 2005]], severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship on the island.

On [[2008 Bali gubernatorial election|9 July 2008]], for the first time in Bali's history, the election for [[Governor of Bali|governor]] and [[Vice Governor of Bali|vice governor of Bali]] was democratically elected by the people of Bali directly.

On 27 November 2017, Mount Agung erupted five times, causing the evacuation of thousands, disrupting air travel, and causing much environmental damage. [[2017–2019 eruptions of Mount Agung|Further eruptions]] also occurred between 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42133502|title=A volcanologist explains Bali eruption photos|date=27 November 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

On 15–16 November 2022, with the [[2022 G20 Bali summit]], the [[List of G20 summits|seventeenth meeting]] of the [[G20|Group of Twenty]] (G20) was held in [[Nusa Dua]].<ref name="host">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=Indonesia to Host G20 Summit in 2022|url=https://setkab.go.id/en/indonesia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2022/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{See also|List of bodies of water in Bali|List of mountains in Bali}}
[[File:BaliLandsat001.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of Bali]]
[[File:Bali2022OSM.png|thumb|Detailed map of Bali]]
The island of Bali lies {{cvt|3.2|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Java (island)|Java]], and is approximately [[8th parallel south|8 degrees south]] of the [[equator]]. Bali and Java are separated by the [[Bali Strait]]. East to west, the island is approximately {{cvt|153|km|mi}} wide and spans approximately {{cvt|112|km|mi}} north to south; administratively it covers {{cvt|5,590.15|km2}}, or {{cvt|5,387.31|km2}} excluding offshore [[Nusa Penida]] District,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kabupaten Klungkung, Data Agregat per Kecamatan|url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/5105.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214011/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/5105.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live|year=2010|website=Sp2010.bps.go.id}}</ref> which comprises three small islands off the southeast coast of Bali. Its population density was roughly {{cvt|798|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|people}} in mid 2024.
[[File:Bali's Gunung Agung seen at sunset from Gunung Rinjani.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Agung]] is the highest point of Bali.]]
Bali's central mountains include several peaks over {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=off}} in elevation and active volcanoes such as [[Mount Batur]]. The highest is [[Mount Agung]] ({{convert|3031|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=semicolon}}), known as the "mother mountain", which is an active [[volcano]] rated as one of the world's most likely sites for a massive eruption within the next 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcanocafe.org/romantic-paradise-destination-the-new-decade-volcano-program-6-bali/|title=Romantic Paradise Destination – The New Decade Volcano Program #6, Bali|date=10 July 2015}}</ref> In late 2017, [[Mount Agung#2017 seismic activity and eruption|Mount Agung started erupting]] and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the island's airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-42132912|title=Mount Agung: Bali volcano alert raised to highest level|date=27 November 2017|access-date=8 May 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref> Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility, and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports the highly productive agricultural sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee-producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables, and cattle. The longest river, [[Ayung River]], flows approximately {{cvt|75|km|mi}} (see [[List of rivers of Bali]]).

The island is surrounded by [[Coral reef|coral reefs]]. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand, while those in the north and west have [[black sand]]. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small ''[[sampan]]'' boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of [[Tanah Lot]], they are not yet used for significant tourism.

[[File:Wonderfull Nusa Penida.jpg|thumb|The cliff of [[Nusa Penida]] with {{ill|Kelingking Beach|id|Pantai Kelingking}} in the foreground]]
The largest city is the provincial capital, [[Denpasar]], near the southern coast. Its population is around 755,600 (in mid 2024).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/> Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, [[Singaraja]], which is located on the north coast and whose urban area is home to around 150,000 people in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/travel/beach/829926/Bali-holiday-travel-tips-beach|title=Picture perfect beaches, romantic sunsets and delicious Asian food: Discover Bali|last=Stafford|first=Stephanie|date=22 July 2017|work=Daily Express|access-date=14 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> Other important cities include the beach resort, [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]], which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and [[Ubud]], situated at the north of Denpasar, which is regarded as the island's cultural centre.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sutcliffe |first1=Theodora |title=Indonesia beginners' guide: Bali, Lombok, Java and Flores |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/apr/09/indonesia-holiday-guide-bali-lombok-java-flores |work=The Guardian |date=9 April 2016 }}</ref>

Three small islands lie to the immediate south-east and all are administratively part of the [[Klungkung Regency|Klungkung]] regency of Bali: [[Nusa Penida]], [[Nusa Lembongan]] and [[Nusa Ceningan]]. These islands are separated from Bali by the [[Badung Strait]].

To the east, the [[Lombok Strait]] separates Bali from [[Lombok]] and marks the [[Biogeography|biogeographical]] division between the fauna of the [[Indomalayan realm]] and the distinctly different fauna of [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]. The transition is known as the [[Wallace Line]], named after [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], who first proposed a transition zone between these two major [[biome]]s. When sea levels dropped during the [[quaternary glaciation|Pleistocene ice age]], Bali was connected to Java and [[Sumatra]] and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Lesser Sunda archipelago]] isolated.

=== Climate ===
Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly even climate all year round. Average year-round temperature stands at around {{convert|30|°C}} with a humidity level of about 85%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bali.com/news_weather.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030609235930/http://bali.com/news_weather.html |archive-date=9 June 2003 |title=Climate of Bali |publisher=bali.com |access-date=10 October 2017 }}</ref>

Daytime temperatures at low elevations vary between {{convert|20|and|33|°C|°F}}, but the temperatures decrease significantly with increasing elevation.

The west monsoon is in place from approximately October to April, and this can bring significant rain, particularly from December to March. During the rainy season, there are comparatively fewer tourists seen in Bali.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} During the Easter and Christmas holidays, the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of the monsoon period, humidity is relatively low and any rain is unlikely in lowland areas.

{{Weather box
| location = Bali (Island / Province average)
| single line = yes
| metric first = yes
| width = auto
| source = Climates to Travel (1991-2020 averages)

| Jan high C = 30.8 | Jan mean C = 27.8 | Jan low C = 24.8 | Jan precipitation mm = 350 | Jan precipitation days = 19
| Feb high C = 31.0 | Feb mean C = 27.9 | Feb low C = 24.8 | Feb precipitation mm = 280 | Feb precipitation days = 18
| Mar high C = 31.1 | Mar mean C = 27.9 | Mar low C = 24.8 | Mar precipitation mm = 215 | Mar precipitation days = 20
| Apr high C = 31.2 | Apr mean C = 28.0 | Apr low C = 24.8 | Apr precipitation mm = 90 | Apr precipitation days = 12
| May high C = 30.7 | May mean C = 27.6 | May low C = 24.5 | May precipitation mm = 75 | May precipitation days = 8
| Jun high C = 29.9 | Jun mean C = 27.0 | Jun low C = 24.1 | Jun precipitation mm = 70 | Jun precipitation days = 7
| Jul high C = 29.2 | Jul mean C = 26.5 | Jul low C = 23.8 | Jul precipitation mm = 50 | Jul precipitation days = 4
| Aug high C = 29.2 | Aug mean C = 26.4 | Aug low C = 23.5 | Aug precipitation mm = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 3
| Sep high C = 30.1 | Sep mean C = 26.8 | Sep low C = 23.6 | Sep precipitation mm = 40 | Sep precipitation days = 3
| Oct high C = 31.1 | Oct mean C = 27.7 | Oct low C = 24.4 | Oct precipitation mm = 90 | Oct precipitation days = 6
| Nov high C = 31.7 | Nov mean C = 28.3 | Nov low C = 25.0 | Nov precipitation mm = 150 | Nov precipitation days = 10
| Dec high C = 31.0 | Dec mean C = 28.0 | Dec low C = 25.1 | Dec precipitation mm = 290 | Dec precipitation days = 16

| unit precipitation days = days

| year high C = 31.7
| year mean C = 27.45
| year low C = 23.5
| year precipitation mm = 1,715
| year precipitation days = 126
}}

{{Weather box
| location = Bali Province (Denpasar region)
| single line = yes
| metric first = yes
| width = auto
| source = Climate-Data / Weather-Atlas / Weather2Travel / JICA

| Jan high C = 30.8 | Jan mean C = 27.1 | Jan low C = 24.3 | Jan precipitation mm = 296 | Jan precipitation days = 20
| Feb high C = 31.0 | Feb mean C = 27.3 | Feb low C = 24.3 | Feb precipitation mm = 244 | Feb precipitation days = 18
| Mar high C = 31.1 | Mar mean C = 27.4 | Mar low C = 24.3 | Mar precipitation mm = 210 | Mar precipitation days = 19
| Apr high C = 31.2 | Apr mean C = 27.5 | Apr low C = 24.6 | Apr precipitation mm = 131 | Apr precipitation days = 16
| May high C = 30.7 | May mean C = 27.2 | May low C = 24.6 | May precipitation mm = 74 | May precipitation days = 14
| Jun high C = 29.9 | Jun mean C = 26.5 | Jun low C = 24.0 | Jun precipitation mm = 57 | Jun precipitation days = 12
| Jul high C = 29.2 | Jul mean C = 26.0 | Jul low C = 23.3 | Jul precipitation mm = 53 | Jul precipitation days = 13
| Aug high C = 29.2 | Aug mean C = 25.8 | Aug low C = 22.9 | Aug precipitation mm = 42 | Aug precipitation days = 11
| Sep high C = 30.1 | Sep mean C = 26.3 | Sep low C = 23.0 | Sep precipitation mm = 53 | Sep precipitation days = 11
| Oct high C = 31.1 | Oct mean C = 27.1 | Oct low C = 23.6 | Oct precipitation mm = 68 | Oct precipitation days = 14
| Nov high C = 31.7 | Nov mean C = 27.7 | Nov low C = 25.5 | Nov precipitation mm = 237 | Nov precipitation days = 20
| Dec high C = 31.0 | Dec mean C = 27.5 | Dec low C = 25.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 298 | Dec precipitation days = 23

| unit precipitation days = days

| year high C = 31.7
| year mean C = 26.8
| year low C = 22.9
| year precipitation mm = ~2,078
| year precipitation days = ~178
}}

== Flora and fauna ==
{{See also|Conservation in Indonesia}}
[[File:Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_(29654702785).jpg|thumb|[[Bali myna]] (Jalak Bali) is one of the protected birds located in [[West Bali National Park]]]]
[[File:Bali – Uluwatu Sunset Temple (2688001517).jpg|thumb|[[Crab-eating macaque|Crab-eating macaque monkeys]] in [[Uluwatu]]]]
Bali lies just to the west of the [[Wallace Line]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tänzler |first1=Rene |last2=Toussaint |first2=Emmanuel F. A. |last3=Suhardjono |first3=Yayuk R. |last4=Balke |first4=Michael |last5=Riedel |first5=Alexander |title=Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=7 May 2014 |volume=281 |issue=1782 |article-number=20132528 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2528 |pmc=3973253 |pmid=24648218 }}</ref> and thus has a fauna that is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davison |first1=Julian |title=Balinese Flora & Fauna |date=1999 |publisher=Periplus |isbn=978-962-593-197-5 }}{{page needed|date=July 2024}}</ref> An exception is the [[yellow-crested cockatoo]], a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered [[Bali myna]], which is [[endemism|endemic]]. Others include [[barn swallow]], [[black-naped oriole]], [[black racket-tailed treepie]], [[crested serpent-eagle]], [[crested treeswift]], [[dollarbird]], [[Java sparrow]], [[lesser adjutant]], [[long-tailed shrike]], [[milky stork]], [[Pacific swallow]], [[red-rumped swallow]], [[sacred kingfisher]], [[Sea eagle (bird)|sea eagle]], [[woodswallow]], [[savanna nightjar]], [[stork-billed kingfisher]], [[yellow-vented bulbul]] and [[great egret]].

Until the early 20th century, Bali was possibly home to several [[Megafauna|large mammals]]: [[banteng]], [[leopard]] and the endemic [[Bali tiger]]. The banteng still occurs in its domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighbouring Java, and the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a tiger on Bali dates from 1937 when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s.<ref name="P.tigris">{{cite iucn |author= Jackson, P.|author2= Nowell, K. |name-list-style=amp |title= ''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''balica'' |year= 2008|article-number= e.T41682A10510320 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41682A10510320.en |access-date= 18 January 2020}}</ref> Pleistocene and Holocene megafaunas include [[banteng]] and [[giant tapir]] (based on speculations that they might have reached up to the [[Wallace Line]]),<ref name=chazine>{{cite journal |last1=Chazine |first1=J.-M. (Jean-Michel) |title=Rock Art, Burials, and Habitations: Caves in East Kalimantan |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=March 2005 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=219–230 |id={{Project MUSE|185391}} |doi=10.1353/asi.2005.0006 |hdl=10125/17232 |s2cid=53372873 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and [[rhinoceros]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-044452739-4/50002-4 |chapter=Geography and Geology |title=Ecology of Insular Southeast Asia |date=2006 |last1=Göltenboth |first1=Friedhelm |last2=Erdelen |first2=Walter |pages=3–16 |isbn=978-0-444-52739-4 }}</ref>

[[File:Monkey Forest.jpg|thumb|[[Ubud Monkey Forest]]]]

[[Squirrel]]s are quite commonly encountered, less often is the [[Asian palm civet]], which is also kept in coffee farms to produce [[kopi luwak]]. [[Bat]]s are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of [[Old World monkey|monkey]] occur. The [[crab-eating macaque]], known locally as "kera", is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three "monkey forest" temples, such as the popular one in the [[Ubud]] area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands such as Bali, is far rarer and more elusive and is the [[Javan langur]], locally known as "lutung". They occur in a few places apart from the [[West Bali National Park]]. They are born an orange colour, though they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration by their first year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Zoë |title=12 baby animals that grow up to look totally different |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/baby-animals-that-grow-up-to-look-different-2019-2 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> In Java, however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rarer mammals include the [[Sunda leopard cat]], [[Sunda pangolin]] and [[black giant squirrel]]. Snakes include the [[king cobra]] and [[reticulated python]]. The [[Asian water monitor|water monitor]] can grow to at least {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Water Monitor (Varanus salvator) |url=http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/lizards-and-tuatara/varanus-salvator |publisher=World Association of Zoos and Aquariums |access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> and can move quickly.

The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as [[Tulamben]], [[Amed (Bali)|Amed]], [[Menjangan Island|Menjangan]] or neighbouring [[Nusa Penida]], host a wide range of marine life, for instance [[hawksbill turtle]], [[Mola mola|giant sunfish]], [[Manta ray|giant manta ray]], [[giant moray]] eel, [[bumphead parrotfish]], [[hammerhead shark]], [[Grey reef shark|reef shark]], [[barracuda]], and [[sea snake]]s. Dolphins are commonly encountered on the north coast near [[Singaraja]] and [[Lovina]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asiaholidayretreats.com/bali-wildlife/|title=About Bali's Wildlife|date=6 September 2017|work=Asia Holiday Retreats|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914081727/https://www.asiaholidayretreats.com/bali-wildlife/|archive-date=14 September 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>

A team of scientists surveyed from 29 April 2011, to 11 May 2011, at 33 sea sites around Bali. They discovered 952 species of reef fish of which 8 were new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, [[Nusa Dua]], [[Tulamben]] and [[Candidasa]], and 393 coral species, including two new ones at [[Padangbai]] and between Padangbai and [[Amed (Bali)|Amed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/13/new-fish-coral-species-found.html |title=New fish, coral species found |work=The Jakarta Post |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> The average coverage level of healthy coral was 36% (better than in [[Raja Ampat]] and [[Halmahera]] by 29% or in [[Fakfak]] and [[Kaimana]] by 25%) with the highest coverage found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in [[Candidasa]], [[Karangasem Regency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mytripjournal.com/travel-940334 |title=
Bali (Benoa), Indonesia |author=  |publisher= MyTripJournal |access-date=October 23, 2025 |url-status=live
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20251023052643/https://www.mytripjournal.com/travel-940334 |archive-date=October 23, 2025 }}</ref> Among the larger trees the most common are: [[banyan]] trees, [[jackfruit]], [[coconut]]s, [[bamboo]] species, [[acacia]] trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: [[hibiscus]], [[frangipani]], [[bougainvillea]], [[poinsettia]], [[oleander]], [[jasmine]], [[Nymphaeaceae|water lily]], [[Nelumbo|lotus]], [[rose]]s, [[begonia]]s, orchids and [[hydrangea]]s exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance, around [[Kintamani, Bali|Kintamani]], certain species of [[fern]] trees, [[mushroom]]s and even [[pine]] trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: [[salak]], [[mangosteen]], [[Maize|corn]], Kintamani orange, coffee and [[water spinach]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.balitours.co.id/bali-island-ecology#ad-image-0|title=Bali Ecology – Ecology in Bali|website=balitours.co.id|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227204415/https://www.balitours.co.id/bali-island-ecology#ad-image-0}}</ref>

== Environment ==
[[File:Global Forest Change tree-cover loss year in Bali, 2001-2024.png|thumb|right|upright=1.1|alt=Map of Bali showing tree-cover loss years, with forest remaining since 2000 in green and loss years shaded yellow through purple.|Tree-cover loss year in Bali, 2001-2024, from the [[Global Forest Change dataset]].]]
[[File:Uluwatu@bali.jpg|thumb|[[Uluwatu]]]]
[[File:DJI 0128 Bali Botanic Garden.jpg|thumb|[[Bali Botanic Garden]] in [[Bedugul]]]]

Over-exploitation by the [[tourism in Indonesia|tourist industry]] has led to 200 out of 400 rivers on the island drying up. Research suggests that the southern part of Bali would face a water shortage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/02/bali-must-stop-over-exploiting-environment-tourism-activists.html |title=Bali must stop over-exploiting environment for tourism: Activists |date=2 September 2011}}</ref> To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 litres capacity of water per second will be channelled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/17/govt-build-water-catchment-petanu-river.html |title=Govt to build water catchment at Petanu River |date=17 September 2011}}</ref>

A 2010 Environment Ministry report on its environmental quality index gave Bali a score of 99.65, which was the highest score of Indonesia's 33 provinces. The score considers the level of [[total suspended solids]], [[dissolved oxygen]], and [[chemical oxygen demand]] in water.<ref>Simamora, Adianto P. (15 June 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118114434/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/15/bali-named-ri%E2%80%99s-cleanest-province.html Bali named RI's cleanest province]. ''The Jakarta Post''.</ref>

[[File:Taman_Nasional_Bali_Barat,_2019.jpg|thumb|[[West Bali National Park]]]]

Erosion at Lebih Beach has seen {{convert|7|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off}} of land lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to [[Masceti Beach]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/05/once-was-a-beach.html |title=Once was a beach |work=The Jakarta Post |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

In 2017, a year when Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, government officials declared a "garbage emergency" in response to the covering of 3.6-mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste brought in by the tide, amid concerns that the pollution could dissuade visitors from returning.<ref name="telegraph plastic">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/06/british-diver-exposes-sea-plastic-rubbish-bali-coast/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/06/british-diver-exposes-sea-plastic-rubbish-bali-coast/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=British diver exposes sea of plastic rubbish off Bali coast |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=6 March 2018|last1=Roughneen |first1=Simon }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Indonesia is one of the world's worst plastic polluters, with some estimates suggesting the country is the source of around 10 per cent of the world's plastic waste.

On 3 February 2026, Bali launched a major beach clean up after President Prabowo Subianto's criticisms of the Bali's growing waste problem. Hundreds of personnel from the Bali Police and the local military joined students and volunteers to collect rubbish from two of the island’s most popular tourist beaches: Kuta and Kedonganan in Badung Regency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-06 |title=Bali launches major beach clean-up operation after Probowo ire |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/several-tonnes-of-rubbish-cleared-from-balis-beaches-after-criticism-from-prabowo |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
[[File:Kantor Gubernur Bali (30857458522).jpg|thumb|center|800x600px|{{center|Bali Governor's Office}}]]
The [[governor of Bali|governor]] is the highest officeholder in the Bali provincial government with the [[Vice Governor of Bali|vice governor]] being the second highest officeholder. The Governor of Bali is responsible for the territory of the Province of Bali. The current governor in office in the province of Bali is [[I Wayan Koster]] who was first being elected in the [[2018 Bali gubernatorial election]] accompanied by his first running mate at that time [[Tjokorda Oka Artha Ardana Sukawati]] (Cok Ace). Koster is the 8th governor of Bali, since the province was formed into the province of Bali in 1958 based on Law Number 64 of 1958. Koster and Cok Ace were inaugurated by the [[President of Indonesia|president]] of the [[Republic of Indonesia]] at that time [[Joko Widodo]], at the [[Istana Negara (Jakarta)|State Palace]], [[Jakarta]] on September 5, 2018, for the five years term of office (2018–2023).<ref name="GOVERNOR">{{Cite news |url=https://radarbali.jawapos.com/politika/05/09/2018/dilantik-jokowi-bareng-8-gubernur-lain-koster-ace-resmi-pimpin-bali|title=Governor and Deputy Governor of North Sumatra Officially Inaugurated|date=September 5, 2018 |work=www.radarbali.jawapos.com|access-date=March 14, 2022|archive-date=2022-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315205318/https://radarbali.jawapos.com/politika/05/09/2018/dilantik-jokowi-bareng-8-gubernur-lain-koster-ace-resmi-pimpin-bali|url-status=live}}</ref> After his term of office ended, [[:id:Sang Made Mahendra Jaya|Sang Made Mahendra Jaya]] was inaugurated as acting governor of Bali on September 5, 2023 with a limited authority in the government. After re-elected in [[2024 Bali gubernatorial election|2024]] [[I Wayan Koster]] and [[I Nyoman Giri Prasta]] was inaugurated on February 20, 2025 at the State Palace by the incumbent President of Indonesia [[Prabowo Subianto]] for the five years term of office (2025–2030).[[File:Gedung_Utama_DPRD_Provinsi_Bali_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Bali's [[Bali Regional House of Representatives|parliament]] (DPRD) building]]In the [[People's Representative Council|national legislature]], Bali is represented by nine members,<ref name="borong">{{cite news |title=PDIP Borong 6 Kursi DPR RI di Dapil Bali, Demokrat Disisakan 1 Kursi |url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/pdip-borong-6-kursi-dpr-ri-di-dapil-bali-demokrat-disisakan-1-kursi.html |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=Merdeka |date=31 August 2019 |language=id}}</ref> with a single electoral district covering the whole province.<ref>{{cite news |title=KPU Bali Tetapkan 3.208.249 Pemilih di Pemilu 2019 |url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/510625/kpu-bali-tetapkan-3208249-pemilih-di-pemilu-2019 |access-date=18 April 2023 |work=beritasatu.com |date=15 September 2018 |language=id}}</ref> The [[Bali Regional House of Representatives]] (DPRD), the provincial legislature, has 55 members.<ref>{{cite news |title=KPU Bali: Dapil DPRD Bali Masih 55 Kursi - Redaksi9.com |url=https://www.redaksi9.com/read/9294/kpu-bali:-dapil-dprd-bali-masih-55-kursi.html |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=redaksi9.com |date=3 March 2023 |language=id}}</ref> The province's politics has historically been dominated by the [[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle]] (PDI-P), which has won by far the most votes in every election in Bali since the [[1999 Indonesian legislative election|first free elections in 1999]], it currently forms the ruling government in the province.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teguh |first1=Irfan |title=Bagaimana Bali Menjadi Basis Kuat PNI dan PDI Perjuangan |url=https://tirto.id/bagaimana-bali-menjadi-basis-kuat-pni-dan-pdi-perjuangan-egb7 |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=tirto.id |date=14 August 2019 |language=id}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|List of regencies and cities in Bali|List of districts of Bali}}

[[File:Peta Kecamatan Provinsi Bali.png|thumb|Map of [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan'') of Bali]]
The province is divided into eight [[Regencies of Indonesia|regencies]] (''kabupaten'') and one [[Cities of Indonesia|city]] (''kota'') together divided into 57 [[Kecamatan|districts]] (''kecamatan''), in turn sub-divided into 80 [[kelurahan|urban villages]] (''kelurahan'') and 636 [[Desa (Indonesia)|rural villages]] (''desa''); all the regencies were originally inaugurated on 9 August 1958,<ref>{{Citation| author=[[Government of Indonesia]]| url=http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/incl-php/buka.php?d=1900+58&f=uu69-1958.htm |title=Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions under the First-level Administrative Region of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara |edition=in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] |id=UU No. 69/1958 |date=9 August 1958 | access-date=2007-08-24 |publisher=Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice}} {{dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> while the city of Denpasar were created from part of Badung Regency on 15 January 1992. They are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2024<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/> and the Human Development Index for each regency and city.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-
! Kode Wilayah|| Name of City or Regency!! Capital !! Area in km2 !! Pop'n 2000 Census !! Pop'n 2010 Census !! Pop'n 2020 Census !! Pop'n mid 2024 Estimate !! [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali |trans-title=Statistics Indonesia Bali Province |url=https://bali.bps.go.id/indicator/26/30/1/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-provinsi-bali-menurut-kabupaten-kota.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=bali.bps.go.id}}</ref> 2023 estimate
|-
| 51.01 || [[Jembrana Regency]] || [[Negara, Bali|Negara]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 849.13}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 231806}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 261638}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 317064}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 325600}} || 0.740 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 51.02 || [[Tabanan Regency]] || Singasana || align="right" | {{formatnum: 849.31}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 376030}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 420913}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 461630}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 467700}} || 0.774 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 51.03 || [[Badung Regency]] || [[Mangupura]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 398.75}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 345863}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 543332}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 548191}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 568500}} || 0.831 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|-
| 51.04 || [[Gianyar Regency]] || [[Gianyar]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 364.36}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 393155}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 469777}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 515344}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 527100}} || 0.792 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 51.05 || [[Klungkung Regency]] || [[Semarapura]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 313.96}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 155262}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 170543}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 206925}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 209300}} || 0.731 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 51.06 || [[Bangli Regency]] || [[Bangli]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 526.76}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 193776}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 215353}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 258721}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 262300}} || 0.708 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 51.07 || [[Karangasem Regency]] || [[Amlapura]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 839.32}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 360486}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 396487}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 492402}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 502300}} || 0.709 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 51.08 || [[Buleleng Regency]] || [[Singaraja]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1322.68}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 558181}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 624125}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 791813}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 814800}} || 0.740 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 51.71 || [[Denpasar]] City || – ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 125.87}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 532440}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 788589}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 725314}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 755600}} || 0.847 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|-
| || '''''Totals''''' || ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 5590.15}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3146999}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3890757}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4317404}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4461260}} || 0.771 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
|}

The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national [[electoral district]]s to elect members to the Indonesian parliament. The '''Bali Electoral District''' consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, together with the city of Denpasar, and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council.<ref>Law No. 7/2017 (''UU No. 7 Tahun 2017'') as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</ref>

== Economy ==
In the 1970s, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfPJAwAAQBAJ|title=The Territories of Indonesia|last=Brown|first=Iem|date=17 June 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-35541-8|page=149|language=en}}</ref> Tourism is now the largest single industry in terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia's wealthiest regions. In 2003, around 80% of Bali's economy was tourism related.<ref name="tourism">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821140830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,393799,00.html Desperately Seeking Survival] ''Time''. 25 November 2002.</ref> By the end of June 2011, the rate of [[non-performing loan]]s of all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower than the average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan rates (about 5%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/25/only-223-percent-loans-bali-are-bad.html |title=Only 2.23 percent of loans in Bali are bad |work=The Jakarta Post |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of the terrorist bombings in [[2002 Bali bombing|2002]] and [[2005 Bali bombing|2005]]. The tourism industry has since recovered from these events.

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Wood carving in Bali.jpg|thumb|[[Wood carving]]]]

Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island's biggest employer.<ref>On the history of rice-growing related to museology and the rice terraces as part of Bali's cultural heritage see Marc-Antonio Barblan, "D'Orient en Occident: Histoire de la riziculture et muséologie" in ''ICOFOM Study Series'', Vol.35 (2006), pp.114–131. [https://archive.today/20120805230658/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~iims/icofom/press.htm LRZ-Muenchen.de] and "Dans la lumière des terrasses: paysage culturel balinais, ''Subek Museum'' et patrimoine mondial (1er volet) "in ''Le Banian'' (Paris), juin 2009, pp.80–101, [http://pasarmalam.free.fr/ Pasarmalam.free.fr]</ref> Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its [[artisan]]s who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including [[batik]] and [[ikat]] [[Bali Nusra Tangi|cloth and clothing]], [[Woodworking|wooden carvings]], stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt a single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture.

The [[Coffea arabica|Arabica coffee]] production region is the highland region of [[Kintamani, Bali|Kintamani]] near [[Mount Batur]]. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavours include lemon and other citrus notes.<ref name="SCAI">{{cite web|url=http://www.sca-indo.org/diverse-coffees-indonesia/ |title=Diverse coffees of Indonesia |work=Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia |access-date=8 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802030333/http://www.sca-indo.org/diverse-coffees-indonesia/ |archive-date=2 August 2008 }}</ref> Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called [[Subak (irrigation)|Subak Abian]], which is based on the [[Hindu]] philosophy of "[[Tri Hita Karana]]". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with [[God]], other people, and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of [[fair trade coffee|fair trade]] and [[organic coffee]] production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a [[geographical indication]].<ref name="BaliKintamani">"Book of Requirements for Kopi Kintamani Bali", page 12, July 2007</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright"
|+ Number of tourists by nationality
|-
!scope=col|No.
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|Tourists
|-
|align=center|1
|align=left|{{flagcountry|Australia}}
|align=center|1,225,425
|-
|align=center|2
|align=left|{{flagcountry|China}}
|align=center|1,185,764
|-
|align=center|3
|align=left|{{flagcountry|India}}
|align=center|371,850
|-
|align=center|4
|align=left|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|align=center|283,539
|-
|align=center|5
|align=left|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|align=center|273,317
|-
|align=center|6
|align=left|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|align=center|257,897
|-
|align=center|7
|align=left|{{flagcountry|South Korea}}
|align=center|213,324
|-
|align=center|8
|align=left|{{flagcountry|France}}
|align=center|206,814
|-
|align=center|9
|align=left|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|align=center|194,773
|-
|align=center|10
|align=left|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
|align=center|184,477
|-
| colspan="3" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; font-size:80%; text-align:center"|''As of 2019''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disparda.baliprov.go.id/en/statistics2|title=Bali Statistics|publisher=Bali Government Tourism Office|date=20 February 2020|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907082728/http://www.disparda.baliprov.go.id/en/Statistics2|archive-date=7 September 2016}}</ref>
|}

[[File:Kuta Beach (6924448550).jpg|thumb|[[Kuta Beach]] is a popular tourist spot.]]
[[File:Nyepifest auf Bali.jpg|thumb|''[[Ogoh-ogoh]]'' procession on the eve of ''[[Nyepi]]'']]
[[File:Dolphins_and_Sunrise_in_Lovina,_Indonesia_Bali_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Dolphins]] and sunrise in [[Lovina]]]]

In 1963 the Bali Beach Hotel in [[Sanur, Bali|Sanur]] was built by [[Sukarno]] and boosted tourism in Bali. Before the Bali Beach Hotel construction, there were only three significant tourist-class hotels on the island.<ref name="Vickers89">Adrian Vickers: Bali. A Paradise Created, Periplus 1989, p. 252, {{ISBN|0-945971-28-1}}.</ref> Construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism further increased in Bali after the [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]] opened in 1970. The Buleleng regency government encouraged the tourism sector as one of the mainstays for economic progress and social welfare.

The [[tourism industry]] is primarily focused in the south, while also significant in the other parts of the island. The prominent tourist locations are the town of [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]] (with its beach), and its outer suburbs of [[Legian]] and [[Seminyak]] (which were once independent townships), the east coast town of [[Sanur (Bali)|Sanur]] (once the only tourist hub), [[Ubud]] towards the centre of the island, to the south of the [[Ngurah Rai International Airport]], [[Jimbaran]] and the newer developments of [[Nusa Dua]] and [[Pecatu]].

The United States government lifted its travel warnings in 2008. The Australian government issued an advisory on Friday, 4 May 2012, with the overall level of this advisory lowered to 'Exercise a high degree of caution'. The Swedish government issued a new warning on Sunday, 10 June 2012, because of one tourist who died from methanol poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makemyholidaytrips.com/|title=Make My Holiday Trips|date=30 June 2012|publisher=thelocal.se|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018181134/http://www.makemyholidaytrips.com/|archive-date=18 October 2019|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2024}} Australia last issued an advisory on Monday, 5 January 2015, due to new terrorist threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.smartraveller.gov.au/siteassets/indonesia/index.htm |publisher=Australian Government |title=Smart Traveller |date=15 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115201907/http://www2.smartraveller.gov.au/siteassets/indonesia/index.htm |archive-date=15 January 2015 }}</ref>

An offshoot of tourism is the growing real estate industry. Bali's real estate has been rapidly developing in the main tourist areas of Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, and Oberoi. Most recently, high-end 5-star projects are under development on the Bukit peninsula, on the island's south side. Expensive villas are being developed along the cliff sides of south Bali, with commanding panoramic ocean views. Foreign and domestic, many [[Jakarta]] individuals and companies are fairly active, and investment into other areas of the island also continues to grow. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, have remained stable.

In the last half of 2008, Indonesia's currency had dropped approximately 30% against the US dollar, providing many overseas visitors with improved value for their currencies.

Bali's tourism economy survived the terrorist bombings of 2002 and 2005, and the tourism industry has slowly recovered and surpassed its pre-terrorist bombing levels; the long-term trend has been a steady increase in visitor arrivals. In 2010, Bali received 2.57 million foreign tourists, which surpassed the target of 2.0–2.3 million tourists. The average occupancy of starred hotels achieved 65%, so the island still should be able to accommodate tourists for some years without any addition of new rooms/hotels,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebalitimes.com/2011/02/17/up-to-2-8m-foreign-tourists-this-year/ |title=Up to 2.8m Foreign Tourists This Year |publisher=Thebalitimes.com |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> although at the peak season some of them are fully booked.

Bali received the Best Island award from [[Travel and Leisure]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amarigepanache.com/2010/10/16/travel-all-we-want-for-christmas-a-spa-voucher/ |title=The Best Search Links on the Net |publisher=amarigepanache.com |date=16 October 2010 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061733/http://amarigepanache.com/2010/10/16/travel-all-we-want-for-christmas-a-spa-voucher/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people. The Balinese culture and its religion are also considered the main factor of the award. One of the most prestigious events that symbolize a strong relationship between a god and its followers is [[Kecak]] dance. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, ranking second after [[Santorini]], Greece.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beatmag.com/daily/latest-news/bali-named-as-one-of-the-five-best-islands-in-the-world.html |title=Bali Named as One of the Five Best Islands in the World |work=The Beat Magazine (Jakarta) |date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204030756/http://beatmag.com/daily/latest-news/bali-named-as-one-of-the-five-best-islands-in-the-world.html |archive-date=4 December 2011 }}</ref>

In 2006, [[Elizabeth Gilbert]]'s memoir ''[[Eat Pray Love (book)|Eat, Pray, Love]]'' was published, and in August 2010 it was adapted into the film ''[[Eat Pray Love]]''. It took place at Ubud and [[Padang Padang Beach|Padang-Padang Beach]] in Bali. Both the book and the film fuelled a boom in tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist centre that was the focus of Gilbert's quest for balance and love through traditional spirituality and healing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LH18Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820031853/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/LH18Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=20 August 2010 |title=Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam |work=Asia Times |date=18 August 2010 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

In January 2016, after musician [[David Bowie]] died, it was revealed that in his [[Will and testament|will]], Bowie asked for his ashes to be scattered in Bali, conforming to [[Buddhist]] rituals. He had visited and performed in several [[Southeast Asian]] cities early in his career, including [[Bangkok]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/ashes-to-ashes-david-bowie-rests-in-bali-as-details-of-will-revealed-20160130-gmhm9y.html David Bowie rests in Bali], date:31 January 2016</ref>

Since 2011, China has displaced Japan as the second-largest supplier of tourists to Bali, while Australia still tops the list while India has also emerged as a greater supplier of tourists.
Chinese tourists increased by 17% in 2011 from 2010 due to the impact of [[ASEAN–China Free Trade Area|ACFTA]] and new direct flights to Bali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/06/china-now-2nd-largest-source-isle-tourists.html |title=China now 2nd-largest source of isle tourists|work=The Jakarta Post |date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
In January 2012, Chinese tourists increased by 222.18% compared to January 2011, while Japanese tourists declined by 23.54% year on year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/80355/chinese-tourist-arrivals-in-bali-up-222 |title=Chinese tourist arrivals in Bali up 222% |work=Antara News |date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304203358/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/80355/chinese-tourist-arrivals-in-bali-up-222 |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref> Bali is a very popular tourist destination for Indians.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bali Tourism |url=https://www.ndtv.com/travel/why-bali-is-one-of-the-most-popular-holiday-destinations-for-indian-travellers-8798739 |website=NDTV |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

Bali authorities reported the island had 2.88 million foreign tourists and 5 million domestic tourists in 2012, marginally surpassing the expectations of 2.8 million foreign tourists.<ref name=balitourism>{{Cite news
| title = Bali seeks cleanup amid high arrivals
| publisher = Investvine.com
| date = 24 January 2013
| url = http://investvine.com/bali-seeks-cleanup-amid-high-arrivals/
| access-date = 24 January 2013
| archive-date = 3 October 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131003155914/http://investvine.com/bali-seeks-cleanup-amid-high-arrivals/
}}</ref>

Based on a [[Bank Indonesia]] survey in May 2013, 34.39 per cent of tourists are upper-middle class, spending between $1,286 and $5,592, and are dominated by Australia, India, France, China, Germany and the UK. Some Chinese tourists have increased their levels of spending from previous years. 30.26 per cent of tourists are middle class, spending between $662 and $1,285.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2013-09-12/upper-middle-class-dominates-bali-s-foreign-tourists.html |title=Upper-middle class dominates Bali's foreign tourists |date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003082025/http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2013-09-12/upper-middle-class-dominates-bali-s-foreign-tourists.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 }}</ref> In 2017 it was expected that [[Chinese people|Chinese]] tourists would outnumber [[Australian people|Australian]] tourists.

In January 2020, 10,000 Chinese tourists cancelled trips to Bali due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/01/31/10000-chinese-tourists-cancel-trips-to-bali-over-coronavirus-fears-travel-group.html|title=10,000 Chinese tourists cancel trips to Bali over coronavirus fears: Travel group|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> Because of the COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions, Bali welcomed 1.07 million international travelers in 2020, most of them between January and March, which is −87% compared to 2019. In the first half of 2021, they welcomed 43 international travelers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsendip.com/from-millions-to-45-international-travelers-in-bali-indonesia-tourism-covid/|title=From millions to dozens international travelers in Bali|date=17 December 2021}}</ref> The pandemic presented a major blow on Bali's tourism-dependent economy. On 3 February 2022, Bali reopened again for the first foreign tourists after 2 years of being closed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tourism/bali-reopens-doors-to-first-foreign-tourist-flight-after-2-years|title=Bali reopens doors to first foreign tourist flight after 2 years|website=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=3 February 2022}}</ref>

In 2022 Indonesia's Minister of Health, Budi Sadikin, stated that the tourism industry in Bali will be complemented by the [[medical tourism|medical industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 9, 2022 |title=Kini, Bali Siap Kembangkan Industri Kesehatan Selain Pariwisata - Vibizmedia.com |url=https://www.vibizmedia.com/2022/07/09/kini-bali-siap-kembangkan-industri-kesehatan-selain-pariwisata/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815000009/https://www.vibizmedia.com/2022/07/09/kini-bali-siap-kembangkan-industri-kesehatan-selain-pariwisata/ |archive-date=2022-08-15 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Vibizmedia}}</ref>

At the beginning of 2023, the governor of Bali demanded a ban on the use of motorcycles by tourists. This happened after a series of accidents. Wayan Koster proposed to cancel the violators' visas. The move sparked widespread outrage on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delicious.com.au/travel/travel-news/article/indonesian-governor-proposes-ban-bikes-bali/uhgmoc3u|title=This potential Bali bike ban is revving up locals and tourists alike|date=2023-03-14|website=delicious.com.au}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
{{See also|Bali MRT}}
[[File:Ngurah Rai Internasional Airport Welcome Sign.jpg|thumb|[[Ngurah Rai International Airport|I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport]]]]

The [[Ngurah Rai Airport|Ngurah Rai International Airport]] is located near Jimbaran, on the [[isthmus]] at the southernmost part of the island. [[Lt. Col. Wisnu Airfield]] is in northwest Bali.

A coastal road circles the island, and three major two-lane arteries cross the central mountains at passes reaching 1,750 m in height (at Penelokan). The Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar. Bali has no railway lines. There is a car ferry between Gilimanuk on the west coast of Bali to Ketapang on [[Java]].

In December 2010 the Government of Indonesia invited investors to build a new Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]], Bali with a projected worth of $30 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/infrastructure-projects-in-indonesia-thrown-open-for-bids/412805 |title=Infrastructure Projects in Indonesia Thrown Open for Bids |work=Jakarta Globe |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922045049/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/infrastructure-projects-in-indonesia-thrown-open-for-bids/412805 |archive-date=22 September 2011 }}</ref> On 17 July 2011, the first cruise ship ([[Pacific World|Sun Princess]]) anchored about {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=off}} away from the wharf of Tanah Ampo harbour. The current pier is only {{convert|154|m|ft|abbr=off}} but will eventually be extended to {{convert|300|to(-)|350|m|ft|abbr=off}} to accommodate international cruise ships. The harbour is safer than the existing facility at Benoa and has a scenic backdrop of east Bali mountains and green rice fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/11/tanah-ampo-prepares-welcome-first-cruise-ship.html |title=Tanah Ampo prepares to welcome first cruise ship |work=The Jakarta Post |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> The tender for improvement was subject to delays, and as of July 2013 the situation was unclear with cruise line operators complaining and even refusing to use the existing facility at Tanah Ampo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/04/tender-tanah-ampo-set-next-month.html |title=Tender for Tanah Ampo set for next month |work=The Jakarta Post |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Trans Sarbagita bus.JPG|thumb|left|[[Trans Sarbagita]] bus]]

A memorandum of understanding was signed by two ministers, Bali's governor and [[PT Kereta Api|Indonesian Train Company]] to build {{convert|565|km|mi|abbr=off}} of railway along the coast around the island. As of July 2015, no details of these proposed railways have been released.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110107075258/http://goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2011/01/05/what-train-bali/ What? Train? Bali?] goodnewsfromindonesia.org (5 January 2011).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mybaliguide.com/|title=My Bali Guide | Your Ultimate Connection With Bali|website=My Bali Guide}}</ref> In 2019 it was reported in ''Gapura Bali'' that [[Wayan Koster]], governor of Bali, "is keen to improve Bali's transportation infrastructure and is considering plans to build an electric rail network across the island".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gapurabali.com/news/2019/05/22/all-aboard-electric-rail-network-bali-feasible/1558487367|title=All aboard! Is an electric rail network in Bali feasible?|website=Gapura Bali|date=22 May 2019|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>

On 16 March 2011 (Tanjung) Benoa port received the "Best Port Welcome 2010" award from London's "Dream World Cruise Destination" magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.kompas.com/read/2011/03/21/15463549/.Best.Port.Welcome.Awarded.to.Balis.Benoa.Port |title="Best Port Welcome" Awarded to Bali's Benoa Port |publisher=KOMPAS.com |date=16 March 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> Government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as export-import port to boost Bali's trade and industry sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/20/government-mulls-plan-expand-benoa.html |title=Government mulls plan to expand Benoa |work=The Jakarta Post |date=20 June 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> In 2013, The Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry advised that 306 cruise liners were scheduled to visit Indonesia, an increase of 43 per cent compared to the previous year.<ref>Jakarta Post (25 January 2013) {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105332/http://www.jakpost.travel/news/cruise-ship-fever-hits-bali-82mTkgNqYIewXK4f.html Cruise ship fever hits Bali]}}</ref>

In May 2011, an integrated Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) was implemented to reduce traffic jams at four crossing points: Ngurah Rai statue, Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an integrated system connecting all [[traffic lights]], CCTVs and other traffic signals with a monitoring office at the police headquarters. It has successfully been implemented in other [[ASEAN]] countries and will be implemented at other crossings in Bali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://komisikepolisianindonesia.com/kasus/read/3013/pemprov-bali-gunakan-teknologi-baru-atasi-kemacetan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221232915/http://komisikepolisianindonesia.com/kasus/read/3013/pemprov-bali-gunakan-teknologi-baru-atasi-kemacetan.html |archive-date=21 December 2016 |title=Pemprov Bali Gunakan Teknologi Baru Atasi Kemacetan |publisher=Media Indonesia |date=12 May 2011 |author=Dhae, Arnold |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/25/new-traffic-control-system-buses-hoped-ease-congestion.html |title=New traffic control system, buses hoped to ease congestion |work=The Jakarta Post |date=25 May 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Tol Benoa-Jimbaran (27432911116).jpg|thumb| [[Bali Mandara Toll Road]] view above the sea]]
On 21 December 2011, construction started on the Nusa Dua-Benoa-[[Ngurah Rai International Airport]] toll road, which will also provide a special lane for motorcycles. This has been done by seven state-owned enterprises led by PT Jasa Marga with 60% of the shares. PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will construct the {{convert|9.91|km|mi|2|adj=mid|abbr=off|-long}} toll road (totally {{convert|12.7|km|mi|2|abbr=off}} with access road). The construction is estimated to cost Rp.2.49 trillion ($273.9 million). The project goes through {{convert|2|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} of mangrove forest and through {{convert|2.3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} of beach, both within {{convert|5.4|ha|abbr=off}} area. The elevated toll road is built over the mangrove forest on 18,000 concrete pillars that occupied two hectares of mangrove forest. This was compensated by the planting of 300,000 mangrove trees along the road. On 21 December 2011, the Dewa Ruci {{convert|450|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off}} underpass has also started on the busy Dewa Ruci junction near Bali Kuta Galeria with an estimated cost of Rp136 billion ($14.9 million) from the state budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/05/new-toll-road-ease-congestion-increase-tourists.html |work=The Jakarta Post|title=New toll road to ease congestion, increase tourists |date=5 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indopos.co.id/index.php/arsip-berita-nasional/75-nasional-reviews/15994-tol-di-atas-laut-mulai-dikonstruksi.html |publisher=indopos.co.id |title=Tol di Atas Laut Mulai Dikonstruksi |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007000802/http://www.indopos.co.id/index.php/arsip-berita-nasional/75-nasional-reviews/15994-tol-di-atas-laut-mulai-dikonstruksi.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/22/bali-starts-construction-crucial-toll-road-underpass.html |work=The Jakarta Post |title=Bali starts construction on crucial toll road, underpass |date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114051111/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/22/bali-starts-construction-crucial-toll-road-underpass.html |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> On 23 September 2013, the [[Bali Mandara Toll Road]] was opened, with the Dewa Ruci Junction underpass being opened previously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/news/90837/president-officially-opens-bali-toll-road |title=President officially opens Bali toll road |date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925175139/http://www.antara.co.id/en/news/90837/president-officially-opens-bali-toll-road |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref>

To solve chronic traffic problems, the province will also build a toll road connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a toll road connecting Kuta, Denpasar, and Tohpati, and a flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/07/toll-road-cost-island-2-hectares-mangrove.html |title=Toll road to cost island 2 hectares of mangrove |work=The Jakarta Post |date=7 February 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Bratan Bali Indonesia Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg|thumb|[[Balinese people|Balinese]] family after performing [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] in a temple]]
{{Historical populations
|1971 | 2120322
|1980 | 2469930
|1990 | 2777811
|1995 | 2895649
|2000 | 3146999
|2005 | 3378092
|2010 | 3890757
|2015 | 4148588
|2020 | 4317404
|2024 | 4461260
|footnote=sources:<ref>http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat%3D1%26tabel1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 {{Dead link|date=June 2025 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}</ref>
}}The population of Bali was 3,890,757 according to the 2010 census, and 4,317,404 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 4,461,260 (comprising 2,222,440 males and 2,210,820 females).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/> In 2021, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism estimated that there were 109,801 foreigners living on Bali, with most originating from Russia, United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, India, and the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://balidiscovery.com/total-number-of-foreigners-in-bali/ | title=Total Number of Foreigners in Bali | Bali Discovery | date=27 June 2021 }}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
==== Ethnic origins ====
A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al., found that 84% of Balinese [[Y-chromosome]]s are of likely [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] origin, 12% of likely Indian origin and 2% of likely [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana |last2=Lansing |first2=J. |last3=Redd |first3=Alan |last4=Reznikova |first4=Svetlana |date=2005 |title=Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter- Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol77/iss1/8 |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |issue=1 |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0030 |pmid=16114819 |at=Article 8|hdl=1808/13586 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> According to a recent genetic study, the Balinese, together with the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], have a significant admixture of [[Austroasiatic]] and [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] ancestries.<ref>{{cite web | title = Pemetaan Genetika Manusia Indonesia | work = Kompas.com | url = http://assets.kompas.com/data/photo/2015/10/12/1113035menyusuri-jejak-leluhur780x390.JPG | language = id }}</ref>

==== Ethnicity ====
The majority of the population inhabiting the province of Bali are the local ethnic, namely the [[Balinese people|Balinese]] and indigenous [[Bali Aga]] people. The Balinese have a cultural richness that is known worldwide, so that Bali is the main destination for foreign tourists to [[Indonesia]]. In addition to the rich beaches, the culture that is of interest in Bali is its dances, such as the [[Kecak dance|Kecak]] dance, festivals such as [[Ogoh-ogoh]], and others. The largest ethnic group outside the Balinese people is the [[Javanese people]].

Based on data from the [[2010 Indonesian census|2010 Indonesian population census]], the following is the composition of ethnic groups in the province of Bali:<ref name="SUKU"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |Ethnic groups
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |Pop. (2010)
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" |Pct. (%)
|-
| 1
| [[Balinese people|Balinese]]
! style="text-align: right;" | 3,336,065
! style="text-align: right;" | 85.97%
|-
| 2
| [[Javanese people|Javanese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 372,514
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.60%
|-
| 3
| [[Madurese people|Madurese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 29,864
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.77%
|-
| 4
| [[Malay Indonesians|Malays]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 22,926
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.59%
|-
| 5
| [[Sasak people|Sasak]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 22,672
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.58%
|-
| 6
| From [[East Nusa Tenggara]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 19,698
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.51%
|-
| 7
| [[Balinese Chinese|Chinese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 14,970
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.38%
|-
| 8
| [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 11,630
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.30%
|-
| 9
| [[Bugis people|Bugis]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 9,287
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.24%
|-
| 10
| [[Batak]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 6,489
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.17%
|-
| 11
| Others
| style="text-align: right;" | 34,609
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.89%
|-
!
! Bali Province
! style="text-align: right;" | 3,880,724
! style="text-align: right;" | 100%
|-
|}

=== Caste system ===
{{Main|Balinese caste system}}

Pre-modern Bali had four castes, as Jeff Lewis and Belinda Lewis state, but with a "very strong tradition of communal decision-making and interdependence".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jeff Lewis|author2=Belinda Lewis|title=Bali's silent crisis: desire, tragedy, and transition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yuNMcfJHeyUC |year= 2009|publisher= Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3243-2|pages=56, 83–86}}</ref> The four castes have been classified as Sudra ([[Shudra]]), Wesia ([[Vaishya]]s), [[Balinese Kshatriya|Satria]] ([[Kshatriya]]s) and Brahmana ([[Brahmin]]).<ref>{{cite book|author= Geoffrey Robinson|title= The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Gfir3Ju70C |year=1995| publisher= Cornell University Press|isbn= 0-8014-8172-4|page=32}}</ref>

The 19th-century scholars such as Crawfurd and Friederich suggested that the Balinese caste system had Indian origins, but Helen Creese states that scholars such as Brumund who had visited and stayed on the island of Bali suggested that his field observations conflicted with the "received understandings concerning its Indian origins".<ref name="Creese2016p305">{{cite book|author=Helen M. Creese|title=Bali in the Early Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQpRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |year=2016|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-31583-9|pages=305 with footnotes}}</ref> In Bali, the Shudra (locally spelt ''Soedra'') has typically been the temple priests, though depending on the demographics, a temple priest may also be from the other three castes.<ref name=belo4 /> In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite ''meweda'' (Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals.<ref name=belo4>Jane Belo (1953), Bali: Temple Festival, Monograph 22, American Ethnological Society, University of Washington Press, pages 4–5</ref>

===Religion===
{{main|Balinese Hinduism}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Religion in Bali (2024)<ref name="auto"/>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 86.40
| color1 = DarkOrange
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| value2 = 10.28
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Christianity]]
| value3 = 2.62
| color3 = Blue
| label4 = [[Buddhism]]
| value4 = 0.68
| color4 = Gold
| label5 = other
| value5 = 0.02
| color5 = Black
}}

About 86.40% of Bali's population adheres to [[Balinese Hinduism]], formed as a combination of existing [[Balinese mythology|local beliefs]] and [[Hindu]] influences from mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions include [[Islam]] (10.16%), [[Christianity]] (2.55%) (1.76%: [[Protestantism]]; 0.86%: [[Catholicism]]), and [[Buddhism]] (0.68%) as for 2022.<ref name="AGAMA">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Beragama Setiap Provinsi di Indonesia Tahun 2018|website=data.kemenag.go.id|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat}}</ref><ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama|title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=31 August 2022|access-date=29 October 2023|language=id}}</ref>

The [[Balinese people]] and [[Bali Aga]] are generally [[Hindu]] with some being [[Christian]] and [[Muslim]]. The [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Sasak people|Sasak]], and [[Malay people|Malay]] people are generally [[Islam|Muslim]] and some are also Hindu or Christian.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/2548055/uniknya-adonan-bali-dan-islam-di-desa-muslim-pegayaman|title=Uniknya Adonan Bali dan Islam di Desa Muslim Pegayaman|work=[[Liputan6.com]]|access-date=22 September 2021|language=id|editor-last2=Mahbub|editor-first2=Harun|editor-last=Syaiful|editor-first=Anri|archive-date=2022-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315190924/https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/2548055/uniknya-adonan-bali-dan-islam-di-desa-muslim-pegayaman|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, people from [[East Nusa Tenggara]], as well as people of the [[Western New Guinea|Papua]], [[Batak people|Batak]], [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] and some other Indonesian ethnic groups that aren't traditionally Muslim are generally Christian, with small minority are Hindu and Muslim. The village of Blimbing Sari in the Melaya district of [[Jembrana Regency]], not far from {{ill|Gilimanuk Port|id|Pelabuhan Gilimanuk}}, is Christian, and the residents there are native Balinese, but the church is shaped like a Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aboutbali.beritabali.com/read/2020/12/25/201512240002/uniknya-pura-gereja-desa-blimbingsari-jembrana|title=Uniknya Pura Gereja Desa Blimbingsari – Jembrana|website=www.aboutbali.beritabali.com |access-date=September 22, 2021|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512235754/https://www.aboutbali.beritabali.com/read/2020/12/25/201512240002/uniknya-pura-gereja-desa-blimbingsari-jembrana}}</ref>

[[File:Besakih Bali Indonesia Pura-Besakih-03.jpg|thumb|The [[Besakih Temple|Mother Temple of Besakih]], one of Bali's most significant [[Hindu temple]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasha |first=Muhammad Ali |date=2024-10-15 |title=A Memorable Visit to Uluwatu Temple: Bali's Cliffside Gem – The Europe Today |url=https://theeuropetoday.com/2024/10/15/a-memorable-visit-to-uluwatu-temple-balis-cliffside-gem/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
The general beliefs and practices of ''Agama Hindu Dharma'' mix ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of [[Pancasila (politics)|''Pancasila'']].<ref name=junemcdaniel>{{cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|title=Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam| journal= Nova Religio|year= 2010|volume= 14|issue= 1|pages= 93–111|doi=10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93}}</ref><ref name=syamashita>Shinji Yamashita (2002), Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the Anthropology of Tourism, Berghahn, {{ISBN|978-1571813275}}, pp. 57-65</ref> Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had a pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray.<ref name=syamashita /> However, officially, the Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a [[monotheistic religion]] with certain officially recognised beliefs that comply with its national ideology.<ref name=junemcdaniel /><ref name=syamashita /><ref>Michel Picard (2003), in Hinduism in Modern Indonesia (Editor: Martin Ramstedt), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700715336}}, pp. 56–72</ref> Indonesian school textbooks describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers, and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam.<ref name=syamashita /><ref name=jmcdaniel2013>{{cite journal |last1=McDaniel |first1=J. |title=A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as 'People of the Book' |journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies |date=November 2013 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=333–362 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hit030 }}</ref> Some scholars<ref name=syamashita /><ref>Anthony Forge (1980), Balinese Religion and Indonesian Identity, in Indonesia: The Making of a Culture (Editor: James Fox), Australian National University, {{ISBN|978-0909596590}}</ref><ref>Putu Setia (1992), Cendekiawan Hindu Bicara, Denpasar: Yayasan Dharma Naradha, {{ISBN|978-9798357008}}, pp. 217–229</ref>{{who|date=July 2024}} contest whether these Indonesian government recognised and assigned beliefs to reflect the traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule.

Balinese Hinduism has roots in Indian Hinduism and Buddhism, which arrived through [[Java]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Becker | first=J. | title=The Study of Time IV | chapter=Hindu-Buddhist Time in Javanese Gamelan Music | publisher=Springer | year=1981 | isbn=978-1-4612-5949-7 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-5947-3_13 | pages=161–172}}</ref> Hindu influences reached the [[List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian Archipelago]] as early as the first century.<ref name=jgonda>[[Jan Gonda]], The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in {{Google books|X7YfAAAAIAAJ|Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|page=1}}, pp. 1–54</ref> Historical evidence is unclear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to [[78 AD]]. Stories from the [[Mahabharata]] Epic have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century; however, the versions mirror those found in the southeast Indian peninsular region (now [[Tamil Nadu]] and southern [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref name=jgonda />

[[File:Pura Bratan Bali.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pura Ulun Danu Bratan]]]]

The Bali tradition adopted the pre-existing animistic traditions of the indigenous people. This influence strengthened the belief that the gods and goddesses are present in all things. Every element of nature, therefore, possesses its power, which reflects the power of the gods. A rock, tree, dagger, or woven cloth is a potential home for spirits whose energy can be directed for good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and ritual. Ritualising states of self-control are a notable feature of religious expression among the people, who for this reason have become famous for their graceful and decorous behavior.<ref>Slattum, J. (2003) ''Balinese Masks: Spirits of an Ancient Drama. Indonesia, Asia Pacific, Japan, North America, Latin America, and Europe'' Periplus Editions (H) Ltd</ref>

Apart from the majority of Balinese Hindus, there also exist [[Balinese Chinese|Chinese]] immigrants whose traditions have melded with that of the locals. As a result, these Sino-Balinese embrace their original religion, which is a mixture of Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, and Confucianism, and find a way to harmonise it with the local traditions. Hence, it is not uncommon to find local Sino-Balinese during the local temple's ''[[odalan]]''. Moreover, Balinese Hindu priests are invited to perform rites alongside a Chinese priest in the event of the death of a Sino-Balinese. Nevertheless, the Sino-Balinese claim to embrace Buddhism for administrative purposes, such as their Identity Cards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voicesoftheshadows.blogspot.com/2021/01/hectic-yet-void-week.html |title=Hectic, yet void, week |publisher=Voicesoftheshadows.blogspot.com |date=7 May 2009 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Catholic Church in Indonesia|Roman Catholic community]] has a [[diocese]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Denpasar|Diocese of Denpasar]] that encompasses the province of Bali and [[West Nusa Tenggara]] and has its [[cathedral]] located in [[Denpasar]].

<gallery class="center">
File:Pura Penataran Lempuyang Bali 492102459.jpg|''Penataran Lempuyang'' Temple, Gunung Lempuyang, Bali
File:DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG|Saint Joseph's Church, Denpasar
File:Chinese temple, Bali.jpg|''Ling Sii Miao'' Buddhist Temple, Denpasar
File:Kuta Bali Indonesia Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg|''Ibnu Batutah'' Mosque, Kuta
</gallery>

=== Languages ===
{{main|Balinese language}}

[[File:Balinese_greetings_on_a_class_entrance.JPG|thumb|Balinese greetings "Om Swastiastu, Semoga Rahayu" in [[Balinese script]], [[Latin script]] and [[Devanagari]] in one of the schools in Denpasar|left]][[Balinese language|Balinese]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] are the most widely spoken languages in Bali, and the vast majority of [[Balinese people]] are [[bilingual]] or [[trilingual]]. The most common spoken language around the tourist areas is Indonesian, as many people in the tourist sector are not solely Balinese, but migrants from [[Java]], [[Lombok]], [[Sumatra]], and other parts of Indonesia. The Balinese language is heavily [[Register (sociolinguistics)|stratified]] due to the [[Balinese caste system]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=I Wayan Arka |year=2005 |title=Speech Levels, Social Predicates and Pragmatic Structure in Balinese: A Lexical Approach |journal=Pragmatics |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |pages=169–203 |doi=10.1075/prag.15.2-3.02ark |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Kawi language|Kawi]] and [[Sanskrit]] are also commonly used by some [[Hindu priest]]s in Bali, as [[Hindu literature]] was mostly written in Sanskrit.[[File:WIKITONGUES - Ni Luh speaking Balinese.webm|thumb|right|[[Balinese language]]]][[English language|English]] and Chinese are the next most common languages (and the primary foreign languages) of many Balinese, owing to the requirements of the [[tourism industry]], as well as the English-speaking community and huge Chinese-Indonesian population. Other foreign languages, such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[French language|French]], [[Russian language|Russian]] or [[German language|German]], are often used in multilingual signs for foreign tourists.

== Culture ==
{{See also|Balinese architecture|Balinese art|Balinese cuisine|Balinese dance|Music of Bali}}
[[File:Bali cuisine.jpg|thumb|[[Balinese cuisine]]]]Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as painting, sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. [[Balinese cuisine]] is also distinctive, and unlike the rest of Indonesia, pork is commonly found in Balinese dishes such as [[Pig roast|Babi Guling]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-16 |title=Where to eat what Anthony Bourdain called 'the best pig I have ever had' |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/food-drink/article/3217030/anthony-bourdain-loved-it-where-eat-best-spit-roasted-pork-bali-and-why-chef-called-it-best-pig-i |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as ''[[gamelan]]'', is highly developed and varied. Balinese performing arts often portray stories from Hindu epics such as the [[Ramayana]] but with heavy Balinese influence. Famous [[Balinese dance]]s include ''[[pendet]]'', ''[[legong]]'', ''[[baris (dance)|baris]]'', ''[[topeng]]'', ''[[barong (mythology)|barong]]'', ''[[Gamelan gong kebyar|gong kebyar]]'', and ''[[kecak]]'' (the monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the most diverse and innovative performing arts cultures in the world, with paid performances at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies, and public shows.<ref>{{cite book|title=Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre|last=Emigh|first=John|author-link=John Emigh|year=1996|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-1336-X}} The author is a Western theatre professor who has become a performer in Balinese [[topeng]] theatre himself.</ref>

In 2018 Governor [[I Wayan Koster]] issued Bali Governor's Regulation No. 79 of 2018 which mandated that city officials wear traditional Balinese dress, such as that made of ''[[songket]]''. This was followed by Circular No. 4 of 2021 which specified the use of [[Balinese textiles#Endek|Endek fabrics]], and was expanded to high-ranking individuals in the private sector and other institutions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1687068/jokowi-lauds-bali-governor-over-mandatory-traditional-attire-every-tuesday-thursday |title=Jokowi Lauds Bali Governor over Mandatory Traditional Attire Every Tuesday, Thursday |author=M Julnis Firmansyah |work=Tempo |date=2 February 2023 |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Ulun Temple on Lake Bratan (7609679414).jpg|upright|thumb|The [[pagoda]]-like [[Meru tower|Pelinggih Meru]] shrine of [[Pura Ulun Danu Bratan]] is a distinctive feature of a Balinese temple.]]
''Kaja'' and ''kelod'' are the Balinese equivalents of North and South, which refer to one's orientation between the island's largest mountain Gunung Agung (''kaja''), and the sea (''kelod''). In addition to spatial orientation, ''kaja'' and ''kelod'' have the connotation of good and evil; gods and ancestors are believed to live on the mountain whereas demons live in the sea. Buildings such as temples and residential homes are spatially oriented by having the most sacred spaces closest to the mountain and the unclean places nearest to the sea.<ref name=Herbst /><ref>[[#Gold|Gold]], p. 19.</ref>

Most temples have an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard which are arranged with the inner courtyard furthest ''kaja''. These spaces serve as performance venues since most Balinese rituals are accompanied by any combination of music, dance, and drama. The performances that take place in the inner courtyard are classified as ''wali'', the most sacred rituals which are offerings exclusively for the gods, while the outer courtyard is where ''bebali'' ceremonies are held, which are intended for gods and people. Lastly, performances meant solely for the entertainment of humans take place outside the temple's walls and are called ''bali-balihan''. This three-tiered system of classification was standardised in 1971 by a committee of Balinese officials and artists to better protect the sanctity of the oldest and most sacred Balinese rituals from being performed for a paying audience.<ref>[[#Gold|Gold]], pp. 18–26.</ref>

=== Dances ===
[[File:Rejang Adat.jpg|thumb|''[[Rejang dance|Rejang]]'', a sacred Balinese dance to greet the gods that come down to the earth on the ceremony day]]Tourism, Bali's chief industry, has provided the island with a foreign audience that is eager to pay for entertainment, thus creating new performance opportunities and more demand for performers. The impact of [[tourism in indonesia|tourism]] is controversial since before it became integrated into the economy, the Balinese performing arts did not exist as a capitalist venture, and were not performed for entertainment outside of their respective ritual context. Since the 1930s sacred rituals such as the ''[[barong (mythology)|barong]]'' [[Balinese dance|dance]] have been performed both in their original contexts, as well as exclusively for paying tourists. This has led to new versions of many of these performances that have developed according to the preferences of foreign audiences; some villages have a ''barong'' mask specifically for non-ritual performances and an older mask that is only used for sacred performances.<ref name="Sanger" />

=== Festivals ===
[[File:Lomba_Ogoh-ogoh_Kuta_2018.jpg|200px|thumb|Ogoh-ogoh Festival in [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]] in 2018]]Throughout the year, there are many festivals celebrated locally or island-wide according to the traditional calendars.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaTTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|title= Rough Guide to Bali & Lombok|isbn=978-1-4053-8135-2|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|year=2011}}</ref> The Hindu New Year, ''[[Nyepi]]'', is celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged (or required) to remain in their hotels. On the day before New Year, large and colourful sculptures of ''[[Ogoh-ogoh]]'' monsters are paraded and burned in the evening to drive away evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the Balinese ''[[pawukon]]'' [[calendar|calendrical]] system.

Celebrations are held for many occasions such as a tooth-filing (coming-of-age ritual), [[Ngaben|cremation]] or ''odalan'' (temple festival). One of the most important concepts that Balinese ceremonies have in common is that of ''désa kala patra'', which refers to how ritual performances must be appropriate in both the specific and general social context.<ref name=Herbst /> Many ceremonial art forms such as ''[[wayang]] kulit'' and ''[[topeng]]'' are highly improvisatory, providing flexibility for the performer to adapt the performance to the current situation.<ref name=Foley /> Many celebrations call for a loud, boisterous atmosphere with much activity, and the resulting aesthetic, ''ramé'', is distinctively Balinese. Often two or more ''[[Music of Bali|gamelan]]'' ensembles will be performing well within earshot, and sometimes compete with each other to be heard. Likewise, the audience members talk amongst themselves, get up and walk around, or even cheer on the performance, which adds to the many layers of activity and the liveliness typical of ''ramé''.<ref>[[#Gold|Gold]], p. 8.</ref>

=== Tradition ===
[[File:Ngaben di Nusa Penida.jpg|thumb|[[Ngaben|Cremation]] ceremony in [[Nusa Penida]]]]Balinese society continues to revolve around each family's ancestral village, to which the cycle of life and religion is closely tied.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last=Belford|first=Aubrey|title=Customary Law Revival Neglects Some Balinese|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13iht-bali.html|access-date=12 October 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130207064353/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13iht-bali.html| archive-date=7 February 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> Coercive aspects of traditional society, such as [[customary law]] sanctions imposed by traditional authorities such as village councils (including "[[kasepekang]]", or [[shunning]]) have risen in importance as a consequence of the democratisation and decentralisation of Indonesia since 1998.<ref name="NYT" />

Other than Balinese sacred rituals and festivals, the government presents [[Bali Arts Festival]] to showcase Bali's performing arts and various artworks produced by the local talents that they have. It is held once a year, from the second week of June until the end of July. Southeast Asia's biggest annual festival of words and ideas [[Ubud Writers and Readers Festival]] is held at [[Ubud]] in October, which is participated by the world's most celebrated writers, artists, thinkers, and performers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/10/ubud-writers-readers-festival-2018-what-to-expect/|title=What to expect at Southeast Asia's biggest festival of words and ideas|newspaper=Asian Correspondent|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011120908/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/10/ubud-writers-readers-festival-2018-what-to-expect/}}</ref>

One unusual tradition is the naming of children in Bali. In general, Balinese people [[Balinese name#Birth order|name their children]] depending on the order they are born, and the names are the same for both males and females.

=== Beauty pageant ===
Bali was the host of [[Miss World 2013]] (63rd edition of the Miss World pageant). It was the first time Indonesia hosted an international beauty pageant. In 2022, Bali also co-hosted [[Miss Grand International 2022]] along with Jakarta, West Java, and Banten.

== International conferences and summits ==
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|section=International|reason=[[Special:Diff/1305697622|this 2025 edit]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] throughout user's edits around this time}}
Bali has hosted milestone regional and sectoral gatherings, including [[ASEAN]]'s foundational summits and declarations, namely the 1976 Declaration of ASEAN Concord and Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, the Bali Concord II (2003), and the Bali Concord III (2011) alongside the East Asia Summit's "Bali Principles".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Declaration of ASEAN Concord, Bali, Indonesia, 24 February 1976 |url=https://asean.org/the-declaration-of-asean-concord-bali-indonesia-24-february-1976/ |website=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eastasiasummit.asean.org/storage/eas_statements_file/WMtc5OsrOpkdwjNGAI2tb5Pv51whqJuDQIwmfWLf.pdf|title=DECLARATION OF THE EAST ASIA SUMMIT ON THE PRINCIPLES FOR MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL RELATIONS}}</ref> It also hosted the 2007 [[2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference|UNFCCC COP13]] that produced the Bali Road Map, as well as the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] Leaders' Week and the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] Ninth Ministerial that adopted the Bali Package on trade facilitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Ministerial conferences – Ninth WTO Ministerial Conference – Indonesia |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc9_e/mc9_e.htm |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.wto.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Leaders' Declaration |url=https://www.apec.org/meeting-papers/leaders-declarations/2013/2013_aelm |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=APEC |language=en}}</ref>

Recurring platforms such as the Bali Process on people smuggling<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime |url=https://www.baliprocess.net/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The Bali Process |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Bali Democracy Forum]] have further anchored Bali's role in regional governance architectures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bali Democracy Forum |url=https://www.un.org/pga/71/event-latest/bali-democracy-forum/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=General Assembly of the United Nations |language=en-US}}</ref> Sectoral leadership is also evident: the UN's Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction convened in Bali in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Home – After {{!}} Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction |url=https://globalplatform.undrr.org/2022/about.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=globalplatform.undrr.org |language=en}}</ref> Bali has also hosted the Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo; according to [[Reuters]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-31 |title=China to join Indonesia's multilateral naval drills despite rising tension |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-join-indonesias-multilateral-naval-drills-despite-rising-tension-2023-05-31/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> the exercise has included participation by the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] and taken place amid [[South China Sea]] tensions linked to overlapping claims, including China's "[[nine-dash line]]", which an arbitral tribunal constituted under [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|UNCLOS]] found had no legal basis in 2016, while official reports note that the 2025 iteration in Bali involved 38 countries and 19 foreign warships at [[Tanjung Benoa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=antaranews.com |date=2024-05-26 |title=Papua governor initiates National Immunization Week on Numfor Island |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/314388/papua-governor-initiates-national-immunization-week-on-numfor-island |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Antara News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cases {{!}} PCA-CPA |url=https://pca-cpa.org/cases/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |language=en}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Stadion Dipta.jpg|thumb|[[Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium]], the home of [[Bali United F.C.]]]]
Bali is a major world [[surfing]] destination with popular breaks dotted across the southern coastline and around the offshore island of [[Nusa Lembongan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Bali + Lombok|url=http://magicseaweed.com/Bali-Lombok-Surf-Forecast/55/|access-date=14 July 2015|publisher=magicseaweed.com}}.</ref>

As part of the [[Coral Triangle]], Bali, including [[Nusa Penida]], offers a wide range of dive sites with varying types of reefs, and tropical aquatic life.

Bali was the host of [[2008 Asian Beach Games]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Council of Asia: Games|url=http://ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?VKZk7uGbk/Bst5Hhk+WoCw==|access-date=8 April 2013|publisher=ocasia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719035703/http://ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?VKZk7uGbk%2FBst5Hhk+WoCw=%3D|archive-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> It was the second time Indonesia hosted an Asia-level [[multi-sport event]], after [[Jakarta]] held the [[1962 Asian Games]].

In 2023, Bali was the location for a major [[Esports|eSports]] event, the [[Dota 2]] Bali Major, the third and final Major of the [[Dota Pro Circuit]] season. The event was held at the Ayana Estate and the Champa Garden, and it was the first time that a Dota Pro Circuit Major was held in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dota 2 Bali Major: Everything you need to know about the 2023 DPC's final Major
|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/dota-2-bali-major-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2023-dpcs-final-major-014545870.html|access-date= 9 April 2023|publisher=sg.news.yahoo.com}}</ref>

In [[association football|football]], Bali is home to [[Bali United]] football club, which plays in [[Liga 1 (Indonesia)|Liga 1]].
The team was relocated from [[Samarinda]], [[East Kalimantan]] to [[Gianyar]], Bali. Harbiansyah Hanafiah, the main commissioner of Bali United explained that he changed the name and moved the home base because there was no representative from Bali in the highest football tier in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/superball/2014/12/17/putra-samarinda-berubah-jadi-bali-united-pusam|title=Putra Samarinda Berubah Jadi Bali United Pusam|access-date= 14 April 2017}}</ref> Another reason was due to local fans in Samarinda preferring to support [[Pusamania Borneo F.C.]] rather than Persisam.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Heritage sites ==
In June 2012, [[Subak (irrigation)|Subak]], the irrigation system for [[paddy field]]s in [[Jatiluwih]], central Bali was listed as a Natural [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1194|title=Cultural Landscape of Bali Province |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* ''[[Road to Bali]]'', a 1952 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] comedy film starring [[Bing Crosby]] and [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Eat Pray Love]], a 2010 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] drama film starring [[Julia Roberts]]

== Notable people ==
{{main category|People from Bali}}

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Indonesia|Islands}}
* [[Culture of Indonesia]]
*[[Hinduism in Indonesia]]
*[[Tourism in Indonesia]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name=Foley>{{Cite journal | last1 = Foley | first1 = Kathy | last2 = Sedana
| first2 = I Nyoman | last3 = Sedana | first3 = I Nyoman
| title = Mask Dance from the Perspective of a Master Artist: I Ketut Kodi on "Topeng"
| journal = Asian Theatre Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–213 (208)
| publisher = University of Hawaiʻi Press | date =Autumn 2005 | doi =10.1353/atj.2005.0031 | s2cid = 162336494 }}</ref>

<ref name=Lonely>{{cite book | last1 = Greenway | first1 = Paul | last2 = Lyon | first2 = James | last3 = Wheeler | first3 = Tony | title = Bali and Lombok | publisher = Lonely Planet | year = 1999 | location = Melbourne | isbn = 0-86442-606-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/balilombok00gree/page/15 15] | url = https://archive.org/details/balilombok00gree/page/15 }}</ref>

<ref name=Herbst>{{cite book |last=Herbst |first=Edward |title= Voices in Bali: Energes and Perceptions in Vocal Music and Dance Theater |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesbalienergi00herb |url-access=limited |publisher= University Press of New England |year=1997 | location = Hanover |isbn=0-8195-6316-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesbalienergi00herb/page/n24 1]–2}}</ref>

<ref name=Hinzler>Hinzler, Heidi (1995) ''Artifacts and Early Foreign Influences''. From {{cite book
| editor-last = Oey | editor-first = Eric
| title = Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions | year = 1995 | location = Singapore | pages = 24–25 | isbn = 962-593-028-0}}</ref>

<ref name=Ricklefs>{{cite book
| last = Ricklefs | first = M. C. | author-link = M. C. Ricklefs | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300, Second Edition
| publisher = MacMillan | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-333-57689-2 |page=289 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sanger>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Sanger | first1 = Annette | title = Blessing or Blight? The Effects of Touristic Dance-Drama on village Life in Singapadu, Bali
| journal = Come Mek Me Hol' Yu Han': The Impact of Tourism on Traditional Music
| pages = 89–104 (90–93) | publisher = Jamaica Memory Bank | location = Berlin | year = 1988}}</ref>

<ref name="ctpqur">Vickers, Adrian (1995), From {{cite book
| editor-last = Oey | editor-first = Eric | title = Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions | year = 1995 | location = Singapore | pages = 26–35 | isbn = 962-593-028-0}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author1=Andy Barski, Albert Beaucort |author2=Bruce Carpenter, Barski|title=Bali and Lombok|year=2007|publisher=Dorling Kindersley, London|isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9|ref=Barski}}
* {{cite book|author1=Haer, Debbie Guthrie |author2=Morillot, Juliette |author-link2=Juliette Morillot |author3=Toh, Irene |name-list-style=amp |ref=Haer|title=Bali, a traveller's companion|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year= 2001|isbn=978-981-4217-35-4}}
* {{cite book |ref=Gold |last=Gold |first=Lisa |title=Music in Bali: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |location=New York |isbn=0-19-514149-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/musicinbaliexper0000gold }}
* {{cite book|ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |location= New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-10518-5}}
* {{cite book |ref=Pringle| last = Pringle | first = Robert | title = Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of | publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]] | series = Short History of Asia Series | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-86508-863-3 }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| last = Black | first = Robert
| title = Bali Fungus
| year = 2012 | publisher = Snake Scorpion Press | isbn = 978-1-4775-0824-4 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Copeland | first = Jonathan
| title = Secrets of Bali: Fresh Light on the Morning of the World
| publisher = Orchid Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-974-524-118-3 }}
* Cotterell, Arthur (2015). ''Bali: A cultural history'', Signal Books {{ISBN|9781909930179}}
* [[Miguel Covarrubias|Covarrubias, Miguel]] (1946). ''Island of Bali''. {{ISBN|9625930604}}
* {{cite web|author=Klemen, L |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |title=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |date=1999–2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}
* {{cite book | last = McPhee | first = Colin
| author-link = Colin McPhee | title = A House in Bali | publisher = Tuttle Publishing; New edition, 2000 (first published in 1946 by J. Day Co)
| year = 2003 | isbn = 978-962-593-629-1 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Shavit | first = David
| title = Bali and the Tourist Industry: A History, 1906–1942
| publisher = McFarland & Co Inc | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-7864-1572-4 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Vickers | first = Adrian
| title = Travelling to Bali: Four Hundred Years of Journeys
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-967-65-3081-3 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Vickers | first = Adrian
| title = Bali: A Paradise Created
| publisher = Tuttle | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-8048-4260-0 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Whitten | first = Anthony J.
|author2=Roehayat Emon Soeriaatmadja |author3=Suraya A. Afiff
| title = The Ecology of Java and Bali | publisher = Periplus Editions Ltd
| year = 1997 | location = Hong Kong | isbn = 978-962-593-072-5 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Wijaya | first = Made
| title = Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern Forms
| year = 2003 | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd | isbn = 978-0-500-34192-6 }}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2012}}

{{Sister project links|wikt=no |commons=Bali |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=Bali}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bali|volume=3 |short=x}}
* {{official website|http://www.baliprov.go.id/|Bali provincial government official website}}
* {{OSM relation|1615621}}

{{Provinces of Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bali| ]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Islands of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Lesser Sunda Islands]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1958]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Populated places in Indonesia]]

Churachandpur

2026-03-28T17:47:58Z

Xannat: fixed formatting per sources and fixed typos

{{About|the municipality in Manipur, India|the eponymous district|Churachandpur district}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Churachandpur
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name = Lamka
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hill Town area of Churachandpur
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.346|93.70|format=dms| display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Churachand Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Manipur Kingdom]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 800
| population_total = 120000
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Guite"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]{{efn|name=lang|[[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]) is the official language of [[Manipur]].}}<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47TV report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=78 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Thadou language|Thadou]] and other [[Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795128<ref>{{cite web|author=India Post|language=en|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/Pinsearch.aspx?Pin_On=Churachandpur|title=Pincode search - Churachandpur|access-date=28 July 2008|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116161952/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/Pinsearch.aspx?Pin_On=Churachandpur|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03874<ref>{{cite web|author=Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd|language=en|url=http://www.bsnl.co.in/searchcode.php?state=Manipur&pgno=0|title=STD Codes for cities in Manipur|access-date=28 July 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| registration_plate = MN 02
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Churachandpur''' ([[International phonetic alphabet|IPA]]: ''/tʃʊRVːˌtʃaːnɗpʊr/),'' locally known as '''Lamka''' is the second largest town in the Indian state of [[Manipur]] and the district headquarters of the [[Churachandpur district]].<ref name="IE Lamka"/><ref name="Guite">
{{Cite news |last=Guite |first=Paojakhup |title=Churachandpur (Lamka) Town: The Unplanned Growth of Urbanisation and its Civic Management Systems |newspaper=Imphal Times |date=12 July 2022 |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/23246-churachandpur-lamka-town-the-unplanned-growth-of-urbanisation-and-its-civic-management-systems}}
</ref> The name "Churachandpur" was transferred from the earlier headquarters of the region at [[Songpi]] to the present location,{{Efn|It was referred to as "New Churachandpur" during the 1950s and 1960s.}} and honours [[Churachand Singh]], former maharaja of the [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur princely state]]. The local people reject the name as a colonial imposition and prefer using the native name "Lamka".<ref name="IE Lamka" />

Churachandpur is not a statutory town and does not have a municipality. It is governed by the Autonomous District Council of the Churachandpur district.

