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PLBY Group

2026-05-30T06:42:00Z

XMXHosea83962264: New New Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|American global media and lifestyle company}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = PLBY Group, Inc.
| logo = PlayboyLogo.svg
| logo_size = 225px
| former_name = Playboy Enterprises, Inc.
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|PLBY}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1953}}, in [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S.
| location = [[Chicago]], Illinois, U.S. (1953–2012) [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S. (2012–2025) [[Miami Beach, Florida]], U.S. (2025–present)
| founder = [[Hugh Hefner]]
| area_served = Global
| key_people = [[Suhail Rizvi]] ([[chairman]]) Ben Kohn ([[President (corporate title)|president]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| industry = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lifestyle (sociology)|Lifestyle]]
* [[Mass media]]
* [[Well-being|Wellness]]
}}
| products = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Playboy]]''
* [[Playboy TV]] (1982–2011)
* Playboy Online
* Centerfold.com
}}
| revenue = {{gain}} [[United States dollar|$]]147.7 million (2020)<ref name=2010Q2>{{cite press release |title=PLBY Group Reports Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2020 Financial Results |url=https://www.plbygroup.com/news-releases/news-release-details/plby-group-reports-fourth-quarter-full-year-2020-financial |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{gain}} $13.61 million (2020)<ref name=2010Q2 />
| net_income = {{loss}} −$5.27 million (2020)<ref name=2010Q2 />
| assets = {{loss}} $412.13 million (2020)<ref name=2010Q2 />
| equity = {{loss}} $83.02 million (2020)<ref name=2010Q2 />
| num_employees = 211 (2020)<ref name="propectus">{{Cite web |title=PLBY Group, Inc. Propectus |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1803914/000110465921021065/tm2035405-12_424b3.htm |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>
| subsid = Playboy Enterprises Lovers Centerfold.com
| homepage = {{official URL}}
}}

'''PLBY Group, Inc.''' is an American global media and lifestyle company founded by [[Hugh Hefner]] as '''Playboy Enterprises, Inc.''' to oversee the ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine and related assets. Its headquarters were in [[Los Angeles]], California, until 2025, when they relocated to [[Miami Beach, Florida]].<ref name="propectus"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 August 2025 |title=Playboy is moving its headquarters to Miami Beach and opening a new club|url=https://apnews.com/article/playboy-miami-beach-headquarters-move-4a98fa0de1187ee069df6ce6c7d719f3 |access-date=17 August 2025|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref>

The company is focused on four primary business lines: Sexual Wellness, Style & Apparel, Gaming and Lifestyle, and Beauty & Grooming.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.walmart.com/browse/beauty/men-s-grooming/playboy/1085666_7192911_8845470/YnJhbmQ6UGxheWJveQieie |title=Playboy Men's Grooming – Walmart.com |website=www.walmart.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104013845/https://www.walmart.com/browse/beauty/men-s-grooming/playboy/1085666_7192911_8845470/YnJhbmQ6UGxheWJveQieie |archive-date=2021-11-04}}</ref><ref name="The New Old Playboy">{{cite web |last=Stattmann |first=Dean |url=http://www.mensfitness.com/leisure/entertainment/the-new-old-playboy | title=The New (Old) Playboy |work=[[Men's Journal]] |date=19 May 2021}}</ref> Today, PLBY Group, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the development and distribution of content, products and high-profile events that embody both "eroticism and fine art", and apparel retailing.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Chris |date=14 September 2013 |title=To ''Playboy'' magazine, sophistication is the new sexy |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-playboy-reboot-20130915-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> It is in the top twenty most licensed brands globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.plbygroup.com/about/ |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=PLBY Group |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Sales of ''Playboy'' magazine peaked in 1972 at over 7 million copies.<ref name='NewYorker20060320'>{{cite magazine
|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/03/20/060320crbo_books?printable=false |title=The Girls Next Door | magazine=The New Yorker |date=20 March 2006}}</ref> By 2015, the circulation had fallen to 800,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/obituaries/hugh-hefner-dead.html?mcubz=3 | title=Hugh Hefner, Who Built Playboy Empire and Embodied It, Dies at 91 | work=The New York Times | date=27 September 2017}}</ref> The company completed its shift to consumer products in 2020 with the shuttering of the magazine division, and is now known to generate more than $3 billion in [[consumer spending]] annually across 180 countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jasinski |first1=Nicholas |title=Playboy Has Gone Public. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/playboy-is-set-to-go-public-heres-what-to-know-51613003981 |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |date=11 February 2021}}</ref>

Playboy Enterprises, Inc. made its [[initial public offering]] on November 3, 1971, at $23.50.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-26 |title=Playboy Enterprises, Inc. |url=http://www.playboyenterprises.com//home/content.cfm?content=t_template&packet=00017B97-9135-1C72-8FEA8304E50A010D&artTypeID=00025AAE-7EF7-1C72-8FEA8304E50A010D |access-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326060757/http://www.playboyenterprises.com//home/content.cfm?content=t_template&packet=00017B97-9135-1C72-8FEA8304E50A010D&artTypeID=00025AAE-7EF7-1C72-8FEA8304E50A010D |archive-date=26 March 2006 }}</ref>

Playboy ran forty [[Playboy Club]] properties from 1960 to 1986 and operated casinos in England from the mid-1960s to 1981, when they lost their operating license. Playboy also operated a casino in [[Nassau, Bahamas]], from 1978 to 1982.<ref>Playboy Chips and Tokens – The Rise and Fall of the Bunny Chip www.ccgtcc-ccn.com [http://www.ccgtcc-ccn.com/BunnyChip.pdf PDF]</ref> From 1981 to 1984, the company was a partner in the [[Trump World's Fair|Playboy Hotel and Casino]] in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]. Playboy Enterprises was denied a permanent New Jersey gaming license and was forced to sell out to its partner, which changed the name of the hotel/casino to the Atlantis Hotel and Casino. The company returned to the nightlife business with the [[Playboy Club (Las Vegas)|Playboy Club]] at the [[Palms Casino Resort]] in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], which opened in 2006<ref>{{cite news|last=Bracelin|first=Jason|date=7 October 2006|title=Bunnies Are Back: Palms' Fantasy Tower takes Playboy Club concept to new heights|work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/Oct-07-Sat-2006/news/10090046.html|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> and closed in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2012|title=Playboy Club at Las Vegas' Palms casino closes|work=[[USA Today]]|agency=[[Associated Press|AP]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/destinations/lasvegas/story/2012-06-04/Playboy-Club-at-Las-Vegas-Palms-casino-closes/55383590/1|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Other Playboy Clubs opened in Cancun, Macau, and London in 2010 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kee Hua Chee |date=27 June 2001 |title=Playboy Bunnies a tourist attraction |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2011/6/27/lifeliving/8894595&sec=lifeliving |access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Meanwhile, the company said it would open at least three Playboy stores in each of the next three years.<ref>[https://sunainachauhan.in/playboy-pull-a-rabbit.html "Playboy Pull A Rabbit"]. [[MSN]].</ref>

{{anchor|Alta Loma}}In 1959, the company formed '''Alta Loma Entertainment''' (formerly '''Playboy Productions''' from 1959 to 1988, and '''Alta Loma Productions''' from 1988 to 1999), to produce movies and television shows. The first project was ''[[Playboy's Penthouse]]'', a television show on [[WLS-TV|WBKB-TV]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 13, 1959 |title=Playboy head to have new show on WBKB |work=[[The Chicago Tribune]] |pages=14}}</ref> which was followed by ''[[Playboy After Dark]]'', a television series that ran for two seasons,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 15, 1968 |title='Playboy' production begins |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/68-OCR/1968-07-15-BC-OCR-Page-0062.pdf |access-date=April 4, 2024 |work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting Magazine]] |pages=62}}</ref> and the format was revived as ''After Hours'' in 1989.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 14, 1988 |title=Syndication Marketplace |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/88-OCR/BC-1988-11-14-OCR-Page-0052.pdf |access-date=April 4, 2024 |work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting Magazine]] |pages=54}}</ref>

In 1982, Playboy Enterprises founded '''Playboy Home Video''' (later '''Playboy Home Entertainment'''). At first, the Playboy Premiere titles were distributed by [[MGM Home Entertainment|MGM/UA Home Video]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 10, 1983 |title=MGM/UA Now To Handle Playboy Vids |work=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]] |pages=8}}</ref> with others going to [[20th Century Home Entertainment|CBS/Fox Video]], but the label changed hands to other distributors since 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dobrin |first=Gregory |date=June 1, 1985 |title=Playboy Home Video Enters Dist. Pact With Lorimar |work=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]] |pages=8}}</ref>

''[[The Age]]'' reported in October 2008 that, for the first-time ever, Hugh Hefner was selling tickets to his celebrity-filled parties to offset his cash-flow problems due to setbacks Playboy Enterprises had suffered, including decreasing ''Playboy'' circulation, decreasing [[stock]] value, and ventures that have yet to turn a profit.<ref>"[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/10/17/1224351116190.html Party's over for Playboy king Hugh Hefner]." ''The Age'' 18 October 2008. {{Retrieved|access-date=30 October 2008}}</ref> Christie Hefner released a memo to employees about her efforts to streamline the company's operations, including eliminating its [[DVD]] division and laying off staff.<ref>"[http://biz.yahoo.com/paidcontent/081015/1_328648_id.html?.v=1 Playboy Enterprises Does Restructuring; Shutting DVD Division For Online Focus; 80 Positions Will Go]." ''Yahoo! Finance'' 15 October 2008. {{Retrieved|access-date=30 October 2008}}</ref>

In March 2011, founder Hugh Hefner succeeded in a bid to take Playboy Enterprises private after 40 years as a [[publicly traded company]]. He partnered with private equity firm [[Rizvi Traverse]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/playboy-enterprises-inc-announces-closing-of-acquisition-by-icon-acquisition-holdings-lp-117424923.html|title=Playboy Enterprises, Inc. Announces Closing of Acquisition by Icon Acquisition Holdings, L.P.|access-date=4 June 2017|date=4 March 2011}}</ref>

Playboy Enterprises closed its former headquarters in the top office floors of [[680 N Lake Shore Drive|680 N. Lake Shore Drive]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]], in April 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.minonline.com/news/Playboys-Move-to-Los-Angeles-Set-for-April-30_19746.html | title=Playboy's Move to Los Angeles Set for April 30 | date=17 January 2012 | access-date=9 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417080403/http://www.minonline.com/news/Playboys-Move-to-Los-Angeles-Set-for-April-30_19746.html | archive-date=17 April 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2013, the company said it employed 165.<ref name="The New Old Playboy"/>

In 2018, less than a year after Hugh Hefner's death, his estate sold its remaining Playboy shares of 33%, worth $35 million, to Icon Acquisition Holdings LP. The money was split between Hefner's widow and his four children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2018/08/03/hugh-hefner-playboy-shares|title=Hugh Hefner's Family Sells Their Remaining Shares in Playboy |website=Fortune |access-date=26 October 2019 |date=3 August 2018}}</ref>

In March 2020, CEO Ben Kohn announced that the Spring issue of the magazine would be the last to be printed, and the publication would be online-only going forward.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 November 2020 |title=An Open Letter To Our Team And Partners|url=https://medium.com/naked-open-letters-from-playboy/an-open-letter-to-our-team-and-partners-b859b1a4c663 |access-date=13 March 2021|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, Playboy Enterprises announced a reverse merger with Mountain Crest Acquisition Corp, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). On February 11, 2021, PLBY Group, Inc. completed its merger and began trading on the Nasdaq stock market under the PLBY ticker. PLBY Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Playboy Enterprises, is headed by Ben Kohn, chief executive officer, president and director.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jasinski |first1=Nicholas |title=Playboy Has Gone Public. Here's What to Know. |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/playboy-is-set-to-go-public-heres-what-to-know-51613003981 |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |date=11 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Maurer |first=Mark |title=Owner of Playboy Brand Looks to Invest SPAC Money in 'Sexual Wellness' Sector |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/owner-of-playboy-brand-looks-to-invest-spac-money-in-sexual-wellness-sector-11616702854 |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=25 March 2021}}</ref> In 2025, Playboy announced it was moving its headquarters to [[Miami Beach, Florida]] and opening a new club there.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 August 2025 |title=Playboy is moving its headquarters to Miami Beach and opening a new club|url=https://apnews.com/article/playboy-miami-beach-headquarters-move-4a98fa0de1187ee069df6ce6c7d719f3 |access-date=17 August 2025|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref>

=== Segments ===
The company has three reportable segments: Licensing, which includes licensing of Playboy brands to third parties; Direct-to-Consumer, including sales of third-party products through its owned-and-operated e-commerce platforms; and Digital Subscriptions and Content, including the sale of subscriptions to Playboy programming and trademark licensing for online gaming products.