== Name ==
[[File:Old and new Churachandpur (SoI, 1944).jpg|thumb|right|280px|Old and New Churachandpur towns in a 1944 Survey of India map. The location marked as Churachandpur is the old Churachandpur (Songpi). The new location is at the junction of Tedim Road (then called Hiangtam Road) and Tipaimukh Road.]]
The name "Chura Chandpur" was originally given to the village of [[Songpi]] in 1921, where the British Raj administration had previously established a subdivision office.{{efn|A "sub-division" in the British system was a smaller unit of administration than a district, but often larger than native units of administration such as [[tehsil]] or taluka, which were styled "circles". The whole of Manipur was a single district under the British Raj. Four sub-divisions for hill regions were created in 1919. Other than Churachandpur, there was a North-West Sub-division headquartered at [[Tamenglong]], a North-East Sub-division headquartered at [[Ukhrul]], and a fourth sub-division headquartered at Imphal that covered the remaining areas (extreme north and the south-east).<ref>
{{citation |last=Singh |first=Karam Manimohan |title=History of the Christian Missions in Manipur and Neighbouring States |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1991 |isbn=81-7099-285-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000sing |via=archive.org |page=161}}</ref>}}
The name was coined in honour of [[Churachand Singh]], the reigning maharaja of the [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur princely state]] at that time. The Khuga river valley, the present site of Churachandpur was forested and mostly uninhabited at that time.<ref>
[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-181831961-imphal-83-h-1944.jpg Survey of India mapsheet 83-H (Burma and India)], 1944 (Surveyed 1922–24).
</ref>
In 1930, the Sub-Divisional Officers (S.D.O.'s) were withdrawn due to dearth of staff and the subdivision was administered directly from Imphal. The Songpi/Churachandpur office fell into disuse.{{sfnp|Ibochou Singh|British administration in Manipur|1985|pp=158–159}}{{efn|While two other subdivision offices, at Ukhrul and Tamenglong, were reopened due to disturbances, Churachandpur remained closed.{{sfnp|Ibochou Singh|British administration in Manipur|1985|pp=159–160}}}}

Around the time of Indian independence, the new administration set up under the [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947|Manipur State Constitution]] decided to establish [[tehsil|administrative circles]] in the state, with one of them based at Churachandpur. Finding that the old offices at Songpi were unusable, they decided to build a new headquarters near Hiangtam Lamka, under the name "New Churachandpur".<ref name="Gazette 8 Jun 1949"/> This eventually gave the name Churachandpur to the entire area, at least in the official parlance.<ref name="IE Lamka"/>

The village called '''Hiangtam Lamka''' was established in the 1920s. It was at the junction ("lamka" in [[Kuki-Chin languages]]) of the Hiangtam Road the British laid during the [[Kuki Rebellion]] of 1917–1919, and the pre-existing Tipaimukh Road. With the rise of new villages surrounding it after the independence, the area around the road junction came to be called "Lamka",<ref name="IE Lamka"/> and the whole plain in the Khuga River valley "Lamka plain".<ref name="Pau">
{{citation |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance |page=xii |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000507454 |quote=From a remote hill village in the Indo-Burma border, my grandparents moved to the plain of Lamka (Lamka ''zaang'') in Churachandpur District of Manipur chiefly in search of better livelihood and opportunity for the education of their children.}}
</ref>

The local people are said to have always used the name "Lamka" for the town in preference to "Churachandpur".<ref>
{{citation |editor1=Paromita Das |editor2=Charu Joshi |editor3=G. P. Pandey |title=Problems and Perspectives of the Relationship between the Media and Human Rights |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9781443878326 |at=p. 120, note 11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExVUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}}
</ref>
With the rise of ethnic tensions during the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]], the [[Kuki-Zo people]] have increasingly spurned the name "Churachandpur".<ref name="IE Lamka">
{{citation |author=Sukrita Baruah |title=Amid ongoing violence, why there is an open challenge to the name of Manipur's Churachandpur |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=10 July 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/manipur-churachandpur-lamka-kuki-zomi-meitei-history-8820659/}}
</ref>

== Geography ==
The Churachandpur town is in the valley of [[Khuga River]] (called "Lamka plain"),<ref name="Pau"/> which flows north from the southern border of the state towards the [[Imphal Valley]]. The town is at the intersection of two roads: the [[Tedim Road]], which runs from the Manipur state capital [[Imphal]] to the [[Tedim|Tedim Town]] in the [[Chin State]] of Myanmar, and the Tipaimukh road that goes to [[Tipaimukh]] in the southwest corner of the state and continues on to [[Mizoram]]. The junction of the two roads is called "Lamka" in [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chiin languages]]. At present, the northern portion of the Tedim Road and the Tipaimukh Road make up the [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]], connecting the states of [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], Manipur and [[Mizoram]]. In addition to these roads, the road to [[Sugnu]] via the Tuineng valley also leaves from the Churachandpur town.

Churachandpur is a sprawling urban agglomeration, said to be the second largest town in Manipur.<ref name="IE Lamka"/> However it is not a statutory town and does not have a municipality. The region is divided into multiple villages and towns, under the supervision of the Autonomous District Council of the Churachandpur District.<ref name="Guite"/> Notable among the towns are '''Hiangtam Lamka''', west of Tedim Road, '''Zenhang Lamka''', east of Tedim Road, and [[Rengkai]] to the southeast, apart from other town wards like [[Kamdou Veng]].

== History ==
The Khuga River Valley, the location of the present-day Churachandpur Town, was forested and mostly uninhabited at the time of the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919]]. However, it was used for grazing [[gayal|mithuns]] (also called ''metna''), of which the chief of [[Ukha, Manipur|Ukha]], was the largest owner in the area.{{sfnp|Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War|2019|p=177}} Prior to the Kuki Rebellion, the British had also allowed some number of Nepali ex-servicemen to settle in the valley and use it for grazing cattle.{{sfnp|Zou, Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War|2019|p=160}} The destruction caused by the cattle to the crops of the Kuki people in the surrounding areas was considered a significant grievance causing antipathy towards the British administration.{{sfnp|Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War|2019|p=176}} The Nepalis were however loyal to the British, paid regular taxes, and also supplied ''[[ghee]]'' to the British troops.{{sfnp|Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War|2019|pp=176–177}} One of the first events of the Kuki Rebellion was to raid the Nepali graziers of the Khuga Valley on 28 December 1917, which was carried out by the [[Thadou people|Thadou]] and [[Zou people|Zou]] tribes jointly.{{sfnp|Zou, Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War|2019|p=160}}

Also during the Rebellion, the British constructed a road to [[Hiangtam]] in the southern part of the subdivision, which branched off the Tipaimukh road at a location that lataer came to be called "Hiangtam Lamka". It became the site of a new village.<ref name="IE Lamka"/>{{efn|"Lamka" means "crossroads" in the Kuki languages. "Hiangtam Lamka" was the village at the intersection of the Tipaimukh road and the Hiangtam road (now called "Tedim Road").<ref name="IE Lamka"/>}}

During the [[World War II]], the British constructed a motorable "Tedim Road" between Imphal and Tedim, extending the former Hiangtam Road. Seven decisive battles were fought along this road between the British 17 Indian Division and the Japanese 33 Division. The Japanese reached the Churachandpur area on 8 April 1944, and four battles were fought to the north of it, within Manipur, including one at [[Torbung]].<ref name="Pau Tedim Road">{{citation |first=Pum Khan |last=Pau |year=2012 |title=Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=36 |number=5 |pages=776-786 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.712387}}</ref> Eventually the Japanese were defeated at Imphal and withdrew from Manipur with heavy losses.<ref name="Pau Tedim Road" />

=== Independent period ===
In 1947, on the eve of Indian independence, the Maharaja's administration decided to form [[Tehsil|circles]] for local administration, designating two of them as Churachandpur Circle and [[Thanlon]] Circle respectively. Finding that the old offices at Songpi had been reused for other purposes, in 1949, it decided to construct a town called "New Churachandpur" next to Hiangtam Lamka to serve as the headquarters for the Churachandpur Circle.<ref>
{{citation |title=Impact of the Missionary Movement in Manipur |first=L. |last=Jeyaseelan |publisher=Scholar Publishing House |year=1996 |isbn=9788171723393 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SLkAAAAMAAJ |pages=81–82 |quote=In 1946 [doubtful date], Thanlon and New Churachandpur (formerly Hiangtam Lamka) were made as Circle Headquarters and Mr. K. Hanghal and Mr. T. Kipgen appointed as Circle Officers respectively.}}
</ref><ref name="Gazette 8 Jun 1949">
{{citation |title=The Manipur State Gazette, No. 103 |publisher=Government of Manipur, by order of H. H. The Maharaja |location=Imphal |date=8 June 1949 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125717 |via=archive.org |quote=The Hon'ble Speaker to read out the Report on New Churachandpur Town as submitted by 3 Special Commissioners deputed by the Assembly.}}
</ref>
After Manipur's merger with India, the two Circles were combined into a Subdivision based at New Churachandpur.<ref>
{{citation |title=Manipur Gazette |publisher=Government of Manipur |location=Imphal |date=1950 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125706 |via=archive.org |at=No. 21, January 25, 1950, pp. 1–3}}
</ref>
The name "New Churachandpur" was used for at least two decades, until 1969. In that year, the subdivision was converted into a district and the prefix "New" was dropped.<ref>
R. K. Birendra Singh, [http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4332/1/22872_1961_MAN.pdf District Census Handbook – Manipur], Census of India 1961, Government of Manipur. page 48.
</ref>{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=38}}
Tourist guide books continued to use the term well into the 1990s.<ref>
{{citation |first1=P. N. |last1=Chopra |first2=Prabha |last2=Chopra |title=The India You do not Know |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiayoudonotkno0000unse |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |page=246}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |title=India Handbook |year=1996 |publisher=Passport Books |location=Lincolnwood, Illinois |page=730}}
</ref>

Under the township of "New Churachandpur" the area grew rapidly. The 1971 census mentioned five areas comprising the town:<ref>
{{citation |title=Series 12: Manipur, Part II-A: General Population Tables |publisher=Director of Census Operations, Manipur |date=1976 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30436/download/33617/51204_1971_GPT.pdf |page=2}}
</ref>
# Churachandpur Headquarters – {{conv|0.35|km2|abbr=on}}
# Hill Town – {{conv|0.32|km2|abbr=on}}
# Hiangtam Lamka (or Hiangtam Lamka, "Upper Lamka") – {{conv|0.14|km2|abbr=on}}
# Zenhang Lamka ("Lower Lamka") – {{conv|0.29|km2|abbr=on}}
# Rengkai – {{conv|0.41|km2|abbr=on}}

The Churachandpur Town was described as the third largest in Manipur in 1971.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2001|p=6}}

The Churachandpur Town was however "denotified" in 1988 upon the recommendation of the Hill Areas Committee, and its area was placed under the Churachandpur Autonomous District Council. The 1991 census listed it as a Census Town, but the practice has since been discontinued. The whole area is considered "rural" for administrative purposes despite having clear urban characteristics.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2001|p=6}} The 2011 census lists three census towns in the region, viz., Rengkai, Zenhang Lamka, and Hill Town (to the west of Hiangtam Lamka).{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=34}}

== Demographics ==
The population of the Churachandpur Town is approximately 120,000 people.<ref name="Guite"/> The majority of the population consists of [[Kuki-Zo people]], with the dominant segment being the [[Paite people|Paite]] tribe. The [[Paite language]] is considered the ''lingua franca'' of the town.{{sfnp|Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur|2018|p=334}}

The town also contains 18 villages (neighbourhoods) with [[Meitei people|Meitei]] populations, totalling approximately 8,350 people. Almost all the Meitei were internally displaced during the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]].<ref>
[https://www.ifp.co.in/ifp-breaking-point/we-were-running-for-our-lives ‘We were running for our lives’], Imphal Free Press, 15 September 2023.
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of populated places in Churachandpur district]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2001 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4407/1/38770_2001_CHU.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2001}}}}
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Chishti |first=S. M. A. W. |title=Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144521638.pdf |year=1979 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |via=core.ac.uk |degree=PhD |ref={{sfnref|Chishti, Political Development in Manipur|1979}}}}
** {{citation |last=Chishti |first=S. M. A. W. |title=Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcxSM_ZO30C |year=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-424-8 |ref={{sfnref|Chishti, Political Development in Manipur|2005}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Ibochou Singh |first=Khwairakpam |title=British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 |publisher=Gauhati University |via=Shodhganga |degree=PhD |year=1985 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66697 |ref={{sfnref|Ibochou Singh|British administration in Manipur|1985}}}}
* {{citation |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Guite & Haokip, The Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Guite |first=Jangkhomang |chapter='Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet': The general course of the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=37– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |ref={{sfnref|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |chapter=Breaking the Spirit of the Kukis: Launching the ‘largest series of military operations’ in the northeastern frontier of India |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=93– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019}}}}
** {{citation |author=Ningmuanching |chapter='As Men of One Country': Rethinking the history of the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=168–197 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |ref={{sfnref|Ningmuanching, Rethinking the history of Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
** {{citation |first=David Vumlallian |last=Zou |chapter=Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=168–197 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |ref={{sfnref|Zou, Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Guite |first1=M. Pauminsang |last2=Vualzong |first2=Langthianmung |chapter=Community Resilience Building and the Role of Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur in Manipur |editor1=Amita Singh |editor2=Milap Punia |editor3=Nivedita P. Haran |editor4=Thiyam Bharat Singh |title=Development and Disaster Management: A Study of the Northeastern States of India |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=9789811084850 |pages=331–348 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ypgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331 |ref={{sfnref|Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur|2018}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last=Vualzong |first=Ginza |title=The Story Behind Songpi, Churachandpur and Lamka |url=https://www.zogam.com/articles/articles-i/general-articles/3022-the-story-behind-songpi-churachandpur-and-lamka.html |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.zogam.com}}
* Gangte, Thangzam (undated) ''Churachandpur Chanchin'' (An Account of Churachandpur)
* Ginsum, H (undated) ''Lamka Vangkhua'' (Lamka Town).
* Kamkhenthang, Dr. H (1995) "Lamka Town vis-a-vis Churachandpur", ''Shan'' (daily), 21 December.
* Kamkhenthang (1998) "Lamka (Churachandpur)" in B.D. Ray, A.K. Neog & H.K. Mazhari (eds.) ''Urban Development in North-East India : Potentiality and Problems'', New Delhi: Vedams Books.
* Manipur State Archives, Imphal: ''Manipur State Durbar 1907–1947'' – Papers related to the Court of the President of Manipur State Durbar, Hill Misc. Case No. 28 of 1945–46, Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka; also Misc Case No. 504 of 1934 Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka.

{{Manipur}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Churachandpur district]]

Dhumavati

2026-03-28T15:51:28Z

Xannat:

{{Short description|Hindu Tantric widow goddess}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Goddess Dhumavati, One of the Mahavidya - Vintage Print b.jpg
| caption = Goddess Dhumavati, 19th-century lithograph
| alt =
| name = Dhumavati
| Devanagari = धूमावती
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Dhūmāvatī
| affiliation = [[Mahavidya]], [[Devi]], [[Parvati]]
| god_of = Goddess of strife, loneliness, unfulfilled desires and inauspicious things
| abode = Cremation ground
| mantra = Dhum Dhum Dhumavati Svaha
| consort = Dhumavan the form of [[Shiva]]
| weapon =
| mount = Crow
| member_of = The Ten [[Mahavidyas]]
}}
{{Saktism}}
'''Dhumavati''' ({{langx|sa|धूमावती}}, {{IAST|Dhūmāvatī}}, literally "the smoky one") is one of the [[Mahavidya]]s, a group of ten Hindu [[Tantra|Tantric]] goddesses. Dhumavati represents the fearsome aspect of [[Mahadevi]], the supreme goddess in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] traditions such as [[Shaktism]]. She is often portrayed as an old woman and is associated with things considered inauspicious and unattractive in Hinduism, such as the crow and the ''[[chaturmas]]ya'' period. The goddess is often depicted carrying a winnowing basket on a horseless chariot or riding a crow, usually in a [[cremation ground]].

Dhumavati is said to manifest herself at the time of cosmic dissolution ([[pralaya]]) and is "the Void" that exists before creation and after dissolution. While Dhumavati is generally associated with only inauspicious qualities, her thousand-name hymn relates her positive aspects as well as her negative ones. She is often called tender-hearted and a bestower of boons. Dhumavati is described as a great teacher, one who reveals ultimate knowledge of the universe, which is beyond the illusory divisions, like auspicious and inauspicious. Her ugly form teaches the devotee to look beyond the superficial, to look inwards and seek the inner truths of life.

Dhumavati is described as a giver of ''[[siddhi]]s'' (supernatural powers), a rescuer from all troubles, and a granter of all desires and rewards, including ultimate knowledge and [[moksha]] (salvation). Her worship is also prescribed for those who wish to defeat their foes. Dhumavati's worship is considered ideal for unpaired members of society, such as bachelors, widows, and world renouncers as well as ''Tantrikas''. In her [[Varanasi]] temple, however, she transcends her inauspiciousness and acquires the status of a local protective deity, where she is also worshipped by married couples. Although she has very few dedicated temples, her worship by Tantric ritual continues in private in secluded places like cremation grounds and forests.

==Origins==
[[File:Goddess Dhumavati, One of the Mahavidya - Vintage Print.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional image of Dhumavati as a widow with a winnowing basket on a horseless chariot]]

Dhumavati hardly has an independent existence outside the Mahavidya group. There is no historical mention of her before she is included among the Mahavidyas.<ref name="K176"/> As a goddess of poverty, frustration, and despair, Daniélou associates Dhumavati with [[Nirṛti (goddess)|Nirriti]], the goddess of disease and misery, and [[Alakshmi]], the goddess of misfortune and poverty.<ref name="Daniélou">{{cite book|last=Daniélou|first= Alain |title=The myths and gods of India|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company|pages=282–3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&q=Dhumavati&pg=RA1-PA282 | isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|date=1991-12-01}}</ref> Kinsley adds another goddess to the list: [[Jyestha (goddess)|Jyestha]].<ref name = "K178ff">Kinsley (1997), pp.178-181</ref>

The [[Vedic]] goddess Nirriti is associated with death, decay, bad luck, anger, and need. Hymns emphasize offerings to keep her away. Like Nirriti, Dhumavati is associated with unpromising things and hardship. Jyestha, also an early Hindu goddess, has similarities in iconography with Dhumavati. Like Dhumavati, she is dark, ugly and is associated with the crow. Jyestha is described as being unable to tolerate any auspiciousness. Also like Dhumavati, Jyestha dwells in quarrels, inauspicious places, and has a bad temper.<ref name = "K178ff"/> Lakshmana Desika, the commentator on the ''Saradatilaka-Tantra'', identifies Dhumavati with Jyestha.<ref name="gupta"/> Both Alakshmi, the sister and antithesis of [[Lakshmi]] (Shri), the goddess of wealth, luck and beauty, and Dhumavati are described as old, carrying a broom and having a crow banner. Both symbolize hunger, thirst, need, and poverty.<ref name = "K178ff"/>

While there are similarities between Dhumavati and the three goddesses, the latter lack significant characteristics of Dhumavati, like her widowhood and a textual emphasis on her ugliness. The names of the three goddesses also do not figure in Dhumavati's ''nama stotras'' (hymns invoking her many names), where such identifications could have been explicitly mentioned. The three also lack the more fierce warrior aspects of Dhumavati as well as her positive aspects in the context of the Mahavidyas. In scholar David Kinsley's opinion, though the three may be Dhumavati's antecedents, they are not "the same" as Dhumavati.<ref name = "K178ff"/> According to Kinsley, the concept of ten [[Mahavidya]]s may not be earlier than the 12th century.<ref>Kinsley (1988) p. 175</ref>

==Legends==
[[File:Dhumavati silver panel.jpg|thumb|A silver panel of the door of the Kali temple, [[Amber Fort]] depicts Dhumavati on a horseless chariot with a winnowing basket.]]

Dhumavati is often named as the seventh Mahavidya. The ''Guhyatiguhya-Tantra'' equates [[Vishnu]]'s [[Dashavatara|ten avatars]] with the ten Mahavidyas. The fish incarnation [[Matsya]] is described as arising from Dhumavati. A similar list in the ''Mundamala'' equates Dhumavati with [[Vamana]].<ref>Bernard p. 5</ref>

In a story from the Shakta ''Maha-Bhagavata Purana'', which narrates the creation of all the Mahavidyas, [[Dakshayani|Sati]], the daughter of [[Daksha]] and first wife of god [[Shiva]], feels insulted that she and Shiva are not invited to [[Daksha yajna|Daksha's yagna]] ("fire sacrifice") and insists on going there, despite Shiva's protests. After futile attempts to convince Shiva, the enraged Sati transforms into the Mahavidyas, who surround Shiva from the ten cardinal directions. Dhumavati stands in the southeast.<ref name = "K16222">Kinsley (1988) p. 162</ref><ref>Kinsley (1997) p. 23</ref><ref>Bernard pp. 1–3</ref> Another similar legend replaces Sati with Kali (the chief Mahavidya) as the wife of Shiva and origin of the other Mahavidyas.<ref>Kinsley (1997) p. 29</ref> The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions the Mahavidyas as war-companions and forms of goddess [[Shakambhari]].<ref>Kinsley (1997) p. 31</ref>

A legend from the ''Shaktisamgama-Tantra'' describes that Sati commits suicide by jumping in Daksha's ''yagna'' and Dhumavati rises with a blackened face from the sad smoke of Sati's burning body. She is "all that is left of Sati" and is her outraged and insulted avatar.<ref name = "K181ff">Kinsley (1997) pp. 181–2</ref> The ''Pranatosini-Tantra'' explains the widowhood of Dhumavati. Once, Sati asked Shiva to give her food. When Shiva declines, the goddess eats him to satisfy her extreme hunger. When Shiva requests her to disgorge him, she obliges. Shiva then rejects her and curses her to assume the form of a widow.<ref name = "K181ff"/> Another oral legend tells that Dhumavati was created by the warrior goddess [[Durga]] in the battle against demons [[Sumbha and Nisumbha|Shumbha and Nishumbha]]. Dhumavati's literal name ("she who abides in smoke") comes from her ability to defeat demons by creating stinging smoke.<ref>Kinsley (1997) p. 34</ref>

The ''Pranatosini-Tantra'' version stresses Dhumavati's destructive aspect and hunger, which is satisfied only when she consumes Shiva, who himself contains or creates the universe. It brings out her inauspicious status as a widow and her self-assertion on her husband.<ref name = "K181ff"/>

==Iconography and textual descriptions==
[[File:Dhumavati.JPG|thumb|An early 20th century [[Rajput painting]] depicting grey-complexioned Dhumavati wearing dark clothes and holding a winnowing basket. She is riding a crow but adorned with jewellery, decorations which are contrary to her traditional description.]]
[[File:Dhumavati molaram.JPG|thumb|A late 18th-century painting by Molaram depicting grey-complexioned Dhumavati holding a winnowing basket, riding a chariot, but pulled by two black scavenger birds and she being adorned with jewellery, in contrast to her traditional description|alt=A grey-scale image depicting woman wearing a sari and gold ornaments sitting on a chariot pulled by two large black birds and holding a winnowing basket.]]
The ''Dhumavati Tantra'' describes her as an old and ugly widow. She is thin, tall, unhealthy, and has a pale-grey complexion. She is described as restless and wicked. Unadorned with jewellery, she wears old, dirty clothes and has dishevelled hair. Her eyes are fearsome, her nose long and crooked, and some of her long fang-like teeth have fallen out, leaving her smile with gaps. Her ears are ugly and rough; her breasts hang down. In one of her trembling hands, she holds a winnowing basket, while the other makes a boon-conferring gesture (''varada-[[mudra]]'') or knowledge-giving gesture (''cinmudra''). She rides in a horseless chariot bearing an emblem of a crow and a banner. She is astute and crafty, though. Always hungry and thirsty, Dhumavati initiates quarrels and invokes fear.<ref name="K176"/><ref name="Daniélou"/><ref name = "K11">Kinsley (1997), p.11</ref><ref name = "F126">Frawley p. 126</ref><ref name = "K182"/>

In the ''Prapancasarasara-samgraha'', Dhumavati is described as having a black complexion and wearing ornaments made of snakes. Her dress is made of rags taken from cremation grounds. She holds a spear and a skull-cup ([[kapala]]) in her two hands.<ref name="K176"/> The spear is sometimes replaced by a sword.<ref name = "F126"/> Another description in the same text says Dhumavati is aged with a wrinkled, angry face and cloud-like complexion. Her nose, eyes, and throat resemble a crow's. She holds a broom, a winnowing fan, a torch, and a club. She is cruel and frowning. Her hair appears dishevelled and she wears the simple clothes of a beggar. Her breasts are dry.<ref name="K176">Kinsley (1997), p.176</ref> Her hair is grey, her teeth crooked and missing, and her clothes old and worn.<ref name = "K180">Kinsley (1997), p. 180</ref>

Sometimes, Dhumavati rides a crow and holds a trident.<ref name = "K11"/> She may be depicted wearing a [[Mundamala|garland of severed heads]], with red-coloured limbs and matted but dishevelled hair.<ref name = "F126"/> Sometimes, she carries the buffalo-horn of [[Yama]], the god of death, symbolizing her association with death.<ref name = "K180"/>

Dhumavati has fierce, warlike attributes too. In the ''Shakta pramoda'', she crushes bones in her mouth, creating an awful noise. She also makes the fearful and warlike noises of drums and bells. She wears a garland of skulls, chews the corpses of the demons [[Chanda and Munda]], and drinks a mixture of blood and wine.<ref name = "K180"/>

Though there are standard descriptions of Dhumavati's form, some relatively recent paintings deviate from it. For example, an 18th-century painting by [[Mola Ram|Molaram]] depicts Dhumavati sitting on a chariot pulled by two black [[scavenger]] birds with curved beaks. The painting follows the usual attributes like the winnowing basket, boon-giving gesture, but also depicts her young and beautiful with full breasts and adorned in gold finery, a stark contrast to her usual form. An early 20th-century painting from [[Varanasi]] depicts her riding a crow, holding a trident, a sword, a winnowing fan, and a bowl in her four arms, dark-complexioned, with sagging breasts, wearing white clothes and with cremation flames in the background. She is again adorned in gold finery and wears a gold-hewn lower garment, unusual for a widow's dress. Another 18th-century [[Nepal]]i manuscript depicts a complete deviation from her traditional descriptions. She is completely nude with high breasts, wears a pearl necklace and headband, stands on a peacock with legs apart, and holds a mirror while looking at her reflection. A ring of fire surrounds her, possibly conveying cremation flames.<ref name = "K187ff">Kinsley (1997), pp. 187–90</ref>

==Symbolism and associations==
Vedic scholar [[Ganapati Muni]] described the goddess:
{{cquote|Perceived as the Void, as the dissolved form of consciousness, when all beings are dissolved in sleep in the supreme [[Brahman]], having swallowed the entire universe, the seer-poets call her the most glorious and the eldest, Dhumavati. She exists in the forms of sleep, lack of memory, illusion, and dullness in the creatures immersed in the illusion of the world, but among the yogis she becomes the power that destroys all thoughts, indeed [[Samadhi]] (death and liberation) itself.|||Ganapati Muni, ''Uma Sahasram 38'', pp. 13—14|<ref name = "F122"/>}}

Dhumavati is always considered a widow, and thus, is the only Mahavidya without a consort. Though associated with Shiva, having eaten him, he has since left her.<ref name = "K178ff"/><ref>Kinsley (1997), p. 39</ref> Having destroyed the male element ([[Purusha]]) in the universe, she is left with nothing, but she is still [[Shakti]], the female element with latent energy.<ref name="Daniélou"/><ref name = "F122">Frawley, p. 122</ref> Dhumavati's insatiable hunger and thirst is highlighted in many texts, and has been interpreted as the manifestation of her unsatisfied desires.<ref name = "K182">Kinsley (1997), p. 182</ref>

As a widow in a horseless chariot, Dhumavati is portrayed as a woman going nowhere in life and society. She is "all that is unlucky, unattractive and inauspicious".<ref name = "K182"/> She appears in the form of the poor, the beggars, the lepers, and the diseased. She dwells in the "wounds of the world", deserts, ruined houses, poverty, tatters, hunger, thirst, quarrels, mourning of children, in wild and other uncivilized, dangerous places.<ref name="Daniélou"/><ref name = "K180"/><ref name = "K183">Kinsley (1997), p. 183</ref> Widows in general are considered inauspicious, dangerous, and susceptible to possession by evil spirits. As a divine widow, Dhumavati is to be feared.<ref name = "K183"/> Dhumavati is described as a [[hag]] or [[witch]], crafty and quarrelsome; she represents all the dreaded miseries of life.<ref name = "F122"/><ref name = "F124">Frawley p. 124</ref>

[[File:Dhumavati Nepal.JPG|thumb|left|18th-century Nepali manuscript depicting Dhumavati in more erotic fashion|alt=A nude woman with long hair and wearing a pearl necklace and headband, stands on a peacock (which in turn sits on a lotus) with her legs apart. She holds a mirror in her left hand and looks at her reflection in it. An aureole and halo surround her.]]

Alternative paintings show her as young and adorned, as a sexually tempting, eroticised, young, attractive yet inauspicious widow. Her thousand-name hymn says that she gives enjoyment, is completely beautiful and adorned with garlands, clothes, and jewellery. She is also associated with sex in the hymn, which calls her "She Whose Form Is [[Rati]]". Rati literally means "sexual intercourse" and also the name of the Hindu love goddess. Dhumavati is said to enjoy sexual intercourse, to be present where sexual activity is, and to be occupied with sex. She is said to like liquor (a forbidden drink), to be intoxicated, and to be worshiped by intoxicated people. She also indulges in the Tantric ritual of breaking the five taboos—the ''[[Panchamakara]]'', which include consuming wine, meat, fish, [[parched grain]] and [[maithuna|ritual sex]].<ref name="K190ff">Kinsley (1997), pp. 190–2</ref>

Dhumavati is a manifestation of the anti-social and inauspicious elements in women and is an antithesis to the goddess Lakshmi.<ref name="gupta">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sanyukta|title=Tantra in practice|editor=White, David Gordon|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|page=472|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC&q=dhumavati&pg=PA472 | isbn=978-81-208-1778-4|year=2001}}</ref> Like Alakshmi, Dhumavati rules over the four months of the rainy season, when even solar light is obscured by the evil water spirit. This coincides with [[Chaturmas]], a period during the year when the god [[Vishnu]] sleeps. At that time, darkness rules and the soul loses its usual luster. This period is considered inauspicious, and as such as no auspicious ceremonies like marriage can take place.<ref name="Daniélou"/><ref name = "K178ff"/>

The presence of the crow, a carrier of death, in her iconography as well as her textual description of having crow-like features associate her with death and inauspiciousness. Another motif in her iconography linking her with death is the presence of a [[cremation]] ground and cremation pyres in the background. Her thousand name hymn says that she lives in the cremation ground, sits on a corpse, wears ashes, and blesses those who haunt the grounds. The ''Prapancasarasara-samgraha'' relates that she wears a dress taken from a corpse.<ref name = "K182"/> Dhumavati is the embodiment of ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]] [[Guṇa|guna]]'', associated with ignorance and darkness. She likes meat and wine, both tamasic in nature.<ref name = "K182"/><ref name="Kinsley 1997, p. 42">Kinsley (1997), p. 42</ref> The ''Pranatosinitantra'' associates her with ''tamas'', when classifying the mahavidyas based on ''guna''.<ref name=":0">Zeiler p. 167</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = Beyond name and form, beyond human categories, alone and indivisible, as the great dissolution, she (Dhumavati) reveals the nature of ultimate knowledge, which is formless and knows no divisions into good or bad, pure and impure, auspicious and inauspicious.
|width = 20em
|source = – David Kinsley.<ref name="K184"/>
}}

Dhumavati is often said to appear at the time of ''[[Pralaya|Maha-pralaya]]'', the great dissolution of the cosmos and is equated with the dark clouds that rise during ''Pralaya''. Her thousand name hymn also calls her by names meaning "She Whose Form is Pralaya", "Who Is Occupied with Pralaya", "Who Creates and Causes Pralaya" and "Who Walks About in Pralaya". An author says that she stays even after Shiva (who is Maha-[[Kāla (time)|kala]]) ("Great Time" or "Great Death") disappears, thus she is "the Power of Time", and considered to be beyond time and space.<ref name = "K185"/> Dhumavati represents ultimate destruction, the smoke that rises after the universe is destroyed.<ref name = "F122"/><ref name = "K185"/>

The goddess' name "Dhumavati" means the "smoky one".<ref name="Daniélou"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Goudriaan|first=Teun |title=Māyā divine and human|url=https://archive.org/details/mydivinehuman00goud|url-access=limited|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1978|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mydivinehuman00goud/page/n376 363]–4}}</ref> She is said not to like offerings burnt in a fire that is not smoky. She likes smoke from incense, offerings, and cremation pyres, as these symbolize destruction. Dhumavati also exists in the form of smoke and roams everywhere at her will.<ref name = "K186"/>

While Dhumavati generally is associated with only inauspicious qualities, her thousand-name hymn tells about her positive aspects, too.<ref>Kinsley (1997), p.5</ref> She is often called as bestower of boons and tender-hearted. Her hymn says that she lives in the midst of women and is worshipped by them. Her hymn sings of her as the giver of children.<ref name = "K187"/>

As an ancestor or Grandmother spirit, she embodies a great teacher and guide, granting knowledge of the ultimate truth of life and death. Her smoke hides that which is obvious, revealing hidden secrets and truths of "the unknown and the unmanifest".<ref name = "F122"/> Frawley says her outer appearance as poverty is deceptive and a mere illusion that hides the inner reality. She is "the good fortune that comes to us in the form of misfortune".<ref name = "F124"/> Dhumavati embodies the "power of suffering". Through the negative aspects that Dhumavati represents rise the virtues of patience, persistence, forgiveness, and detachment. Without the revealing of this negativity of life, it cannot be transcended and the secret truths would remain hidden under the smoky veil of illusion.<ref name = "F125"/>

Dhumavati's outer inauspicious, fearful form reveals the dangers of considering sensory pleasures as fulfilment-giving. The [[winnowing]] basket, used to separate the husk from the grain, symbolizes the need to separate the outer illusory form from the inner reality. Her ugly form teaches the devotee to go beyond the outer deceptive appearances and seek the inner truths of life.<ref name = "F126"/>

Dhumavati is the primordial darkness and ignorance, from which rises the world of illusion. She represents the darkness/ignorance before creation and after decay. This ignorance, which obscures the ultimate reality, is necessary because without the realization of this ignorance, true knowledge can not be achieved.<ref name = "F124"/> Dhumavati also represents yogic sleep ([[Yoganidra]]), the pre-creation state of consciousness, as well as the primal sleep (the Void) in which all creation would dissolve and reach ultimate reality of ''[[Brahman]]''. This void is pure consciousness, the cessation of movements of the mind, and silence.<ref name = "F124"/><ref name = "F125">Frawley p. 125</ref> Even Dhumavati's ability to spread disease is also considered positive, as disease punishes the wicked and restores cosmic order.<ref>Kinsley (1997), p. 21</ref> Dhumavati is also associated with the heart or middle region of the body.<ref name = "F125"/>Dhumavati is also called 'Arikshyaykar' or 'one who destroys both the external as well as the internal enemy'.<ref>Pravrajika Vedantaprana, Saptahik Bartaman, Volume 28, Issue 23, Bartaman Private Ltd., 6, JBS Haldane Avenue, 700 105 (ed. 10 October, 2015) p.18</ref>

Dhumavati is sometimes regarded as an older form of [[Kali]], in which she represents timelessness and unmanifest life-force.<ref name = "F125"/> Another tradition identifies Dhumavati with ''Smashana-kali'', "Kali who lives in the cremation ground."<ref name = "K279">Kinsley (1997), p. 279</ref> She is considered a terrible aspect of the Goddess and included among the [[Shakta#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula]] ("family of Kali") goddesses.<ref>Frawley p. 154</ref> Dhumavati's ''nama stotras'' (hymn with names of the deities) identify her with Parvati, Sati, and glorify her as a slayer of demons.<ref name = "K187"/>


==Worship==
[[File:Dhumavati yantra color.jpg|thumb|The ''[[yantra]]'' of Dhumavati, used in her worship|alt=A geometrical diagram with blue circle in the centre, surrounded by 8 pink petals in a concentric circle, which in turn is surrounded by 16 alternate violet and purple petals. This arrangement is in a black square which has T shaped outward extension in the centre on each side. The black figure is bordered by a lighter bluish background.]]

Though Dhumavati may seem to be a goddess to be avoided due to her inauspiciousness, she is described as tender-hearted and one who gives her devotees whatever they want. In several places, Dhumavati is described as a giver of ''[[siddhi]]s'' (supernatural powers), a rescuer from all troubles and granter of all desires and rewards, including ultimate knowledge and ''[[moksha]]'' (salvation).<ref name = "K183"/><ref name = "K184"/> Dhumavati's worship is prescribed to ward off all the negativity that she stands for and to transcend the smoke screen to acquire true knowledge.<ref name = "F125"/> By worshipping and confronting her, the embodiment of the impure, the inauspicious and outside the fringes of society, one can look beyond the arbitrary dichotomies of society and acquire ultimate knowledge to become spiritually enlightened.<ref name = "K184"/><ref name = "K185">Kinsley (1997), p. 185</ref>

Married people, however, are advised not to worship Dhumavati. It is said that her worship creates a feeling of wanting solitude and distaste of worldly things, which is considered as highest characteristics of a spiritual quest. Thus, Dhumavati's worship is appropriate for world renouncers who roam as lone wanderers and widows who parallel the life of world renouncers. Dhumavati is also described a being partial to single persons and especially partial to widows. Widows are considered the only beings who can withstand her power.<ref name = "K183"/><ref name = "K184">Kinsley (1997), p. 184</ref>

The [[mantra]] of Dhumavati is "Dhum Dhum Dhumavati Svaha", containing a repetition of her seed syllable ''Dhum''. This mantra used in the worship of Dhumavati, sometimes with her [[yantra]], is believed to create a protective smoke shielding the devotee from negativity and death.<ref name = "F126"/> Her worship involves clearing one's mind of all thoughts and leaving back the known, meditating on the unknown silence beyond, and the Void that Dhumavati represents.<ref>Frawley p. 127</ref>

[[File:Dhumabati.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Dhumavati idol worshipped with other Mahavidyas in a [[Kali Puja]] pandal in [[Kolkata]].]]
The ''Shaktisamgama Tantra'' says that Dhumavati can be worshipped for the ''Uchhatana'' (eradication) of a person. A worshipper should imagine the world as well as the goddess's mantra as grey. He should blacken his teeth and wear black clothes and observe regulations, such as eating little, sleeping on the ground, and subduing his senses. In this worship procedure called ''kakakarma'' (crow-procedure), he should "transform his mind into a crow" by which one can cause harm to a person. Another Tantric text mentions the worshipper should burn a crow in a cremation flame and, while repeating the goddesses' mantra, spread the ashes in the enemy's house, which will lead to his destruction.<ref name = "maya">{{cite book|last=Goudriaan|first=Teun |title=Māyā divine and human|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|pages=363–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15-heLWM3UcC&q=Dhumavati&pg=PA363 | isbn=978-81-208-2389-1|year=1978}}</ref> The text further says Dhumavati should be worshipped only by [[Dakshinamarga]] ("right-handed path").<ref name="Kinsley 1997, p. 42"/><ref name=":0" /> While ''the Kalarudra-tantra'' says Dhumavati can be worshipped for destructive purposes, ''Shakta-pramoda'' relates that her worship is useful to acquire ''siddhi'' to destroy one's foes.<ref>Kinsley (1997), pp. 56, 87</ref>

Dhumavati's worship is performed in the night in a cremation ground, bare-bodied with the exception of a loincloth. The fourth lunar day of the dark fortnight (''Krishna [[Paksha]]'') is considered the special day to perform her [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship). The worshipper should observe a fast and remain silent for a whole day and night. They should also perform a [[homa (ritual)|homa]] ("fire sacrifice"), wearing wet clothes and a turban, repeating the goddess' mantra in a cremation ground, forest, or any lonely place.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chawdhri|first=L. R. |title=Secrets of Yantra, Mantra and Tantra|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|pages=44–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wmqalp8RkxcC&q=Dhumavati&pg=PA44 | isbn=978-1-84557-022-4|date=2007-11-01}}</ref>

[[File:Pitambara Peeth temple, Datia city.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pitambara Peeth]] at [[Datia]]]]
Dhumavati temples are extremely rare. At a temple in [[Varanasi]], Dhumavati is the main deity. At the Varanasi temple, which claims to be a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]], Dhumavati's idol rides a chariot and holds a winnowing fan, a broom, and a pot, while the fourth hand makes the fear-not gesture (''abhaya-mudra'').<ref name="K185" /> The goddess is offered usual offerings like flowers and fruit,<ref name="K185" /> but also liquor, [[bhang]], cigarettes, meat, and sometimes even blood sacrifices.<ref name="K186">Kinsley (1997), p. 186</ref> Though traditional devotees of Dhumavati (world renouncers and ''Tantrika''s) worship at the Varanasi temple,<ref name="K186" /> here the goddess transcends her traditional role as "the inauspicious, dangerous goddess who can be approached only by heroic tantric adepts".<ref name="K187">Kinsley (1997), p. 187</ref> Dhumavati acquires the role of a local guardian deity, or [[Gramadevata|village deity]], who protects the locals and even married couples worship her.<ref name="K186" /><ref name="K187" /> There is also a temple dedicated to the goddess in [[Pitambara Peeth]] temple complex, [[Datia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://datia.nic.in/datiaHistory.htm |title=Datia District in Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028181516/http://www.datia.nic.in/datiaHistory.htm |archive-date=2013-10-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.linktv.org/topics/datia |title=Datia - LinkTV World News |access-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113121053/http://news.linktv.org/topics/datia |archive-date=2013-11-13 }}</ref> Smaller Dhumavati temples exist in [[Rajrappa]] in [[Jharkhand]] and near the [[Kamakhya Temple]] near [[Guwahati]].<ref name="K279" />

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration|last=Kinsley|first=David R. |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1988| isbn=978-0-520-06339-6|edition=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/161 161–177]|chapter=Tara, Chinnamasta and the Mahavidyas}}
* {{cite book|title=Tantric visions of the divine feminine: the ten mahāvidyās|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|publisher=University of California Press.|year=1997| isbn=978-0-520-20499-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses: Spiritual Secrets of Ayurveda|last=Frawley|first=David |date=March 1994|publisher=Lotus Press| isbn=978-0-910261-39-5|pages=121–128|chapter=Dhumavati: The Grandmother spirit|author-link =David Frawley }}
*{{Cite book|title=Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond|last=Zeiler|first=Xenia|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2012|editor-last=Keul|editor-first=István|chapter=Transformations in the Textual Traditions of Dhumavati}}
*{{Cite book|title = Die Göttin Dhūmāvatī: Vom tantrischen Ursprung zur Gottheiteines Stadtviertels in Benares|last=Zeiler|first=Xenia|year = 2008|language=German}}
*{{cite book|last=Bernard|first=Elizabeth Anne|title= Chinnamasta: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2000|isbn=978-81-208-1748-7}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Dhūmāvatī}}
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/35788001/dhumavati-sadhana Dhumavati Sadhana]

{{Mahavidya}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Mahavidyas]]
[[Category:Widowhood in India]]

Mahendravarman I

2026-03-25T07:04:33Z

Xannat: basic fix layout and improved wording

{{Short description|Pallava emperor from 590 to 630}}
{{Other people|Mahendravarman|Mahendravarman (disambiguation){{!}}Mahendravarman}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mahendravarman I
| image = Mahendravarman I.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Mahendravarman I with his queens at [[Varaha Cave Temple]].
| succession = [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava emperor]]
| reign = 590–630
| predecessor = [[Simhavishnu]]
| successor = [[Narasimhavarman I]]
| issue = [[Narasimhavarman I]]
| dynasty = [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]
| father = [[Simhavishnu]]
| mother = Daughter of [[Vishnukundina dynasty#Vikramendra Varma II|Vikramendra Varma II]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |author-link=C. Sivaramamurti |title=Early Andhra Art and Iconography |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |date=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2JDAAAAYAAJ |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=P. Raghunadha |title=Ancient and Medieval History of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |date=1993 |isbn=978-81-207-1495-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wENuAAAAMAAJ |page=32 }}</ref>
| religion = [[Jainism]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=C. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.15533/page/117/mode/1up |title=The Journal of the U.P. historical society |date=1955 |pages=117 |language=English |quote=The Pallava king Nanimhavarman I (680-668 A.D.) of KANCHI was alo like his father Mahendravarman 1 (600-630 A.D.) a follower and patron of Jainism}}</ref> [[Shaivism]]
}}
{{Pallava}}

'''Mahendravarman I''' (reigned 590–630)<ref name="histoworldwhitney">{{cite book |editor1-first=John Whitney |editor1-last=Hall |others=John Grayson Kirk |title=History of the World: Earliest Times to the Present Day |year=2005 |orig-year=1988 |publisher=World Publications Group |location=455 Somerset Avenue, North Dighton, MA 02764, USA |isbn=1-57215-421-7 |page=246 |chapter=India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CybxK9ANI8C&q=Mahendra+Varma&pg=PA203 |title=Indian kingdoms by royal asiatic society of great britain |last=Seventeen |first=Volume |publisher=Royal asiatic society of great Britain |year=1885}}</ref> was a [[Pallava]] emperor who ruled over a realm covering the southern portions of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] region and northern regions of what forms present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]], in the early 7th century. He was a scholar, a painter, an architect and a musician. He was the son of [[Simhavishnu]], who defeated the [[Kalabhras]] and re-established the Pallava kingdom.

During his reign, the [[Chalukya]] monarch [[Pulakeshin II]] attacked the Pallava realm. The Pallavas fought a series of wars in the northern [[Vengi]] region, before Mahendravarman decimated his chief enemies at Pullalur (according to Pallava grants at Kuram, Kasakudi and Tadantottam). Although Mahendravarman saved his capital, he lost the northern provinces to Pulakeshin.<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri 2008]], p. 136</ref> Tamil literature flourished under his rule, with the rise in popularity of ''[[Tevaram]]'' written by [[Appar]] and [[Sambandhar]]. Mahendravarman I was the author of the play ''[[Mattavilasa Prahasana]]'' which is a [[Sanskrit]] satire. During his period "[[Bhagavadajjukam]]", another satire (prahasanam), was written by [[Baudhayana|Bodhayana]]. King Mahendravarman mentioned this on a stone inscription in Mamandur along with his own [[Mattavilasa Prahasana|Mattavilasa Prahasanam]].<ref>Bodhayan's Bhagwatajjukam edited by Veturi Prabhakara Sastri, Manmanjari Publications, Hyderabad, 2nd edition 1986, for more information Veturi Prabhakara Sastri Memorial Trust, 2-2-18/15/18/D/1, Bagh Amberpet, Hyderabad 500013</ref>

Mahendravarman was succeeded to the throne by his more famous son [[Narasimhavarman I]] in 630 CE,<ref name="histoworldwhitney" /> who defeated [[Pulakeshin II]] of the [[Chalukya]] dynasty and ransacked the Chalukyan capital city of [[Vatapi]] (also known as [[Badami]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}</ref>

==Patronage of arts and architecture==
[[File:Pancha Ratha Panorama (1).jpg|400px|thumb|left|[[Bhima Ratha]], which is part of the [[Pancha Rathas]] group of monuments, located in [[Mahabalipuram]] (Mamallapuram), [[Tamil Nadu]], India.]]
Construction of these{{what?|date=July 2023}} started in the reign of Mahendravarma I.<ref name="sen">{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|page=41}}</ref> Mahendravarman was a great patron of letters and architecture. He constructed the [[Mamallapuram Lighthouse]] and Kanchi University where Vedas, Buddhism, Jainism, Painting, Music & Dance were taught. He was the pioneer of the Rock-cut Architecture amongst the Pallavas.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/217 217]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The inscription at the rock-cut [[Mandagapattu Tirumurti Temple]] hails him as Vichitrachitta and claims that the temple was built without wood, brick, mortar or metal. The five-celled cave temple at [[Pallavaram]] was also built during his reign as was the [[Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam]] of Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu.<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri 2008]], p. 412</ref> He made Kudimiya malai Inscription. His paintings are found in [[Sittanavasal Cave]] (Tamil Nadu).

Fine examples of his rock-cut temples can be witnessed at [[Mahabalipuram]], (Satyagirinathar and Satyagirishwarar twin temples), [[Seeyamangalam]] (the [[Avanibhajana Pallaveshwaram Temple|Avanibhajana Pallaveswaram]] Siva temple) in North Arcot district and the [[Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort#Rock-cut temple|upper rock-cut temple]] at [[Trichy]]. Apart from the Siva temples, Mahendravarma also excavated a few Vishnu cave temples, the Mahendravishnugrha at [[Mahendravadi]], and [[Senji Singavaram Ranganatha Temple|the Ranganatha Temple at Singavaram]] in present-day [[Gingee]] (then North Arcot district).<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri 2008]], p. 413</ref>

He was also the author of the play ''[[Mattavilasa Prahasana]]'', a farce concerning [[Buddhist]] and [[Saivite|Saiva]] ascetics. He is also claimed to be the author of another play called ''Bhagavadajjuka'',. This is evident by the inscriptions found at [[Mamandur]] cave shrines (near Kanchipuram - this place is mentioned as Dusi Mamandur to avoid confusions with other places by the same name). However, there is an alternate view that attributes this play to Bodhayana.<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri 2008]], p. 313</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Vsvarahacave.jpg|thumb|[[Varaha Cave Temple]] built by Mahendravarman I]]
Mahendravarman was initially a patron of [[Jainism]],<ref>{{citation |title=Jainism - Its relevance to psychiatric practice; with special reference to the practice of Sallekhana |pmc=5270277 | pmid=28197009 | doi=10.4103/0019-5545.196702 |volume=58 |issue=4 |year=2016 |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |pages=471–474 | last1 = Somasundaram | first1 = O | last2 = Tejus Murthy | first2 = AG | last3 = Raghavan | first3 = DV |doi-access=free }}</ref> but he converted to the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] tradition under the influence of the Shaiva saint [[Appar]].<ref name=Malla>[[#Malla|C. 2004]], pp. 5-6</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35372 |title=History of the Pallavas of Kanchi |date=1928}}</ref> According to Divyacharitam, a Sanskrit work on the life of Alvars that was written in 12th century, the image of Yatotkara Perumal (Vishnu), enshrined in Kanchipuram, was carried out of the city along with his devotee [[Thirumalisai Alvar|Tirumalisai Alvar]], because the latter faced persecution and exile from the king, becuse it is also stated that pallavas were originally follower and patrons of [[Jainism]].<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri 2008]], p. 382–383</ref><ref>[[#Stein|Stein]], p. 122</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=C. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.15533/page/117/mode/1up |title=The Journal of the U.P. historical society |date=1955 |pages=117 |language=English |quote=The Pallava king Nanimhavarman I (680-668 A.D.) of KANCHI was alo like his father Mahendravarman 1 (600-630 A.D.) a follower and patron of Jainism}}</ref>

==In literature and popular culture==
{{see|List of Sanskrit plays in English translation}}
Mahendravarman I is a prominent character in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[historical fiction]]. The novel ''[[Sivagamiyin Sapatham]]'' by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], talks about the first Vatapi invasion into the Pallava Kingdom, Mahendravarman's heroic deeds in the war, securing the Kanchi fort from the imminent invasion of the huge Vatapi army, his loss to the Vatapi Pulikesi, and eventual death. The inscriptions in Madangapattu mention him as a curious king who wanted to discard perishable materials like wood, brick, metal, or mortar for building temples. He was a pioneer in the use of rock-cut inscriptions. Literature also mentions that he built the famous Mahendratankta, the famous irrigation tank. He initiated most of the monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]], which, in modern times, are grouped as [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], and is a UNESCO World Heritage site.<ref name=Malla/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book | first= Durga | last= Prasad | year=1988 | title= History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D.| publisher= P. G. Publishers | location= Guntur, India|ref=Durga}}
* {{cite book|title=Mahabalipuram|publisher=The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|year=2004|isbn=|location=New Delhi|last=C.|first=Sivaramamurthi|page=3|ref=Malla}}
* {{cite book | first= K A N | last= Sastri | year=2008 | title= A History of South India| edition= 4th| publisher= Oxford University Press | location= New Delhi, India|ref=Sastri}}
* {{cite book |first = Burton| last= Stein| year= 1998 |title=A history of India |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn= 0-631-20546-2|ref=Stein}}

==External links==
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Pallava dynasty]]}}
{{S-bef| before=[[Simhavishnu]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Pallava dynasty]] | years=600–630}}
{{S-aft| after=[[Narasimhavarman I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahendravarma 01}}
[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Pallava kings]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Jainism]]

Hyundai Motor Company

2026-03-22T03:47:37Z

Xannat: adjusted structure further and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|South Korean multinational automaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hyundai Motor Company
| native_name = 현대자동차 주식회사
| logo = Hyundai Motor Company logo.svg
| image = HyundaiMotorsCompany KiaMotorsCompany.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters (right) in [[Seoul]], South Korea
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{kse|005380}} {{lse|HYUD}}
| genre =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1967|12|29|df=y}}
| founder = [[Chung Ju-yung]]
| location_city = [[Seoul]]
| location_country = South Korea
| locations =
| key_people = {{ubl
| [[Chung Eui-sun]] ([[executive chairman]])
| Jose Muñoz ([[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| [[SangYup Lee]] (Chief Designer)
}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| production = {{decrease}} 4,146,335 vehicles<ref name="HMC-sustainability-report-2025-production-figures">{{cite web |title=Road to Sustainability - Hyundai Motor Company 2025 Sustainability Report |url=https://www.hyundai.com/content/dam/hyundai/ww/en/images/company/sustainability/about-sustainability/2025/hmc-2025-sustainability-report-en-v7.pdf |page=6 |website=Hyundai |access-date=2025-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705143735/https://www.hyundai.com/content/dam/hyundai/ww/en/images/company/sustainability/about-sustainability/2025/hmc-2025-sustainability-report-en-v7.pdf |archive-date=2025-07-05 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HMC-sustainability-report-2024">{{cite web |title=Road to Sustainability - Hyundai Motor Company 2024 Sustainability Report |url=https://www.hyundai.com/content/dam/hyundai/ww/en/images/company/sustainability/about-sustainability/hmc-2024-sustainability-report-en-v4.pdf |page=6 |website=Hyundai |access-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320120213/https://www.hyundai.com/content/dam/hyundai/ww/en/images/company/sustainability/about-sustainability/hmc-2024-sustainability-report-en-v4.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-20 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HMC-sustainability-report-2023">{{cite web |title=Road to Sustainability - Hyundai Motor Company 2023 Sustainability Report |url=https://www.hyundai.com/content/hyundai/ww/data/csr/data/0000000051/attach/english/hmc-2023-sustainability-report-en-v8.pdf |page=6 |website=Hyundai |access-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320121023/https://www.hyundai.com/content/hyundai/ww/data/csr/data/0000000051/attach/english/hmc-2023-sustainability-report-en-v8.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-20 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
| production_year = 2024
| revenue = {{increase}} {{SK won|175.23{{nbsp}}trillion|link=yes}}<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380">{{cite web|url=https://comp.fnguide.com/SVO3/ASP/SVD_Main.asp?gicode=A005380|title=HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380|publisher=FnGuide|date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411110301/https://comp.fnguide.com/SVO3/ASP/SVD_Main.asp?gicode=A005380|archive-date=2025-04-11|access-date=2025-04-11|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2024
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{SK won|14.24{{nbsp}}trillion}}<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />
| income_year = 2024
| net_income = {{increase}} {{SK won|13.23{{nbsp}}trillion}}<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />
| net_income_year = 2024
| assets = {{increase}} {{SK won|339.8{{nbsp}}trillion}}<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />
| assets_year = 2024
| equity = {{increase}} {{SK won|120.28{{nbsp}}trillion}}<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />
| equity_year = 2024
| owners = {{ubl|[[Hyundai Mobis]]{{nbsp}}(22.36%)<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />|[[National Pension Service]]{{nbsp}}(7.31%)<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />|[[Chung Mong-koo]]{{nbsp}}(5.57%)<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />|[[Chung Eui-sun]]{{nbsp}}(2.73%)<ref name="HYUNDAI MOTOR 005380" />}}{{efn|As of 20 March 2025}}
| num_employees = 126,407<ref name="HMC-sustainability-report-2025-employees">{{cite web |title=Road to Sustainability - Hyundai Motor Company 2025 Sustainability Report |url=https://www.hyundai.com/content/dam/hyundai/ww/en/images/company/sustainability/about-sustainability/2025/hmc-2025-sustainability-report-en-v7.pdf |page=118 |website=Hyundai |access-date=2025-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705143735/https://www.hyundai.com/content/dam/hyundai/ww/en/images/company/sustainability/about-sustainability/2025/hmc-2025-sustainability-report-en-v7.pdf |archive-date=2025-07-05 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 2024
| parent = [[Hyundai Motor Group]]
| divisions = {{unbulleted list
| [[Genesis Motor|Genesis]]
| [[Ioniq]]
}}
| subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List|[[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai Motor India]] [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia|Hyundai Motors Indonesia]] [[Hyundai Motor America]] Hyundai of Canada Hyundai Motor of South America Hyundai do Brasil Hyundai China [[Beijing Hyundai]] Hyundai Japan Hyundai Motor Philippines [[Hyundai Motor Europe GmbH|Hyundai Motor Europe]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://hyundai.com}}
| footnotes =
| module =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=no
| hangul = ^현대_자동차 주식회사
| hanja = 現代自動車株式會社
| ipa = {{ipa|ko|hjə́ːndɛ|}}
}}
'''Hyundai Motor Company''', often referred to as '''Hyundai Motors''' ({{korean|hangul=현대자동차}}) and commonly known as '''Hyundai''' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=현대|lit=modernity|ko_ipa=ˈçjəːndɛ|ko_iparef={{efn|Pronunciations in English vary, and include:

* {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|(|j|)|ʌ|n|d|eɪ}} {{respell|H(Y)UN|day}}
* {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|(|j|)|ʌ|n|d|aɪ}} {{respell|H(Y)UN|dye}}
* {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|uː|n|d|aɪ}} {{respell|hy|OON|dye}}
* {{IPAc-en|h|i|ˈ|ʌ|n|d|eɪ}} {{respell|hee|UN|day}}

The closest English pronunciation to the original Korean would be {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|j|ʌ|n|d|ɛ}} {{respell|HYUN|deh}}, but the final vowel is [[checked and free vowels|checked]] and cannot occur word-final in English.}}|labels=no}}), is a South Korean [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Automotive industry|automotive]] manufacturer headquartered in [[Seoul]], South Korea, which was founded in 1967. Currently, the company owns 33.88 percent of [[Kia|Kia Corporation]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Shareholders|url=https://pr.kia.com/en/company/ir/general-information/shareholders.do|access-date=14 February 2021|website=pr.kia.com|language=en|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329103922/https://pr.kia.com/en/company/ir/general-information/shareholders.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> and owns a luxury cars subsidiary, [[Genesis Motor|Genesis]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kim|first1=Sohee|title=Hyundai launches Genesis premium car brand in bid to end profit skid|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/hyundai-motor-genesis-idINKCN0ST0BD20151104|access-date=5 November 2015|work=[[Reuters]]|date=4 November 2015|archive-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118005028/http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/11/04/hyundai-motor-genesis-idINKCN0ST0BD20151104|url-status=dead}}</ref> The three brands altogether make up the [[Hyundai Motor Group]].

Hyundai operates the second largest automobile manufacturing facility in the world in [[Ulsan]], South Korea which has an annual production capacity of 1.6 million units.<ref name="money.cnn.com">{{Cite news|last=Taylor III|first=Alex|date=5 January 2010|title=Hyundai smokes the competition|publisher=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/01/04/autos/hyundai_competition.fortune/index.htm|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813085948/https://money.cnn.com/2010/01/04/autos/hyundai_competition.fortune/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The company employs approximately 75,000 people worldwide. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through 5,000 [[car dealership|dealerships]] and [[showroom]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=[번역]Hyundai ships 10 millionth car overseas 현대차, 천만번째 수출 차량 선적 |url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=108&oid=044&aid=0000045391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329103850/https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=108&oid=044&aid=0000045391 |archive-date=2021-03-29 |access-date=2025-12-25 |language=ko}}</ref> As of November 2024, Hyundai is the world's [[List of automotive manufacturers by production|third-largest carmaker]] in terms of production, behind competitors [[Toyota]] and [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai, Now the No. 3 Carmaker, Takes Aim at Toyota and Volkswagen |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-20/now-the-world-s-third-biggest-carmaker-hyundai-takes-aim-at-toyota-volkswagen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207223928/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-20/now-the-world-s-third-biggest-carmaker-hyundai-takes-aim-at-toyota-volkswagen |archive-date=2023-02-07 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Hyundai Motor elevates US chief to co-CEO position as it braces for Trump |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/hyundai-motor-name-global-coo-jose-munoz-ceo-report-says-2024-11-15/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref>
[[File:A Hyundai auto dealership in Burlington, Vermont.jpg|thumb|A Hyundai dealership in [[Burlington, Vermont|‎⁨Burlington, Vermont]]]]
{{Toclimit}}

== History ==

=== Early years ===
[[File:1982 Hyundai Pony GLS (11868204214).jpg|left|thumb|1982 [[Hyundai Pony]]]]
[[Chung Ju-yung]] (1915–2001) founded the [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company]] in 1947. Hyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967 with his brother [[Chung Se-yung]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster-Carter |first=Aidan |date=2005-05-23 |title=Chung Se-yung |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/may/24/guardianobituaries.northkorea |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and the company's first model, the [[Ford Cortina|Cortina]], was released in cooperation with [[Ford Motor Company]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-AAAAAQBAJ&q=ford+ulsan+assembly+plant&pg=PA76|title=Made in Korea: Chung Ju Yung and the Rise of Hyundai|first=Richard M.|last=Steers|date=21 August 2013|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-136-60038-8|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329103848/https://books.google.com/books?id=be-AAAAAQBAJ&q=ford+ulsan+assembly+plant&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}</ref> When Hyundai wanted to develop their own car, they hired [[George Turnbull (businessman)|George Turnbull]] in February 1974, the former managing director of Austin Morris at [[British Leyland]]. He in turn hired five other top British car engineers. They were body designer Kenneth Barnett, engineers John Simpson and Edward Chapman, [[John Crosthwaite]], formerly of [[BRM]], as chassis engineer and Peter Slater as chief development engineer.<ref>''The Times'' (9 July 1974)</ref><ref>''The Sunday Times'' 'Business News' (14 July 1974)</ref><ref>''Motor Report International'' (18 July 1974)</ref><ref>''The Engineer'' (30 January 1975)</ref> In 1975, the [[Hyundai Pony|Pony]], the first South Korean car, was released, with styling by Giorgio Giugiaro of [[Italdesign]] and powertrain technology provided by Japan's [[Mitsubishi Motors]]. Exports began in the following year to Ecuador and soon thereafter to the [[Benelux countries]]. Hyundai entered the British market in 1982, selling 2993 cars in their first year there.<ref name="nouv">{{cite journal | journal=Le Moniteur de l'Automobile | page= 28 | title= Lotus, R-R & Co | last = Fisher | first = Brian | language=fr | volume=34 | number=764 | date=10 March 1983 | ref = mon764 }}</ref>

In 1984, Hyundai began exporting the [[Hyundai Pony|Pony]] to [[Canada]], but not to the [[United States]], as the Pony would not pass emissions standards there. Canadian sales greatly exceeded expectations, and it was at one point the top-selling car on the Canadian market. In 1985, the one millionth Hyundai car was built.<ref name="TV991">{{cite journal | journal = Teknikens Värld | page = 8 | number = 9 | editor-first = Björn | editor-last = Sundfeldt | language = sv | title = Hyundai Elantra | date = 2 May 1991 }}</ref> Until the 1986 introduction of the larger [[Hyundai Grandeur]], Hyundai offered a locally assembled [[Ford Granada (Europe)#MkII|Ford Granada]] for the South Korean executive market. The import of these knocked down kits was permitted as long as Hyundai exported five cars for every single Granada brought in (the same demands were placed on [[Kia Motors|Kia]]).<ref name=usitc>{{citation | url = https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub1712.pdf | title = The Internationalization of the Automobile Industry and Its Effects on the U.S. Automobile Industry | page = 103 | publisher = United States International Trade Commission | date = June 1985 | id = USITC Publication 1712 | location = Washington, D.C. | access-date = 27 June 2021 | archive-date = 10 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210510182134/https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub1712.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Overseas expansion ===
In 1986, Hyundai began to sell cars in the United States, and the [[Hyundai Excel|Excel]] was nominated as "Best Product #10" by ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine, largely because of its affordability. The company began to produce models with its own technology in 1988, beginning with the midsize [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]]. In the spring of 1990, aggregate production of Hyundai automobiles reached the four million mark.<ref name="TV991" /> In 1991, the company succeeded in developing its first proprietary gasoline engine, the four-cylinder [[Hyundai Alpha engine|Alpha]], and also its own transmission, thus paving the way for technological independence.

In 1996, [[Hyundai Motor India Limited]] was established with a production plant in [[Irungattukottai]] near [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Motors India Limited |url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/hyundai-motors-india.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101024427/http://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/hyundai-motors-india.html |archive-date=2011-11-01 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=business.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

In 1998, after a shake-up in the South Korean auto industry caused by overambitious expansion and the [[Asian financial crisis]], Hyundai acquired the majority of rival Kia Motors.<ref name=":1" />

=== Design and quality improvements ===
In 1998, Hyundai began to overhaul its image in an attempt to establish itself as a world-class brand. Chung Ju-yung transferred leadership of Hyundai Motor to his son, [[Chung Mong-koo]], in 1999.<ref name="bw">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_02/b3915630.htm |title=Chung Mong-koo |work=Business Week |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605064444/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_02/b3915630.htm |archive-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref> Hyundai's parent company, [[Hyundai Motor Group]], invested heavily in the quality, design, manufacturing, and long-term research of its vehicles. It added a 10-year or {{convert|100000|mi|km|adj=on}} warranty to cars sold in the United States and launched an aggressive marketing campaign.

In 2004, Hyundai was ranked second in "initial quality" in a survey/study by [[J.D. Power and Associates]] in North America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.itsallenturnertime.com/used-hyundai-models/|title=Explore Used Hyundai Models with Allen Turner Pre-Owned.|work=Allen Turner Pre-Owned|access-date=8 January 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175108/https://www.itsallenturnertime.com/used-hyundai-models/|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=수상내역 : 2004 - 기업정보 - 회사소개 {{!}} 현대자동차 |url=https://www.hyundai.com/kr/ko/company-intro/info/awards/2010-2001/awards-2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423033306/https://www.hyundai.com/kr/ko/company-intro/info/awards/2010-2001/awards-2004 |archive-date=2018-04-23 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=HYUNDAI MOTORS |language=ko}}</ref> Hyundai is now one of the top 100 most valuable brands worldwide according to Interbrand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyundai Motor consistently ranked among world's top-valued brands by Interbrand|url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/articles/press-releases/hyundai-motor-consistently-ranked-among-worlds-top-valued-brands-by-interbrand.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720002553/https://www.hyundai.news/eu/articles/press-releases/hyundai-motor-consistently-ranked-among-worlds-top-valued-brands-by-interbrand.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2021|access-date=20 July 2021|website=www.hyundai.news}}</ref> Since 2002, Hyundai has also been one of the worldwide official sponsors of the [[FIFA World Cup]].[[File:Hyundai car assembly line.jpg|thumb|The world's largest automobile manufacturing plant in [[Ulsan]], South Korea, produces over 1.6 million vehicles annually.]]In 2004, Hyundai Motor Company had $57.2 billion in sales in South Korea making it the country's second largest corporation, or [[chaebol]], after [[Samsung]]. Worldwide sales in 2005 reached 2,533,695 units, an 11 percent increase over the previous year.

In 2006, the South Korean government initiated an investigation of [[Chung Mong-koo]]'s practices as head of Hyundai, suspecting him of [[Corporate crime|corruption]]. On 28 April 2006, Chung was arrested, and charged for [[embezzlement]] of 100 billion [[South Korean won]] (US$106 million).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/world/asia/28cnd-hyundai.html?hp&ex=1146283200&en=addb42d7d874746e&ei=5094&partner=homepage |title=South Korea Arrests Head of Hyundai Motor |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 April 2006 |author=Sang-hun, Choe |access-date=9 February 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724174934/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/world/asia/28cnd-hyundai.html?hp&ex=1146283200&en=addb42d7d874746e&ei=5094&partner=homepage |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, Hyundai vice chairman and CEO, Kim Dong-jin, replaced him as head of the company.

In 2011, Hyundai sold 4.05 million cars worldwide and the Hyundai Motor Group was the world's fourth largest automaker behind [[General Motors|GM]], [[Volkswagen]] and [[Toyota]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai Hunts Big Three in Global Sales Race |url=http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2012/01/hyundai-hunts-big-three-in-global-sales-race.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828091849/http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2012/01/hyundai-hunts-big-three-in-global-sales-race.html |archive-date=2012-08-28 |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Beats Ford, Becomes World's 4th Automaker - autoevolution |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/hyundai-beats-ford-becomes-world-s-4th-automaker-9771.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108224916/http://www.autoevolution.com/news/hyundai-beats-ford-becomes-world-s-4th-automaker-9771.html |archive-date=2010-11-08 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.autoevolution.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On 30 September 2011, Yang Seung-suk announced his retirement as CEO of Hyundai Motor Co. In the interim replacement period, Chung Mong-koo and Kim Eok-jo divided the duties of the CEO position.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204138204576602682341427992 |title=Hyundai CEO's Departure Is Year's Second Sudden Exit |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=3 October 2011 |author=Evan Ramstad |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224051915/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204138204576602682341427992 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Hyundai started an initiative to focus on improving [[vehicle dynamics]] in its vehicles and hired Albert Biermann, former Vice President of Engineering at [[BMW M]], to direct chassis development for Hyundai vehicles, stating: "The company intends to become a technical leader in ride and handling, producing vehicles that lead their respective segments for driver engagement."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Biermann appointed Head of Vehicle Test & High Performance Development |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/albert-biermann-appointed-head-of-vehicle-test-high-performance-development/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010063214/https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/albert-biermann-appointed-head-of-vehicle-test-high-performance-development/ |archive-date=2019-10-10 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Hyundai Media Newsroom |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
On 14 October 2020, [[Chung Eui-sun|Euisun Chung]] was inaugurated as the new chairman of the Hyundai Motor Group. His father, Chung Mong-koo, has been made Honorary Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Euisun Chung Inaugurated as Chairman of Hyundai Motor Group |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/euisun-chung-inaugurated-as-chairman-of-hyundai-motor-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031091837/https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/euisun-chung-inaugurated-as-chairman-of-hyundai-motor-group/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Hyundai Media Newsroom |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2021, the company said that its profits rose by 187%, the highest rise in four years. The company recorded a profit of $1.16 billion from the beginning of 2021 until March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Q1 profit triples, to adjust May auto production due to chip shortage {{!}} Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/hyundai-motor-q1-profit-nearly-triples-line-with-expectations-2021-04-22/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422065939/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/hyundai-motor-q1-profit-nearly-triples-line-with-expectations-2021-04-22/ |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

In May 2023, Hyundai established a joint venture with [[LG Energy Solution]] to manufacture electric vehicle batteries in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Motor Group and LG Energy Solution to Establish Battery Cell Manufacturing Joint Venture in the U.S. |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/articles/press-releases/hmg-and-lg-energy-solution-establish-battery-cell-manufacturing-joint-venture.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.hyundai.news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=About - |url=https://hlgabattery.com/about/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=hlgabattery.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2024, Hyundai Motor said it had signed a 610-gigawatt-hour (GWh) power purchase agreement (PPA) with SK E&S and other partners, the latest in its renewable energy transition efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Hyundai Motor, SK E&S sign Korea's largest-ever power purchase agreement |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-10-30/business/industry/Hyundai-Motor-SK-ES-sign-Koreas-largestever-power-purchase-agreement/2166723 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com |language=en}}</ref> In November 2024, the company announced that its [[Chief operating officer|Global Chief Operating Officer]], Jose Munoz will hold the new role of global [[Chief executive officer|co-CEO]] beginning 1 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai appoints Jose Muñoz as new global CEO |url=https://www.automotivelogistics.media/supply-chain-management/hyundai-appoints-jose-munoz-as-new-global-ceo/46402.article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204093056/https://www.automotivelogistics.media/supply-chain-management/hyundai-appoints-jose-munoz-as-new-global-ceo/46402.article |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=Automotive Logistics |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Munoz will be the first foreigner to hold such a high executive post in a giant South Korean conglomerate. The promotion is said to be credited to Munoz's resilience and strategies in pushing for record sales in the North America region.<ref name="auto" />

{{clear left}}

== Design emphasis ==
[[File:Hyundai Le Fil Rouge, Paris Motor Show 2018, IMG 0564.jpg|thumb|Hyundai Le Fil Rouge concept car]]
Hyundai's ''Fluidic Sculpture'' design philosophy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brand.hyundai.com/ko/challenge/for-design/main.do?status=301 |title=For Design |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164256/http://brand.hyundai.com/ko/challenge/for-design/main.do?status=301 |archive-date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> heavily inspired by nature, was introduced in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reviewhyundai.com/fluidic-sculpture-hyundais-design-philosophy-is-inspired-by-nature/ |title='Fluidic Sculpture' – Hyundai's Design Philosophy is Inspired by NATURE! |publisher=ReviewHyundai.com |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808161059/http://www.reviewhyundai.com/fluidic-sculpture-hyundais-design-philosophy-is-inspired-by-nature/ |archive-date=8 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Conklin |first=Lindy |date=2023-09-22 |title=The Evolution of Hyundai Design: A Look Through the Years |url=https://www.hyundaiofalbany.com/the-evolution-of-hyundai/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Hyundai of Albany |language=en}}</ref> In 2006, Hyundai hired Thomas Bürkle as head of the company's design center in [[Rüsselsheim]], Germany. Bürkle had previously worked for [[BMW]], having designed the [[BMW 3 Series (E46)]], and the [[BMW 6 Series (E63)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/A24B547F53019AFFCA25792D0082FA06 |title=Thomas Burkle's Career Gamble |publisher=GoAuto |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=12 August 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232210/http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/A24B547F53019AFFCA25792D0082FA06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Burkle">{{cite web |url=http://www.hyundaipressoffice.co.uk/page/7/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002020717/http://www.hyundaipressoffice.co.uk/page/7/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2013 |title=Thomas Bürkle |publisher=Hyundai Motor UK Ltd. |access-date=12 August 2013 }}</ref>

In 2018, the company announced the ''Sensuous Sportiness'' next-generation design direction. The design philosophy was unveiled at the 2018 [[Geneva Motor Show]] demonstrated by the Le Fil Rouge concept car, and has been rolled out into their recent models, ranging from sedans to SUVs. The front grille was first introduced with the 2022 NX4 Generation Tucson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Design Philosophy |url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/innovation/design/design-philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126025045/https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/innovation/design/design-philosophy |archive-date=2021-01-26 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=HYUNDAI MOTORS |language=en}}</ref> The ''Sensuous Sportiness'' design identity and strategy has won Design Management Institute's (DMI) Design Value Award 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Motor Wins DMI Design Value Awards 2020 for its 'Sensuous Sportiness' Design Identity and Strategy - Hyundai Newsroom |url=https://www.hyundainews.com/en-us/releases/3163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205031808/https://www.hyundainews.com/en-us/releases/3163 |archive-date=2020-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.hyundainews.com}}</ref>

In 2024, Hyundai showcased a new design language called ‘Art of Steel’ with its [[Hyundai Initium|Intium]] hydrogen fuel cell electric concept vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Motor Reveals Bold and Efficient Hydrogen FCEV Concept Previewing New Design Language |url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/newsroom/detail/hyundai-motor-reveals-bold-and-efficient-hydrogen-fcev-concept-previewing-new-design-language-0000000858 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=HYUNDAI MOTORS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=Hyundai reveals its newest hydrogen-powered vehicle, the Initium |url=https://www.engadget.com/transportation/evs/hyundai-reveals-its-newest-hydrogen-powered-vehicle-the-initium-192235417.html |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref> Under this philosophy, Hyundai unveiled the Concept THREE in 2025, which featured sharper lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Sketchpad: The Designers Who Shaped the Hyundai Concept THREE |url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/newsroom/detail/beyond-the-sketchpad-the-designers-who-shaped-the-hyundai-concept-three-0000001012 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=HYUNDAI MOTORS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=2025-09-09 |title=Hyundai’s out-of-this-world EV concept is a glimpse at the upcoming Ioniq 3 |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/774315/hyundai-concept-three-ev-ioniq-3-star-wars |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Research and development ==
Hyundai has six research and development centers, located in South Korea (three offices), Germany, Japan and India. Additionally, a center in [[California]] develops designs for the United States.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 2010 |title=Hyundai research & development |url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/company-overview/profile/research-and-development.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419034234/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/company-overview/profile/research-and-development.html |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=24 April 2011 |publisher=Worldwide.hyundai.com}}</ref>

Hyundai established the Hyundai Design Center in [[Fountain Valley, California]] in 1990. The center moved to a new $30 million facility in [[Irvine, California]] in 2003, and was renamed the Hyundai Kia Motors Design and Technical Center. The facility also housed Hyundai America Technical Center, Inc, a subsidiary responsible for all engineering activities in the U.S. for Hyundai. Hyundai America Technical Center moved to its new {{convert|200000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, $117 million headquarters in [[Superior Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan|Superior Township, Michigan]] (near [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]]) in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai {{!}} Dezo's Garage |url=https://xr793.com/hyundai |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=xr793.com}}</ref>

In 2004, Hyundai America Technical Center completed construction of its Hyundai/Kia proving ground in [[California City, California]]. The {{convert|4300|acre|km2|adj=on}} facility is located in the [[Mojave Desert]] and features a {{convert|6.4|mi|km|adj=on}} oval track,<ref name="money.cnn.com" /> a Vehicle Dynamics Area, a vehicle-handling course inside the oval track, a paved hill road, and several special surface roads. A {{convert|30000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} complex featuring offices and indoor testing areas is located on the premises as well. The facility was built at a cost of $50 million.