As of the 2020 re-organization the business had four main market categories:
* Sexual Wellness, comprising own-branded [[lingerie]] and sexual amenities including [[Cannabidiol|CBD]] products. This segment contributed over 40% to revenue in 2020.<ref name="MtnCrest Inv Pres">{{Cite web|title=Mountain Crest Investor Presentation|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1803914/000110465920110690/tm2032160d1_ex99-2.htm|access-date=13 March 2021|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref>
* Style & Apparel, comprising licensed fashion sales globally, especially in China, where it is the leading men's fashion brand with over 3500 stores. This segment contributed around 52% of revenue in 2020.<ref name="MtnCrest Inv Pres" />
* Beauty & Grooming, comprising skincare, beauty and grooming products. This segment contributed around 2% to revenue in 2020.<ref name="MtnCrest Inv Pres" />

The company's [[Playboy Foundation]] provides grants to non-profit groups involved in fighting [[censorship]] and researching [[human sexuality]].

The company licenses the Playboy name, the [[Rabbit]] Head design and other images, trademarks, and artwork to "appear on a wide range of consumer products including apparel, accessories, footwear, lingerie, jewelry, fragrances and home fashions." Its licensed products generate "more than $3 billion in global sales in more than 180 countries."<ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} PLBY Group|url=https://www.plbygroup.com/about/ |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=www.plbygroup.com |language=en}}</ref> The company's trademarks and copyrights are critical to the success and potential growth of its business as "Playboy is one of the most recognized, celebrated and popular consumer brands in the world."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://imglicensing.com/brands-and-clients/playboy/ | title=IMG Brand and clients | access-date=7 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930140835/http://imglicensing.com/brands-and-clients/playboy/ | archive-date=30 September 2013 | url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, Playboy ranked number 21 among the Top 150 Global Licensors by ''License Global'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2019 |title=Top 150 Leading Licensors of 2019 |url=https://www.licenseglobal.com/rankings-and-lists/top-150-leading-licensors-2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=licenseglobal.com|language=en}}</ref> As of 2013, the licensing accounts for about 65% of revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bain|first=Marc|title=Playboy has big plans but Wall Street is unimpressed |url=https://qz.com/1972286/playboy-goes-public-again-but-wall-street-is-unimpressed/ |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=Quartz |date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

PB Lifestyle Ltd. is promoted by [[Mumbai]]-based entrepreneurs. Following their interests in media and entertainment, PB Lifestyle Ltd. has signed the master and exclusive franchise/licensee agreement with Playboy Enterprises USA (for ten years) for the use of the Playboy brand in India for various businesses.<ref name="Economic Times">{{cite news|title=Playboy Enterprises plans to open clubs, cafes and retail stores in India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/news/34857624_1_macau-and-cancun-playboy-enterprises-open-retail-outlets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113230436/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/news/34857624_1_macau-and-cancun-playboy-enterprises-open-retail-outlets |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |access-date=16 December 2012 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=1 November 2012}}</ref> PB Lifestyle representatives have also stated that the company will adapt the Playboy brand to suit India's decency standards and will not allow content/material that is deemed "lascivious or appealing to prurient interests".<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=India to get first Playboy Club in Goa|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20164183 |access-date=16 December 2012 |work=BBC News |date=1 November 2012}}</ref>

Playboy first entered the Chinese market in a 1988 licensing deal with Hong Kong–based Chaifa Group. By the early 1990s, Licenses were divided into subcategories of products and sold to mainland manufacturers. The company claimed roughly 650 stores by 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hunwick|first=Robert Foyle|title=Playboy Is Ditching the Sex and Betting on China|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/15/playboy-is-ditching-the-sex-and-betting-on-china/ |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US}}</ref> This had grown to 3,100 by 2015.<ref name="PR-China">{{Cite press release|title=Playboy Expands Licensing Presence in China|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/playboy-expands-licensing-presence-in-china-300078380.html |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=PR Newswire |publisher=Playboy Enterprises |location=Los Angeles |language=en}}</ref> The company has attempted to open a club in Shanghai, once in 2004,<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 December 2004 |title=China officials halt Playboy club |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4082773.stm |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> and again in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Playboy Club - Club, Shanghai {{!}} SmartShanghai|url=https://www.smartshanghai.com/venue/14108/playboy_club_shanghai|access-date=19 March 2021|website=www.smartshanghai.com}}</ref> In May 2015, Playboy signed a 10-year licensing agreement with Handong United to manufacture and distribute fashion apparel.<ref name="PR-China" />

== Subsidiaries ==
In December 2019, Playboy Enterprises acquired the online retailer [[Yandy.com|Yandy]] for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="MtnCrest Inv Pres" /> In February 2021, PLBY announced the acquisition of the sexual wellness retailer Lovers for $25m in cash.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Playboy Expands Direct-to-Consumer and Retail Store Reach with Deal to Acquire Leading Sexual Wellness Omni-Channel Retailer|work=PLBY Group|url=https://www.plbygroup.com/news-releases/news-release-details/playboy-expands-direct-consumer-and-retail-store-reach-deal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Franklin|first=Joshua |date=1 February 2021 |title=Playboy agrees to buy sexual wellness chain Lovers |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-playboy-m-a-mountain-crest-lovers-idUSKBN2A12JB |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, PLBY Group acquired Australian-based lingerie chain [[Honey Birdette]] for US$333 million in cash and stock.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Sue |date=2021-06-29 |title='Perfect partner': Blundy's Honey Birdette sold to Playboy owner |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/retail/brett-blundy-s-honey-birdette-sold-to-playboy-owner-20210630-p585gb |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref> In October 2021 PLBY Group acquired Dream, a social content platform that provides creators with tools to interact directly with their fans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-19 |title=PLBY Group to Acquire Dream for $30M; Street Says Buy |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/plby-group-acquire-dream-30m-053513814.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref> This acquisition was used to support the launch of Playboys creator community Centerfold.com that went live on December 20, 2021.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{playboy|state=expanded}}
{{MindGeek|state=collapsed}}
{{U.S. premium television services}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Playboy|*]]
[[Category:Aylo]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Magazine publishing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Adult magazine publishing companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chicago]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1994]]
[[Category:2011 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in California]]

E. Mohandoss

2026-05-07T07:36:45Z

XMXHosea83962264: put up new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = E. Mohandoss
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam (SC)]]
| predecessor = M. Kandasamy
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[All India N.R. Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''E. Mohandoss''' is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam (SC)]] representing the [[All India N.R. Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=E. Mohandoss(All India N.R. Congress):Constituency- EMBALAM (SC)(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=115 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E. MOHANDOSS |url=https://pyinfo.in/candidates/e-mohandoss/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Pondicherry Information Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Mohandoss won the [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam (SC)]] seat in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[All India N.R. Congress]]. He received 16,017 votes and defeated M. Kandaswamy of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 4,061 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Embalam (sc) (Puducherry) Assembly Election Result 2026: E. Mohandoss of All India N.R. Congress Wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/embalam-election-result-live-updates-puducherry-assembly-election-results-winner-10668713/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Embalam election result 2026: AINRC’s E Mohandoss wins Embalam, defeats Congress’s M Candassamy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/embalam-election-result-2026/amp_articleshow/130576815.cms#amp_ct=1778136575123&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17781365668301&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohandoss, E.}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India NR Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

Lok Bhavan

2026-05-07T06:58:43Z

XMXHosea83962264: made the details more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian state governor official residence}}
{{multiple issues|
{{External links|date=November 2022}}
{{primarysources|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
'''Lok Bhavan''' ('''Jan Bhavan''' only in Uttar Pradesh), formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ({{Lit|Government House}}), the [[official residence]] and office of the [[Governor (India)|governor]] of an Indian state, serving as the constitutional head of that state and exercising powers as defined in the [[Constitution of India]].

==List of Lok Bhavan==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! State
! Lok Bhavan
! Location
! Website
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Amaravati]]
| [[Vijayawada]]
| [https://rajbhavan.ap.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Itanagar]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| [https://arunachalgovernor.nic.in/html/rajbhawan.htm Official Website]
|-
| [[Assam]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Guwahati]]
| [[Guwahati]]
| [https://www.rajbhavanassam.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Patna]]
| [[Patna]]
| [https://governor.bih.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Raipur]]
| [[Raipur]]
| [https://rajbhavancg.gov.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702180107/http://www.rajbhavancg.gov.in/ |date=2 July 2017 }}
|-
| [[Goa]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Panaji]]
| [[Panaji]]
| [https://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Gandhinagar]]
| [[Gandhinagar]]
| [https://rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Haryana]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
| [https://haryanarajbhavan.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Shimla]]
| [[Shimla]]
| [https://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Jammu]]
| [[Jammu]]
| rowspan="2" | [https://www.jkrajbhawan.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Srinagar]]
| [[Srinagar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Jharkhand]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Ranchi]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| rowspan="2" | [https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/ Official website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Dumka]]
| [[Dumka]]
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Bengaluru]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [https://rajbhavan.karnataka.gov.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327204642/https://rajbhavan.karnataka.gov.in/ |date=27 March 2023 }}
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [https://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Bhopal]]
| [[Bhopal]]
| rowspan="2" | [https://governor.mp.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Pachmarhi]]
| [[Pachmarhi]]
|-
| rowspan=4|[[Maharashtra]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Mumbai]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="4" | [https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Nagpur]]
| [[Nagpur]]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Pune]]
| [[Pune]]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar]]
| [[Mahabaleshwar]]
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Imphal]]
| [[Imphal]]
| [https://rajbhavanmanipur.nic.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Shillong]]
| [[Shillong]] || [http://meggovernor.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Aizawl]]
| [[Aizawl]]
| [https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Kohima]]
| [[Kohima]]
| [https://rajbhavan.nagaland.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Odisha]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| rowspan="2" | [https://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Puri]]
| [[Puri]]
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Punjab]]
| [[Chandigarh]] || [https://punjabrajbhavan.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Jaipur]]
| [[Jaipur]]
| [https://www.rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en.html Official Website]
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Gangtok]]
| [[Gangtok]]
| [https://www.rajbhavansikkim.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Chennai]]
| [[Chennai]]
| rowspan="2" | [https://www.tnrajbhavan.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Ooty|Lok Bhavan, Udhagamandalam]]
| [[Ooty]]
|-
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Hyderabad]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [https://governor.telangana.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Agartala]]
| [[Agartala]]
| [https://rajbhavan.tripura.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Jan Bhavan, Lucknow]]
| [[Lucknow]]
| [https://upgovernor.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Uttarakhand]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Dehradun]]
| [[Dehradun]]
| rowspan="2" | [https://governoruk.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Nainital]]
| [[Nainital]]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[West Bengal]]
| [[Lok Bhavan, Kolkata]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| rowspan="2" | [https://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/ Official Website]
|-
| [[Lok Bhavan, Darjeeling]]
| [[Darjeeling]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Lok Niwas]]
*[[Rashtrapati Niketan]]
*[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
*[[Rashtrapati Nilayam]]
*[[Rashtrapati Niwas]]
*[[The Retreat Building]]
*[[Vice President's Enclave]]
*[[Viceregal Lodge (disambiguation)]]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Official residences in India]]

Bhutia

2026-05-05T19:49:32Z

XMXHosea83962264: Put Up Basic Info V1 - done

{{Short description|Tibetic-speaking ethnic group of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{use dmy|date=July 2025}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date= January 2018}}
{{Other uses}}
{{cleanup lang|date=July 2025}}
}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bhutia
| image = Bhutia in the 1860s detail, from- Portret van een onbekende Bhutia man uit Tibet Bhotia. Buddhist. Tibet (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122A-55 (cropped).jpg
| caption = A man from the Bhutia tribe in 1860s. Here he can be seen wearing a "Tibetan Amulet" to protect him from evil spirits.
| population = 60,300 (2001)<ref name=SIL>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sip |title=Sikkimese |editor=Lewis, M. Paul |year=2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=16th |location=[[Dallas, Texas]] |publisher=[[SIL International]] |access-date=2011-04-16| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110514060819/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sip| archive-date= 14 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Sikkim}}
| pop1 = 41,889<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop2 = 10,087
| region3 = {{flag|Bhutan}}
| pop3 = 6,000
| region4 = {{flag|West Bengal}}
| pop4 = 4,293
| langs = [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Dzongkha]], [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]]
| rels = '''Majority''': [[Vajrayana Buddhism]] '''Minority''': [[Christianity]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christianity among the Scheduled Tribes of the Northeast : Assam, Tripura and Sikkim |url=https://cpsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Blog-29-Northeast-ST-As-Tr-Sik.pdf |website=Centre for Policy Studies}}</ref>, [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamid |first=Wasia |last2=Khan |first2=Tanveer Ahmad |last3=Farooqi |first3=Irfanullah |last4=Qayum |first4=Shaista |date=2024-01-01 |title=Understanding the Lived Experiences of Tibetan Muslims in Kashmir: A Mixed Method Analysis |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/22308075231201906 |journal=History and Sociology of South Asia |language=EN |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=38–68 |doi=10.1177/22308075231201906 |issn=2230-8075|url-access=subscription|quote=Tibetan Muslims (Bhote Muslims/Bhutia Muslims), a micro-migrant group/a diasporic community, residing in Kashmir, migrated from Lhasa Shigatse and Tsethang (Tibet’s commercial centres) }}</ref>
| related = [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Tamang people|Tamang]], [[Yolmo people|Yolmo]] Other [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman people]]
}}
[[File:Bhutia woman with precious coral headdress, agate Buddhist prayer beads, turquoise earrings and silk chuba before 1915 in Darjeeling detail, from- Bhutiase vrouw Bhutia Lady (titel op object), RP-F-00-5347-4A (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Bhutia woman with precious coral headdress, agate Buddhist prayer beads, turquoise earrings and silk chuba before 1915 in Darjeeling]]

The '''Bhutias''' (exonym; {{langx|ne|भुटिया}}, 'People from Tibet') or '''Drejongpas''' (endonym; {{bo|t=འབྲས་ལྗོངས་པ་|w=Bras-ljongs-pa}}, [[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|THL]]: {{translit|bo|dre-jong pa}}, 'People of the Rice Valley') are a [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] ethnic group native to the Indian state of [[Sikkim]] who speak [[Bhutia language|Drejongke]], a [[Tibetic language]] which descends from [[Old Tibetan]]. The majority of Bhutias live in Sikkim, while a significant number also reside in the [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] districts of northern [[West Bengal]] and in countries such as [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]].

==Language==
{{main|Sikkimese Bhutia language}}

The language spoken by the Bhutias of Sikkim is [[Bhutia language|Drejongke]], a [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic language]] which has a lexical similarity of 65% with [[Dzongkha]], the language of [[Bhutan]]. By comparison, Drejongke is only 42% [[Lexical similarity|lexically similar]] with [[Lhasa Tibetan|Standard Tibetan]]. Sikkimese has also been influenced to some degree by the neighboring [[Yolmo language|Yolmo]] and [[Tamang language|Tamang]] languages.

==History==
{{Main|History of Sikkim}}

Migration from [[Tibet]] to Sikkim in small numbers occurred since the 8th century. However, the 13th century saw an increase in migrations as many clans came with Gyed Bum Sa. Constant conflicts between the [[Red Hat sect|Red hat]] and [[Yellow Hat sect|Yellow Hat]] sects in Tibet caused a series of Lamas movement southwards. With the final victory of the Yellow hats in the mid-1600s, there was a mass persecution of the followers of the Red hat sect by the victorious [[Güshi Khan]] and his [[Gelug]] allies. Many, fearing the same fate as their Red hat brethren, fled southwards towards [[Sikkim]] and [[Bhutan]], migrating through the different passes in the [[Himalayas]]. In consequence, there are Red hat majorities in both [[Bhutan]] and Sikkim to this day. Geographical indications in the Bhutias last names are common. In Northern Sikkim, for example, where the Bhutias are the majority inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas or Lachungpas, meaning inhabitants of La chen ({{bo|t=ལ་ཆེན་}}; 'big pass') or La chung ({{bo|t=ལ་ཆུང་}}; 'small pass') respectively.

Bhutia aristocrats were called ''Kazis'' after similar landlord titles in neighboring regions, especially in modern-day [[Bangladesh]]. This feudal system was an integral part of the [[Chogyal]] monarchy prior to 1975, when Sikkim was an independent monarchy; the ruling dynasty of the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] before the mid-1970s plebiscite was the Bhutia [[Chogyal|Namgyal]] dynasty. Among the Bhutias, the Lachenpas and Lachungpas have their own traditional legal system called the "Dzumsa" which means 'the meeting place of the people'. The Dzumsa is headed by the village headman known as the ''Pipon''. People of [[North Sikkim]] have been given full protection by the state government by deeming a status of Panchayat ward and the Pipon, a status of Panchayat head.

==Clans==
There are many clans within the Bhutia tribe. Inter-clan marriages are preferred rather than marriages outside of the clan. Traditionally, the Bhutias were divided into two groups:

:(i) Tondu rus-shi, within which they have four rus, namely, Chechutharpa, Shangdarpa, Kachopa, and Shengapa.

:(ii) Beb tsen gye, which includes eight rus, namely, Gensapa, Namchangopa, Chungiopa, Ithenpa, Phenchungpa, Phenpunadik, Namanpa, and Nachangpa.

==Clothing==
The traditional outfit of Bhutias is the ''[[Kho (Bhutia dress)|kho]]'' (similar to the Tibetan [[chuba]]), which is a loose cloak-like garment fastened at the neck on one side and near the waist with a silk/cotton belt. Male members array the ''kho'' with loose trousers. Bhutia women traditionally wear sleeveless, floor-length dresses called ''mo kho'' (or {{translit|ne|[[Kho (Bhutia dress)|bakhu]]}} in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]) which is worn over a full sleeved shirt called ''teygho'' and tied to the waist with a silk belt called ''kyera''. On the front, a loose sheet of multicolored woolen cloth with exotic geometric designs is tied, this is called the ''pangden'' which is a symbol of a married woman. This traditional outfit is complemented by embroidered leather boots worn by both men and women.<ref>{{cite web |last=says |first=Nancy |date=2024-07-24 |title=DENJONG KHO OF SIKKIM — Sikkim Project |url=https://www.sikkimproject.org/denjong-kho-of-sikkim-2/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Bhutia women enjoy a much higher status than their counterparts from other communities. Pure gold tends to be favored by both women and men thus traditional jewelry is mostly made of twenty-four carat, pure gold.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Society==
In Sikkim, the Bhutias are mostly employed in the government sector, in agriculture, and increasingly in the business area as well. In the district of Darjeeling, Bhutias are often employed in government and commerce.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Bhutias practise intermarriage within their [[clan]]s and follow a very hierarchical system of bride and groom selection. Clan discrimination is widespread, and marriage outside the community is looked down upon.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Religion==
[[File:Buddhist Monastery in Darjeeling, 1870.jpg|thumb|Buddhist monastery in Darjeeling, 1870]]

The Bhutias are followers of [[Vajrayana Buddhism]], mainly the [[Nyingma]] and [[Kagyu]] schools. The main festivals observed by them are [[Losar]]. The first week of February is usually the time of [[Losar]] as it marks the start of the Tibetan New Year. Fire dances are common in the evenings during Losar. Losoong is usually celebrated as the end of the Tibetan year and falls at the end of the tenth Tibetan lunar month (usually December). It is the most important festival among the Bhutias in India, and is marked by the traditional Cham dancing and merry-making. Losoong is celebrated across the monasteries in Bhutan, Nepal, and Sikkim. In Sikkim, during the festival of Losoong, often dance forms depict narrativized tales from the life of [[Padmasambhava]] or Guru Ugyen.

Monasteries of the Bhutias dot various places in India, most notably the [[Rumtek Monastery]] in Sikkim and the [[Bhutia Busty Monastery]] or Karma Dorjee Chyoling Monastery in Darjeeling.

{{Relevance inline|date=June 2021}}

==Houses==
A traditional Bhutia house is called a "khim" and is usually rectangular.

The Bhutias have a stone structure outside the house which is used for burning incense. It is called "sangbum". "Sang" means incense and "bum" means vase; the shape of the structure is like a vase. It is used for burning sang, a sacred offering to the deities. The deities are offered scented dried leaves/stalks of ''[[Rhododendron anthopogon]]'', ''[[Juniperus recurva]]'', ''Rhododendron setosum'', or incense sticks made of pine.

==Cuisine==
[[File:Vintage group photograph of Bhutia coolies in 1875.jpg|thumb|Bhutia in 1875]]

Bhutia people traditionally eat rice with animal-fat-fried vegetables or meat, usually pork or beef, and occasionally mutton or chicken. Other well-known foods are [[Momo (dumpling)|momo]], steamed meat dumplings, and the ''[[thukpa]]'', noodles in broth. The [[Losar]] and [[Losoong Festival|Loosong]] are two among many festivals celebrated by the Bhutia community. Almost all Bhutia festivals and holidays hold Buddhist religious significance. They are also known to utilize over 70 species of animal, fungi, and plant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=2017-03-29 |title=Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas |url= |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number=21 |doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9 |pmc=5372287 |pmid=28356115 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Chhaang]] is the favorite drink of the Bhutias, and increasingly of other communities coexisting with the Bhutias. It is made of fermented barley or millet, and served in a [[bamboo]] container called the ''[[Tongba]]''. [[Tea]] with milk and sugar, and butter tea, are also served on religious or social occasions.