In the 2021 review of [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]]'s annual [[World Intellectual Property Indicators]] Hyundai ranked as 4th in the world for its 141 industrial design registrations being published under the [[Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs|Hague System]] during 2020.<ref name="wipopub941">{{Cite web |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=WIPO}}</ref> This position is up on their previous 7th-place ranking for 57 industrial design registrations being published in 2019.<ref name="wipo">{{Cite book |author1=World Intellectual Property Organization |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4526 |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |year=2020 |isbn=9789280532012 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.42184 |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214220604/https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4526 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Regional operations ==
{{See also|List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Top 10 Hyundai and Genesis vehicle production by country, 2024<ref name=":02" />
|-
!Rank
!Country
!Vehicle production (by units)
|-
!1
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
| style="text-align:right;" |1,862,403
|-
!2
|{{Flag|India}}
| style="text-align:right;" |764,108
|-
!3
|{{Flag|United States}}
| style="text-align:right;" |361,073
|-
!4
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| style="text-align:right;" |326,660
|-
!5
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
| style="text-align:right;" |245,660
|-
!6
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:right;" |214,130
|-
!7
|{{Flag|China}}
| style="text-align:right;" |169,765
|-
!8
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:right;" |85,052
|-
!9
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
| style="text-align:right;" |56,889
|-
!10
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
| style="text-align:right;" |16,490
|}
Hyundai has invested in manufacturing plants in USA, India, the Czech Republic, Russia, China and Turkey as well as [[research and development]] centers in [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[North America]] and the [[Pacific Rim]].

=== North America ===
{{Main|Hyundai Motor America}}

[[File:Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Highsmith 01.jpg|thumb|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama]]

==== United States ====
[[File:Hyundai Motor America Headquarters Fountain Valley California 2022.jpg|thumb|Hyundai Motor America headquarters in [[Fountain Valley, California]]]]
Hyundai Motor America began selling cars in the United States on 20 February 1986, with a single model, the [[Hyundai Excel]]. That year, Hyundai set a record of selling the most automobiles in its first year of business in the [[United States]] compared to any other car brand; total sales in 1986 were 168,882.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Look Back – Hyundai Enters the U.S. Market – Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, LLC (HMMA) |url=https://www.hmmausa.com/a-look-back-hyundai-enters-the-u-s-market/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002172223/https://www.hmmausa.com/a-look-back-hyundai-enters-the-u-s-market/ |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.hmmausa.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Initially well received, the Excel's faults soon became apparent; cost-cutting measures caused reliability to suffer. With an increasingly poor reputation for quality, Hyundai sales plummeted, and many dealerships either earned their profits on repairs or abandoned the product. At one point, Hyundai became the butt of many jokes (i.e. Hyundai stands for "Hope you understand nothing's driveable and inexpensive").<ref>{{cite web|author=TBD |url=http://www.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top_ten/index/php/19981030.phtml |title=Letterman Top Ten jokes about Hyundai |publisher=CBS |access-date=17 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210110134/http://www.cbs.com/latenight/lateshow/top_ten/index/php/19981030.phtml |archive-date=10 December 2008 }}</ref>

In response, Hyundai began investing heavily in the quality, design, manufacturing, and long-term research of its vehicles. The company added free maintenance for the first 2 years or 24,000 miles for all its new cars sold, starting with the 1992 model year. It also added a 10-year or {{convert|100000|mi|km|adj=on}} powertrain warranty (known as the Hyundai Advantage) to its vehicles sold in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyundai Warranty Coverage {{!}} America's Best {{!}} Hyundai USA |url=https://www.hyundaiusa.com/us/en/assurance/america-best-warranty |website=[[Hyundai Motor America]] |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109113900/https://www.hyundaiusa.com/us/en/assurance/america-best-warranty |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hyundai incorporated a new manufacturing facility, [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama]], in April 2002. The new plant in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], was completed during 2004, at a cost of $1.7 billion. Production started in May 2005. It employed more than 3,000 workers in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmmausa.com/?page_id=79 |title=About HMMA |work=Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama |publisher=Hyundai Motor Company |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910034611/http://www.hmmausa.com/?page_id=79 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By 2004, sales had dramatically increased, and the reputation of Hyundai cars improved. In 2004, Hyundai tied with Honda for initial brand quality in a survey/study from [[J.D. Power and Associates]], for having 102 problems per 1000 vehicles. This made Hyundai second in the industry, only behind [[Toyota]], for initial vehicle quality. The company continued this tradition by placing third overall in [[J.D. Power]]'s 2006 Initial Quality Survey, behind only [[Porsche]] and [[Lexus]].<ref>{{cite web|date=6 August 2006|title=Porsche, Hyundai score big gains in J.D. Power quality survey|url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060608/FREE/60607007/1041|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183612/http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060608%2FFREE%2F60607007%2F1041|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=17 December 2010|work=AutoWeek Magazine}}</ref>

In 2009, the [[Hyundai Genesis]] luxury sedan was named 2009 [[North American Car of the Year]], the first for Hyundai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northamericancaroftheyear.org/2009.html |title=2009 North American Car of the Year |publisher=NACOTY |date=11 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203204718/http://www.northamericancaroftheyear.org/2009.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref> It also won the 2009 [[Canadian Car of the Year]] after winning its category of Best New Luxury Car under $50,000.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ajac.ca/files/ccoty/CCOTY_Category_EN.pdf | title = 2009 Canadian Car of the Year | publisher = Automobile Journalists Association of Canada | date = 24 October 2008 | access-date = 13 May 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410200437/http://www.ajac.ca/files/ccoty/CCOTY_Category_EN.pdf | archive-date = 10 April 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Hyundai's V8 Tau engine in the Genesis received 2009 [[Ward's 10 Best Engines]] award.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wardsauto.com/reports/2009/tenbest/best_engines_2009_081205/ | title = Ward's 2009 10 Best Engines Winners | publisher = WARD'S | date = 5 December 2008 | access-date = 9 August 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926234238/http://wardsauto.com/reports/2009/tenbest/best_engines_2009_081205/ | archive-date = 26 September 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In January 2012, the [[Hyundai Elantra]] was named the [[North American Car of the Year]] at the [[North American International Auto Show]], selling more than 200,000 cars since the model's redesigned debut.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai Elantra wins car of the year at Detroit auto show |url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/story/2012-01-09/hyundai-elantra-wins/52463788/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625145641/http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/story/2012-01-09/hyundai-elantra-wins/52463788/1 |archive-date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=USATODAY.COM}}</ref>

===== Supernal =====
{{Infobox company
| name = Supernal
| logo = {{none}}
| industry = [[Urban air mobility]]
| founded = 2020
| hq_location_city = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| parent = Hyundai Motor Company
| website = {{URL|https://supernal.aero}}
}}
The Hyundai Motor Company established Supernal, an [[urban air mobility]] (UAM) subsidiary, in the United States in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hyundai Names Flying Car Business 'Supernal'|work=《The Chosunilbo》|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/11/10/2021111001190.html|access-date=10 November 2021|archive-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002172222/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/11/10/2021111001190.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hyundai Motor Group Names U.S. UAM Subsidiary 'Supernal'|work=《Business Korea》|url=http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=80842|access-date=10 November 2021|archive-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002172234/https://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=80842|url-status=live}}</ref> The name means "Best Quality" and "Heavenly".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=Hyundai's flying car company in U.S. dubbed Supernal |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/11/09/business/industry/hyundai-motor-uam-supernal/20211109180009150.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com |language=en}}</ref> On 8 November 2023, Hyundai announced plans to build a plant in the US to produce flying taxis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai Motor Group air taxi unit plans US manufacturing facility |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/hyundai-motor-group-air-taxi-unit-plans-us-manufacturing-facility-2023-11-08/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119095409/https://www.reuters.com/technology/hyundai-motor-group-air-taxi-unit-plans-us-manufacturing-facility-2023-11-08/ |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=Reuters |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> As of February 2025, a full-scale technology demonstrator was undergoing ground testing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warwick |first=Graham |date=February 12, 2025 |title=Supernal's eVTOL Prototype Breaks Cover At Mojave {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/aerospace/advanced-air-mobility/supernals-evtol-prototype-breaks-cover-mojave?elq2=d65617b9cad945ff80e2cc658308ae26&elq2=d65617b9cad945ff80e2cc658308ae26&sp_eh=8cc27749f183b99591f0c95a2858b11407066243cbe756e8e296e10fe7a5278f&sp_eh=8cc27749f183b99591f0c95a2858b11407066243cbe756e8e296e10fe7a5278f&elq2=d65617b9cad945ff80e2cc658308ae26&elq2=d65617b9cad945ff80e2cc658308ae26&sp_eh=8cc27749f183b99591f0c95a2858b11407066243cbe756e8e296e10fe7a5278f&sp_eh=8cc27749f183b99591f0c95a2858b11407066243cbe756e8e296e10fe7a5278f&utm_emailname=AW_News_AerospaceDigest_NL_02132025&utm_rid=CPEN1000001583767 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref>

The prototype uses wingtip tilting rotors and four propellers fixed on booms that connect the wing to a "Bronco tail"—named after the [[North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco|Rockwell OV-10 Bronco]] tail. In 2023, Supernal established its headquarters in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Supernal Opens Policy and Commercial Office in Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/supernal-opens-policy-and-commercial-office-in-washington-dc-301900912.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=PR Newswire |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816125311/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/supernal-opens-policy-and-commercial-office-in-washington-dc-301900912.html |url-status=live }}</ref> its research and development facility is in [[Fremont, California]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=Supernal Opens R&D Facility in Fremont |url=https://newsroom.supernal.aero/supernal-opens-r-d-facility-in-fremont-dd623532d729 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Supernal |language=en}}</ref> and its engineering headquarters is in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.supernal.aero/aboutus/#locations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002171239/https://www.supernal.aero/aboutus/#locations |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Supernal }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Supernal Opens Engineering Headquarters in Irvine |url=https://newsroom.supernal.aero/supernal-showcases-future-of-work-mobility-with-irvine-office-335843f20e30 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Supernal |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024015508/https://newsroom.supernal.aero/supernal-showcases-future-of-work-mobility-with-irvine-office-335843f20e30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Canada ====
[[File:HyundaiAutoCanada2.JPG|thumb|Hyundai Auto Canada office in Markham]]
In 1989, Hyundai Auto Canada Inc. opened a stamping and assembly plant in [[Bromont, Quebec]], employing 800. The plant cost $387.7 million, with Quebec and Canadian federal government subsidies of $131 million.<ref name="nyt01">{{Cite news |title= Hyundai to Add Quebec Plant |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency= AP |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/05/business/hyundai-to-add-quebec-plant.html?pagewanted=1 |date= 5 July 1989 |access-date = 4 May 2010 |archive-date = 24 July 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160724174947/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/05/business/hyundai-to-add-quebec-plant.html?pagewanted=1 |url-status= live}}</ref> The plant was designed to manufacture approximately 2000 [[Hyundai Sonata]]s per week.<ref name="nyt01" /> Subsequently, [[Chrysler]] and Hyundai considered a joint venture that would have Chrysler rebranding the Sonata manufactured at Bromont – only to later announce the deal had failed.<ref name="nyt02">{{Cite news |title= Chrysler and Hyundai Venture Off |work=[[The New York Times]] |author= Doron P. Levin |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/24/business/company-news-chrysler-and-hyundai-venture-off.html?scp=8&sq=Bromont%20hyundai&st=Search |date= 24 July 1990 |access-date = 4 May 2010 |archive-date = 24 July 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160724174953/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/24/business/company-news-chrysler-and-hyundai-venture-off.html?scp=8&sq=Bromont%20hyundai&st=Search |url-status= live}}</ref> The Bromont plant was operational for four years before it closed – with Hyundai's sales unable to support the plant. With boost in sales in 2009, Hyundai Auto Canada Inc. is currently planning to build a new plant in Canada and resume production in Canada.<ref name="torstar">{{Cite news |title= Hyundai CEO wants Canadian car plant |work= The Toronto Star |author= Tony Van Alphen |url= https://www.thestar.com/business/article/695146 |date= 14 September 2009 |access-date = 4 May 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091008032150/http://www.thestar.com/Business/article/695146 |archive-date = 8 October 2009}}</ref> Hyundai subsequently sold the plant,<ref name="torstar" /> which was eventually purchased by Olymbec inc, a Quebec real estate developer. Hyundai is the No. 1 import car brand in Canada without a local plant. Sales over 100,000 cars-per-year mark in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2021 |title=Hyundai Excel: From Small Beginnings |url=https://oldmotors.net/hyundai-excel-from-small-beginnings/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Old Motors |language=en-US |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705105124/https://oldmotors.net/hyundai-excel-from-small-beginnings/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Mexico ====
Hyundai Motor Mexico entered the Mexican market in 2014 with the imported vehicles such as [[Hyundai Grand i10|Grand i10]], the [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]], and the [[Hyundai ix35|ix35]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.autocosmos.com.mx/2014/04/25/hyundai-llega-a-mexico-te-decimos-todo-lo-que-hay-que-saber|title=Hyundai llega a México, te decimos todo lo que hay que saber|author=Rubén Hoyo|work=Autocosmos |date=25 April 2014|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604010515/http://noticias.autocosmos.com.mx/2014/04/25/hyundai-llega-a-mexico-te-decimos-todo-lo-que-hay-que-saber|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon afterwards, the [[Hyundai Sonata]] joined the lineup. Prior to the introduction of the Hyundai brand for non-commercial vehicles, Hyundai passenger vehicles, light-duty cargo vans, and passenger vans were distributed by Chrysler de México, branded as [[Dodge]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2011 |title=MEXICO: Hyundai Accent becomes 2012 Dodge Attitude |url=https://www.just-auto.com/news/mexico-hyundai-accent-becomes-2012-dodge-attitude/ |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Just Auto |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai, Chrysler to End Mexico Distribution Deal |url=https://www.gardnerweb.com/news/hyundai-chrysler-to-end-mexico-distribution-deal(2) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002172237/https://www.gardnerweb.com/news/hyundai-chrysler-to-end-mexico-distribution-deal(2) |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Gardnerweb|language=en}}</ref>

=== South America ===
==== Brazil ====
{{Main|Hyundai Motor Brasil}}

[[File:Hyundai HB20 06 2016 BSB 2593.jpg|thumb|[[Hyundai HB20]], the first model exclusively introduced for the Brazilian market. 'HB' in HB20 stands for Hyundai Brasil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyundai Launches Brazil-Exclusive Model, HB20|url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/newsroom/hyundai-launches-brazil-exclusive-model%252C-hb20-0000001349|access-date=18 November 2020|website=HYUNDAI MOTORS|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128082650/https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/newsroom/hyundai-launches-brazil-exclusive-model%252C-hb20-0000001349|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In October 2012, Hyundai launched a new small bi-fuel car, the [[Hyundai HB20|HB20]], designed specifically for the Brazilian mass-market. The car was developed under the "Projeto HB" (Hyundai Brazil) project, and is built at a new Hyundai factory in Brazil, located in [[Piracicaba]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazil factory, the new standard-bearer of the Brazilian market|url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Corporate/Network/Manufacturing/index.html|publisher=Hyundai Motor Company|access-date=31 January 2014|quote=Brazil factory, which began mass production in September 2012 and selling cars from October [...]|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205839/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Corporate/Network/Manufacturing/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The plant is the first wholly owned Hyundai plant in [[Latin America]]. With an investment of around R$1.2 billion, the plant has the capacity to produce 180,000 cars per year under three shifts.

Hyundai vehicles have also been produced in Brazil by local partner, [[Grupo Caoa|Caoa Group]] at a plant located in [[Anápolis]], [[Goiás]]. Production here started with the [[Hyundai Porter|HR]] model in 2007, and continued with the [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]] in 2010, the HD78 truck in 2011, and the [[Hyundai ix35|ix35]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sobre a Hyundai CAOA do Brasil |url=https://hyundai-motor.com.br/sobre-a-hyundai-caoa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412000928/https://hyundai-motor.com.br/sobre-a-hyundai-caoa/ |archive-date=2016-04-12 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=hyundai-motor.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>

=== Asia ===

==== China ====
{{Main|Beijing Hyundai}}

Hyundai formed a 50-50 joint venture with [[Beijing Automotive Group]] since 2002 to produce cars in China.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/web/news/View.aspx?ListNum=1&idx=92&page=1&strSearchColumn=&strSearchWord=Beijing%20Hyundai|title=Beijing Hyundai Opens New Plant, Adds New Model|publisher=Hyundai Motor Company|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110712233807/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/web/news/View.aspx?ListNum=1&idx=92&page=1&strSearchColumn=&strSearchWord=Beijing%20Hyundai|archive-date=12 July 2011|access-date=28 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The joint venture is called Beijing Hyundai, which also manufactures several models which are exclusive to the Chinese market.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/web/news/View.aspx?ListNum=0&idx=185&page=1&strSearchColumn=&strSearchWord=Beijing%20Hyundai|title=Hyundai Reveals Three New Models at Shanghai Auto Show|publisher=Hyundai Motor Company|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110712233812/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/web/news/View.aspx?ListNum=0&idx=185&page=1&strSearchColumn=&strSearchWord=Beijing%20Hyundai|archive-date=12 July 2011|access-date=28 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> It began operations in China by producing Sonata in December 2002.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Hyundai Motor In Brief|url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/newsroom/hyundai-motor-in-brief-0000001084|access-date=14 December 2020|website=HYUNDAI MOTORS|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118191027/https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/newsroom/hyundai-motor-in-brief-0000001084|url-status=live}}</ref> The joint venture sold 700,000 passenger cars in 2010, 855,995 car sales in 2012, and 2014 saw the company sell 1,120,000 vehicles.<ref name="2010700k">{{cite web|date=17 January 2013|title=Hyundai Motor reveals goals for sales in China|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2965618|access-date=21 September 2013|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|publisher=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|archive-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926131136/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2965618|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INSIDE Korea JoongAng Daily |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2930430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713115606/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2930430 |archive-date=2011-07-13 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=joongangdaily.joins.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1109633041|title=OSEN – 현대·기아차, 中 누적 생산·판매 700만 대 돌파|date=4 July 2013|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=9 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809204303/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1109633041|url-status=live}}</ref> At its peak, the company had five plants: three located in Beijing, one in Hubei, and one in Chongqing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2019|title=Hyundai Motor Transforming Chongqing Factory into Electric Vehicle Plant|url=http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=34410|access-date=24 December 2020|website=Businesskorea|language=ko|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012223558/http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=34410|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ChinaElectric">{{cite news |last=Terlep |first=Sharon |date=16 September 2011 |title=Road Gets Bumpy for GM in China |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903927204576572792003140116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928103517/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903927204576572792003140116 |archive-date=28 September 2017 |access-date=3 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

Hyundai cars sold well in China until 2016, when sales fell by half because of their over-reliance on sedans, poor brand images and local Chinese automakers compete with price-competitive SUVs.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2017 |title=South Korea carmakers see China sales plummet further amid political tension – sources |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hyundai-motor-china-idUKKBN1800PP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504104934/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hyundai-motor-china-idUKKBN1800PP |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |work=Reuters}}</ref> It marked the start of a slump that continued into 2019, when the company announced plans to cut jobs in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2019 |title=Hyundai Motor to cut China jobs after sales slump |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hyundai-motor-china-jobs-idUKKCN1PJ0KP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044025/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-hyundai-motor-china-jobs-idUKKCN1PJ0KP |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

===== Hawtai partnership =====
Between 2002 and 2010,<ref name="terra">{{Cite web |title=A New Bentley? No, It Is a Hawtai B11 {{!}} ChinaAutoWeb |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/08/a-new-bentley-no-it-is-a-hawtai-b11/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144604/http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/08/a-new-bentley-no-it-is-a-hawtai-b11/ |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=chinaautoweb.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{Cite web |title=Featured {{!}} Hawtai to launch B35 SUV at years end {{!}} China Car Times - China Auto News |url=http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/11/15/hawtai-to-launch-b35-suv-at-years-end/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026161418/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/11/15/hawtai-to-launch-b35-suv-at-years-end/ |archive-date=2013-10-26 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.chinacartimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hawtai Motor]] had produced Chinese-market versions of the [[Hyundai Matrix]],<ref name="shan">{{Cite web |title=Huatai Automobile to manufacture Hyundai matrix |url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/huatai-automobile-to-manufacture-hyundai-matrix-080806.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115722/http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/huatai-automobile-to-manufacture-hyundai-matrix-080806.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=autonews.gasgoo.com}}</ref> the [[Hyundai Santa Fe]]<ref name="terra" /><ref name="WOC">{{cite book|title=World of Cars 2006·2007|publisher=Media Connection Sp. z o.o.|year=2006|location=Warsaw, Poland|page=226}}</ref> and the [[Hyundai Terracan]].<ref name="terra" /><ref name="WOC" /> The Santa Fe was the fifth most-purchased SUV in China in 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best-Selling Sedans and SUVs in 2010 {{!}} ChinaAutoWeb |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/01/top-10-best-selling-sedans-and-suvs-in-2010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144733/http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/01/top-10-best-selling-sedans-and-suvs-in-2010/ |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=chinaautoweb.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and some of Hawtai's versions may greatly differ from those sold in other markets.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 October 2007|title=Huatai-Hyundai and Roewe hook up to stick 1.8T in {{sic|Sant|eFe|hide=y}}|work=China Car Times|url=http://www.chinacartimes.com/2007/10/11/huatai-hyundai-and-roewe-hook-up-to-stick-18t-in-santefe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401031845/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2007/10/11/huatai-hyundai-and-roewe-hook-up-to-stick-18t-in-santefe/|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Hyundai ended its partnership with Hawtai in 2010.<ref name="tt2">{{Cite web |title=Featured {{!}} Hawtai to launch B35 SUV at years end {{!}} China Car Times - China Auto News |url=http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/11/15/hawtai-to-launch-b35-suv-at-years-end/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026161418/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/11/15/hawtai-to-launch-b35-suv-at-years-end/ |archive-date=2013-10-26 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.chinacartimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Commercial vehicles =====
In October 2010, Hyundai signed an agreement with Sichuan Nanjun Automobile on setting up a commercial vehicle joint venture called Sichuan Hyundai Motor Co. Ltd.<ref name="ChinaAutoWeb.com">{{cite news |title=Hyundai Picks Sichuan Nanjun for Commercial Vehicle Joint Venture |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/10/hyundai-picks-sichuan-nanjun-for-commercial-vehicle-joint-venture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074400/http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/10/hyundai-picks-sichuan-nanjun-for-commercial-vehicle-joint-venture/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 November 2010 |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com}}</ref>

==== India ====
{{Main|Hyundai Motor India}}

[[File:HyundaiChennai.JPG|thumb|Hyundai's manufacturing plant at Irungattukottai near Chennai, India]]
Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL) was formed on 6 May 1996. During the entry of Hyundai in 1996, fellow South Korean [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo]] had entered the Indian automobile market just three years before, while [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford]], [[Opel]] and [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda]] had entered less than a year back. Hyundai's first car in the country, the [[Hyundai Santro]] was launched on 23 September 1998 and was considered a success. It became the second best-selling car in the country from 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=11 October 2018|title=India 1958–2019: More detailed Historical Data now available|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2018/10/india-1950-2009-historical-info-now-available/|access-date=30 October 2020|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131114014/https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2018/10/india-1950-2009-historical-info-now-available/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hyundai has two manufacturing plants in India located at Sriperumbudur in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Both plants have a combined annual capacity of 600,000 units. In the year 2007, Hyundai opened its R&D facility in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], employing now nearly 450 engineers from different parts of the country. Hyundai Motor India Engineering (HMIE) gives technical & engineering support in vehicle development to Hyundai's main R&D centre in Namyang, Korea. Hyundai is currently the second largest auto exporter from India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai plans to enter three new segments |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hyundai-plans-to-enter-three-new-segments/article17362515.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329103856/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hyundai-plans-to-enter-three-new-segments/article17362515.ece |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=9 March 2017 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gulati |first1=Nikhil |last2=Choudhury |first2=Santanu |date=11 August 2009 |title=Vehicle Sales in India Surge 31%, the Fastest Pace in Over Two Years |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124987846149018819 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042102/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124987846149018819 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=11 August 2009 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> It is making India the global manufacturing base for small cars.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2008 |title=Hyundai makes India its biggest foreign production site |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hyundai-makes-india-its-biggest-foreign-production-site/articleshow/2751160.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002172719/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hyundai-makes-india-its-biggest-foreign-production-site/articleshow/2751160.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[File:Hyundai India 2018 stamp.jpg|250px|right|thumb|A stamp released to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Hyundai in India]]

In June 2017, The [[Competition Commission of India]] imposed ₹87 crore ($13.6 million) penalty for unfair business practices with respect to providing discounts for cars.<ref>{{cite news|title=Competition Commission slaps Rs 87 crore fine on Hyundai Motor India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/competition-commission-slaps-rs-87-crore-fine-on-hyundai-motor-india/articleshow/59147459.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2017|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221004454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/competition-commission-slaps-rs-87-crore-fine-on-hyundai-motor-india/articleshow/59147459.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh ====

Hyundai vehicles are assembled in Bangladesh with local partner, Fair Technology. Its manufacturing plant in Bangabandhu Hi-Tech Park was opened on 19 January 2023. The current focus is on importing [[completely knocked down]] (CKD) parts and assembling those in the facility. The plant is expected to manufacture 10,000 cars per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=First Hyundai car manufacturing plant in Bangladesh inaugurated |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/first-hyundai-car-manufacturing-plant-bangladesh-inaugurated-570862 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Hyundai Customer Experience Center Yokohama 202403031604.jpg|thumb|Hyundai Customer Experience Center in [[Yokohama]], Japan]]

Hyundai started to market its vehicles in 2001.<ref name="R">{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Tim |last2=Shiraki |first2=Maki |date=8 February 2022 |title=South Korea's Hyundai Motor to take a fresh crack at Japan sales |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/south-koreas-hyundai-motor-take-fresh-crack-japan-sales-2022-02-08/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Despite having growing sales worldwide, Hyundai struggled in Japan, having sold only 15,095 passenger cars from 2001 to 2009.<ref name="Japan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.caradvice.com.au/49477/hyundai-suspends-japanese-sales/ |title=Hyundai suspends Japanese sales |first=Matt |last=Brogan |website=CarAdvice |access-date=4 July 2011 |date=30 November 2009 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013020700/http://www.caradvice.com.au/49477/hyundai-suspends-japanese-sales/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Japan 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/18960/hyundai-pulls-out-of-japanese-market/ |title=Hyundai Pulls Out of Japanese Market |first=Michael |last=Gauthier |website=[[Motorsport Network]] |date=1 December 2009 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616194824/https://www.motor1.com/news/18960/hyundai-pulls-out-of-japanese-market/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following an announcement in November 2009, Hyundai pulled their passenger car division out of the Japanese market and focused on their commercial vehicle division instead.<ref name="Japan" />

According to the newspaper ''The Chosun Ilbo'', the reason for Hyundai's failure in the car market was due to the company's inability to recognize the value of small cars due to parking spaces. For instance, actor [[Bae Yong-joon]] was hired to endorse the mid-sized [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]] in Japan to appeal to housewives who watched the drama ''[[Winter Sonata]]'' in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demick |first=Barbara |date=2005-11-02 |title=South Korean Actor Drives Up Heart Rates and Sales in Japan |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-nov-02-fg-bae2-story.html |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, the Sonata was priced too similarly to its Japanese rivals, which resulted in poor sales.<ref name="english.chosun.com">{{cite news |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/11/27/2006112761009.html |title=Why Hyundai Failed to Conquer Japan |newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |date=27 November 2006 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113608/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/11/27/2006112761009.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Japan 2" /> The company said that it is possible for them to come back to Japan fully if market conditions continue to improve.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2009 |title=Hyundai suspends passenger vehicle sales in Japan |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-28/news/27642563_1_passenger-vehicle-vehicle-sales-hyundai-motor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509210554/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-28/news/27642563_1_passenger-vehicle-vehicle-sales-hyundai-motor |archive-date=9 May 2012 |access-date=4 July 2011 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 9 February 2022, Hyundai announced a comeback to Japan by marketing eco-friendly vehicles like the Ioniq 5 and Nexo with pre-orders from May 2022 for delivery beginning in July 2022 under the company name ''Hyundai Mobility Japan''.<ref name="KN">{{Cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/02/7a8e4c100a02-south-koreas-hyundai-returns-to-japan-car-market-with-green-vehicles.html|title=South Korea's Hyundai returns to Japan car market with green vehicles|website=Kyodo News+|date=9 February 2022 |access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002172722/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/02/7a8e4c100a02-south-koreas-hyundai-returns-to-japan-car-market-with-green-vehicles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, Hyundai Mobility Japan operates an office and R&D center in Yokohoma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country {{!}} Your Location - Hyundai Worldwide |url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/onepage/country.jp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002172722/https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/onepage/country.jp |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=HYUNDAI MOTORS |language=en}}</ref> In addition, they only operate their sales through online means only.<ref name="R"/>

==== Philippines ====
Hyundai first entered the Philippine market with the [[Hyundai Excel]] compact car and the [[Hyundai Grace]] van in the early 1990s, later introducing the [[Hyundai Starex]] and the second generation [[Hyundai Elantra]] towards the end of the decade. Hyundai Asia Resources, Inc. (HARI) was the distributor of Hyundai passenger cars and currently the official distributor of Hyundai commercial vehicles in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pornelos |first=Vince |date=8 February 2022 |title=What is going on with Hyundai Philippines? |url=https://www.autoindustriya.com/editors-note/what-is-going-on-with-hyundai-philippines.html |website=AutoIndustriya.com |publisher=AutoIndustriya |location=Philippines |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411035855/https://www.autoindustriya.com/editors-note/what-is-going-on-with-hyundai-philippines.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The company was appointed by Hyundai Motor Company of South Korea in August 2001 as the official distributor of Hyundai vehicles in the Philippines. In early 2022, Hyundai Motor Philippines, Inc. (HMPH) became the official distributor of Hyundai passenger cars in the country after the company took over its passenger car operations from HARI,<ref>{{cite news |last=Pornelos |first=Vince |date=6 April 2022 |title=The new company name of Hyundai in PH is... |url=https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/the-new-company-name-of-hyundai-in-ph-is.html |website=AutoIndustriya.com |publisher=AutoIndustriya |location=Philippines |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> It started their operations on 1 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai PH set to relaunch with new models (and outgoing ones) |url=https://philkotse.com/market-news/hyundai-ph-staria-tucson-creta-12772 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606023458/https://philkotse.com/market-news/hyundai-ph-staria-tucson-creta-12772 |archive-date=2022-06-06 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=Philkotse|language=en}}</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
{{Main|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia}}

[[File:Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (HMMI) 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]], Hyundai's largest manufacturing plant in Southeast Asia]]
In November 2019, Hyundai announced that it is building the first wholly owned [[Southeast Asia]]n car plant located in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai Motor to invest $1.55 billion in first Indonesia car plant |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-motor-indonesia-plant-idUSKBN1Y00TP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126104542/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-motor-indonesia-plant-idUSKBN1Y00TP |archive-date=2019-11-26 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=U.S. |language=en-US}}</ref> Known as [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]] (HMMI), it is built in Cikarang, Bekasi and will fully operate in the second half of 2021 with the annual capacity of 150,000 vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-26 |title=Resmi! Hyundai Motor Bangun Pabrik Pertama di Cikarang |url=https://www.suara.com/otomotif/2019/11/26/163544/resmi-hyundai-motor-bangun-pabrik-pertama-di-cikarang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328041554/https://www.suara.com/otomotif/2019/11/26/163544/resmi-hyundai-motor-bangun-pabrik-pertama-di-cikarang |archive-date=2020-03-28 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=suara.com |language=id}}</ref> Half of the output would be exported to the neighbouring countries in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Motor Company Inaugurates Its First Manufacturing Plant in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/news/CONT0000000000016127 |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=[[Hyundai Motor Group]] |language=en}}</ref> A total of US$1.55 billion (Rp 21.7 trillion) would be invested to the plant along with the future product developments until 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siregar|first=Efrem|title=Di Depan Jokowi, Hyundai Siap Bangun Pabrik Mobil Rp 21 T|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20191126160922-4-118143/di-depan-jokowi-hyundai-siap-bangun-pabrik-mobil-rp-21-t|access-date=11 February 2020|website=news|language=id-ID|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328041555/https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20191126160922-4-118143/di-depan-jokowi-hyundai-siap-bangun-pabrik-mobil-rp-21-t|url-status=live}}</ref> HMMI would produce a region-specific [[compact MPV]] among other models.

==== Vietnam ====
In Vietnam, Hyundai operates as a joint venture with Thanh Cong Group, establishing Hyundai Thanh Cong Vietnam (HTV).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tin tức, hình ảnh, sự kiện với nhất về Hyundai Thành Công |url=https://dantri.com.vn/chu-de/hyundai-thanh-cong-4136.htm |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Dân Trí |language=vi |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125120029/https://dantri.com.vn/chu-de/hyundai-thanh-cong-4136.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=Hyundai Motor sẽ thành lập một liên doanh với Tập đoàn Thành Công |url=https://tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/hyundai-motor-se-thanh-lap-mot-lien-doanh-voi-tap-doan-thanh-cong-59699.htm |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=TCCT |language=vi |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125120033/https://tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/hyundai-motor-se-thanh-lap-mot-lien-doanh-voi-tap-doan-thanh-cong-59699.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-28 |title=Ra mắt liên doanh sản xuất và phân phối xe Hyundai tại Việt Nam |trans-title=Launch of the joint venture for the production and distribution of Hyundai vehicles in Vietnam |url=https://www.vietnamplus.vn/post-468315.vnp |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |language=vi}}</ref> According to the data of the Vietnam Association of Automobile Manufacturers (VAMA), Hyundai was the best-selling car brand in Vietnam in 2023 with 67,450 vehicles sold,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Doanh số Hyundai tăng gần 40% trong tháng 12/2023 nhưng cả năm vẫn giảm |url=https://vov.vn/o-to-xe-may/o-to/doanh-so-hyundai-tang-gan-40-trong-thang-122023-nhung-ca-nam-van-giam-post1070832.vov |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=VOV.VN |language=vi}}</ref> followed by Toyota with 57,414 vehicles,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Kết thúc 2023, doanh số thị trường ô tô Việt Nam sụt giảm mạnh |url=https://cartimes.tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/ket-thuc-2023-doanh-so-thi-truong-o-to-viet-nam-sut-giam-manh-15226.htm |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Cartimes |language=vi |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125120035/https://cartimes.tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/ket-thuc-2023-doanh-so-thi-truong-o-to-viet-nam-sut-giam-manh-15226.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and Kia with 40,773 vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Thị trường ô tô trong nước giảm mạnh trong năm 2023 |url=https://60giay.com/thi-truong-o-to-trong-nuoc-giam-manh-trong-nam-2023-d32210.html |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=60giay.com |language=vi |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173309/https://60giay.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Turkey ====
{{Main|Hyundai Assan Otomotiv}}

In September 1997, Hyundai opened a manufacturing plant in Turkey, located in [[İzmit]], Kocaeli Province. The facility, named Hyundai Assan Otomotiv, was built as a 50-50% joint venture between the Hyundai Motor Company and the Kibar Holding of Turkey, the first stage investment raising to US$180 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Assan |url=http://www.hyundai.com/tr/tr/Aboutus/LocalCompany/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331072454/http://www.hyundai.com/tr/tr/Aboutus/LocalCompany/index.html |archive-date=2013-03-31 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.hyundai.com |language=tr}}</ref> It currently has an annual production capacity of 125,000 units and it manufactured the [[Hyundai Accent|Accent]], the [[Hyundai Porter|H-100]], the [[Hyundai Starex|Starex]], the [[Hyundai Lavita|Matrix]] and since 2010, the [[Hyundai i20|i20]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyundai Türkiye fabrikasi 500 bininci aracini üretti|url=http://www.hyundai.com/tr/tr/MediaCenter/LocalNews/DF_TR_LOCALNEWSVIEW_090421_01.html?testValue=DF_TR_LOCALNEWS&title=DF_TR_LOCALNEWSVIEW_090421_01&Row=62&selx2=|publisher=Hyundai Assan Otomotiv|access-date=7 April 2013|date=21 August 2009|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301141408/http://www.hyundai.com/tr/tr/MediaCenter/LocalNews/DF_TR_LOCALNEWSVIEW_090421_01.html?testValue=DF_TR_LOCALNEWS&title=DF_TR_LOCALNEWSVIEW_090421_01&Row=62&selx2=|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2013, Hyundai Turkey Izmit plant capacity was increased to up to 200,000 units with 470 million Euro investment. The i10 and i20 were started to be produced in the plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnnews.com/view?ra=Sent0601m_View&corp=fnnews&arcid=201304190100197510011639&cDateYear=2013&cDateMonth=04&cDateDay=18|script-title=ko:증설공사 마무리단계 현대차 터키공장 가보니..|access-date=17 June 2015|date=18 April 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017030415/http://www.fnnews.com/view?ra=Sent0601m_View&corp=fnnews&arcid=201304190100197510011639&cDateYear=2013&cDateMonth=04&cDateDay=18|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Malaysia ====
In November 2024, it was reported that Hyundai Motor will be investing RM2.16 billion to set up a manufacturing plant in [[Kulim District|Kulim]], [[Kedah]]. It is the largest investment by the South Korean automakers in the country to date. The plant is anticipated to produce 7 models within the space of 5 years and is scheduled to open for business in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Bernama |date=2024-11-25 |title=Hyundai to invest RM2.16 bil to set up a plant in Kulim |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/corporate/2024/11/1139538/hyundai-invest-rm216-bil-set-plant-kulim |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
{{See also|Hyundai Motor Europe}}

==== Germany ====
Hyundai has been operating an R&D centre in [[Frankfurt]], Germany since 1994,<ref>{{cite web|title=Korean Automotive Industry in Transition|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/1453/163a.pdf|publisher=Kia Economic Research Institute|access-date=6 April 2013|author=Daechang Lee|page=23|date=July 1997|archive-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518103802/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/1453/163a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> that has been responsible for monitoring technology developments in Europe and designing and engineering new cars for the European market.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1287/orsc.9.4.506 |citeseerx=10.1.1.137.2033|title=Crisis Construction and Organizational Learning: Capability Building in Catching-up at Hyundai Motor|journal=Organization Science|volume=9|issue=4|pages=506–521|year=1998|last1=Kim|first1=Linsu}}</ref> In September 2003, the company opened its new European headquarters in [[Rüsselsheim]], after an investment worth 50 million euro.<ref>{{cite web|title=New European Hyundai Motor Headquarters in Rüsselsheim|url=http://www.presseportal.de/pm/40743/479080/new-european-hyundai-motor-headquarters-in-ruesselsheim|publisher=Presseportal|access-date=7 April 2013|date=8 September 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521225104/http://www.presseportal.de/pm/40743/479080/new-european-hyundai-motor-headquarters-in-ruesselsheim|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The site became the new location for the R&D centre and for the world rally team of the company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2003|url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/wcm/idc/groups/sggeneralcontent/@hmc/documents/sitecontent/mdaw/mdi2/~edisp/hw026556.pdf|publisher=Hyundai Motor Company|access-date=7 April 2013|page=29|date=26 June 2004|quote=As part of the reorganization, the company will establish a new World Rally Team Headquarters at the Design and Technical Centre in Russelsheim, Germany|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016064606/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/wcm/idc/groups/sggeneralcontent/@hmc/documents/sitecontent/mdaw/mdi2/~edisp/hw026556.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Czech Republic ====
{{Main|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech}}

In November 2008, Hyundai opened its European plant in [[Nošovice]], Czech Republic, following an investment of over 1 billion euros and over two years of construction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/hyundai_considers_czech_auto_plant_11336.aspx|title=Hyundai Considers Czech Auto Plant|author=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|date=25 January 2006|access-date=12 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030424/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/hyundai_considers_czech_auto_plant_11336.aspx|archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.automobilesreview.com/auto-news/mass-production-officially-launched-at-the-new-hyundai-plant-in-the-czech-republic/6821/|title=Mass Production Officially Launched at the New Hyundai Plant in the Czech Republic|publisher=Automobiles Review|date=15 November 2008|access-date=12 December 2009|archive-date=2 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602062014/http://www.automobilesreview.com/auto-news/mass-production-officially-launched-at-the-new-hyundai-plant-in-the-czech-republic/6821/|url-status=live}}</ref> The plant, which mainly manufactures the [[Hyundai i30|i30]], [[Hyundai ix20|ix20]], [[Hyundai ix35|ix35]] for the European market, has an annual capacity of 300,000 cars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://praguemonitor.com/2008/11/07/first-czech-made-hyundai-cars-leaving-no%C5%A1ovice-plant|title=First Czech-made Hyundai Cars Leaving Nošovice Plant|author=Kalab, Vladimir|publisher=Prague Daily Monitor|date=4 November 2008|access-date=12 December 2009|archive-date=10 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210093831/http://praguemonitor.com/2008/11/07/first-czech-made-hyundai-cars-leaving-no%C5%A1ovice-plant|url-status=live}}</ref> The new Hyundai plant is 90 kilometres north of Kia Motors' [[Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Žilina Plant|Žilina Plant]] in Slovakia.

==== Russia ====
{{Main|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus}}

In Russia, the production of the [[Hyundai Accent]], [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]], [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]] and [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] models has been taking place at the [[TagAZ]] plant,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=ТагАЗ: Модельный ряд |url=http://tagaz.ru/brands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405033401/http://tagaz.ru/brands/ |archive-date=2013-04-05 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=tagaz.ru |language=ru}}</ref> located in [[Taganrog]], since 2001,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hyundai Truck & Bus Newsletter |url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/wcm/idc/groups/sggeneralcontent/@hmc/documents/sitecontent/mdaw/mdmy/~edisp/hw032615.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711042205/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/wcm/idc/groups/sggeneralcontent/@hmc/documents/sitecontent/mdaw/mdmy/~edisp/hw032615.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-11 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=worldwide.hyundai.com |pages=11 |quote=RZGA is an affiliate of TAGAZ, a Russian automobile company that has assembled CKD kits of HMC's passenger cars since 2001.}}</ref> in the form of [[Knock-down kit|complete knock-down kits]] assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Production Systems |url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/wcm/idc/groups/sggeneralcontent/@hmc/documents/sitecontent/mdaw/mdm5/~edisp/hw039016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031182937/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/wcm/idc/groups/sggeneralcontent/@hmc/documents/sitecontent/mdaw/mdm5/~edisp/hw039016.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-31 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=worldwide.hyundai.com |pages=39}}</ref> Since 2006, the factory has also been assembling the [[Hyundai Porter]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Hyundai County|County]], [[Hyundai Aero Town|Aero Town]] and the HD 500 commercial vehicles.<ref name=":5" /> In June 2008, Hyundai started the construction of a new manufacturing plant in Saint Petersburg with a planned yearly capacity of 100,000 cars,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Под Петербургом началось строительство завода Hyundai - Новости - Motor |trans-title=Near St. Petersburg the construction of the Hyundai plant began |url=http://motor.ru/news/2008/06/05/hyundai/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315013242/http://motor.ru/news/2008/06/05/hyundai/ |archive-date=2014-03-15 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=motor.ru}}</ref> that will eventually be increased to 200,000 units.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing |url=http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Corporate/Overview/Profile/Manufacturing/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425023659/http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Corporate/Overview/Profile/Manufacturing/index.html |archive-date=2013-04-25 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=worldwide.hyundai.com}}</ref> It started mass production in January 2011,<ref name=":6" /> with two models: the [[Hyundai Solaris]] and the [[Kia Rio]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Quick Facts |url=http://globalpr.hyundai.com/prCenter/MainDown.do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001657/http://globalpr.hyundai.com/prCenter/MainDown.do |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=globalpr.hyundai.com}}</ref> In September 2021, Hyundai Wia division opened a car engine manufacturing plant in Saint Petersburg, the biggest in Russia and the fifth in the world. The new plant is designed to produce about 330.000 engines for Hyundai Solaris and Creta as well as for Kia Rio by the end of the year 2021. The construction of the plant began in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramadan |first=Sobhi |date=2022-12-02 |title=HD88 |url=https://hd88.top/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=hd88.top}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai открыл в Петербурге крупнейший в России завод по производству двигателей |url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/12344323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909150226/https://tass.ru/ekonomika/12344323 |archive-date=2021-09-09 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=ТАСС}}</ref> In 2022, the company's revenue amounted to 112 billion rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ООО "Хендэ Мотор СНГ" |url=https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/2139407 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173308/https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/2139407 |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Rusprofile|language=ru}}</ref> In January 2024 Hyundai sold its two plants in Russia, enabling the company to exit the Russian market at a cost of $214.7 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai finalizes Russia exit as local firm buys its two car plants |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/26/hyundai-finalizes-russia-exit-as-local-firm-buys-its-two-car-plants.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173317/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/26/hyundai-finalizes-russia-exit-as-local-firm-buys-its-two-car-plants.html |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}

==== Southern Africa ====
In [[Botswana]], the assembly of Hyundai Accent, Sonata, and Elantra models was undertaken by the [[Motor Company of Botswana]] at their Gaborone plant, since February 1993, in the form of complete knock-down kits. Almost all of the finished vehicles were exported across Botswana's border to [[South Africa]], where the vast majority of dealerships are situated.

==== Egypt ====
Hyundai cars are also manufactured in [[Egypt]], the local manufacturer is the [[Ghabbour Group]], which is located in [[Cairo]]. They have a big model range and offers sports models of some car models which are only offered on the Egypt market. Formerly, the company had assembled vehicles such as the [[Hyundai Verna|Verna]].

== Product line ==
{{Further|List of Hyundai vehicles}}Hyundai produces sedans, hatchbacks, crossover SUVs, vans, pickups, heavy trucks and buses in numerous plants worldwide.

=== Cars ===

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Best-selling Hyundai models in 2024<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Sales Performance {{!}} IR Activities {{!}} IR {{!}} Company {{!}} Company – Hyundai Worldwide|url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/ir/ir-activities/sales-performance|access-date=4 October 2020|website=hyundai motor company, hyundai worldwide, ir, activities, sales performance|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022838/https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/ir/ir-activities/sales-performance|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Rank
!Model
!Global sales
|-
|1
|[[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]]
| 634,297
|-
|2
|[[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra / Avante / i30 Sedan]]
|368,402
|-
|3
|[[Hyundai Creta|Creta]]/[[Hyundai Alcazar|Alcazar]]
|348,740
|-
|4
|[[Hyundai Kona|Kona/Kauai]]
|285,233
|-
|5
|[[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]
|279,886
|-
|6
|[[Hyundai i10|i10]]/[[Hyundai Xcent|Xcent]]/[[Hyundai Aura|Aura]]
|279,687
|-
|7
|[[Hyundai Venue|Venue]]
|192,027
|-
|8
|[[Hyundai i20|i20]]
|169,013
|-
|9
|[[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]]
|167,634
|-
|10
|[[Hyundai Palisade|Palisade]]
|165,745
|}
Its top-selling sedan, according to the company's sales data in 2021 was the [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra]] (Avante in South Korea), which recorded 380,907 units. This model was produced in several plants, including in [[South Korea]], [[United States]], [[China]], among others. Another popular sedan model is the [[Hyundai Accent|Accent/Verna]], which is popular in emerging markets including China, India, Middle East, as well as developed markets like [[North America]]. This model ceased to be produced in South Korea in 2019, as its production base were moved to Mexico and India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jin|first=Hyunjoo|date=12 January 2016|title=Exclusive: Hyundai plans to shift some small car output to Mexico next year – sources|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-motor-mexico-idUSKCN0UQ1BI20160112|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215035154/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-motor-mexico-idUSKCN0UQ1BI20160112|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other sedan models are the mid-size [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]], executive [[Hyundai Grandeur|Grandeur]], and several China-oriented models which consist of [[Hyundai Reina|Reina]], [[Hyundai Celesta|Celesta]], [[Hyundai Lafesta|Lafesta]], and [[Hyundai Mistra|Mistra]].

Some hatchback models developed by Hyundai have been divided into models developed to cater to the Indian market and the European market. Both the [[Hyundai i10|i10]] and [[Hyundai i20|i20]] are models built in India and Europe, with several changes between the Indian and European versions to ensure the model could fit according to each market. Other hatchback models include the entry-level [[Hyundai Santro|Santro]] first introduced in 1998 for the Indian market, [[Hyundai i30|i30]] [[C-segment]] car for developed markets, the [[Hyundai HB20|HB20]] for the Brazilian market, and the hatchback version of Accent for markets outside India and Europe.

=== Crossovers/SUVs ===
[[File:Hyundai Tucson (NX4) IMG 3676.jpg|thumb|The [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]] is currently the best-selling Hyundai vehicle.]]
Hyundai entered the [[crossover SUV]] market early with the [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] in 2000, followed by the smaller [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]] in 2004. The Santa Fe was a huge hit with American and European markets, despite receiving criticism in the past for Hyundai's obscure looks. It quickly became Hyundai's best seller and was one of the reasons Hyundai survived despite having their sales declined.<ref name="brief">{{Cite web|date=16 May 2017|title=A Brief History of Hyundai {{!}} OSV {{!}} Learning Centre|url=https://www.osv.ltd.uk/brief-history-hyundai/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117092018/https://www.osv.ltd.uk/brief-history-hyundai/|archive-date=17 January 2021|access-date=15 February 2021|website=OSV|language=en-GB}}</ref> As of 2020, Hyundai has sold more than 5,260,000 units of Santa Fe globally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2020 |title=Two decades of the Hyundai Santa Fe: evolution of an automotive icon |url=https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/two-decades-of-the-hyundai-santa-fe-evolution-of-an-automotive-icon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601154654/https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/two-decades-of-the-hyundai-santa-fe-evolution-of-an-automotive-icon/ |archive-date=1 June 2020 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=Automotive World}}</ref>

The first-generation Tucson shared its Elantra-based platform with the [[Kia Sportage]]. In most countries apart from South Korea and the United States, the Tucson was retired for the Hyundai ix35 from 2009 to 2015. However, the Tucson name was restored for the third generation, where it was to be used across all markets. It was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in 2015.<ref name="brief" /> The Tucson is the fourth best-selling SUV in the world in 2020, with a total sales of 451,703 units, below the Toyota RAV4, Honda CR-V, and Volkswagen Tiguan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 January 2021|title=World Best Selling SUV – The Top in 2020|url=https://www.focus2move.com/world-best-selling-suv/|access-date=23 February 2021|website=Focus2Move|language=en-US|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428141123/https://focus2move.com/world-best-selling-suv/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyundai Tucson, Kia Sportage join global top 10 best-selling SUV list 2020 |url=https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2021&no=82602|access-date=23 February 2021|website=Pulse |language=ko|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212104113/https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2021&no=82602|url-status=live}}</ref>

By mid-2010s, Hyundai moved into developing smaller crossover SUV models, starting from the [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]] (ix25 in China) from 2014, and the [[Hyundai Kona|Kona]] in 2017. The Kona is also consisted of a hybrid electric and a pure battery electric variant. By 2019, both model became the third and fourth-best selling vehicle of the brand, while the Creta has been the best-selling SUV in Russia since 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 25 best-selling cars in 2019 in Russia |url=https://automechanika.ru.messefrankfurt.com/moscow/en/press/News/News/top-25-best-selling-cars-in-2019-in-russia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119063226/https://automechanika.ru.messefrankfurt.com/moscow/en/press/News/News/top-25-best-selling-cars-in-2019-in-russia.html |archive-date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=automechanika.ru.messefrankfurt.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="top10ofbest">{{Cite web|title=TOP-10 of best-selling SUVs in Russia in 2018|url=https://eng.autostat.ru/news/16428/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=eng.autostat.ru|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920075325/https://eng.autostat.ru/news/16428/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=16 January 2018|title=Industry. The Hyundai Creta became the best seller in the SUV segment in 2017|url=https://www.oreanda.ru/en/promyshlennost/The_Hyundai_Creta_became_the_best_seller_in_the_SUV_segment_in_2017/article1225240/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=www.oreanda.ru|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120221116/https://www.oreanda.ru/en/promyshlennost/The_Hyundai_Creta_became_the_best_seller_in_the_SUV_segment_in_2017/article1225240/|url-status=live}}</ref> and India in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 January 2021|title=2020 SUV Sales – Hyundai & Kia contribute to 49% of the SUVs sold in India|url=https://www.autopunditz.com/2020-suv-sales-hyundai-kia-contribute-to-49-of-the-suvs-sold-in-india/|access-date=12 January 2021|website=Auto Punditz|language=en|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203052855/https://www.autopunditz.com/2020-suv-sales-hyundai-kia-contribute-to-49-of-the-suvs-sold-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Hyundai released its first crossover SUV model in the South Korean light car segment, the [[Hyundai Casper|Casper]]. It is the first venture of the brand in the segment in 15 years, and also the smallest automobile the brand produces of any kind.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiny new Hyundai Casper downsizes the SUV|url=https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/hyundai/355882/tiny-new-hyundai-casper-downsizes-suv|access-date=1 September 2021|website=Auto Express|language=en|archive-date=31 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731095302/https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/hyundai/355882/tiny-new-hyundai-casper-downsizes-suv|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently, Hyundai produces 12 crossover SUV models for different markets.

=== Hybrid and electric vehicles ===
{{See also|Hyundai E-GMP|Ioniq}}
{{Update|type=section|date=November 2020|reason=this section did not include newer hybrid models}}

Hyundai Motor Company began developing [[flexible-fuel vehicle]]s (FFVs) in 1988. The test vehicle was 1991 MY [[Hyundai Scoupe|Scoupe]] FFV.<ref name="Lee">{{cite news |url=http://papers.sae.org/931986 |title=Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Hyundai Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV) |agency=Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. |access-date=6 January 2015 |date=1 November 1993 |archive-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315051936/http://papers.sae.org/931986/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since March 1992, in Seoul, Korea, through at least November 1993, field trials of several FFVs had been performed over more than 30,000 miles.<ref name="Lee" />
[[File:2011 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid -- 07-20-2011.jpg|thumb|The [[Hyundai Sonata Hybrid]] uses a lightweight [[lithium polymer battery]].]]
The new [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid-electric]] FGV-1 was unveiled at the [[Seoul Motor Show]] in 1995 which featured full-time electric drive technology.<ref name="hyundainews.com">{{cite news |url=http://hyundainews.com/us/en-us/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=28751&title=hyundais-clean-green-machine-the-tb-hev-hybrid-electric-vehicle |title=Hyundai's Clean Green Machine: The TB HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) |agency=Hyundai News |access-date=28 December 2012 |date=31 October 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703143611/http://hyundainews.com/us/en-us/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=28751&title=hyundais-clean-green-machine-the-tb-hev-hybrid-electric-vehicle |archive-date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> The 1995 FGV-1 was the result of Hyundai's first experiments with hybrid propulsion systems in 1994. The FGV-2 was the second vehicle to be produced. The company is using the "[[Hybrid vehicle drivetrain|parallel]]" type design, which utilizes either the [[internal combustion engine]] or the electric motor.<ref name="hyundainews.com" /> Others are the [[Hyundai Elantra|Elantra HEV]] and the [[Hyundai Accent]] HEV, which were unveiled in 1999 and 2000, respectively.<ref name="hyundainews.com" />

The first [[electric car|pure electric car]] developed by Hyundai was the Sonata Electric Vehicle in 1991. The car started as a [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]] sedan-based model.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 November 2000|title=Hyundai Among Leaders in Development of Environmentally Friendly Vehicles for the 21st Century|agency=Hyundai News|url=http://hyundainews.com/us/en-us/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=29073&title=hyundai-among-leaders-in-development-of-environmentally-friendly-vehicles-for-the-21st-century|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703143628/http://hyundainews.com/us/en-us/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=29073&title=hyundai-among-leaders-in-development-of-environmentally-friendly-vehicles-for-the-21st-century|archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Hyundai planned to have six electric vehicles available for testing by the end of 1992.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 1992|title=Nuts & Bolts – Toyota tackling door lock problem|publisher=The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7D467645421AE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513141638/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AT&p_theme=at&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7D467645421AE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hyundai began mass-producing hybrid electric vehicles in 2008. The company is using Hybrid Blue Drive, which includes lithium polymer batteries, as opposed to [[lithium-ion]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LA 2008: Hyundai announces Blue Drive efficiency strategy, 2010 Sonata hybrid|date=19 November 2008 |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/11/19/la-2008-hyundai-announces-blue-drive-efficiency-strategy-2010|publisher=Autoblog.com|access-date=30 March 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904041534/http://www.autoblog.com/2008/11/19/la-2008-hyundai-announces-blue-drive-efficiency-strategy-2010/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Car Congress: Hyundai Says It Can Reach US 2020 CAFE Requirement of 35 mpg by 2015; Hybrid Santa Fe Concept to Debut at Paris Show |url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/09/hyundai-says-it.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201081038/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/09/hyundai-says-it.html |archive-date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyundai reveals hybrid blue drive architecture in Los Angeles|url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081120.002/hyundai-reveals-hybrid-blue-drive-architecture-in-la|access-date=8 November 2011|publisher=Worldcarfans.com|archive-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218222350/http://www.worldcarfans.com/9081120.002/hyundai-reveals-hybrid-blue-drive-architecture-in-la|url-status=live}}</ref> The new hybrid Sonata made its debut at the [[Los Angeles International Auto Show]] in November 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSN2048157320080820 |title=report |work=Reuters |access-date=17 December 2010 |date=20 August 2008 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021104209/https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSN2048157320080820 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2011 Sonata Hybrid sales in the U.S. began in February 2011.

In 2009, Hyundai released the [[Hyundai Elantra#LPI Hybrid|Avante LPI Hybrid]] in the South Korean domestic market in July.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Marginean Emilian |title=Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid Electric Vehicle 2009 review |url=http://www.auto-power-girl.com/cars-2009/hyundai-specifications/hyundai_elantra_lpi_hybrid_electric_vehicle-3513 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219195911/http://www.auto-power-girl.com/cars-2009/hyundai-specifications/hyundai_elantra_lpi_hybrid_electric_vehicle-3513 |archive-date=2014-12-19 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Auto Power Girl|language=en-US}}</ref> Hyundai showcased also the [[Hyundai BlueOn]], an electric prototype of [[Hyundai i10|i10]], was first unveiled at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in 2009. At the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]], Hyundai unveiled the i-flow, a concept car using a variant of the BLUE-WILL hybrid system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/03/04/hyundai-i-flow-concept-revelead-at-geneva/ |title=Hyundai i-flow Concept Revealed at Geneva |work=Automoblog |publisher=Automoblog.net |date=4 March 2010 |access-date=17 December 2010 |archive-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114113401/http://www.automoblog.net/2010/03/04/hyundai-i-flow-concept-revelead-at-geneva/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2014|03}}, cumulative global sales of hybrid models totaled 200,000 units, including both Hyundai Motors and Kia Motors hybrid models.<ref name="Hyundai200K">{{cite web|url=https://technology.ihs.com/500797/hyundai-kia-reports-cumulative-global-hybrid-sales-of-200000-units|title=News – Hyundai-Kia reports cumulative global hybrid sales of 200,000 units|author=IHS Inc.|publisher=IHS Technology|date=16 May 2014|access-date=5 October 2014|author-link=IHS Inc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094302/https://technology.ihs.com/500797/hyundai-kia-reports-cumulative-global-hybrid-sales-of-200000-units|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, Hyundai revealed the Ioniq five-door liftback to rival the Toyota Prius. The nameplate ''Ioniq'' is a [[portmanteau]] of ''[[ion]]'' and ''unique''.<ref name="hybridcars">{{cite web|last=Cobb|first=Jeff|date=1 February 2016|title=Who Else Besides Toyota Will The Hyundai Ioniq Threaten?|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/who-else-besides-toyota-will-the-hyundai-ioniq-threaten/|access-date=20 February 2016|work=HybridCars.com|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021133858/http://www.hybridcars.com/who-else-besides-toyota-will-the-hyundai-ioniq-threaten/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the first automobile to be offered in [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]], [[plug-in hybrid]], and [[Electric car|all-electric]] variants with no "standard" [[internal combustion engine]] only version.<ref name="ExtremeTech">{{Cite news |date=2017-02-21 |title=2017 Hyundai Ioniq first drive review: hybrid, EV, plug-in, no gas-only engines - ExtremeTech |url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/244708-2017-hyundai-ioniq-platform-hybrid-ev-plug-no-gas-engines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122132911/https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/244708-2017-hyundai-ioniq-platform-hybrid-ev-plug-no-gas-engines |archive-date=2021-01-22 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=ExtremeTech |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="SKhybrid">{{cite web|last=Joseph|first=Noah|date=14 January 2016|title=Hyundai Ioniq launches in Korea before challenging Prius in US [w/video]|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/01/14/hyundai-ioniq-phev-launch-south-korea-official/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115012652/https://www.autoblog.com/2016/01/14/hyundai-ioniq-phev-launch-south-korea-official/|archive-date=15 November 2020|access-date=20 February 2016|work=Autoblog.com}}</ref><ref name="KoreaTimes">{{cite news|author=Park Jin-hai|date=14 January 2016|title=Hyundai launches Ioniq hybrid compact|work=[[The Korea Times]]|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/02/127_195469.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306124100/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/02/127_195469.html|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> The hybrid variant launched in its home market in February 2016, followed by the electric model in July 2016.<ref name="SKhybrid" /><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2016|title=Hyundai's Ioniq EV sales top 1,000 units|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2016/09/12/0503000000AEN20160912002500320.html|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=22 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122153400/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2016/09/12/0503000000AEN20160912002500320.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The plug-in hybrid version followed in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Szostech|first1=Michael|title=Hyundai IONIQ Availability|url=http://myioniq.com/hyundai-ioniq-availability/|access-date=28 January 2017|publisher=My Electric Car Forums|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202052457/http://myioniq.com/hyundai-ioniq-availability/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Hyundai Ioniq 5 Uniq-Paket – f 27062021.jpg|thumb|The [[Hyundai Ioniq 5]] is the first Hyundai model developed on the [[Hyundai Electric Global Modular Platform|E-GMP platform]].]]
In August 2020, the company announced the launch of [[Ioniq]] as its own new electric brand and confirmed three new electric cars that will be sold under the sub-brand. Ioniq is Hyundai's second stand-alone brand after the Genesis. The new brand is going to utilise Hyundai's [[Hyundai E-GMP|Electric Global Modular Platform (E-GMP)]], which they claims will enable "fast charging capability and plentiful driving range."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lambert|first=Fred|date=10 August 2020|title=Hyundai launches IONIQ as new EV brand, confirms 3 new electric cars|url=https://electrek.co/2020/08/10/hyundai-ioniq-ev-brand/|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Electrek|language=en-US|archive-date=15 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215152636/https://electrek.co/2020/08/10/hyundai-ioniq-ev-brand/|url-status=live}}</ref> The automaker said the first of the three new global models will be the Ioniq 5, a midsize crossover, arriving in early 2021. It will be followed by the Ioniq 6 sedan in late 2022, and then by the Ioniq 7, a large SUV, in early 2024. New models will be named numerically, with even numbers for sedans, and odd numbers for SUVs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Hyundai is spinning off Ioniq into its own new electric vehicle brand|url=https://driving.ca/hyundai/auto-news/news/hyundai-is-spinning-off-ioniq-into-its-own-new-electric-vehicle-brand|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Driving|language=en-US|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302192917/https://driving.ca/hyundai/auto-news/news/hyundai-is-spinning-off-ioniq-into-its-own-new-electric-vehicle-brand|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2020, Hyundai Motor Group announced details about its [[Hyundai E-GMP|E-GMP]] platform that will be the underpinning of new Hyundai and Kia electric vehicles starting in 2021. Apart from Hyundai, Ioniq, and Kia brands, it will also be used for future Genesis electric cars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyundai to lead charge into electric era with EV platform 'E-GMP'|url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-to-lead-charge-into-electric-era-with-ev-platform-e-gmp/|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Hyundai Media Newsroom|language=en|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211200913/https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-to-lead-charge-into-electric-era-with-ev-platform-e-gmp/|url-status=live}}</ref> The platform's main components is a battery pack under the cabin and an all-in-one motor, transmission, and inverter designed and developed by Hyundai. By bundling the components, Hyundai said, it raised the maximum speed of the motor by up to 70 percent compared to existing motors, despite its small size. The company claimed that it is capable to handle power output up to {{cvt|600|hp|PS kW|0|abbr=on}} from the system.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baldwin|first=Roberto|date=2 December 2020|title=Hyundai Unveils EV Platform, Will Have 23 Global Electric Vehicles by 2025|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a34836228/hyundai-ev-platform-e-gmp/|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Car and Driver|language=en-US|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210095535/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a34836228/hyundai-ev-platform-e-gmp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2020, Hyundai launched its first vehicle built above the E-GMP platform, the [[Hyundai Ioniq 5|Ioniq 5]]. It is the first product to be marketed under the [[Ioniq]] sub-brand.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Joey Capparella|date=13 January 2021|title=2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 Production EV Previewed before February Reveal|url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a35196654/2022-hyundai-ioniq-5-preview/|access-date=15 January 2021|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329110807/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a35196654/2022-hyundai-ioniq-5-preview/|url-status=live}}</ref> At its introduction, it is the most advanced electric vehicle produced by Hyundai. Its battery can be charged from 10 to 80 percent in 18 minutes with its 800 V charging capabilities by using a 350-kW charger. A five minutes charge will add {{convert|100|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to its range by [[WLTP (driving cycle)|WLTP]] standards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gitlin|first=Jonathan M.|date=23 February 2021|title=Here's the first of Hyundai's new 800-volt EVs—the Ioniq 5|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2021/02/this-crisp-looking-crossover-is-hyundais-next-ev-the-ioniq-5/|access-date=23 February 2021|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223103405/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2021/02/this-crisp-looking-crossover-is-hyundais-next-ev-the-ioniq-5/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its claimed maximum range is {{convert|480|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} for the rear-wheel-drive 72.6 kWh variant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 Ioniq 5 revealed: Retro-styled electric car leads a New Wave of EVs|url=https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1131361_2022-ioniq-5-revealed-retro-styled-electric-car-leads-a-new-wave-of-evs|access-date=23 February 2021|website=Green Car Reports|date=23 February 2021 |language=en|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223094136/https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1131361_2022-ioniq-5-revealed-retro-styled-electric-car-leads-a-new-wave-of-evs|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2022, Hyundai announced its new automotive factory in South Korea, solely dedicated for electric vehicles and with production set to begin in 2025. It will be the first Hyundai plant to open in South Korea since 1996.<ref name=None>{{cite news|url=https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/hyundai-will-build-its-first-south-korean-ev-factory|date=12 July 2022|title=Hyundai will build its first South Korean EV factory|work=Automotive News Europe}}</ref>

Hyundai is currently expanding its full-electric lineup by adding the Ioniq 6 to its lineup, which debuted in Europe in the second half of 2022, and in the United States in spring of 2023. Hyundai is also expanding its full-electric lineup with the Ioniq 7, which is projected to hit the market in 2024.<ref name=None />

=== Hydrogen vehicles ===
[[File:Hyundai Nexo – f 16032019.jpg|thumb|[[Hyundai Nexo]]]]
[[File:Seoul 405 Hydrogen fuel ElecCity.jpg|thumb|[[Hyundai Elec City|Hyundai Elec City FCEV]]]]
In March 2018, Hyundai launched a [[Hydrogen fuel|hydrogen]] powered [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover SUV]] the [[Hyundai Nexo|Nexo]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Hyundai Begins Sales of NEXO Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Amid Wide Public Interest |url=https://www.hyundainews.com/en-us/releases/2504 |website=Hyundai News |access-date=1 April 2021 |date=27 March 2018 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124152241/https://www.hyundainews.com/en-us/releases/2504 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2020, South Korean domestic sales of the Nexo exceeded 10,000 vehicles.<ref name="FECVNov20">{{cite press release |title=Popularizing FCEVs: NEXO Sales over 10,000 Units |url=https://news.hyundaimotorgroup.com/Article/Popularizing-FCEVs-NEXO-Sales-over-10000-Units |website=Hyundai Motor Group |access-date=1 April 2021 |date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307111057/https://news.hyundaimotorgroup.com/Article/Popularizing-FCEVs-NEXO-Sales-over-10000-Units |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of July 2020, Hyundai had exported only 769 vehicles to the United States and Europe with supply limited due to domestic demand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jung |first1=Jun-ho |title=Sales of hydrogen-powered car 'Nexo' surpass 700 units in July, posting over 10,000 units in cumulative sales |url=http://www.koreaittimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=99711 |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=[[The Korea IT Times]] |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401123425/http://www.koreaittimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=99711 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Holder |first1=Jim |title=Hyundai's hydrogen boss predicts sales growth will continue |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/hyundais-hydrogen-boss-predicts-sales-growth-will-continue |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=Autocar |date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419032638/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/hyundais-hydrogen-boss-predicts-sales-growth-will-continue |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, Hyundai launched a hydrogen powered version of its [[Hyundai Xcient|Xcient]] [[truck]] the Xcient Fuel Cell delivering seven vehicles to customers in Switzerland.<ref name="XcientJul20">{{cite press release |title=Hyundai XCIENT Fuel Cell Heads to Europe for Commercial Use |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-xcient-fuel-cell-heads-to-europe-for-commercial-use/ |website=Hyundai News |access-date=5 April 2021 |date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925040152/https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-xcient-fuel-cell-heads-to-europe-for-commercial-use/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Xcient Fuel Cell is the world's first production hydrogen fuel cell truck.<ref name="XcientJul20" /><ref name="XcientOct20">{{cite press release |title=Hyundai today delivered the first seven units of its XCIENT Fuel Cell |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-today-delivered-the-first-seven-units-of-its-xcient-fuel-cell/ |website=Hyundai News |access-date=5 April 2021 |date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227020153/https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-today-delivered-the-first-seven-units-of-its-xcient-fuel-cell/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, Hyundai formed Hyundai Hydrogen Mobility (HHM) together with Swiss company H2 Energy to lease trucks to Swiss customers with plans to deliver 50 trucks by 2020.<ref name="XcientJul20" /> Hyundai chose to launch in Switzerland as its road tax does not apply to zero-emission trucks and for its ability to produce hydrogen using [[Energy in Switzerland#Hydro|hydropower]].<ref name="XcientJul20" /> HHM formed a partnership with Hydrospider, a joint venture of H2Energy, [[Alpiq]] and [[Linde plc|Linde]] to produce hydrogen and to build hydrogen refuelling infrastructure in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Hyundai and Hydrospider to build industrial hydrogen ecosystem |url=https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-and-hydrospider-to-build-industrial-hydrogen-ecosystem/ |website=Hyundai News |access-date=5 April 2021 |date=25 September 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117094420/https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-and-hydrospider-to-build-industrial-hydrogen-ecosystem/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 34-ton Xcient Fuel Cell has a 190 [[Kilowatt-hour|kW]] [[fuel cell]] supported by a 73 kW battery pack that stores energy from the fuel cell and from [[Regenerative brake|braking]], seven hydrogen tanks, a maximum speed of {{convert|85|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, a driving range of about {{convert|400|km}} and a refueling time of between 8 and 20 minutes.<ref name="XcientOct20" />

In 2020, Hyundai launched a hydrogen powered version of its [[Hyundai Elec City|Elec City]] bus the Elec City FCEV that has a capacity of 44 passengers with 24 seats and 20 standing seats.<ref name="FECVNov20" /><ref name="ElecCityAug20">{{cite AV media |author=Hyundai Motor Group|title=ELEC CITY Hydrogen Bus: Newest hydrogen technology already part of our daily lives|medium=Television production|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7s7TAG6-n7w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/7s7TAG6-n7w| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|date=7 August 2020|access-date=5 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The bus has a 180 [[Kilowatt-hour|kW]] [[fuel cell]] supported by a 156 kW battery pack, five hydrogen tanks, a driving range of {{convert|434|km}} and a refuelling time of 15 minutes.<ref name="ElecCityAug20" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Hydrogen, Or Batteries, That Is The Question: Hyundai Elec City Bus |url=https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/article/hydrogen-or-batteries-that-is-the-question-hyundai-elec-city-bus/ |website=Hyundai Motor Group |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429032631/https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/article/hydrogen-or-batteries-that-is-the-question-hyundai-elec-city-bus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, Hyundai exported two buses to [[Saudi Arabia]]n oil company [[Saudi Aramco]] for demonstration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Do |first1=Byung-Uk |title=Hyundai exports hydrogen vehicles to world's No. 1 oil producer Saudi Aramco |url=https://www.kedglobal.com/newsView/ked202010100021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083452/https://www.kedglobal.com/newsView/ked202010100021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2021, Hyundai suspended development of its Genesis, and possibly its other, hydrogen cars.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-29 |title=Hyundai pauses Genesis hydrogen fuel cell project just days after ending ICE engines |url=https://electrek.co/2021/12/29/hyundai-pauses-genesis-hydrogen-fuel-cell-project-just-days-after-ending-ice-engines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230053813/https://electrek.co/2021/12/29/hyundai-pauses-genesis-hydrogen-fuel-cell-project-just-days-after-ending-ice-engines/ |archive-date=2021-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-25 |work=Electrek |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Light commercial vehicles ===
{{Expand section|date=February 2021}}Hyundai Motor started production of the [[Hyundai H350|H350]] van (also called Solati) in Turkey from 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyundai Motor Starts Production of Its First Light Commercial Vehicle, the All-New H350, in Europe|url=https://news.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/Hyundai-Motor-Start-Production-All-New-H350-Europe-150515|access-date=15 February 2021|website=news.hyundaimotorgroup.com|language=ko|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813021150/https://news.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/Hyundai-Motor-Start-Production-All-New-H350-Europe-150515|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Trucks and buses ===
{{Expand section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Hyundai Xcient 6x2 tractor front side.jpg|thumb|The [[Hyundai Xcient]] 6x2 truck]]
Under the Truck & Bus division, Hyundai produces several [[Truck|heavy trucks]] and buses. The company started selling trucks in 1969 with the D-750/800, followed by the R-182 as their first bus in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Vehicle History {{!}} Hyundai Truck & Bus |url=http://trucknbus.hyundai.com/global/brand/commercial-vehicle-history |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=trucknbus.hyundai.com|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808044711/http://trucknbus.hyundai.com/global/brand/commercial-vehicle-history |url-status=live}}</ref>

A joint venture called the Daimler-Hyundai Truck Corporation was established between Hyundai and [[Daimler AG]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyundai Motor & DaimlerChrysler Unveil New Joint Truck Company |publisher=News World (Korea) |date=1 August 2001 |url=http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/0108/53.html |access-date=30 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928220943/http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/0108/53.html |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> in 2000 to produce high-tech middle-range trucks and buses in the Korean market beginning in 2004.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Hyundai Motor and DaimlerChrysler Break Ground for New Commercial Vehicle Engine Plant | publisher = Hyundai Motor Co. | date = 14 November 2001 | url = http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/11-14-2002/0001841750&EDATE= | access-date = 30 November 2006 | archive-date = 29 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115200/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/11-14-2002/0001841750&EDATE= | url-status = live }}</ref> However, after numerous delays and disputes,<ref>{{cite news | title = Hyundai wants end to Daimler's Beijing deal | url = http://english.people.com.cn/200310/15/eng20031015_126100.shtml | publisher = [[People's Daily]] (China) | date = 15 October 2003 | access-date = 30 November 2006 | archive-date = 2 October 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173325/http://en.people.cn/200310/15/eng20031015_126100.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref> the planned venture was cancelled in 2004, with DaimlerChrysler selling its 10.65 percent stake in Hyundai Motor.<ref>{{cite news | title = Daimler, Hyundai Separating | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A22726-2004May12.html | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | page = E02 | date = 13 May 2004 | access-date = 30 November 2006 | archive-date = 25 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025014437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A22726-2004May12.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Partnerships ==
In 2000, the company established a strategic alliance with [[DaimlerChrysler]] and severed its partnership with the [[Hyundai Group]]. In 2001, the [[Daimler-Hyundai Truck Corporation]] was formed. In 2004, however, DaimlerChrysler divested its interest in the company by selling its 10.5% stake for $900 million.

In February 2021, [[CNBC]] reported that [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and Hyundai-Kia were close to finalizing a deal to build [[Apple car project|an autonomous Apple car]]. The vehicle was said to be completely designed by Apple and would be built in Hyundai or Kia plants; it could potentially have gone into production in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=LeBeau |first1=Phil |last2=Reeder |first2=Meghan |date=3 February 2021 |title=Apple and Hyundai-Kia pushing toward deal on Apple Car |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/03/apple-and-hyundai-kia-driving-towards-deal-on-apple-car.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216004638/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/03/apple-and-hyundai-kia-driving-towards-deal-on-apple-car.html |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> However, Hyundai announced shortly after that it was no longer in talks with Apple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baldwin |first=Roberto |date=8 February 2021 |title=Hyundai Declares It's No Longer Working with Apple on a Car |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a35411762/apple-hyundai-kia-deal-car/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214002708/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a35411762/apple-hyundai-kia-deal-car/ |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Byford |first=Sam |date=7 February 2021 |title=Hyundai and Kia downplay Apple car rumors |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/7/22271748/hyundai-apple-car-talks-stopped-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215053708/https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/7/22271748/hyundai-apple-car-talks-stopped-report |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

== Heavy industries ==
''[[Hyundai Rotem]]'' is a subsidiary, for manufacturing rolling stock, military equipment, and plant engineering.<ref name="autoevolution/213717">{{cite news |last1=Mazuru |first1=Mircea |title=Hyundai Motor Group Aims for Space Exploration, Starts Building Advanced Lunar Rover |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/hyundai-motor-group-aims-for-space-exploration-starts-building-an-advanced-lunar-rover-213717.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=autoevolution |date=20 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

'''''Hyundai Translead''''' manufactures semi-trailers, and heavy duty trucks for the North American market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Products |url=https://www.hyundaitranslead.com/product/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Hyundai Translead |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Motorsport ==
[[File:Am2 hyundai.jpg|thumb|[[Alister McRae]] driving an [[Hyundai Accent WRC|Accent WRC]] at the 2001 [[Rally Finland]]]]{{Main|Hyundai Motorsport}}

The [[Hyundai World Rally Team]] has competed in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2000, and every season since 2014. For the [[2002 World Rally Championship season]], Hyundai hired the four-time [[List of World Rally Championship Drivers' Champions|world champion]] [[Juha Kankkunen]], along with [[Freddy Loix]] and [[Armin Schwarz]]. Kankkunen's fifth place in New Zealand was the team's best result, but they managed to edge out [[Škoda Motorsport|Škoda]] and Mitsubishi by one point in the battle for fourth place in the [[List of World Rally Championship Constructors' Champions|manufacturers' world championship]]. In September 2003, after a season hampered by budget constraints, Hyundai announced withdrawal from the WRC and planned to return in 2006, which did not happen.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Hyundai to quit World Rally | work=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/world_rally/3117802.stm | access-date=3 November 2008 | date=17 September 2003 | archive-date=12 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012022848/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/world_rally/3117802.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The team returned to the series in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai |url=https://www.hyundainews.com/releases/1718 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.hyundainews.com}}</ref> In 2012, [[Hyundai Motorsport]], based in [[Alzenau]], was founded to manage Hyundai's global motorsport activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#Hyundai Motorsport {{!}} Tag |url=https://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/en/tag/914 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Hyundai Motor Group |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, following the announcement that Korea was scheduled to host a [[Formula One]] Grand Prix, Hyundai planned to enter the championship.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lavrinc |first=Damon |date=23 October 2006 |title=Hyundai to Enter F1 in 2010 |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2006/10/23/hyundai-to-enter-f1-in-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016034302/http://www.autoblog.com/2006/10/23/hyundai-to-enter-f1-in-2010/ |archive-date=16 October 2009 |access-date=17 December 2010 |publisher=Autoblog}}</ref> The [[Korean Grand Prix]] was first held in 2010, but Hyundai did not enter. {{clear}}

== Marketing ==

=== Corporate social responsibility ===
In 2008, Hyundai Motors established a committee to oversee its [[Corporate Social Responsibility]] programme.<ref>Kim Yoo-chul
(4 June 2008). [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2011/02/123_22015.html "Hyundai-Kia Will Upgrade Corporate Transparency"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403130900/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2011/02/123_22015.html |date=3 April 2016 }}. ''[[The Korea Times]]''</ref> Among the programme's initiatives have been the "Happy Move Global Youth Volunteers Program".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai brings youth volunteers to PH {{!}} ABS-CBN News {{!}} Latest Philippine Headlines, Breaking News, Video, Analysis, Features |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/01/13/11/hyundai-brings-youth-volunteers-ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221063617/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/01/13/11/hyundai-brings-youth-volunteers-ph |archive-date=2011-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=www.abs-cbnnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Hyundai Motors' India Foundation (HMIF) has invested more than 20 million [[rupee]]s in various [[corporate social responsibility]] programmes in India. In 2011, it started the "Go Green" village adoption project in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its aim was to promote environmentally friendly products, increase the forest cover in Tamil Nadu, and improve living and hygiene conditions in the region's villages. A number of schools have been adopted for improvement with the HMIF donating around 450 benches to government schools and drilling 10 [[Water well#Drilled wells|bore wells]].<ref>{{Cite web |work=One India |date=21 July 2011 |title=Hyundai Foundation's New Initiatives In TN |url=http://auto.oneindia.in/four-wheelers/2011/hyundai-initiatives-in-tn-210711-aid0152.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711101826/http://auto.oneindia.in/four-wheelers/2011/hyundai-initiatives-in-tn-210711-aid0152.html |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref>

In 2020, Hyundai Motors signed a contract with UN Development Programme and launched a campaign 'for Tomorrow' in 2021 to create and realize a solution for problems that global society faces. In 2022, the documentary film 'for Tomorrow' was released which contains the main story of the 'for Tomorrow' project.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyundai Motor documentary 'For Tomorrow' to be released Friday |work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/09/15/entertainment/movies/hyundai-motor-sustainable-sustainability/20220915175827623.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173318/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/09/15/entertainment/movies/hyundai-motor-sustainable-sustainability/20220915175827623.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sports sponsorship ===
[[File:Euro 2012 (8396952183).jpg|200x200px|thumb|Hyundai as a [[UEFA Euro 2012]] sponsor]]
{{Div col|colwidth=21em}}
* [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
* [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC]]
* [[FIFA]] (Since 1999, except the [[FIFA Club World Cup]])
* [[International Cricket Council]]
* [[UEFA]] (from 2000 to 2017)
* [[Cricket World Cup]] (Until 2015)
* [[Korea Football Association]]
* [[A-League]]
* [[Inside the NBA]]
* [[National Football League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/hyundai-announces-official-nfl-automotive-sponsorship-0ap3000000499188|title=Hyundai announces official NFL automotive sponsorship|website=[[NFL.com]]|access-date=1 July 2015|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702002739/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000499188/article/hyundai-announces-official-nfl-automotive-sponsorship|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sun Bowl]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunbowl.org/sponsors|title=Sponsors|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023220744/http://www.sunbowl.org/sponsors|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hyundai Tournament of Champions]]
* [[Olympique Lyonnais]] (from 2013 to 2020)
* [[PFC CSKA Moscow]]
* [[Millonarios Fútbol Club]]
* [[Club Universitario de Deportes]]
* [[Tampines Rovers FC]]
* [[Al-Fateh SC]]
* [[Moroka Swallows F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morokaswallows.co.za/content/sponsors |title=Moroka Swallows Online |access-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028184200/http://www.morokaswallows.co.za/content/sponsors |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Mandurah City FC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mandurahhyundai.com.au/About-Us/Sponsorships/Sponsorships |title=Sponsorships – Mandurah Hyundai |access-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107140248/http://mandurahhyundai.com.au/About-Us/Sponsorships/Sponsorships |archive-date=7 November 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Park United FC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkutd.com/index.html|title=Park United|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028205202/http://www.parkutd.com/index.html|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Carlton Football Club]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyundai.com.au/about-hyundai/community/sponsorships|title=Sponsorships|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028193323/http://www.hyundai.com.au/about-hyundai/community/sponsorships|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Brisbane Lions]]
* [[Brisbane Broncos]]
* [[AS Cannes Volley-Ball]]
* Hyundai Hockey Helpers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyundaihockey.ca/|title=Hyundai Hockey Helpers|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028201759/http://hyundaihockey.ca/|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Rhys Millen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyundainews.com/us/en-us/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=35727|title=Hyundai Genesis Coupe and Rhys Millen Racing Partner to Compete In 2012 Formula Drift Series|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028174919/http://www.hyundainews.com/us/en-us/Media/PressRelease.aspx?mediaid=35727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rhys-millen-racing.myshopify.com/pages/our-sponsors|title=Our Sponsors|work=Rhys Millen Racing|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329103916/https://rhys-millen-racing.myshopify.com/pages/our-sponsors|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Atlético Madrid]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.soccerex.com/insight/articles/2018/atl%C3%A9tico-madrid-park-up-with-hyundai |title=Atlético Madrid park up with Hyundai | website=Soccerex |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923182933/https://www.soccerex.com/insight/articles/2018/atl%C3%A9tico-madrid-park-up-with-hyundai |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Hertha BSC]]
*[[Chelsea FC]]
*[[AS Roma]]
{{Div col end}}

=== Other sponsorships ===
* [[Academy Award]]s
* [[CNN]] Worldwide
* Hyundai Auto Club Philippines
* [[Country Calendar]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Country Calendar shacks up with Hyundai, adding fuel to glue factory rumours for National Bank stallion |url=https://stoppress.co.nz/news/country-calendar-shacks-up-with-hyundai-adding-fuel-to-glue-factory-rumours-for-national-banks-stallion/ |website=stoppress.co.nz}}</ref>

== Board of directors ==
[[File:Korea President Park Business Leaders 20130508 01.jpg|thumb|Hyundai Motor Group chairman [[Chung Mong Koo]] (right) sitting next to South Korean president [[Park Geun-hye]] in 2013]]

* [[Chung Eui-sun]], Executive Chairman of Hyundai Motors
* Chang Jae-hoon, President and CEO of Hyundai Motors
* Lee Dong-seock, Vice President
* Jose Munoz, Global COO
* Gang Hyun-seo, Executive Vice President
* Yoon Chi-won, Former Chairman of EQONEX
* Eugene M. Ohr, Former Partner of Capital International, Inc.
* Sang Seung Yi, Professor of Economics of [[Seoul National University]] (Head of Department)
* Dal Hoon Shim, Representative of Woorin Tax Partners
* Lee Ji-yun, Professor of Department of Aerospace Engineering of [[KAIST]]
* Seung Wa Chang, Professor of Graduate Law School of [[Seoul National University]]
* Yoon Hee Choi, Professor of Graduate Law School of [[Konkuk University]]

=== Previous Chairmans ===
* [[Chung Ju-Yung]] (1967–1999)
* [[Chung Mong Koo]] (1999–2020) (Currently he is the brand's Honorary Chairman)<ref>https://www.hyundai-cmkfoundation.org/em/com/fiFounder</ref>

== Finances ==
The key trends for Hyundai Motor are (as of the financial year ending December 31):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai (HYMTF) - Revenue |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/hyundai/revenue/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai (HYMTF) - Earnings |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/hyundai/earnings/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai (HYMTF) - Total assets |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/hyundai/total-assets/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyundai (HYMTF) - Market capitalization |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/hyundai/marketcap/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
!Revenue (US$ bn)
![[Earnings before interest and taxes|EBIT]] (US$ bn)
!Total assets (US$ bn)
![[Market capitalization|Market cap]] (US$ bn)
!Employees (k)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=HYUNDAI MOTOR AKTIE Bilanz GuV {{!}} Umsatz und Gewinn {{!}} 885166 |url=https://www.finanzen.net/bilanz_guv/hyundai_motor_8 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=finanzen.net |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|80.0
|7.6
|141
|39.4
|
|-
|2016
|81.4
|6.6
|148
|34.4
|
|-
|2017
|86.3
|4.2
|167
|41.1
|
|-
|2018
|88.0
|2.6
|162
|25.7
|69
|-
|2019
|90.9
|3.9
|168
|26.4
|70
|-
|2020
|89.5
|2.1
|193
|40.2
|72
|-
|2021
|101.4
|7.2
|197
|40.3
|72
|-
|2022
|109.6
|8.9
|203
|27.7
|
|-
|2023
|123.6
|14.0
|218
|36.9
|74
|-
|2024
|127.4
|13.3
|232
|38.5
|75
|}

== Scandals and controversies ==
=== Inflated fuel economy numbers ===
After an investigation in 2012, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] found that 35% of all 2011–2013 Hyundai and [[Kia Motors|Kia]] vehicles had inflated fuel economy numbers; by as much as six miles per gallon. Currently, Hyundai and Kia have started a reimbursement program for the owners of the 2011–2013 affected vehicles.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimgorzelany/2012/11/02/epa-slams-hyundai-and-kia-for-overestimating-mpg/ |title=EPA Slams Hyundai and Kia for Overestimating MPG |last1=Gorzelany |first1=Jim |date=2 November 2012 |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=11 December 2012 |archive-date=5 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205051247/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jimgorzelany/2012/11/02/epa-slams-hyundai-and-kia-for-overestimating-mpg/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2012-nov-02-la-fi-mo-hyundai-kia-mpg-claims-20121102-story.html |title=Hyundai, Kia inflated fuel economy claims on 900,000 cars, EPA says |last1=Hirsch |first1=Jerry |date=2 November 2012 |newspaper=[[LA Times]] |access-date=11 December 2012 |archive-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209202343/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/02/business/la-fi-mo-hyundai-kia-mpg-claims-20121102 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2012/11/02/hyundai-kia-false-mpg-reimburse/1677243/ |title=Hyundai/Kia false mpg may bring industry-wide EPA probe |last1=Healey |first1=James |date=4 November 2012 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=11 December 2012 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112214907/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2012/11/02/hyundai-kia-false-mpg-reimburse/1677243/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014 the company was issued $350 million in penalties by the US government, agreed to pay $395 million in 2013 to resolve claims from vehicles owners, and agreed to pay $41.2 million to cover the "investigative costs" of 33 US state attorneys general.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shepardson|first1=David|title=Hyundai, Kia to pay $41.2 million to U.S. states over mileage claims|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-motor-kia-motors-probe/hyundai-kia-to-pay-41-2-million-to-u-s-states-over-mileage-claims-idUSKCN12R2CT|access-date=12 March 2018|work=Reuters|date=27 October 2016|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031553/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-motor-kia-motors-probe/hyundai-kia-to-pay-41-2-million-to-u-s-states-over-mileage-claims-idUSKCN12R2CT|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Wrongly advertised engine and horsepower ===
Several consumers complained that the engine delivered with the Hyundai Veloster in Brazil was inferior to the one advertised.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/noticias/polemica-veloster-140-ou-128-cv-306175_p.shtml |title=A polêmica do Veloster: 140 ou 128 cv? |date=28 October 2011 |publisher=[[Revista Quatro Rodas]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822085328/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/noticias/polemica-veloster-140-ou-128-cv-306175_p.shtml |archive-date=22 August 2014 }}</ref> Independent tests confirmed that it was not the same engine, and it delivered only {{Convert|121|CV|hp|abbr=on}} instead of the advertised {{Convert|140|CV|hp|abbr=on}}, with the car earning derogatory nicknames like Slowster in the Brazilian market.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://carros.uol.com.br/noticias/fullpower/2012/01/31/veloster-entra-no-dinamometro-e-mostra-rendimento-aquem-do-anunciado-pela-hyundai.htm |title=Veloster entra no dinamômetro e tem rendimento abaixo do anunciado |date=31 January 2012 |publisher=[[UOL Carros]] |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904061830/http://carros.uol.com.br/noticias/fullpower/2012/01/31/veloster-entra-no-dinamometro-e-mostra-rendimento-aquem-do-anunciado-pela-hyundai.htm |archive-date=4 September 2014 }}</ref>

=== Marketing controversy ===
In April 2013, Hyundai Motors UK released a commercial depicting a man attempting to [[Suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning|commit suicide via carbon monoxide poisoning]] in an ix35, only to fail to do so because of the vehicle's non-toxic emissions. The advert, produced by Hyundai's in-house agency Innocean Worldwide, received widespread criticism for promoting suicide.<ref name="AdAge">{{cite web |url=http://adage.com/article/news/hyundai-apologizes-u-k-ad-depicts-suicide-attempt/241119/ |title=Hyundai Apologizes for U.K. Ad That Depicts Suicide Attempt |author=Bunkley, Nick |publisher=[[Advertising Age]] |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401175224/http://adage.com/article/news/hyundai-apologizes-u-k-ad-depicts-suicide-attempt/241119/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hyundai has since taken down the video and issued a formal apology.<ref name="AdAge" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jalopnik.com/this-is-the-worst-car-ad-in-history-480853172 |title=This Is the Worst Car Ad in History (Update) |author=Okulski, Travis |publisher=[[Jalopnik]] |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=20 March 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402141101/http://jalopnik.com/this-is-the-worst-car-ad-in-history-480853172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Vehicle security vulnerability ===
{{See also|Kia Challenge}}
Since October 2022, following a [[TikTok]] trend, Hyundai vehicles especially in North America are highly targeted for [[Motor vehicle theft|theft]] due to their weaker security systems. Hyundai vehicles manufactured from 2016 to 2021 for the U.S. market that are not equipped with optional [[key fob]] and a [[push-button start]] mechanism lack [[immobilizers]], a system that prevent the engine from being started unless a proper key is inserted. A video posted on [[TikTok]] depicted the theft process, which involves inserting a [[USB connector]] on a naked key slot and successfully starts a car.<ref name="Herald responses">{{cite news |last=List |first=Madeleine |date=July 25, 2022 |title=TikTok trend blamed for spike in car thefts. These brands are being targeted the most |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article263801328.html |access-date=October 30, 2022 |work=Miami Herald |location=Miami |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173321/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article263801328.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The vulnerability also affects vehicles produced by sister company Kia.

Hyundai and Kia acknowledged the vulnerability. Hyundai introduced a free anti-theft software patch starting February 14, 2023, with all eligible vehicles patched by June 23, 2023.<ref name="Herald responses"/> Models that cannot be upgraded will have [[steering wheel lock]] reimbursements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robles |first=Christian |date=June 10, 2021 |title=Milwaukee has stepped up its response to reckless driving. With summer upon us, is it enough? |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2021/06/10/3-months-7-000-citations-curb-milwaukees-reckless-driving/7599922002/ |access-date=May 18, 2023 |work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173324/https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/2021/06/10/3-months-7-000-citations-curb-milwaukees-reckless-driving/7599922002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both companies also agreed to pay about $200 million to settle a U.S. [[class-action lawsuit]], including up to $145 million for car owners' out-of-pocket losses. The settlement, announced on May 18, 2023, was rejected by a federal judge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2023 |title=Judge declines to approve Hyundai/Kia class action settlement, noting weak proposed remedies |url=https://apnews.com/article/hyundai-kia-settlement-tentative-rejection-f1ad760620101c55ac3b5cf934aab298 |website=AP News |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002173321/https://apnews.com/article/hyundai-kia-settlement-tentative-rejection-f1ad760620101c55ac3b5cf934aab298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to U.S. authority [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]], the trend has led to eight fatalities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=2023-05-18 |title=Hyundai and Kia agree to $200 million settlement over TikTok car theft challenge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/18/23729229/hyundai-kia-settlement-car-theft-challenge-tiktok |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715215744/https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/18/23729229/hyundai-kia-settlement-car-theft-challenge-tiktok |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== U.S. child labor allegations ===
{{See also|Hyundai Alabama child labor allegations}}
In 2022, Hyundai and its [[Supply chain|parts suppliers]] in the U.S. were discovered to be illegally employing [[child labor]], primarily involving [[refugees]] from [[Central America]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Mica |last2=Cooke |first2=Kristina |last3=Schneyer |first3=Joshua |date=December 16, 2022 |title=Child workers found throughout Hyundai-Kia supply chain in Alabama |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-immigration-hyundai/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930174658/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-immigration-hyundai/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":04">{{Cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Mica |last2=Schneyer |first2=Joshua |last3=Cooke |first3=Kristina |date=April 27, 2023 |title=Special Report: How a fake ID let Hyundai suppliers use child labor in Alabama |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/how-fake-id-repeatedly-enabled-hyundai-suppliers-employ-child-labor-alabama-2023-04-27/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> This issue involved parts suppliers, including Hyundai subsidiaries [[Hyundai Glovis]] and SMART, SL, Hwashin, and AJIN, many of which used temporary work agencies to recruit underage workers. These suppliers hired minors, some as young as 12, to operate heavy machinery, in direct violation of child labor laws. Following a [[Reuters]] report in July 2022, investigations confirmed these illegal practices, leading to fines and sanctions against several suppliers.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schneyer |first1=Joshua |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Mica |last3=Cooke |first3=Kristina |date=February 8, 2023 |title=Exclusive: Hyundai in talks with U.S. Labor Department over Alabama child labor |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/hyundai-talks-with-us-labor-department-over-alabama-child-labor-2023-02-08/ |access-date=April 28, 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> In response to the scandal, Hyundai announced plans to divest its controlling stake in SMART.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schneyer |first1=Joshua |last2=Cooke |first2=Kristina |last3=Rosenberg |first3=Mica |date=February 24, 2023 |title=Exclusive: Hyundai to divest Alabama subsidiary following child labor revelations |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/hyundai-divest-alabama-subsidiary-following-child-labor-revelations-2023-02-24/ |access-date=April 28, 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Slogans ==
* New Thinking, New Possibilities (Worldwide)
* We make WAH (2022-present, Canada)
=== United States ===
* Drive your way
* We make things better (2016-2019)
* Better drives us (2019)

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[2025 Georgia Hyundai plant immigration raid]]
* [[Bering Truck Corporation]]
* [[Hyundai Group]]
* [[Hyundai Mobis]]
* [[Hyundai Motor Group]]
* [[Kia Motors]]
* [[List of Hyundai engines]]
* [[Automotive industry in South Korea|List of Korean car makers]]
* [[List of Hyundai Motor Company transmissions]]
* [[List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Official website|hyundai.com}}
{{Finance links
|name= Hyundai Motor
|google= 005380:KRX
|yahoo= 005380.KS
|bloomberg= 005380:KS
|reuters= 005380.KS
}}

{{Hyundai Motor Company}}
{{Hyundai cars}}
{{Hyundai North America}}
{{Hyundai Commercial Vehicle}}
{{Hyundai Motor Group}}
{{KOSPI 200}}
{{Automotive industry in South Korea}}
{{KAMA}}
{{KFA sponsors}}
{{Asian bus builders}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|35.544890|129.372108|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Hyundai Motor Company| ]]
[[Category:Bus manufacturers of South Korea]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of South Korea]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Korea Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in South Korea]]
[[Category:South Korean brands]]
[[Category:South Korean companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of South Korea]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Engine manufacturers of South Korea]]

Decolonization

2026-03-18T02:09:11Z

Xannat:

{{Short description|Undoing political, economic and cultural legacies of colonisation}}

{{About|the undoing of colonialism|medical interventions|Decolonization (medicine)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

'''Decolonization''' is the ending of [[colonialism]], the latter being the process whereby [[Imperialism|imperial]] nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas.<ref>Note however discussion of (for example) the Russian and Nazi empires below.</ref> The meanings and applications of the term are disputed. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on [[Separatism|independence movements]] in the [[Colony|colonies]] and the collapse of global [[colonial empire]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book| title = International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences |last = Hack |first = Karl |publisher = Macmillan Reference |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0028659657 |location = Detroit |pages = 255–257}}</ref><ref>
John Lynch, ed. ''Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1826: Old and New World Origins'' (1995).
</ref>

As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from their respective [[Metropole|metropoles]], decolonization began in 1775 with the [[American Revolution]] in North America against the [[British Empire]]. The [[Napoleonic Wars]] in the 19th century saw the [[French colonial empire]], the [[Spanish Empire]], and [[Portugal]] face decolonization with the [[Haitian Revolution]], the [[Spanish American wars of independence]], and the [[independence of Brazil]] from Portugal. A major wave of decolonization occurred in the [[New Imperialism|aftermath]] of the [[First World War]], including in the [[US imperialism|United States]] and the [[Empire of Japan]]. Another wave of decolonization occurred after the [[Second World War]], and many countries gained their independence in the following years. The last wave of decolonization occurred after the [[Cold War]] with the [[Transition period and cessation of the existence of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], the [[Compact of Free Association#Associated states|independence of Palau]], and the [[Handover of Hong Kong|handovers of Hong Kong]] [[Handover of Macau|and Macau]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301.stm Macau and the end of empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301.stm |date=2015-10-16 }}, 18 December 1999. ''[[BBC News]]''</ref> Seventeen territories remain under the [[United Nations]] classification of [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|non-self-governing territories]].
==Scope==
According to David Strang, decolonization is achieved through the attainment of sovereign statehood with ''de jure'' recognition by the international community or through full incorporation into an existing sovereign state.<ref name="Strang90">{{Cite journal |last=Strang |first=David |date=1990 |title=From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization 1870–1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=846–860 |doi=10.2307/2095750 |jstor=2095750 |issn=0003-1224|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[United Nations]] (UN) states that the [[Human rights|fundamental right]] to [[self-determination]] is the core requirement for decolonization, and that this right can be exercised with or without political independence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html|title=Residual Colonialism In The 21St Century|website=United Nations University|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18|quote="The decolonization agenda championed by the United Nations is not based exclusively on independence. There are three other ways in which an NSGT can exercise self-determination and reach a full measure of self-government (all of them equally legitimate): integration within the administering power, free association with the administering power, or some other mutually agreed upon option for self-rule. [...] It is the exercise of the human right of self-determination, rather than independence per se, that the United Nations has continued to push for."|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717205732/https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples|UN General Assembly Resolution in 1960]] characterised colonial foreign rule as a violation of human rights.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Getachew |first=Adom |title=Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17915-5 |pages=14, 73–74 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg |jstor=j.ctv3znwvg}}</ref><ref name="UN">{{cite web |author=Adopted by General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) |date=14 December 1960 |title=Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-granting-independence-colonial-countries-and-peoples |publisher=The United Nations and Decolonisation}}</ref> In states that have won independence, [[Indigenous decolonization|Indigenous people]] living under [[settler colonialism]] continue to make demands for decolonization and self-determination.<ref>{{Cite thesis|first=Audrey Jane|last=Roy|title=Sovereignty and Decolonization: Realizing Indigenous Self-Determination at the United Nations and in Canada|publisher=University of Victoria|year=2001|access-date=2019-10-19|url=https://iportal.usask.ca/index.php?sid=601141574&id=30516&t=details}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ortiz |first=Roxanne Dunbar |url=http://archive.org/details/indiansofamerica00orti |title=Indians of the Americas : human rights and self determination |date=1984 |publisher=New York : Praeger Publishers, Inc. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-03-000917-4 |pages=278 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shrinkhal |first=Rashwet |date=March 2021 |title="Indigenous sovereignty" and right to self-determination in international law: a critical appraisal |journal=AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=71–82 |doi=10.1177/1177180121994681 |s2cid=232264306 |issn=1177-1801 |quote=For them, indigenous sovereignty is linked with identity and right to [[self determination]]. Self determination should be understood as power of peoples to control their own destiny. Therefore for indigenous peoples, right to self determination is instrumental in the protection of their human rights and struggle for self-governance.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allard-Tremblay |first1=Yann |last2=Coburn |first2=Elaine |date=May 2023 |title=The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=359–378 |doi=10.1177/00323217211018127 |s2cid=236234578 |issn=0032-3217|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although discussions of [[hegemony]] and power, central to the concept of decolonization, can be found as early as the writings of [[Thucydides]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lebow |first1=Richard Ned |last2=Kelly |first2=Robert |date=2001 |title=Thucydides and Hegemony: Athens and the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097762 |journal=Review of International Studies |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=593–609 |doi=10.1017/S0260210501005939 |jstor=20097762 |ssrn=2384772 |issn=0260-2105}}</ref> there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times. These include the [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization of Africa]], the [[Spanish American wars of independence|breakup of the Spanish Empire]] in the 19th century; of the [[German Empire|German]], [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], and [[Russian Empire]]s following [[World War I]]; of the [[British Empire|British]], [[French colonial empire|French]], [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]], [[Italian Empire|Italian]], and [[Japanese colonial empire|Japanese Empires]] following [[World War II]]; and of the [[Soviet Union]] at the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strayer |first1=Robert W. |title=Decolonization, Democratization, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective |journal=Journal of World History |date=2001 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=375–406 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2001.0042 |s2cid=154594627 }}</ref>

Early studies of decolonisation appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. An important book from this period was ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961) by Martiniquan author [[Frantz Fanon]], which established many aspects of decolonisation that would be considered in later works. Subsequent studies of decolonisation addressed economic disparities as a legacy of colonialism as well as the annihilation of people's cultures. [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] explored the cultural and linguistic legacies of colonialism in the influential book ''[[Decolonising the Mind]]'' (1986).<ref name=":6" />

"Decolonization" has also been used to refer to the [[Decolonization of knowledge|intellectual decolonization]] from the colonizers' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Crafting Qualitative Research: Working in the Postpositivist Traditions|last=Prasad|first=Pushkala|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47369-5|location=London|oclc=904046323}}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/sabrin_mohammed_201305_phd.pdf|title=Exploring the intellectual foundations of Egyptian national education|last=Sabrin|first=Mohammed|date=2013|hdl=10724/28885}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options|last=Mignolo|first=Walter D.|date=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5060-6|location=Durham|oclc=700406652}}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref> Issues of decolonization persist and are raised contemporarily. In the [[Americas]] and [[South Africa]], such issues are increasingly discussed under the term [[decoloniality]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsocialtheory.org/topics/decoloniality/|title=Decoloniality|website=Global Security Theory |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/africas-student-movements-history-sheds-light-on-modern-activism-111003|title=Africa's student movements: history sheds light on modern activism|last1=Hodgkinson|first1=Dan|last2=Melchiorre|first2=Luke|website=The Conversation|date=18 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

== By area ==
In the two hundred years following the [[American Revolutionary War]] in 1783, 165 colonies have gained independence from Western imperial powers.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Strang |first1=David |title=Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987 |journal=International Studies Quarterly |date=December 1991 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=429–454 |doi=10.2307/2600949 |jstor=2600949 }}</ref> Several analyses point to different reasons for the spread of anti-colonial political movements. Institutional arguments suggest that increasing levels of education in the colonies led to calls for popular sovereignty; [[Marxism|Marxist]] analyses view decolonization as a result of economic shifts toward wage labor and an enlarged [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois class]]; yet another argument sees decolonization as a diffusion process wherein earlier revolutionary movements inspired later ones.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="Strang90"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strang |first=David |date=1991 |title=Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500–1987 |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=429–454 |doi=10.2307/2600949 |jstor=2600949 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Boswell |first=Terry |date=1989 |title=Colonial Empires and the Capitalist World-Economy: A Time Series Analysis of Colonization, 1640–1960 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=180–196 |doi=10.2307/2095789 |jstor=2095789 }}</ref> Other explanations emphasize how the lower profitability of colonization and the costs associated with empire prompted decolonization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gartzke |first1=Erik |last2=Rohner |first2=Dominic |date=2011 |title=The Political Economy of Imperialism, Decolonization and Development |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=525–556 |doi=10.1017/S0007123410000232 |jstor=41241795 |s2cid=231796247 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/55599/1/S0007123410000232a-Gartzke.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spruyt |first1=Hendrik |title=Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition |date=2018 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-1787-1 }}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref> Some explanations emphasize how colonial powers struggled militarily against insurgents in the colonies due to a shift from 19th century conditions of "strong political will, a permissive international environment, access to local collaborators, and flexibility to pick their battles" to 20th century conditions of "apathetic publics, hostile superpowers, vanishing collaborators, and constrained options".<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Paul K. |title='Retribution Must Succeed Rebellion': The Colonial Origins of Counterinsurgency Failure |journal=International Organization |date=April 2013 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=253–286 |doi=10.1017/S0020818313000027 |s2cid=154683722 }}</ref> In other words, colonial powers had more support from their own region in pursuing colonies in the 19th century than they did in the 20th century, where holding on to such colonies was often understood to be a burden.<ref name=":8" />

A great deal of scholarship attributes the ideological origins of national independence movements to the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. Enlightenment social and political theories such as individualism and [[liberalism]] were central to the debates about national constitutions for newly independent countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=John D. |last2=Kaplan |first2=Martha |date=2001 |title=Nation and decolonization: Toward a new anthropology of nationalism |journal=Anthropological Theory |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=419–437 |doi=10.1177/14634990122228818 |s2cid=143978771 }}</ref> Contemporary [[Decoloniality|decolonial scholarship]] has critiqued the emancipatory potential of Enlightenment thought, highlighting its [[Decolonization of knowledge|erasure of Indigenous epistemologies]] and failure to provide [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] and [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous people]] with liberty, equality, and dignity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clement |first=Vincent |date=2019 |title=Beyond the sham of the emancipatory Enlightenment: Rethinking the relationship of Indigenous epistemologies, knowledges, and geography through decolonizing paths |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=276–294 |doi=10.1177/0309132517747315 |s2cid=148760397 }}</ref>

=== American Revolution ===
{{Main|American Revolution}}

Great Britain's [[Thirteen Colonies|Thirteen North American colonies]] were the first to [[United States Declaration of Independence|declare independence]], forming the [[United States|United States of America]] in 1776, and defeating Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]].<ref>Robert R. Palmer, ''The age of the Democratic Revolution: a political history of Europe and America, 1760–1800'' (1965){{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref><ref>Richard B. Morris, ''The emerging nations and the American Revolution'' (1970).{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref>

=== Haitian Revolution ===
{{Main|Haitian Revolution}}

The [[Haitian Revolution]] was a revolt in 1789 and subsequent slave uprising in 1791 in the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]], on the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] island of [[Hispaniola]]. In 1804, [[Haiti]] secured independence from France as the [[First Empire of Haiti|Empire of Haiti]], which later became a republic.

=== Spanish America ===
{{Main|Spanish American wars of independence}}

[[File:Spanish_Empire_(diachronic).svg|thumb|alt=Map of Spanish Colonial Empire|Map of Spanish Colonial Empire]]

[[File:JuraIndependencia.jpg|thumb|alt=Portrait of the Chilean declaration of independence|The [[Chilean Declaration of Independence]] on 18 February 1818]]
The chaos of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in Europe cut the direct links between Spain and its American colonies, allowing for the process of decolonization to begin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bousquet |first1=Nicole |title=The Decolonization of Spanish America in the Early Nineteenth Century: A World-Systems Approach |journal=Review |publisher=Fernand Braudel Center |date=1988 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=497–531 |jstor=40241109 }}</ref>

With the invasion of Spain by [[Napoleon]] in 1806, the American colonies declared autonomy and loyalty to King Ferdinand VII. The contract was broken and each of the regions of the Spanish Empire had to decide whether to show allegiance to the Junta of Cadiz (the only territory in Spain free from Napoleon) or have a junta (assembly) of its own. The economic monopoly of the metropolis was the main reason why many countries decided to become independent from Spain. In 1809, the independence wars of Latin America began with a revolt in La Paz, [[Bolivia]]. In 1807 and 1808, the [[Viceroyalty of the River Plate]] was invaded by the British. After their 2nd defeat, a Frenchman called Santiague de Liniers was proclaimed a new Viceroy by the local population and later accepted by Spain. In May 1810 in [[Buenos Aires]], a Junta was created, but in [[Montevideo]] it was not recognized by the local government who followed the authority of the Junta of Cadiz. The rivalry between the two cities was the main reason for the distrust between them. During the next 15 years, the Spanish and Royalist on one side, and the rebels on the other fought in South America and Mexico. Numerous countries declared their independence. In 1824, the Spanish forces were defeated in the [[Battle of Ayacucho]]. The mainland was free, and in 1898, Spain lost [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]] in the [[Spanish–American War]]. Puerto Rico became an [[unincorporated territory]] of the US, but Cuba became independent in 1902.

=== Portuguese America ===
{{Main|Independence of Brazil}}

[[File:Independencia brasil 001.jpg|thumb|[[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro]] proclaims himself Emperor of an independent Brazil on 7 September 1822.]]
The Napoleonic Wars also led to the severing of the direct links between Portugal and its only American colony, [[Brazil]]. Days before Napoleon invaded Portugal, in 1807 the Portuguese royal court [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|fled to Brazil]]. In 1820 there was a [[Liberal Revolution of 1820|Constitutionalist Revolution]] in Portugal, which led to the return of the Portuguese court to Lisbon. This led to distrust between the Portuguese and the Brazilian colonists, and finally, in 1822, to the colony becoming independent as the [[Empire of Brazil]], which later became a republic.

=== British Empire ===
{{Main|British Empire}}

The emergence of Indigenous political parties was especially characteristic of the [[British Empire]], which seemed less ruthless than, for example, Belgium, in controlling political dissent. Driven by pragmatic demands of budgets and manpower the British made deals with the local politicians. Across the empire, the general protocol was to convene a constitutional conference in London to discuss the transition to greater self-government and then independence, submit a report of the constitutional conference to parliament, if approved submit a bill to Parliament at Westminster to terminate the responsibility of the United Kingdom (with a copy of the new constitution annexed), and finally, if approved, issuance of an Order of Council fixing the exact date of independence.<ref>{{cite book |first=J. H. W. |last=Verzijl |year=1969 |title=International Law in Historical Perspective |volume=II |location=Leyden |publisher=A. W. Sijthoff |pages=76–68}}</ref>

After [[World War I]], several former German and Ottoman territories in the Middle East, Africa, and the Pacific were governed by the UK as [[League of Nations mandate]]s. Some were administered directly by the UK, and others by British dominions – [[Nauru]] and the [[Territory of New Guinea]] by [[Australia]], [[South West Africa]] by the [[Union of South Africa]], and [[Western Samoa]] by [[New Zealand]].

[[File:The peacemakers- George Gavan Duffy, Erskine Childers, Robert Barton and Arthur Griffith in a group (28455606301).jpg|thumb|Members of the Irish delegation for the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] negotiations in December 1921]]
[[Egypt]] became independent in 1922, although the UK retained security prerogatives, control of the [[Suez Canal]], and effective control of the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]. The [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]] declared the British Empire [[dominion]]s as equals, and the 1931 [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] established full legislative independence for them. The equal dominions were six– [[Canada]], [[Newfoundland]], Australia, the [[Irish Free State]], New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa; Ireland had been brought into a union with Great Britain in 1801 creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922. However, some of the Dominions were already independent de facto, and even de jure and recognized as such by the international community. Thus, Canada was a founding member of the League of Nations in 1919 and served on the council from 1927 to 1930.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/league-of-nations |title=Canada and the League of Nations |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> That country also negotiated on its own and signed bilateral and multilateral treaties and conventions from the early 1900s onward. Newfoundland ceded self-rule back to London in 1934. [[Iraq]], a League of Nations mandate, became independent in 1932.

In response to a growing [[Indian independence movement]], the UK made successive reforms to the [[British Raj]], culminating in the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. These reforms included creating elected legislative councils in some of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]]. [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], India's independence movement leader, led a peaceful resistance to British rule. By becoming a symbol of both peace and opposition to British imperialism, many Indians began to view the British as the cause of India's problems leading to a newfound sense of [[Indian independence movement|nationalism]] among its population. With this new wave of Indian nationalism, Gandhi was eventually able to garner the support needed to push back the British and create an independent India in 1947.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunt |first1=Lynn |first2=Thomas R. |last2=Martin |first3=Barbara H. |last3=Rosenwein |first4=R. Po-chia |last4=Hsia |author4-link=Ronnie Hsia |first5=Bonnie G. |last5=Smith |title=The Making of the West Peoples and Cultures |location=Boston |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's |year=2008}}</ref>

[[File:British Empire in February 1952.png|thumb|British Empire in 1952]]
Africa was only fully drawn into the colonial system at the end of the 19th century. In the north-east the continued independence of the [[Ethiopian Empire]] remained a beacon of hope to pro-independence activists. However, with the anti-colonial wars of the 1900s (decade) barely over, new modernizing forms of Africa nationalism began to gain strength in the early 20th century with the emergence of Pan-Africanism, as advocated by the Jamaican journalist [[Marcus Garvey]] (1887–1940) whose widely distributed newspapers demanded swift abolition of European imperialism, as well as republicanism in Egypt. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] (1909–1972) who was inspired by the works of Garvey led [[Ghana]] to independence from colonial rule.

Independence for the colonies in Africa began with the independence of [[Sudan]] in 1956, and [[Ghana]] in 1957. All of the British colonies on mainland Africa became independent by 1966, although [[Rhodesia]]'s unilateral declaration of independence in 1965 was not recognized by the UK or internationally.

Some of the British colonies in Asia were directly administered by British officials, while others were ruled by local monarchs as [[protectorate]]s or in [[subsidiary alliance]] with the UK.

In 1947, [[British India]] was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into the independent dominions of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Hundreds of [[princely state]]s, states ruled by monarchs in a treaty of subsidiary alliance with Britain, were [[Political integration of India|integrated into India]] and Pakistan. India and Pakistan fought several wars over the former princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. [[French India]] was integrated into India between 1950 and 1954, and India annexed [[Portuguese India]] in 1961, and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] merged with India by popular vote in 1975.

====Violence, civil warfare, and partition====
[[Image:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.jpg|thumb|Surrender of [[Lord Cornwallis]] at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] in 1781]]
Significant violence was involved in several prominent cases of decolonization of the British Empire; partition was a frequent solution. In 1783, the North American colonies were divided between the independent United States, and [[British North America]], which later became Canada.

The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was a major uprising in India against British [[East India Company]]. It was characterized by massacres of civilians on both sides. It was not a movement for independence, however, and only a small part of India was involved. In the aftermath, the British pulled back from modernizing reforms of Indian society, and the level of organised violence under the [[British Raj]] was relatively small. Most of that was initiated by repressive British administrators, as in the [[Amritsar#Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Amritsar massacre of 1919]], or the police assaults on the [[Salt March]] of 1930.<ref>On the nonviolent methodology see {{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/00856408508723067|title = Audiences, actors and congress dramas: Crowd events in Bombay city in 1930|journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume = 8|issue = 1–2|pages = 71–86|year = 1985|last1 = Masselos|first1 = Jim}}</ref> Large-scale communal violence broke out between Hindus and Muslims and between Muslims and Sikhs after the British left in 1947 in the newly independent [[dominion]]s of India and Pakistan. Much later, in 1970, further communal violence broke out within Pakistan in the detached eastern part of East Bengal, which became independent as [[Bangladesh]] in 1971.

[[History of Cyprus since 1878|Cyprus]], which came under full British control in 1914 from the Ottoman Empire, was culturally divided between the majority [[Greek Cypriots|Greek element]] (which demanded "[[enosis]]" or union with Greece) and the minority Turks. London for decades assumed it needed the island to defend the Suez Canal; but after the Suez crisis of 1956, that became a minor factor, and Greek violence became a more serious issue. Cyprus became an independent country in 1960, but ethnic violence escalated until 1974 when Turkey invaded and partitioned the island. Each side rewrote its own history, blaming the other.<ref>{{Cite journal | jstor=10.2979/his.2008.20.2.128| doi=10.2979/his.2008.20.2.128| title=Narrative, Memory and History Education in Divided Cyprus: ''A Comparison of Schoolbooks on the 'History of Cyprus'<nowiki/>''| journal=History and Memory| volume=20| issue=2| pages=128–148| year=2008| last1=Papadakis|first1=Yiannis | s2cid=159912409}}</ref>

[[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] became a [[Mandate for Palestine|British mandate]] from the [[League of Nations]] after World War I, initially including [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]]. During that war, the British gained support from Arabs and Jews by making promises to both (see [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]] and [[Balfour Declaration]]). Decades of [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|ethno—religious violence]] reached a climax with the [[UN Partition Plan]] and the [[1948 Palestine War|ensuing war]]. The British eventually pulled out, and the former Mandate territory was divided between [[Israel]], [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordan]] and [[All-Palestine Protectorate|Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Laqueur|first1=Walter|author-link1=Walter Laqueur|last2=Schueftan|first2=Dan|author-link2=Daniel Schueftan|title=The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict: 8th edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akGXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|year=2016|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-99241-8}}</ref>

===French Empire===
{{Further|French colonial empire}}

[[File:LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg|thumb|upright|left|French poster about the "[[Franco-Hova Wars|Madagascar War]]"]]

After World War I, the colonized people were frustrated at France's failure to recognize the effort provided by the French colonies (resources, but more importantly colonial troops – the famous ''[[tirailleurs]]''). Although in [[Paris]] the [[Great Mosque of Paris]] was constructed as recognition of these efforts, the French state had no intention to allow [[self-rule]], let alone grant [[independence]] to the colonized people. Thus, [[nationalism]] in the colonies became stronger in between the two wars, leading to [[Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi|Abd el-Krim]]'s [[Rif War (1920)|Rif War]] (1921–1925) in [[History of Morocco|Morocco]] and to the creation of [[Messali Hadj]]'s [[Star of North Africa]] in [[Nationalism and resistance in Algeria|Algeria]] in 1925. However, these movements would gain full potential only after World War II.

After World War I, France administered the former Ottoman territories of [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], and the former German colonies of [[French Togoland|Togoland]] and [[French Cameroons|Cameroon]], as League of Nations mandates. Lebanon declared its independence in 1943, and Syria in 1945.

In some instances, decolonization efforts ran counter to other concerns, such as the rapid increase of [[antisemitism]] in Algeria in the course of the nation's resistance to French rule.<ref>Heuman, J. (2023). The silent disappearance of Jews from Algeria: French anti-racism in the face of antisemitism in Algeria during the decolonization. Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 22(2), 149-168.</ref>

Although France was ultimately a victor of World War II, Nazi Germany's occupation of France and its North African colonies during the war had disrupted colonial rule. On 27 October 1946, France adopted a new constitution creating the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]], and substituted the [[French Union]] for the colonial empire. However power over the colonies remained concentrated in France, and the power of local assemblies outside France was extremely limited. On the night of 29 March 1947, a [[Madagascar]] [[Madagascar revolt|nationalist uprising]] led the French government headed by [[Paul Ramadier]] ([[Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière|Socialist]]) to violent repression: one year of bitter fighting, 11,000–40,000 Malagasy died.<ref>{{Citation |last=Randrianja |first=Solofo |title=Colonialism, Nationalism, and Decolonization in Madagascar |date=2022-11-22 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-675 |access-date=2024-11-30 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.675 |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7}}</ref>
[[File:Dien Bien Phu 1954 French prisoners.jpg|thumb|Captured [[French Union]] soldiers from [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Điện Biên Phủ]], escorted by Vietnamese communist troops, 1954]]
After the end of World War II, the Viet Minh launched the [[August Revolution]] and declared Vietnamese independence in September, although Allied troops reoccupied the territory afterwards. In late 1946, the Viet Minh [[Battle of Hanoi (1946)|attacked]] French troops in Hanoi, leading to the [[First Indochina War|Indochina War]] (1946–54). France later recognized the independence of the [[State of Vietnam]], the [[Kingdom of Laos]], and the [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Kingdom of Cambodia]], while also [[Élysée Accords|recognizing]] the unity of Vietnam (whose territories has been split into three separate regions under French colonial rule) and supported the anti-communist faction in this country against the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|communists]] who fought in the name of anti-colonialism in 1949. The war thus became part of the world-wide [[Cold War]]. Cambodia and Laos became fully independent in late 1953, Vietnam became fully independent on 4 June 1954, and the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accords]] of 21 July 1954 left Vietnam divided into the [[North Vietnam|North]] and [[South Vietnam|South]] with the fact that France recognized communists gaining the North. After North Vietnamese [[Fall of Saigon|military victory]] in April 1975, Vietnam would be ''de jure'' united under a communist government on 2 July 1976.

In 1956, [[History of Morocco|Morocco]] and [[History of Tunisia|Tunisia]] gained their independence from France. In 1960, eight independent countries emerged from [[French West Africa]], and five from [[French Equatorial Africa]]. The [[Algerian War of Independence]] raged from 1954 to 1962. To this day, the Algerian war – officially called a "public order operation" until the 1990s – remains a trauma for both France and Algeria. Philosopher [[Paul Ricœur]] has spoken of the necessity of a "decolonisation of memory", starting with the recognition of the [[1961 Paris massacre]] during the Algerian war, and the decisive role of African and especially North African immigrant manpower in the ''[[Trente Glorieuses]]'' post–World War II economic growth period. In the 1960s, due to economic needs for post-war reconstruction and rapid economic growth, French employers actively sought to recruit manpower from the colonies, explaining today's [[demographics of France|multiethnic population]].

=== After 1918 ===
{{Further|New Imperialism|}}

==== United States ====
{{Main|American imperialism|Timeline of United States military operations}}

A union of former colonies itself, the United States approached imperialism differently from the other Powers. Much of its energy and rapidly expanding population was directed westward across the North American continent against English and French claims, the [[Spanish Empire]] and Mexico. The [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] were sent to [[Indian reservation|reservations]], often unwillingly. With support from Britain, its [[Monroe Doctrine]] reserved the Americas as its sphere of interest, prohibiting other states (particularly Spain) from recolonizing the newly independent polities of [[Latin America]]. However, France, taking advantage of the American government's distraction during the Civil War, intervened militarily in Mexico and set up a French-protected monarchy. Spain took the step to [[Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic|occupy the Dominican Republic and restore colonial rule]]. The Union victory in the Civil War in 1865 forced both France and Spain to accede to American demands to evacuate those two countries. America's only African colony, [[Liberia]], was formed privately and achieved independence early; Washington unofficially protected it. By 1900, the U.S. advocated an [[Open Door Policy]] and opposed the direct division of China.<ref>Thomas A, Bailey, ''A diplomatic history of the American people'' (1969) [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor00bail_0 online free]</ref>

[[File:Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Manuel L. Quezón]], the first president of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] (from 1935 to 1944)]]
[[File:TTPI-locatormap.png|thumb|[[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]] in [[Micronesia]] administered by the United States from 1947 to 1986]]
After 1898 direct intervention expanded in Latin America. The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 and annexed Hawaii in 1898. Following the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898, the US added most of Spain's remaining colonies: [[Puerto Rico]], [[Philippines]], and [[Guam]]. Deciding not to annex Cuba outright, the U.S. established it as a [[client state]] with obligations including the perpetual lease of [[Guantánamo Bay]] to the U.S. Navy. The attempt of the first governor to void the island's constitution and remain in power past the end of his term provoked a rebellion that provoked a reoccupation between 1906 and 1909, but this was again followed by devolution. Similarly, the [[McKinley administration]], despite prosecuting the [[Philippine–American War]] against a [[First Republic of the Philippines|native republic]], set out that the [[Territories of the United States#Former unincorporated territories of the United States (incomplete)|Territory of the Philippine Islands]] was eventually granted independence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wong |first=Kwok Chu |title=The Jones Bills 1912–16: A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=252–269 |year=1982 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400008687|s2cid=162468431 }}</ref> In 1917, the U.S. purchased the [[Danish West Indies]] (later renamed the [[US Virgin Islands]]) from [[Denmark]] and Puerto Ricans became full U.S. citizens that same year.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Sanford |last1=Levinson |first2=Bartholomew H. |last2=Sparrow |year=2005 |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898 |location=New York |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |pages=166, 178 |quote=U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)) |isbn=978-0-7425-4983-8 }}</ref> The US government declared Puerto Rico the territory was no longer a colony and stopped transmitting information about it to the United Nations Decolonization Committee.<ref>{{cite web | title=Decolonization Committee Calls on United States to Expedite Process for Puerto Rich Self-determination | website=Welcome to the United Nations | date=2003-06-09 | url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/gacol3085.doc.htm | access-date=2021-01-17|quote=The United States had used its exempt status from the transmission of information under Article 73 e of the United Nations Charter as a loophole to commit human rights violations in Puerto Rico and its territories.}}</ref> As a result, the [[UN General Assembly Resolution 748|UN General Assembly]] removed Puerto Rico from the [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|U.N. list of non-self-governing territories]]. Four referendums showed little support for independence, but much interest in statehood such as Hawaii and Alaska received in 1959.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/08263663.2017.1323615|title = Puerto Rico, the 51st state: The implications of statehood on culture and language|journal = Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies |volume = 42|issue = 2|pages = 165–180|year = 2017|last1 = Torres|first1 = Kelly M.|s2cid = 157682270}}</ref>

The Monroe Doctrine was expanded by the [[Roosevelt Corollary]] in 1904, providing that the United States had a right and obligation to intervene "in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence" that a nation in the Western Hemisphere became vulnerable to European control. In practice, this meant that the United States was led to act as a collections agent for European creditors by administering customs duties in the [[Dominican Republic]] (1905–1941), [[Haiti]] (1915–1934), and elsewhere. The intrusiveness and bad relations this engendered were somewhat checked by the [[Clark Memorandum]] and renounced by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s "[[Good Neighbor Policy]]".

The [[Fourteen Points]] were preconditions addressed by President [[Woodrow Wilson]] to the European powers at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] following [[World War I]]. In allowing allies France and Britain the former colonial possessions of the German and Ottoman Empires, the US demanded of them submission to the [[League of Nations mandate]], in calling for ''V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty '''the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight''' with the equitable government whose title is to be determined.'' See also point XII.

After [[World War II]], the U.S. poured tens of billions of dollars into the [[Marshall Plan]], and other grants and loans to Europe and Asia to rebuild the world economy. At the same time American military bases were established around the world and direct and indirect interventions continued in [[Korean War|Korea]], [[Vietnam War|Indochina]], Latin America (''inter alia'', the [[Dominican Civil War|1965 occupation of the Dominican Republic]]), Africa, and the Middle East to oppose Communist movements and insurgencies. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States has been far less active in the Americas, but invaded [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]] following the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, establishing army and air bases in [[Central Asia]].

==== Japan ====
[[File:US Army in Korea under Japanese Rule.JPG|thumb|U.S. troops in [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]], September 1945]]
Before World War I, Japan had gained several substantial colonial possessions in East Asia such as Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1910). Japan joined the allies in World War I, and after the war acquired the [[South Seas Mandate]], the former German colony in Micronesia, as a [[League of Nations Mandate]]. Pursuing a colonial policy comparable to those of European powers, Japan settled significant populations of ethnic Japanese in its colonies while simultaneously suppressing Indigenous ethnic populations by enforcing the learning and use of the [[Japanese language]] in schools. Other methods such as public interaction, and attempts to eradicate the use of [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Hokkien]], and [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] among the Indigenous peoples, were seen to be used. Japan also set up the [[Imperial Universities]] in Korea ([[Keijō Imperial University]]) and Taiwan ([[National Taiwan University|Taihoku Imperial University]]) to compel education.

In 1931, Japan seized [[Manchuria]] from the Republic of China, setting up a puppet state under [[Puyi]], the last Manchu emperor of China. In 1933 Japan seized the Chinese province of [[Rehe Province|Rehe]], and incorporated it into its Manchurian possessions. The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] started in 1937, and Japan occupied much of eastern China, including the Republic's capital at [[Nanjing]]. An estimated 20 million Chinese died during the 1931–1945 war with Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/15/content_468908.htm|title=Remember role in ending fascist war|work=chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref>

In December 1941, the empire of Japan joined [[World War II]] by invading the European and U.S. colonies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including [[French Indochina]], [[Hong Kong]], the Philippines, Burma, [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Indonesia]], [[Portuguese Timor]], and others. Following its surrender to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in 1945, Japan was deprived of all its colonies with a number of them being returned to the original colonizing Western powers. The [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet–Japanese War (1945)|declared war on Japan in August 1945]], and shortly after occupied and annexed the southern [[Kuril Islands]], which Japan [[Kuril Islands dispute|still claims]].

=== After 1945 ===
==== Planning for decolonization ====
Decolonization was often not extensively planned, instead occurring as a response to politics in the colony, politics at home, and increasing international pressure. Immediately following the war there was a wave of decolonization throughout Asia. This was followed by the Middle East, and in the 1960s sub-Saharan Africa. These waves saw most large colonies become independent, with many remaining colonies being smaller islands. Many of the smallest colonies would not become independent, instead joining either with nearby colonies and countries or becoming full parts of their administering country.<ref name="Christopher2002">{{cite journal |author=A. J. Christopher |year=2002 |title=Decolonisation without independence |journal=GeoJournal |volume=56 |issue=3 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147687 |pages=213–214}}</ref>

=====U.S. and Philippines=====
In the United States, the two major parties were divided on the acquisition of the Philippines, which became a major campaign issue in 1900. The Republicans, who favored permanent acquisition, won the election, but after a decade or so, Republicans turned their attention to the Caribbean, focusing on building the [[Panama Canal]]. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], a Democrat in office from 1913 to 1921, ignored the Philippines, and focused his attention on Mexico and Caribbean nations. By the 1920s, the peaceful efforts by the Filipino leadership to pursue independence proved convincing. When the Democrats returned to power in 1933, they worked with the Filipinos to plan a smooth transition to independence. It was scheduled for 1946 by [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] of 1934. In 1935, the Philippines transitioned out of territorial status, controlled by an appointed governor, to the semi-independent status of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]]. Its constitutional convention wrote a new constitution, which was approved by Washington and went into effect, with an elected governor [[Manuel L. Quezon]] and legislature. Foreign Affairs remained under American control. The Philippines built up a new army, under general [[Douglas MacArthur]], who took leave from his U.S. Army position to take command of the new army reporting to Quezon. The Japanese occupation 1942 to 1945 disrupted but did not delay the transition. It took place on schedule in 1946 as [[Manuel Roxas]] took office as president.<ref>H. W. Brands, ''Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines'' (1992) pp. 138–60. [https://archive.org/details/boundtoempireuni00bran online free]</ref>

=====Portugal=====
[[File:Sempreatentos...aoperigo!.jpg|thumb|right|210px|[[Portuguese Army]] special ''[[caçadores]]'' advancing in the African jungle in the early 1960s, during the [[Angolan War of Independence]]]]
[[File:Portuguese empire 1800.svg|thumb|The territory of the Portuguese empire in the 1800s]]
As a result of its pioneering [[Portuguese discoveries|discoveries]], [[Portugal]] had a large and particularly long-lasting colonial empire which had begun in 1415 with the [[conquest of Ceuta]] and ended only in 1999 with the handover of [[Portuguese Macau]] to China. In 1822, Portugal [[Independence of Brazil|lost control of Brazil]], its largest colony.

From 1933 to 1974, [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal was an authoritarian state]] (ruled by [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]). The regime was fiercely determined to maintain the country's colonial possessions at all costs and to aggressively suppress any insurgencies. In 1961, [[Annexation of Goa|India annexed Goa]] and by the same year nationalist forces had begun organizing in Portugal. Revolts (preceding the [[Portuguese Colonial War]]) spread to [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], [[Portuguese Guinea|Guinea Bissau]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]].<ref>John P. Cann, ''Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War 1961–74'' Solihull, UK (Helion Studies in Military History, No. 12), 2012.</ref> [[Lisbon]] escalated its effort in the war: for instance, it increased the number of natives in the colonial army and built strategic hamlets. Portugal sent another 300,000 European settlers into Angola and Mozambique before 1974. That year, [[Carnation Revolution|a left-wing revolution]] inside Portugal overthrew the existing regime and encouraged pro-Soviet elements to attempt to seize control in the colonies. The result was a very long and extremely difficult multi-party [[Angolan Civil War|Civil War in Angola]], and lesser insurrections in Mozambique.<ref>Norrie MacQueen, ''The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire''</ref>

===== Belgium =====
Belgium's empire began with the annexation of the Congo in 1908 in response to international pressure to bring an end to the [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State|terrible atrocities]] that had taken place under [[King Leopold II of Belgium|King Leopold]]'s privately run [[Congo Free State]]. It added [[Ruanda-Urundi|Rwanda and Burundi]] as League of Nations mandates from the former German Empire in 1919. The colonies remained independent during the war, while Belgium was occupied by the Germans. There was no serious planning for independence, and exceedingly little training or education provided. The [[Belgian Congo]] was especially rich, and many Belgian businessmen lobbied hard to maintain control. Local revolts grew in power and finally, the Belgian king suddenly announced in 1959 that independence was on the agenda – and it was hurriedly arranged in 1960, for country bitterly and deeply divided on social and economic grounds.<ref>Henri Grimal, ''Decolonisation: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919–63'' (1978).</ref>

===== Netherlands =====
[[File:Een groep gevangenen zit op de grond, bewaakt door soldaten voorbeeld van goe…, Bestanddeelnr 15865.jpg|thumb|210px|Dutch soldiers in the East Indies during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], 1946]]
[[File:Dutch Empire preWWII.PNG|thumb|The territory of the Dutch empire before [[World War II]]]]
The Netherlands had spent centuries building up its empire. By 1940 it consisted mostly of the [[Dutch East Indies]], corresponding to what is now Indonesia. Its massive oil reserves provided about 14 percent of the Dutch national product and supported a large population of ethnic Dutch government officials and businessmen in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now Jakarta) and other major cities. The Netherlands was overrun and almost starved to death [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|by the Nazis]] during the war, and Japan sank the Dutch fleet in seizing the East Indies. In 1945 the Netherlands could not regain these islands on its own; [[Battle of Surabaya|it did so by depending on British military help]] and [[Marshall Plan|American financial grants]]. By the time Dutch soldiers returned, an independent government under [[Sukarno]] was in power, originally set up by the [[Empire of Japan]]. The Dutch both abroad and at home generally agreed that Dutch power depended on an expensive war to regain the islands. Compromises were negotiated, but were trusted by neither side. When the [[Madiun Affair|Indonesian Republic successfully suppressed]] a large-scale communist revolt, the United States realized that it needed the nationalist government as an ally in the Cold War. Dutch possession was an obstacle to American Cold War goals, so Washington forced the Dutch to grant full independence. A few years later, Sukarno nationalized all [[Dutch East Indies]] properties and expelled all [[Indo people|ethnic Dutch]]—over 300,000—as well as several hundred thousand ethnic Indonesians who supported the Dutch cause. In the aftermath, the Netherlands prospered greatly in the 1950s and 1960s but nevertheless public opinion was bitterly hostile to the United States for betrayal. The Dutch government eventually gave up on claims to Indonesian sovereignty in 1949, after American pressure.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frances Gouda|title=American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh1VtsxRlRAC&pg=PA36|year=2002|publisher=Amsterdam UP|page=36|isbn=978-90-5356-479-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 259796|title = The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire|journal = Journal of Contemporary History|volume = 4|issue = 1|pages = 127–139|last1 = Baudet|first1 = Henri|year = 1969|doi = 10.1177/002200946900400109|s2cid = 159531822}}</ref> The Netherlands also had one other major colony, Dutch Guiana in [[South America]], which became independent as [[Suriname]] in 1975.

==== United Nations trust territories ====
{{Main|United Nations trust territories}}

When the United Nations was formed in 1945, it established trust territories. These territories included the [[League of Nations mandate]] territories which had not achieved independence by 1945, along with the former [[Italian Somaliland]]. The [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]] was transferred from Japanese to US administration. By 1990 all but one of the trust territories had achieved independence, either as independent states or by merger with another independent state; the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] elected to become a commonwealth of the United States.

==== The emergence of the Third World (1945–present) ====
[[File:Africa cs poster.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Czechoslovak anti-colonialist propaganda poster: "Africa – in fight for freedom"]]
Newly independent states organised themselves in order to oppose continued economic colonialism by former imperial powers. The [[Non-Aligned Movement]] constituted itself around the main figures of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of India, [[Sukarno]], the Indonesian president, [[Josip Broz Tito]] the Communist leader of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], head of Egypt.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Nehru, Jawaharlal |title=Jawaharlal Nehru.: an autobiography. |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780143031048 |oclc=909343858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Non-Aligned Movement {{!}} Definition, Mission, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227123949/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Mithi |year=2010 |title='A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947-62. |journal=The International History Review |volume=32: 2 |issue=2 |pages=253–271 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2010.489753 |jstor=25703954 |s2cid=155062058}}</ref> In 1955 these leaders gathered at the [[Bandung Conference]] along with [[Sukarno]], the leader of Indonesia, and [[Zhou Enlai]], Premier of the People's Republic of China.<ref name="maounknown">Jung Chang and John Halliday, ''Mao: The Unknown Story'', pp. 603–604, 2007 edition, Vintage Books</ref><ref name="Bogetić">{{cite journal |last=Bogetić |first=Dragan |date=2017 |title=Sukob Titovog koncepta univerzalizma i Sukarnovog koncepta regionalizma na Samitu nesvrstanih u Kairu 1964. |trans-title=The Conflict Between Tito's Concept of Universalism and Sukarno's Concept of Regionalism in the 1964 Summit of Non-Aligned Countries in Cairo |journal=Istorija 20. Veka |publisher=Institute for Contemporary History, [[Belgrade]] |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=101–118 |doi=10.29362/IST20VEKA.2017.2.BOG.101-118 |s2cid=189123378 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1960, the [[UN General Assembly]] voted on the [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples]]. The next year, the first Non-Aligned Movement conference was held in [[Belgrade]] (1961),<ref>{{cite web |date=6 September 1961 |title=Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries |url=http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/01st%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Belgrade_Declaration).pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014412/http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/01st%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Belgrade_Declaration).pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=23 April 2011 |publisher=Egyptian presidency website}}</ref> and was followed in 1964 by the creation of the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) which tried to promote a [[New International Economic Order]] (NIEO).<ref name="auto4">{{cite book |last1=Laszlo |first1=Ervin |title=The Objectives of the New International Economic Order |last2=Baker |first2=Robert Jr. |last3=Eisenberg |first3=Elliott |last4=Raman |first4=Venkata |date=1978 |publisher=Pergamon Press |location=New York, NY}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mazower |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7xvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA310 |title=Governing the World: The History of an Idea |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=9780143123941 |location=New York City |page=310}}</ref> The NIEO was opposed to the 1944 [[Bretton Woods system]], which had benefited the leading states which had created it, and remained in force until 1971 after the United States' suspension of convertibility from dollars to gold. The main principles of the NIEO are:

# The sovereign equality of all States, with non-interference in their internal affairs, their effective participation in solving world problems and the right to adopt their own economic and social systems;
# Full sovereignty of each State over its natural resources and other economic activities necessary for development, as well as regulation of transnational corporations;
# Just and equitable relationship between the price of raw materials and other goods exported by developing countries, and the prices of raw materials and other goods exported by the developed countries;
# Strengthening of bilateral and multilateral international assistance to promote industrialization in the developing countries through, in particular, the provisioning of sufficient financial resources and opportunities for transfer of appropriate techniques and technologies.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last1=Mahiou |first1=Ahmed |date=1 May 1974 |title=Introductory Note, Declaration of the Establishment of a New International Economic Order |url=http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ga_3201/ga_3201.html |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=UN Audiovisual Library of International Law |ref=p. 3}}</ref>

[[File:Countries by Human Development Index (2020).png|thumb|upright=1.6|The [[UN Human Development Index]] (HDI) is a quantitative index of development, an alternative to the classic [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP), which some use as a proxy to define the [[Third World]]. While the GDP only calculates economic wealth, the HDI includes [[life expectancy]], [[public health]] and [[literacy]] as fundamental factors of a good [[quality of life]]. Countries in [[North America]], the [[Southern Cone]], [[Europe]], [[East Asia]], and [[Oceania]] generally have better standards of living than countries in [[Central Africa]], [[East Africa]], parts of the [[Caribbean]], and [[South Asia]].]]
The UNCTAD however was not very effective in implementing the NIEO, and social and economic inequalities between industrialized countries and the Third World grew throughout the 1960s until the 21st century. The [[1973 oil crisis]] which followed the [[Yom Kippur War]] (October 1973) was triggered by the OPEC which decided an embargo against the US and Western countries, causing a fourfold increase in the price of oil, which lasted five months, starting on 17 October 1973, and ending on 18 March 1974. OPEC nations then agreed, on 7 January 1975, to raise crude oil prices by 10%. At that time, OPEC nations – including many who had recently nationalized their oil industries – joined the call for a New International Economic Order to be initiated by coalitions of primary producers. Concluding the First OPEC Summit in Algiers they called for stable and just commodity prices, an international food and agriculture program, technology transfer from North to South, and the democratization of the economic system. But industrialized countries quickly began to look for substitutes to OPEC petroleum, with the oil companies investing the majority of their research capital in the US and European countries or others, politically sure countries. The OPEC lost more and more influence on the world prices of oil.

The [[1979 energy crisis|second oil crisis]] occurred in the wake of the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]]. Then, the 1982 [[Latin American debt crisis]] exploded in Mexico first, then Argentina and Brazil, which proved unable to pay back their debts, jeopardizing the existence of the international economic system.

The 1990s were characterized by the prevalence of the [[Washington consensus]] on [[neoliberalism|neoliberal]] policies, "[[structural adjustment]]" and "[[shock therapy (economics)|shock therapies]]" for the former Communist states.

====Decolonization of Africa====
{{Main|Decolonisation of Africa}}

[[File:British Decolonisation in Africa.png|thumb|right|British decolonisation in Africa]]
The decolonization of North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s, very suddenly, with little preparation. There was widespread unrest and organized revolts, especially in French Algeria, Portuguese Angola, the Belgian Congo and British Kenya.<ref>John Hatch, ''Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule'' (1967)</ref><ref>William Roger Louis, ''The transfer of power in Africa: decolonisation, 1940–1960'' (Yale UP, 1982).</ref><ref>John D. Hargreaves, ''Decolonisation in Africa'' (2014).</ref><ref>for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini, ''Decolonisation: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960'' (Doubleday, 1971).</ref>

In 1945, Africa had four independent countries – Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa.

After Italy's defeat in World War II, France and the UK occupied the former Italian colonies. [[Libya]] became an independent kingdom in 1951. [[Eritrea]] was merged with Ethiopia in 1952. Italian Somaliland was governed by the UK, and by Italy after 1954, until its independence in 1960.
[[File:Gungu la mcezo contre la France à Mayotte.jpg|thumb|Comorians protest against [[2009 Mahoran status referendum|Mayotte referendum]] on becoming an overseas department of France, 2009]]
By 1977, European colonial rule in mainland Africa had ended. Most of Africa's island countries had also become independent, although [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] remain part of France. However the black majorities in [[Rhodesia]] and South Africa were disenfranchised until 1979 in [[Rhodesia]], which became [[Zimbabwe-Rhodesia]] that year and Zimbabwe the next, and until 1994 in South Africa. [[Namibia]], Africa's last UN Trust Territory, became independent of South Africa in 1990.

Most independent African countries exist within prior colonial borders. However [[Morocco]] merged [[French Morocco]] with [[Spanish Morocco]], and [[Somalia]] formed from the merger of [[British Somaliland]] and [[Italian Somaliland]]. [[Eritrea]] merged with Ethiopia in 1952, but became an independent country in 1993.

Most African countries became independent as [[republic]]s. [[Morocco]], [[Lesotho]], and [[Eswatini]] remain monarchies under dynasties that predate colonial rule. [[Burundi]], [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], and [[Tunisia]] gained independence as monarchies, but all four countries' monarchs were later deposed, and they became republics.

African countries cooperate in various multi-state associations. The [[African Union]] includes all 55 African states. There are several regional associations of states, including the [[East African Community]], [[Southern African Development Community]], and [[Economic Community of West African States]], some of which have overlapping membership.
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}: [[Sudan]] (1956); [[Ghana]] (1957); [[Nigeria]] (1960); [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] (1961); [[Uganda]] (1962); [[Kenya]] and [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]] (1963); [[Malawi]] and [[Zambia]] (1964); [[The Gambia|Gambia]] and [[Rhodesia]] (1965); [[Botswana]] and [[Lesotho]] (1966); [[Mauritius]] and [[Swaziland]] (1968); [[Seychelles]] (1976)
* {{flagcountry|France}}: [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]] (1956); [[Guinea]] (1958); [[Cameroon]], [[Togo]], [[Mali]], [[Senegal]], [[Madagascar]], [[Benin]], [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Chad]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Gabon]] and [[Mauritania]] (1960); [[Algeria]] (1962); [[Comoros]] (1975); [[Djibouti]] (1977)
* {{flagcountry|Spain}}: [[Equatorial Guinea]] (1968)
* {{flagcountry|Portugal}}: [[Guinea-Bissau]] (1974); [[Mozambique]], [[Cape Verde]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] and [[Angola]] (1975)
* {{flagcountry|Belgium}}: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (1960); [[Burundi]] and [[Rwanda]] (1962)

==== Decolonization in the Americas after 1945 ====
{{Main|Decolonization of the Americas}}
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}: [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] (formerly an independent dominion but under direct British rule since 1934) (1949, union with Canada); [[Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] (1962); [[Barbados]] and [[Guyana]] (1966); [[Bahamas]] (1973); [[Grenada]] (1974); [[Trinidad and Tobago]] (1976, removal of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] as head of state, transition to republic); [[Dominica]] (1978); [[Saint Lucia]] and [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]] (1979); [[Antigua and Barbuda]] and [[Belize]] (1981); [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] (1983); [[Barbados]] (2021, removal of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] as head of state, transition to republic).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/prince-charles-travels-barbados-celebrate-creation-republic-2021-11-29/|title = Barbados ditches Britain's Queen Elizabeth to become a republic|newspaper = Reuters|date = 30 November 2021|last1 = Faulconbridge|first1 = Guy|last2 = Ellsworth|first2 = Brian}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}: [[Netherlands Antilles]], [[Suriname]] (1954, both becoming constituent countries of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]), 1975 (independence of Suriname)
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Denmark}}: [[Greenland]] (1979, became an autonomous territory of the [[Kingdom of Denmark]]).

==== Decolonization of Asia ====
{{Main|Decolonisation of Asia}}
[[File:Colonization 1945.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Western European colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945]]
[[File:Partition of India.PNG|thumb|Four nations ([[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Dominion of Ceylon]], and [[Union of Burma]]) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948]]
Japan expanded its occupation of Chinese territory during the 1930s, and occupied [[Southeast Asia]] during World War II. After the war, the [[Japanese colonial empire]] was dissolved, and national independence movements resisted the re-imposition of colonial control by European countries and the United States.

The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] regained control of Japanese-occupied territories in Manchuria and eastern China, as well as Taiwan. Only Hong Kong and Macau remained in outside control until both places were transferred to the [[People's Republic of China]] by the [[UK]] and [[Portugal]] in 1997 and 1999.

The Allied powers divided Korea into two occupation zones, which became the states of [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]]. The [[Philippines]] became independent of the U.S. in 1946.

The Netherlands recognized [[Indonesia]]'s independence in 1949, after a four-year [[Indonesian National Revolution|independence struggle]]. Indonesia annexed [[Netherlands New Guinea]] in 1963, and [[Portuguese Timor]] in 1975. In 2002, former Portuguese Timor became independent as [[East Timor]].

The following list shows the colonial powers following the end of hostilities in 1945, and their colonial or administrative possessions. The year of decolonization is given chronologically in parentheses.<ref>Baylis, J. & Smith S. (2001). The Globalisation of World Politics: An introduction to international relations.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}: [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] (1946), [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and [[Pakistan]] (1947); [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], [[Myanmar|Burma]] and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (1948); [[British Malaya]] (1957); [[Kuwait]] (1961); [[Kingdom of Sarawak]], [[North Borneo]] and [[Singapore]] (1963); [[Maldives]] (1965); [[Southern Movement|Aden]] (1967); [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]] and [[United Arab Emirates]] (1971); [[Brunei]] (1984); [[Hong Kong]] (1997)
* {{flagcountry|France}}: [[French India]] (1954) and [[Indochina]] comprising [[Vietnam]] (1954), [[Cambodia]] (1953) and [[Laos]] (1953)
* {{flagcountry|Portugal}}: [[Portuguese India]] (1961); [[East Timor]] (1975); [[Macau]] (1999)
* {{flagcountry|United States}}: [[Philippines]] (1946)
* {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}: [[Indonesia]] (1949)

==== Decolonization in Europe ====
[[File:Nyet, nyet, Soviet (11).jpg|thumb|A protest sign from the second half of the 20th century calling on the U.N. to abolish [[Soviet colonialism]] in the [[Baltic states]]]]

Italy had occupied the [[Dodecanese]] islands in 1912, but Italian occupation ended after World War II, and the islands were integrated into Greece. British rule ended in [[British Cyprus (1878–1960)|Cyprus]] in 1960, and [[History of Malta#Malta in the British Empire (1800–1964)|Malta]] in 1964, and both islands became independent republics.