==Arts, crafts, and music==
The Bhutia have a rich tradition of dances, songs, and folktales. The popular Bhutia folk dances are Denzong-Neh-Na, Ta-Shi-Yang-Ku, Tashi Shabdo, Guru-Chinlap, Singhi Chham and Yak Chham.<ref name="Folk Dances">{{cite web|title=Bhutia Folk Dances|url=http://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/BhutiaFolkDances.aspx|publisher=Official website of Sikkim Tourism|access-date=2020-08-03|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203162942/http://www.sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/BhutiaFolkDances.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Musical instruments used are flute, yangjey, drum, and yarga.<ref name="Folk Dances"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=Bhutia Tribe - Tribal Research Institute - Sikkim |url=https://trisikkim.org/tribes/bhutia-tribe/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Status within India==
[[File:Sikkim Bhutia women (c. 1903).jpg|thumb|Sikkim Bhutia women about 1903]]

Within the Dominion of India, the Bhutias as recognized as [[Scheduled Tribes]] in the states of Sikkim, West Bengal and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State/Union Territory-wise list of Scheduled Tribes in India|url=http://tribal.nic.in/content/list%20of%20scheduled%20tribes%20in%20India.aspx|website=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, GOI|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233134/http://tribal.nic.in/content/list%20of%20scheduled%20tribes%20in%20India.aspx|archive-date=2016-08-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On August 26, 2015, during her visit to [[Darjeeling]], the [[Mamata Banerjee]]-led West Bengal government, announced the formation of a separate development board for the Bhutia community.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, Mamata announces a Bhutia dev board|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/now-mamata-announces-a-bhutia-dev-board-85213.html |access-date=2015-09-19|publisher=The Statesman, Kolkata}}</ref>

==Notable Bhutias==
* [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] - former Indian [[association football|football]] captain
* [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]] - first [[chief minister]] of [[Sikkim]] from 1975 to 1979
* [[Pem Dorji]] - former Indian [[association football|football]] captain
* [[Ganju Lama]] - recipient of the Victoria Cross
* [[Norden Tenzing Bhutia]] - musician, composer and singer
* [[Samten Bhutia]] - film director and writer
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] - [[Bollywood]] actor
* [[Karma Loday Bhutia]] - Sikkim politician
* [[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]] - Sikkim politician
* [[Tashi Thendup Bhutia]] - Sikkim politician
* [[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]] - Sikkim politician
* [[Nadong Bhutia]] - Indian footballer
* [[Kunzang Bhutia]] - Indian footballer
* [[Namgyal Bhutia]] - Indian footballer
* [[Sonam Bhutia]] - Indian footballer
* Thupden Bhutia - Indian footballer
* [[Lako Phuti Bhutia]] - Indian women's footballer
* [[Tshering Bhutia]] - Sikkim [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricketer
* [[Karma Bhutia]] - Sikkim first-class cricketer
* [[Mandup Bhutia]] - Sikkim first-class cricketer
* [[Rinzing Bhutia]] - Sikkim first-class cricketer

==See also==
* [[Vajrayana Buddhism]]
* [[Sikkimese language]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|chapter=The Sikkim Communities|year=2001|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-7099-794-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC}}

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Scheduled tribes of West Bengal}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bhutan]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Nepal]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]
[[Category:Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren

2026-04-30T13:01:07Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{short description|2018 film by Arumuga Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren
| image = Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Arumuga Kumar
| producer = Ganesh Kalimuthu Ramesh Kalimuthu Arumuga Kumar
| writer = Arumuga Kumar
| starring = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Gautham Ram Karthik]] [[Niharika Konidela]] [[Gayathrie Shankar]]
| music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cinematography = Sree Saravanan
| editing = R. Govindaraj
| studio = 7C Entertainment Pvt Ltd Amme Narayana Productions
| distributor = [[Clap Board Production]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|02|02|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren''''' ({{translation|I'll let you know on an auspicious day}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[black comedy]] film, written and directed by P. Arumuga Kumar. The film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Gautham Ram Karthik]], [[Gayathrie Shankar]] and [[Niharika Konidela]]. [[Viji Chandrasekhar]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Daniel Annie Pope]], and [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]] with editing by R. Govindaraj and cinematography by Sree Saravanan. Production began in February 2017, and the film released on 2 February 2018, to unfavourable reviews.

==Plot==
[[Yama (Hinduism)|Yeman]] and his team of three men land up in the city for theft. The forest men follow gold robbery as their traditional occupation. They live in a forest at Nallamalla in Kurnool. As usual during the theft, the team comes across a family picture of Soumiya in her house. Yeman recalls of his memory and says that she was his wife and he will return to the forest with her. He plans to kidnap her, even though it was against their tradition. In the due course, he manages to land up in Soumiya's college as a lecturer for some event.

In the meantime, Harish proposes to Soumiya's friend, but his intentions are towards Soumiya. He gives his number and asks her to call him. Both of them decide to call Harish from a landline outside their hostel so that he will not have their mobile number. Harish, who is waiting outside the hostel, finds the girls, and it is shown that Souimya has feelings for Harish.

The next day in a college event, Harish asks Yeman (who is waiting in the car to kidnap Soumiya) to help him in his love. He asks Yeman to act as a kidnapper, and he would come for defense to gain heroism before his love interest. Yeman does as he says but drives the car away, according to his plan. Harish then figures out that it was an actual kidnap and reports this to the police station. When he approaches her parents for a written statement, they deny the kidnap and says that Soumiya went to her grandmother's house. Harish was shocked to hear this and tries to find his own ways to trace out his love. Soumiya gains consciousness and was confused to see her parents in the village.

Yeman's mother then fixes Yeman and Soumiya's marriage, which makes the later surprised as her parents approve of it. Soumiya's father than reveals the flashback. Soumiya's mother belongs to the tribe and married her father. As it was against the tradition, Yeman's mother orders him to kill the groom, for which they come to an agreement to get Yeman married to Soumiya. Yeman's mother approves the proposal and promises that Yeman would never look after any other girl. Godavari, a tribal girl who has an interest on Yeman, was disheartened. Finally, Harish finds the spot and Soumya with Godavari's help. All the plans went in vain.

Knowing about Godavari, Yeman becomes furious on her and tells that he has been waiting for 14 years to marry Soumiya. In spite of all looks, he would be marrying Soumiya because he has been devoted to Lord Yama for marrying her. Yeman praises to the marriage on Soumiya and asks Harish to leave to rescue their life. On the day of the marriage, Godavari and Soumiya's father plan to spoil the marriage. Harish learns that Soumiya has given him a clue to take her away from the marriage. However, looking at Godavari's efforts and love, Yeman decides to break the marriage and proposes to Godavari to accept his love. Though Yeman's mother opposes the marriage, Yeman says that he would be happy marrying the girl who is in love with him rather than the girl who has no interest in him, and clarifying that Soumiya is still a small girl.

Finally, Godavari accepts the love, and she marries Yeman. Soumya whispers complaints about Harish to Yeman. Yemen then forces Harish to tell him that he has not been telling about him for a long time. Harish replies that he would be telling it on an auspicious day. The film ends with Yeman and Godavari as a pair.

==Cast==
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yeman / Raja Yamadharmaraaja]]
* [[Gautham Ram Karthik]] as Harish
* [[Niharika Konidela]] as Sowmya
* [[Gayathrie Shankar]] as Godavari
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Yamarosha
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Purushothaman
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Sathish
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Narasimman
* Kaplan's Shree as [[Alakshmi]]'s mother
* Vettai Muthukumar as Chinnaya
* K. Sathish
* Kutty Gopi

==Production==
In January 2017, Arumuga Kumar announced that his first directorial venture would be an adventure comedy film starring two lead actors and [[Gautham Karthik]] was revealed to be portraying the role of a college-goer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2017 |title=Gautham Karthik signs his next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/05/gautham-karthik-signs-his-next-1556136.html |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Arumugakumar initially wanted to cast either [[R. Parthiepan]] or [[Robo Shankar]] in a leading role, but their unavailability meant that his friend [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was cast as a tribal leader named Yaman. Telugu actress [[Niharika Konidela]] also joined the cast making her debut in Tamil. Vijay Sethupathi revealed that he was a friend of the director's, and inquired with Gautham Karthik if he was comfortable with a bigger actor joining the star cast, before confirming the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi joins Gautham Karthik's untitled flick |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/09/vijay-sethupathi-joins-gautham-karthiks-untitled-flick-1568466.html |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=P Kirubhakar |date=2018-01-25 |title=Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren: Vijay Sethupathi heaps praise on Gautham Karthik | IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/oru-nalla-naal-paathu-solren-vijay-sethupathi-gautham-karthik-arumuga-kumar-1153807-2018-01-25 |access-date=2018-02-02 |publisher=Indiatoday.in}}</ref> [[Gayathrie]] also joined the team in mid-2017 to portray a tribal girl. The film was extensively shot in Andhra Pradesh and forests in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-22 |title='Gayathrie is a fantastic performer' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/22/gayathrie-is-a-fantastic-performer-oru-nalla-naal-paathu-solren-director-1631839.html |access-date=2018-02-02 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-20 |title=What's special in 'Oru Nalla Nal Paathi Sollren' | News Today | First with the news |url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/01/20/whats-special-in-oru-nalla-nal-paathi-sollren/ |access-date=2018-02-02 |publisher=Newstodaynet.com}}</ref>

During the promotional campaign for the film, the makers purchased the Ramnad Rhinos team for a celebrity cricket event held at Bukit Jalil Stadium in Malaysia during January 2018. The film's audio launch was also held at the event, with the star cast barring Niharika, in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-03 |title='Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren' team buys the Ramnad Rhinos for film promo |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-nalla-naal-paathu-solren-team-buys-ramnad-rhinos-film-promo-74123 |access-date=2018-02-02 |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Release==
Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for {{INR}}6 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2018 |title=ONNPS TN theatrical rights |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMWie08R4mQ |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[Amazon Prime Video]] has acquired the digital rights of Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video {{!}} Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Sollrean |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ny7ViydUMJs |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=Amazon Prime Video India}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Sun TV bags the satellite rights of Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sun-tv-bags-the-satellite-rights-of-oru-nalla-naal-paathu-solren/articleshow/62428348.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2018|1|6}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:27
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = Justin Prabhakaran
| prev_title = [[36 Vayathinile]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]], and the soundtrack was released on 6 January 2018 through [[Think Music India]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:27
| title1 = Lamba Lamba
| extra1 = Christopher Stanley, Femcee Nicki Ziee G.
| lyrics1 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| length1 = 2:16

| title2 = Raakkozhi Kootalinga
| extra2 = Arivarasu
| lyrics2 = Muthamil
| length2 = 3:25

| title3 = Yae Elumba Enni Enni
| extra3 = A. C. S. Ravichandran, Sharanya Gopinath, Dr. Narayanan, MC Vickey
| lyrics3 = Karthik Netha
| length3 = 2:56

| title4 = Hey Reengara
| extra4 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]], [[Saisharan]], Mark Thomas
| lyrics4 = Karthik Netha
| length4 = 3:50
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7512624}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Yama in popular culture]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]

Rajnish Kumar Singh

2026-04-29T19:58:33Z

XMXHosea83962264: put up first biography initial version!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajnish Kumar Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| predecessor = [[Ram Ratan Singh]]
| constituency = [[Teghra Assembly constituency|Teghra]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 17 July 2009
| term_end1 = 16 July 2021
| predecessor1 = Usha Sahani
| successor1 = Rajeev Kumar
| constituency1 = Begusarai-Khagaria Local Authorities
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1973|3|5}}
| birth_place = Itwa, [[Begusarai district]], [[Bihar]], India
| education = B.Sc. (Chemistry), AICW, FCA
| occupation = Politician, Chartered Accountant
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children = 2 sons
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20150122222451/http://biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/RajnishKumar.htm
}}

'''Rajnish Kumar Singh''' (born 5 March 1973) is an Indian politician and [[Chartered Accountant]] from Bihar. He is a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Known for his association with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) since childhood, he has been active in social service, youth mobilization, and party organization in the Begusarai district.

== Early life and education ==
Rajish Kumar Singh was born on 5 March 1973 in Itwa village, Begusarai district, Bihar. He is the son of Shri Yogendra Singh. He completed a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in Chemistry and later qualified as a Fellow Chartered Accountant (FCA) and Associate Member of the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants (AICW).{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

He was deeply influenced by the values and ideology of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) from an early age, regularly attending RSS branches throughout his education. He is married and has two sons.

== Political and social career ==
Rajnish Kumar Singh entered politics in 2006 with the spirit of social service and public engagement. That year, he was elected by a large margin to the Begusarai District Council from Constituency No. 5 (Bhagwanpur Block).

In 2008, he served as the District President of the BJP Panchayati Raj Manch, where he worked to strengthen the party's grassroots presence and build connections with three-tier Panchayat representatives. He conducted district-wide programs to inform local leaders about the policies of the BJP–JD(U) government and their rights and duties as representatives.

In 2009, with the support of Panchayat representatives from Begusarai and Khagaria, he was elected as a Member of the Bihar Legislative Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा के कद्दावर नेता गिरिराज सिंह के गढ़ में बची ‘पंजे’ की लाज, राजीव की रणनीति के सामने फेल हो गए रजनीश - Bihar MLC Election result 2022 Congress candidate won the election in the stronghold of BJP leader Union Minister Begusarai MP Giriraj Singh Rajnish Kumar failed in front of Rajiv Kumars strategy |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-mlc-election-result-2022-congress-candidate-won-the-election-in-the-stronghold-of-bjp-leader-union-minister-begusarai-mp-giriraj-singh-rajnish-kumar-failed-in-front-of-rajiv-kumars-strategy-22610128.html |access-date= |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Since 2010, he has been serving as the State General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]].

He has also been a member of the Implementation Committee and the Committee on Reports, Papers and Documents Laid on the Council Table in the Bihar Legislative Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार भाजपा में सुशील मोदी युग के अंत का संकेत, रजनीश कुमार की बेगूसराय से हार, भितरघात को लेकर चर्चा, फोटो भी वायरल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/begusarai/bjp-candidate-rajnish-kumar-s-defeat-in-begusarai-mlc-chunav-congress-rajiv-kumar/articleshow/90711143.cms |access-date= |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बीजेपी नेता ने गठबंधन को लेकर कह दी बड़ी बात- एनडीए अप्रासंगिक, बिहार में भी यूपी की तरह अकेले चलें - Bihar Politics BJP leader said big thing on NDA alliance Former MLC said proceed alone like UP |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-politics-bjp-leader-said-big-thing-on-nda-alliance-former-mlc-said-proceed-alone-like-up-22623470.html |access-date= |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Bihar MLC poll results: Congress candidate wins from Begusarai by defeating two term BJP MLC Rajnish">{{cite news |title=Bihar MLC poll results: Congress candidate wins from Begusarai by defeating two term BJP MLC Rajnish |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-mlc-poll-results-congress-candidate-wins-from-begusarai-by-defeating-two-term-bjp-mlc-rajnish/articleshow/90711493.cms |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213145406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-mlc-poll-results-congress-candidate-wins-from-begusarai-by-defeating-two-term-bjp-mlc-rajnish/articleshow/90711493.cms |archive-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rajnish Kumar Singh is married and has two sons.

== See also ==
* [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]]
* [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajnish Kumar}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Meera Mukherjee

2026-04-29T04:35:11Z

XMXHosea83962264: made first pg w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian sculptor and writer (1923–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meera Mukherjee
| image = MeeraMukherjee-Profile.jpg
| caption = Meera Mukherejee
| birth_date = 1923
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 1998
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Art and Craft]], Delhi Polytechnic (now [[Delhi Technological University]])
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Dwijendramohan Mukherjee Binapani Devi
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Press Award Kolkata Ladies’ Study Group Award [[Abanindranath Tagore|Abanindra]] Prize
| website =
| imagesize = 200x300px
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Sculpture]]
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Meera Mukherjee''' (1923–1998) was an Indian sculptor<ref name="Blouinartinfo profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/artists/meera-mukherjee-129591 | title=Blouinartinfo profile | publisher=Blouinartinfo | date=2015 | access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> and writer, known for bringing modernity to the ancient Bengali sculpting art.<ref name="Christie's the Art People profile">{{cite web | url=http://artist.christies.com/Meera-Mukherjee-62111-bio.aspx#loadProfileContent | title=Christie's the Art People profile | publisher=Christie's the Art People | date=2015 | access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> She is known to have used innovative bronze casting techniques, improving the [[Dhokra]] method employing [[Lost-wax casting]], which she learnt during her training days of the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] sculpting tradition of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="Christie's the Art People profile" /> She received the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] from the Government of India in 1992 for her contributions to Arts.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Meera Mukherjee, born in [[Kolkata]] to Dwijendramohan Mukherjee and Binapani Devi in 1923, had her initial training in Arts at the ''[[Indian Society of Oriental Art]]'' of [[Abanindranath Tagore]] where she stayed till her marriage in 1941.<ref name="MEERA MUKHERJEE (1923–1998)">{{cite web | url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookM.aspx?author=18 | title=MEERA MUKHERJEE (1923–1998) | publisher=Stree Shakti | date=2015 | access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> The marriage was short-lived and Mukherjee, after the divorce, resumed her art studies by joining the [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government College of Art and Craft]], Kolkata and the Delhi Polytechnic, Delhi (present day [[Delhi Technological University]])<ref name="Meera Mukherjee's sculpture at Nandiya Garden">{{cite web | url=http://www.welcomzestlounge.in/article/index/articledetail/id/56 | title=Meera Mukherjee's sculpture at Nandiya Garden | publisher=Welcome Zest Lounge | date=2015 | access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> and secured diploma in painting, graphics and sculpture.<ref name="Meera Mukherjee">{{cite web | url=http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/meera_mukherjee.htm | title=Meera Mukherjee | publisher=Contemporary Indian Art | date=2015 | access-date=23 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217043036/http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/meera_mukherjee.htm | archive-date=17 February 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, she assisted [[Affandi]], an Indonesian artist, during his visit to [[Shantiniketan]] in 1951.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sunderason|first=Sanjukta|title="Sculpture of Undulating Lives": Meera Mukherjee's Arts of Motion"|url=https://www.academia.edu/43355025|journal=Aziatische Kunst: Journal of the Royal Society of Friends of Asian Art (KVVAK), the Netherlands|date=January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Following here first solo exhibition in 1952, she received an Indo-German Fellowship in 1953 to hone her skills at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich]].<ref name=":0" /> This gave her opportunities to work under [[:de:Toni Stadler junior|Toni Stadler]] and [[:de:Heinrich Kirchner|Heinrich Kirchner]]. It was the former who supported Mukherjee's transition from a painter to a sculptor.<ref name="Shapes of a legacy">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/shapes-of-a-legacy/article2858666.ece | title=Shapes of a legacy | newspaper=The Hindu | date=4 February 2012 | access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> She returned to India in 1957 and took up the job as an art teacher at Dowhill School, [[Kurseong]] where she stayed till 1959. From here, she moved to [https://web.archive.org/web/20151015004421/http://www.prattmemorial.in/ Pratt Memorial School], Kolkata and taught there for one year, before resigning in 1960.<ref name="MEERA MUKHERJEE (1923–1998)" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalra|first=Vikash|date=2021-09-18|title=Meera Mukherjee (1923-1998)|url=https://progressiveartistsgroup.com/meera-mukherjee-1923-1998/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Progressive Artists Group|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career and influences ==
After her return to India, Mukherjee was commissioned by the [[Anthropological Survey of India]] (ASI) to document the craft practices of metal-craftsmen in Central India. From 1961 up until 1964, she worked as a Senior Research Fellowship at the ASI and continued to conduct surveys on metal-craftsmen across India and Nepal. Her journey in India spread across the tribal heartland in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], the east and the south. She was on a quest to discover the confluence of art forms with the daily lives of the artisans. During her tenure as a Senior Fellow, she was also closely associated with the promoters of 'living traditions' such as Prabash Sen and [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]].<ref name=":0" />

The research and documentation carried out by Mukherjee gradually turned her into an 'artist-anthropologist'. She began incorporating the folk-art techniques into her own work. Her inclination towards folk arts of India was initially influenced by Stadler. He had asked Meera to find inspiration for her art not in Europe, but in the local traditions of her own country.<ref name=":0" />

Mukherjee trained in [[Dhokra]] casting technique under the tribal artisans of [[Bastar district|Bastar]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].

By the 1970s and 80s, she started exhibiting her works at [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]] along with [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=":0" />

Known to create only a few pieces a year, she created many notable works like ''Ashoka in Kalinga'', ''Earth Carriers'', ''Smiths Working Under a Tree'', ''Mother and Child'', ''Srishti'', ''The Rumour'' and ''portrait of Nirmal Sengupta''.<ref name="Blouinartinfo profile" /> One of her creations, ''Emperor Asoka'' is on display at the Nandiya Gardens of [[ITC Hotels|ITC Maurya]], New Delhi.<ref name="Meera Mukherjee's sculpture at Nandiya Garden" /> Her works have featured in many international auctions such as that of [[Christie's]]<ref name="Christie's the Art People profile" /> and Invaluable.<ref name="Invaluable profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.invaluable.com/artist/mukherjee-meera-0e3ag8edr9 | title=Invaluable profile | publisher=Invaluable | date=2015 | access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> Simultaneously, she pursued a career as a writer of children's stories and published a few books, ''Little Flower Shefali and Other Stories'',<ref name="Little Flower Shefali and Other Stories">{{cite book | title=Little Flower Shefali and Other Stories | publisher=Seagull Books | author=Meera Mukherjee | year=1998 | pages=52 | isbn=978-8170461791}}</ref> ''Kalo and the Koel''<ref name="Kalo and the Koel">{{cite book | title=Kalo and the Koel | publisher=Seagull Books | author=Meera Mukherjee | year=1998 | pages=32 | isbn=978-8170461548}}</ref> and ''Catching Fish and Other Stories''<ref name="Catching Fish and Other Stories">{{cite book | title=Little Flower Shefali and Other Stories | publisher=Seagull Books | author=Meera Mukherjee | year=2000 | pages=51 | isbn=978-8170461807}}</ref> being some of the notable ones. She also published one monograph, ''Metal Craft in India'' in 1978, and two books on the traditional metal craft in India namely ''Metal Craftsmen in India'' in 1979<ref name="Metal Craftsmen in India">{{cite book | url=http://www.ansi.gov.in/library_pdf/Annotated_catalogue_2004.pdf | title=Metal Craftsmen in India | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | author=Meera Mukherjee | year=1978 | pages=461 | access-date=23 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020113556/http://www.ansi.gov.in/library_pdf/Annotated_catalogue_2004.pdf | archive-date=20 October 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''In Search of Viswakarma'' in 1994.<ref name="In Search of Viswakarma">{{cite book | title=In Search of Viswakarma | author=Meera Mukherjee | year=1994 | pages=120}}</ref>

Meera Mukherjee died in 1998, at the age of 75.<ref name="MEERA MUKHERJEE (1923–1998)" />

==Awards and honours==
Mukherjee received the Press Award for the Master Craftsman, in 1968, from the [[President of India]]. An Emeritus Fellow of the Indian government, she received the Excellence Award from Kolkata Ladies’ Study Group in 1976 and the [[Abanindranath Tagore|Abanindra]] Prize in 1981 from the Government of West Bengal. She held the fellowship from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] from 1984 to 1986.<ref name="MEERA MUKHERJEE (1923–1998)" /> The Government of India awarded her the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Little Flower Shefali and Other Stories|publisher=Seagull Books|author=Mukherjee|first=Meera|year=1998|pages=52|isbn=978-8170461791}}
* {{cite book|title=Kalo and the Koel|publisher=Seagull Books|author=Mukherjee|first=Meera|year=1998|pages=32|isbn=978-8170461548}}
* {{cite book|title=Little Flower Shefali and Other Stories|publisher=Seagull Books|author=Mukherjee|first=Meera|year=2000|pages=51|isbn=978-8170461807}}
* {{cite book|title=Metal Craftsmen in India|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|author=Mukherjee|first=Meera|year=1978|pages=461}}
* {{cite book|title=Metal Craft in India|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|author=Mukherjee|first=Meera|year=1979|pages=}}
* {{cite book|title=In Search of Viswakarma|author=Mukherjee|first=Meera|year=1994|pages=120}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Meera|title=Folk Metal Craft of Eastern India|last2=Ghosh|first2=D. P.|publisher=All India Handicrafts Board, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India|year=1977}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Abanindranath Tagore]]
* [[Shantiniketan]]
* [[Dhokra]]
* [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government College of Art and Craft]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Arts}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/artists/meera-mukherjee-129591#load | title=Sculpture gallery | publisher=Blouinart Info | work=Web mages | date=2015 | access-date=23 October 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Meera}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Delhi Technological University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Nepali Sahitya Sammelan, Darjeeling

2026-04-25T21:57:52Z

XMXHosea83962264: put up initial biography w/ refs!