Referring to the [[Revolutions of 1989]], the historian Robert Daniels stated: "A special dimension that the anti-Communist revolutions shared with some of their predecessors was decolonization."<ref>{{cite book|editor=David Parker|title=Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition: In the West 1560–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMGEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|pages=202–203|isbn=978-1-134-69058-9}}</ref>

During the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]], Ukraine passed [[On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy|a law]] in 2023 that banned geographical names associated with Russia.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|title=Geographical names associated with Russia have been banned in Ukraine|url=https://lb.ua/news/2023/03/21/549538_ukraini_zaboronili_geografichni.html|website={{ill|Lb.ua|uk|Lb.ua}}|lang=Ukrainian}}</ref> This law in particular has been described by [[Volodymyr Viatrovych]] as providing "a legitimate framework for the [[decolonization of Ukraine|ongoing decolonization processes in Ukraine]] and effective mechanisms".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-22 |title=Що таке деколонізація, чому вона важлива і як буде здійснюватися згідно з законом? |url=https://lb.ua/news/2023/03/22/549649_shcho_take_dekolonizatsiya_chomu_vona.html |access-date=2024-01-23|language=uk}}</ref> Scholars of [[Russian studies]] have also renewed awareness of Russian colonialism and interest in decolonizing scholarship in their field.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prince |first=Todd |date=2023-01-01 |title=Moscow's Invasion Of Ukraine Triggers 'Soul-Searching' At Western Universities As Scholars Rethink Russian Studies |language=en |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-war-ukraine-western-academia/32201630.html |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith-Peter |first=Susan |date=2022-12-14 |title=How the Field was Colonized: Russian History's Ukrainian Blind Spot |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/10000/blog/decolonizing-russian-studies/12015665/how-field-was-colonized-russian-history%E2%80%99s |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=H-Net}}</ref>

==== Decolonization of Oceania ====
{{Main|Decolonisation of Oceania}}
The decolonization of Oceania occurred after World War II when nations in Oceania achieved independence by transitioning from European colonial rule to full independence.
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}: [[Tonga]] and [[Fiji]] (1970); [[Solomon Islands]] and [[Tuvalu]] (1978); [[Kiribati]] (1979)
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} and {{flagcountry|France}}: [[Vanuatu]] (1980)
* {{flagcountry|Australia}}: [[Nauru]] (1968); [[Papua New Guinea]] (1975)
* {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}: [[Samoa]] (1962)
* {{flagcountry|United States}}: [[Marshall Islands]] and [[Federated States of Micronesia]] (1986); [[Palau]] (1994)

== Aspects ==
Typical challenges of decolonization include [[state-building]], [[nation-building]], and [[economic development]].

=== State-building ===
{{Main|State-building}}
After independence, the new states needed to establish or strengthen the institutions of a sovereign state, i.e. governments, laws, a military, schools, administrative systems, and so on. The amount of self-rule granted prior to independence, and assistance from the colonial power and/or international organizations after independence, varied greatly between colonial powers, and between individual colonies.<ref name="Glassner, Martin Ira 1980">Glassner, Martin Ira (1980). ''Systematic Political Geography'' 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.</ref>

Except for a few absolute monarchies, most post-colonial states are either [[republic]]s or [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]]. These new states had to devise [[constitution]]s, [[electoral system]]s, and other institutions of [[representative democracy]].

=== Nation-building ===
{{Main|Nation-building}}
[[File:Black Star Monument, Accra, Ghana.JPG|thumb|{{center|The '''Black Star Monument''' in [[Accra]], built by [[Ghana]]'s first president [[Kwame Nkrumah]] to commemorate the country's independence}}]]

Nation-building is the process of creating a sense of identification with, and loyalty to, the state.<ref>Karl Wolfgang Deutsch, William J. Folt, eds, ''Nation Building in Comparative Contexts'', New York, Atherton, 1966.{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0217 |chapter=Nation-Building |title=International Relations |date=2017 |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |isbn=978-0-19-974329-2 }}</ref> Nation-building projects seek to replace loyalty to the old colonial power, and/or tribal or regional loyalties, with loyalty to the new state. Elements of nation-building include creating and promoting symbols of the state like a flag, a coat of arms and an anthem, monuments, official histories, national sports teams, codifying one or more Indigenous [[official language]]s, and replacing colonial place-names with local ones.<ref name="Glassner, Martin Ira 1980"/> Nation-building after independence often continues the work began by independence movements during the colonial period.

==== Language policy ====
From the perspective of [[language policy]] (or [[language politics]]), "linguistic decolonization" entails the replacement of a colonizing (imperial) power's language with a given colony's indigenous language in the function of [[official language]]. With the exception of colonies in [[Eurasia]], linguistic decolonization did not take place in the former colonies-turned-independent states on the other continents ("Rest of the World").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |title=Global Language Politics: Eurasia versus the Rest |journal=Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics |date=1 December 2020 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=117–151 |doi=10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0008 |s2cid=230283299 |doi-access=free |hdl=10023/21315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Linguistic imperialism]] is the imposition and enforcement of one dominant language over other languages, and one response to this form of imperialism is linguistic decolonization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillipson |first=Robert |title=Linguistic Imperialism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-437146-9 |location=Oxford |oclc=30978070}} p. 46-47.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agyekum |first=Kofi |date=2018-05-23 |title=Linguistic imperialism and language decolonisation in Africa through documentation and preservation |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1251718 |journal=African Linguistics on the Prairie |pages=87–88 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1251718}}</ref>

====Cinematography====
Kenyan writer [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] has written about colonization and decolonization in the film universe. Born in Ethiopia, filmmaker [[Haile Gerima]] describes the "colonization of the unconscious" he describes experiencing as a child:<ref name=kato2007>{{cite book |last1=Kato |first1=M. T. |title=From Kung Fu to Hip Hop: Globalization, Revolution, and Popular Culture |date=2012 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8063-2 }}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref>
<blockquote>...as kids, we tried to act out the things we had seen in the movies. We used to play cowboys and Indians in the mountains around Gondar...We acted out the roles of these heroes, identifying with the cowboys conquering the Indians. We didn't identify with the Indians at all and we never wanted the Indians to win. Even in Tarzan movies, we would become totally galvanized by the activities of the hero and follow the story from his point of view, completely caught up in the structure of the story. Whenever Africans sneaked up behind Tarzan, we would scream our heads off, trying to warn him that 'they' were coming".</blockquote>
In Asia, [[kung fu film|kung fu cinema]] emerged at a time Japan wanted to reach Asian populations in other countries by way of its cultural influence. The surge in popularity of kung fu movies began in the late 1960s through the 1970s. Local populations were depicted as protagonists opposing "imperialists" (foreigners) and their "Chinese collaborators".<ref name=kato2007 />

=== Repatriation ===
In a 2023 paper on the political theory of settler colonialism, Canadian academics Yann Allard-Tremblay and Elaine Coburn posit that: "In Africa, the Middle East, South America, and much of the rest of the world, decolonization often meant the expulsion or departure of most colonial settlers. In contrast, in settler colonial states like [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]], settlers have not left, even as independence from the metropole was gained... The systemic oppression and domination of the colonized by the colonizer is not historical — firmly in the past — but ongoing and supported by radically unequal political, social, economic, and legal institutions."<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1177/00323217211018127 | title=The Flying Heads of Settler Colonialism; or the Ideological Erasures of Indigenous Peoples in Political Theorizing | date=2023 | last1=Allard-Tremblay | first1=Yann | last2=Coburn | first2=Elaine | journal=Political Studies | volume=71 | issue=2 | pages=359–378 | s2cid=236234578 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Decolonization is not an easy matter in colonies with large settler populations, particularly if they have been there for several generations. When settlers remain in former colonies after independence, colonialism is ongoing and takes the form of [[settler colonialism]], which is highly resistant to decolonisation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veracini |first1=Lorenzo |title=Settler colonialism and decolonisation |journal=Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers (Archive) |date=2007 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/1337/ }}</ref> [[Repatriation]] of existing colonizers or prevention of immigration of additional [[colonialism|colonizers]] can be seen as [[return migration]] and [[opposition to immigration]].<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315458298-25/migrants-indigeneity-nandita-sharma Sharma, Nandita. "Migrants and indigeneity: Nationalism, nativism and the politics of place." Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies. Routledge, 2019. 246-257.]</ref>

In a few cases, settler populations have been [[Repatriation|repatriated]]. For instance, the decolonization of [[Algeria]] by France was particularly uneasy due to the large European population (see also ''[[pied noir]]''),<ref name="Cook">{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Bernard A. |title=Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo/page/n461 398] |year=2001 |publisher=Garland |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-4057-7}}</ref> which largely evacuated to France when Algeria became independent.<ref name="ladepeche">[http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2012/03/10/1308713-pieds-noirs-ceux-qui-ont-choisi-de-rester.html "Pieds-noirs": ceux qui ont choisi de rester], [[La Dépêche du Midi]], March 2012</ref> In [[Zimbabwe]], former [[Rhodesia]], [[Robert Mugabe]] seized property from white African farmers, killing several of them, and forcing the survivors to emigrate.<ref name="Cybriwsky">Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian. ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture''. ABC-CLIO, LLC 2013. {{ISBN|978-1610692472}} pp. 54–275.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=226|title=Origins: History of immigration from Zimbabwe – Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia|website=Museumvictoria.com.au|access-date=30 April 2016|archive-date=2 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202060852/http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=226|url-status=dead}}</ref> A large Indian community lived in [[Uganda]] as a result of Britain colonizing both India and East Africa, and [[Idi Amin]] [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled them]] for domestic political gain.<ref name="Drive">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/world/once-outcasts-asians-again-drive-uganda-s-economy.html | title=Once Outcasts, Asians Again Drive Uganda's Economy | access-date=14 March 2016 | date=17 August 2003 | first=Marc | last=Lacey | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | location=New York City}}</ref>

=== Economic development ===
{{Main|Economic development}}
Newly independent states also had to develop independent economic institutions – a national currency, banks, companies, regulation, tax systems, etc.

Many colonies were serving as resource colonies which produced raw materials and agricultural products, and as a captive market for goods manufactured in the colonizing country. Many decolonized countries created programs to promote [[industrialization]]. Some nationalized industries and infrastructure, and some engaged in [[land reform]] to redistribute land to individual farmers or create collective farms.

Some decolonized countries maintain strong economic ties with the former colonial power. The [[CFA franc]] is a currency shared by 14 countries in West and Central Africa, mostly former French colonies. The CFA franc is guaranteed by the French treasury.

After independence, many countries created regional economic associations to promote trade and economic development among neighboring countries, including the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), and the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]].

==== Effects on the colonizers ====
[[John Kenneth Galbraith]] argues that the post–World War II decolonization was brought about for economic reasons. In ''A Journey Through Economic Time'', he writes: <blockquote>"The engine of economic well-being was now within and between the advanced industrial countries. Domestic [[economic growth]] – as now measured and much discussed – came to be seen as far more important than the erstwhile colonial trade.... The economic effect in the United States from the granting of independence to the Philippines was unnoticeable, partly due to the [[Bell Trade Act]], which allowed American monopoly in the economy of the Philippines. The departure of India and Pakistan made small economic difference in the United Kingdom. [[Netherlands|Dutch]] economists calculated that the economic effect from the loss of the great Dutch empire in Indonesia was compensated for by a couple of years or so of domestic post-war economic growth. The end of the colonial era is celebrated in the history books as a triumph of national aspiration in the former colonies and of benign good sense on the part of the colonial powers. Lurking beneath, as so often happens, was a strong current of economic interest – or in this case, disinterest."</blockquote>

In general, the release of the colonized caused little economic loss to the colonizers. Part of the reason for this was that major costs were eliminated while major benefits were obtained by alternate means. Decolonization allowed the colonizer to disclaim responsibility for the colonized. The colonizer no longer had the burden of obligation, financial or otherwise, to their colony. However, the colonizer continued to be able to obtain cheap goods and labor as well as economic benefits (see [[Suez Canal Crisis]]) from the former colonies. Financial, political and military pressure could still be used to achieve goals desired by the colonizer. Thus decolonization allowed the goals of colonization to be largely achieved, but [http://www.e-ir.info/2012/05/22/what-impact-did-decolonisation-have-on-britain/ without its burdens].

== Assassinated anti-colonialist leaders ==
[[File:Gandhi with Lord and Lady Mountbatten 1947.jpg|thumb|Gandhi in 1947, with Lord [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]], Britain's last Viceroy of India, and his wife Vicereine [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Edwina Mountbatten]]]]
[[File:Patrice Lumumba official portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Patrice Lumumba]], first democratically elected [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]] of the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo-Léopoldville]], was murdered by Belgian-supported [[State of Katanga|Katangan separatists]] in 1961.]]
A ''non-exhaustive'' [[list of assassinated people|list of assassinated leaders]] would include:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Leader !! Title !! Assassin
!Place of death
!Date of death
|-
| [[Tiradentes]]
|[[Colonial Brazil|Colonial Brazilian]] revolutionary
|Portuguese colonial admiministration
|[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese Colony of Brazil]]
|21 April 1792
|-
| [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]]
|Leader of the [[Mexican War of Independence]]
|Spanish colonial admiministration
|[[Chihuahua (city)|Chihuahua]], [[Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain|Nueva Vizcaya]], Viceroyalty of New Spain
|30 July 1811
|-
| [[Ruben Um Nyobé]]<ref>Gabriel Périès and David Servenay, ''Une guerre noire: Enquête sur les origines du génocide rwandais (1959-1994)'' (''A Black War: Investigation into the origins of the Rwandan genocide (1959-1994)''), Éditions La Découverte, 2007, p. 88. (Another account claims, without supporting citation, that Nyobe "was killed in a plane crash on September 13, 1958. No clear cause has ever been ascertained for the mysterious crash. Assassination has been alleged with the French [[SDECE]] being blamed.")</ref><ref>"Power of the dead and language of the living: The Wanderings of Nationalist Memory in Cameroon", ''African Policy'' (June 1986), pp. 37-72</ref>
|Leader of the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]]
|[[French Army|French army]]
|[[Nyong-et-Kellé]] [[French Cameroon]]
|13 September 1958
|-
| [[Barthélemy Boganda]]
|Leader of the independence movement in the [[Central African Republic]]
|Plane crash. Some believe that the crash was a deliberate and suspect that expatriate businessmen, possibly aided by the [[Directorate-General for External Security|French secret service]], were responsible.
|[[Boda, Lobaye|Boda District]], Central African Republic
|29 March 1959
|-
| [[Félix-Roland Moumié]]<ref>[[Jacques Foccart]], counsellor to [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Georges Pompidou]] and [[Jacques Chirac]] for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' review. See also ''Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard'', Fayard – ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'' {{in lang|fr}} and also [https://archive.today/20120629085210/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603 "The man who ran Francafrique – French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle – Obituary"] in ''[[The National Interest]]'', Fall 1997</ref>
|Leader of the [[Cameroon's People Union]]
|French secret police [[SDECE]]
|[[Geneva]], Switzerland
|3 November 1960
|-
| [[Patrice Lumumba]]
|First Prime Minister of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|Executed by the separatist [[State of Katanga|Katangan]] authorities of [[Moïse Tshombe]] after being handed over by [[Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]].
|[[Élisabethville]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|17 January 1961
|-
| [[Louis Rwagasore]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Burundi]] nationalist
|Assassinated at the direction of leaders of a rival political party ([[Christian Democratic Party (Burundi)|PDC]]) with potential support from the [[Roberto Régnier|Belgian Resident in Burundi]].
|[[Usumbura]], [[Ruanda-Urundi]]
|13 October 1961
|-
|[[Pierre Ngendandumwe]]
|Rwandan [[Tutsi]] refugee
|[[Bujumbura]], [[Burundi]]
|15 January 1965
|-
| [[Sylvanus Olympio]]
|First [[List of Presidents of Togo|president of Togo]]
|Assassinated during the [[1963 Togolese coup d'état]].
|[[Lomé]], Togo
|13 January 1963
|-
| [[Mehdi Ben Barka]]
|Leader of the [[History of Morocco|Moroccan]] [[National Union of Popular Forces]] (UNPF)
|[[General Directorate for Territorial Surveillance (Morocco)|Moroccan secret service]]
|[[Paris]], [[France]]
|29 October 1965
|-
| [[Ahmadu Bello]]
| First [[premier of Northern Nigeria]]
|Killed during the [[1966 Nigerian coup d'état]].
|[[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]], Nigeria
|15 January 1966
|-
| [[Eduardo Mondlane]]
|Leader of [[FRELIMO]]
|Unknown. Possibly the Portuguese secret police ([[PIDE]])
|[[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]]
|3 February 1969
|-
| [[Mohamed Bassiri]]
|Leader of the [[Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab]]
|[[Spanish Legion]]
|[[El Aaiun]], [[Spanish Sahara]]
|18 June 1970
|-
| [[Amílcar Cabral]]
|Leader of [[African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde|PAIGC]]
|Portuguese secret police [[PIDE|DGS/PIDE]]
|[[Conakry]], [[Guinea]]
|20 January 1973
|}

== Current colonies ==
The [[United Nations]], under "Chapter XI: Declaration Regarding Non-Self Governing Territories" of the [[Charter of the United Nations]], defines [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|Non-Self Governing Nations (NSGSs)]] as "territories whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government"—the contemporary definition of [[colonialism]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-17|title=Chapter XI|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xi/index.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.un.org|language=en}}</ref> After the conclusion of World War II with the surrender of the Axis Powers in 1945, and two decades into the latter half of the 20th century, over three dozen "states in Asia and Africa achieved autonomy or outright independence" from European administering powers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milestones: 1945–1952 – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/asia-and-africa|access-date=2020-06-14|website=history.state.gov}}</ref> As of 2020, 17 territories remain under Chapter XI distinction:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Non-Self-Governing Territories {{!}} The United Nations and Decolonization|url=https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.un.org}}</ref>

=== United Nations NSGS list ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year Listed as [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|NSGS]]
!Administering Power
!Territory
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|Anguilla}} [[Anguilla]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|BER}} [[Bermuda]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|BVI}} [[British Virgin Islands]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|CAY}} [[Cayman Islands]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|FLK}} [[Falkland Islands]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|Montserrat}} [[Montserrat]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Helena]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|GIB}} [[Gibraltar]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon|Pitcairn Islands}} [[Pitcairn Islands|Pitcairn]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|US}} [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|American Samoa}} [[American Samoa]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|US}} [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|USVI}} [[United States Virgin Islands]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|US}} [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]]
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand]]
|{{flagicon|TOK}} [[Tokelau]]
|-
|1963
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
|[[Western Sahara]]
|-
|1946–47, 1986
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|New Caledonia}} [[New Caledonia]]
|-
|1946–47, 2013
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]]
|}
"On 26 February 1976, [[Spain]] informed the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] that as of that date it had terminated its presence in the Territory of the Sahara and deemed it necessary to place on record that Spain considered itself thenceforth exempt from any responsibility of any international nature in connection with the administration of the Territory, in view of the cessation of its participation in the temporary administration established for the Territory. In 1990, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the question of Western Sahara was a question of decolonization which remained to be completed by the people of Western Sahara."<ref name=":2" />

On 10 December 2010, the [[United Nations]] published its official [[decree]], announcing the ''[[International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism|Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism]]'' wherein the United Nations declared its "renewal of the call to States Members of the United Nations to speed up the process of decolonization towards the complete elimination of colonialism".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/65/119|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.un.org}}</ref> According to an article by scholar John Quintero, "given the modern emphasis on the equality of states and inalienable nature of their sovereignty, many people do not realize that these non-self-governing structures still exist".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Residual Colonialism In The 21St Century|publisher=United Nations University|url=https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=unu.edu|language=en-US|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717205732/https://unu.edu/publications/articles/residual-colonialism-in-the-21st-century.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some activists have claimed that the attention of the United Nations was "further diverted from the social and economic agenda [for decolonization] towards "firefighting and extinguishing" armed conflicts". Advocates have stressed that the United Nations "[remains] the last refuge of hope for peoples under the yolk ''[sic]'' of colonialism".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=United Nations Should Eradicate Colonialism by 2020, Urges Secretary-General in Message to Caribbean Regional Decolonization Seminar {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/gacol3277.doc.htm|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.un.org}}</ref> Furthermore, on 19 May 2015, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] addressed the attendants of the Caribbean Regional Seminar on Decolonization, urging international political leaders to "build on [the success of precedent decolonization efforts and] towards fully eradicating colonialism by 2020".<ref name=":3" />

The sovereignty of the [[Chagos Archipelago]] in the Indian Ocean is [[Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute|disputed]] between the United Kingdom and [[Mauritius]]. In February 2019, the [[International Court of Justice]] in [[The Hague]] ruled that the United Kingdom must transfer the islands to Mauritius as they were not legally separated from the latter in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chagos Islands dispute: UK obliged to end control – UN |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47358602 |work=BBC News |date=25 February 2019 }}</ref> On 22 May 2019, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] debated and adopted a resolution that affirmed that the Chagos Archipelago "forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sands |first=Philippe |date=2019-05-24 |quote=Britain's behaviour towards its former colony has been shameful. The UN resolution changes everything |title=At last, the Chagossians have a real chance of going back home|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/24/chagossians-britain-colony-shameful-un-resolution?|journal=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The UK does not recognize Mauritius' sovereignty claim over the Chagos Archipelago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chagos Islands dispute: UK misses deadline to return control |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50511847 |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2019}}</ref> In October 2020, Mauritian Prime Minister [[Pravind Jugnauth]] described the British and American governments as "hypocrites" and "champions of double talk" over their response to the dispute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chagos Islands dispute: Mauritius calls US and UK 'hypocrites' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54598084 |work=BBC News |date=19 October 2020}}</ref>

== Effects of decolonization ==
A 2019 study found that "[[democracy]] levels increased sharply as colonies gained internal autonomy in the period immediately before their independence. However, conflict, revenue growth, and economic growth did not systematically differ before and after independence."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019|title=What Were the Consequences of Decolonization? |journal=International Studies Quarterly|doi=10.1093/isq/sqy064|last1=Lee|first1=Alexander|last2=Paine|first2=Jack|volume=63|issue=2|pages=406–416}}</ref>

David Strang writes that the loss of their empires turned France and Britain into "second-rate powers".<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139174053.012 |chapter=British and French political institutions and the patterning of decolonization |title=The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State |date=1994 |last1=Strang |first1=David |pages=278–296 |isbn=978-0-521-43473-7 }}</ref>

==Criticism==
Some articles extend the meaning of decolonization beyond independence or equal rights for colonized peoples to include broader economic, cultural and psychological aspects of the colonial experience.<ref name=":6">{{cite book |last1=Betts |first1=Raymond F. |title=Beyond Empire and Nation |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-26044-3 |pages=23–37 |chapter=Decolonization a brief history of the word |doi=10.1163/9789004260443_004 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm.5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corntassel |first=Jeff |date=2012-09-08 |title=Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination |url=https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/18627 |journal=Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=1929-8692}}</ref> Extending the meaning of decolonization beyond political [[independence]] has been disputed and received criticism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Táíwò |first=Olúfẹ́mi |title=Against decolonisation: taking African agency seriously |date=2022 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-78738-692-1 |series=African arguments |location=London}}{{pn|date=August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kurzwelly |first1=Jonatan |last2=Wilckens |first2=Malin S |date=2023 |title=Calcified identities: Persisting essentialism in academic collections of human remains |journal=Anthropological Theory |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=100–122 |doi=10.1177/14634996221133872 |s2cid=254352277 |url=https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2967871 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naicker |first=Veeran |date=2023 |title=The problem of epistemological critique in contemporary Decolonial theory |journal=Social Dynamics |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=220–241 |doi=10.1080/02533952.2023.2226497 |s2cid=259828705 }}</ref>

According to political theorist Kevin Duong, decolonization "may have been the century's greatest act of [[disenfranchisement]]", as numerous anti-colonial activists primarily pursued universal suffrage within empires rather than independence: "As dependent territories became nation-states, they lost their voice in metropolitan assemblies whose affairs affected them long after independence."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duong |first1=Kevin |title=Universal Suffrage as Decolonization |journal=American Political Science Review |date=May 2021 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=412–428 |doi=10.1017/S0003055420000994 |s2cid=232422414 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|History}}
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anti-imperialism]]
* [[Blue water thesis]]
* [[Coloniality of power]]
* [[Colonial mentality]]
* [[Conquest#Recapture]]
* [[Creole nationalism]]
* [[Decoloniality]]
* [[Decolonization of the Americas]]
* [[Decolonization of public space]]
* [[Dependency theory]]
* [[Exploitation colonialism]]
* [[Indigenism]]
** [[Indigenismo]]
* [[Neocolonialism]]
* {{lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}}
* [[Postcolonialism]]
* [[Repatriation (cultural heritage)]]
* [[Repatriation and reburial of human remains]]
* [[Revanchism]]
* [[Self-defence in international law]]
* [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)]]
* [[Indigenous survival during colonization]]
* [[Timeline of national independence]]
* [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]
* [[Wars of independence]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Bailey, Thomas A. ''A diplomatic history of the American people'' (1969) [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor00bail_0 online free]
* Betts, Raymond F. ''Decolonisation'' (2nd ed. 2004)
* Betts, Raymond F. ''France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960'' (1991)
* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=L. |last2=Stockwell |first2=S. |title=The Wind of Change: Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-31800-8 }}
* Chafer, Tony. ''The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonisation'' (Bloomsbury, 2002).{{ISBN?}}
* [[Chamberlain, Muriel E.]] ed. ''Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century'' (Routledge, 2014)
* Clayton, Anthony. ''The wars of French decolonisation'' (Routledge, 2014).
* {{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Frederick |title=French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation |journal=Critical Inquiry |date=2014 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=466–478 |doi=10.1086/676416 |jstor=10.1086/676416 |s2cid=162291339 }}
* Darwin, John. "Decolonisation and the End of Empire" in Robin W. Winks, ed., ''The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 5: Historiography'' (1999) 5: 541–557.
* Gerits, Frank. ''The Ideological Scramble for Africa: How the Pursuit of Anticolonial Modernity Shaped a Postcolonial Order (1945–1966)'' (Cornell University Press, 2023). ISBN13: 9781501767913. Major scholarly coverage of British, French and Portuguese colonies. [https://hdiplo.org/to/RT26-4 see online reviews and reply by author]

* Grimal, Henri. ''Decolonisation: The British, Dutch, and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963'' (1978).
* {{cite book |last1=Hyam |first1=Ronald |title=Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968 |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-02565-9 }}
* Ikeda, Ryo. ''The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
* Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. ''Decolonisation: A Short History'' (Princeton UP, 2017). [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10963.html online]
* Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 42#5 (2014): 787–825.
* Klose, Fabian (2014), [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/fabian-klose-decolonization-and-revolution?set_language=en&-C= ''Decolonization and Revolution''], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO – European History Online], Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php |date=19 February 2016 }}, retrieved: March 17, 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1061112594/34 pdf]).
* Lawrence, Adria K. ''Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013) [https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism online reviews]
* {{cite journal |last1=McDougall |first1=James |title=The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |date=December 2017 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=772–811 |doi=10.1086/694427 |s2cid=148602270 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fcec5a2-738d-4cc7-ae7d-0e8acd9adae7 }}
* MacQueen, Norrie. ''The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire'' (1997).
* Milford, Ismay. ''African Activists in a Decolonising World: The Making of an Anticolonial Culture, 1952–1966'' (Cambridge University Press, 2023) [https://hdiplo.org/to/RT26-14 online reviews of this book]

* [[Elizabeth Monroe (historian)|Monroe, Elizabeth]]. '' Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956'' (1963)

* O'Sullivan, Christopher. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East (2012).
* Rothermund, Dietmar. ''The Routledge companion to decolonisation'' (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp
* {{cite book |last1=Rothermund |first1=Dietmar |title=Memories of Post-Imperial Nations |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-10229-3 }} Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan
* Shepard, Todd. ''The Invention of Decolonisation: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France'' (2006)
* Simpson, Alfred William Brian. ''Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention'' (Oxford University Press, 2004).
* Smith, Simon C. ''Ending empire in the Middle East: Britain, the United States and post-war decolonisation, 1945–1973'' (Routledge, 2013)
* {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Tony |title=A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=January 1978 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=70–102 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500008835 |s2cid=145080475 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Tony |title=The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946-58 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=1974 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=217–247 |doi=10.1177/002200947400900410 |jstor=260298 |s2cid=159883569 }}
* Strayer, Robert. "Decolonisation, Democratisation, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective," Journal of World History 12#2 (2001), 375–406. [http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/support/reading_26_3.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224051615/http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/support/reading_26_3.pdf |date=2015-02-24 }}
* Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. ''Crises of Empire: Decolonisation and Europe's imperial states'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015)
* {{cite book |last1=White |first1=Nicholas |title=Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-88789-8 }}
{{Refend}}
*

==External links==
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Decolonization}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Wikibooks-inline|Public International Law/History of International Law/Decolonization}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|United Nations Trusteeship Agreements listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541}}
* James E. Kitchen: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_empires_after_the_wardecolonisation/ Colonial Empires after the First World War/Decolonisation]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].

{{South-South}}
{{Colonization}}
{{Globalization}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of colonialism]]
[[Category:Sovereignty]]
[[Category:Decolonization]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]

Chandigarh University

2026-03-17T15:31:11Z

Xannat: correct information additionally and added references

{{Short description|Private university in Gharuan, Punjab, India}}
{{Distinguish}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=January 2022}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Chandigarh University
| motto = Discover. Learn. Empower.
| established = 2012 ; 13 years ago
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[research university]]
| chancellor = [[Satnam Singh Sandhu]]
{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Raviraja N. Seetharam
| students = 30,000+
| undergrad = 20,000+
| postgrad = 2,000+
| doctoral = 300+
| address = NH05, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway
| city = Gharuan, [[Mohali district|Mohali]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|45|10.35|N|74|35|48.71|E|display=title,inline}}
| campus_type = [[Rural]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) A+
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]], [[Institute of Engineering and Technology|IET]]
| campus_size = {{convert|100|acre|ha|round=5|abbr=off|order=flip}}
| website = {{URL|cuchd.in}}
| logo =
| image_name = Chandigarh University Seal.png
| image_upright = 0.5
| faculty = 100+
| colors = {{color box|Red}} {{color box|Black}} {{color box|White}}
| sports_nickname = CUians
}}

'''Chandigarh University''' ('''CU''') is a private [[university]] located in Gharuan village of [[Mohali district|Mohali]], [[India]]. The university was established on 10 July 2012 by an act of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab State Legislature]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-10 |title=Chandigarh Univeristy Act 2012 |url=https://pbhe.punjab.gov.in/files/acts/Chandigarh%20Univeristy%20Act%202012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723045100/https://pbhe.punjab.gov.in/files/acts/Chandigarh%20Univeristy%20Act%202012.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=pbhe.punjab.gov.in}}</ref> It is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] under Section 2(f) with the right to confer degrees as per Section 22(1) of the [[University Grants Commission Act, 1956|UGC Act, 1956]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Chandigarh University, Punjab (CU) |url=https://www.cuchd.in/about/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.cuchd.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Academics ==
Chandigarh University offers [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]], [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] and [[Doctorate|doctorate degrees]] in [[engineering]], [[management]], [[computing]], [[cognitive sciences]], [[education]], [[Animation|animation and multimedia]], [[tourism]], pharma sciences, [[biotechnology]], [[architecture]], commerce, legal studies, [[agricultural science]], [[media studies]], [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]], and [[Basic research|basic sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandigarh University Admission, Courses Offered, Fees, Ranking, Campus Placement: AajTak Campus |url=https://www.aajtakcampus.in/college/chandigarh-university |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.aajtakcampus.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Rankings ==

=== National Rankings (NIRF) ===
Chandigarh University ranked 20th overall among universities in NIRF 2024 by India's Ministry of Education.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/UniversityRanking.html |title=NIRF University Rankings 2024 |publisher=National Institutional Ranking Framework |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> In NIRF 2025, it improved to 19th among Indian universities (score 61.27), with rankings of 32nd in Management, 31st in Engineering, 15th in Pharmacy, 14th in Architecture & Planning, and 34th in Research Institutions.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/UniversityRanking.html|title=India Rankings 2025: University|publisher=National Institutional Ranking Framework|access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Earlier NIRF rankings include 27th overall in 2023 and 29th in 2022.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.cuchd.in/about/Awards-and-Rankings.php|title=Awards and Rankings|publisher=Chandigarh University|access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Asia and World Rankings (QS) ===
Chandigarh University secured 109th in Asia and #1 among Indian private universities in QS Asia University Rankings 2025 (11th overall in India).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/chandigarh-university-ranks-1st-among-all-indian-private-universities-in-qs-asia-uni... |title=Chandigarh University Ranks 1st Among All Indian Private Universities in QS Asia University Rankings 2025 |publisher=PR Newswire |date=2024-11-08 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=
https://www.shiksha.com/university/chandigarh-university-cu-45668/ranking
|title=Chandigarh University Ranking 2025 |publisher=Shiksha |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> It ranked 231st globally in Engineering & Technology per QS World University Rankings by Subject 2025, with subject rankings including Social Sciences & Management at 249th, Business & Management Studies 401-450, Computer Science 301-350, Mechanical Engineering 301-350, and Electrical Engineering 401-450.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cuchd.in/qs-world-university-rankings-by-subject-2025/ |title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2025 |publisher=Chandigarh University |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> In QS World University Rankings 2026, it placed =575th globally (16th in India, 2nd among private universities).<ref name="qs2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/chandigarh-university |title=Chandigarh University |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Subject-Specific Rankings ===

Hospitality & Leisure Management: #1 in India (51-100 globally, QS Subject 2024).<ref name=":0" />

Engineering: 11th in India (342nd globally, QS Subject 2023); NIRF 32nd (2024).<ref name=":0" />

Management: NIRF 36th (2024).<ref name=":0" />

=== Other Accreditations ===
The university holds NAAC A+ accreditation and QS I-GAUGE Diamond rating, with NBA accreditation for several engineering programs.<ref name=":0" /> It also features in Outlook-ICARE, The Week, and India Today rankings across disciplines like engineering (top 10-20 private) and hotel management.<ref name=":0" />

== Recognitions ==
Chandigarh University is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Status of Chandigarh University |url=http://www.cuchd.in/recognitions-and-approvals/images/chandigarh_university_ugc_approval_letter.jpg |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> Approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE),<ref>{{cite web |title=Extension of approval for the academic year 2017-2018 |url=http://www.cuchd.in/recognitions-and-approvals/images/chandigarh_university_aicte_approval_letter.jpg |publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |date=30 March 2017}}</ref> [[National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology]] (NCHMCT),<ref>{{cite web |title=National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology approval |url=http://www.cuchd.in/recognitions-and-approvals/images/national-council-for-hotel-management-and-catering-technology_approval_letter.jpg |publisher=[[National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |date=7 May 2018}}</ref> [[Bar Council of India]] (BCI),<ref>{{cite web |title=Extension of provisional temporary approval of affiliation for the academic year 2017-2018 |url=http://www.cuchd.in/recognitions-and-approvals/images/Bar-Council-of-India-law-approval.jpg |publisher=[[Bar Council of India]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |date=17 August 2017}}</ref> [[Pharmacy Council of India]] (PCI),<ref>{{cite web |title=No Objection for starting Pharmacy courses at Chandigarh University |url=http://www.cuchd.in/recognitions-and-approvals/images/chandigarh_university_pharmacy_approval_letter.jpg |publisher=[[Pharmacy Council of India]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |date=29 August 2013}}</ref> [[Council of Architecture]] (COA),<ref>{{cite web |title=Extension of Approval |url=http://www.cuchd.in/recognitions-and-approvals/images/coa.jpg |publisher=[[Council of Architecture]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |date=7 May 2016}}</ref> [[National Council for Teacher Education]] (NCTE),<ref>{{cite web |title=Recognition order |url=http://www.cuchd.in/recognitions-and-approvals/images/ncte-approval.jpg |publisher=[[National Council for Teacher Education]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |date=2 May 2016}}</ref> member of [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU),<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEMBERS {{!}} AIU|url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/member.php|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.aiu.ac.in}}</ref> member of [[Computer Society of India]] (CSI),<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSI INDIA|url=http://www.csi-india.org/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.csi-india.org|archive-date=21 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421090237/http://www.csi-india.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> member of [[International Association of Universities]] (IAU),<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of IAU Members - IAU|url=https://www.iau-aiu.net/List-of-IAU-Members#in|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.iau-aiu.net}}</ref> member of [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]] (ACU),<ref>{{Cite web|title=ACU members|url=https://www.acu.ac.uk/our-members/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.acu.ac.uk}}</ref> member of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), member of [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers|The American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Membership|url=https://www.asme.org/membership|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.asme.org|language=en}}</ref> and member of [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Chemical Society member lookup|url=https://www.membernumberlookup.acs.org/eweb/ACSLookupTemplate.aspx?site=ACS_Lookup&WebCode=Lookup|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.membernumberlookup.acs.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Chennai–Bangalore Double Decker Express

2026-03-12T03:20:25Z

Xannat:

{{Short description|Indian train line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF5C5C
| name = MGR Chennai Central – KSR Bengaluru ''Double Decker Express''
| image = Bangalore Chennai Double Decker Express.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| type = [[Double Decker Express]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Karnataka]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| start = [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS)
| first = 25 April 2013
| stops = 9/10
| end = [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] (SBC)
| distance = {{convert|365|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hrs
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 22625 / 22626
| class = AC Chair Car, non-AC second-class reserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| catering = Available
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Double Decker]] + [[LHB coach |LHB-Uday]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[broad gauge]]
| speed = Average speed – 60 km/h
| map = [[File:Brindavan Express and Lalbagh Express (MAS - SBC) Route map.jpg|250px]]
}}

The 22625 / 22626 '''MGR''' '''Chennai Central–KSR Bengaluru AC Double Decker Express '''is a [[Double Decker Express]] connecting {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}} and {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}}. It is the 1st AC Double Decker Express in South India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1477951.ece#.UzhtLNL7C8A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226134336/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1477951.ece#.UzhtLNL7C8A|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2013|title=South India's first double-decker train goes on trial run in Bangalore|work= [[The Indian Express]] |date=25 Feb 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/it-is-the-first-airconditioned-doubledecker-train-in-south-india/article4655909.ece|title=It is the first air-conditioned double-decker train in south India|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/314700/enjoy-double-decker-train-ride.html|title=Enjoy double-decker train ride to Chennai|work= [[Deccan Herald]] |date=24 Feb 2013}}</ref>

This train uses [[LHB coach|LHB coaches]]. The train is usually hauled by either a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]] [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] or an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] and so was [[WAP-4]] locomotive. [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] #30332 of [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Electric Loco Shed]] hauled the Inaugural Special.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

==Schedule==
The schedule of the 22626/22625 KSR Bengaluru - MGR Chennai Central AC Double Decker Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="45%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#E96773;" |''MAS - SBC - MAS AC Double Decker Express''
|-
! colspan="2" |22625
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |22626
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
|'''----'''
|07:25
|'''[[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]'''
|19:45
|'''----'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''----'''
|[[Perambur railway station|Perambur]]
|19:13
|19:15
|-
|08:18
|08:20
|[[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]]
|18:28
|18:30
|-
|09:08
|09:10
|[[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]]
|17:43
|17:45
|-
|09:48
|09:50
|[[Ambur railway station|Ambur]]
|16:48
|16:50
|-
|10:03
|10:05
|[[Vaniyambadi railway station|Vaniyambadi]]
|16:34
|16:36
|-
|10:23
|10:25
|[[Jolarpet Junction railway station|Jolarpet Junction]]
|16:15
|16:20
|-
|11:02
|11:03
|[[Kuppam railway station|Kuppam]]
|15:02
|15:03
|-
|11:28
|11:30
|[[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapet Junction]]
|14:34
|14:35
|-
|12:18
|12:20
|[[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]]
|13:52
|13:54
|-
|12:35
|12:37
|[[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantt.]]
|13:40
|13:42
|-
|13:10
|'''----'''
|[[Bangalore City railway station|'''KSR Bengaluru''']]
|'''----'''
|13:30
|}

==Coach composition==
[[File:Chennai - Bangalore AC Double Decker Express 22626.jpg|thumb|Chennai–Bangalore AC Double Decker Express at [[Vellore]]]]
The 22625/22626 MGR Chennai Central - KSR Bengaluru AC Double Decker Express train has eight AC Chair cars, five non-AC second-class reserved coaches and two power cars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=Chennai-Bengaluru Double-Decker Express To Roll Out Second-Class Reserved Coaches From Feb 15 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-bengaluru-double-decker-express-to-roll-out-second-class-reserved-coaches-from-feb-15-article-106650885 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
! Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightblue;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightblue;" |15
|-
|'''22626'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
|C1
|C2
|C3
|C4
|C5
|C6
|C7
|C8
|D1
|D2
|D3
|D4
|D5
|EOG
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
! Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightblue;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F ;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightblue;" |15
|-
|'''22625'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
|D5
|D4
|D3
|D2
|D1
|C8
|C7
|C6
|C5
|C4
|C3
|C2
|C1
|EOG
|}

The train shares rake with [[KSR Bengaluru-Coimbatore Uday Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{Double Decker Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Central-Bangalore City AC Double Decker Express}}
[[Category:Double-decker trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]

Meira Paibi

2026-03-09T03:43:41Z

Xannat: added layout as per guidelines for consistency

{{Short description|Indian women's social movement}}
{{redirect|Flaming torches|the light source|torch|the plant|Billbergia pyramidalis}}
{{Cleanup|reason=[[WP:PROSELINE]]|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Meira Paibi.jpg|thumb|Meira Paibis of Manipur prepare to take out a night march.]]
[[File:Models of Meira Paibis, the Meitei women holding flaming torches, installed in the MMRC and Unity Park, Khangabok, Thoubal.jpg|thumb|Statues of Meira Paibis, the [[Meitei women]] holding flaming torches, installed in the [[MMRC and Unity Park]], [[Khangabok]], [[Thoubal]].]]
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}'''Meira Paibi''' (Women torch bearers) is a [[Meitei people|Meitei]] women's [[social movement]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Manipur]]. Referred to as the "guardians of civil society", Meira Paibi dates to 1977 in present [[Kakching district]]. It derives its name from the flaming torches which the women carry while marching through city streets, often at night. They do so both as a patrol, and in protest, seeking redress against human rights violations committed by paramilitary and armed forces units against the innocent. Contextualized, Meira Paibi was founded at a time when the people of Manipur were fighting for [[self-determination]], political autonomy, and independence.<ref name=mpw1>[https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/manipur-violence-understanding-the-shifts-in-meitei-womens-political-activism/ Manipur Violence: Understanding the Shifts in Meitei Women’s Political Activism], The Diplomat, 9 Aug 2023.</ref>

According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', Meira Paibi is the "largest grassroots, civilian movement fighting state atrocities and human rights violations in Manipur". One of the movement's leaders, A. K. Janaki Leima, says that "We've been fighting against drug abuse, crimes against women, and the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] (AFSPA). We will continue to fight these."

==Background==
{{main|Nupi lan}}
Women's social movements in Manipur date to [[British Raj|British rule]]. Two such movements, collectively known as [[Nupi lan]] (Women's War; Women's Uprising),{{sfn|Thomas|2011|p=168}} preceded Meira Paibi. The first one dates to 1904 when women of the [[Imphal]] valley protested against the [[Assistant Superintendent]] of British authority in Manipur because of his directive to collect teak wood from [[Kabaw Valley|Kabas]] to build his house. The women who protested were neighbors in the locality. British authorities brought forces from outside the state to end this women's protest.{{Sfn|Karna|1998|pp=77–80}} A second movement occurred in 1939 as a protest to forced rice exportation, which was causing starvation among the local people.<ref name= Laithangbam>{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/women-vigilantes-of-manipur-to-observe-meira-paibi-day-on-december-29/article6563476.ece|title=Women vigilantes of Manipur|date=4 November 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Women, nearly 99% of them, protested peacefully, submitting a petition to the [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] (government authority). The movement forced the closure of rice mills and eventually proved successful in halting the exportation of rice.{{Sfn|Karna|1998|pp=77–80}} Nupi Lan became the forerunner in introducing reforms in the State after [[World War II]].<ref name=Yen/> 12 December is observed annually by Meira Paibi as "Women's War Day" commemorating the events of 1939.<ref name= Laithangbam/>

The Nisha Bandis women's movement developed in the late 1970s. Its origins are attributed to [[Meitei people|Meitei]] women's activism combating alcoholism and drug addiction.<ref name= Laithangbam/> The women held night marches in the streets of Imphal and elsewhere in Manipur carrying lanterns, chastising the intoxicated, and setting fire to liquor shops. Their actions lead to the introduction of [[prohibition]] laws in the state.<ref name="Sunil2013">{{Cite web |last=Sunil |first=Oinam |date=10 January 2013 |title=TOI Social Impact Awards: Lifetime contribution — Meira Paibi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/TOI-Social-Impact-Awards-Lifetime-contribution-Meira-Paibi/articleshow/17963178.cms |access-date=10 March 2016 |newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> The late 1970s was a period of civil unrest,<ref name="Malindog2014">{{cite web|last1=Malindog|first1=Anna|title=The Role of Women in Self-Determination Movements|url=http://kashmirwatch.com/the-role-of-women-in-self-determination-movements/|access-date=12 March 2016|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> which established an underground insurgency movement in Manipur. The [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act#Armed Forces Special Powers (Assam and Manipur) Act, 1958|Armed Forces Special Powers (Assam and Manipur) Act 1958]] permitted paramilitary forces and the police to use unlimited power in dealing with insurgency, resulting in the arrest, torture, and deaths of many innocent young people. The Nisha Bandis became socially active with vigilante activities, protests and marches through the streets of Imphal and elsewhere in the state.{{Sfn|Karna|1998|pp=77–80}}<ref name="Malindog2014" />

The Nisha Bandis carried ''{{lang|hi|podons}}'' (large-wicked kerosene lamps){{sfn|Thomas|Gopalakrishnan|Singh|2001|p=90}} and ''{{lang|hi|laltain}}'' ([[Hindi]], lantern) but after switching to flaming torches, they became known as Meira Paibi.<ref name="Nepram2005">{{cite web |last1=Nepram |first1=Binalakshmi |date=9 January 2005 |title=A Narrative on the Origin of the Meira Paibis |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.A_Narrative_on_the_Origin_of_the_Meira_Paibis |access-date=12 March 2016 |publisher=E-Pao}}</ref>

==Establishment==
{{Quote box
| quote ="The Manipuri story indicates that active participation by women in public affairs can and does contribute to better conditions for children and society at large". -[[UNICEF]]<ref name="Thangjom2013" />
| source =
| width =25%
| align =right
}}
Meira Paibi was established in 1977 in [[Kakching]], [[kakching district]], [[Manipur]], India. Its women activists carry flaming torches and march through city streets, frequently at night doing a patrol duty, and as a way of protest for seeking redress against human rights violations committed by paramilitary and armed forces units against the innocent. The movement evolved at a time when the people of Manipur were fighting for self-determination, political autonomy, and independence.<ref name="Thangjom2013">{{cite journal |last1=Thangjom |first1=Lalzo S. |date=October 2013 |title=The Role of MEIRA PAIBI in Bringing about Social Change in the Manipuri Society: An Analysis |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/95644768/role-meira-paibi-bringing-about-social-change-manipuri-society-analysis |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Social Welfare & Management |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313054508/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/95644768/role-meira-paibi-bringing-about-social-change-manipuri-society-analysis |archive-date=2016-03-13 |access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Parratt|2005|p=157}}<ref name="Sunil2013" />

== Activities ==
The Meitei women torch bearers represented the declaration of a just war defending [[human rights]] in Manipur.<ref name="Yen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/30311-is-the-meira-paibi-movement-facing-extinction/|title=Is the Meira Paibi Movement Facing Extinction?|date=15 September 2013|access-date=10 March 2016|newspaper=The Sangai ExpRess|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311191148/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/30311-is-the-meira-paibi-movement-facing-extinction/|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their movement has expanded to hold "public meetings, demonstrations, road closures and public bandhs or shut down of all essential services, hunger strikes and mass rallies."<ref name="Yen" /> These women, also known as "women vigilantes", stopped army vehicles, rescued innocent youth who were apprehended on false charges, and negotiated their transfer to the police. The Army did not protest as they respected the role of Meitei women in just causes.<ref name="Laithangbam" /> The Meira Paibi's movement has become known as the third Nupi Lan.<ref name="Nepram2005" />

===Role in 2023 Manipur violence===
[[The Quint]] alleged that Meira Paibis played an active role in instigating Meitei mobs to commit atrocities against [[Zo people]], during [[2023 Manipur violence|the violence in Manipur.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kuki Women Paraded Naked: Meitei Women Condemn 'Barbaric Act' in Viral Video |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/kuki-women-paraded-naked-meitei-women-condemn-barbaric-act-in-viral-video-manipur |website=[[The Quint]] |access-date=22 July 2023 |date=20 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Chinggelniang |author2=Tawna Valte |author3=Hlingbiakhoih |title=From Guardians to Perpetrators of Violence: Role of the Meira Paibis in Manipur |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/from-guardians-to-perpetrators-of-violence-role-of-the-meira-paibis-in-manipur |website=[[The Quint]] |access-date=22 July 2023 |date=19 July 2023}}</ref> On 24 June 2023, more than 1,200 Meira Paibi activists blocked an Indian Army convoy in ''Itham village'' of Manipur's Imphal East district, which was carrying 12 cadres of [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]], a banned militant group, in order to force their release.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Afrida Hussain |title=How Meira Paibis, Manipur's women vigilante groups, have made Indian army 'helpless' |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/how-meira-paibis-manipurs-women-vigilante-groups-have-made-indian-army-helpless-606745-2023-06-30 |publisher=India Today |access-date=22 July 2023 |date=30 June 2023}}</ref> On 21 July 2023, an 18-year-old woman was abducted and gang-raped in Imphal East. The victim alleged that a group of Meira Paibis women were responsible for handing her over to four armed men, who committed the act.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Vijaita Singh |title=18-year-old gang-raped in Manipur after women vigilantes hand her over to armed men |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/18-year-old-woman-assaulted-gangraped-in-manipur-on-may-15/article67110455.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 July 2023 |date=22 July 2023}}</ref> In an interview with [[Karan Thapar]], two Kuki survivors accused that Meira Paibis instigated men to rape Kuki women.<ref>{{cite web |title='They Killed My Husband & Mother-in-Law, Smashed My Head,' Says 29 Year Old Kuki Survivor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhXVDAkqkf8?t=1130 |publisher=The Wire |access-date=23 August 2023 |date=29 July 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> The role of Meira Paibi's in violence against Kuki women was also reported in [[The Caravan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuthar |first=Greeshma |title=How the Biren Singh government is enabling ethnic cleansing in Manipur |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-bjp-enabling-ethnic-cleansing-manipur |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>

Meira Paibis of Nongpok Sekmai in Toubal district claimed that they rescued the two Kuki women, along with three more families from the Kuki community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We rescued naked parade victims, others: Nongpok Sekmai Meira Paibis |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/we-rescued-naked-parade-victims-others-nongpok-sekmai-meira-paibis |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HYNews |title=Three Kuki Families including Two Women in the Viral Video were Saved and Rescued by Us: Nongpok Sekmai Meira Paibis |url=http://hynews.in/article/top_stories/three-kuki-families-including-two-women-in-the-viral-video-were-saved-and-rescued-by-us-nongpok-sekmai-meira-paibis/http%3A%2F%2Fhynews.in%2Farticle%2Ftop_stories%2Fthree-kuki-families-including-two-women-in-the-viral-video-were-saved-and-rescued-by-us-nongpok-sekmai-meira-paibis%2F4704 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=hynews.in |language=en}}</ref> The Meira Paibis burned down the houses of two of the accused, soon after their arrests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=Manipur violence: House of man who allegedly paraded women naked set on fire |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-video-house-of-accused-set-on-fire-by-village-women-8851843/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Video: Meitei Women's Group Sets Accused Man's House on Fire |url=https://thewire.in/security/manipur-video-meitei-womens-group-sets-accused-mans-house-on-fire |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Viral video: Mob torches house of second accused : 22nd jul23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..220723.jul23 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

On 19 June 2023, hundreds of Meira Paibis protested at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi because "''they felt that the Indian government has remained deaf and mute to the crisis in Manipur"''. They submitted a memorandum to the Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Meira Paibis Of Imphal Stage Protest At Jantar Mantar {{!}} Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/meira-paibis-of-imphal-stage-protest-at-jantar-mantar/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Meira Paibi mothers stage protest demonstration in Delhi - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/meira-paibi-mothers-stage-protest-demonstration-in-delhi/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 7 August 2023, thousands of Meira Paibis staged protests against Assam Rifles in five districts alleging that "''the para military force had unleashed atrocities on the Meitei people and demanded their withdrawal from the state."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur : Hundreds of Meitei women stage protest against Assam Rifles |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/manipur-hundreds-of-meitei-women-stage-protest-against-assam-rifles-1503209304.html |website=The Statesman|date=7 August 2023 }}</ref>

On 9 August 2023, the Meira Paibis submitted a memorandum to the Prime Minister of India via Manipur Governor, Anusuiya Uikey, highlighting ''"alleged atrocities and unwarranted excessive brutalities committed against them"''. The Meira Paibis alleged that the central and para military forces posted in the affected areas of the conflict remain silent spectators.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei women revive demand for removal of Assam Rifles from strife-torn Manipur |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/meitei-women-revive-demand-for-removal-of-assam-rifles-from-strife-torn-manipur/cid/1962709 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Memo demanding removal of AR submitted to PM : 10th aug23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..100823.aug23 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

On 12 August 2023, The Meira Paibis organised a sit-in protest against the alleged gang rape of a 37-year-old woman in Churachandpur in early May 2023.Thousands of women participated in the protest across five valley districts of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=Protests flare in Manipur valley districts after fresh gang-rape claim |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/meira-paibis-hold-sit-ins-across-valley-against-37-yr-olds-gang-rape/articleshow/102666542.cms |access-date=2023-09-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2023-08-11 |title=Manipur: Thousands of women stage protests over gangrape of 37-yr-old woman |url=https://www.siasat.com/manipur-thousands-of-women-stage-protests-over-gangrape-of-37-yr-old-woman-2665325/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 12 September 2023, in a press conference in New Delhi, the Meira Paibis said that they didn't recognise the legitimacy of buffer zones set up by the Central and State governments in Manipur. They demanded the replacement of Assam Rifles and other central security forces in Manipur with other units. The buffer zones, defended by the central security forces, divided the Kuki-dominated hill districts and Meitei-dominated valley districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=DH Web |title=Meant for international borders, not within country: Meira Paibis call buffer zones in Manipur 'unconstitutional' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/manipur/meant-for-international-borders-not-within-country-meira-paibis-call-buffer-zones-in-manipur-unconstitutional-2686153 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Abhinay |date=2023-09-13 |title=We don't recognise legitimacy of buffer zones in Manipur: Meira Paibi leaders in Delhi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-dont-recognise-legitimacy-of-buffer-zones-in-manipur-meira-paibi-leaders-in-delhi/article67303714.ece |access-date=2023-09-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 30 August 2023, the Meira Paibis protested against the Manipur assembly session that was wrapped up in 30 minutes and demanded to reconvene another session.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irom |first=Bit |date=2023-08-30 |title=Manipur: Meira Paibis burn effigies of BJP leaders, condemn short assembly session |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-meira-paibis-burn-effigies-of-bjp-leaders-condemn-short-assembly.html |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 2 September 2023, the Meira Paibis launched a mass civil disobedience movement against the Government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meira paibis launch civil disobedience movement |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/meira-paibis-launch-civil-disobedience-movement/ |access-date=September 24, 2023 |website=Nagaland Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2023-09-01 |title=People's Disobedience Movement launched in Manipur {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2023/09/peoples-disobedience-movement-launched-in-manipur/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 19 September 2023, the Meira Paibis staged protests and called for a 48-hour bandh demanding the release of five people who were arrested three days before for carrying firearms and sporting camouflage uniforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Normal Life Paralysed In Manipur's Imphal On Meria Paibi, Other Groups Shutdown Call |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/normal-life-paralysed-in-manipur-s-imphal-on-meria-paibi-other-groups-shutdown-call-news-319196 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |website=Outlook|date=19 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur: Meira Paibis Lead Imphal Bandh to Demand Release of Men Arrested for Impersonating Police |url=https://thewire.in/security/manipur-meira-paibis-lead-imphal-bandh-to-demand-release-of-men-arrested-for-impersonating-police |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

On 1 October 2023, Meira Paibis of Thoubal and Kakching districts staged protests condemning the killing of two Meitei students whose photographs surfaced on social media on 25 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meira paibis stages sit-in protest |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/meira-paibis-stages-sit-in-protest |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>

To make sense of their role in the 2023 violence in Manipur, Manorama Sharma a former professor of history at the [[North-Eastern Hill University]] noted Meira Paibi's longer history of local vigilantism. She noted that "There have been instances when they took the law into their own hands before going to the police. With this history behind them, it becomes quite possible to see that they could be violent in mob action when egged on by men."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manorama |date=2023-08-24 |title=Meira Paibis: How Manipur's peace-keepers became agents provocateur |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/manipur-conflict-meira-paibis-how-manipurs-peace-keepers-became-agent-provocateurs/article67212483.ece |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

In an interview to The Wire on 14 September 2023, Aheibam Chanthoisana Chanu, a Meira Paibi leader, said that the Meira Paibis have been mis-reported and mis-interpreted by the media and those providing information to the media, while they are only fighting for peace and waiting for reconciliation in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch {{!}} Manipur: Why the Meira Paibi, a Meitei Women's Collective, Distrust the Assam Rifles |url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-manipur-why-the-meira-paibi-a-meitei-womens-collective-distrust-the-assam-rifles |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

In August 2023, [[Barkha Dutt]] met the Meira Paibis in Manipur during their night march and said, ''"Women have been at the epicenter of the Manipur story, not just as survivors of violence but also at the frontline of protests. Every time there is an issue in Manipur, you have the women coming out carrying their torches to flag the issue they feel strongly about. The women here say they want peace. Discussions should start. Everybody is sleeping. Only the mothers are awake, even at night, carrying their torches. And they are very angry."''<ref>{{Citation |title=Manipur Ground Zero I 'Why Have These Women Protesters Clashed With The Army? I Barkha Dutt Reports | date=2 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Pv3susU_TA |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Recognition==
[[The Times of India]] awarded the "TOI Social Impact Awards: Lifetime Contribution" to Meira Paibi and its five leaders, the 83-year-old Thokchom Ramani, Ak Janaki Leima, L Memchoubi Devi, Y Leirik Leima, and Purnimashi Leima. In July 2004, to protest against the rape and custodial killing of [[Thangjam Manorama]] by Assam Rifles personnel, these five women, known as "imas" or mothers, along with six other elderly women, protested in front of the [[Kangla fort|Kangla Fort]] where the Assam Rifles were then stationed, by disrobing themselves and holding a banner that read 'Indian Army Rape Us'.<ref name= Sunil2013/><ref>{{Cite web |title="These Fellows Must Be Eliminated": Relentless Violence and Impunity in Manipur: III. The Killing of Thangjam Manorama Devi |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/3.htm |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref>

The Times of India wrote, ''"She pushes the traditional wraparound or phanek lower, fastens the "khwang chet" cloth as a belt and wraps the traditional "phi" around her. A strip of cloth is made the turban. She grabs her meira, sets it aflame, and becomes a warrior for human rights and peace."''

Uday, an organisation that promotes social justice, also recognised the efforts of the Meira Paibis and awarded them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Umang |date=2023-07-11 |title=Meira Paibi Movement {{!}} Origins, Role, Armed Conflicts, Social Justice |url=https://13angle.com/meira-paibi/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=13angle |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Prominent Leaders ==
On 2 October 2023, Meira Paibi leader, Ema Longjam Memchoubi, passed away at Shija Hospital at Langol due to multiple organs failure. She was the president of Poirei Leimarol Meira Paibee Apunba Manipur (PLMPAM). Manipur CM, [[N. Biren Singh|N Biren Singh]] said, “Manipur has lost a leader who was at the forefront of many political and social movements. She also took part in voicing the current crisis and remained a true patriot until her last breath.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Manipur: Prominent Meira Paibi Leader Ema Longjam Memchoubi Passes Away At 83 {{!}} Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-prominent-meira-paibi-leader-ema-longjam-memchoubi-passes-away-at-83/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2023-10-02 |title=Who was Longjam Memchoubi? Noted woman activist from Manipur dies |url=https://hubnetwork.in/who-was-longjam-memchoubi-noted-woman-activist-from-manipur-dies/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Noted woman leader Ima Memchoubi no more : 02nd oct23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..021023.oct23 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ima Market]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Karna|first=Mahendra Narain|title=Social Movements in North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3FJEfU3swcC&pg=PA77|year=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-083-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Parratt|first=John|title=Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fO4N_FI8jt4C&pg=PA157|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-053-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=C. Joshua|last2=Gopalakrishnan|first2=Ramamoorthy|last3=Singh|first3=R. K. Ranjan|title=Constraints In Development Of Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFxuAAAAMAAJ|year= 2001|publisher=Regency Publications [for Policy Alternatives for the North-East and Conflict Elimination Awareness]|isbn=978-81-87498-30-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Pradip Ninan|title=Negotiating Communication Rights: Case Studies from India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9yGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|year=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0778-1}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Community organizing]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption activism in India]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Social movements in India]]
[[Category:Meitei organisations]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Activists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women from Manipur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Women in Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

List of wetlands of Assam

2026-03-09T02:18:01Z

Xannat: started new pg more to come...

{{Short description|none}}
Assam is one of India's most wetland-abundant states, with approximately 5,097 major wetlands and an additional 6,081 smaller wetlands collectively covering 9.74% of the state's total land area. Wetlands in Assam are locally known by a variety of names reflecting their character: beel, pitoni, doloni, jalah, doba, hola, gedeng, and haor. These ecosystems serve as repositories of rich biotic and abiotic resources while providing critical functions including flood control, stormwater regulation, and water quality improvement. Despite their ecological importance, urban wetlands in Assam face the highest rates of degradation compared to their rural counterparts. The Brahmaputra River basin strongly influences the hydrology of the state's wetlands, making them particularly sensitive to changes in land use patterns, monsoon variability, and the rapid urbanization occurring around Guwahati.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamuli |first=Trishna Moni |last2=Bora |first2=Ashok K. |date=2021-12-18 |title=Changing Wetland Landscape and Effects of Urbanization: A Study on Silsako Wetland in Guwahati, Assam, India |url=https://www.nveo.org/index.php/journal/article/view/3367 |journal=NVEO - NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal {{!}} NVEO |language=en |pages=11705–11715 |issn=2148-9637}}</ref>

This is a list of [[lake]]s ([[beel]]s) and wetlands of [[Assam]], [[India]].

==Tinsukia district==
*[[Maguri Motapung Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI>{{Cite web|url= http://cifri.res.in/Bulletins/Bulletin%20No.104.pdf|website=[[Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute]]|title= Ecology and fisheries of beels in Assam|language=en|access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>
*[[Udaipur Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Rampur Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Dibrugarh district==
*[[Lomghori Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Sasoni Merbeel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Dihingerasuti Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

Phuloni Beel
Situated in Nakatani Phakum Gaon, Konwerpur, Sivasagar district

==Jorhat district==
*[[Gorormaj Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Borchola Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Golaghat district==
*[[Sankar Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Nabeel Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Goruchara Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Galabeel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Moridisoi]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Dhemaji district==
*[[Hollodunga]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Somrajan (S)]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Sornrajan (N)]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Phutukabari]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Keshukhana]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Puwasaikia]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Lakhimpur district==
*[[Bilmukh]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Morichampora]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Nagaon district==
*[[Somrajan]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Mer Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Sibasthan]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Samaguri Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Morigaon district==
*[[Charan Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Morikalang Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Sonitpur district==
*[[Dighali Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Kharoi Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Goroimari Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Darrang district==
*[[Mailhata]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Bodhisichi]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Gathaia]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Kamrup district==
*[[Chandubi Lake]]
*[[Dipor Bil]]
*[[Silsako Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gdd.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/lakes-and-water-bodies-0|website=Guwahati Development Board, Government of Assam|title=Lakes and Water Bodies|language=en|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
*[[Mandira Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Bageswari Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Rongai Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Dora Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Selsela Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*Sorusola Beel
*Borsola Beel

==Goalpara district==
*[[Tarnranga]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Urpad Beel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/schemes-launched-to-beautify-urpad-beel-in-goalpara-district/?infinitescroll=1|website=The Sentinel|title=Schemes launched to beautify Urpad Beel in Goalpara district|language=en|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

==Nalbari district==
*[[Ghograjan]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Sothajan]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Morasaulkhowa]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Barpeta district==
*[[Kapla Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Chotkapla]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Tabha Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Alpajan beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Chikanchara Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Boira Beel, Kayakuchi]]<ref name=CIFRI/>
*[[Sorbhog Beel]]<ref name=CIFRI/>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
| title = Lakes of Assam
| align =Center
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =170
| width =160
| captionstyle =
| File:Maguri Beel.jpg
| alt1=
| [[Maguri Motapung Beel]] in [[Tinsukia district]]
| File:Son beel img 2.jpg
| alt2=
| [[Son Beel]] in [[Karimganj district]]
| File:Sun sat of kapla bil captured by Arnav jyoti Deka.jpg
| alt3=
| Sunset in the [[Kapla Beel]] in [[Barpeta district]]
| File:Dora beel photo.jpg
| alt4=
| Fishing nets and boats on the [[Dora Beel]] in [[Kamrup district]]
| File: Deepor beel.jpg
| alt5=
| [[Dipor Bil]] in [[Guwahati]]
| CHANDUBI LAKE.JPG
| alt6=
| [[Chandubi Lake]] in [[Kamrup district]]
| File:Ropeway at Samaguri Lake, Nagaon, Assam, India.jpg
| alt7=
| [[Aerial lift|Ropeway]] at [[Samaguri Beel]] in [[Nagaon district]]
}}

==See also==
*[[List of lakes of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Assam| ]]
[[Category:Lists of lakes of India|A]]
[[Category:Assam-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Assam]]

Shina language

2026-03-05T08:44:14Z

Xannat: fix references to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the northern Pakistan and Ladakh}}
{{distinguish|Kohistani Shina}}

{{Infobox language
| name = Shina
| altname = Gilgiti
| pronunciation = {{IPA|scl|ʂiɳjá|}}
| image = [[File:Shina in Nastaliq.png|150px]]
| states = [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
| region = [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]], [[Drass, Ladakh|Drass]], [[Gurez]]
| ethnicity = [[Shina people|Shina]]
| speakers = 1.1 million
| date = 2018
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Shina |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |website=Ethnologue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=2019-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]
| fam5 = [[Dardic languages|Eastern Dardic]]
| fam6 = [[Dardic languages#Subdivisions|Shinaic]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor2 = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| lc1 = scl
| ld1 = Standard Shina
| lc2 = plk
| ld2 = [[Kohistani Shina]]
| script = [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaʿlīq]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Ethnologue report for Shina |url= http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=scl|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
| map = Shina language.png
| mapcaption = Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange
| notice = IPA
| glotto = shin1264
| glottoname = Shina
| glotto2 = kohi1248
| glottoname2 = Kohistani Shina
| imagecaption = 'Shina' ({{lang|scl-Latn|Ṣiṇyaá}}) written in the [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaliq]])
| nativename = {{lang|scl|ݜݨیاٗ}} ''{{transliteration|scl|Ṣiṇyaá}}''
}}

'''Shina''' ({{lang|scl|ݜݨیاٗ}}, {{transliteration|scl|Ṣiṇyaá}}, {{IPA|scl|ʂiɳjá|}}), also known by its [[exonym]] '''Gilgiti''',{{efn|In linguistics, applied only to the dialect of Shina spoken in and around [[Gilgit]]}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] branch in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family, primarily spoken by the [[Shina people]] native to [[northern Pakistan]], specifically [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PT1018 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=2007-07-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |pages=1018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=Anju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8DAmULPQU0C&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PA137 |title=Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology |last2=Borin |first2=Lars |date=2008-08-22 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019778-5 |pages=137 |language=en |quote=Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shina |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=Ethnologue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |archive-date=2019-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> A small community of Shina speakers is also found in [[India]], in the [[Gurez]] valley of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and in [[Dras]] valley of [[Ladakh]].<ref name=":2" /> [[Shina languages|Outliers of Shina language]] such as [[Brokskat]] are found in [[Ladakh]], [[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]] in [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Palula language|Palula]] and [[Sawi language (Dardic)|Sawi]] in [[Chitral]], [[Ushoji language|Ushojo]] in the [[Swat District|Swat Valley]] and [[Kalkoti language|Kalkoti]] in [[Dir, Pakistan|Dir]].<ref name=":2" />

It is one of the major [[Languages of Pakistan|regional languages of Pakistan]], being the most-widely spoken one in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is also spoken outside of Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan by Shina communities in major metropolitan areas around the country, particularly [[Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area|Islamabad–Rawalpindi]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], and [[Peshawar]].

Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, but presently, there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA144|page=144|title=Language in South Asia|author=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9781139465502}}</ref> Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language.

Due to the effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like [[Urdu]], Punjabi, and [[English language|English]], in addition to the religious significance of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], Shina is continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shams | first=Shammim Ara | title=The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina | journal=Pakistan Social Sciences Review | volume=4 | issue=III |year=2020| doi=10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79 | pages=1092–1106| doi-access=free }}</ref> This process is also ongoing with that of many other [[Languages of Pakistan|languages in Pakistan]]. It has close relationships with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially [[Hindko]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], and the dialects of [[Western Pahari]].<ref>M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.</ref>

== Distribution ==

=== In Pakistan ===
There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and [[Kohistani Shina]] in [[Pakistan]] according to [[Ethnologue]] (2018), a majority of whom reside in the provinces of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkwa]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in the [[Neelum District|Neelam valley]] of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Shina">{{Cite web |title=Shina |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shina, Kohistani |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/plk |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>

=== In India ===
A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in [[India]] in the far north of the [[Kargil district]] bordering [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="Shina"/>.
In [[Kashmir Valley]], Shina people are found in Northern regions like [[Gurez]] of [[Bandipore district]] where they form Majority, Along with some villages of [[Ganderbal District]]

==Phonology==
The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi, Shina variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

===Vowels===

The Shina principal vowel sounds:{{sfn|Rajapurohit|2012|p=28–31}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Front !! rowspan="2"| Mid !! colspan="2"| Back
|-
! unrd. !! rnd.
|-
! High
| i || || || u
|-
! High-mid
| e || || || o
|-
! Low-mid
| ɛ || ə || ʌ || ɔ
|-
!Low
|(æ)
| a || ||
|}

All vowels except /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.{{sfn|Rajapurohit|2012|p=28–31}} /æ/ is heard from loanwords.{{Sfn|Schmidt|Kohistani|2008|p=16}}

===Diphthongs===
In Shina there are the following diphthongs:{{sfn|Rajapurohit|2012|p=32–33}}
* falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
* falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
* raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.

===Consonants===
In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final [[Old Indo-Aryan|OIA]] [[consonant cluster]]s, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.<ref name="ItagiLanguages1994">{{cite book |last=Itagi |first=N. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQliAAAAMAAJ |title=Spatial aspects of language |publisher=[[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] |year=1994 |isbn=9788173420092 |page=73 |language=en |quote=The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of Pakistan have lost this distinction. |access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|q}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
|
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Breathy voice|Breathy]]{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
|
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]
|
| {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
|
| {{IPA link|d͡z}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
|
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|Breathy]]
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}{{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
| ({{IPA link|f}})
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|x}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! [[Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʐ}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}{{efn|name=Rajapurohit}}
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} ({{IPA link|mʱ}}){{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}} ({{IPA link|lʱ}}){{efn|name=Schmidt & Kohistani|Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}{{efn|name=Degener}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Semivowel]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}~{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|}
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=Rajapurohit|According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)}}
{{efn|name=Degener|Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme}}
}}

===Tone===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}}
Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:

"The" ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےࣿ }}) has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"

When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. ''Thée'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےٰ }}) means "Will you do?"

When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. ''Theé'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےٗ }}) means "after having done".

==Orthography==
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Shina}}
Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition.{{sfn|Bashir|2003|p=823|ps =. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists."}} However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago.{{sfn|Schmidt|2003–2004|p=61}} Only in the late 2010s has Shina orthography been standardized and primers as well as dictionaries endorsed by the territorial government of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] have been published.
<ref name="Dictionary">Ziya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN 978-969-942-00-8 [https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up]</ref><ref name="Primer1">Razwal Kohistani. (Latest Edition: 2020)(First published: 1996) Kohistani Shina Primer, ݜݨیاٗ کستِین٘و قاعده. Publisher: Indus Kohistan Publications. [https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up]</ref>

Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s, there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language. Debates have centered on how to write several retroflex sounds not present in [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and whether vowel length and tone should be represented.{{sfn|Bashir|2016|p=806}}

There are two main orthographic conventions now, one in Pakistani-controlled areas of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and in [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]], and the other in Indian-controlled area of [[Dras]], [[Ladakh]].

Below, the alphabet has been standardized, documented, and popularized thanks to the efforts of literaturists such as Professor Muhammad Amin Ziya, Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel, and Razwal Kohistani. The alphabet established by these individuals has been developed for all Shina language dialects, including the Gilgit dialect and the [[Kohistani Shina|Kohistani dialect]].
<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="Primer1"/><ref>Pamir Times (September 5, 2008), "Shina language gets a major boost with Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel's efforts"
[https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/ https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/]</ref> There are minor differences, such as the existence of the letter {{lang|scl|ڦ}} in [[Kohistani Shina|Kohistani dialect]] of Shina. Furthermore, variations and personal preferences can be observed across Shina documents. For example, it is common to see someone use {{lang|scl|سً}} instead of {{lang|scl|ݜ}} for {{IPAblink|ʂ}}, or use ''sukun'' {{lang|scl|◌ْ}} ([[:wiktionary: ْ|U+0652]]) instead of ''small sideway noon'' {{lang|scl|◌ࣿ}} (U+08FF) to indicate short vowels. However, these variations are no longer an issue. Another issue is that of how to write loanwords that use letters not found in Shina language, for example letters "{{lang|scl|س / ث / ص}}", which all sound like [s] in Shina. Some documents preserve the original spelling, despite the letters being homophones and not having any independent sound of their own, similar to orthographic conventions of [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. Whereas other documents prefer to rewrite all loanwords in a single Shina letter, and thus simplify the writing, similar to orthographic conventions of [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].