{{Short description|Nepali literary organisation in Darjeeling}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}{{Infobox organization
| name = Nepali Sahitya Sammelan
| formation = {{start date and age|1924|05|25|df=y}}
| native_name = नेपाली साहित्य सम्मेलन, दार्जिलिङ
| native_name_lang = ne
| image = Nepali Poet Bhanubhakta Acharya statue.jpg
| caption = The statue of the poet [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]] in Chaurastha Darjeeling was installed by the organisation in 1996.
| purpose = Preservation, promotion and uplifting of Nepali language
| headquarters = [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| location = [[Darjeeling]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.042288301|88.26437}}
| language = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
}}

'''Nepali Sahitya Sammelan''' ({{Langx|ne|नेपाली साहित्य सम्मेलन|lit=Nepali Literature Conference}}) is an organisation dedicated to promotion of [[Nepali literature]] in [[India]]. It was formed on 25 May 1924 in [[Darjeeling]], a Nepali speaking town in [[West Bengal]] state of [[India]].

The organisation was awarded with [[Jagadamba Shree Puraskar]] for the year {{NepaliDateConverter|2049}}, for preservation, promotion and uplifting of Nepali language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपाली साहित्य सम्मेलन, दार्जीलिङ – मदन पुरस्कार गुठी |url=https://guthi.madanpuraskar.org/people/nepali-sahitya-sammelan/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=guthi.madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> The organisation conducts various conferences, publish books and journals and works for the overall preservation of Nepali literature.

== Formation ==
The organisation was formed on 25 May 1924 after a public assembly by eminent Nepali scholars [[Surya Bikram Gyawali]], [[Dharanidhar Koirala]], [[Parasmani Pradhan]] as well as other contemporaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paudyal |first=Nabin |title=नेपाली साहित्य सम्मेलन, दार्जिलिङ: अब शताब्दीको यात्रातिर {{!}} नवीन पौड्याल |url=https://www.samakalinsahitya.com/sahitya/details/7677 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Samakalin Sahitya |language=ne}}</ref> A session was then held on 27 July 1924, outlining the objectives of the organisation.

On the completion of three year of the organisation, [[Parasmani Pradhan]] prepared a three-year report listing the history and activities of the organisation. According to the report, in the first three year of the organisation, there were eleven lifetime members and twenty two general members. General membership was provided to those who paid a fee of six rupees annually and lifetime membership of the Nepali Literature Conference was distributed to those who paid a sum of fifty rupees at once. The organisation had members from [[Nepal]], the [[British India]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. Some of the non Nepali members of the organisation were Kalimpong scholar [[John Anderson Graham]], Brigadier General [[Charles Granville Bruce]] of London, as well as [[Ralph Lilley Turner]], professor of Sanskrit at the [[SOAS University of London]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khaderi |first=Santosh |title=नेपाली साहित्य सम्मेलनका तीन वर्ष (१९२४-२७): सन्तोष खडेरी |url=https://shilapatra.com/detail/46280 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Shilapatra |language=ne}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
# To promote and improve Nepali literature.
# To publish original and/or translated texts in Nepali language.
# To consider how Nepali literature can be promoted and improved by holding conventions in different places from time to time.
# To create love for Nepali literature among people by
## Publishing books periodically.
## Publishing monthly, fortnightly or weekly newspapers.
## Conducting debates and lectures periodically.
# To study different languages and literature of Nepal and to publish the best literature related to it.
# To study the ancient history, civilization etc. of Nepal and to publish books related to that.
# To explore the ancient literature of Nepali language.
# And try to improve the Nepali language by whatever means possible.

== Activities ==
The organisation holds various conferences and literary meetings occasionally. The organisation also organises Bhanu Jayanti, the birth anniversary of [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]], on 13 July every year in Darjeeling with huge fervour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=चापागाईं |first=भीम |title=भानुजयन्ती मनाउन राष्ट्रपति मुखर्जी दार्जिलिङ आउँदै |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/social-affairs/103810-1468243260.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref>

The organisation installed a bust of Bhanubhakta on 17 June 1949 in the main square of Darjeeling. The installation was one of the first and led to a series of Bhanubhakta's bust and statues being installed all over various parts of Nepal and India. The bust was sculpted by a Norwegian sculptor. The original bust was beheaded on 10 July 1992 by the anti–[[Gorkhaland movement|Gorkhaland]] faction. A life size statue was then installed in the same place on 13 July 1996 (29 Asar 2053 [[Bikram Sambat|BS]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोर्खाल्यान्डमा भानुको सम्झना |url=https://annapurnapost.com/story/75236/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Annapurna Post |language=Nepali}}</ref>

The organisation also present various literary awards every year.

== See also ==
* [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nepali language}}
{{Nepali literature}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indic literature societies]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Nepali literary institutions]]

Chief ministership of Devendra Fadnavis

2026-04-23T10:31:56Z

XMXHosea83962264: put up stub

{{Short description|Political position of Devendra Fadnavis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox administration
| image = Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg
| caption = Fadnavis in 2022
| name = Chief ministership of Devendra Fadnavis
| premier = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| premier_link = List of chief ministers of Maharashtra
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| official_url =

| term_start1 = 31 October 2014
| term_end1 = 12 November 2019
| predecessor1 = ''[[President's rule]]''
| successor1 = ''President's rule''
| seat1 = [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Assembly]]
| election1 = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| appointer1 = [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor]], [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| cabinet1 = [[First Fadnavis ministry|First]]

| term_start2 = 23 November 2019
| term_end2 = 28 November 2019
| predecessor2 = ''President's rule''
| successor2 = ''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''
| seat2 = [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
| election2 = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| appointer2 = [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor]], [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| cabinet2 = [[Second Fadnavis ministry|Second]]

| term_start3 = 5 December 2024
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = ''[[Eknath Shinde]]''
| successor3 =
| seat3 = [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
| election3 = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| appointer3 = [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor]], [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| cabinet3 = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Third]]
}}

The first chief ministership of [[Devendra Fadnavis]] commenced on 31 October 2014 and concluded on 12 November 2019, making him the 18th [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister of Maharashtra]]. Fadnavis was sworn in by the then [[List of governors of Maharashtra|governor]], [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]. His second term started on 23 November 2019 to end on 28 November 2019, sworn in by the then governor, [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] with Ajit Pawar as his deputy. His second term ended after the [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis]]. A member of the [[Maha Yuti]] alliance, he served as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] with [[Ajit Pawar]] under [[Eknath Shinde]] after the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]]. He is currently serving as the chief minister, sworn in by the then governor, [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] on 5 December 2024 for a third term with Eknath Shinde and Ajit Pawar as his deputies.

==Government formations==
{{main|First Fadnavis ministry|Second Fadnavis ministry|Third Fadnavis ministry}}

==First term==
Fadnavis took over as the legislative party leader after winning a vote by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party |BJP]] MLAs in the presence of the party's central observers, Union Home minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and the party's National General Secretary [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]] after being elected to the position. As the leader of the largest party in Maharashtra state assembly, Fadnavis was appointed as the chief minister of Maharashtra on 31 October 2014. His government won a confidence motion by [[voice vote]] on 12 November 2014 allowing it to govern.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=== Flagship projects and initiatives ===
==== Mumbai Next ====
Fadnavis launched 'Mumbai Next' on 30 January 2015, which was termed a roadmap to convert the country's financial capital into a global financial and entertainment hub. On 6 February, the Fadnavis government held a high-profile conference under the project's umbrella, which was attended by Tata Sons Ltd chairman [[Cyrus Mistry]], [[Reliance Industries]] Ltd chairman [[Mukesh Ambani]], and other prominent business leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gadgil|first1=Makarand|date=2 February 2015|title=Devendra Fadnavis unveils 'Mumbai Next' initiative to boost infrastructure|language=en|work=mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/p7IWZXyIfCiUMupeU7TA0I/Devendra-Fadnavis-unveils-Mumbai-Next-initiative-to-boost.html|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521001934/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/p7IWZXyIfCiUMupeU7TA0I/Devendra-Fadnavis-unveils-Mumbai-Next-initiative-to-boost.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Police digitisation project ====
[[File:Hon' CM Devendra Fadnavis launch (CCTNS) 15-9-2015 Maharashtra Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister Fadnavis launch (CCTNS) 15-9-2015 Maharashtra Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems]]
On 15 September 2015, Fadnavis inaugurated the [[Maharashtra]] [[Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems]] (CCTNS) in Nagpur, advancing the state's ambition to digitise its police force. Fadnavis, who was also the state home minister, stated, "The CCTNS initiative would put all police stations in the state online and paperless."<ref>{{cite news|date=16 September 2015|title=CM Devendra Fadnavis launches police digitisation project|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cm-devendra-fadnavis-launches-police-digitisation-project/|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519205116/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cm-devendra-fadnavis-launches-police-digitisation-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the implementation of CCTNS, Maharashtra became the country's first state to establish India's first crime-criminal tracking network (CCTNS).<ref>{{cite news|date=19 August 2016|title=India's first crime-criminal tracking network system launched: All you should know about it|work=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/crime-criminal-tracking-network-system-336132-2016-08-19|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519212715/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/crime-criminal-tracking-network-system-336132-2016-08-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Digital initiatives - launch of cyber labs and village digitisation ====
In 2016, under his chief ministership, Maharashtra launched several digital initiatives to mark 70th Independence Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sutar |first1=Kamlesh Damodar |title=Maharashtra CM launches digital initiatives on Independence Day |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-digital-india-335278-2016-08-15 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 August 2016 |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205154535/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-digital-india-335278-2016-08-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Samruddhi Expressway ====
Under the chief ministership of Fadnavis, the Maharashtra Government proposed an initiative for Nagpur-Mumbai Super Communication Way.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} This infrastructure was initiated to be built as a part to boost economic development in the rural areas of Maharashtra. This Mahamarg is built to enable a safe and fast commute between Mumbai and Nagpur along with new towns planned at the intersections. The expressway will reduce the travel time to just 8 hours (present 16 hours).<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Samruddhi Corridor gets top priority |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-government-devendra-fadnavis-samruddhi-corridor-gets-top-priority-5617950/ |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314132345/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-government-devendra-fadnavis-samruddhi-corridor-gets-top-priority-5617950/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This expressway will be consisting of charging stations along its length for Electrical Vehicles (EV). The Samruddhi Mahamarg will open new job and employment doors in the coming years, which will bridge rural and urban gaps. The highway has now been renamed as "Hindu Hrudaysamarat [[Bal Thackeray|Balasaheb Thackeray]] Maharashtra Samruddhi Highway" by the government on 22 December 2019, and is now planned to complete the entire work of the project by September 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Project progress – Maharashtra Samruddhi Mahamarg |url=https://www.mahasamruddhimahamarg.com/project-progress/# |website=mahasamruddhimahamarg.com |access-date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==== 1% Reservation for orphans in Government jobs ====
In 2018, Fadnavis announced a 1% Government Reservation in the open category for orphans education and government jobs in Maharashtra. Maharashtra is the foremost state to obtain such a policy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra govt issues Government Resolution giving 1 percent quota to orphans in jobs, education |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/maharashtra-govt-issues-government-resolution-giving-1-percent-quota-to-orphans-in-jobs-education/ |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=29 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820031835/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/maharashtra-govt-issues-government-resolution-giving-1-percent-quota-to-orphans-in-jobs-education/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fadnavis had initiated this policy after an orphan Amruta Karvande, was declined a job despite clearing Maharashtra State Public Service Commission (MPSC) exam. She then met Fadnavis and shared her resentment. The 1% open category reservation quota shall apply to those children who are granted certificates of being orphans by the Juvenile Homes and the Women and Child Development department. The GR policy states that the Maharashtra Government will create a separate category within the general category which means it will not have to increase its caste reservation quota.<ref>{{cite news |title=Orphans in Maharashtra to get 1% reservation in government jobs, education |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/orphans-in-maharashtra-to-get-1-reservation-in-government-jobs-education-2541473.html |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=Money Control |date=3 April 2018 |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324105943/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/orphans-in-maharashtra-to-get-1-reservation-in-government-jobs-education-2541473.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====CM Fellowship scheme====
Fadnavis, under his chief ministership, had launched The [[Chief Minister Fellowship]] program in 2015. CM Fellowship is an 11-month long fellowship program run by the CM's office, the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. This program was launched with the aim of providing administrative experience to the youth. This initiative offers graduates and postgraduates an 11-month stint with the Maharashtra government and carries with its stipend and other perks.<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रशासनाचा अनुभव घेण्याची तरुणांना संधी, मुख्यमंत्री फेलोशिप योजनेची घोषणा |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/chief-minister-fellowship-announced-by-cm-234172#|access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Marathi ABP Live |date=8 June 2016 |language=mr}}</ref> The eligibility criteria to apply for the Chief Minister Fellowship Program is the age between 21 and 26 years, graduation with first-class, one-year work experience, and knowledge of Marathi. This CM Fellowship Program offers an opportunity to work with Government.