Shina vowels are distinguished by length, by whether or not they're nasalized, and by tone. Nasalization is represented like other Perso-Arabic alphabets in Pakistan, with ''Nun Ghunna'' ({{lang|scl|ن٘ـ / ـن٘ـ / ں}}). In Shina, tone variation only occur when there is a long vowel. There are conventions unique to Shina to show the three tones. In Shina conventions, specific diacritics are shown in conjunction with the letters ''alif'', ''waw'', ''[[Baṛī ye|buṛi ye]]'', and ''ye'' ({{lang|scl|ا، و، یـ، ی، ے}}), as these letters are written down to represent long vowels. The diacritics ''inverted damma'' {{lang|scl|◌ٗ}} (U+0657) and ''superscript alef'' {{lang|scl|◌ٰ}} (U+0670) represent a rising tone and a falling tone respectively. Another diacritic, a ''small sideway noon'' {{lang|scl|◌ࣿ}} (U+08FF) is used to represent short vowels when need be.<ref name="shinateaching">Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel. (2008). ''Sheena language An overview of the teaching and learning system'' / شینا زبان نظام پڑھائی لکھائی کا جائزہ. [https://z-lib.io/book/14214726 https://z-lib.io/book/14214726] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311065504/https://z-lib.io/book/14214726 |date=2024-03-11 }}</ref>

===Consonants===

Below table shows Shina consonants.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="Primer1"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Name
! colspan="4" | Forms
! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Transliteration]]<ref name="transliteration">Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998.'' Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit''. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/82/56/138256623622760949003113935743299913976/742_CRadloff_Folktales_Gilgit_of_Shina_1998.pdf]</ref>
! rowspan=2 | [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]]
! rowspan=2 | Notes
|-
! Shina
! Isolated
! Final
! Medial
! Initial
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| الف }} ''alif''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ا]] }}
| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـا }}
| style="font-size:120%;" |{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|ا / آ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʌ}}, {{IPAblink|∅}}, ''silent''
| style="border-right:none;" | ''– / aa''
| [[:wiktionary: آ|U+0622]] [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]]
| At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can come in form of ''alif-madda'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| آ}}), or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| اَ اِ، اُ}} can be omitted in writing.
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بےࣿ }} ''be''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ب]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـب }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|b}}
| ''b''
| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پےࣿ }} ''pe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[پ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|p}}
| ''p''
| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تےࣿ }} ''te''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ت]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـت }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}}
| ''t''
| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹےࣿ }} ''te''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ٹ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ}}
| ''ṭ''
| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]]
|
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثےࣿ }} ''se''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ث]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـث }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـثـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}}
| ''s''
| [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جوࣿم }} ''ǰom''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ج]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـج }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
| ''ǰ''
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چےࣿ }} ''če''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[چ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
| ''č''
| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څےࣿ }} ''tse''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[څ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡s}}
| ''ts''
| [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]]
| Letter borrowed from [[Pashto alphabet]]. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
|-bgcolor="#d0dead"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇےࣿ }} ''c̣e''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڇ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ͡ʂ}}
| ''c̣''
| [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]]
| Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حٍـ }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }}. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon">Samoon, M. (2016). Shina Language Proverbs (Urdu: شینا محاورے اور مثالیں)(Shina: شْنْا مَحاوَرآے گےٚ مِثالےٚ). Rabita Publications. [https://archive.org/details/shinalanguageproverbsbymasoodsamoon2016/page/n1/mode/2up]</ref>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حےࣿ }} ''he''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ح]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـح }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـحـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|h}}
| ''h''
| [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''hay'' {{lang|scl| ہ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خےࣿ }} ''khe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[خ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|x}}~{{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}}
| ''kh''
| [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''khe'' {{lang|scl| کھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دال }} ''daal''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[د]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـد }}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d̪}}
| ''d''
| [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈال }} ''ḍaal''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڈ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɖ}}
| ''ḍ''
| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]]
|
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ذال }} ''zaal''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ذ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـذ }}
| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
| ''z''
| [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رےࣿ }} ''re''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ر]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـر }}
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|r}}
| ''r''
| [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڑےࣿ }} ''ṛe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڑ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڑ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɽ}}
| ''ṛ''
| [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زےࣿ }} ''ze''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ز]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـز }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
| ''z''
| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]]
|
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژےࣿ }} ''že / ǰe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ژ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـژ }}
| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʒ}}‍~{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}‍
| ''ž / ǰ''
| [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]]
| Only used in loanwords of Persian and European origin. Can be replaced with letter ''jom'' {{lang|scl| ج }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#d0dead"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙےࣿ }} ''ẓe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڙ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙ }}
| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʐ}}
| ''ẓ''
| [[:wiktionary: ڙ|U+0699]]
| Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙ }}. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سِین }} ''siin''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[س]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـس }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـسـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}}
| ''s''
| [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شِین }} ''šiin''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ش]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـش }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـشـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| ''š''
| [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]]
|
|-bgcolor="#d0dead"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜِین }} ''ṣiin''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ݜ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʂ}}
| ''ṣ''
| [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]]
| Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜ }}. In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صواد }} ''swaad''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ص]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـص }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـصـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}}
| ''s''
| [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضواد }} ''zwaad''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ض]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـض }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـضـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
| ''z''
| [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طوے }} ''tooy''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ط]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـط }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـطـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}}
| ''t''
| [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''te'' {{lang|scl| ت }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظوے }} ''zooy''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ظ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}}
| ''z''
| [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عَین }} ''ayn''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ع]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـع }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـعـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, ''silent''
| ''-''
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''alif'' {{lang|scl| ا }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غَین }} ''gayn''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[غ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɣ}}~{{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| ''g''
| [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''gaaf'' {{lang|scl| گ}}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فےࣿ }} ''fe / phe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ف]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـف }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـفـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|f}}~{{IPAblink|pʰ}}
| ''f / ph''
| [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]]
| Only used in loanwords. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''phe'' {{lang|scl| پھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قاف }} ''qaaf / kaaf''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ق]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـق }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـقـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|q}}~{{IPAblink|k}}
| ''q / k''
| [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]]
| Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''kaaf'' {{lang|scl| ک }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کاف }} ''kaaf''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ک]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـک }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|k}}
| ''k''
| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گاف }} ''gaaf''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[گ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| ''g''
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لام }} ''laam''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ل]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـل }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|l}}
| ''l''
| [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مِیم }} ''miim''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[م]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـم }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|m}}
| ''m''
| [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُون }} ''nuun''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ن]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـن }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـنـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|n}}
| ''n''
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُوݨ }} ''nuuṇ''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ݨ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݨ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݨـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݨـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɳ}}
| ''ṇ''
| [[:wiktionary: ݨ|U+0768]]
| In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نْ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُوں / نُون گُنَہ }} ''nū̃ / nūn gunna''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ں]] / [[ن٘]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـں }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـن٘ـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ن٘ـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAslink|◌̃}}
| ''◌̃''
| For middle of word: [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] plus [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] For end of word: [[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]]
|
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُون٘گ }} ''nuung''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ن٘گ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـن٘گ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـن٘گـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ن٘گـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
| ''ng''
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] plus [[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]] and [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]]
| A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| واؤ }} ''waaw''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[و]] / او }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـو }}
| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|oː}} / {{IPAblink|w}}
| ''w / ō''
| [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]]
| The letter ''waaw'' can either represent consonant ([w/v]) or vowel ([oo]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter ''waaw'' will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter ''waaw'' needs to be preceded by an ''alif'' {{lang|scl| ا }}. When the letter ''waaw'' comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ؤ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.<ref name="shinateaching"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہَے }} ''hai''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ہ]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـہ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـہـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|h}}
| ''h''
| [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]
| This letter differs from ''do-ac̣hi'ii hay'' (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,''do-chashmi hē'' (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] for representing [[aspirated consonant]]s. In initial and medial position, the letter ''hē'' always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letter ''hē'' can either represent consonant ([h]) or it can demonstrate that the word ends with short vowels ''a'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌َہ / ـَہ }}, ''i'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌ِہ / ـِہ }}, ''u'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌ُہ / ـُہ }}.<ref name="shinateaching"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہَمزَہ }} ''hamza''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ء]] }}
| colspan="3" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, ''silent''
| ''’''
| [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]]
| Used mid-word to indicate separation between a syllable and another that starts with a vowel. ''hamza'' on top of letters ''waaw'' and ''ye'' at end of a word serves a function too. When the letter ''waaw'' or ''ye'' come at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w] or [y], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ؤ / ئ / ـئ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="shinateaching"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| یےࣿ / لیکھی یےࣿ }} ''ye / leekhii ye''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ی]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـی }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـیـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| یـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|j}} / {{IPAblink|e}} / {{IPAblink|i}}
| ''y / e / i''
| [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]]
| The letter ''ye'' can either represent consonant ([j]) or vowels ([e]/[i]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter ''ye'' will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter ''ye'' needs to be preceded by an ''alif'' {{lang|scl| ا }}. When the letter ''ye'' comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [j], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ئ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel. When representing a vowel at the end of a word, it can only be [i]. For vowel [e], the letter ''buṛi ye'' {{lang|scl| ے }} is used.<ref name="shinateaching" />
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بُڑیࣿ یےࣿ }} ''buṛi ye''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ے]] }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـے }}
| colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;" | -
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|e}} / {{IPAblink|j}}
| ''e / y''
| [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]]
| The letter ''buṛi ye'' only occurs in final position. The letter ''buṛi ye'' represents the vowel "ē" [eː] or the consonant "y" [j].
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھےࣿ }} ''bhe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|bʱ}}
| ''bh''
| [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Digraph (orthography)|Digraphs]] counted as letters.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھےࣿ }} ''phe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|pʰ}}
| ''ph''
| [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےࣿ }} ''the''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t̪ʰ}}
| ''th''
| [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھےࣿ }} ''ṭhe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈʰ}}
| ''ṭh''
| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھوࣿم }} ''ǰhom''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|d͡ʒʱ}}
| ''ǰh''
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھےࣿ }} ''čhe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡ʃʰ}}
| ''čh''
| [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھےࣿ }} ''tshe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡sʰ}}
| ''tsh''
| [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
| A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Dictionary"/> In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژھ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھےࣿ }} ''c̣he''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈ͡ʂʰ}}
| ''c̣h''
| [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
| A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Dictionary"/> In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چْھ }} is used.<ref name="samoon"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھےࣿ }} ''khe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}}
| ''kh''
| [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Digraph (orthography)|Digraphs]] counted as letters.<ref name="Dictionary"/>
|-
| style="white-space:nowrap" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھےࣿ }} ''ghe''
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھـ }}
| style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھـ }}
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ɡʱ}}
| ''gh''
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] and [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
|}

===Vowels===

There are five vowels in Shina language. Each of the five vowels in Shina have a short version and a long version. Shina is also a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal language]]. Short vowels in Shina have a short high level tone {{IPA|˥}}. Long vowels can either have "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone {{IPA|˧}}, a long rising tone {{IPAblink|˨˦}}, or a long falling tone ({{IPA|/˥˩/}}.

All five vowels have a defined way of presentation in Shina orthographic conventions, including letters and [[Arabic diacritics|diacritics]]. Although diacritics can and are occasionally dropped in writing. Short vowels [a], [i], and [u] are solely written with diacritics. Short vowels [e] and [o] are written with letters ''waw'' and ''buṛi ye''. A unique diacritic, a ''small sideway noon'' {{lang|scl|◌ࣿ}} (U+08FF) is used on top of these letters to indicate a short vowel.<ref name="shinateaching"/> Long vowels are written with a combination of diacritics and letters ''alif'', ''waaw'' or ''ye''.

Below table shows short vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
|-
! a || e || i || o || u
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|اَ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ایࣿـ / اےࣿ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اِ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اوࣿ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اُ}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|ـَ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ }}
| {{Script/Arabic|ـِ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ـُ}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|◌َہ / ـَہ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ےࣿ / ـےࣿ }}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِہ / ـِہ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُہ / ـُہ}}
|}

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone {{IPA|˧}}.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|آ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ایـ / اے}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اِیـ / اِی}}
| {{Script/Arabic|او}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اُو}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}
| {{Script/Arabic|یـ / ـیـ }}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِیـ / ـِیـ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ے / ـے}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِی / ـِی}}
| {{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}
|-
|}

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long rising tone {{IPAblink|˨˦}}.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
|-
! aá || eé || ií || oó || uú
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|آٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ایٗـ / اےٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اِیٗـ / اِیٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اوٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اُوٗ}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|یٗـ / ـیٗـ }}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ےٗ / ـےٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗ / ـِی}}
| {{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}
|-
|}

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long falling tone ({{IPA|/˥˩/}}.<ref name="shinateaching"/><ref name="transliteration"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
!colspan=5| Vowel at the beginning of the word
|-
! áa || ée || íi || óo || úu
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|آٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ایٰـ / اےٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اِیٰـ / اِیٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اوٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|اُوٰ}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the middle of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|یٰـ / ـیٰـ }}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}
|-
!colspan=5| Vowel at the end of the word
|-dir="rtl"
| {{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|ےٰ / ـےٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}
| {{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}
|-
|}

===Text sample===

Below is a short passage of sample phrases.<ref>Schmidt, R. L., & Kohistani, R. (2008). ''A grammar of the Shina language of Indus kohistan''. Harrassowitz.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shina Arabic alphabet (orthography of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]])
| dir="rtl"| {{Script/Arabic|اَساٰ ایࣿک سَنِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. اَساٰ دَہِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. گوٰݜ جیٰجِہ دَہِیٰلوࣿ لیٰل بِیٰنوࣿ. گوٰݜ وَزِیٗ نَہ دِتوباٰلو.}}
|-
! Latin Transliteration
| Asáa ek saníilo góoṣ pašées. Asáa dahíilo góoṣ pašées. Góoṣ jéeji dahíilo léel bíino. Góoṣ wazií na ditobáalo.
|-
! Translation
| We saw a completely constructed house. We saw the house burnt down. The house appears burnt by someone. The house could not collapse completely.
|}

==See also==
*[[Brokskat|Brokskat language]]
*[[Kundal Shahi language]]
*[[Ushoji language]]
*[[Kalkoti language]]
*[[Palula language]]
*[[Sawi language (Dardic)|Savi language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book| last = Bashir| first = Elena L.|author-link=Elena Bashir| year = 2003| chapter = Dardic|editor1= George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain | title = The Indo-Aryan languages| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-7007-1130-7| pages = 818–94| location = London| series = Routledge language family series. Y}}
*{{Cite book| last = Bashir| first = Elena L.|author-link=Elena Bashir| date = 2016| chapter = Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages|editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir| title = The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide| series = World of Linguistics| publisher = De Gruyter Mouton| location = Berlin| isbn = 978-3-11-042715-8| pages = 803–9}}
*{{Cite book| last = Rajapurohit| first = B. B.| chapter = The problems involved in the preparation of language teaching material in a spoken language with special reference to Shina| date = 1975| others = V. I. Subramoniam, Nunnagoppula Sivarama Murty (eds.)| title = Teaching of Indian languages: seminar papers| series = University publication / Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala| publisher = Dept. of Linguistics, University of Kerala| location = Trivandrum}}
*{{Cite book| last = Rajapurohit| first = B. B.| date = 1983| title = Shina phonetic reader| series = CIIL Phonetic Reader Series| publisher = Central Institute of Indian Languages| location = Mysore}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rajapurohit|first1=B. B.|title=Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary : (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras)|date=2012|url=http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/shina/Grammar_of_Shina_Language_And_Vocabulary.pdf}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Schmidt| first = Ruth Laila| year = 2003–2004| title = The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan| journal = European Bulletin of Himalayan Research| issue = 25/26| pages = 61–79| issn = 0943-8254|url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_25&26_03.pdf| ref = {{harvid|Schmidt|2003–2004}} }}
*{{Cite book| last1 = Schmidt| first1 = Ruth Laila| last2 = Kohistani| first2 = Razwal| date = 2008| title = A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan| series = Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen| publisher = Harrassowitz| location = Wiesbaden| isbn = 978-3-447-05676-2}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Buddruss |first=Georg |date=1983 |chapter=Neue Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans. Einige Beobachtungen |editor-last1=Assmann |editor-first1=Aleida |editor-last2=Assmann |editor-first2=Jan |editor-last3=Hardmeier |editor-first3=Christof |title=Schrift und Gedächtnis: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation |publisher=W. Fink |isbn=978-3-7705-2132-6 |pages=231–44}} A history of the development of writing in Shina
*{{Cite book |last1=Degener |first1=Almuth |last2=Zia |first2=Mohammad Amin |date=2008 |title=Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05648-9}} Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts.
*{{Cite book |last=Radloff |first=Carla F. |date=1992 |editor-last1=Backstrom |editor-first1=Peter C. |editor-last2=Radloff |editor-first2=Carla F. |title=Languages of northern areas |series=Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan |volume=2 |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |url=http://www.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/abstract.asp?id=32840}}
*{{cite journal |last=Rasool |first=Ishtayaq |title=The Battle to Save a Dying Language |journal=The Wire |date=2025-03-28 |url=https://thewire.in/special/the-battle-to-save-a-dying-language-shina-dard}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Rensch |first1=Calvin R. |last2=Decker |first2=Sandra J. |last3=Hallberg |first3=Daniel G. |date=1992 |title=Languages of Kohistan |series=Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i- Azam University |location=Islamabad, Pakistan}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zia |first=Mohammad Amin |date=1986 |title=Ṣinā qāida aur grāimar |publisher=Zia Publishers |location=Gilgit |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zia |first=Mohammad Amin |title=Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary)}} Contains 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|scl}}
* [http://www.saskenshina.com Sasken Shina], contains materials in and about the language
* [http://www.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/abstract.asp?id=32840 1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Shina]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336592659323255Sheena%205th.pdf Shina Language Textbook for Class5]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336648125066585Sheena%206th.pdf Shina Language Textbook for Class6]

{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Languages of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Arabic script}}
{{Dardic languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shina Language}}
[[Category:Dardic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Autonagar Surya

2026-03-03T17:41:11Z

Xannat: started the entry needs work.

{{short description|2014 film directed by Deva Katta}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Autonagar Surya
| image = Autonagar Surya poster.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Deva Katta]]
| producer = K. Achi Reddy
| writer = [[Deva Katta]]
| starring = [[Naga Chaitanya]] [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
| music = [[Anoop Rubens]]
| cinematography = Srikanth Naroj
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Max India Productions
| distributor = CineGalaxy Inc., (Overseas) [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]], Hari Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|06|27|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya to ride in finally |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140616/entertainment-tollywood/article/autonagar-surya-ride-finally |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715041155/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140616/entertainment-tollywood/article/autonagar-surya-ride-finally |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 157 minutes (Initial Version)<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya' censored with an 'A' certificate |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/109435.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629102544/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/109435.html |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=25 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> 145 minutes (Final Version)<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya' trimmed by 12 minutes |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Autonagar-Surya-trimmed-by-12-minutes-telugu-news-109597 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715102843/http://www.indiaglitz.com/autonagar-surya-trimmed-by-12-minutes-telugu-news-109597 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=28 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}25 crores<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya' makes slow start, expert blame delay in release |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/autonagar-surya-makes-slow-start-expert-blame-delay-in-release_157556.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Autonagar Surya''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Historical drama|Periodic]] [[political]] [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autonagar Surya Review by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/autonagarsurya.html |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> directed by [[Deva Katta]]. The film stars [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], with [[Brahmanandam]] and [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Sai Kumar]] in pivotal roles. The film was produced by K. Atchi Reddy, under Max India Productions, while [[R. R. Movie Makers]] initially presented the film, but later disassociated themselves with the film owing to the delays.<ref name="ANS HC dec">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Decision on Autonagar Surya today |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140626/entertainment-tollywood/article/decision-auto-nagar-surya-today |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> It is the second film in Deva Katta's quadrilogy of society, which show's the perspective of a common man on society.

[[Anoop Rubens]] composed the music for the film while Srikanth Naroj, known for his work in the 2011 film ''[[Hostel (2011 film)|Hostel]]'' handled the cinematography. [[Gautham Raju]] handled the editing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look: Naga Chaitanya, Samantha in Autonagar Surya |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/naga-chaitanya-samantha-in-autonagar-surya/20121129.htm |access-date=29 November 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

The [[principal photography]] started officially on 14 October 2011 at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autonagar Surya starts off in Hyderabad |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/72135.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018060158/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/72135.html |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> After Filming continuously till December 2012, the film's shoot was halted due to the Financial turmoil of the producers ultimately reviving in September 2013, Wrapping the entire shooting by 30 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autonagar Surya movie shooting completed |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/autonagarsurya-complete.html |access-date=30 November 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film was scheduled for a worldwide release on 27 June 2014 in theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya grand release on June 27 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Autonagar-Surya-grand-release-on-June-27/articleshow/36653547.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Upon release, the film opened to mixed-to-negative reviews from the critics and audience, due to which the film was trimmed by 12 minutes. However, over time, it received much appreciation on satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya' Movie Review Roundup: Average Fare |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/autonagar-surya-movie-review-roundup-average-fare-603226 |access-date=27 June 2014 |publisher=International Business Times India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya gets trimmed by 12 minutes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Autonagar-Surya-gets-trimmed-by-12-minutes/articleshow/37398020.cms |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=Deva Katta's satire on reviewers |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Deva-Kattas-satire-on-reviewers/articleshow/38018468.cms |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Deva Katta's Top 10 Dialogues In Autonagar Surya |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/deva-katta-top-10-dialogues-in-autonagar-surya-153784.html |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story begins in 1973. A couple had been murdered by Kotalingam in a train at night time for stopping to rape a girl acquaintance to everyone who fears to stop. However, he bribes the Railway Police to leave and molests the girl and kills her too. The child Surya who becomes gullible for not finding his parents and fears to see Kotalingam in the train. Then after 3 years in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Auto Nagar Industrial Estate, Vijayawada|Autonagar]], [[Vijayawada]] where Surya has been mistreated by his maternal uncle Bharani who has a grudge against his parents for doing [[Inter-caste marriage]] and orders him to leave. Then his neighbor Sitaramaraju, a mechanical engineer, runs a work shop, gives shelter to him, and treats him like his son.

After 8 years in 1984 the young Surya who gained great ability on [[Engines]] who successfully made India's first [[Diesel engine]] and presents in Autonagar along with his friends Kicha, Bunty and others in front of Bharani and his daughter Sirisha "Siri" who has a crush on her. Then, after observing their expertise, Jeeva, a gangster offers a job to Sitaramaraju, who eventually rejects, which leads to a fight that provokes Surya to kill Jeeva under self defense. But Surya has been arrested for murder and served sentences for 5 years where he completed his graduation in [[Mechanical engineering]] under the guidance of the Jailer. Meanwhile, Indra, a gangster turned [[Corporator]] to Autonagar who destroyed Sitaramaraju's workshop and replaces Surya's friends as his workers in his business in the place of Jeeva by force.

Then the story shifts to 1989. Surya releases from jail and reconciles his old friends and finds Autonagar now completely shifts to diesel engines who once they introduced. Then, after reconciling with Sirisha, Surya aims to work on [[Electric vehicle battery]] and starts a manufacturing company of his own. But the circumstances seems is not a bed of roses in Autonagar for Surya. There Indra rules the Autonagar with his iron fist, he is also a loyal subordinate to the [[Mayor]] of Vijayawada is none other than Kotalingam who orchestrated the whole mafia which links to Autonagar

After denial of membership in the Autonagar association by Bharani, he is now a president of the association. Then Surya approaches Indra to get a membership in the association with the help of Kicha, then Indra offers a deal to them in exchange of his membership they accepts later in the midway Surya finds out the deal is about smuggled spare parts and questions it after completion of the deal he denies their commission and leaves. Later, the gang decides to work together for Surya's project. Then suddenly Surya finds out Sitaramaraju after the destruction of his workshop, who becomes depressed and addicted to alcohol, then Surya joins along with him in the project soon, the gang successfully makes a prototype of the battery vehicle with the investment of Bhagwan, a private financier involved because holds a secret grudge against Indra. Later, Surya presents the prototype in front of Sirisha and proposes her, and she accepts.

Then the issue begins; Surya locks horns with Giri a trusted aid to Indra regarding his prototype. Later, he orchestrated a complaint against Surya and his friends for making [[Monopoly]] in the Autonagar who are not members of the association. However, Surya gets approval from the association and becomes a member of his intellect. Soon, Surya progresses his work by buying the governments vehicle for scrape in a public auction against Indra, who regularly stays only bidder in the auction. Surya also questions the system in the association which makes Indra angry and warns Bharani to control his nephew, which reveals Bharani is a puppet of Indra because he has all the control over Bharani's investments later he orchestrates Association members alleges Bharani involves in the union scam.

Meanwhile, Surya slowly gains support from the weaker members in the association and forms an aligned with them to try to expose the union scam doing by the Indra backed by the mayor. Then Giri attempts to kill them, but Surya and his friends alert and counter them back. Then Indra involves a corrupt commissioner and orchestrates a fake ride on the whole of Autonagar and seizes all workshops. Then commissioner warns them not to mess with Indra and joins with them or else Surya having a past criminal record his future will be ruined by them.

Then Surya counters back by kidnapping Indra's son Bharath and demands further claims no option left Indra obeys all of the demands as Surya said, including the issues related to union scam and reveals there is no involvement of his uncle in the Union scam. Later, Surya exposes the commissioner in a brothel and destroys Indra's lorry agency. Later, he gives the investment amount to his uncle, though he mistreats again and shows hatred towards him. Later, a final blow to Indra, Surya, makes him obey to cast his vote in the city council for the favor of the Autonagar association's autonomy and declares rebellion against the Mafia

Then the Mayor involves stopping the rebellion against his regime he abducts Bharani and orders Surya to get Bharath alive in his Uncle's exchange. Then, a pandemonium established in the Autonagar, which results in the death of Bunty and Sitaramaraju, then enraged Surya kills Indra and Giri and whole Autonagar strikes back on the mobs of Mayor. Which eventually exposed by the mafia and the union scam in the Autonagar association and becomes a sensation of the whole state.

Later, guilt ridden Bharani apologized Surya for his actions towards him, accepted him as his nephew, and declared him as his son-in-law. Later in a private unofficial meet, the Mayor offers Indra's position to Surya, but he rejects it and reminds him about their past encounter in the train Mayor admits it by saying he is here not for compromise but to observe and identify him as the result of his past deed. Then he challenges Mayor to overthrown his regime soon by claiming it is not a personal war or vengeance it is a war between the oppressed and oppressors, soon making him out of power.

Then the story shifts to 1991 where Surya is organizing a political rally in the Autonagar then the Mayor's gang attacks the rally and abducts Kicha, then Surya follows the gang into a ware house then to his shock Kicha backstabs him for Indra's position. Then Mayor tries to kill both of them but in the scuffle, Surya kills Mayor and spares Kicha by saying, "You believed him and lost your friend" and says to injured mayor that he has seen his victory not on his death but he has seen his death on his victory". After hearing this the mayor dies.

Finally, the film ends with Surya establishing a proper democratic system in Autonagar.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Naga Chaitanya]] as Surya
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as [[Mayor]] Kotalingam
*[[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]] as Kicha
*[[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]] as Bharani, Autonagar Union President, a puppet to Indra, maternal uncle to Surya, and father of Sirisha
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Corporator Indra
* Sammetta Gandhi as Sitaramaraju, Surya's father figure.
*[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as Sirisha "Siri", Surya's love interest
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Kamalakatla Brahmanandam "Super Mechanic Brahmi", who researches on [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas|LPG]] vehicles, rival of Surya.
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Jailor
*[[Brahmaji]] as Indra's brother-in-law
*Sai Pradeep as Bunty
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Loan Officer
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Srinu an assistant to Brahmi.
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Giri
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Commissioner
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Collector
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Jeeva
*[[Ajay Ghosh]] as Giri's henchman
*[[Prudhvi Raj]] as financier Bhagwan
*[[Master Bharath]] as Bharath, son of Indra
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Surya's father
*[[Surekha Vani]] as Surya's mother
* Kimaya as an [[item number]] "Hyderabad Biriyani"
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
During the [[post-production]] activities of his directorial ''[[Prasthanam]]'', a 26-year-old IT employee was migrating from Chennai to Calcutta along with his wife, 18-month-old baby and some extra luggage. In Orissa around midnight, a couple of drunk railway police boarded the compartment. They asked him whether he paid for all of the extra luggage. They demanded him to pay for the extra luggage and threatened to throw the luggage out of train if not paid. The IT employee refused to pay as he already bribed a ticket collector in Chennai. When they asked him to show the receipt, he questioned them "since when they have been issuing receipts for bribes?" and asked if they are going to issue one if he pays now. A quarrel took place which ended with the Railway police throwing the IT employee's wife and the 18-month-old baby out of the running train, both died on spot. This disturbed him very much, which he told in an interview later.<ref name="ANS Seed Interview">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2014 |title=The seed of Autonagar Surya by Deva Katta |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/autonagarsurya-theseed.html |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Deva Katta later reacted to the incident. He said, "The problem does not lay 'in' the system but way 'under' the system, deep inside each one of us, our very understanding about life and its interconnections. All actions and reactions finally boil down to the elemental level of thinking with which we live and view others life." He also said that "More than the incident it was the responsiveness of the total system that alarmed me the most" as there was no news later about the IT employee and about the actions taken on those drunk police officers. That article made Deva Katta to design the conditions and basic frame of the film's plot and the protagonist's character and claimed no reference to the people involved in the incident anywhere in the film. He added that the disturbance is a "subconscious stream" in the film and said that the film is all about "an underdog's rise from a nobody to somebody while fighting for his share of life, ambition and happiness".<ref name="ANS Seed Interview" />

Though the origin of this project was revealed by Deva Katta in the late 2010, Naga Chaitanya signed an Untitled film which was reported to be directed by Deva Katta under Max India Productions which would make this film Deva Katta's Third Directorial Venture in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga Chaitanya under Deva Katta's direction |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/11116/naga-chaitanya-under-deva-kattas-direction.aspx |access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> Deva Katta confirmed that the project is ''Autonagar Surya'' itself and not any other film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2011 |title=Deva confirms 'Autonagar Surya' title |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/deva-confirms-autonagar-surya-title-telugu-news-63759 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Due to the construction of an automobile industry set designed by [[Art director|Art Director]] Ravindra, the filming delayed and was set to start after Naga Chaitanya completed his shooting for [[Dhada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2011 |title=Filming of Autonagar Surya will start this Aug |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/12094/filming-of-autonagar-surya-will-start-this-aug.aspx |access-date=2 July 2011 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> After Dhada became a Box Office failure, news of shelving the film temporarily were reported.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2011 |title=Deva Katta's Autonagar Surya to be shelved? |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/12498/deva-kattas-autonagar-surya-to-be-shelved.aspx |access-date=5 September 2011 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> However, the film had an official launch on Vijaya Dasami of 2011.<ref name="ANS Summer 2012">{{Cite web |title=Autonagar Surya to be launched for Vijayadasami |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/12625/autonagar-surya-to-be-launched-for-vijayadasami.aspx |access-date=19 September 2011 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> A Tata 207 pickup truck was stripped down for a unique and massive look which was used by the Hero in the film predominantly. The truck's photo was released later which gained attention from the public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2013 |title=Deva Katta reveals details of ANS truck |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/deva-katta-reveals-details-of-ans-truck.html |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref>

===Casting===
In December 2010, reports emerged that [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] was recruited to play the role of Surya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balayya's next to be 'Autonagar Surya' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/62610.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229024208/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/62610.html |archive-date=29 December 2010 |access-date=27 December 2010 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> However, Deva Katta dismissed those reports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Playing 'Autonagar Surya'? |url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/who-is-playing-autonagar-surya--25903.html |access-date=28 December 2010 |publisher=greatandhra.com}}</ref> Later it was reported that Deva Katta approached [[Pawan Kalyan]] for playing the title role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2011 |title=Pawan Kalyan in 'Autonagar Surya'? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pawan-kalyan-in-autonagar-surya--telugu-news-62853 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Finally after much speculation, [[Naga Chaitanya]] was signed to play the role of Surya in February 2011 and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] was apparently selected as the heroine with only the former was confirmed then.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2011 |title=Samantha to pair up with Chaitu again |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/samantha-to-pair-up-with-chaitu-again-malayalam-news-64380 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The role of Surya played by Chaitanya in the film was said to be a skilled mechanic based in Vijayawada but the director claimed it to have no connection with Vijayawada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitu plays a skilled mechanic in Autonagar Surya |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/news-interviews/32941534_1_deva-katta-autonagar-surya-naga-chaitanya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829164952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/news-interviews/32941534_1_deva-katta-autonagar-surya-naga-chaitanya |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=30 July 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initially, [[Nithya Menen]], [[Kajal Agarwal]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] were considered for the role of Heroine<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2011 |title=Nithya Menon opposite Naga Chaitanya |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/11944/nithya-menon-opposite-naga-chaitanya.aspx |access-date=13 June 2011 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajal Agarwal in Autonagar Surya |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Kajal-Agarwal-in-Autonagar-Surya!-4-103638.html |access-date=2 April 2011 |publisher=way2movies.com}}</ref> but later Samantha was recruited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha-Naga Chaitanya's filmi hattrick |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/news-interviews/34554016_1_naga-chaitanya-autonagar-surya-samantha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007041854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/news-interviews/34554016_1_naga-chaitanya-autonagar-surya-samantha |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She was reported to be playing a mass role with some shades of comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha goes for a mass role in ANS |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-29/news-interviews/31253813_1_samantha-naga-chaitanya-autonagar-surya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007041908/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-29/news-interviews/31253813_1_samantha-naga-chaitanya-autonagar-surya |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=29 March 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Rakul Preet Singh]] was recruited to play another heroine marking her first collaboration with Naga Chaitanya,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakul Preet Singh in Autonagar Surya |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/news-interviews/29721524_1_naga-chaitanya-prabhas-nagarjuna |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930192615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/news-interviews/29721524_1_naga-chaitanya-prabhas-nagarjuna |archive-date=30 September 2013 |access-date=30 June 2011 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which was later denied.

Veteran actor and voice artist [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Sai Kumar]] was recruited to play the role of Heroine's father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am underrated: Sai Kumar |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article1472304.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224065826/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article1472304.ece |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=21 February 2013 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Brahmanandam]] was recruited to play a hilarious role and later some morphed photos of Brahmanandam used in the film were officially released into the Internet which received positive response allover.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deva Katta Borrowing Ideas From Fans |url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/7815/Deva-Katta-Borrowing-Ideas-From-Fans |access-date=13 June 2012 |publisher=gulte.com}}</ref> It was said that his role was named "Super Mechanic" Brahmi who is a rival to Surya's business and [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] would be his assistant. Apart from this, Madhu of "Chakravakam" fame was recruited to play the role of City Mayor and [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] was recruited to play the role of corporator of the city. Popular actors [[Ravi Prakash]] and Surekha Vani were recruited to play the roles of Surya's parents who die in an unexpected train accident when Surya was of 4 years.<ref name="RFC Shoot The Hindu" /> Mumbai dance based reality show contestant Kimaya was recruited for an item song in the movie after the film's team saw her in a special song in a Kannada film named [[Dakota Picture]].<ref name="Kimaya">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2014 |title=Kimaya sizzles in Autonagar Surya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Kimaya-sizzles-in-Autonagar-Surya/articleshow/31171766.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Filming===
The filming officially started from 14 October 2011 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2011 |title=Autonagar Surya in regular shooting from Oct 14th |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/12837/autonagar-surya-in-regular-shooting-from-oct-14th.aspx |access-date=15 October 2011 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> After wrapping key portions, the film unit resumed its shooting in [[Hyderabad]] from 27 February 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autonagar Surya in Hyd from 27th |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/13528/autonagar-surya-in-hyd-from-27th.aspx |access-date=18 February 2012 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> Two songs were canned on Chaitanya and Samantha at [[Ramoji Film City]] and Annapoorna Studios under the choreography of [[Raju Sundaram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitu-Samantha shooting in RFC for Autonagar Surya song |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/13615/chaitu-samantha-shooting-in-rfc-for-autonagar-surya-song.aspx |access-date=29 February 2012 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2012 |title=Autonagar Surya song in Annapurna Studios |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/13656/autonagar-surya-song-in-annapurna-studios.aspx |access-date=6 March 2012 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> The Climax was shot at Ramoji Film City in [[Hyderabad]] in which Chaitanya and others participated.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Autonagar Surya" shooting in RFC |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-05/news-interviews/32055064_1_autonagar-surya-ramoji-film-city-director-deva-katta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007050639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-05/news-interviews/32055064_1_autonagar-surya-ramoji-film-city-director-deva-katta |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=5 June 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In December 2012, the opening sequence of the film was shot at a railway station set in Ramoji Film City by using an old steam engine train which was said to be used in the film in Night Effect.<ref name="RFC Shoot The Hindu" /> However the film's shoot was halted due to financial turmoil and the news of its revival came in August 2013 by Deva Katta himself.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Autonagar Surya shoot to resume soon? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-shoot-to-resume-soon/articleshow/22062392.cms |access-date=26 August 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He further added that they are planning to start the shoot from 10 September 2013, finish a song and the patchwork in India and shift to Malaysia for the last song which would complete the photography work.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Auto Nagar Surya' Shooting To Resume From 10th September |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/97000.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904103036/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/97000.html |archive-date=4 September 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

The film then had a silent shoot and by November, Deva Katta revealed that 90% of the film's shoot was complete and Sai Kumar dubbed for his role underway and the remaining portions were informed to be wrapped up soon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Autonagar Surya getting ready for December |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/autonagar-surya-getting-ready-for-december.html |access-date=4 November 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> On 11 November 2013 it was reported that the last song was being shot on Naga Chaitanya and Samantha in Hyderabad for 3 days with which entire shooting of the film would be completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auto Nagar Surya shoot resumes |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/autonagarsurya-shootresumes.html |access-date=11 November 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> The song was wrapped up on 14 November 2013 with yet another song's shoot to be done.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2013 |title=Samantha wraps up ANS song |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/samantha-wraps-up-ans-song.html |access-date=14 November 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> Later it was announced that the last song's shoot would take place from 27 November 2013 whose completion would end the principal photography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2013 |title=ANS last song from Nov 27th |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ans-last-song-from-nov-27th.html |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> It was a flirtatious song titled ''Hyderabad Biriyani'' shot on the street where Surya resides in the film.<ref name="Kimaya" /> It was shot on Naga Chaitanya and Kimaya under Raju Sundaram choreography at Rock Castle in [[Hyderabad]] and the shooting completed on 30 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Autonagar Surya wrapped up |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-wrapped-up/articleshow/26633758.cms |access-date=30 November 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Autonagar Surya (soundtrack)}}
[[Anup Rubens]] composed the music and background score for this film which marks his first collaboration with both [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Deva Katta]]. The soundtrack featured seven songs with lyrics written by [[Anantha Sriram]].<ref name="RFC Shoot The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=15 December 2012 |title=100% mass entertainer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/100-mass-entertainer/article4204967.ece |access-date=16 December 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film's music launch was delayed multiple times due to production delays, before being held on 31 January 2014 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auto Nagar Surya audio on 31January |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/autonagarsurya-audio-19january.html |access-date=16 January 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> The album was released under the [[Aditya Music]] label.<ref>{{Citation |last=Music |first=Aditya |title=Autonagar Surya Track List |date=30 January 2014 |url=https://gaana.com/album/autonagar-surya |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Deva Katta's Autonagar Surya's music launched in Hyderabad - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/Deva-Kattas-Autonagar-Suryas-music-launched-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/29109827.cms |access-date=13 June 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Daggubati Rana graced the music launch of Autonagar Surya in Hyderabad - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/Daggubati-Rana-graced-the-music-launch-of-Autonagar-Surya-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/29100579.cms |access-date=13 June 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Release==
Autonagar Surya is one of the most delayed films in the history of Telugu cinema. During the film's launch in mid October 2011, it was said that the film would release in summer 2012.<ref name="ANS Summer 2012" /> After few failed estimates, Finally in early October 2012, it was confirmed that the film would release in the month of November 2012 as a Diwali release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2012 |title=Autonagar Surya in November |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/15015/autonagar-surya-in-november.aspx |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref> Later, Deva Katta posted in his Twitter that the film would release on 2 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2012 |title=Autonagar Surya release postponed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-release-postponed/articleshow/16721326.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In mid January 2013, Deva Katta announced that the film would release as a summer special.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2013 |title=Autonagar Surya to release in summer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-to-release-in-summer/articleshow/17994113.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In the end of January 2013, Deva Katta posted controversial tweets of producers because of the film's delay and after posting a series of controversial tweets, he tweeted that the film would release in Summer 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |date=24 January 2013 |title=Autonagar Surya director Deva Katta rants against producers |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/director-deva-katta-rant-against-producers-102938.html |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> In the end of August 2013, Deva Katta announced that the film would release in the month of September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2013 |title=Autonagar Surya to release finally |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Autonagar-Surya-to-release-finally/articleshow/22254060.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> But, the producers said that shooting would continue in September 2013 and the film would release on the occasion of Diwali by conducting a press meet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2013 |title=Autonagar Surya to release for Diwali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-to-release-for-Diwali/articleshow/22157858.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In early November 2013, it was reported that the film would release in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Autonagar Surya set for December release |url=http://raagalahari.com/news/17720/autonagar-surya-set-for-december-release.aspx |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref>

In early December 2013, it was reported that the film would release in the end of January 2014 because of lack of theaters during the Sankranthi season i.e. mid January 2014 because of release of [[Mahesh Babu]]'s ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' and [[Ram Charan]]'s ''[[Yevadu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2013 |title=Naga Chaitanya's Autonagar Surya release put off |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-12-05/Naga-Chaitanyas-Autonagar-Surya-release-put-off-78743 |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=The Hans India}}</ref> In the end of December 2013, the makers declared the release date as 31 January 2014 by conducting a press meet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2013 |title='Autonagar Surya' Releasing On The 31st January |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/autonagar-surya-releasing-on-the-31st-january-telugu-news-101639 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> It was also said that the film would release before [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]'', both being produced by R. R. Movie Makers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2013 |title='Autonagar Surya before Paisa? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-before-Paisa/articleshow/28194684.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In early February 2014, it was reported that the film would release on either 14 February 2014 or 21 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2014 |title=Upcoming Telugu Films Releasing in February 2014 |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/upcoming-telugu-films-releasing-in-february-2014-537164 |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=International Business Times India}}</ref> In mid February 2014, the release date was declared as 27 February 2014 on the occasion of Maha Sivarathri by conducting a press meet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya release on Feb 27 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-release-on-Feb-27/articleshow/30399421.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title=For Shivarathri, finally! |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-02-15/For-Shivarathri-finally-86038 |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=The Hans India}}</ref> In the end of March 2014, it was reported that the film may release after the release of Naga Chaitanya's ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' as the film's producers became bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya to release after Manam? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-to-release-after-Manam/articleshow/32766257.cms |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

At the same time, it was said that the film's release has been postponed because of a case filed by the financiers on the producers for non payment of certain sum of money payable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2014 |title=Deva Katta worried about 'Auto Nagar Surya' delay |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/deva-katta-worried-about-auto-nagar-surya-delay-telugu-news-105439 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401033723/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Deva-Katta-worried-about-Auto-Nagar-Surya-delay-telugu-news-105439 |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> It was also said that the film may release after the elections i.e. after May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2014 |title=No fuel yet for Autonagar Surya |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140331/entertainment-tollywood/article/no-fuel-yet-autonagar-surya |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In mid May 2014, it was reported that Deva Katta is working on his next script and has lost hopes on this project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2014 |title=What's next for Deva Katta ? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Whats-next-for-Deva-Katta--telugu-news-107372 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516033838/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Whats-next-for-Deva-Katta--telugu-news-107372 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On 14 June 2014 the film's producer K. Atchi Reddy said that the film's post production work is undergoing and is scheduled for a release on 27 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2014 |title='Auto Nagar Surya' release date confirmed |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-nbsp-nbsp-read-full-story-raquo--tamil-news-108977 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On 17 June 2014, CineGalaxy, Inc. issued a press release which stated that they acquired the overseas theatrical screening rights of the film and are distributing there in association with [[Dil Raju]] and Hari Pictures. They also confirmed the release date as 27 June 2014 with grand premiere shows on 26 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2014 |title="AUTONAGAR SURYA" in overseas by CineGalaxy |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/AUTONAGAR-SURYA-in-overseas-by-CineGalaxy-telugu-news-109107 |access-date=18 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On 19 June 2014 Dil Raju, Deva Katta and K. Atchi Reddy attended the press meet confirming the release date as 27 June.

Dil Raju who secured the Nizam area rights thanked Alankar Prasad and Usha Pictures Balakrishna Rao for helping the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya' will define Naga Chaitanya and me : Deva Katta |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Autonagar-Surya-will-define-Naga-Chaitanya-and-me-Deva-Katta-telugu-news-109184 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530122640/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Autonagar-Surya-will-define-Naga-Chaitanya-and-me-Deva-Katta-telugu-news-109184 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=19 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> In a statement to the [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]], Dil Raju said "All films go through hurdles and Autonagar Surya was no exception. I'm not worried about the film's delayed release because I'm confident about its success. The hero of a film nowadays is the content and this film has very good content. Many have been saying that I'm releasing ‘Autonagar Surya’ now because I want to capitalize on the success of ‘Manam’. However, both the films are different and they belong to different genres. And as I said before, it's the content that matters the most."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2014 |title=Delay in release won't affect 'Autonagar Surya': Dil Raju |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/delay-in-release-wont-affect-autonagar-surya-dil-raju/ |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 20 June 2014 the film's copy was sent to [[Central Board of Film Certification]] for censor.<ref name="Censor 20">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya to be censored on June 20 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Autonagar-Surya-to-be-censored-on-June-20/articleshow/36822844.cms |access-date=19 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

But on 21 June 2014 Shaik Abdul Mohammad, a businessman from Guntur, filed a case on the producers of the film in Guntur court, claiming that the producers have taken an amount of {{INR}}2 crores from him and failed to pay it. He also said that in addition to not paying the amount, the producers have also not given him the distribution rights of the film in Guntur, Prakasam and Nellore districts after collecting the amounts from him. The IV Additional Chief District Judge issued notices to the producers to not release the film till 10 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya' to postpone again |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Autonagar-Surya-to-postpone-again-telugu-news-109295 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623235633/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Autonagar-Surya-to-postpone-again-telugu-news-109295 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> On 23 June 2014 the film was awarded a U/A certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title='Autonagar Surya' censor completed |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Autonagar-Surya-censor-completed-telugu-news-109352 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626044031/http://www.indiaglitz.com/autonagar-surya-censor-completed-telugu-news-109352 |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya gets an U/A |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/auto-nagar-surya-gets-an-ua.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title=Naga Chaitany's Auto Nagar Surya gets an U/A |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/60378/tollywood/naga-chaitany-s-auto-nagar-surya-gets-an-u-a-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626041807/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/60378/tollywood/naga-chaitany-s-auto-nagar-surya-gets-an-u-a-news-details |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=23 June 2014 |publisher=Super Good Movies}}</ref> On the same day, Cinegalaxy, Inc. issued the first list of 65 screens in overseas where the film would be screened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title="AUTONAGAR SURYA" in overseas by CineGalaxy |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/autonagarsurya.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> It was re-censored on 24 June 2014 and was awarded an A certificate with no cuts and a duration of 157 minutes including rolling titles as the makers opted to retain the cuts suggested earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya censored with A certificate |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Autonagar-Surya-censored-with-A-certificate/articleshow/37184972.cms |access-date=25 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 25 June 2014 CineGalaxy Inc., issued a press note regarding the status of the film's US release. In that press note, they said that the hard drives had been shipped already from India in two sets, with one set reaching USA on 24 June and another set on 25 June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title="Autonagar Surya" Release Status in USA |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/109432.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629102900/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/109432.html |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Naga Chaitanya's Autonagar Surya Set For Grand USA Release |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/naga-chaitanya-autonagar-surya-set-for-grand-usa-release-152143.html |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> They added that the film would release in English subtitles and a complete list of theaters would be released soon. It was later revealed that K. Atchi Reddy filed a case in the High Court at Hyderabad challenging the stay granted by a lower court in Guntur on release of the film. He contended that he had nothing to do with the dealing as it was between R. R. Movie makers and the complainant and R. R. Movie Makers have no way connected with the film.<ref name="ANS HC dec" />

===Marketing===
The first look posters and stills depicting the lead pair were released on 23 November 2012 on the occasion of Naga Chaitanya's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2012 |title=Posters: Watch Naga Chaitanya's Autonagar Surya first look |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/naga-chaitanya-autonagar-surya-first-look-posters-101382.html |access-date=22 November 2012 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref> On the same day, a teaser of 43 seconds with a dialogue spelled by Chaitanya was released which gained viral response over the Internet, raising much expectations on the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autonagar Surya: First look of Naga Chaitanya's Telugu film is out |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/autonagar-surya-first-look-of-naga-chaitanyas-telugu-film-is-out/307029-71-219.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219014729/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/autonagar-surya-first-look-of-naga-chaitanyas-telugu-film-is-out/307029-71-219.html |archive-date=19 December 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> After releasing a set of stills after the film's revival, the first visual trailer of the film was reported to be launched on 23 November 2013 again on the occasion of Naga Chaitanya's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2013 |title=ANS trailer on Naga Chaitanya's birthday |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ans-trailer-on-naga-chaitanyas-birthday.html |access-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> It was also informed later that the trailer would be screened in Theaters along with [[Selvaraghavan]]'s directorial ''Varna'', the Telugu [[back-to-back film production|back to back shot]] version of ''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]'', which was released on 22 November 2013 across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Autonagar Surya' trailer attached to 'Varna' |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/autonagarsurya_nov172013.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118142756/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/autonagarsurya_nov172013.php |archive-date=18 November 2013 |access-date=17 November 2013 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> A set of 6 stills, 3 poster designs and the Theatrical trailer of 96 Seconds were released officially into the Web Media on 22 November 2013, a day before Naga Chaitanya's birthday as his birthday gifts by the team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2013 |title=Autonagar Surya Naga Chaitanya Latest Pics |url=http://moviegalleri.net/2013/11/autonagar-surya-naga-chaitanya-latest-pics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124074815/http://moviegalleri.net/2013/11/autonagar-surya-naga-chaitanya-latest-pics.html |archive-date=24 November 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=moviegalleri.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday Posters : Autonagar Surya (Naga Chaitanya) |url=http://gallery.123telugu.com/content/slideshows/Movies/A/AutonagarSurya_Latest1Posters01/imgpages/image000.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125005108/http://gallery.123telugu.com/content/slideshows/Movies/A/AutonagarSurya_Latest1Posters01/imgpages/image000.html |archive-date=25 November 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Auto Nagar Surya Theatrical Trailer 1080 HD – Naga Chaitanya & Samantha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJKZBsggoso |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=[[MAA TV]] at [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

===Distribution===
The worldwide distribution rights were sold for {{INRConvert|18|c}}, to [[Dil Raju]]. The satellite rights were sold for {{INRConvert|4.6|c}}, to [[Gemini TV]]. However, the film recovered twice the amount of its actual production cost of {{INRConvert|25|c}}.

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed to positive response from critics and audiences. Jeevi of [[idlebrain.com]] gave a rating of 3/5 stating "Auto Nagar Surya has good premise and good intention. But should have been edited better. Plus points of the film are dialogues, ideology and performances. First half of the film is nice and with good elevation of protagonist character in pre-interval scenes. Second half of the film should have been better with better screenplay. This film too needs trimming in terms of comedy episodes and songs just like Deva Katta's earlier movie Prasthanam". ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a review stating "Art director Ravindra's massive set representing a mini automobile factory, Srikanth Naroj's cinematography and background score by Anoop Rubens add to the intensity. Autonagar Surya makes for a reasonably good watch and yet, we can't help feeling that Deva Katta is capable of delivering a more hard-hitting film, going by his previous work, Prasthanam."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya: Anger of the 80s |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/autonagar-surya-anger-of-the-80s/article6155705.ece |access-date=27 June 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]'' gave a review stating "In the history of cinema, oft has the subject of [[political thriller]] been told and retold. But this Deva Katta directed film Autonagar Surya makes you sit and take notice of the narrative unfold itself in a peculiar yet interesting way. It does look like a film made with precision and mastery of craft."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2014 |title=Movie Review: Autonagar Surya |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/movie-review-autonagar-surya_157425.html |access-date=28 June 2014 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave a review stating " The setting for the story looks very natural. The cinematography is good and of Chaitanya and Samantha's scenes have come out very well. On the whole, a predictable and long story, Autonagar Surya may not go down well with many. Deva Katta fails this time and falls short of the expectations."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2014 |title=Movie review 'Autonagar Surya': Falls short of expectations |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140627/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-autonagar-surya-falls-short-expectations |access-date=28 June 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a review stating "Overall, Autonagar Surya is meant for die-hard fans of Naga Chaitanya. The film entertains with its action sequences, dialogues and music. Watch it if you're a Naga Chaitanya fan."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2014 |title=It's a Mixed Bag in Autonagar |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/It%E2%80%99s-a-Mixed-Bag-in-Autonagar/2014/06/28/article2304623.ece |access-date=28 June 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>''[[Oneindia|Onenindia Entertainment]]'' gave a review stating "Overall, Autonagar Surya has a simple and routine story, but it is the director's treatment of the subject that makes the film a good entertainer. Naga Chaitanya rocks the viewers with his heroism. The movie is good treat for all Akkineni family fans" and rated the film 3/5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya Movie Review: Naga Chaitanya Rocks Viewers |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/autonagar-surya-movie-review-152312.html |access-date=27 June 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref>

===Box office===
The movie has collected approximately Rs 6.85 crores nett at the global Box Office in the first weekend. Its breakup is Rs 2.2 cr on Fri, Rs 2 cr on Sat and Rs 2.65 cr on Sun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2014 |title=Autonagar Surya (3 Days) First Weekend Collection At Box Office |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/autonagar-surya-3-days-first-weekend-collection-box-office-152594.html |publisher=filmibeat}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

;[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
* Nominated - [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor in a Negative Role]] - [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Chakravakam Madhu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2224057}}

[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian political films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Deva Katta]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2014 action films]]

Yaman (film)

2026-03-03T03:14:37Z

Xannat: started post - done

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Jeeva Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Yaman
| image = Yaman (2017).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Jeeva Shankar]]
| producer = [[Subaskaran Allirajah|A. Subaskaran]] Fatima Vijay Antony
| writer = [[Jeeva Shankar]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Vijay Antony]] [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] [[Thiagarajan]]
| music = Vijay Antony
| cinematography = [[Jeeva Shankar]]
| editing = Veera Senthil Raj
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]] Vijay Antony Film Corporation
| runtime = 159 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|02|24}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yaman''''' ({{langx|en|[[Yama|Lord of Death]]}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political film|political]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2016 |title=Vijay Antony to play dual roles in political action thriller 'Yemen' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-antony-play-dual-roles-political-action-thriller-yemen-51126 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421195750/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-antony-play-dual-roles-political-action-thriller-yemen-51126 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2019 |publisher=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Jeeva Shankar]]. Co-produced by [[Lyca Productions]] and [[Vijay Antony|Vijay Antony Film Corporation]], the film stars [[Vijay Antony]] in a [[dual role]] as father and son, alongside [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], while [[Thiagarajan]] portrays another pivotal character. The film, which features Jeeva Shankar and Vijay Antony doubling up as the cinematographer and the music composer respectively, was released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaman review. Yaman Telugu movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yaman-telugu-movie-review-21301.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133617/https://www.indiaglitz.com/yaman-telugu-movie-review-21301.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The movie was a commercial success.

== Plot ==
During the 1980s, Arivudai Nambi was selected for the MLA seat by Thangapandi’s father rather than Thangapandi, Nambi’s friend. At the same time, Arivudai Namib’s wife, Agaliya, gives birth to a son named Tamizharasan. Thangapandi conspires with Agaliya’s brother, Kathir, to kill Arivudai Nambi to become MLA. One night, Thangapandi and Nambi’s brother-in-law brutally murder Arivudai Nambi and then Pandi murders Kathir. Eventually, Agaliya kills herself and Pandi is elected as MLA. Arivudai Nambi's father raises Tamizharasan by himself.

Thirty years later, Tamizharasan’s grandfather has to have an operation to remove cancer but it cost 3 lakhs. He finds a wallet at a bar and returns it to a man. The man, Govindan, receives a phone call asking someone to go to jail for an accident, and they will be paid 4 lakhs. Tamizh negotiates for 5 lakhs and goes to jail. He meets with Manimaran, and then eventually beats up Selvam. He then saves Manimaran after an assassination attempt in jail. Tamizh meets with a motorbike accident and meets with Anjana. He then falls in love with Anjana.

Manimaran hires goons to kill Tamizh in the sea, but someone calls Tamizh and Tamizh smartly escapes death. Manimaran eventually dies. Karunakaran was the one who called him and decided to protect Tamizh. Tamizh meets Pandi’s aide, Thiyagu, and meets Pandi and hallucinates Arivudai Nambi. Pandi leases Tamizh a bar behind Central station. Selvam and Pandi decides to kill Tamizh. Selvam hires contract killers from outside town to kill Tamizh, but Tamizh smartly beats them up. Tamizh meets up with Selvam and Pandi and threatens to kill Selvam. Selvam tells that Pandi told him to kill Tamizh, and just as Selvam is about to reveal the truth, Pandi takes the gun and kills him. Tamizh eventually decides to step into politics.

Anjana meets with Tamizh and informs him that someone has been constantly calling her and sexually harassing her and she believes that the caller has political support. Tamizh decides to join politics. Tamizh meets with Pandi and discovers that Anjana’s caller is Pandi’s son and Tamizh warns him at gunpoint for his son to apologise to Anjana. Some goons attempt to kill Thamizh using Molotov cocktails and also target his grandfather, and Tamizh’s grandfather is admitted to the hospital. However, he dies. Anjana meets with Tamizh, apologises, and conveys her love. Tamizh meets with Karunakaran and tells him that Thiyagu should become a witness against Pandi. Tamizh then informs Sakthi, his henchman, to kidnap Thiyagu’s family and forces Thiyagu to go to the media and speak against Pandi. Thamizharasan marries Anjana and invites Karunakaran to their wedding. Tamizh informs that he wants to contest as a candidate in the upcoming elections for VTMK (Veera Tamizhar Muentra Kazhagam).

Karunakaran then decides to conspire with Thangapandi to murder Tamizh before the election. Pandi says that he will kill Tamizh and informs Karunakaran that he needs Thiyagu to die for the court cases to disappear. His party inform Tamizh that he has been selected as a candidate for the election, and hears that Thiyagu has met with a fatal car accident. Karunakaran tells Sakthi to kill Tamizh and he will give him the bar and parking lease. Tamizh contemplates Thiyagu’s death. The following day, Tamizh decides to let Anjana stay home and goes to the party rally. Tamizh tells Karunakaran that he knows about the conspiracy to kill him and says that he plans to end the “political game”. Karunakaran tells Sakthi that Tamizh knows of their plan and tells him to kill Tamizh. Sakthi then tells Karunakaran that he was the one who exposed Karunakaran’s plan to Tamizh.

Eventually, Tamizh’s goons kill Councillor Anbazhagan during a planned meeting with a woman and they also kidnap Thangapandi. During a riot at the rally, Sakthi stabs Karunakaran in the back and then sets his car afire. During Karunakaran’s funeral, Tamizh informs the media that Thangapandi masterminded Thiyagu’s and Karunakaran’s deaths. Tamizh wins the MLA election and meets with Pandi at an abandoned warehouse, and fatally hangs Pandi, avenging his father’s death.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay Antony]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Tamizharasan aka Yaman, Arivudai Nambi's son
**Arivudai Nambi, Tamizharasan's father
*[[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Agalya (Anjana)
*[[Shilpa Manjunath]] as Agalya, Nambi's wife and Tamizharasan's mother
*[[Thiagarajan]] as Karunakaran
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Manimaran
*Jayakumar as Selvarathinam (Selvam)
*Aroul D. Shankar as Thangapandian (Pandi)
*Vettai Muthukumar as Kadhir
*[[Charle]] as Thiagarajan (Thyagu)
*[[Swaminathan]] as Govindhan
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as Tamizharasan's grandfather and Nambi's father
*[[Arjai]] as Sakthi
*[[Sreeja Ravi]] as Karunakaran's wife
*[[D. R. K. Kiran]] as Anbazhagan
*Gajaraj as Party Member
*Ashok Pandian as Police
}}

==Production==
In December 2015, Jeeva Shankar announced that his next film would feature [[Vijay Antony]] and the pair would collaborate after working together in ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' (2012). Shankar had initially discussed the script with other actors including [[Vijay Sethupathi]], who had requested the director to finish the script in two months, but Shankar took eight months and Vijay Sethupathi became busy with other projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=11 February 2017 |title=Power politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Power-politics/article17288258.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133616/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Power-politics/article17288258.ece |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Antony's availability meant that Shankar chose to cast him in the lead role. He revealed that the film would be a political thriller film set in Chennai and Antony would portray the character who brings "the message of death".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title='Naan' combo back again for an action film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-combo-back-again-for-an-action-film/articleshow/50282462.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906211115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Naan-combo-back-again-for-an-action-film/articleshow/50282462.cms |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] was signed on as the film's lead actress during January 2016, while [[Lyca Productions]] announced that they would produce the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2016 |title=The Heroine of Vijay Antony-Jeeva Shankar film - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mia-george-is-the-heroine-of-vijay-antony-jeeva-shankar-yeman-tamil-news-151334.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133617/https://www.indiaglitz.com/mia-george-is-the-heroine-of-vijay-antony-jeeva-shankar-yeman-tamil-news-151334.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Antony put on weight for the film and began working on the project during the same month, with the producers revealing that the film would be shot within eighty days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=31 January 2016 |title=I've been binge-eating to gain weight!: Vijay Antony |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310116/i-ve-been-binge-eating-to-gain-weight.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133618/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/310116/i-ve-been-binge-eating-to-gain-weight.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Thiagarajan]] joined the film's cast during May 2016 and revealed that he would portray the lead antagonist, appearing as a "political mastermind".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Thiagarajan plays a political mastermind in his next, Yeman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thiagarajan-plays-a-political-mastermind-in-his-next-Yeman/articleshow/52504465.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918074202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thiagarajan-plays-a-political-mastermind-in-his-next-Yeman/articleshow/52504465.cms |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Several scenes were shot in Chennai, while a prison set was erected in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] for the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=23 January 2017 |title=A political thriller for Vijay Antony |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230117/a-political-thriller-for-vijay-antony.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133615/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230117/a-political-thriller-for-vijay-antony.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> A song was shot in Mumbai during July 2016 featuring Vijay Antony and Miya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2016 |title=Vijay Antony's 'Yeman'- Important shooting update - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-antony-miya-george-yeman-shooting-happening-in-mumbai-tamil-news-162671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133616/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-antony-miya-george-yeman-shooting-happening-in-mumbai-tamil-news-162671.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The team later moved on to film sequences in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] during July 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Vijay Antony will sport a new look in Yeman song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vijay-Antony-will-sport-a-new-look-in-Yeman-song/articleshow/53504383.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906211158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Vijay-Antony-will-sport-a-new-look-in-Yeman-song/articleshow/53504383.cms |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yaman
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|02|4}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Lyca Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Saithan]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Annadurai (film)|Annadurai]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by [[Vijay Antony]]. The song "Yem Mela Kai Vachaa Gaali" was released as a single in September 2016, during the [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] match of Kovai vs Chepauk held in Tirunelveli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-09 |title=Vijay Antony's Yemen single track launched |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-antonys-yemen-single-track-launched-49607 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002122409/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-antonys-yemen-single-track-launched-49607 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> The album was released on 4 February 2017 by Lyca Music.

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil (original)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yem Mela Kai Vachaa Gaali
| lyrics1 = Annamalai
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], Chetan, Kumar
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Damelo Dumelo
| lyrics2 = P. Vetriselvan
| extra2 = Saranya, [[Maria Roe Vincent]], El Fe
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Kadavul Ezhuthum
| lyrics3 = [[Ko. Sesha]]
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]], Janaki Iyer
| length3 = 4:57
| title4 = Sigaram Chella
| lyrics4 = Eknath
| extra4 = [[Jagadeesh Kumar]], Ranjith Unni, [[Velmurugan]], Ayappan
| length4 = 2:44
| title5 = Neeye Thaniyaai
| lyrics5 = Muthumilan
| extra5 = Jagadeesh
| length5 = 2:44
}}

==Release==
The film had a worldwide theatrical release on 24 February 2017. The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]]. The film received mixed to positive reviews from both critics and the audience. Sify.com gave the film a positive review, stating "to conclude, ''Yaman'' is a film with many layers, and one with solid drama at its core, which makes it such an engaging watch" and that "it is that rare kind of film which transports you bang in the middle of its action".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaman review: An intense political drama |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/yaman-review-an-intense-political-drama-review-tamil-rcyqRdgeccdeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224205743/http://www.sify.com/movies/yaman-review-an-intense-political-drama-review-tamil-rcyqRdgeccdeb.html |archive-date=24 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In their review of the film, ''[[The Hindu]]'' found "strong performances and detailing save the day for Vijay Antony's ''Yaman''... the film's release timing is apt in the country's politically active scenario".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=24 February 2017 |title=Yaman: A political plunge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Yaman-review-A-political-plunge/article17361606.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133616/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Yaman-review-A-political-plunge/article17361606.ece |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "overall, a little more pace, doing away a duet song which appears in the second half which makes audience yawn and slight tone down of heroism would have worked wonders". ''The Indian Express'' called it "a watchable political drama, which has come out at the right time in the light of the ongoing political crisis in [[Tamil Nadu]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |title=Yaman Movie Review {3/5}: Vijay Antony has once again chosen a script which suits him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaman/movie-review/57341569.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Likewise, ''The Deccan Chronicle''{{'}}s review mentioned, "the film works only in parts". ''The New Indian Express'' stated "despite the glitches, and with more positives than negatives, ''Yaman'' is a fairly interesting watch".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: This is not the 'Yaman' of all political dramas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/25/review-this-is-not-the-yaman-of-all-political-dramas-1574351.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133616/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/25/review-this-is-not-the-yaman-of-all-political-dramas-1574351.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=25 February 2017 |title=Yaman movie review: Decent political drama that only works in parts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/250217/yaman-movie-review-decent-political-drama-that-only-works-in-parts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323133616/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/250217/yaman-movie-review-decent-political-drama-that-only-works-in-parts.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "There's too much dialogue, explaining what we already know. And Vijay Antony isn't actor enough to clue us in to the character's inner workings...To his credit, he wants to veer away from the mass-hero template. His films actually have a story. If only he'd find better people to tell them."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Yaman Movie Review – Film Companion |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/yaman-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031105847/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/yaman-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-05 |title="Yaman total worldwide box office collections" |url=https://collectionsdaysmovieboxofficephotos.com/collection/box-office/tamil/yaman-total-worldwide-box-office-collections |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019132557/https://collectionsdaysmovieboxofficephotos.com/collection/box-office/tamil/yaman-total-worldwide-box-office-collections |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-19 |website=CDMBP - Indian Box Office Destination}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6567396}}

{{Lyca Productions}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Prithvi-vallabha (title)

2026-02-28T07:05:52Z

Xannat: started a data basic info

{{about|the Sanskrit royal title|other uses|Prithvi Vallabh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Shri Prithvi-vallabha''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|''Pṛthvīvallabha''}}), or '''{{IAST|Vallabha-rāja}}''',{{sfn|Inden|2000|pp=214–15}} was an imperial title used by several kings that ruled in present-day [[India]], including the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]] and the [[Rashtrakuta]]s. It is a [[Kshatriya]] title that translates as "Lord of the Earth," or alternatively as "Husband of the Earth and Her Fortunes." and this title was also associated with [[Jainism]], as it is frequently found in inscriptions of Jain kings and donors across Deccan.<ref>Settar, S. (1989). ''Jaina Art and Architecture'', Vol. 2. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 85.</ref>
== Chalukyas of Vatapi ==
All the sovereign rulers of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Vatapi Chalukya]] dynasty bore the title ''[[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Shri-prithvi-vallabha]]'', which means "the husband of the goddess of fortune and the Earth".{{sfn|Dikshit|1980|p=34}} [[Mangalesha]] bore the exact title of ''Prithvi-vallabha'', as attested by the [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta]] inscriptions.{{sfn|Dikshit|1980|p=52}} The [[Manor, India|Manor]] inscription of the Chalukya governor [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Jayashraya Mangalarasa|Jayashraya Mangalarasa]], dated to 7 April 691 (year 613 of the [[Shaka era]]), also mentions ''Prithvi-vallabha'' as one of his titles.{{sfn|Dikshit|1980|p=309}} His son [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]] also bore the title.{{sfn|Dikshit|1980|p=166}}

== Rashtrakutas ==
Among the Rashtrakutas, the title was first used by Dantidurga, an 8th-century ruler of the Deccan and the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.<ref>Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. p. 45.</ref> Prithvi means "the earth" and vallabha means either "head of household" or "lover", thus the title can be loosely translated as "Lord of the Earth".<ref>Kamath, S.U. (2001). ''A Concise History of Karnataka''. Bangalore: Jupiter Books. p. 75.</ref> The title was associated with [[Jainism]], as it is frequently found in inscriptions of Jain kings and donors across Deccan.<ref>Settar, S. (1989). ''Jaina Art and Architecture'', Vol. 2. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 88.</ref> Some records even equate Dantidurga and his heirs with exalted religious ideals.<ref>Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. p. 102.</ref> The title was often abbreviated to Vallabha, and is also found in contemporary [[Jain]] texts.<ref>Settar, S. (1989). ''Jaina Art and Architecture'', Vol. 2. p. 89.</ref> and also The title was abbreviated to ''vallabha'' and was written by Muslim observers as ''Balhara''.{{sfn|Keay|2000|p=191}}

== Later dynasties ==
The title was also adopted by the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], who succeeded the Rashtrakutas in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Yoffee|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=58WgTin1ORsC&pg=PA174 174]}} The title was also used by [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] alias Vakpati of [[Paramara dynasty]], which succeeded the Rashtrakutas in [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA36 36]}}

==See also==
*[[Balhara (title)]], Arabic transliteration of Vallabha
*[[Hammira (disambiguation)|Hammira]], Sanskrit transliteration of Arabic emir
*[[Suratrana]], Sanskrit transliteration of Arabic sultan

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Works cited ===
{{lacking ISBN}}
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |first=Durga Prasad |last=Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}
* {{cite book|last=Inden| first =Ronald B.|year= 2000| title = Imagining India| place = Bloomington| publisher =Indiana University Press}}
* {{cite book |title=India, a History |first=John |last=Keay |author-link=John Keay |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2000}}
*{{cite book |last=Yadava |first=Ganga Prasad |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |publisher=Concept |year=1982}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Norman |editor-last=Yoffee |title=Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research |year=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-081652670-3}}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Karjule Hareshwar

2026-02-26T14:06:21Z

Xannat: updated details

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karjule Hareshwar
| other_name =
| nickname = Karjule
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Karjule Hareshwar Entry Gate.jpg
| image_alt = Main entry gate of Karjule Hareshwar
| image_caption = Main entry gate of Karjule Hareshwar
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|10|01|N|74|19|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Parner Taluka|Parner]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1031
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Parner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parner]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 414304
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02488
| registration_plate = MH-16, MH-17
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Karjule Hareshwar''' formerly called '''Karjule Harya''' is a village in [[Ahmednagar district]] of Maharashtra, India, on Kalyan Ahmednagar highway [[National Highway 222]].
It is located 50 km towards west from District headquarters Ahmednagar, 25 km from Parner and 181 km from State capital [[Mumbai]].<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/5244039/Karjule-Hareshwar-klm Karjule Hareshwar on Wikimapia]</ref>

[[File:Mandohol Dam Karjule Hareshwar.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Mandohol Dam in Karjule Hareshwar|alt= Mandohol Dam in Karjule Hareshwar]]

== Mandohol Dam ==
{{Main article|Mandohol Dam}}
[[Mandohol Dam]] was constructed on the Mandohol river between 1977 and 1983.