====Agricultural pond====
[[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] launched the 'Magel Tyala Shettale' scheme in 2016 to overcome the drought and sustainable [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]] in the state. Under this 'Magel Tyala Shettale', 108.33 per cent of the target was achieved. Fadnavis had been touring drought-prone areas in Maharashtra, meanwhile, farmers in the state had demanded to make few farms available for sustainability in agricultural production and increasing availability of irrigation through watersheds and water conservation of drylands in the state<ref>{{cite news |title=मागेल त्याला शेततळे' १०८ टक्के उद्दीष्ट पूर्ण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/gondia/farmer-will-ask-him-complete-108-percent-target/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=Lokmat |date=10 March 2019 |language=mr |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413102602/https://www.lokmat.com/gondia/farmer-will-ask-him-complete-108-percent-target/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These farms have benefited the farmers during the intermittent rainy seasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=मागेल त्याला शेततळे' १०८ टक्के उद्दीष्ट पूर्ण |url=https://www.agrowon.com/mukhya-batamya/agriculture-news-marathi-grant-increase-farm-pond-scheme-mumbai-maharashtra-20571|access-date=13 April 2022 |work=Agrowon |date=22 June 2019 |language=mr}}</ref>

====Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Krishi Sanman scheme====
During the Fadnavis-led Government in 2017, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Krushi Sanman Yojana was announced by Fadnavis, where a Rs 34,022 Crore loan waiver provided relief to 89 Lakh farmers across the state of Maharashtra. This scheme also benefited crop and medium-term borrowers.<ref>{{cite news |title=24 June 2017 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Krishi Sanman Yojna for farmers.pdf |url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/CM%20News/English/2017/June/24%20June%202017%20Chhatrapati%20Shivaji%20Maharaj%20Krishi%20Sanman%20Yojna%20for%20farmers.pdf |access-date=29 April 2022 |work=maharashtra.gov.in |date=24 June 2017 |language=mr |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423044134/https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/CM%20News/English/2017/June/24%20June%202017%20Chhatrapati%20Shivaji%20Maharaj%20Krishi%20Sanman%20Yojna%20for%20farmers.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=काय आहे छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज कृषी सन्मान योजना ? |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/special-story/what-is-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-agriculture-sanman-yojana-263561.html |access-date=29 April 2022 |work=lokmat.news18 |date=24 June 2017 |language=mr |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819102527/https://lokmat.news18.com/special-story/what-is-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-agriculture-sanman-yojana-263561.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Marathwada water grid project====
In 2019, the Fadnavis-led Governance initiated a scheme to set up a water grid project in Marathwada to address the drought situation. The cost of the scheme was proposed at Rs 4,293 Crore. Fadnavis initiated this water grid project and lifted water from Konkan to the Godavari basin to make droughts in Marathwada "A history".<ref>{{cite news |title=Marathwada Drought will be History After Water Grid Project, Says Devendra Fadnavis |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/marathwada-drought-will-be-history-after-water-grid-project-says-devendra-fadnavis-2286287.html |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=News18 |date=27 August 2019 |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127144259/https://www.news18.com/news/india/marathwada-drought-will-be-history-after-water-grid-project-says-devendra-fadnavis-2286287.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The water grid and other new schemes were introduced to make [[Marathwada]] shed the tag of being a drought-prone region. The project included a plan for water grid from Israeli partners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel chalking out master plan for water grid project in Marathwada |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/israel-chalking-out-master-plan-for-water-grid-project-in-marathwada-1092433.html |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=Deccanherald |date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507100511/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/israel-chalking-out-master-plan-for-water-grid-project-in-marathwada-1092433.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Automated weather stations ====
In 2016, Fadnavis during his ministership initiated to launch of automated weather stations (AWS) to prevent huge losses and provide accurate weather stations for farmers in Maharashtra as early and untimely rains and hailstorms cause enormous losses to farmers. The AWS helps measure the accuracy of rain pattern, humidity & expected rainfall along with information on the best crop for farmers. Close to 2,065 such stations were planned to come up in the state on PPP (public-private partnership) models. Maharashtra State Government had collaborated with a private weather forecasting organisation under which a network of AWS was planned to launch. Initially, around 12×12 km area of each taluka was said to have one AWS each. With the capability to record important farming parameters the AWS was said to be a significant role in the life of the farmers in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |title=राज्यात स्वयंचलित हवामान केंद्र |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/meterological-center/articleshow/52015595.cms |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=Maharashtra Times |date=28 April 2016 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=स्वयंचलित हवामान केंद्र उभारणार |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/automatic-weather-stations-will-be-set/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=Lokmat |date=28 April 2016 |language=mr |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408030928/https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/automatic-weather-stations-will-be-set/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Devendra Fadnavis inaugurates Maharashtra's first automatic weather station in Nagpur's Dongargaon |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/devendra-fadnavis-inaugurates-maharashtras-first-automatic-weather-station-in-nagpurs-dongargaon-3415350.html |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=First Post |date=30 April 2017 |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525124815/https://www.firstpost.com/india/devendra-fadnavis-inaugurates-maharashtras-first-automatic-weather-station-in-nagpurs-dongargaon-3415350.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Allotment of homes to Bombay Dyeing and Srinivas mill workers ====
251 workers of Bombay Dyeing and Srinivas mills were given the keys to their allotted houses on 7 July 2023 marking the second phase of home allotment to them by Maharashtra's chief minister Eknathji Shinde, Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar and Devendra Fadnavis at Sahyadri Guest House, [[Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority]] (MHADA).
Out of 13,760 mill workers included in the lottery, 10,247 have received their homes so far.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 July 2023|title=Maharashtra govt plans to provide land to mill workers in Thane to build houses|work=indianexpress|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-land-to-mill-workers-thane-build-houses-8865561/|access-date=19 August 2023|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819142111/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-land-to-mill-workers-thane-build-houses-8865561/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Maharashtra government has also formed a committee under the leadership of MLA [[Sunil Rane]] and MLA Kalidas Kolambakar. The committee aims to clear the issue of housing eligibility for 4,000 mill workers in the near future. 43,000 hectares of land have been identified at five locations in the [[Thane district]] to provide more homes to the mill workers.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 July 2023|title=Mumbai: Mill Workers' Homes To Come In Thane, CM Eknath Shinde Promises|work=freepressjournal|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-mill-workers-homes-to-come-in-thane-cm-eknath-shinde-promises|access-date=19 August 2023|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819140705/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-mill-workers-homes-to-come-in-thane-cm-eknath-shinde-promises|url-status=live}}</ref>

During his tenure as the chief minister of Maharashtra, Fadnavis had exclaimed that every mill worker from Mumbai would get a home. This promise is being fulfilled steadily, as evidenced by the workers getting the keys to their houses.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 May 2016|title=Every mill worker from Mumbai will get a home, says Fadnavis|work=hindustantimes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/every-mill-worker-from-mumbai-will-get-a-home-says-fadnavis/story-k37EGp25d5EaJmyDGtr5WI.html|access-date=19 August 2023|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819140705/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/every-mill-worker-from-mumbai-will-get-a-home-says-fadnavis/story-k37EGp25d5EaJmyDGtr5WI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Maratha Reservation Act ====

The Maratha Reservation Act is a legislative effort to grant reservations in government jobs and educational institutions to the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha community]]. This initiative evolved through various socio-political movements and legal deliberations over the years.

=====1997: Early agitations=====
The demand for the Maratha reservation gained significant momentum in 1997, with major agitations organised by the Maratha Mahasangh and the Maratha Seva Sangh. These movements highlighted the Marathas' socio-economic status, stating that they were primarily [[Kunbis]], historically associated with agrarian communities rather than belonging to upper castes.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 May 2021|title=Maratha reservation: A timeline of events|work=thehindu.com|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maratha-reservation-a-timeline-of-events/article34487593.ece|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424191655/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maratha-reservation-a-timeline-of-events/article34487593.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

2008-09: Political support
Former chief ministers such as [[Sharad Pawar]] and [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] extended support to the reservation demand, lending political weight to the cause.

====2009-14: Initial proposal and legal challenge====
Various political parties and organisations supported the demand for the Maratha reservation. [[Indian National Congress|The Congress]]-[[Nationalist Congress Party]] Democratic Front government, led by [[Prithviraj Chavan]], approved a proposal to reserve 16% of government jobs and educational seats for Marathas and 5% for [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite news|date= 25 June 2014 |title=Maharashtra government announces 16 per cent reservation for Marathas, 5 per cent for Muslims| work=indiatoday.in|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-government-announces-reservation-to-marathas-muslims-198255-2014-06-25 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

The [[Bombay High Court]] stayed the reservation decision on 14 November, leading to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] - [[Shiv Sena]] government's appeal to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. The Supreme Court refused to vacate the Bombay High Court's interim order in December, after which the government had to provide additional information in support of reservations.

Fadnavis laid the foundations of the Backward Class Commission in 2015, as directed by the High Court to confirm the fact that the Marathas constitute a backward community. He even assured them that quotas would be implemented as soon as the commission submitted its report.
<ref>{{cite news|date=4 August 2018|title=The isolation of Devendra Fadnavis|work=indiatoday.in|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20180813-the-isolation-of-devendra-fadnavis-1303349-2018-08-04|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320043828/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20180813-the-isolation-of-devendra-fadnavis-1303349-2018-08-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2018: Legislative action====
The Maratha Reservation Act was framed by the BJP - Shiv Sena MahaYuti coalition government, led by the then CM Devendra Fadnavis, in 2018.

This legislation aimed to provide reservations in government jobs and educational institutions for Maratha candidates, similar to the provisions for the OBC (Other Backward Classes) community. The [[Maharashtra Legislature|Maharashtra legislature]] passed a bill in November proposing a 16% reservation in education and government jobs for the Maratha community, recognising them as socially and educationally backward.

====2021: The Supreme Court's decision====
The Bombay High Court upheld the constitutional validity of the Maratha reservation but recommended reducing it to 12-13%, prompting appeals to the Supreme Court.

====2023: Deciding the course of action====
The act was overturned on 5 May 2023, by the Supreme Court due to perceived legal inadequacies.