==See also==
* [[:mr:कर्जुले हरेश्वर|Marathi Bharatpedia Article]]
* [[Mandohol Dam]]
* [[Takali Dhokeshwar]]
* [[Parner]]
* [[Waphare Wadi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{Parner tehsil topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Parner taluka]]
[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]

Shree Jain Vidyalaya

2026-02-21T06:22:46Z

Xannat: started new article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Shree Jain Vidyalaya
| native_name = SJV
| logo = Shree Jain Vidyalaya's Logo.png
| logo_size = 80
| seal_image =
| image = SJV School building in it's early years.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = SJV during its early years
| motto = सम्यक ज्ञान, सम्यक दर्शन, सम्यक चरित्र
| motto_translation = Right Knowledge, Right Belief, Right Conduct
| location = 18D, Phusraj Bacchawat Path
| city = Kolkata
| state = West Bengal
| postal_code = 700001
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.576|88.351|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = [[Private school|Private]], [[Single-sex school|Single-sex]]
| patron = [[Mahavir]]
| established = {{Start date|1934|03|17|df=y}}
| opened =
| founder = Phusraj Bacchwat
| status = Open
| locale =
| sister_school = Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Howrah (Boys)
| trustee = Shree Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jain Sabha
| specialist =
| session =
| school_number =
| school_code =
| MOE =
| ofsted =
| ceeb =
| us_nces_school_id =
| president = Binod Chand Kankaria
| chair =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| dean =
| administrator =
| rector =
| director =
| principal = Sanjay Kumar Pandey
| principal_label = Headmaster
| staff =
| teaching_staff = 120+
| grades = 1-12
| gender =
| age_range =
| enrollment_as_of =
| sixth_form_students =
| enrollment = 2900+
| system =
| classes_offered =
| language = English
| schedule_type =
| schedule =
| hours_in_day =
| campuses =
| campus =
| area =
| campus_type = Urban
| houses =
| accreditation = [[WBBSE]], [[WBCHSE]]
| newspaper = Abhas {{noitalic|([[Hindi]] : आभास)}}
| yearbook = Abha {{noitalic|([[Hindi]]: आभा)}}
| website = {{URL|https://sjv.edu.in/}}
}}
'''Shree Jain Vidyalaya, Kolkata''' ({{Abbr.}}'''SJV''') is a school for secondary and senior secondary education located in the [[Burrabazar]] region of [[Kolkata]], India. It is affiliated with the State Boards [[WBBSE]] and [[WBCHSE]] and with an enrollment of over 2,900 students. The school was founded in 1934 by Phushraj Bacchwat, in whose honour the address of the school was renamed from Sukeas Lane to Phusraj Bachhawat Path.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Jain Vidyalaya Kolkata |url=https://sssjs.com/shree-jain-vidyalaya-kolkata/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=SSSJS |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sanjay Kumar Pandey, who was a former teacher and student of Shree Jain Vidyalaya, is the current headmaster. The school also operates as an IGNOU study center, offering services for BA, BCOM, BPP, CIT, CES, CDS, DCE, and other courses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuj |date=2025-03-05 |title=IGNOU Study Centre Shree Jain Vidyalaya Kolkata Admission |url=https://ignou.icnn.in/ignou-study-centre-shree-jain-vidyalaya/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=ICNN |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Pawan Kumar Goenka]], head of [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]'s Automotive Division, awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Arijit Singh, Mamata Shankar among 9 people from West Bengal to get Padma Shri |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/top-stories/arijit-singh--mamata-shankar-among-9-people-from-west-bengal-to-get-padma-shri.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.sjv.edu.in}}

[[Category:Jain education]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1934]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Priyadarsini Govind

2026-02-19T22:06:39Z

Xannat: started some article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since initial version in 2025, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2025 LLMs, promotional tone etc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyadarsini Govind
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Classical dancer, choreographer, educator
| known_for = [[Bharatanatyam]], Director of [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] (2013–2017)
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2012), [[Kalaimamani]] (1998), Nritya Choodamani (2015)
}}
'''Priyadarsini Govind''' is an [[India|Indian]] classical dancer, choreographer, and educator specializing in [[Bharatanatyam]]. Based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], she served as director of the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] from 2013 to 2017 and has performed and taught Bharatanatyam in India and internationally.<ref name="SangeetNatak">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1704546036_Priyadarsini%20Govind.pdf |website=Sangeet Natak Akademi |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind is new director of Kalakshetra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/priyadarsini-govind-is-new-director-of-kalakshetra/article4901602.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and training==
Priyadarsini Govind was born in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She began learning [[Bharatanatyam]] at age six and performed her arangetram (debut) at nine.<ref name="IndiaToday1999">{{cite web |title=The dance of life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20131118-the-dance-of-life-768420-1999-11-29 |website=India Today |date=29 November 1999 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2012">{{cite web |title=Dance of her heart |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/chen-dance/dance-of-her-heart/article4294256.ece |website=The Hindu |date=11 January 2013 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She trained under [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]], focusing on [[abhinaya]], and Swamimalai K. Rajaratnam of the Vazhuvoor school for [[Nritya]].<ref name="Hindu2013"/><ref name="Sruti">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.sruti.com/index.php/printeditions/sruti-back-issues-individual/priyadarsini-govind |website=Sruti |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> Govind holds a commerce degree from the [[University of Madras]] and a diploma in mass communication.<ref name="Hindu2013"/>

==Career==
Priyadarsini Govind is a prominent [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer known for her precision in [[Nritya]] and nuanced [[abhinaya]], often exploring themes of devotion and human emotions in performances like "Krishna Nee Begane Baaro" and Kshetrayya padams.<ref name="Hindu2024">{{cite web |title=Quietude enhances Priyadarsini Govind's performance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/quietude-enhances-priyadarsini-govinds-performance/article67747846.ece |website=The Hindu |date=22 January 2024 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2011a">{{cite web |title=Emotive portrayal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/Emotive-portrayal/article16737180.ece |website=The Hindu |date=9 December 2011 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> Trained in the Vazhuvoor style, she has choreographed works that incorporate rhythmic variations while preserving traditional forms.<ref name="Hindu2011b">{{cite web |title=Fit to form - Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Fit-to-form-Priyadarsini-Govind/article15377383.ece |website=The Hindu |date=11 February 2011 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="DTNext2015">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind aces the exquisite art of abhinaya |url=https://www.dtnext.in/wellbeing/2015/10/31/priyadarsini-govind-aces-the-exquisite-art-of-abhinaya |website=DT Next |date=31 October 2015 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She has performed at festivals and venues across India, the United States, Singapore, and Europe.<ref name="SangeetNatak">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1704546036_Priyadarsini%20Govind.pdf |website=Sangeet Natak Akademi |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2017a">{{cite web |title=When art and artiste meet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/When-art-and-artiste-meet/article17313246.ece |website=The Hindu |date=27 January 2017 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> Notable international performances include the Erasing Borders Festival in New York (2012), where she presented a Kshetrayya padam and a thillana, and Navaroz with Natya Dance Theatre in Chicago (2008).<ref name="NYT2012">{{cite web |title=Erasing Borders Festival With Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/arts/dance/erasing-borders-festival-with-priyadarsini-govind.html |website=The New York Times |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="NYT2008">{{cite web |title=Natya Dance Theater and Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/arts/dance/03naty.html |website=The New York Times |date=2 November 2008 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She performed solo in Washington, D.C. (2005), showcasing nayika emotions, and collaborated with vocalist [[T. M. Krishna]] there in 2012.<ref name="WP2005">{{cite news |title=Priyadarsini Govind: From One, Many |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/04/12/priyadarsini-govind-from-one-many/62526856-8859-4edc-9275-88ef011603a9/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=12 April 2005 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="WP2012">{{cite news |title=Performance Review: T.M. Krishna and Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/performance-review-tm-krishna-and-priyadarsini-govind/2012/09/24/bbb4614c-0666-11e2-9eea-333857f6a7bd_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

From 2013 to 2017, Govind served as director of the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]], the first non-alumnus or non-faculty member in the role.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind is new director of Kalakshetra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/priyadarsini-govind-is-new-director-of-kalakshetra/article4901602.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOI2013">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind appointed director of Kalakshetra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/priyadarsini-govind-appointed-director-of-kalakshetra/articleshow/21008375.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 July 2013 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She oversaw arts education, expanded outreach programs, and documented Kalakshetra’s costume and production traditions.<ref name="Hindu2015">{{cite web |title=The costume quotient |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-costume-quotient/article6850838.ece |website=The Hindu |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2016">{{cite web |title=Kalakshetra celebrates its 80th year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Kalakshetra-celebrates-its-80th-year/article13969323.ece |website=The Hindu |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She introduced initiatives to promote classical arts in local schools.<ref name="Hindu2016" />

Govind has conducted Bharatanatyam workshops and lecture-demonstrations, including at [[SPIC MACAY]] events in [[Madurai]] and [[Kodaikanal]], emphasizing inclusivity in arts education.<ref name="Hindu2018a">{{cite web |title=Bharatanatyam dancer Priyadarsini Govind on SPICMACAY tour in Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/bharatanatyam-dancer-priyadarsini-govind-on-spicmacay-tour-in-madurai/article22814700.ece |website=The Hindu |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2018b">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini is making classical dance accessible to everyone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/creating-a-bond-with-students-through-dance/article22980531.ece |website=The Hindu |date=8 March 2018 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2017b">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind on the value of art, inclusivity and the UNESCO honour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/priyadarsini-govind-on-the-value-of-art-inclusivity-and-the-unesco-honour/article20478657.ece |website=The Hindu |date=24 November 2017 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> In 2022, she collaborated with director Sruti Harihara Subramanian on the dance film ''Yavanika - The Screen of Illusion'', exploring themes of self and illusion, adapted for digital audiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="Hindu2022">{{cite web |title=Priyadarsini Govind on the making of 'Yavanika' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/yavanika-the-screen-of-illusion-priyadarsini-govind-dance-on-film-sruti-harihara-subramanian/article65895162.ece |website=The Hindu |date=15 September 2022 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She has also researched the contributions of [[devadasi]]s to Bharatanatyam, highlighting their artistic legacy, and discussed art’s role in fostering emotional resilience.<ref name="Hindu2020">{{cite web |title=Relevance of a devadasi's work |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/relevance-of-a-devadasis-work/article31107081.ece |website=The Hindu |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Hindu2017c">{{cite web |title=I am capable of blocking out things that are not pleasant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/i-am-capable-of-blocking-out-things-that-are-not-pleasant/article18050815.ece |website=The Hindu |date=15 April 2017 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="DH2018">{{cite web |title=Art must go |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/art-must-go-701387.html |website=Deccan Herald |date=7 October 2018 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Govind has received several awards for her contributions to Bharatanatyam, including:

*[[Kalaimamani]] from the [[Tamil Nadu]] State Government (1998).<ref name="TOI2013"/>
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2012).<ref name="SangeetNatak"/><ref name="DH2022">{{cite web |title=Ilayaraja, Rajshekhar, Mansur get Akademi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ilayaraja-rajshekhar-mansur-get-akademi-2380850 |website=Deccan Herald |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
*Nritya Choodamani from Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2015).<ref name="SangeetNatak"/>
*Excellence Award from the Rotary Club of Chennai (2018).<ref name="Hindu2018c">{{cite web |title=Excellence award for Priyadarsini Govind |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/excellence-award-for-priyadarsini-govind/article22515924.ece |website=The Hindu |date=16 January 2018 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

Her work has been recognized for its technical skill and emotional depth.<ref name="DH2021">{{cite web |title=Resounding steps |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/resounding-steps-2241661 |website=Deccan Herald |date=28 March 2021 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Govind was married to Muktha Govind, a film producer, until his death in 2016.<ref name="Hindu2014">{{cite web |title=Film producer passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/film-producer-dead/article5893081.ece |website=The Hindu |date=21 May 2016 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> She has emphasized resilience in her career, focusing on her art despite personal challenges.<ref name="Hindu2017c"/><ref name="Hindu2013b">{{cite web |title=Inner strength |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-touchy-notes/article4908341.ece |website=The Hindu |date=12 July 2013 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

==Selected works==
*Yavanika - The Screen of Illusion (2022), a dance film with Sruti Harihara Subramanian.<ref name="Hindu2022"/>
*Performances of traditional pieces like "Krishna Nee Begane Baaro" and Kshetrayya padams, exploring varied nayika emotions.<ref name="Hindu2011a"/>
*Choreography for Kalakshetra productions, preserving Rukmini Devi Arundale’s vision.<ref name="Hindu2016"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govind, Priyadarsini}}
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]

Bangladesh Navy

2026-02-09T23:28:38Z

Xannat:

{{short description|Naval warfare branch of the Bangladesh Armed Forces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Bangladesh Navy
| native_name = {{lang|bn|বাংলাদেশ নৌবাহিনী}} {{transliteration|bn|Bāṅlādēś Nôubāhinī}}
| image = বাংলাদেশ নৌবাহিনীর মনোগ্রাম.svg
| image_size = 175px
| caption = [[Crest (heraldry)|Crest]] of the Bangladesh Navy
| start_date = July 1971{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
| country = {{BAN}}
| branch =
| type = [[Navy]]
| role = [[Naval warfare]]
| size = 22,000 personnel<ref name=personnel>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সশস্ত্রবাহিনীর মোট সদস্য সংখ্যা দুই লাখ চার হাজার ৫৯৬ জন |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/news/2017/06/08/238362 |work=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |date=8 June 2017 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name = personnel2>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সশস্ত্র বাহিনীর সদস্য সংখ্যা ২ লাখ ৪ হাজার ৫৯৬ জন |url=https://dailysangram.com/post/287234-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96-%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8 |work=[[The Daily Sangram]] |language=bn |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108091034/https://dailysangram.com/post/287234-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96-%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="warships1">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh Navy at a Glance |url=https://joinnavy.navy.mil.bd/ |website=Join Bangladesh Navy (official) |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-2020/135665.article |title=World Air Forces 2020 |publisher=Flightglobal Insight |year=2020 |access-date=10 December 2019 |url-access=registration |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210142102/https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-2020/135665.article |url-status=live}}</ref>
| command_structure = {{Flagicon image|Bangladesh Armed Forces Flag.svg|size=23px}} [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]
| garrison = Naval Headquarters (NHQ), [[Banani Model Town|Banani]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]]
| garrison_label = Naval Headquarters
| nickname = BN
| patron =
| motto = শান্তিতে সংগ্রামে সমুদ্রে দুর্জয় ''Śāntitē Sôṅgrāmē Sômudrē Durjôẏ'' ("In War and Peace Invincible at Sea")
| colors = * [[Service dress uniform|Service uniform]]: White,Black {{colour box|#FFFFFF}}{{colour box|#000000}}
* [[Combat uniform]]: Crayola's Cadet Blue, Black Coral, Rainbow Indigo, Gunmetal {{colour box|#B2B4CB}}{{colour box|#515A6B}}{{colour box|#27395F}}{{colour box|#322F42}}
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = [[List of active Bangladesh Navy ships|List of equipment of the Bangladesh Navy]]
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{Collapsible list|{{ubl|[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]|[[Operation Jackpot]]|[[2008 Bangladesh–Myanmar naval standoff]]|[[Operation Devil Hunt]]}}
}}
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| website = {{URL|www.navy.mil.bd}}
| battle_honors = 
| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the President of Bangladesh.svg|size=23px}} [[Mohammed Shahabuddin|President Mohammed Sahabuddin]]
| commander1_label = [[Commander-in-chief]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Chief of Naval Staff (Bangladesh) Flag.svg|size=23px}} [[Admiral (Bangladesh)|Admiral]] [[Mohammad Nazmul Hassan]]<ref name = "Admiral">{{cite news |title=Navy Chief M Nazmul Hassan promoted to Admiral |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/324285/navy-chief-m-nazmul-hassan-promoted-to-admiral |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=3 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
| commander2_label = [[List of Chiefs of Naval Staff|Chief of Naval Staff]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:Chief of Naval Staff (Bangladesh) Flag.svg|border|140px]]
| identification_symbol_label = [[War flag|Flag]]
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Naval Ensign of Bangladesh.svg|border|140px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = [[Naval ensign|Ensign]]
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|140px]]
| identification_symbol_3_label = [[Naval jack|Jack]]
| identification_symbol_4 = [[File:Roundel of Bangladesh – Naval Aviation.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_4_label = [[Roundel]]
| aircraft_helicopter = [[AgustaWestland AW109|AW-109E Power]]
| aircraft_patrol = [[Dornier 228]]NG
}}

The '''Bangladesh Navy''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ নৌবাহিনী|Bānlādeś Noubāhinī}}; abbreviated as BN) is the [[naval warfare]] branch of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]], responsible for defending the maritime interests and territorial waters of [[Bangladesh]]. Operating under the [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Defence]], the Navy conducts maritime security, naval defense, surveillance, and disaster relief operations. Established after the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Liberation War]], the Bangladesh Navy has developed into a modern and professional force, actively participating in [[United Nations]] peacekeeping operations and regional maritime security initiatives. The Bangladesh Navy today is typically categorized as a [[green-water navy]] both domestically and internationally.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's maritime boundary extends |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2014/07/10/44295 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]] |location=Dhaka |access-date=2 July 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091932/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Navy being upgraded as a global standard force: PM |url=http://www1.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=216898$date=2011-12-27&dateCurrent=2012-01-02 |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |date=27 December 2011 |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315100921/http://www1.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=216898$date=2011-12-27&dateCurrent=2012-01-02 |archive-date=15 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM: Navy to get two submarines by 2015 |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/mar/01/pm-visits-chittagong |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=1 March 2014 |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305105503/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/mar/01/pm-visits-chittagong |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Military history of Bangladesh}}

===Origins===
The Bangladesh Navy was created as part of [[Bangladesh Forces]] during Bangladesh's [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 liberation war]] against Pakistan. Its official creation date is July 1971, during the [[Bangladesh Sector Commanders Conference 1971]]. In 1971, with [[West Pakistan]] imposing a brutal military crackdown in [[East Pakistan]], the Bangladesh Liberation War was already underway. Many Bengali sailors and officers in the [[Pakistan Navy]] defected to form the nascent Bangladesh Navy. Initially, there were two ships, ''PADMA'' and ''PALASH'', and 45 navy personnel. On 9 November 1971, the first naval fleet, consisting of six small [[patrol vessel]]s, was inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia |last=Sheren |first=Syeda Momtaz |article=War of Liberation, The}}</ref> These ships attempted to carry out raids on the Pakistani fleet, but were mistakenly hit and sunk by the [[Indian Air Force]] on 10 December 1971. The next major attack was launched on [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]] seaport. According to official figures from the Bangladesh Navy, a total of 334 sailors were involved with the newly created navy, with 22 being killed in action.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladeshnavy.org/liber.html |title=Bangladesh Navy in Liberation War |website=Bangladesh Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613092723/http://bangladeshnavy.org/liber.html |archive-date=13 June 2010}}</ref>

===Independence to the end of the 20th century===
The navy carried out around 45 operations during the war: traditional naval operations and unconventional [[commando]] operations, including [[guerrilla warfare]]. In the first leg of the war, defecting [[Bengal]]i sailors joined the guerrilla forces. It was the eight sailors who defected from the Pakistan Navy submarine ''PNS Mangro'', under construction in France, that pioneered the formation of the naval element during the Liberation War. Later many other naval personnel participated. During the Liberation War, East Pakistan was divided into 11 sectors. Each sector had a commander and a demarcated area of responsibility except sector 10. Sector 10 was nominally responsible for the coastal belt but actually operated over the entire country.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Bangladesh Navy |url=http://www.bangladeshnavy.mil.bd/history.html |website=Bangladesh Navy |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704035414/http://www.bangladeshnavy.mil.bd/history.html |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1971, it was imperative for the occupation force to keep ports and harbours operative and the sea lines of communication open. The Bangladesh Navy fought to block the sea lines of communication and to make the sea and river ports inoperative. They attacked all the seaports, including many river ports. [[Operation Jackpot]] is one of the best known and most successful operations. They carried out [[Naval mine|mining]] in the [[Pasur River]] Channel by patrol craft. With other fighters, they also carried out attacks against the Pakistan Army. As a result, Bangladesh became an independent state within the shortest possible time.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Bangladesh Naval Academy |url=http://www.bangladeshnavy.mil.bd/bna.html |website=Bangladesh Navy |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704015728/http://www.bangladeshnavy.mil.bd/bna.html |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After independence, especially in the 1970s, additional naval infrastructure was required. Two ex-[[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]]s joined the Bangladesh Navy as {{ship|BNS|Umar Farooq|1976|6}} and {{ship|BNS|Ali Haider|1978|6}} in 1976 and 1978, respectively. In 1982, a third ex-Royal Navy frigate joined the BN as {{ship|BNS|Abu Bakr|1982|6}}. The acquisition of these three frigates is considered the principal foundation of the Bangladesh Navy.

===21st century===
{{See also|2008 Bangladesh–Myanmar naval standoff}}
In 2011, the Bangladesh Navy's rescue and medical team, along with the Bangladesh Army, was deployed to Japan after the [[Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Acceptance of Relief Supplies from Bangladesh |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2011/3/0329_01.html |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan |date=29 March 2011 |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004084100/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2011/3/0329_01.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Bangladesh Navy has been an active disaster recovery force abroad. In 2013, the navy deployed {{ship|BNS|Somudra Joy}} carrying humanitarian assistance worth $1 million. The Bangladesh Navy's medical team was also deployed to the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=BN Ship Sailed for Humanitarian Assistance to Philippines |url=http://www.afd.gov.bd/index.php/media-center/news-events/54-bn-ship-sailed-for-humanitarian-assistance-to-phillipines |publisher=[[Armed Forces Division]] |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704060127/http://www.afd.gov.bd/index.php/media-center/news-events/54-bn-ship-sailed-for-humanitarian-assistance-to-phillipines |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Bangladesh Navy joined in the search operation for missing [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 370]] with {{ship|BNS|Khalid bin Walid}}, BNS ''Umar Faruq'', and a [[Dornier 228#Dornier 228NG|Dornier 228NG]] MPA in March 2014. The aircraft was a [[Boeing 777#777-200ER|Boeing 777-200ER]] which had gone missing with 12 Malaysian crew members and 227 passengers from 14 nations during the flight from [[Malaysia]] to China. Later, BNS ''Umar Farooq'' was replaced by BNS ''Somudra Joy''. The search was renewed in May 2014, when an Australian exploration company claimed to have traced aircraft debris in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/navy-scouring-bay-of-bengal-again-for-mh370-after-georesonance-claim |title=Navy scouring Bay of Bengal again for MH370 after GeoResonance claim |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> In 2014, during the water crisis in the [[Maldives]], the Bangladesh Navy was the first to launch humanitarian aid relief by deploying BNS ''Somudra Joy'' with 100 tonnes of bottled water.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh sends water to aid Maldives crisis |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-sends-water-to-aid-maldives-crisis-53990 |access-date=18 July 2015 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=7 December 2014 |location=Dhaka}}</ref>

===Forces Goal 2030===
In 2009, the Bangladesh government adopted a long-term modernisation plan for its armed forces called [[Forces Goal 2030]]. {{as of|2013|post=,}} about a third of the military hardware procured under the plan has been for the navy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasanuzzaman |first=Al Masud |chapter=Civil-Military Relations |year=2016 |editor1-last=Riaz |editor1-first=Ali |editor2-last=Sajjadur Rahman |editor2-first=Mohammad |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC9-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=115 |isbn=978-1-317-30877-5}}</ref> It procured two refurbished [[Type 053 frigate#Type 053H surface-warfare frigate|Type 053H2 (Jianghu III) frigates]] from China in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2-modern-warships-commissioned |title=2 Modern Warships Commissioned |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=1 March 2014 |access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> Two [[United States Coast Guard]] [[High Endurance Cutter]]s joined the BN in 2013<ref name="BDN23122013">{{cite news |title=4 warships including Somoudra Joy commissioned |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/4-warships-including-somoudra-joy-commissioned |access-date=18 July 2015 |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=23 December 2013}}</ref> and 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://navaltoday.com/2015/05/07/former-uscgc-rush-joins-bangladesh-navy/ |title=US hands over second naval ship to Bangladesh |website=navaltoday.com |date=7 May 2015 |access-date=16 August 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091904/https://www.navaltoday.com/2015/05/07/former-uscgc-rush-joins-bangladesh-navy/ |url-status=live}}</ref> which are being used as patrol frigates. The navy also bought an ex-Royal Navy ''Roebuck''-class [[survey vessel]] and two ex-Royal Navy {{sclass2|Castle|patrol vessel|0}} [[offshore patrol vessel]]s (OPVs) which were converted to [[Corvette|guided missile corvette]]s in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/navy-to-be-made-3d-pm |title=Navy to be made 3D: PM |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=5 March 2011 |access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> Two [[Type 056 corvette]]s joined the BN in 2016, while two more were ordered in July 2015, and they are awaiting commissioning.<ref name="ds1Dec2015">{{cite news |date=1 December 2015 |title=Navy's annual exercise ends |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/navys-annual-exercise-ends-180568 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> Two {{sclass|Durjoy|patrol craft|0}} large patrol craft (LPCs) were built in China and joined the BN in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.en.banglanews24.com/printpage/page/76278.html |title=PM arrives in Ctg |newspaper=[[Banglanews24.com]] |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001085451/http://www.en.banglanews24.com/printpage/page/76278.html |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Two more ships of the same class with dedicated [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] capabilities were commissioned in 2017.<ref name="comsn">{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/08/president-hamid-navy-ship-commissioning/ |title=President Hamid commissions four new naval ships |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=8 November 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109061504/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/11/08/president-hamid-navy-ship-commissioning/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Five [[Padma-class patrol vessel]]s have been commissioned into the navy in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/padma-latest-bangladesh-navy-warship |title='Padma' latest Bangladesh Navy warship |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/index.php?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=30-08-2013&type=&pub_no=600&cat_id=1&menu_id=1&news_type_id=1&news_id=136633 |title=PM inaugurates 3 warships, 2 patrol aircraft |work=Daily Sun |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141124184446/http://www.daily-sun.com/index.php?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=30-08-2013&type=&pub_no=600&cat_id=1&menu_id=1&news_type_id=1&news_id=136633 |archive-date=24 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BDN23122013" /> Besides, multiple indigenous built [[Landing Craft Utility|LCU]]s and [[Landing craft tank|LCT]]s have been added to the navy. This marks a new chapter in maritime capability as part of the vision for a Smart Bangladesh by 2041.[https://www.cbgabd.org/2023/03/24/bangladeshs-first-submarine-base-a-step-towards-maritime-capacity-building/]

The Bangladesh Navy opened its aviation wing on 14 July 2011 with the induction of two [[AgustaWestland AW109]] [[helicopter]]s. Later on, two Dornier 228NG MPAs were introduced in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cimsec.org/bangladeshs-submarines-china-implications-bay-bengal-security/30819 |title=Bangladesh's Submarines from China: Implications for Bay of Bengal Security |date=16 February 2017 |work=Center for International Maritime Security |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091931/http://cimsec.org/bangladeshs-submarines-china-implications-bay-bengal-security/30819 |url-status=live}}</ref> To attain underwater operational capabilities, the Bangladesh Navy inducted two off-the-shelf [[Type 035 submarine|Type 035G (Ming class) submarines]] from China on 12 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bangladesh-give-befitting-reply-if-attacked-pm-1374787 |title=Bangladesh to give befitting reply if attacked: PM |work=The Daily Star |agency=UNB |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="dt12Mar2017">{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/12/bangladeshs-first-submarines-commissioned/ |title=Submarines lead Bangladesh navy into new waters |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312081132/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/12/bangladeshs-first-submarines-commissioned/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Bangladesh Navy, with its growing fleet comprising more than 100 small and large ships across different classes, is successfully producing cost-effective, world-class warships within its borders. The naval force of Bangladesh is continually strengthening its maritime capabilities through expansion efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-12 |title=From buyer to builder: Cost-effective world-class warships being manufactured in Bangladesh |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/07/12/from-buyer-to-builder-cost-effective-world-class-warships-being-manufactured-in-bangladesh |access-date=2023-07-13 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

A new base for the Bangladesh Navy, named ''[[BNS Sher-e-Bangla]]'', is being constructed at Rabanabad in [[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]]. It will be the largest naval base of the Bangladesh Navy with submarine berthing and aviation facilities.<ref name="theindependentbd.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233041:largest-naval-base-to-be-in-patuakhali-pm&catid=132:backpage&Itemid=122 |title=Largest naval base to be in Patuakhali: PM |author=Shorwar Hossain |newspaper=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=Dhaka |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018212027/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233041:largest-naval-base-to-be-in-patuakhali-pm&catid=132:backpage&Itemid=122 |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> A full-fledged South Asian largest submarine base, named [[BNS Pekua]], was commissioned 19 March 2023 at Pekua in [[Cox's Bazar]].<ref name="pn12Oct2013">{{cite news |date=12 October 2013 |title=Work started for land acquisition for submarine base: PM |url=http://primenews.com.bd/details/17340 |work=Prime News |agency=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519185247/http://primenews.com.bd/details/17340 |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2023/03/20/bangladeshs-first-submarine-base-starts-operation-today |title=Bangladesh's first submarine base starts operation Monday. PM Sheikh Hasina laid the foundation stone on March 3, 2017 |date=19 March 2023 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |first1=Ali Asif |last1=Shawon |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> A full-fledged naval base, named [[BNS Dhaka]], has been commissioned in Khilkhet, [[Dhaka]]. Dhaka naval area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/?p=115568 |title=PM commissions naval base 'BNS Sheikh Mujib' |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106143528/http://www.bssnews.net/?p=115568 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===UN missions, multinational exercises and naval diplomacy===
[[File:Bangladeshi Vice Admiral Ahmed received by Vice Admiral Lanba.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|Vice Admiral [[Zahir Uddin Ahmed]] received by the Vice Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy, Vice Admiral [[Sunil Lanba]]]]
[[File:CARAT 2012 120922-N-KF309-010.jpg|200px|thumbnail|A U.S. Marine assigned to Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team Pacific and a Bangladesh Navy sailor with Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Command engage the enemy during a noncompliant boarding exercise aboard the Bangladesh Navy offshore patrol vessel BNS Sangu (P 713) during Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) 2012.]] [[File:Coast Guard Cutter Jarvis decommissioning and transfer ceremony (8806393648).jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|BN Chief Vice Admiral [[M. Farid Habib]] with Vice Adm. [[Paul F. Zukunft]], commander of the United States Coast Guard Pacific Area]]In 1993, the Bangladesh Navy joined United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Navy |title=Bangladesh Navy |website=Banglapedia |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091906/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Navy |url-status=live}}</ref> Its first UN mission came in 2005, when a Bangladesh Navy contingent was sent to [[United Nations Mission in Sudan|Sudan]] as Force Riverine Unit (FRU).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2015 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-navy-contributes-two-more-battleships-28542 |title=Bangladesh Navy contributes two more battleships |work=The Daily Star |access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> The Bangladesh Navy joined the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL) in 2010, deploying two ships to the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the frigate {{ship|BNS|Osman}} and the patrol craft {{ship|BNS|Madhumati}}. They were replaced in June 2014 by frigate {{ship|BNS|Ali Haider|2014|6}} and patrol craft {{ship|BNS|Nirmul}}. Corvette {{ship|BNS|Bijoy}} took over from them in 2018, and was in turn replaced by corvette {{ship|BNS|Sangram}} in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://operationalsupport.un.org/sites/default/files/bangladesh_ip_7_review_of_reimbursement_rate_-_bns_sangram_covertte_deployed_in_unifil_mtf.pdf |title=Review of Reimbursement Rate – BNS Sangram (Corvette) Deployed in UNIFIL, MTF |website=Department of Operation Support |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

BN ships regularly participate in exercises with other navies, gaining valuable experience and improving their fighting capabilities. [[Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training#CARAT Bangladesh|CARAT]] is a yearly exercise conducted with the [[United States Navy]] in the Bay of Bengal since 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/Pages/CARAT2013.aspx |title=CARAT 2013 |publisher=United States Navy |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611051123/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/Pages/CARAT2013.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> The BN has sent an OPV to every [[Indian Navy#Naval exercises|MILAN]] multinational naval exercise held near the [[Andaman Islands]] since 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/milan-2014-unequivocal-success |title=Milan 2014 : An Unequivocal Success : Press Release : Indian Navy |work=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319013555/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/milan-2014-unequivocal-success |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Aman Naval Exercise|AMAN]]'', another multinational exercise held every two years in the [[Arabian Sea]], organised by the Pakistan Navy, has also seen participation by BN frigates since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paknavy.gov.pk/aman/intro.htm |title=Exercise AMAN-13 |website=Pakistan Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604004352/http://paknavy.gov.pk/AMAN/Intro.htm |archive-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> BNS ''Bangabandhu'' participated in ''Exercise Ferocious Falcon'', a Multinational Crisis Management Exercise, held at [[Doha]], [[Qatar]], in November 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/bns-bangabandhu-berths-at-kochi/article4066686.ece |title=BNS Bangabandhu berths at Kochi |work=The Hindu |date=5 November 2012 |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224831/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/bns-bangabandhu-berths-at-kochi/article4066686.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> while BNS ''Somudra Joy'' participated in the same exercise in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navy ship leaves Ctg for Qatar |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2409307&date=2015-04-24 |access-date=18 July 2015 |work=[[The News Today]] |date=23 April 2015 |location=Dhaka |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091905/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2409307&date=2015-04-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{ship|BNS|Abu Bakr|2014|6}} took part in the ''14th Western Pacific Naval Symposium'' and ''International Fleet Review-2014'' in [[Qingdao]], [[Shandong|Shandong Province]] of China in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=409521&date=2014-05-13 |title=Naval ship Abu Bakr returns from China |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195001/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=409521&date=2014-05-13 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also participated in the [[Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition]] (LIMA-2015) held in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/mar/12/bns-abu-Bakar-leaves-port-city-lima-2015-malaysia |title=BNS Abu Bakar leaves port city for LIMA-2015 in Malaysia. |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313063634/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/mar/12/bns-abu-Bakar-leaves-port-city-lima-2015-malaysia}}</ref>

==List of Chiefs of Naval Staff==
{{main|List of Chiefs of Naval Staff}}

== Exercise Somudro Ghurni ==
{{operational plan
| name = Somudro Ghurni (''Sea Vortex'')
| partof =
| image = Bay of Bengal map.png
| caption =
| scope =
| type = Bangladesh Navy [[Naval exercise]]
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| planned =
| planned_by = Naval Operations Branch
| objective = Deployment of Bangladesh Navy and Special Operation Forces.
| target =
| date = 16 November 2015 – 30 November 2015
| time =
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone =
| executed_by = [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Mohammad Khaled Iqbal|Khaled Iqbal]], COMFLOT-W
| outcome =
| casualties =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
}}

'''Somudro Ghurni''' (''Bengali:'' '''সমুদ্রঘূর্ণি''' ''English:'' '''Sea Vortex''') is the codename of a series of major naval exercises conducted by the Bangladesh Navy to simulate naval warfare and the protection of the country from external maritime threats, protection of the country's maritime resources, and prevention of smuggling.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ক্ষেপণাস্ত্রের সফল পরীক্ষা চালাল নৌবাহিনী |trans-title=The navy successfully test the missile |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/699613/ক্ষেপণাস্ত্রের-সফল-পরীক্ষা-চালাল-নৌবাহিনী |newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn |date=1 December 2015 |access-date=26 June 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091921/https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:নৌবাহিনীর 'সমুদ্র ঘূর্ণি' নিয়ে সচেতনতা বিষয়ক সেমিনার |trans-title=A seminar on awareness of the 'sea vortex' of the Navy |url=http://www.bhorerkagoj.net/print-edition/2015/11/10/60213.php |newspaper=[[Bhorer Kagoj]] |language=bn |date=1 December 2015 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110621/http://www.bhorerkagoj.net/print-edition/2015/11/10/60213.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Overview===
The exercise took place in the Bay of Bengal. It started on 16 November 2015 and lasted 15 days. During the exercise, the navy deployed most of its fleet, including [[frigates]], [[corvettes]], and [[maritime patrol aircraft]]. The exercise included [[search and rescue]], [[logistical]], [[maritime patrol]], [[Landing operation|landing]], and [[warfare]] exercises. During the exercise, the Navy successfully test launched missiles.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:শেষ হলো নৌবাহিনীর বার্ষিক সমুদ্রমহড়া 'সমুদ্র ঘূর্ণি |trans-title=The end of the Navy's annual sea-monsoon 'sea vortex' |url=http://www.dailynayadiganta.com/?/detail/news/73734?m=0 |newspaper=[[Daily Naya Diganta]] |language=bn |date=1 December 2015 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091910/https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/?%2Fdetail%2Fnews%2F73734%3Fm=0 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administration and organisation==
Bangladesh Navy (BN) has its headquarters at [[Banani Model Town|Banani]], Dhaka.<ref name="bases">{{Cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil.bd/bases.php |title=Bangladesh Navy Bases |website=Bangladesh Navy |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527111317/http://www.navy.mil.bd/bases.php |archive-date=27 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/04/02/indian-army-chief-meets-pm/ |title=Indian army chief meets PM Sheikh Hasina |date=2 April 2017 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091910/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/04/02/indian-army-chief-meets-pm/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]], the [[president of Bangladesh]] is the commander-in chief of Bangladesh Armed Forces. The [[List of Chiefs of Naval Staff|Chief of Naval Staff]] (CNS), a four-star [[Admiral (Bangladesh)|admiral]],<ref name="admiral">{{cite news |title=BN, BAF chiefs rank upgraded |url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=547167&date=2016-01-17 |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203162949/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=547167&date=2016-01-17 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is the highest admiral, directs the non-combat and combatant operations from the Naval Headquarters (NHQ) in Dhaka. The headquarters has four branches: operations (O), personnel (P), material (M), and logistics (Log). Each branch is headed by officers who are titled as principal staff officer (PSO) and known as assistant chief of naval staff (ACNS), e.g., ACNS (O). Under each PSO there are various directorates headed by directors with the rank of [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]] or [[Captain (naval)|captain]]. Under each director there are deputy directors (DD) and staff officers (SO).
The Bangladesh Navy has ten major combatant commands; each command is commanded by a [[rear admiral]] or commodore, who directly reports to Chief of Naval Staff.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil.bd/rank.php |title=Bangladesh Navy |website=Bangladesh Navy |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325003422/http://navy.mil.bd/rank.php |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil.bd/type_service.php |title=Bangladesh Navy |website=Bangladesh Navy |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325185414/http://navy.mil.bd/type_service.php |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Naval headquarters formation ===
{{Main|List of serving admirals of the Bangladesh Navy}}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:0 auto;"
|-
! style="background:#ccc;"|Appointment
! style="background:#ccc;"|Rank & Name
! style="background:#ccc;"|Star Plate
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF;"|'''[[Chief of Naval Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Naval Staff]]'''
|| [[Admiral]] [[Mohammad Nazmul Hassan]], OSP, NPP||[[File:BN Admiral Star Plate.svg|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Operations)'''
|| [[Rear Admiral]] [[Mohammad Musa]], OSP, NPP, PhD|| [[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Personnel)'''
||[[Rear Admiral]] [[Mir Ershad Ali]], OSP, NPP||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Materiel)'''
||Rear Admiral Niyamat Elahee, NPP||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Logistics)'''
||Rear Admiral Shafiqur Rahman||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|}

=== Area commanders and administrative authority ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin:0 auto;"
|-
! style="background:#ccc;"|Appointment
! style="background:#ccc;"|Rank & Name
! style="background:#ccc;"|Star Plate
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commander Dhaka Naval Area'''
||Rear Admiral Abdullah Al Maksus, NBP, NGP||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commander Chittagong Naval Area'''
||Rear Admiral Mohammad Moinul Hassan, BSP||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commander Khulna Naval Area '''
||Rear Admiral A K M Jakir Hossain, ndc, afwc, psc||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commander Bangladesh Navy Fleet'''
||Rear Admiral Mushtaque Ahmed, NPP||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commandant Naval Training & Doctrine Command'''
|| Rear Admiral Mohammad Maksud Alam, BSP, NUP||[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Area Superintendent Dockyard'''
||Rear Admiral Ruhul Minhaz, OSP
|[[File:BN Rear Admiral Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commander Flotilla West'''
||Commodore Masudul Karim Siddique, PCGM, BCGMS||[[File:BN Commodore Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commodore [[Bangladesh Naval Aviation]]'''
||Commodore Mia Mohammad Naim Rahman||[[File:BN Commodore Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commander Submarine'''
||Commodore Syed Shaif-Ul Islam, BSP||[[File:BN Commodore Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Chief Hydrographer'''
||Commodore Sheikh Firoz Ahmed, NGP||[[File:BN Commodore Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|-

|! style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFFF;"|'''Commodore [[Special Warfare Diving and Salvage]] Command'''
||Commodore Mostafizur Rahman, NGP||[[File:BN Commodore Star Plate.svg|center|frameless|100x100px]]
|}

==Rank structure==
{{Main|Military ranks of Bangladesh}}

===Commissioned officers===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/Bangladesh}}
|}

===Other ranks===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Rank group|| colspan=10| Junior commissioned officers || colspan=12| Non-commissioned officer || colspan=14| Enlisted
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/Bangladesh}}
|}

===D & R===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial & Branch
! Seaman
!Communication
! Mechanical
! Secretariat
! Supply
! Electrical
! Radio Electrical
! Regulating
! Medical
|-
| 01
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|OD]] ([[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|Ordinary Seaman]])
|RO(G)-II
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|ME II]]
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|WTR II]] (Writer II)
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|SA II]] (Store Assistant II)
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|EN II]]
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|REN II]]
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|PM II (Patrol Man II)]]
| [[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|MA II]] (Medical Assistant II)
|-
| 02
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|AB]] ([[Able Seaman (rank)|Able Seaman]])
|RO(G)-I
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|ME I]]
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|WTR I]] (Writer I)
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|SA I]] (Store Assistant I)
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|EN I]]
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|REN I]]
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|PM I (Patrol Man I)]]
| [[Able Seaman (rank)|MA I]] (Medical Assistant I)
|-
| 03
| [[Leading Seaman|LS]] ([[Leading Seaman]])
|LRO(G)
| [[Leading Seaman|LME]]
| [[Leading Seaman|LWTR]]
| [[Leading Seaman|LSA]]
| [[Leading Seaman|LEN]]
| [[Leading Seaman|LREN]]
| [[Leading Seaman|LPM (Leading Patrol Man)]]
| [[Leading Seaman|LMA]]
|-
| 04
| [[Petty Officer|PO]] ([[Petty Officer]])
|PORS(G)
| [[Petty Officer|ERA-IV]]
| [[Petty Officer|PO(W)]] {Petty Officer(Writer)}
| [[Petty Officer|PO(S)]] {Petty Officer(Store)}
| [[Petty Officer|EA-IV]]
| [[Petty Officer|REA-IV]]
| [[Petty Officer|PO(R)]] {Petty Officer(Regulating)}
| [[Petty Officer|PO(Med)]] {Petty Officer(Medical)}
|-
| 05
| [[Chief Petty Officer|CPO]] ([[Chief Petty Officer]])
|CRS(G)
| [[Chief Petty Officer|ERA-I/II/III]]
| [[Chief Petty Officer|CPO(W)]] {Chief Petty Officer(Writer)}
| [[Chief Petty Officer|CPO(S)]] {Chief Petty Officer(Store)}
| [[Chief Petty Officer|EA-I/II/III]]
| [[Chief Petty Officer|REA-I/II/III]]
| [[Chief Petty Officer|MAA (Master at Arm)]]
| [[Chief Petty Officer|CPO(Med)]] {Chief Petty Officer(Medical)}
|-
| 06
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO]] ([[Senior Chief Petty Officer]])
|SCPO(COM)
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO]](E) {Senior Chief Petty Officer(Engineering)}
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO]](W) {Senior Chief Petty Officer(Writer)}
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO]](S) {Senior Chief Petty Officer(Store)}
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO(L)]] {Senior Chief Petty Officer(Electrical)}
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO(R)]] {Senior Chief Petty Officer(Radio Electrical)}
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO]](Reg) {Senior Chief Petty Officer(Regulating)}
| [[Senior Chief Petty Officer|SCPO]](Med) {Senior Chief Petty Officer(Medical)}
|-
| 07
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]] ([[Master Chief Petty Officer]])
|MCPO(COM)
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]](E) {Master Chief Petty Officer(Engineering)}
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]](S) {Master Chief Petty Officer(Supply)}
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]](S) {Master Chief Petty Officer(Supply)}
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]](L)/CEA {Master Chief Petty Officer(Electrical)}
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]](R)/CREA {Master Chief Petty Officer(Radio Electrical)}
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]](Reg){Master Chief Petty Officer(Regulating)}
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer|MCPO]](Med) {Master Chief Petty Officer(Medical)}
|-
| 08
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Honorary Sub Lieutenant(X)]]
|Honorary Sub Lieutenant(COM)
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Hon S Lt(E)]]
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Hon S Lt(S)]]
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Hon S Lt(S)]]
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Hon S Lt(L)]]
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Hon S Lt(R)]]
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Hon S Lt(Reg)]]
| [[Sub-Lieutenant|Hon S Lt(W/M)]]
|-
| 09
| [[Lieutenant|Honorary Lieutenant(X)]]
|Honorary Lieutenant(COM)
| [[Lieutenant|Hon Lt(E)]]
| [[Lieutenant|Hon Lt(S)]]
| [[Lieutenant|Hon Lt(S)]]
| [[Lieutenant|Hon Lt(L)]]
| [[Lieutenant|Hon Lt(R)]]
| [[Lieutenant|Hon Lt(Reg)]]
| [[Lieutenant|Hon Lt(W/M)]]
|}

==List of bases==
{| class=wikitable
! [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]]<ref name="bases" /> !! [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] !! [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] !! [[Barisal Division|Barisal]]
|- valign=top
|
* Naval Headquarters
* [[BNS Haji Mohshin]]
* [[BNS Dhaka]]
|
* [[BNS Issa Khan]]
* [[BNS Shaheed Moazzem]]
* [[BN Dockyard]]
* [[BNS Ulka]]
* [[BNS Pekua]]
* BNS Bhatiary
* BNS Nirvik
* SS Dockyard Pekua
* BNS Bashanchor
|
* [[BNS Titumir]]
* [[BNS Mongla]]
* Mongla Dockyard
* SOLAM
* BNS Upasham
|
* [[BNS Sher-e-Bangla]]

|}

==Training institutes==
The [[Bangladesh Naval Academy]] is the home of naval cadets to be the future officers of Bangladesh Navy. The academy provides education, athletic and military training to the naval cadets. The academy also offers training programs to the officers of allied navies including navy personnel from [[Qatar]], [[Sri Lankan Navy|Sri Lanka]], [[Maldives|Maldivian]] and [[Palestinian Naval Police|Palestinian Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/navy-get-two-subs-year-1196785 |title=Navy to get two subs this year |date=20 March 2016 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/cpa-chairman-nizamuddin-named-new-navy-chief |title=CPA chairman Nizamuddin named new Navy chief |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=21 January 2016 |access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Naval Training and Doctrine Command in Barishal is also the premier institute for naval officers.

==Equipment==
===Vessels===
{{See also|List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy|List of historic ships of the Bangladesh Navy}}
As of November 2025, the Bangladesh Navy has five guided missile frigates,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2019/04/28/bangladesh-navy-gets-2-warships |title=Bangladesh Navy gets 2 warships |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091941/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2019/04/28/bangladesh-navy-gets-2-warships |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil.bd/ships.php |title=List of ships in Bangladesh navy |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506234907/http://navy.mil.bd/ships.php |archive-date=6 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> two patrol frigates, two submarines, six corvettes, thirty-eight minor surface combatants of various types (including patrol vessels, missile boats, and mine hunters), and thirty auxiliaries as surface assets. On 12 March 2017, the Bangladesh Navy established a submarine force with the commissioning of two refurbished diesel-electric [[Type 035 submarine#Variants|Type 035G (Ming class)]] attack submarines.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshs-first-two-submarines-commissioned-1374724 |title=Bangladesh's first 2 submarines commissioned |work=The Daily Star |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="dt12Mar2017" /> They carry 57 personnel and 16 torpedoes with the option of loading 32 mines as well.

[[File:BNS Bangabandhu berthing at Kochi in 2011.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Personnel aboard {{ship|BNS|Khalid Bin Walid}}]]
[[File:Dwarfed Navy style (27798614686).jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[BNS Issa Khan]] 2016: [[BNS Somudra Joy|BNS Somudro Joy]] (F28), [[BNS Somudra Avijan]] (F29), and [[BNS Nirmul]] (P813) side by side.]]

;Ships
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Type
! Number of ships
! Notes
|-
|! style="text-align: center;"| [[Frigate]]
|! style="text-align: center;"| 7
| Two of these are patrol frigates.
|-
|! style="text-align: center;"| [[Corvette]]
|! style="text-align: center;"| 6
| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2019/04/28/bangladesh-navy-gets-2-warships |title=Bangladesh Navy gets 2 warships |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=28 April 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427211857/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2019/04/28/bangladesh-navy-gets-2-warships |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Attack submarine|Submarine]]
| style="text-align: center;" |2
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Patrol vessel|Large patrol craft]]
| style="text-align: center;" ! | 5
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Offshore patrol vessel]]
| style="text-align: center;" ! | 5
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" ! | Inshore patrol vessel
| style="text-align: center;" ! | 12
|
|-
|! style="text-align: center;"| [[Fast attack craft|Fast attack craft-missile]]
| style="text-align: center;"| 4
| Rearmed with C-704 AShM.
|-
|! style="text-align: center;"| [[Fast attack craft|Fast Attack craft-ASW]]
|! style="text-align: center;"| 4
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Fast attack craft|Fast attack craft-gun]]
| style="text-align: center;" ! | 5
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Naval mine#Active countermeasures|Minesweeper]]
| style="text-align: center;" ! | 5
| Mainly used as offshore patrol vessels.
|-
| style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Survey vessel|Survey ship]]
| style="text-align: center;" ! | 2
|
|-
|! style="text-align: center;"| [[Amphibious warfare ship|Amphibious warfare]]
|! style="text-align: center;"| 15
|
|-
|style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Repair ship]]
|style="text-align: center;" ! | 1
|
|-
|style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Tanker (ship)|Tanker]]
|style="text-align: center;" ! | 2
|
|-
|style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Dry dock#Floating|Floating dock]]
|style="text-align: center;" ! | 1
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" ! | [[Auxiliary ship|Auxiliaries]]
| style="text-align: center;" ! | 11
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |Dive Boat
| style="text-align: center;" |3
|
|}

===Aircraft===
{{main|Bangladesh Naval Aviation}}

{{See also|List of active Bangladesh military aircraft}}
Aircraft in service with the Bangladesh Navy is organized in the naval aviation wing, which operates both [[fixed-wing aircraft]] and [[rotorcraft]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil.bd/bn_history3.php |title=Naval Aviation – Bangladesh Navy |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223945/http://www.navy.mil.bd/bn_history3.php |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Infantry Equipment===
{{See also|List of equipment of the Bangladesh Navy}}
The navy also maintains a special operations force named [[Special Warfare Diving and Salvage|SWADS]].
[[File:US Navy 110922-N-RI844-133 A Bangladesh navy sailor fires a Type-56 assault rifle aboard the Bangladesh navy frigate BNS Bangabandhu (F 25) during.jpg|thumb|right| A Bangladesh navy sailor fires a Type-56 assault rifle aboard the Bangladesh navy frigate [[BNS Bangabandhu]] (F 25)|185x185px]]

== Future modernization plans ==
{{Main|Forces Goal 2030}}

Bangladesh has made a long term modernisation plan for its armed forces named Forces Goal 2030.<ref name="Forces Goal 2030">{{cite news |title=Forces Goal 2030 to be implemented in four phases: PM |url=http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-02-28&nid=41420#.UyPtsT-SxnM |work=New Age |date=28 February 2013 |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315101328/http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-02-28&nid=41420#.UyPtsT-SxnM |url-status=dead}}</ref> The plan includes the modernization and expansion of all equipment and infrastructure and providing enhanced training.<ref name="Forces Goal 2030"/> The Bangladesh Navy is setting up a new base at Rabanabad in [[Patuakhali]] named [[BNS Sher-e-Bangla]], which will be the largest naval base in the country. The base will have submarine berthing and aviation facilities.<ref name="theindependentbd.com" /> A separate submarine base named [[BNS Pekua]] is under construction at Pekua in [[Cox's Bazar]].<ref name="pn12Oct2013" /> The construction works of a fleet headquarters at the Sandwip channel of Chittagong with ship berthing facilities is already going on.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://unb.com.bd/bangladesh-news/One-day-BD-Navy-to-become-builder-from-buyer-hopes-PM/59066 |title=One day BD Navy to become builder from buyer, hopes PM |work=UNB |date=24 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225035005/http://unb.com.bd/bangladesh-news/One-day-BD-Navy-to-become-builder-from-buyer-hopes-PM/59066 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Khulna Shipyard]], with the collaboration of China's [[Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding]], built five [[padma-class patrol vessel]]s that entered navy service in 2013. In December 2019, they laid the keels for a further five, four of which had been delivered to the navy by February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dominguez |first1=Gabriel |title=Khulna Shipyard lays keel for five more Padma-class patrol vessels for Bangladesh Navy |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/khulna-shipyard-lays-keel-for-five-more-padma-class-patrol-vessels-for-bangladesh-navy |website=Janes |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2024 |title=Chapter Five: Asia |journal=The Military Balance |volume=124 |issue=1 |page=227 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298593}}</ref> The navy commissioned two survey ships built by Khulna Shipyard, the [[BNS Darshak|BNS ''Darshak'']] and [[BNS Tallashi|BNS ''Tallashi'']], on 5 November 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Hasina commissions five modern navy ships |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/229154/pm-hasina-commissions-five-modern-navy-ships |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=5 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The same shipyard delivered two survey boats to the navy in October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maritime |first1=Baird |title=Vessel Review {{!}} JB-01 & JB-02 – Durable shallow-draught survey boats for Bangladesh Navy |url=https://www.bairdmaritime.com/security/naval/naval-auxiliary-support/vessel-review-jb-01-jb-02-durable-shallow-draught-survey-boats-for-bangladesh-navy |website=Baird Maritime |date=22 October 2021 |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

BN has issued two tenders for the procurement of four helicopters with anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface vessel warfare (ASuW), over-the-horizon targeting (OTHT), maritime search and rescue (MSAR), medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), casualty evacuation (CASEVAC), and special mission capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/66022/bangladesh-navy-issues-new-helicopter-tender |title=Bangladesh Navy issues new helicopter tender |publisher=IHS Janes 360 |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207160125/http://www.janes.com/article/66022/bangladesh-navy-issues-new-helicopter-tender |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2247.pdf |title=Tender Specification of Helicopters |website=DGDP |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112457/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2247.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A contract was signed for two [[maritime patrol aircraft]] on 27 March 2017.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Bangladesh Navy issued a tender for the supply of a Technical Data Link (TDL) system. The system will connect 16 platforms as 2 frigates, 4 corvettes, 1 LPC, 3 shore stations, 2 helicopters, 2 MPAs and 2 submarines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/1035.pdf |title=Tender specification of Technical Data Link (TDL) system. |website=DGDP |access-date=19 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013939/http://www.dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/1035.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2018, the Bangladesh Navy issued a tender for two X-band navigational radars with helicopter landing control facilities for two of its ships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2242.pdf |title=Tender Specification of Navigation Radar with Helo Landing Control Facility |website=DBDP |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112413/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2242.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the same time, another tender was issued for replacing two 40 mm [[DARDO|Fast Forty]] guns on-board [[BNS Khalid bin Walid]] with a new 40 mm twin-barrel gun system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2241.pdf |title=Tender Specification Replacement of 2 X 40 L 70 Naval Gun - BNS Bangabandhu |website=DGDP |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112442/http://dgdp.gov.bd/dgdp/AP_TEN/s_doc/2241.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2019, the prime minister discussed the past, present, and future development programs for the Bangladesh Navy at the winter passing out parade of the [[Bangladesh Naval Academy]]. She said that the process is going on for procuring more [[corvette]]s, [[minesweeper]]s, oceanographic research ship and sail training ship. The process of [[Bangladesh Navy frigate project|constructing six frigates]] at [[Chittagong Dry Dock Limited|Chittagong Dry Dock]] in collaboration with foreign shipbuilders is also going on. Government has taken initiative for making missiles and [[Identification friend or foe]] system in Bangladesh. She added that, there is a plan to induct more maritime patrol aircraft, [[anti-submarine warfare]] [[helicopter]]s and [[maritime patrol aircraft|long range MPA]] in the near future.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.ispr.gov.bd/en/honourable-prime-minister-shiekh-hasina-reviewed-the-winter-president-parade-at-bangladesh-neval-academybns-chottagram/ |title=Honourable Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina Reviewed the Winter President Parade at Bangladesh Naval Academy(BNS), Chottagram |website=ISPR |date=22 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044301/https://www.ispr.gov.bd/en/honourable-prime-minister-shiekh-hasina-reviewed-the-winter-president-parade-at-bangladesh-neval-academybns-chottagram/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]]
* [[Bangladesh Coast Guard]]
* [[Bangladesh National Cadet Corps (BNCC)]]
* [[Bangladesh Navy football team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Bangladesh Navy}}
* {{official website}}

{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Military of Bangladesh}}
{{Asia topic|Navy of|title=Navies of Asia}}
{{Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bangladesh Navy| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Uniformed services of Bangladesh]]

Basni, Laxmangarh

2026-02-05T14:46:01Z

Xannat: started initial entry v1

{{refimprove|date=August 2025}}
{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basni
| native_name =
| settlement_type = village
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_water_percent = 73.00%
| area_total_ha = 633
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1321
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = UTC+5.30
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332311<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin Code 332311 and Post Offices under 332311 Postal Code |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/332311/ |website=www.mapsofindia.com |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>
| area_codes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| website = {{URL|sikar.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.62|N|75.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]

| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Sex Ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/947 [[Male|♂]]/[[Woman|♀]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-1573
| registration_plate = RJ-23
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basni''' (बासनी, बासणी) is a village in the [[Laxmangarh]] [[tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Sikar district]] of [[India]]n state [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm |title=Gram Panchayats of Rajasthan|website=Panchayat Raj |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508061345/http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Place ==
It is located 5 km from the sub-district headquarter Lachhmangarh and 33 km from the district headquarter Sikar. As per 2009 data, Singodhada is the gram panchayat of Basni village. The total geographical area of the village is 633.22 hectares. The total population of Basni is 1,321.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title= Basni village Population, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=8&district=111&subdistrict=552&town_village=81356&geo_level=4&format=csv |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205144449/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=8&district=111&subdistrict=552&town_village=81356&geo_level=4&format=csv |archive-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> There are about 232 houses in Basni village. The pin code of Basni village is 332311.

== Population ==
1321 (Males: 652, Females: 669) (As per Census-2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81356-basni-rajasthan.html|title=Census 2011 data|website=Census of India|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524114824/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81356-basni-rajasthan.html|archive-date=24 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== About Basni ==
When it comes to administration, Basni village is administered by a Sarpanch who is elected representative of the village by local elections. Currently the Sarpanch of the village is Mahesh Kumar Dheva, As per 2019 data, Basni village falls under Laxmangarh Assembly constituency and Sikar Parliamentary constituency. Laxmangarh is the nearest town to Basni for all major economic activities, which is around 5 km away.

== Nearest villages ==
* Beras (Biras) - 1 kilometer
* [[Singodara]] - 2 km
* Rinu - 3 km
* Manasi (Manasi) - 3 km
* Antaroli - 5 km
* [[Peepli, Laxmangarh|Peepli]] - 5 km

== See also ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Alakhpura Bogan]]
* [[Balaran, Sikar|Balaran]]{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.google.de/maps/place/Basni,+Rajasthan+332311/@27.8662222,75.0441692,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x391354a4325d5809:0x84ed24c6ba200ce!8m2!3d27.8665185!4d75.0538136!16s%2Fg%2F1tdp3fcd?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDcxMy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google map view of Basni]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130613000740/http://www.rajsec.rajasthan.gov.in/Sarpanch.pdf Details of sarpanch in Sikar district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005161012/http://sikar.nic.in/ Official web page of Sikar district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104173701/http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm List of all villages of Rajasthan with their panchayat samiti]

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

Delhi Hurricanes RFC

2026-02-01T14:29:09Z

Xannat: Put Up A Post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rugby team
| teamname = Delhi Hurricanes
| image = Delhi Hurricanes.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| fullname = Delhi Hurricanes Rugby Football Club
| nickname = The Hurricanes
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| countryflag = India
| ground = [[Vasant Kunj Sports Complex]], B-7 Vasant Kunj 110070 Delhi
| capacity = 1,000
| chairman = {{flagicon|IND}} Arun Dagar
| coach = {{flagicon|IND}} Kuldeep Singh Bist
| captain = {{flagicon|IND}} Neeraj Khatri
| league = [[All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament]]
| season = 2024
| position = Men's team 1st in XVs / 1st in 7s, Women's team 1st in XVs
}}

Delhi Hurricanes Rugby Football Club is an Indian [[rugby union]] club based in [[New Delhi]]. Established in July 2004, the club is affiliated with the Delhi Rugby Association and operates under the [[Rugby India|Indian Rugby Football Union]] (IRFU). The Delhi Hurricanes compete in national rugby union competitions.

==History==
Delhi Hurricanes Rugby Football Club was formed in July, 2004 and is affiliated with North India RFU, which is part of the Indian RFU.

Over time, it has emerged as one of the most successful rugby clubs in the country, with sustained participation and success in national-level tournaments.

After winning Division II Trophy, at the Callaghan Cup in 2009, the Delhi Hurricanes are improving rapidly, they reached the 5th place in the All India 2010, in year (2011), they lost against the winner of the competition in the semi-final, They came 2nd in 2014, 3rd in 2015, 2nd again in 2016, Women's team were runner up in the inaugural All India 15s tournament too played in Kolkata. In 2017, they made a history and became 1st club in India's history who won All India and South Asia Rugby Tournament in both Men's and Women's category in the same year.

==Infrastructure and academy==
In July 2011, the Delhi Hurricanes inaugurated India’s first full-time dedicated rugby field at Vasant Kunj, New Delhi. The facility serves as the club’s primary training and competition venue.

The club operates a rugby development programme through the Hurricanes Rugby Academy, based at the same location. The academy focuses on long-term athlete development and has contributed a significant number of players to state and national teams.

==Competitive record==
===Rugby Union (15s)===
Delhi Hurricanes have achieved multiple podium finishes in national rugby 15s competitions.

In 2017, they became the first club in Indian rugby history to win the national rugby 15s championship in both the men’s and women’s category.

===Rugby Sevens===
Delhi Hurricanes have won multiple invitational Rugby Sevens tournaments in India and have represented Indian club rugby overseas. In 2024, the club achieved international success by winning the plate competition at the Borneo 7s tournament.

==Player development and national representation==
According to club records, over 50 players have represented national rugby teams across various formats. Players from the club have also represented multiple Indian states in national tournaments. A number of athletes associated with the club have held leadership roles at the national level, including captaincy positions. The club has produced multiple former national team captains in both the men’s and women’s categories.

==Achievements==
===Rugby 15s===
* 2009: Division II Trophy (Callaghan Cup)
* 2016: Women’s Rugby 15s league finalists
* 2017: All India 15s Championship winners (men’s, women’s)
* 2018, 2019: Men’s team back-to-back titles
* 2023, 2024: All India 15s men's titles, women's 3rd and 2nd place

===Rugby 7s===
* 2011: All India 7s Tournament winners
* 2024: Plate winners, Borneo 7s

==See also==
* [[Delhi Redz]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120108071517/http://www.dhrfc.com/ Delhi Hurricanes RFC] – official website (archived)

{{Rugby union in India}}

[[Category:Rugby union teams in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rugby clubs established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Delhi]]

Coromandel International

2026-01-29T19:39:13Z

Xannat: general correct references and added references

{{short description|Indian agricultural products company}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Coromandel International Limited
| logo = Coromandel Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| former_name = Coromandel Fertilisers
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|506395}}|{{NSE|COROMANDEL}}}}
| ISIN = INE169A01031
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India (registered office)
----
[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India (corporate headquarters)
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|29628|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2959|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2013|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Fertiliser firm Coromandel International's Q4 profit up 18% at Rs 290 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/results/coromandel-international-posts-18-rise-in-q4-net-profit-to-rs-290-crore-123051500989_1.html |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=15 May 2023}}</ref>
| parent = [[Murugappa Group]]
| owner = [[EID Parry]] (62.82%)
| homepage = [http://www.coromandel.biz coromandel.biz]
}}

'''Coromandel International Limited''' is an Indian [[agrochemicals]] company which makes [[crop protection]] products. Originally named Coromandel Fertilisers, the company makes fertilizers, pesticides and specialty nutrients. Coromandel International is part of [[Murugappa Group]] and a subsidiary of [[EID Parry]], which holds a 62.82% stake in the company.

The company was founded in the early 1960s by IMC and [[Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.|Chevron Companies]] and [[EID Parry]]. It operates a retail business in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] through its Mana Gromor Centres.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125558077864186837|author=Poh Si Teng|date=16 October 2009|accessdate= 26 October 2009|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Fertilizers on Wheels}}</ref> It has sixteen manufacturing units located in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Its product line includes Gromor, Godavari, Paramfos, Parry Gold and Parry Super.<ref name=p>{{Cite web|title=Coromandel International Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Coromandel International Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/coromandelinternational/consolidated-profit-lossVI/CI45|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=b>{{Cite web|title=Coromandel International Consolidated Balance Sheet, Coromandel International Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/coromandelinternational/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/CI45|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>

Coromandel was ranked #16 on [[Business Today (Business Magazine)|''Business Today'''s]] 2009 list of the Best Companies to work for in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=E. Kumar |date=8 January 2009 |title=The other good employers |work=[[Business Today (Business Magazine)|Business Today]] |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9429&completeview=1 |accessdate=26 October 2009}}</ref> The company confers an annual [[Borlaug Award]] for outstanding Indian science in the field of agriculture and environment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two IARI scientists get Borlaug Award 2012 |newspaper=The Weekend Leader |url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/76/two-iari-scientists-get-borlaug-award-2012.html |accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref>

== Businesses ==
The Company's Crop Protection products are marketed in India and internationally, offering a range of technical and formulation products.

The Company has a research, development, and regulatory effort, supporting the businesses in process development and new product development.

=== Phosphatic fertilizer ===
The Company is India's second largest manufacturer and marketer of [[phosphate fertiliser]].

=== Specialty nutrients ===
The Specialty Nutrients business focuses on products such as [[sulphur pastilles]], water-soluble fertiliser and secondary and [[micronutrient]] segments. The Company is India's leading marketer of [[organic fertiliser]] and also offers [[Biopesticide|biopesticides]]. Speciality nutrients cater to the needs of particular crops at different growth stages.

=== Retail ===
As of 2025 the company operated a network of around 1100 retail outlets across [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], TamilNadu and [[Maharashtra]]. Through these outlets, the company offers farming services including crop advisory, [[soil testing]] and [[farm mechanization]] to some 3 million farmers.

One store covers 30-40 villages and caters to some 5,000 farmer families.Overall the Retail outlets has connects more than 3 million farmers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murugappa Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Fertiliser companies of India]]
[[Category:Murugappa Group]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:1960s establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies established in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Digital Himalaya

2026-01-27T21:46:39Z

Xannat: added references

{{Short description|Digital preservation project}}
[[File:Digital Himalaya logo.png|alt=Digital Himalaya project logo. Two blue mountains with Digital Himalaya written at the bottom.|thumb|Logo of the Digital Himalaya project]]
The '''Digital Himalaya''' project was established in December 2000 by [[Mark Turin]], [[Alan Macfarlane]], Sara Shneiderman, and Sarah Harrison.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Turin|first=Mark|date=2021-02-14|title=The Digital Himalaya Project: Collection, Protection & Connection|url=https://handbook.pubpub.org/pub/case-digital-himalaya/release/2|journal=Visualizing Objects, Places, and Spaces: A Digital Project Handbook|language=en|doi=10.21428/51bee781.028ec770|doi-access=free}}</ref> The project's principal goal is to collect and preserve historical multimedia materials relating to the [[Himalaya]], such as photographs, recordings, and journals, and make those resources available over the internet and offline, on external storage media. The project team has digitized older ethnographic collections and data sets that were deteriorating in their analogue formats, to protect them from deterioration and make them available and accessible to originating communities in the Himalayan region and a global community of scholars.<ref name=":1" />

The project was founded at the Department of Anthropology of the [[University of Cambridge]], moved to [[Cornell University]] in 2002 (when a collaboration with the [[University of Virginia]] was initiated), and then back to the University of Cambridge in 2005. From 2011 to 2014, the project was jointly hosted between the University of Cambridge and [[Yale University]]. In 2014, the project moved to the [[University of British Columbia]], where it is presently located, and maintains a distant collaboration with [[Sichuan University]].<ref name=":0">cf Digital Himalaya website http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/overview.php</ref>

==Project team==
Digital Himalaya has a team of nine individuals who work together to develop user-friendly and accessible online resources:<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Project Team|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/index.php|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

* Sarah Harrison
* Daniel Ho
* Hikmat Khadka
* Wachiraporn Klungthanaboon
* [[Alan Macfarlane]]
* Pragyajan Rai (Yalamber)
* Sara Shneiderman
* Komintal Thami
* [[Mark Turin]]

The project is supported by an active international Advisory Board, including the following individuals:<ref name=":3" />

* [[Samuel Cowan|General Sir Sam Cowan]]
* Richard Feldman
* [Martin Gaenszle
* Ann Gammie
* [[David Germano]]
* Mark Goodridge
* David Holmberg
* [[Michael Hutt (academic and translator)|Michael Hutt]]
* Kathryn March
* Christina Monson

Since its establishment, the Digital Himalaya project has benefited from skilled student interns and research assistants in Canada, Nepal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name=":1" />

==Funding==
For the first five years of active development, Digital Himalaya was successful in receiving competitive grants from many organizations. Once the site was launched and most of the collections were digitized and accessible, it became increasingly difficult to find resources to maintain the online collections. The project still receives support through donations from individuals and foundations, in addition to experimenting with small referral commissions through [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref name=":1" />

Financial and institutional partners:

*[[Technological Innovation and Cooperation for Foreign Information Access (TICFIA)|The Technological Innovation and Cooperation for Foreign Information Access (TICFIA) Program]], US Department of Education
*Cornell Institute for Digital Collections, Cornell University
*East Asia Program, Cornell University
*Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University with supplemental support through the Freeman Foundation Undergraduate Initiative
*Department of Anthropology, Cornell University
*The Oxford Bön Project
*[[British Academy|The British Academy]] (Small Research Grant)
*Anthropologists' Fund for Urgent Anthropological Research at the [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Anthropological Institute]]
*Frederick Williamson Memorial Fund
*The Crowther Beynon Fund, [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]
*The Renaissance Trust
*The Brendish Family Foundation
*The Sager Family Traveling Foundation and Roadshow
*The Department of [[Social anthropology|Social Anthropology]], University of Cambridge
*[[SIT Study Abroad]]
*Rashmi and Sanjay Shrestha
*Andrew Clark and Mary Cobb
*John R. Sanderson
*Christina Monson
*Dr. Mary Shepherd Slusser
*[[venturethree]]

==Collections==
The Digital Himalaya archive has more than 200,000 pages of scanned texts, hundreds of hours of video and audio, over 1,000 maps, and a large collection of original ethnographic content.<ref name=":1" /> The project has digitised an extensive set of back issues of Himalayan journals and maps. There are currently 13 collections available, and the newest addition to the archive is a collection of bird reports from Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Collections|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/index.php|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Birds of Nepal===
Thanks to Tim Inskipp and Carol Inskipp, this collection has 2,155 references on birds in Nepal available to the public, dated from 1975 to 1999. The archive contains multiple sources, from books and scientific papers to published and unpublished reports, offering a valuable source for researchers interested in Himalayan bird populations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Birds of Nepal|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/birdsofnepal/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Census of Nepal 2001===
This collection contains census data from the National Census of Nepal 2001. The Digital Himalaya team sorted the data for Nepal's 75 districts and their VDCs ([[Village development committee (Nepal)|Village Development Committee]]), making this public data available for any user to search and download.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Nepal Census 2001|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/nepalcensus/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Fürer-Haimendorf Film Collection===
This collection contains interviews with Professor [[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]] and footage of his research in the Himalaya. Fürer-Haimendorf was an Austrian anthropologist based at the University of London who travelled across much of the Himalayan region and conducted field research with Naga communities in India and Sherpa communities in Nepal. The full collection is hosted at the [[SOAS University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Fürer-Haimendorf Collection|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/haimendorf/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Films===
Digital Himalaya is continuously expanding its online collections to include both historical and contemporary film and video. Below is a list of films available through the project's archive:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Film and Video|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/films/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Returned: Child Soldiers of Nepal's Maoist Army
* Shining Spirit Project
* Tendong Lho Rum Faat
* Wutu Collection
* Punam
* Journey of a Red Fridge
* Journey from Zanskar
* The Way of the Road
* Angel of the Aboriginals
* Glance of Genius: The life and work of B.H. Hodgson
* Minhe Mangghuer Torch Festival
* Alama Ritual
* A Tribute to Christoph and Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf
* Nadun Festival
* Danba
* I Will Find You
* Hidden Treasure of Bön
* Carter Holton Film Collection
* Hindu-Vidyapeeth schools
* Len yi Tibetan Village
* Voices of Nepal
}}

===Journals of Himalayan Studies===
Digital Himalaya archives contain scanned copies of many journals, magazines, and publications of Himalayan studies for free download. Here is a list of available titles:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Journals of Himalayan Studies|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/journals/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
*Ancient Nepal
*Asian Highland Perspectives
*Ādarśa
*The Bhutan Review
*Britain-Nepal Society Journal
*Bulletin of Tibetology
*Carter Center
*Center for Constitutional Dialogue
*Chowkidar
*Contributions to Nepalese Studies
*Crisis Group
*Doon Library Newsletter
*European Bulletin of Himalayan Research
*Gochali
*Himal
*Himal Southasian
*Himalayan Journal of Sciences
*Hot Nepal
*International IDEA
*Isilim
*Journal of Bhutan Studies
*Journal of the International Association for Bon Research
*Journal of Newar Studies
*Journal of the Tibet Society
*Kailash
*Martin Chautari Policy Briefs
*Midweek
*Mother Tongue Pipal Pustak
*Mulyankan
*Nation Weekly
*Nepalese Translation
*Nepalese Linguistics
*Nepali Aawaz
*Nepali Times
*Newsfront
*Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology
*Ogmios
*Postal Himal
*Peace and Democracy in South Asia
*Pūrṇimā
*Raven
*Read
*Regmi Research Series
*Revue d'Études Tibétaines
*Rhythm of Bya Chu
*Shezoed: Rigzhung Research Journal
*Samaya
*Saptahik
*Sharada
*Shikshak
*Spotlight
}}

===Maps===
The web-based map collection includes:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Maps|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/maps/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Himalayan Maps
*Nepal Maps
*Himalayan Atlas of Aerial Panoramas
*Great Himalayan Trail Dolpo Map
*Great Himalayan Trail Route Map of Nepal
*Manaslu Circuit Trekking Map
*Illustrated Atlas of the Himalayas
*UN Nepal Map Information Platform
}}

===Music and audio from the Himalayas===
The Digital Himalaya music and audio archive includes:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Music and Audio from the Himalayas|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/music/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Songs and Traditions from Laya, Bhutan
*Thangmi songs from Nepal (Reng Patangko Collection)
*Yari Aso's songs
*Mangghuer Folktale Literature
*Songs from Gcig sgril County, from Qinghai Province
*Jizong collection, from Sichuan
*Minyak collection, from Sichuan
*Songs from Tha Rgyas, in Tibet
*Songs from Chab mdo, in Tibet
*Namyi collection
}}

===Naga Videodisc===
The Naga Videodisc is a multimedia resource created by Alan Macfarlane at Cambridge University in the late 1980s. It includes a large amount of ethnographic material about Naga communities. With the support of Sarah Harrison, the contents of the videodisc were converted into an online database that uses Bamboo as a retrieval system, with easily searchable XML files. Some film clips can be downloaded directly from the Digital Himalaya page, but the full collection can be seen on the Shanti Database at the University of Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Naga Videodisc|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/naga/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Rare books and manuscripts===
This collection offers digitized versions of multiple rare books and manuscripts that are in the public domain. The archive contains files in PDF format, and are free to download.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Rare Books & Manuscripts|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/rarebooks/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Thak Archive===
This is a multimedia archive with photographs, films, census data, and economic and social data of the Gurung village of Thak in central western Nepal. These ethnographic records cover more than 30 years of work, and were collected by Alan Macfarlane and Sarah Harrison. The archive is regularly updated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: The Thak Archive|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/thakarchive/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Thangmi Archive===
This is an emerging collection of linguistic and cultural data relating to the Thangmi community of northeastern Nepal. These collections were deposited by Mark Turin and Sara Shneiderman, who have been working in partnership with Thangmi communities in Nepal and India since 1997. This archive gives users access to an online trilingual Thangmi - Nepali - English dictionary (in PDF format), recordings of Thangmi songs from the Reng Patangko collection, and film clips of Thangmi rituals, all available for streaming and download.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Thangmi Archive|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/thangmiarchive/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Williamson Collection===
This collection contains films and photographs from [[Sikkim]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], in the 1930s. The films and photographs were taken by Frederick Williamson, a British Political Officer who documented his travels through the region with his wife, Margaret. The full collection is located at the [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (MAA), at Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Williamson Collection|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/williamson/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

===Wutu Collection===
This collection contains 18 short films from 1996 showing the Wutu ritual, an exorcism ritual performed by the Monguor (Tu) people of the Gnyan thog Village. The films were shot by Zhu Yonzhong, with editing by Gerald Roche. The collection is stored in an archive at the University of Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Himalaya: Wutu Collection|url=http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/wutu/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.digitalhimalaya.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.digitalhimalaya.com Digital Himalaya Project]
*[https://handbook.pubpub.org/pub/case-digital-himalaya/release/2 The Digital Himalaya Project: Collection, Protection & Connection]

[[Category:2000 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:Himalayan culture]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Tibetan language]]
[[Category:Geographic region-oriented digital libraries]]
[[Category:British digital libraries]]
[[Category:Digital humanities projects]]
[[Category:Online archives]]
[[Category:Tibeto-Burman languages]]
[[Category:Digital libraries]]
[[Category:Historiography of Nepal]]
[[Category:Cornell University]]
[[Category:University of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Sichuan University]]
[[Category:Yale University]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 2000]]

Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-24T14:09:19Z

Xannat: started data

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tripura West {{Small|TR-1}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Tripura/Tripura West.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Biplab_Kumar_Deb_in_2018.jpg
| mp = [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| Electorate =
| assembly_cons = 30: [[Simna (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simna]], [[Mohanpur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohanpur]], [[Bamutia (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bamutia]], [[Barjala (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barjala]], [[Khayerpur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khayerpur]], [[Agartala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agartala]], [[Ramnagar (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramnagar]], [[Town Bordowali (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Town Bordowali]], [[Banamalipur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banamalipur]], [[Majlishpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majlishpur]], [[Mandaibazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandaibazar]], [[Takarjala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Takarjala]], [[Pratapgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]], [[Badharghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badharghat]], [[Kamalasagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamalasagar]], [[Bishalgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishalgarh]], [[Golaghati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghati]], [[Suryamaninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suryamaninagar]], [[Charilam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Charilam]], [[Boxanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boxanagar]], [[Nalchar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalchar]], [[Sonamura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonamura]], [[Dhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanpur]], [[Bagma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagma]], [[Radhakishorpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Radhakishorpur]], [[Matarbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matarbari]], [[Kakraban-Salgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kakraban-Salgarh]], [[Rajnagar (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnagar]], [[Belonia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belonia]] and [[Santirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santirbazar]]
}}

'''Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|bn|ত্রিপুরা পশ্চিম লোকসভা কেন্দ্র}}) is one of two [[Lok Sabha]] [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]] in [[Tripura]] state in northeastern [[India]]. It includes the state capital [[Agartala]].

==Assembly segments==
Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/Febse2003/background/S23/rptListofAC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-08
|work = Tripura
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051108040227/http://archive.eci.gov.in/Febse2003/background/S23/rptListofAC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archivedate = 2005-11-08
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1
|[[Simna (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simna]]
| rowspan="11" |[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
|[[Brishaketu Debbarma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|-
|2
|[[Mohanpur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohanpur]]
|[[Ratan Lal Nath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Bamutia (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bamutia]]
|[[Nayan Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|4
|[[Barjala (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barjala]]
|Sudip Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|5
|[[Khayerpur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khayerpur]]
|[[Ratan Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|6
|[[Agartala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agartala]]
|[[Sudip Roy Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|7
|[[Ramnagar (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramnagar]]
|[[Dipak Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|8
|[[Town Bordowali (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Town Bordowali]]
|[[Manik Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|9
|[[Banamalipur (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banamalipur]]
|[[Gopal Chandra Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|10
|[[Majlishpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majlishpur]]
|Sushanta Chowdhury
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|11
|[[Mandaibazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandaibazar]]
|Swapna Debbarma
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|-
|12
|[[Takarjala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Takarjala]]
|[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
|Biswajit Kalai
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|-
|13
|[[Pratapgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
|Ramu Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|14
|[[Badharghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarghat]]
|Mina Rani Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|15
|[[Kamalasagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamalasagar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
|Antara Sarkar Deb
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|16
|[[Bishalgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishalgarh]]
|Sushanta Deb
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|17
|[[Golaghati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghati]]
|Manab Debbarma
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|-
|18
|[[Suryamaninagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suryamaninagar]]
|[[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
|[[Ram Prasad Paul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|19
|[[Charilam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Charilam]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]
|Subodh Debbarma
|{{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|-
|20
|[[Boxanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boxanagar]]
|[[Tafajjal Hossain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|21
|[[Nalchar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalchar]] (SC)
|Kishor Barman
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|22
|[[Sonamura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonamura]]
|[[Shyamal Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|23
|[[Dhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanpur]]
|Bindu Debnath
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|30
|[[Bagma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagma]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Gomati district|Gomati]]
|[[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|31
|[[Radhakishorpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Radhakishorpur]]
|[[Pranjit Singha Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|32
|[[Matarbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matarbari]]
|Abhishek Debroy
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|33
|[[Kakraban-Salgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kakraban-Salgarh]]
|Jitendra Majumder
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|34
|[[Rajnagar (Tripura Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnagar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]
|Swapna Majumder
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|35
|[[Belonia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belonia]]
|Dipankar Sen
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|36
|[[Santirbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santirbazar]] (ST)
|[[Pramod Reang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[Birendra Chandra Dutta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| Bangshi Deb Barma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Birendra Chandra Dutta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| J. K. Chaudhury
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Birendra Chandra Dutta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Sachindra Lal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ajoy Biswas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Badal Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Samar Chowdhury]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| 2002^
| rowspan="3" | [[Khagen Das]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Sankar Prasad Datta]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Pratima Bhoumik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|-
|}

^By Poll

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2024|2024]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|72.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019|2019]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|62.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|60.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|70.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#2002|2002]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|57.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|56.50}}
}}
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Tripura West]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Tripura West">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Tripura West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S231.htm |access-date=28 September 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928064338/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S231.htm |archive-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]
|votes= 8,81,341
|percentage= 72.85
|change={{increase}}21.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate= [[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
|votes= 2,69,763
|percentage= 22.30
|change={{decrease}}1.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[NOTA|None of the Above]]
|votes = 14,612
|percentage = 1.21
|change = {{increase}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,11,578
|percentage = 50.55
|change = {{increase}}22.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,09,809
|percentage = 82.66
|change = {{increase}}0.78
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors =14,63,526
|ref=<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections|General Election, 2019]]: [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Tripura West]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratima Bhoumik]]
|votes = 5,73,532
|percentage = 51.74
|change = {{increase}}46.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subal Bhowmik
|votes = 2,67,843
|percentage = 24.16
|change = {{increase}}8.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sankar Prasad Datta]]
|votes = 1,71,826
|percentage = 15.50
|change = {{decrease}}47.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indigenous People's Front of Tripura
|candidate = Brishaketu Debbarma
|votes = 44,225
|percentage = 3.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[NOTA|None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,960
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Maman Khan
|votes = 8,613
|percentage = 0.78
|change = {{decrease}}10.19
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,05,669
|percentage = 27.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,07,755
|percentage = 81.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Tripura West]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sankar Prasad Datta]]
|votes = 6,71,665
|percentage = 62.61
|change = {{increase}}2.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Arunoday Saha]]
|votes = 1,68,179
|percentage = 15.68
|change = {{decrease}}17.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ratan Chakraborti
|votes = 1,17,727
|percentage = 10.97
|change = {{increase}}10.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sudhindra Chandra Dasgupta
|votes = 54,706
|percentage = 5.10
|change = {{increase}}2.38
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,03,476
|percentage = 46.93
|change = {{increase}}20.42
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,75,932
|percentage = 86.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Tripura West]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Khagen Das]]
|votes = 5,63,799
|percentage = 60.14
|change = {{decrease}}10.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudip Roy Barman]]
|votes = 3,15,250
|percentage = 33.63
|change = {{increase}}17.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nilmani Deb
|votes = 25,468
|percentage = 2.72
|change = {{increase}}2.72
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,48,549
|percentage = 26.51
|change = {{decrease}}23.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,37,517
|percentage = 85.71
|change = {{increase}}20.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{increase}}4.88
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Tripura West]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Khagen Das]]
|votes = 4,96,943
|percentage = 70.86
|change = {{increase}}13.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nirmala Dasgupta
|votes = 1,12,207
|percentage = 16.00
|change = {{increase}}19.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Amar Mallik
|votes = 67,379
|percentage = 9.61
|change = {{increase}}4.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramu Banik
|votes = 10,787
|percentage = 1.54
|change = {{increase}}1.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Brajalal Debnath
|votes = 7,023
|percentage = 1
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Rakhalraj Datta
|votes = 6,920
|percentage = 0.99
|change = {{increase}}0.33
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,84,736
|percentage = 55.00
|change = {{increase}}5.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,01,159
|percentage = 67.20
|change = {{decrease}}0.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002 by-election===
A by-election was held in this constituency on 12 November 2002 which was necessitated by the Death of sitting MP Samar Chowdhury. In the by-election, [[Khagen Das]] of [[CPIM|CPI(M)]] defeated his nearest rival Manik Deb of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] by 1,50,843 votes.
{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 2002: Tripura West constituency}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Khagen Das]]
|votes = 3,94,364
|percentage = 57.07
|change = {{increase}}0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manik Deb
|votes = 2,43,521
|percentage = 35.63
|change = {{increase}}23.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar]]
|votes = 33,353
|percentage = 4.88
|change = {{decrease}}21.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Rakhal Raj Datta
|votes = 4,538
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sukumar Ghosh
|votes = 2,132
|percentage = 0.31
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Rajkumar Kamaljit Singh
|votes = 1,998
|percentage = 0.29
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Biswajit Debnath
|votes = 1,357
|percentage = 0.21
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ramu Banik
|votes = 1,333
|percentage = 0.2
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jitendra Chandra Das
|votes = 828
|percentage = 0.12
|change = {{decrease}}0.18
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,50,843
|percentage = 49.72
|change = {{increase}}19.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,01,159
|percentage = 67.50
|change = {{decrease}}2.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Tripura West]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Samar Chowdhury]]
|votes = 3,72,553
|percentage = 56.5
|change = {{increase}}9.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar]]
|votes = 1,74,154
|percentage = 26.4
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pijush Kanti Biswas
|votes = 83,384
|percentage = 12.6
|change = {{decrease}}31.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sridam Deb Barma
|votes = 5,292
|percentage = 0.8
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
|candidate = Partha Karmakar
|votes = 3,464
|percentage = 0.50
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jitendra Chandra Das
|votes = 2,023
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Rakhalraj Datta
|votes = 1,912
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Bir Ballav Saha
|votes = 1,895
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Brajalal Debnath
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 0.20
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Pathik Chakraborty
|votes = 951
|percentage = 0.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Subrata Bhowmik
|votes = 949
|percentage = 0.10
|change = {{decrease}}0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Madhusudan Saha
|votes = 387
|percentage = 0.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,98,399
|percentage = 30.1
|change = {{increase}}27.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,59,406
|percentage = 70.1
|change = {{increase}}12.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Samar Choudhury
| votes = 347,970
| percentage = 47.48
| change = {{decrease}} 3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Radhika Ranjan Gupta
| votes = 329,094
| percentage = 44.91
| change = {{increase}} 6.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Hemendu Sankar Roy Choudhury
| votes = 50,391
| percentage = 6.88
| change = {{increase}} 1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Debendra Debbarma
| votes = 2,285
| percentage = 0.31
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Amra Bangali
| candidate = Bhuban Bijoy Majumder
| votes = 1,873
| percentage = 0.26
| change = {{decrease}} 0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Subrata Bhowmik
| votes = 1,195
| percentage = 0.16
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,876
| percentage = 2.57
| change = {{decrease}} 9.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Badal Choudhury
| votes = 346,457
| percentage = 50.70
| change = {{increase}} 44.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ashok Kumar Bhattacharyya
| votes = 265,646
| percentage = 38.88
| change = {{decrease}} 44.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Hemendu Sankar Roy Choudhury
| votes = 33,414
| percentage = 4.89
| change = {{increase}} 2.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
| candidate = Shyama Charan Tripura
| votes = 23,933
| percentage = 3.50
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Harinath Deb Barma
| votes = 4,228
| percentage = 0.62
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Nikhil Debnath
| votes = 3,677
| percentage = 0.54
| change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Amra Bangali
| candidate = Bhuban Bijoy Majumder
| votes = 2,618
| percentage = 0.38
| change = {{decrease}} 1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Sukumar Saha
| votes = 1,153
| percentage = 0.17
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Brajalal Debnath
| votes = 1,110
| percentage = 0.16
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Swapan Acharjee
| votes = 585
| percentage = 0.09
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Anukul Chandra Saha (Sadhubhai)
| votes = 503
| percentage = 0.07
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 80,811
| percentage = 11.82
| change = {{decrease}} 65.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Santosh Mohan Deo
| votes = 464,743
| percentage = 83.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Manik Sarkar
| votes = 35,759
| percentage = 6.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Bhupen Datta Bhaumik
| votes = 19,833
| percentage = 3.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Brojesh Chakraborty
| votes = 15,662
| percentage = 2.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Amra Bangali
| candidate = Rakhal Raj Dutta
| votes = 7,998
| percentage = 1.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Nikhil Debnath
| votes = 3,523
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Biswas Mohan Debbarma
| votes = 2,974
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Ratan Kumar Sarkar
| votes = 2,879
| percentage = 0.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Akhil Debbnath
| votes = 2,570
| percentage = 0.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Manik Sarkar
| votes = 831
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 428,984
| percentage = 77.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general elections]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Santosh Mohan Dev
| votes = 410,904
| percentage = 60.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Manik Sarkar
| votes = 244,749
| percentage = 36.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Maharaj Kumar Nakshatra Bikram Deb Barma
| votes = 7,376
| percentage = 1.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Akhilchandra Debnath
| votes = 4,472
| percentage = 0.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Amra Bangali
| candidate = Bhuban Bijoy Majumdar
| votes = 3,608
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Nikhil Debnath
| votes = 2,526
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Kirti Jiban Majumdar
| votes = 484
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 166,155
| percentage = 24.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Ajoy Biswas
| votes = 198,335
| percentage = 46.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ashok Kr. Bhattacharya
| votes = 142,990
| percentage = 33.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
| candidate = Biswa Kumar Deb Barma
| votes = 50,555
| percentage = 11.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Bhuban Bijoy Majumder
| votes = 21,315
| percentage = 5.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Dwijen Dey
| votes = 5,657
| percentage = 1.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (U)
| candidate = Tarit Mohan Das Gupta
| votes = 4,639
| percentage = 1.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 55,345
| percentage = 13.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Sachindralal Singha
| votes = 104,858
| percentage = 34.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (R)
| candidate = Tarit Mohan Dasgupta
| votes = 99,811
| percentage = 32.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Nripendra Chakraborti
| votes = 79,794
| percentage = 25.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
| candidate = Harinath Deb Barma
| votes = 22,661
| percentage = 7.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,047
| percentage = 1.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Biren Dutta
| votes = 88,264
| percentage = 45.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (R)
| candidate = Anil Kumar Sen
| votes = 80,026
| percentage = 40.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Saroj Ranjan Chanda
| votes = 16,193
| percentage = 8.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Drao Kumar Rinag
| votes = 8,833
| percentage = 4.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Harendra Kishore Roy Barman
| votes = 2,038
| percentage = 1.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,238
| percentage = 4.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: [Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = J. K. Choudhury
| votes = 125,965
| percentage = 57.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = B. C. Dutta
| votes = 92,143
| percentage = 42.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 33,822
| percentage = 15.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Birendra Chandra Dutta
| votes = 86,084
| percentage = 52.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sukhamoy Sen Gupta
| votes = 69,095
| percentage = 41.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Socialist Party
| candidate = Narayan Chandra Dey
| votes = 6,302
| percentage = 3.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Eastern India Tribal Union
| candidate = Sneha Kumar Chakma
| votes = 3,687
| percentage = 2.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,989
| percentage = 10.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1957===
====In 1957, there was only one constituency named Tripura, and it was a double-member seat representing a single constituency.====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Tripura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Deb Barma Bangshi
| votes = 133,078
| percentage = 24.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Deb Dasaratha
| votes = 128,624
| percentage = 23.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Singh Umesh Lal
| votes = 120,163
| percentage = 21.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Dutta Birendra
| votes = 119,798
| percentage = 21.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Choudhury Jogendra Kumar
| votes = 25,227
| percentage = 4.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Deb Barma Lalit Mohan
| votes = 15,806
| percentage = 2.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Chakma Sneha Kumar
| votes = 7,642
| percentage = 1.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1951===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election]]: Tripura West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Birendra Chandra Dutt
| votes = 53,592
| percentage = 68.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = M. K. Durjoykishore Dev Barman
| votes = 10,987
| percentage = 14.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sukumar Chakraborty
| votes = 10,613
| percentage = 13.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Benoy Ganguly
| votes = 2,659
| percentage = 3.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 42,605
| percentage = 54.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tripura/tripura_west/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tripura West lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.85|91.28|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura West (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]

Doorie

2025-12-29T11:05:25Z

Xannat:

{{short description|2006 studio album by Atif Aslam}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Doorie
| type = Studio
| artist = [[Atif Aslam]], [[Mithoon Sharma]] and [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
| cover = Dooriecover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 22 December 2006<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/doorie/1537029019|title=Doorie by Atif Aslam|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
| recorded = 2005
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Pop rock]]
| length = 45:12
| language = [[Urdu]]
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Music]] (India and overseas) [[ARY Musik|The Musik Records]] (Pakistan)
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Jal Pari (album)|Jal Pari]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Meri Kahani (album)|Meri Kahani]]
| next_year = 2008
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|p=OLAK5uy_n_yu2Ij1Ncz0bNcbwpuIIXmL3Luub5bCQ|Jukebox}}
}}
}}

'''Doorie''' ({{Langx|hi|दूरी}}, {{Translation|'''Distance'''}}) is the second album by [[Atif Aslam]]. The lyrics were written by [[Sameer Anjaan]], [[Sayeed Quadri]], Atif Aslam, Sachin Gupta, Uzma and Shahzad while the music was composed by [[Atif Aslam]], [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]] and [[Mithoon|Mithoon Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atif Aslam's Doorie - Full Album Song Jukebox - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IydHmfhbnoA|access-date=2020-08-19|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The single "Doorie" topped the charts in India and Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-atif-aslam-10-euphonious-songs-of-atif-to-make-you-nostalgic-328303/]</ref>

==Performance==
''Doorie'' was a global success and hit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Atif Aslam's Top 10 Non-Film Songs |url=http://www.gibsonguitar.in/News-Lifestyle/Features/hi-in/Atif-Aslams-Top-10-Non-Film-Songs.aspx |accessdate=20 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531000533/http://www.gibsonguitar.in/News-Lifestyle/Features/hi-in/Atif-Aslams-Top-10-Non-Film-Songs.aspx |archivedate=31 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Doorie opens new avenues for Atif Aslam |url=http://www.brandsynario.com/intl-news/961_doorie-opens-new-avenues-for-atif-aslam.aspx |accessdate= 20 November 2012 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121204200528/http://www.brandsynario.com/intl-news/961_doorie-opens-new-avenues-for-atif-aslam.aspx |archivedate= 4 December 2012 }}</ref> It was the first International album by Atif Aslam.

It was more successful in [[India]] than [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Doorie was released simultaneously in Pakistan and India on 22 December 2006, and was shot in [[Mauritius]].

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Doorie<ref name="auto"/>
| extra_column = Composer(s)
| total_length = 45:12

| title1 = Doorie
| extra1 = [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
| length1 = 4:50

| title2 = Ehsaas
| extra2 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| length2 = 3:44

| title3 = Hum Kis Gali
| extra3 = Sachin Gupta
| length3 = 5:00

| title4 = Kuch Is Tarah
| extra4 = [[Mithoon Sharma]], Chandra Shekhar
| length4 = 5:13

| title5 = Mahi Ve
| extra5 = Atif Aslam
| length5 = 4:00

| title6 = Mahiya Ve Sohniya
| extra6 = Sachin Gupta
| length6 = 4:39

| title7 = Doorie (House Remix)
| extra7 = Sachin Gupta
| length7 =5:46

| title8 = Doorie (Remix)
| extra8 = Sachin Gupta
| length8 = 5:41

| title9 = Ehsaas (Freaky Mix)
| extra9 = Atif Aslam
| length9 = 3:47

| title10 = Hum Kis Gali (Dance Mix)
| extra10 = Sachin Gupta
| length10 = 4:20

| title11 = Kuch Is Tarah (Euro Mix)
| extra11 = Mithoon Sharma
| length11 = 5:24

| title12 = Mahi Ve (Eternal Mix)
| extra12 = Atif Aslam
| length12 = 4:30

| title13 = Mahiya Ve Sohniya (Soul Mix)
| extra13 = Sachin Gupta
| length13 = 3:03

| title14 = Maula
| extra14 = Sachin Gupta
| length14 = 3:49

| title15 = O Re Piya
| extra15 = Sachin Gupta
| length15 = 4:31

| title16 = Yakeen
| extra16 = Atif Aslam
| length16 = 4:01

| title17 = O Re Piya (Trance Mix)
| extra17 = Sachin Gupta
| length17 = 4:03

| title18 = Yakeen (Club Mix)
| extra18 = Atif Aslam
| length18 = 3:59
}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
|-
|2007
|[[6th Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Album
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Atif Aslam}}

==External links==
*[http://atifaslampk.com/general/atif-aslam-songs-reviews-like-doorie-meri-kahani/ Atif Aslam Doorie is a Popular Song]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929171641/http://www.desibol.net/index.php?showtopic=22%2F Atif Aslam Doorie Review]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712023356/http://www.atifaslam.org/mp3-audio-songs/doorie/ Doorie By Atif Aslam]
*[http://www.aadeez.com Atif Aslam Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 albums]]
[[Category:Atif Aslam albums]]
[[Category:Urdu-language albums]]

{{2000s-pop-album-stub}}

Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T23:09:31Z

Xannat: Put Up A Details

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghazipur {{Small|UP-61}}
| type = LS
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Ghazipur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency
| mp = '''[[Afzal Ansari]]'''
| party= [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Jakhanian Assembly constituency|Jakhanian]] [[Saidpur Assembly constituency|Saidpur]] [[Ghazipur Sadar Assembly constituency|Ghazipur Sadar]] [[Jangipur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jangipur]] [[Zamania Assembly constituency|Zamania]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Afzal_Ansari.jpg
| established = 1952–present
}}

'''Ghazipur''' Lok Sabha constituency (sometimes spelt 'Gazipur') is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency covers part of [[Ghazipur district]].

==Vidhan Sabha Segments==
Presently, Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/075_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-75-Ghazipur|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=505}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|373
|[[Jakhanian Assembly constituency|Jakhanian]] (SC)
|rowspan="5"|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|[[Triveni Ram]]
|{{party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|374
|[[Saidpur Assembly constituency|Saidpur]] (SC)
|Ankit Bharti
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|375
|[[Ghazipur Sadar Assembly constituency|Ghazipur Sadar]]
|[[Jai Kishan Sahu]]
|-
|376
|[[Jangipur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
|[[Virendra Kumar Yadav|Virendra Yadav]]
|-
|379
|[[Zamania Assembly constituency|Zamania]]
|[[Omprakash Singh]]
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Ghazipur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/ghazipur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Har Prasad Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[V. S. Gahmari]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarjoo Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Gauri Shankar Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zainul Basher]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Jagdish Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Vishwanath Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Manoj Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Omprakash Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Manoj Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Afzal Ansari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Radhe Mohan Singh]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Manoj Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Afzal Ansari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General election, 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Ghazipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Afzal Ansari]]
|votes = 539,912
|percentage = 46.82
|change = {{increase}}13.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Paras Nath Rai|votes=415,051|percentage=35.99|change={{decrease}}4.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Umesh Singh|votes=164,964|percentage=14.31|change={{decrease}}36.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=9,065|percentage=0.79|change={{increase}}0.17}}
{{Election box majority||votes=124,861|percentage=10.83|change={{increase}}0.03}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,153,094|percentage=55.57|change={{decrease}}03.31}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2475.htm

===General election, 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ghazipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|1|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Afzal Ansari]]|votes=5,67,082|percentage=51.20|change=+26.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Manoj Sinha]]|votes=4,46,690|percentage=40.40|change=+9.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|candidate=Ramji|votes=33,877|percentage=3.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ajit Pratap Kushawaha|votes=19,834|percentage=1.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Bhanu Prakash Pandey|party=Communist Party of India|votes=7,844|percentage=0.71|change=|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=6,871|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,20,392|percentage=10.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,07,497|percentage=58.88|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =17.42
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ghazipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Sinha]]
|votes = 306,929
|percentage = 31.11
|change = +28.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Shivkanya Kushwaha|votes=274,477|percentage=27.82|change=-21.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav]]|votes=241,645|percentage=24.49|change=-15.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Parivartan Dal|candidate=[[D. P. Yadav]]|votes=59,510|percentage=6.03|change=+6.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Arun Kumar Singh|votes=34,093|percentage=3.46|change=+3.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mohammad Maksud Khan|votes=18,908|percentage=1.92|change=+1.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=5,611|percentage=0.57|change=+0.57}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,452|percentage=3.29|change=-5.70}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,86,715|percentage=54.77|change=+4.34}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = -18.11
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 1971===
* [[Sarjoo Pandey]] (CPI) : 135,703 votes
* Shri Narain Singh (NCO) : 70210
* Ram Surat Rai (SOC) : 34688
* Satya Narain (BKD) : 24293

===General election, 1962===
*[[V. S. Gahmari]] (INC) : 77,046 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title = 1962 India General (3rd Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Har Prasad (CPI) : 40,183

==See also==
* [[Ghazipur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/ghazipur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Ghazipur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Varanasi division topics}}

{{Coord|25.58|83.58|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Ghazipur district]]

Padmapriya

2025-11-18T00:42:57Z

Xannat: started new details basic info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Distinguish|Padmapriya Janakiraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| native_name=
| image =
| image_size = 225px
| birth_name = Padmalochani
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = 16 November 1997
| death_place = {{nowrap|[[T. Nagar]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India}}
| caption =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 1974–1995
| spouse = {{marriage|Srinivasa Chakravarthy |1983}}
| children = Vasumathi (daughter)
}}

'''Padmapriya''' (born '''Padmalochani'''; died 16 November 1997{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}) was an Indian actress who worked in [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. Her first movie was in Telugu, ''Adapillala Tandri'' (1974). In Kannada, she debuted with ''[[Bangarada Gudi]]'' (1976) and was a popular actress during the late 1970s. She has the distinction of having acted opposite the legendary [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in three successive hit movies in a single year (1978) - ''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]'', ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]'' and ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]''. She starred opposite Anant Nag in the comedy ''[[Narada Vijaya]]'' and the novel-based ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'' and both were highly successful. She acted in four to five movies with Dr. Vishnuvardhan, and played glamorous roles. Srinath, Ashok and Lokesh were her other costars in Kannada movies.

She had a successful career in Tamil films as a lead heroine between 1974 and 1981 movies ''Vazhthungal'', ''[[Vaira Nenjam]]'', ''[[Mohana Punnagai]]'', ''[[Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren]]'', ''[[Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]'', ''[[Aayiram Jenmangal]]'', and ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]'' are some of her notable Tamil films. She acted opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Vaira Nenjam]]'' and ''[[Mohana Punnagai]]''. She was paired with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]'' portraying the role of a princess and ''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=Ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1996-10-27/page/70/mode/2up|page=71|title=திரையுலகிலிருந்தே ஒதுங்கத் தயார்|access-date=12 May 2023|date=27 October 1996}}</ref> She acted in nearly 80 movies, mainly in South Indian languages.

She acted in Telugu movies too, notably acted in 2 movies 'Cheekati Velugulu' and 'Maa Inti Devatha' with Super Star [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]

==Personal life==
Padmapriya was regarded as the [[Hema Malini]] of the South.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.Youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=HZS18P0Lmog |title='ತಾಯಿಗೆ ತಕ್ಕ ಮಗ ನಟಿ ಪದ್ಮಪ್ರಿಯ ಬದುಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಏನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಆಗಿಹೋಯ್ತು'-Ep32-Bhargava-Kalamadhyama-#param|website=[[YouTube]] |date=22 February 2021 }}</ref> Padmapriya was born in [[Karnataka]]. In 1983, she married Srinivasan and the couple has a daughter named Vasumathi. Just a year after marriage, the couple filed for divorce, which dragged on for a long time. After filing for divorce, Padmapriya stayed with her parents for 13 years at [[T. Nagar]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Death ==
Padmapriya died on 16 November 1997 from heart disease as well as kidney failure. After her death, Vasumathi tried to enter the film industry but failed and is now settled in the [[United Kingdom]].

==Partial filmography==
Padmapriya was fluent in all four South Indian languages and dubbed in her own voice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Unmaye Un Vilai Enna | Suspence, Thriller, Action Super| Tamil Full Movie | Cho Ramasawamy, Vijaykumar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICqe2npLjhI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/ICqe2npLjhI |archive-date=2021-12-17 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuppathu Raja│Tamil Movie 1979 | Rajinikanth | Manjula Vijayakumar | Vijayakumar | |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUbl7y_ZOvI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/DUbl7y_ZOvI |archive-date=2021-12-17 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2016 |title=Thiyaga Ullam Old HD full Tamil Movie starring :R.Muthurraman & Other |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdh0MDp3z68 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/wdh0MDp3z68 |archive-date=2021-12-17 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andru Sindhiya Ratham│Full Tamil Movie 1976 │Jaishankar | Padma Priya | Nagesh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obkJkeBbDJE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/obkJkeBbDJE |archive-date=2021-12-17 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=Aayiram Jenmangal |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdC1MFGOBSU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/BdC1MFGOBSU |archive-date=2021-12-17 |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cg0K93-p2h0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/Cg0K93-p2h0 |archive-date=2021-12-17 |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2016 |title=Uravu Solla Oruvan Tamil Movie starring: Muthuraman, Sivakumar, Sujatha and Padma Priya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSNtnj125Rk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/wSNtnj125Rk |archive-date=2021-12-17 |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Her last movie in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] was ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'', where she played a mother's role. Table is in order of languages in which she acted, from the most to the fewest films after her marriage.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Language
! Note
|-
|1974
|''Adapillala Tandri''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Cheekati Velugulu]]''
|Padma
|Telugu
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Eduruleni Manishi (1975 film)|Eduruleni Manishi]]''
|Sarala
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1975 || ''Karotti Kannan'' || Kamala
|Tamil||
|-
| 1975 || ''Thiyaga Ullam'' || Geetha
|Tamil||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Vaira Nenjam]]'' || Geetha
|Tamil||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Uravu Solla Oruvan]]'' || Indra
|Tamil||
|-
| 1975 || ''Anaya Vilakku'' || Anandhi
|Tamil||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren]]'' || Pankajam
|Tamil||
|-
| 1975 || ''Engalakkum Kaadhal Varum'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
|1976
|''[[Manchiki Maro Peru]]''
|Neelima
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Unmaiye Un Vilai Enna?]]'' || Rama
|Tamil||
|-
|1976
|''[[Bangarada Gudi]]''
|Aruna
|Kannada
|
|-
| 1977 || ''Sorgam Naragam'' || Radha
|Tamil||
|-
| 1977 || ''Perumaikkuriyaval'' || Shanthi
|Tamil||
|-
| 1977 || ''Deviyin Thirumanam'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Andru Sinthiya Ratham]]'' || Rohini
|Tamil||
|-
|1977
|''[[Lakshmi Nivasa]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Chathurvedam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Akale Aakaasham]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Abhinivesham]]''
|Sathi
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Ashtamangalyam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1977
|''Sujatha''
|Malini
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1977
|''Bhale Alludu''
|Sudha
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1978 ||''Vazhthungal'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]''|| Princess Bhamini
|Tamil||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Kungumam Kathai Solgirathu]]'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Aayiram Jenmangal]]'' || Radha
|Tamil||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Varuvan Vadivelan]]'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| 1978 || ''Agni Pravesam'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
|1978
|''Pottelu Punnamma''
|Radha
|Telugu
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]''
|Mala
|Kannada
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]''
|Malathi
|Kannada
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]''
|Meena
|Kannada
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Madhura Sangama]]''
|Cameo
|Kannada
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Aval Kanda Lokam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1978
|''Prathyaksha Daivam''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
| 1979 || ''Siri Siri Mama'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| 1979 || ''Kaathalikka 90 Naal'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]'' || Kasthuri
|Tamil||
|-
|1979
|''Maralu Sarapani''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Preethi Madu Thamashe Nodu]]''
|Padmini
|Kannada
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Asadhya Aliya]]''
|Aruna
|Kannada
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Rahasya Rathri]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Pathivritha]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Mani Koya Kurup]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
| 1980 || ''Neerottam'' || Kanmani
|Tamil||
|-
|1980
|''[[Pattanakke Banda Pathniyaru]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Narada Vijaya]]''
|Radha
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Nanna Rosha Nooru Varusha]]''
|Shanthi
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Manku Thimma]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1980
|''Maa Inti Devatha''
|Shobha
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Mohana Punnagai]]'' || Bhama
|Tamil||
|-
|1981
|''[[Aparadhi Naanalla]]''
|Saroja
|Kannada
|Unreleased
|-
|1982
|''[[Oorige Upakari]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Baadada Hoo]]''
|Hema
|Kannada
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Kalluveene Nudiyithu]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
| 1983 || ''Jasoos 999'' ||
|Hindi ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Idhayam Thedum Udhayam'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| 1990 || ''Pudhu Varisu'' || Parvathi
|Tamil||
|-
|1991
|''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]''
|Mala
|Tamil
|Archived footage <ref>{{Citation |title=Nallathey Nadu Ketkum {{!}} M.G.R Super hit Tamil movie {{!}} Jeppiaar, Bathma Priya, Gouthami, Rekha | date=17 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4-Gc2SVYoY |language=en |access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' || Prabhu's mother
|Tamil||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Gandhi Pirantha Mann]]'' || Padma
|Tamil||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' || Lakshmi
|Tamil|| Last Film in Tamil
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmapriya}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

List of villages in Nakodar tehsil

2025-11-05T06:09:50Z

Xannat: started basic place nd citations...

{{short description|None}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], there are 147 villages under [[Nakodar]] tehsil, a subdivision of [[Jalandhar district]], in [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/mwg-internal/de5fs23hu73ds/progress?id=4o7jVkbCC1O0Lasq-7YMn3F-Omb5mDPNLjITiBvIbTk,&dl|title=District Census Handbook - Jalandhar - Village and Town Directory|date=2011|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Punjab|volume=[[2011 Census of India]]|pages=224–225}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Villages
!Population
|-
|[[Addi, Punjab|Addi]]
|1,474
|-
|[[Adraman]]
|2,331
|-
|[[Akbarpur Kalan]]
|939
|-
|[[Akbarpur Khurd]]
|266
|-
|[[Alewali]]
|603
|-
|[[Allowal]]
|752
|-
|[[Angi Kiri]]
|820
|-
|[[Aulakh, Nakodar|Aulak]]
|955
|-
|[[Awan Chaharmi]]
|491
|-
|[[Awan Khalsa]]
|674
|-
|[[Baghela]]
|1,822
|-
|[[Bagpur]]
|259
|-
|[[Bajuha Kalan]]
|1,480
|-
|[[Bajuha Khurd]]
|2,096
|-
|[[Bal Hukmi]]
|513
|-
|[[Bal Kohna]]
|751
|-
|[[Baloki]]
|1,176
|-
|[[Bangiwal]]
|817
|-
|[[Bara Aslam]]
|412
|-
|[[Bara Sidhpur]]
|399
|-
|[[Bath, Punjab|Bath]]
|2,416
|-
|[[Baupur, Jalandhar|Baupur]]
|153
|-
|[[Behar, Punjab|Behar]]
|776
|-
|[[Bhodipur]]
|529
|-
|[[Bhullar, Jalandhar|Bhullar]]
|901
|-
|[[Bila Nawab]]
|716
|-
|[[Bir Baloki]]
|1,423
|-
|[[Bir Pind]]
|1,615
|-
|[[Bir Udhowal]]
|175
|-
|[[Bitlan]]
|696
|-
|[[Boparai, Jalandhar|Boparai]]
|3,507
|-
|[[Budhi Pind]]
|263
|-
|[[Bulanda, Punjab|Bulanda]]
|1,014
|-
|[[Chak Kalan]]
|2,283
|-
|[[Chak Khurd]]
|1,176
|-
|[[Chak Muglani]]
|1,153
|-
|[[Chak Pirpur]]
|267
|-
|[[Chak Vendal]]
|1,693
|-
|[[Chak Vendhal]]
|1,281

|-
|[[Chanian]]
|2,164
|-
|[[Chhaula]]
|313
|-
|[[Chuhar]]
|1,231
|-
|[[Dhadda Dilkhapur]]
|296
|-
|[[Dhadda Haripur]]
|219
|-
|[[Dhadda Hundal]]
|286
|-
|[[Dhadda Lehna]]
|290
|-
|[[Dhaliwal, Nakodar|Dhaliwal]]
|3,121
|-
|[[Dherian]]
|1,242
|-
|[[Dhuggar]]
|188
|-
|[[Durgawal]]
|420
|-
|[[Fazalpur]]
|544
|-
|[[Gandhran]]
|2,039
|-
|[[Gaunsuwal]]
|1,040
|-
|[[Gill, Nakodar|Gill]]
|1,411
|-
|[[Gohir]]
|1,888
|-
|[[Gura, Nakodar|Gura]]
|855
|-
|[[Haer, Jalandhar|Haer]]
|2,213
|-
|[[Haripur, Jalandhar|Haripur]]
|1,744
|-
|[[Husainabad, Jalandhar|Husainabad]]
|764
|-
|[[Hussainpur, Nakodar|Hussainpur]]
|654
|-
|[[Jahangir, Jalandhar|Jahangir]]
|652
|-
|[[Jamaitgarh Alias Khosa]]
|193
|-
|[[Jawinde]]
|74
|-
|[[Jhungian]]
|992
|-
|[[Kang Sahbu]]
|2,694
|-
|[[Kang Sahibrai]]
|1,260
|-
|[[Kangna (village)|Kangna]]
|2,199
|-
|[[Khaira Mushtarka]]
|775
|-
|[[Khairulapur]]
|999
|-
|[[Khanpur Dhadda]]
|1,612
|-
|[[Khiwa, Punjab|Khiwa]]
|1,419
|-
|[[Khurampur]]
|2,776
|-
|[[Khursheidpur]]
|1,004
|-
|[[Kotla Bhagu]]
|495
|-
|[[Kotla Jangan]]
|898
|-
|[[Kotla Sudan]]
|78
|-
|[[Ladhewali]]
|349
|-
|[[Ladhran]]
|1,218
|-
|[[Leel]]
|20
|-
|[[Littran]]
|1,815
|-
|[[Lohar Nangal]]
|95
|-
|[[Lohgarh, Nakodar|Lohgarh]]
|1,095
|-
|[[Maheru, Jalandhar|Maheru]]
|1,740
|-

|[[Mahunwal]]
|1,564
|-
|[[Mallian Kalan]]
|1,105
|-
|[[Mallian Khurd]]
|1,394
|-
|[[Malri]]
|2,469
|-
|[[Malwal, India|Malwal]]
|743
|-
|[[Mandiala, Jalandhar|Mandiala]]
|1,538
|-
|[[Mehatpur]]
|5,804
|-
|[[Mehmudpur, Nakodar|Mehmudpur]]
|237
|-
|[[Mehsampur]]
|1,287
|-
|[[Miranpur, Nakodar|Miranpur]]
|785
|-
|[[Mirpur, Punjab|Mirpur]]
|661
|-
|[[Muhem]]
|1,739
|-
|[[Mundh]]
|2,068
|-
|[[Musewal]]
|342
|-
|[[Muzaffarpur, Punjab|Muzaffarpur]]
|365
|-
|[[Nakodar (Rural)]]
|481
|-
|[[Nangal Jiwan]]
|486
|-
|[[Nawan Pind Araian]]
|1,346
|-
|[[Nawan Pind Dakhni]]
|1,353
|-
|[[Nurpur, Jalandhar|Nurpur]]
|1,993
|-
|[[Pandori Khas]]
|2,043
|-
|[[Pandori Sheikhan]]
|125
|-
|[[Panjgrain]]
|24
|-
|[[Pasarian]]
|537
|-
|[[Pindori Rajputan]]
|506
|-
|[[Qaimwala]]
|979
|-
|[[Rahimpur]]
|1,690
|-
|[[Raibwal]]
|541
|-
|[[Raipur Araian, Jalandhar|Raipur Araian]]
|1,382
|-
|[[Raipur Gujran]]
|596
|-
|[[Ramunwal]]
|752
|-
|[[Rangra]]
|434
|-
|[[Rasulpur (029926)]]
|659
|-
|[[Rasulpur (029991)]]
|961
|-
|[[Rasulpur Kalan]]
|1,733
|-
|[[Rauli, Punjab|Rauli]]
|967
|-
|[[Saham, Punjab|Saham]]
|796
|-
|[[Sahariwal]]
|599
|-
|[[Saidupur]]
|464
|-
|[[Samailpur, Jalandhar|Samailpur]]
|1,362
|-
|[[Sangowal, Jalandhar|Sangowal]]
|2,591
|-
|[[Sarai Kham]]
|417
|-
|[[Sarih, Jalandhar|Sarih]]
|3,417
|-
|[[Sehowal]]
|545
|-
|[[Shah Salempur]]
|859
|-
|[[Shahpur (029973)]]
|963
|-
|[[Shahpur (029872)]]
|166
|-
|[[Shankar, Jalandhar|Shankar]]
|5,639
|-
|[[Sharakpur]]
|1,587
|-
|[[Sianiwal]]
|872
|-
|[[Sidhwan]]
|1,724
|-
|[[Singhpur, Jalandhar]]
|1,035
|-
|[[Singhpur (029883)]]
|585
|-
|[[Sohal Khurd]]
|837
|-
|[[Tahli, Nakodar]]
|1,889
|-
|[[Talwandi Bharo]]
|2,303
|-
|[[Talwandi Salem]]
|1,222
|-
|[[Tandaura]]
|1,013
|-
|[[Thabalke]]
|1,539
|-
|[[Tut, Punjab|Tut]]
|1,549
|-
|[[Udhowal]]
|1,339
|-
|[[Uggi, Jalandhar|Uggi]]
|4,117
|-
|[[Ummarwal Billa]]
|2,422
|-
|[[Umrewal]]
|484
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nakodar tehsil|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in India|Nakodar tehsil]]

Kamalapur Red Banana

2025-11-05T00:58:54Z

Xannat: started new stub basic info

{{Short description|Red Banana Variety}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Kamalapur Red Banana
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description =
| type = Fruit
| area = [[Kamalapura, Gulbarga|Kamalapur]]
| country = India
| registered =
| material = Red Banana
| official website =
}}

'''Kamalapur Red Banana''' is a special variety of [[Red banana]] which is exclusively grown in the valley of [[Kamalapura, Gulbarga|Kamalapur]] village and its surrounding areas in [[Kalaburagi district]] of [[Karnataka]], India. It is known as a "rich man's fruit" as it is marketed at a higher price compared to other varieties of banana due to greater inputs in farming with fertilizer (compost, in particular in large quantity), water, and workforce.<ref name =Deva>{{Cite web|url= http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|title= Journal 29 - Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks|date= 19 March 2009|access-date= 29 January 2016|publisher= Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks|pages= 102–106|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003703/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|archive-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name= Pyati>{{Cite news|last= Pyati|first= Ananda Teertha |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/124050/kamalapurs-famed-red-bananas.html|title=Kamalapur's famed red bananas|date=27 December 2010 |access-date=29 January 2016|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> While its skin is red coloured, the pulp is creamish in colour with an enjoyable taste. It has a high calorie value with Vitamin C and B6, which makes it a health food.<ref name=Red>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/new-findings-on-nutritional-values-in-red-banana/article4903723.ece|title=New findings on nutritional values in red banana|date=11 July 2013|access-date=29 January 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

The horticultural product is protected under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999 of the [[Government of India]]. It was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under the title "Kamalapur Red Banana" and recorded at GI Application number 133 under Class 31 as a horticulture item.<ref name =Deva/> In view of its GI identity, genetic engineering tests are not allowed to be done on this variety of banana, and it is exclusively the property of Kamalapur farming community.<ref name= Pyati/>

==Geography==
The villages where this fruit is grown are in Kamalapur and surrounding areas such as in Rajanal and Navanihal villages and covers a total area of about {{Convert|100| ha}}. It is grown only on hill slopes in the valley surrounded by hills on three sides which gives the crop protection from damage due to storms as the tree stem is very tall. This variety can not be grown in plain land.<ref name =Deva/>

The plant grows in natural rainfall conditions in hot and humid weather. If grown in low lands furrow irrigation or [[drip irrigation]] is practiced. The soil type where it is grown consists of red loamy soil which is a gradual transformation from black soil conditions. Locally, the soil is known as "halubilapu" meaning "clay soil" to denote white clay-loam formation which is of shallow depth and drains freely. The soil is calcareous to some extent with organic carbon and has a low degree of alkalinity. The rainfall incidence is of the order of {{Convert|777|mm}} for the district.<ref name =Deva/>

==Characteristics==
The plant, with its "stem stout", grows to a height of {{Convert|22 |to| 25|ft}} with a base of about {{Convert|3| to| 3.2|ft}} in circumference and grows with shades of green and yellow colours. Its leaves, oblong in shape, of greenish yellow colour, are long and brittle. The plant's flowers and fruits get set in about 10 to 11 months time followed by a maturity period of about 7–8 months and then harvested in about 18 months. Each tree yields 15 to 20 kg, averaging 11 tons per acre, and is generally free from pests. The skin or the rind of the fruit is in moderate red colour while its pulp is in cream colour, and is of likeable taste.<ref name =Deva/>

The planting is done in pits of {{Convert|50|cm}} square dug to {{Convert|50|cm}} depth and filled with a thin layer of ash followed by compost, [[neem]] leaves, topsoil and organic manure. Planting is done thereafter in about 2 weeks time. The planting is done at a spacing of 7 ft in either direction.<ref name =Deva/> In a recent innovation, following the planting practice in [[Israel]], adopted in India by the National Council of Research in Banana (NCRB), the spacing of plants has been modified into a triangular pattern which can now accommodate 1,710 plants instead of earlier 1,210 plants per acre which is said to have increased the yield by about 20 tons per acre.<ref name=New>{{Cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/daily_events/december/english/10_dec_10_eng.pdf|title=Online edition of India's National Newspaper|work=Farmer brings new banana planting method to Kamalapur|date=10 December 2010|access-date=29 January 2016|publisher=The Hindu|page=17}}</ref> Planting is done during August/September, and before planting, the suckers are dipped in cow dung water overnight to prevent any diseases to the plant. Desuckering operation is carried out at an interval of 45 days and the total time taken from planting to harvesting is about 18 months. There are no "pre or post harvest techniques" for its preservation. However, the bunches are kept in airtight chambers with incense burning to facilitate the fruit to ripen early.<ref name =Deva/>

==Chemical properties==
The nutritional status of the fruits has been tested at the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]] (CFTRI), which indicates that the fruit has a composition of calcium, iron, potassium and fibre which is much superior to that of other banana types. Its calorie content is high with Vitamin C and B6.<ref name=Red/> The Total Soluble Solids (TSS) is reported to be 20-22 degrees [[Brix]].<ref name =Deva/>

The agency which regulates the quality standards is the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.<ref name =Deva/>

==Incentives==
The Horticulture department is encouraging farmers to extend their area of cultivation under this fruit crop by providing certified seeds at subsidized rates along with other incentives.<ref name=New/>

==See also==
*[[Nanjanagud Banana]]
*[[Coorg orange]]
*[[Udupi Mattu Gulla]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bananas]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Banana cultivars]]
[[Category:GI Tagged banana varieties of India]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Flora of Karnataka]]

Sudarshan Sahoo

2025-10-23T17:01:34Z

Xannat: updated citations for consistency also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian Sculptor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|image =File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Sudarshan Sahoo, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-III, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on November 09, 2021.jpg
| caption = Sudarshan Sahoo receiving [[Padma Vibhushan]] award from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|name = Sudarshan Sahoo
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1939|03|11}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissagateway.com/features/Arts_and_Architecture/Art/Artists/Sculptors/Sudarshan_Sahoo/ |title=Sudarshan Sahoo |work=orissagateway.com |year=2000 |quote=Puri on March 11, 1939 |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229011219/http://www.orissagateway.com/features/Arts_and_Architecture/Art/Artists/Sculptors/Sudarshan_Sahoo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|occupation = Sculptor
|birth_place = [[Puri]], [[Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
|years_active = 1952–present
| spouse = Annapurna Sahoo
| children = Purnima, Ravi Narayan, Surya Narayan, Pushpalata<ref>{{cite web |url= http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=37&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=08-04-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Mumbai&edname=&articleid=Ar03700&publabel=TOI |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131231013109/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=37&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=08-04-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Mumbai&edname=&articleid=Ar03700&publabel=TOI |url-status= dead |archive-date= 31 December 2013 |title=Times of India Publications |first= Nirali Dixit|last=Hathi |work=The Times of India|quote=his two sons, Rabi Narayan and Surya Narayan Sahoo |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[Padma Shri]] [[Shilp Guru]]
|website ={{url|sudarshancrafts.com
}}}}

'''Sudarshan Sahoo''' (born 11 March 1939) is an Indian sculpture artist from [[Puri]], Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissagateway.com/features/Arts_and_Architecture/Art/Artists/Sculptors/Sudarshan_Sahoo/ |title=Potrait [sic] Of A Master Craftsman |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229011219/http://www.orissagateway.com/features/Arts_and_Architecture/Art/Artists/Sculptors/Sudarshan_Sahoo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2021-11-09|title=Sudarshan Sahoo awarded Padma Vibhushan; know about the veteran sculptor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/veteran-sculptor-sudarshan-sahoo-padma-vibhushan-odisha-legacy-7614588/|access-date=2021-11-11|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He was awarded India's second highest civilian award [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2021 and India's fourth highest civilian award [[Padma Shri]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/padma-vibhushan-for-sculptor-sudarshan-sahoo-and-padma-shri-for-five-others-in-odisha/articleshow/80454443.cms | title=Padma Vibhushan for sculptor Sudarshan Sahoo and Padma Shri for Five Others in Odisha | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Minati Singha | date=25 January 2021 | accessdate=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=Padma>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |title=PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Sahoo established Sudarshan Crafts Museum, [[Puri]] in 1977 and Sudarshan Art & Crafts Village, [[Bhubaneswar]] in 1991 with the help of the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and recognition==
He received the National Award for stone carving in 1981, India's fourth highest civilian award [[Padma Shri]] in 1988, [[Shilp Guru]] award in 2003, Odisha Lalit Kala Academy's Dharmapada award in 2012 and India's second highest civilian award [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2021.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{Padma Shri Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Sudarshan}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Puri]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

2019 Intercontinental Cup (India)

2025-09-09T09:17:18Z

Xannat: started some info and citations.

{{Short description|International football tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = Hero Intercontinental Cup
| year = 2019
| other_titles =
| city = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| dates = 7–19 July 2019
| num_teams = 4
| confederations = 1
| venues = 1
| cities = 1
| champion = PRK
| count = 1
| second = TJK
| third_other = {{fb|SYR|1980}}
| fourth = IND
| matches = 7
| goals = 26
| attendance = 30672
| top_scorer = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{fbicon|PRK}} [[Jong Il-gwan]] {{fbicon|PRK}} Ri Hyong-jin (3 goals each)
| player = {{fbicon|PRK}} [[Jong Il-gwan]]<ref name="the champion"/>
| goalkeeper =
| fair_play =
| prevseason = [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]
}}

The '''2019 Intercontinental Cup''' (known as the '''2019 [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero]] Intercontinental Cup''' for sponsorship reasons, was the second edition of the [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]], a 4-nations [[association football|football]] tournament held at [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]] in the Indian city of [[Ahmedabad]] between the 7th and 19th of July 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Football Arena To Host Hero Intercontinental Cup From June 1|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8928|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145833/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8928|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tournament was organized by the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]].<ref name="aiff statement">{{cite web |title=India to Pplay Syria, Tajikistan & DPR Korea in the second edition of Hero Intercontinental Cup in July |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9667 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |accessdate=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206104141/https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9667 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tajik fed statement">{{cite web |title=Tajikistan national team in the tournament "Intercontinental Cup 2019" will play with Syria, the DPR Korea and India |url=http://fft.tj/sbornaya-tadzhikistana-na-turnire-intersontinental-cup-2019-sygraet-s-siriej-kndr-i-indiej/ |website=fft.tj |publisher=Tajikistan Football Association |accessdate=13 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="venue">{{cite web |title=Hero Intercontinental Cup to be held in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9687 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |accessdate=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521082013/https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9687 |archive-date=21 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[North Korea national football team|North Korea]] won the title by a 1–0 victory over [[Tajikistan national football team|Tajikistan]] in the final.<ref name="the champion">{{cite web |title=DPR Korea lift Hero Intercontinental Cup 2019 title |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9827 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |accessdate=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190729145527/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9827 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Participating nations ==
Though the tournament was supposed to be played by teams from different confederations, in this edition of the Intercontinental Cup all teams participating were from [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] only.<ref name="aiff statement"/><ref name="tajik fed statement"/> All the four teams played each other in a round robin phase and the top two teams played the final.<ref name="venue"/>

The FIFA Rankings of participating national teams, as of 14 June 2019:
*{{fb|SYR|1980}} (85) - ''first appearance''
*{{fb|IND}} (101) - ''second appearance'' - '''host'''
*{{fb|TJK}} (120) - ''first appearance''
*{{fb|PRK}} (122) - ''first appearance''

==Venue==
*All matches held at the [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref name="SCHEDULE">{{cite web |title=Blue Tigers to face Tajikistan in Hero Intercontinental Cup 2019 opener on July 7 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9747 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |accessdate=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212134949/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9747 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="20px" | [[Ahmedabad]]
! width="20px" rowspan=5 | {{Location map+ |India3|width=300 |float=center |caption= |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=23.0107993|long=72.597018|position=right |label=[[Ahmedabad]]}}
}}
|-
| [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]] '''(EKA Arena)'''
|-
|{{Coord|23|00|39.7|N|72|35|56.8|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Ahmedabad}}
|-
| Capacity: '''24,000 seats'''
|-
|[[File:Aka arena .jpg|250x150px|alt=]]
|}

==Matches==
*Times listed are [[UTC+05:30]].<ref name="SCHEDULE"/>

===Round Robin===
{{#invoke:Sports table
|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://us.soccerway.com/international/world/intercontinental-cup/2019/group-stage/r49068/tables/ Soccerway]
|name_IND={{fb|IND}}
|name_SYR={{fb|SYR|1980}}
|name_TJK={{fb|TJK}}
|name_PRK={{fb|PRK}}


|update=complete
|win_IND=0 |draw_IND=1 |loss_IND=2 |gf_IND=5 |ga_IND=10 |status_IND=H
|win_SYR=1 |draw_SYR=1 |loss_SYR=1 |gf_SYR=6 |ga_SYR=5
|win_TJK=2 |draw_TJK=0 |loss_TJK=1 |gf_TJK=6 |ga_TJK=3
|win_PRK=2 |draw_PRK=0 |loss_PRK=1 |gf_PRK=8 |ga_PRK=7


|team1=TJK |team2=PRK
|team3=SYR |team4=IND

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=Third |result4=Last
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Final|Final]]
|col_Third=#CD7F32
|text_Third=Third Place
|text_Last=Fourth Place
}}

{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2019|7|7|df=y}}
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–4
|team2 = {{fb|TJK}}
|goals1 =
[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|4|pen.|41}}
|goals2 =
*[[Komron Tursunov|Tursunov]] {{goal|56}}
*[[Sheriddin Boboev|Boboev]] {{goal|58}}
*[[Muhammadjon Rahimov|Rahimov]] {{goal|71}}
*[[Shahrom Samiyev|Samiev]] {{goal|75}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], Ahmedabad
|attendance = 7,293
|referee = Jasur Mukhtarov ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9792 AIFF] [http://fft.tj/hero-intersontinental-cup-2019-videoobzor-matcha-indiya-tadzhikistan-2-4/ FFT]
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2019|7|8|df=y}}
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|SYR|1980}}
| score = 5–2
| team2 = {{fb|PRK}}
| goals1 =
*[[Shadi Al Hamwi|Al Hamwi]] {{goal|41||61}}
*[[Mohammad Marmour|Marmour]] {{goal|56||65}}
*[[Firas Al-Khatib|Al-Khatib]] {{goal|90}}
| goals2 =
*[[Jong Il-gwan]] {{goal|3}}
*[[Ri Hyong-jin]] {{goal|78}}
| stadium = [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], Ahmedabad
| attendance = 681
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachandran ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9795 AIFF]
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 10 July 2019
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|TJK}}
|score = 2–0
|team2 = {{fb|SYR|1980}}
|goals1 =
*[[Komron Tursunov|Tursunov]] {{goal|46}}
*[[Ilhomjon Barotov|Barotov]] {{goal|67}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], Ahmedabad
|attendance = 732
|referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9805 AIFF] [http://fft.tj/hero-intersontinental-cup-2019-sbornaya-tadzhikistana-obygrala-siriyu/ FFT]
}}
{{Football box
|date = 13 July 2019
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 2–5
|team2 = {{fb|PRK}}
|goals1 =
*[[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|51}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2 =
*[[Jong Il-gwan]] {{goal|8||28}}
*[[Sim Hyon-jin]] {{goal|16}}
*[[Ri Un-chol]] {{goal|63}}
*[[Ri Hyong-jin]] {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], Ahmedabad
|attendance = 9,590
|referee = Akhrol Riskullaev ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
|report =[https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9813 AIFF]
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 15 July 2019
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|PRK}}
|score = 1–0
|team2 = {{fb|TJK}}
|goals1 =
[[Ri Hyong-jin]] {{goal|33}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], Ahmedabad
|attendance = 634
|referee = Venkatesh Ramachandran ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9817 AIFF] [http://fft.tj/hero-intersontinental-cup-2019-videoobzor-matcha-kndr-tadzhikistan-1-0/ FFT]
}}
{{Football box
|date = 16 July 2019
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 1–1
|team2 = {{fb|SYR|1980}}
|goals1 =
[[Narender Gahlot|Gahlot]] {{goal|52}}
|goals2 =
[[Firas Al-Khatib|Al-Khatib]] {{goal|78|pen.}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], Ahmedabad
|attendance = 10,000
|referee = Jasur Mukhtarov ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9818 AIFF]
}}

===Final===
{{Football box
|date = 19 July 2019
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|TJK}}
|score = 0–1
|team2 = {{fb|PRK}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
[[Pak Hyon-il]] {{goal|71}}
|stadium = [[EKA Arena|TransStadia Arena]], Ahmedabad
|attendance = 1,832
|referee = Akhrol Riskullaev ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9827 AIFF] [http://fft.tj/hero-intersontinental-cup-2019-videoobzor-finalnogo-matcha-tadzhikistan-kndr-0-1/ FFT]
}}

== Winners ==
{{winners|fb|2019 Intercontinental Cup Champion<ref name="the champion"/>|PRK|First}}

==Statistics==
===Goalscorers===
{{Goalscorers
|goals=26 |matches=7

|3 goals=
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
*{{fbicon|PRK}} [[Jong Il-gwan]]
*{{fbicon|PRK}} [[Ri Hyong-jin]]

|2 goals=
*{{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Shadi Al Hamwi]]
*{{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Mohammad Marmour]]
*{{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Firas Al-Khatib]]
*{{fbicon|TJK}} [[Komron Tursunov]]

|1 goal=
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
*{{fbicon|IND}} [[Narender Gahlot]]
*{{fbicon|PRK}} [[Pak Hyon-il]]
*{{fbicon|PRK}} [[Ri Un-chol]]
*{{fbicon|PRK}} [[Sim Hyon-jin]]
*{{fbicon|TJK}} [[Ilhomjon Barotov]]
*{{fbicon|TJK}} [[Sheriddin Boboev]]
*{{fbicon|TJK}} [[Muhammadjon Rahimov]]
*{{fbicon|TJK}} [[Shahrom Samiyev|Shahrom Samiev]]
}}

==Broadcasting rights==
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Broadcaster
|-
|'''{{Flag|India}}''' (host)
|'''[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports 2]]'''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Friendly tournaments 2019}}

[[Category:International association football competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:2019 in association football|Intercontinental Cup (India)]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Indian football|Intercontinental Cup (India)]]
[[Category:July 2019 sports events in India|Intercontinental Cup (India)]]

Kalyani Nagar metro station

2025-07-22T06:15:47Z

Xannat:

{{short description|Pune Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kalyani Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Kalyani Nagar metro station 3.jpg
| alt = Kalyani Nagar metro photo taken from the North side
| caption =
| address = Kalyani Nagar, Pune, Maharashtra 411006
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.544367|73.905732|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] Platform-2 → [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking = 2 wheeler parking on the South Exit (towards Koregaon Park), 4 wheeler parking at request at the retail store Kalyani Metro Store.
| bicycle = Bicycle parking is available. On demand cycles are not available.
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = KNA
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|03|06}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Aqua|left=Yerwada|to-right=Ramwadi|right=Ramwadi}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kalyani Nagar metro station,''' is the elevated eastern terminal metro station on the East - West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. It is connected to [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System]]. The station was opened on 6 March 2024 as an extension of Pune Metro Phase I.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro route extension; these three new stations will be operational from today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pm-modi-metro-inauguration-ramwadi-stretch-pimpri-nigdi-9198703/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Aqua Line operates between Vanaz and Ramwadi station.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Comfortable, convenient & economic: Citizens on Metro launch till Ramwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-launch-till-ramwadi-citizens-share-their-experience/articleshow/108280993.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=It's official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-08-04 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Change over to the Purple Line, PCMC to Swargate stations (North - South corridor) is available at Civil Court station. In June 2024, Entry/Exit Gate no. 3 was opened for the commuters so that they could climb foot over the bridge without crossing the busy road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Metro Introduces New Entry/Exit Gates at Five Stations to Enhance Commuter Convenience and Accessibility |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-metro-introduces-new-entryexit-gates-at-five-stations-to-enhance-commuter-convenience-and-accessibility |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Bund Garden track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Yerwada}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Ramwadi}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms </div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] '''Next Station:''' [[Yerwada metro station|Yerwada]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.punemetrorail.org/station/kalyani-nagar/ Official website]

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]

{{Pune Metro}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Kubir Sarkar

2025-07-20T00:51:30Z

Xannat: started some entry added tags - done

{{Infobox person
|name = Kubir Sarkar
|native_name = কুবীর সরকার
|native_name_lang = bn
|other_names = Kubir Goshai
|image =
|caption = Kubir Goshi in his later life
|birth_place =Madhupur, Brittihuda, [[Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], [[British India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date text|1787}}
|death_date = {{death date text|1879}}
|death_place = Brittihuda, [[Nadia]], [[West Bengal]],
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* songwriter
}}
|website=
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background =
| genre = [[Baul music|Baul]], [[Folk music|folk]]
| instrument = Vocal, [[ektara]]
}}
}}
'''Kubir Sarkar''' also known as '''Kubir Goshai''' ({{Langx|bn| কুবীর সরকার }}; [[Bengali calendars|Bengali]]: Falgun 1194 and 11 Ashar 1286) (1787–1879) was a prominent [[Bengalis|Bengali]] philosopher, author, [[Baul|Baul saint]], mystic, songwriter, social reformer and thinker in [[Bengal]] of [[British India]].<ref name="Gavir Nirjan Pathe">{{cite book|last1= Sudhir Chakrabarti|first1=Dr |editor-last1=Chowdhury|title= Gavir Nirjan Pathe|date=2014|publisher= Ananda Publishers |location=Kalakātā|isbn= 978-8177562668}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Somabrata Sarkar|first1=Mr |editor-last1= Sarkar|title= Dui Banglar Baul Akhra|date=2017|publisher= Kalpo Katha|location=Kalakātā|isbn= 978-8193678398 }}</ref> He was popular as a poet and kaviyal; and alongside he was also known as a famous theorist of Bengal's [[Secularism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Sudhir Chakrabarti|first1=Dr |editor-last1=Chowdhury|title= Baul Fakir Katha|date=2014|publisher= Ananda Publishers
|location=Kalakātā|isbn= 978-8177568363}}</ref><ref name="Mahajnnama Lives of Baul Fakiri Lyricists ">{{cite web|url= https://baulfakiri.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Baul-Book-min.pdf| title= Mahajnnama Lives of Baul Fakiri Lyricists }}</ref> He was a lyricist and composer of songs from the Sahebdhani minor religious sect of Bengal. Some of his notable songs include
''Dub dub dub rupshagore amar mon/ Tolatol patal khujle pabi re prem rotnodhon.''

== Early life ==
Kubir Sarkar was born in 1787 into a weaver family in the village of
Madhupur in the district of [[Nadia]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name=" Gavir Nirjan Pathe" /> He became a disciple of Guru Charan Pal of the village
Brittihuda, in [[Nadia]] and that is where he met his demise. Then he became '''Kubir Goshai'''.

== Personal life ==
He had numbers of the leading students. Among of them, '''Jadubindu'''({{Langx|bn| যাদুবিন্দু }}) is an important disciple of Kubir Goshai. He was also a famous lyricist and composer of songs from the '''Sahebdhani''' minor religious sect of Bengal.<ref name=" Gavir Nirjan Pathe" /> Kubir Goshai died in [[Nadia]] in 1879([[Bengali calendars|Bengali]]: 11 Ashar 1286).

== Works and legacy ==
Kubir Goshai’s philosophy was mainly based on the '''Vaisnava Sahajiya''' .According to Sahajiya philosophy, along with an external form; every object also has an internal form. On his birth anniversary, his followers and students have preserved his diary full of songs beside his tomb. Kubir Goshai composed over 1,203 songs.<ref name=" Gavir Nirjan Pathe" /><ref name="Mahajnnama Lives of Baul Fakiri Lyricists"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=চট্টোপাধ্যায়|first=সুদীপ্ত|title=কুবির কেন অবজ্ঞাতই থেকে গেলেন|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/culture/book-reviews/1.220679|website=anadabazar.com|date=10 October 2015| access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Most popular songs ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* ''Dub dub dub rupshagore amar mon/ Tolatol patal khujle pabi re prem rotnodhon''
* ''Ore brindabon hote bro shripat huda gram/ jotha dibinishi shuni dinbondu nam.''
* ''Lakhi ar Durga Kali, Fatema tari boli,/ jar purto hosen ali madinay kore khela.''
* ''Allah aljibayi ache / khrisno thake takrate.''
* ''Age chilam jalamoy panir upor khaki roy/khair upor ghorbari sokoler.''
* ''Vaire hindu mole ganga pai jobon thake jaminay/ shatmote bli shono postore.''
* ''Manuser keon kro / ebar sadhan bole bhaktir jore manus dhro.''
}}

==External links==
*<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fakir|first=Baul|title=Baulfakir – Browse Singer, Musician, Artists Online|url=https://baulfakir.com/|access-date=2021-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref>
*<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baul|title=Baul - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Baul|access-date=2021-03-16|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Music of Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Kubir}}
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Bengali philosophers]]
[[Category:1787 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]

Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 1993–94

2025-06-13T23:42:01Z

Xannat: adding entry

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket tour|series_name=Sri Lanka cricket team in India in 1993-94|team1_image=Flag of India.svg|team1_name=India|team2_image=Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|team2_name=Sri Lanka|from_date=22 January|to_date=20 February 1994|team1_captain=[[Mohammed Azharuddin]]|team2_captain=[[Arjuna Ranatunga]]|no_of_tests=3|team1_tests_won=3|team2_tests_won=0|team1_tests_most_runs=[[Mohammed Azharuddin]] (307)|team2_tests_most_runs=[[Roshan Mahanama]] (282)|team1_tests_most_wickets=[[Anil Kumble]] (21)|team2_tests_most_wickets=[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (12)|player_of_test_series=[[Mohammed Azharuddin]] (Ind)|no_of_ODIs=3|team1_ODIs_won=2|team2_ODIs_won=1|team1_ODIs_most_runs=[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] (233)|team2_ODIs_most_runs=[[Arjuna Ranatunga]] (106)|team1_ODIs_most_wickets=[[Manoj Prabhakar]] (5)|team2_ODIs_most_wickets=[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (3)|player_of_ODI_series=[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] (Ind)}}

The [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]] are toured India in January and February 1994 to play three [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and three [[One Day International]]s (ODIs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61639.html|title=Results {{!}} Global {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref>

The tour followed the Sri Lankan's participation in the [[1993 Hero Cup]], where they reached the semi-final and was surrounded by controversy.

Sri Lanka only toured India after the [[Pakistan national cricket team]] pulled out citing security concerns. The Sri Lankan team manager, Bandula Warnapura, as was the case a few months earlier at the Hero Cup, blamed the batting failures of the first two test matches on poor umpiring decisions.

The series was played on spin-friendly pitches on which India had built up a formidable record. India won their eighth straight home win since the defeat of Sri Lanka in 1990-91 and their second successive series whitewash after beating England in 1992-93. Contrary to popular beliefs of the time that test matches in India produced boring draws, this series meant that the last 12 tests, from Madras in 1987-88 had produced a result- 11 wins for India. Azharuddin joined [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]] as India's most successful captains, with 9 wins each.

Further cause for celebration for India came when [[Kapil Dev]] became test cricket's highest wicket-taker, surpassing [[Richard Hadlee]]'s tally of 431, which had stood for three and a half years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153227.html|title=The Sri Lankans in India, 1993-94|newspaper=Cricinfo|access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref>

== Squads ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
! colspan="2" |Tests
! colspan="2" |ODIs
|-
!{{cr|IND}}
!{{cr|SRI}}
!{{cr|IND}}
!{{cr|SRI}}
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Kapil Dev]]
* [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Rajesh Chauhan]]
* [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Roshan Mahanama]]
* [[Dulip Samaraweera]]
* [[Hashan Tillakaratne]]
* [[Aravinda de Silva]]
* [[Ruwan Kalpage]]
* [[Dulip Liyanage]]
* [[Don Anurasiri]]
* [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]]
* [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* [[Pubudu Dassanayake]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marvan Atapattu]]
|
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Kapil Dev]]
* [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
* [[Anil Kumble]]
* [[Rajesh Chauhan]]
* [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Pravin Amre]]
* [[Ajay Jadeja]]
* [[Salil Ankola]]
|
* [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Roshan Mahanama]]
* [[Dulip Samaraweera]]
* [[Hashan Tillakaratne]]
* [[Aravinda de Silva]]
* [[Ruwan Kalpage]]
* [[Dulip Liyanage]]
* [[Don Anurasiri]]
* [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]]
* [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* [[Nisal Fernando]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marvan Atapattu]]
* [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
* [[Chaminda Vaas]]
* [[Ravindra Pushpakumara]]
|}

== Test series ==

=== 1st Test ===
{{Two-innings cricket match|date=18–22 January 1994|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}|team2={{cr|SRI}}|score-team1-inns1=511 (161.5 overs)|runs-team1-inns1=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 142 (224)|wickets-team1-inns1=[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 5/162 (41.5 overs)|score-team2-inns1=218 (106.4 overs)|runs-team2-inns1=[[Roshan Mahanama]] 73 (167)|wickets-team2-inns1=[[Anil Kumble]] 4/69 (37 overs)|score-team1-inns2=|runs-team1-inns2=|wickets-team1-inns2=|score-team2-inns2=174 (73.3 overs)|runs-team2-inns2=[[Hashan Tillakaratne]] 47 (87)|wickets-team2-inns2=[[Anil Kumble]] 7/59 (27.3 overs)|result=India won by an innings and 119 runs|report=[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63631.html Scorecard]|venue=[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]|umpires=[[Raman Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)|motm=[[Anil Kumble]] (Ind)|toss=India won the toss and chose to bat.|rain=|notes=[[Nayan Mongia]] (Ind) made his Test debut.}}

=== 2nd Test ===
{{Two-innings cricket match|date=26–30 January 1994|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}|team2={{cr|SRI}}|score-team1-inns1=541/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (161 overs)|runs-team1-inns1=[[Mohammed Azharuddin]] 108 (217)|wickets-team1-inns1=[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 4/179 (65 overs)|score-team2-inns1=231 (58.1 overs)|runs-team2-inns1=[[Ruwan Kalpage]] 63 (99)|wickets-team2-inns1=[[Manoj Prabhakar]] 4/82 (20 overs)|score-team1-inns2=|runs-team1-inns2=|wickets-team1-inns2=|score-team2-inns2=215 (55.3 overs)|runs-team2-inns2=[[Hashan Tillakaratne]] 80 (118)|wickets-team2-inns2=[[Anil Kumble]] 3/64 (16 overs)|result=India won by an innings and 95 runs|report=[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63632.html Scorecard]|venue=[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]|umpires=[[Shyam Bansal]] (Ind) and [[K. Parthasarathy]] (Ind)|motm=[[Mohammed Azharuddin]] (Ind)|toss=India won the toss and elected to bat.|rain=|notes=}}

=== 3rd Test ===
{{Two-innings cricket match|date=8–12 February 1994|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}|team2={{cr|SRI}}|score-team1-inns1=358 (138.3 overs)|runs-team1-inns1=[[Mohammed Azharuddin]] 152 (260)|wickets-team1-inns1=[[Aravinda de Silva]] 3/50 (23 overs)|score-team2-inns1=119 (63.5 overs)|runs-team2-inns1=[[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]] 22 (28)|wickets-team2-inns1=[[Venkatapathy Raju]] 5/38 (23.5 overs)|score-team1-inns2=|runs-team1-inns2=|wickets-team1-inns2=|score-team2-inns2=222 (104.3 overs)|runs-team2-inns2=[[Roshan Mahanama]] 63 (125)|wickets-team2-inns2=[[Venkatapathy Raju]] 6/86 (32.3 overs)|result=India won by an innings and 17 runs|report=[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63633.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]|umpires=[[A. L. Narasimhan]] (Ind) and [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] (Ind)|motm=[[Mohammed Azharuddin]] (Ind)|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat.|rain=|notes=}}

== ODI series ==

=== 1st ODI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=15 February 1994|time=|daynight=|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}|team2={{cr|SRI}}|score1=246/5 (50 overs)|runs1=[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] 108 (132)|wickets1=[[Ruwan Kalpage]] 1/37 (10 overs)|score2=238/8 (50 overs)|runs2=[[Aravinda de Silva]] 67 (85)|wickets2=[[Anil Kumble]] 3/43 (10 overs)|result=India won by 8 runs|report=[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64445.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]|umpires=[[Jose Kurushinkal]] (Ind) and [[Piloo Reporter]] (Ind)|motm=[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] (Ind)|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=[[Nisal Fernando]] and [[Chaminda Vaas]] (SL), and [[Nayan Mongia]] (Ind) made their ODI debuts.}}

=== 2nd ODI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=18 February 1994|time=|daynight=|team1={{cr-rt|SRI}}|team2={{cr|IND}}|score1=226/7 (50 overs)|runs1=[[Arjuna Ranatunga]] 98 (115)|wickets1=[[Manoj Prabhakar]] 5/35 (10 overs)|score2=227/3 (48.2 overs)|runs2=[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] 79 (113)|wickets2=[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 1/39 (10 overs)|result=India won by 7 wickets|report=[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64447.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]|umpires=[[S. Choudhary]] (Ind) and [[S. K. Sharma]] (Ind)|motm=[[Manoj Prabhakar]] (Ind)|toss=India won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=[[Ravindra Pushpakumara]] and [[Aruna Gunawardene]] (SL) made their ODI debuts.}}

=== 3rd ODI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=20 February 1994|time=|daynight=|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}|team2={{cr|SRI}}|score1=213/9 (50 overs)|runs1=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 52 (63)|wickets1=[[Ruwan Kalpage]] 2/36 (10 overs)|score2=141/6 (32.5 overs)|runs2=[[Dulip Samaraweera]] 49 (65)|wickets2=[[Venkatapathy Raju]] 3/19 (8 overs)|result=Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets (Revised target)|report=[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64449.html Scorecard]|venue=[[Gandhi Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]]|umpires=[[K. S. Giridharan]] (Ind) and [[M. R. Singh]] (Ind)|motm=[[Aravinda de Silva]] (SL)|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.|rain=|notes=Sri Lanka were set 141 runs to win in 33 overs.}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61639.html Tour home] at [[ESPN Cricinfo]]

{{International cricket in 1993–94}}
{{International cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 1993-94}}
[[Category:1994 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1994 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1991–92 to 1994]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket tours of India|1994]]

Ahmed Rafiuddin

2025-06-06T19:31:50Z

Xannat: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[List of Hyderabad cricketers#R]]

{{r to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafiuddin, Ahmed}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]

Nuri (story)

2025-05-25T18:13:32Z

Xannat: started some pg more to come

{{short description|1947 Ghanada story by Premendra Mitra}}
{{about|story by Premendra Mitra|a place in Sudan|Nuri}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = Nuri (The Pebble)
| title_orig = নুড়ি
| translator =
| image = Nuri Ghanada story title page Ajit Gupta 1968.jpg
| caption = Illustration by Ajit Gupta in 1968
| author = [[Premendra Mitra]]
| illustrator = Ajit Gupta
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| series = GhanaDa
| genre = [[Science fiction]]
| publisher = Deb Sahitya Kutir
| release_date = 1947
| media_type = Print
| preceded_by = [[Mosha (story)|মশা (The Mosquito)]]
| followed_by = [[Ghori (story)|ঘড়ি (The Clock)]]}}

'''''Nuri''''' ({{langx|bn|নুড়ি}}) ({{translation|'''The Pebble'''}}) is a work of [[science fiction]] written in Bengali by the Bengali novelist [[Premendra Mitra]]. This story was first published by Deb Sahitya Kutir, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in the Puja Annual titled ''Rangarakhi'' ({{langx|bn|রাঙারাখি}}) in 1947. It was the second story in GhanaDa series, the first one being [[Mosha (novel)|মশা]] (the mosquito) published in 1945. Ghanashyam Das, alias [[Ghanada]], the [[protagonist]] of the ''Ghanada'' series of science-fiction novels written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is a fictional [[Character (arts)|character]] created by [[Premendra Mitra]].<ref name = tfo>{{cite journal | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676 | title= The Insectesimal tall tale: Historical catachresis and ethics in the science fiction of Premendra Mitra|journal= Journal of Postcolonial Writing | first1= Atanu | last1 = Bhattacharya| first2= Preet |last2 = Hiradhar |access-date = 14 November 2020 | date=13 February 2012| volume= 54| issue= 2| pages= 174–186| doi= 10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676| s2cid= 164349172| url-access= subscription}}</ref>

==Characterization==
The character of [[Ghanada|Ghanashyam Das]] alias [[Ghanada]] was outlined as a bachelor, dark complexioned male with tall, boney and skeletal structure, having age "anywhere between thirty five to fifty five", as described by the author himself in Mosha, the first story of the Ghanada series. He stayed in the third floor attic of a shared apartment (মেস বাড়ি) at no. 72, Banamali Naskar Lane, Calcutta, West Bengal, India, along with other boarders, who called him Ghana-da, while the term "da" is a suffix added to the name of an elder male in Bengal to convey reverence and affection. Though he was rarely found engaged in any activity or work other than telling fantastic tales to the boarders of the apartment, his stories engaged him with most of the major events happened in the world for last two hundred years and there was no place on earth which he didn't visit.<ref name=abp1>{{cite book|editor-first=Surajit|editor-last=Dasgupta|chapter= ঘড়ি |title=ঘনাদা সমগ্র – পর্ব ১|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2000|isbn=81-7215-395-3}}</ref> {{blockquote|গত দুশো বছর ধরে পৃথিবীর হেন জায়গা নেই যেখানে তিনি যাননি, হেন ঘটনা ঘটেনি যার সঙ্গে তাঁর কোনও যোগ নেই<ref name=abp1/>}}

[[Premendra Mitra]], the creator, described Ghana~da in an interview by A K Ganguly published in SPAN in 1974, as under:<ref name=span >{{cite journal| journal= SPAN |first=A K|last=Ganguly|title= Premendra Mitra's science fiction|year=1974}}</ref> {{blockquote|Ghana~da is a teller of tall tales, but the tales always have a scientific basis. I try to keep them as factually correct and as authentic as possible.<ref name = span /> }}

==Characters==
*[[Ghanada|Ghanashyam Das alias Ghanada]]
*Ram (appeared in this story only)
*Shibu
*Gouranga alias Gour
*[[Premendra Mitra|Author]] (anonymous in this story. However, now we know it is Sudhir)
*Malana, the house owner in Port Vila
*Monsieur Petra, an explorer

==Plot==
[[Image:Nh-map.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of the [[Republic of Vanuatu]]]]
It was a rainy day in 1947. The city of Calcutta had almost become Venice. Most of the streets were waterlogged, and almost no public transport available. All boarders of the boarding house at 72 Banamali Naskar Lane were detained for day long and desperately trying to pass time, expecting GhanaDa to initiate his tall tales. Unfortunately, GhanaDa was not in a mood to talk that day and his only activity was to yawn like a roaring lion. It was a complete failure in instigating GhanaDa to open his mouth, and after trying hard for a long time discussing various topics, Ram directly charged him saying, ”GhanaDa, didn’t you do weight lifting ever?” {{blockquote|"ওয়েট-লিফটিং!" ঘনাদা নেহাত আলস্য ভরে বলেছেন, "না, ওয়েট-লিফটিং করিনি – তবে একবার একটা পাথর তুলেছিলাম" (With reluctance he replied, "No, I didn’t do weightlifting, but once pickeed up a pebble".)<ref name=abp1/>}}

There the story began.

The story was based on Efata, the capital of [[New Hebrides]], presently known as the [[Republic of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]. GhanaDa was there apparently in connection with his business of [[Sandalwood]], and was stationed in the small Island of Aneghowhat ({{langx|bn|আনিওয়া}}) in the south of Port Villa. He met Monsieur Petra, a French man explorer. Six years later he again met Petra in an uninhabited island about ten miles away from Aneghowhat. On the top of a mysterious hill about two thousand feet high there was a mysterious lake high above the sea level. M. Petra was stationed in a cave and along with him GhanaDa dived into the depth of the lake only to find an abundance of diamond embedded in the belts of bluish Kimberlite under the water of the lake. GhanaDa couldn't resist himself from lifting one large piece of Diamond, and BOOM! the island blew up.

When Shibu asked, "Where is that diamond now, GhanaDa?”, GhanaDa was unmindful. Apparently he couldn't hear and didn't reply.<ref name=abp1/>

==Scientific references==
The Vanuatu archipelago in the South Pacific is the host of some of the most spectacular volcanoes, such as Ambae, Ambrym, Lopevi, and Yasur. There are a few active or erupting volcanos as well as many dormant and extinct volcanoes too. The author, Premendra Mitra, extensively studied the geology, anthropology and ornithology of the area and explained vividly in simple words and explicit details the possibilities of getting diamonds in kimberlite pipes formed in volcanic activities. The story appears to have every minute details of a volcanic explosion as to be accpted as a real life experience, had the readers not knowing the characterization of GhanaDa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/vanuatu.html|title=Active Volcanoes of Vanuatu | website= volcanodiscovery.com//| access-date= 2020-11-14}}</ref>

A first hand report of mysterious volcanic activities ware published in The Sydney Morning Herald dated Wednesday, 4 September 1901, which was observed by the French steamer Pacifique. This geographic area experienced similar activities since long and this story perfectly placed GhanaDa into the plot. {{blockquote|The first shocks appear to have occurred in the night of the 8th of last month, and they increased until they became so violent that the white inhabitants fled from their dwellings and the natives hid themselves in the bush. The shocks were very severe on Ambrym, Pentecost, and Espritu Santo. So far as could be learnt no loss of life had taken place, but on the coast stations dwellings were shaken to pieces. The earthquake was due to an eruption of a volcano near Epi. Describing that outburst, a passenger by the steamer La Perouse said : " Immense vomiting jets of smoke and flame went skyward. The spectacle as viewed from the deck of the La Perouse was impressively grand. " The eruption was followed by a tidal wave, which did infinitely greater damage to the plantations than the eruption.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14407505|title=VOLCANIC ERUPTION AT THE NEW HEBRIDES.| access-date= 2025-03-25}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Premendra Mitra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuri}}
[[Category:1947 short stories]]
[[Category:Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Science fiction short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories set in India]]
[[Category:Vanuatu in fiction]]
[[Category:Ghanada short stories]]

Shadow from Ladakh

2025-03-30T01:45:34Z

Xannat: further cleanup section per sources and added references

{{short description|1966 novel by Bhabani Bhattacharya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = Shadow from Ladakh
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:ShadowFromLadakh.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Bhabani Bhattacharya]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language =
| series =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Crown Publishers]]
| release_date = 1966
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
| dewey = 823
| congress = PZ3.B46978 PR9499.3.B45
| oclc = 1856747
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Shadow from Ladakh''''' is a [[novel]] by [[Bhabani Bhattacharya]] first published in 1966 by [[Crown Publishers]]. The book is set with the [[Sino-Indian War]] as a backdrop and tackles various issues include China's presence in Tibet as well the more local social and moral elements of life.{{sfn|Nagpal|1992|pp=3935}} The mixture of humour and interactions of the characters in a war setting provides the novel a nuanced approach.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2004|p=37–8}}

The book won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1967.{{sfn|Mohan|Narayan|2004|p=85–6}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Mohan|first1=Ramesh|first2=Shyamala|last2= Narayan|title=Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English|editor=Eugene Benson|publisher=Routledge|date=2004|chapter=Awards (India)|isbn=9780203484326|oclc=874157271}}
*{{cite book|last=Nagpal|first=B. R.|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|editor=Mohan Lal|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|date=1992|volume=5|isbn=9788126012213}}
*{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=C. M.|title=Modern Indian Writing in English: Critical Perceptions|editor=N. D. R. Chandra|publisher=Sarup & Sons|date=2004|chapter=Issues and Themes in the Novels of Bhabani Bhattacharya|isbn=9788176253765}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}

[[Category:1966 novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]

{{India-lit-stub}}
{{1960s-novel-stub}}

Pramod Reang

2025-03-13T07:26:37Z

Xannat: started first stub w/ refs

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Pramod Reang
|office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency = [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]]
|term_start = [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|predecessor = [[Manindra Reang]]
|term_end =
|successor =
|spouse =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Tripura]], India
|parents =
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Pramod Reang''' is an Indian social worker and politician representing [[Santirbazar Assembly constituency]] in the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5948|title=Shantibazar Assembly Election: Pramod Reang has won the election=2022-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tripura/santirbazar-mla-results|title= Shantibazar Election Result 2018=2022-12-26}}</ref> He is also candidate of the BJP for the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]].{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kaaki Sattai (soundtrack)

2025-03-02T21:46:51Z

Xannat: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Kaaki Sattai (2015 film)#Music]]

Maiestas parajogensis

2025-02-25T17:57:15Z

Xannat: started the info w/ sources...

{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Maiestas
| species = parajogensis
| authority = Dmitriev, 2020
| synonyms = ''Deltocephalus truncatus'' Dash & Viraktamath, 1998 (preocc.)<ref>[https://hoppers.speciesfile.org/otus/615582/overview]</ref>
}}

'''''Maiestas parajogensis''''' (formerly ''Recilia truncatus'') is a species of insect from [[Leafhopper|Cicadellidae]] family that is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2457830|title=Recilia truncatus|publisher=[[Global Species Database]]|accessdate=May 22, 2012}}</ref> It was formerly placed within ''[[Recilia]]'', but a 2009 revision moved it to ''[[Maiestas]]''.<ref name=WeebViraktamath2009>Webb, M.D.; Viraktamath, C.A. 2009: Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the ''Deltocephalus'' group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). ''Zootaxa'', '''2163''': 1-64. [http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02163p064f.pdf Abstract & excerpt]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3081747}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1998]]
[[Category:Maiestas|parajogensis]]

{{Deltocephalinae-stub}}