Under the leadership of then chief minister, Devendra Fadnavis, the 'MahaYuti' government implemented a range of welfare initiatives for the Maratha community. A meeting was concluded on 4 September 2023, at Sahyadri Guest House, [[Mumbai]] by the [[Maharashtra]] Cabinet sub-committee to discuss the course of action regarding the topic of the Maratha Reservation. The committee was formed under the chairmanship of retired judges to conduct legal and administrative scrutiny of cases related to providing certificates of Kunbi caste to the Maratha community in Maharashtra, on 6 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2023|title=Kunbi tag for Marathas: 5-member committee gets two-month extension till Dec 24|work=indiatoday.in|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kunbi-tag-marathas-5-member-committee-two-month-extension-dec-24-9002585/|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320043828/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kunbi-tag-marathas-5-member-committee-two-month-extension-dec-24-9002585/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2024: Implementation of the Maratha Reservation Act====
The [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] administration conducted a historical survey of 2,65,000 households in Mumbai on 23 January 2024, in order to establish the social backwardness of the Maratha community for reservation, as per the directives of the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 January 2024|title=Amidst glitches, BMC visits 2.65L homes for Maratha data|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/amidst-glitches-bmc-conducts-survey-of-265-lakh-households-for-maratha-data/articleshow/107128597.cms|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320043828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/amidst-glitches-bmc-conducts-survey-of-265-lakh-households-for-maratha-data/articleshow/107128597.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 27 January 2024, the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra government]] issued a notification that said that all the 'sage soyare' (blood relatives) of the Kunbis, belonging to the Maratha community, shall be given the Kunbi caste certificates upon verification.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 January 2024|title=Maharashtra Govt. issues notification to recognise as Kunbis kin of Marathas whose Kunbi caste records found|work=thehindu.com|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-issues-notification-to-recognise-as-kunbis-kin-of-marathas-whose-kunbi-caste-records-found/article67782485.ece|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320043828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-issues-notification-to-recognise-as-kunbis-kin-of-marathas-whose-kunbi-caste-records-found/article67782485.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Maharashtra Assembly unanimously passed a bill on 20 February 2024, providing 10% reservation for the Maratha community in education and government jobs.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 February 2024|title=Maratha Reservation: Maharashtra unanimously passes Bill for 10% quota for Marathas|work=economictimes.indiatimes.com|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/maharashtra-government-approves-bill-to-extend-10-per-cent-reservation-to-marathas/articleshow/107841750.cms|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=18 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318153849/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/maharashtra-government-approves-bill-to-extend-10-per-cent-reservation-to-marathas/articleshow/107841750.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Maratha Reservation and State Backward Classes Commission submitted a report affirming the community's social and educational backwardness under Article 342C as well as Article 366(26C) of the Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 February 2024|title=Maratha reservation bill for 10% quota cleared by Maharashtra Assembly|work=indiatoday.in|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-assembly-clears-maratha-reservation-bill-community-to-get-10-quota-in-education-jobs-2504615-2024-02-20|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320043827/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-assembly-clears-maratha-reservation-bill-community-to-get-10-quota-in-education-jobs-2504615-2024-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 26 February 2024, the reservation laws were amended, and 10% reservation for Marathas was implemented in education and employment.
An advertisement was published on 1 March 2024, announcing the recruitment of 17,000 police personnel, incorporating 10% Maratha reservation for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|date= 2 March 2024 |title=Maratha quota in teacher & cop jobs, revised NPS soon| work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maratha-quota-in-teacher-cop-jobs/articleshow/108151650.cms |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

====Mumbai Coastal Road Project====
The Mumbai Coastal Road Project is a significant infrastructure initiative to improve connectivity and alleviate congestion along Mumbai's coastline. Despite being envisioned in 1967, it wasn't implemented on the ground until the BJP came to power in 2014 in Maharashtra. Under the leadership of Devendra Fadnavis as the chief minister, the coastal road project gained momentum and its phased planning and execution started with full force.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2024|title=Political slugfest mars Mumbai Coastal Road inauguration as Fadnavis takes pot shots at Sena UBT|work=indianexpress.com|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-coastal-road-inauguration-fadnavis-sena-ubt-9208470/|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402145019/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-coastal-road-inauguration-fadnavis-sena-ubt-9208470/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''8 May 2014'''
The then Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis announced the commencement of Mumbai's Coastal Road from [[Nariman Point]] to Kandivali and the Mumbai Trans Harbor Link project from Sewri to Nhava Sheva.

'''6 June 2015'''
Under Fadnavis' leadership, the Maharashtra state government signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Dutch government to leverage the globally recognised expertise of the Netherlands in environmentally friendly land reclamation and marine infrastructure for the Coastal Road project.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 June 2015|title=Dutch expertise for Mumbai's coastal road project|work=thehindu.com|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dutch-expertise-for-mumbais-coastal-road-project/article7290310.ece|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402145020/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dutch-expertise-for-mumbais-coastal-road-project/article7290310.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''8 June 2015'''
Efforts led by Devendra Fadnavis resulted in immediate approval from the Central Ministry of Environment and Forests for the project. The Mumbai Municipal Corporation appointed STUP Consultants Pvt. Ltd. and Ernst & Young for feasibility studies and environmental impact assessments.

'''30 September 2016'''
The Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority (MCZMA) granted final approval for the Coastal Road project in a meeting.

'''11 May 2017'''
The Coastal Road project received its ultimate approval from the Central Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. Devendra Fadnavis acknowledged the support of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Union Minister Anil Dave in securing this approval.

'''17 December 2019'''
The Supreme Court lifted the stay on the Coastal Road project based on documents and reports submitted by the state government, allowing the project to commence.

'''19 September 2022'''
Devendra Fadnavis, after returning to power, initiated meetings to resolve pending issues regarding the completion of the Coastal Road. He acknowledged the support received from the Koli community. Fadnavis, along with Chief Minister Eknath Shinde, announced the completion of 62% of the work on the Coastal Road from Princess Street to Worli, Bhuyari Marg, and the underground tunnel.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 September 2022|title=Mumbai coastal road to be completed by 2023-end: cm|work=uniindia.com|url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/west/mumbai-coastal-road-to-be-completed-by-2023-end-cm/2825723.html|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402145020/https://www.uniindia.com/news/west/mumbai-coastal-road-to-be-completed-by-2023-end-cm/2825723.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''11 March 2024'''
On Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Balidan Din, Maharashtra Chief Minister Eknath Shinde, Deputy Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis and Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar jointly inaugurated the Dharamveer Swaraj Rakshak Chhatrapati Shambaji Mumbai Coastal Road.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 March 2024|title=Mumbai coastal road inaugurated today: All you need to know|work=indianexpress.com|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-coastal-road-all-you-need-to-know-9207313/|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402145022/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-coastal-road-all-you-need-to-know-9207313/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Phase 1'''
The first phase stretches over 10.58 kilometres from Princess Street Flyover to the Bandra Worli Sea Link. Its construction commenced on 16 December 2018, with the foundation stone laying at Amarsons Garden in Cumbala Hill. AECOM Technology Corporation served as the appointed consultant for the project.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2018|title=Work begins on Mumbai's coastal road, Shiv Sena chief lays foundation stone|work=hindustantimes.com|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/work-begins-on-mumbai-s-coastal-road-shiv-sena-chief-lays-foundation-stone/story-5GXDpIcVhMpnHgxmNcbnlJ.html|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224215101/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/work-begins-on-mumbai-s-coastal-road-shiv-sena-chief-lays-foundation-stone/story-5GXDpIcVhMpnHgxmNcbnlJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
For this phase, 111 hectares of land were acquired, facilitating the construction of two carriageways with 4 lanes each. For protection against natural elements, two sea walls, measuring 7.47 kilometres in length and 8.5 meters in height, were erected, fortified with 2 to 8-tonne boulders for revetment. Additionally, 16 floodgates were strategically installed along the route. The phase also included the construction of ten bus stations and four parking lots to enhance commuter convenience.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 January 2024|title=Mumbai Coastal Road Project: All you need to know about the toll-free road|work=business-standard.com|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/mumbai-coastal-road-project-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-toll-free-road-124010900723_1.html|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402145020/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/mumbai-coastal-road-project-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-toll-free-road-124010900723_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

To address congestion at Queens Necklace and Girgaon Chowpatty, two bore tunnels totalling 2.07 kilometres were constructed, connecting Girgaon Chowpatty and Priyadarshini Park. These tunnels, situated at a depth of 14 to 72 meters below ground level, utilised the immersed tube method, for the first time in India.

'''Phase 2'''
The second phase of the Mumbai Coastal Road spans from Versova to Dahisar, with an estimated cost of around 18,000 crore rupees. Overseen by the Mumbai Municipal Corporation, this phase underwent a competitive bidding process, with four contractors selected to execute the project.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 December 2023|title=Mumbai Coastal Road Project: BMC Finalises 4 Contractors For Phase 2; Work Likely To Being Early Next Year|work=freepressjournal.in|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-coastal-road-project-bmc-finalises-4-contractors-for-phase-2-work-likely-to-being-early-next-year|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402145020/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-coastal-road-project-bmc-finalises-4-contractors-for-phase-2-work-likely-to-being-early-next-year|url-status=live}}</ref>

Segmented into six sections, various companies, including Apco Infra-Tech Pvt. Ltd., J. Kumar, NCCL, Megha Engineering Pvt. Ltd., and Larsen & Toubro have been entrusted with different segments.
Encompassing a length of 20.96 kilometres, Phase 2 extends from Malad to Kandivali, featuring an underground tunnel. The segments include:
* Segment A: Versova to Bangur Nagar (4.5 km)
* Segment B: Bangur Nagar to Mindspace, Malad (1.66 km)
* Segments C and D: Mindspace, Malad to Charkop (each 3.66 km)
* Segment E: Charkop to Gorai (3.78 km)
* Segment F: Gorai to Dahisar (3.69 km)
The phase is set to commence before the monsoon and aims for completion within four years.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 February 2024|title=Mumbai Coastal Road project: Here's all you need to know|work=mid-day.com|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-coastal-road-project-heres-all-you-need-to-know-23335470|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402145020/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-coastal-road-project-heres-all-you-need-to-know-23335470|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Second term==
On 23 November 2019, Fadnavis formed a government with the help of [[Ajit Pawar]] of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]; however, this government only lasted for a few days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Maharashtra CM Fadnavis resigns |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/maharashtra-government-formation-devendra-fadnavis-resigns/article30086762.ece |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=@businessline |date=26 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129062939/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/maharashtra-government-formation-devendra-fadnavis-resigns/article30086762.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> During this short period, Fadnavis chaired a [[climate resilience]] meeting with representatives of the [[World Bank]], restarted the Chief Minister's refund cell, and sanctioned {{INR}}5380 [[crore]]s in aid for farmers.<ref>{{cite news |title=New CM Devendra Fadnavis clears Rs 5,000 crore aid for farmers, reopens relief fund |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/new-cm-clears-rs-5000cr-aid-for-farmers-reopens-relief-fund/articleshow/72231329.cms |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129044809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/new-cm-clears-rs-5000cr-aid-for-farmers-reopens-relief-fund/articleshow/72231329.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Third term==
Fadnavis was sworn in as the chief minister for the third term with his party BJP winning 132 seats alone. Later, he won the voice vote in the assembly.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chief ministerships of Indian states]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2010s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]

Lalan Ram

2026-04-19T23:46:10Z

XMXHosea83962264: made the details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lalan Ram
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
| successor =
| term_start1 = 24 November 2010
| term_end1 = 8 November 2015
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor1 = [[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
| constituency1 = [[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)|Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lalan Ram''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]] constituency.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm |access-date=28 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128170812/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kutumba Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Kutumba Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kutumba |access-date=28 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128170812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kutumba |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex JD(U) MLA Lalan Ram arrested for consuming beer; suspended from the party">{{cite news |title=Ex JD(U) MLA Lalan Ram arrested for consuming beer; suspended from the party |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-jdu-mla-lalan-ram-arrested-for-consuming-beer-suspended-from-the-party/articleshow/53207007.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 November 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=14 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128171548/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-jdu-mla-lalan-ram-arrested-for-consuming-beer-suspended-from-the-party/articleshow/53207007.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Result 2010">{{cite news|url=https://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/election-results/stateelection2009/156-biharmlalist2010.html|title=Bihar Assembly Election Result 2010|date=2010|work=|accessdate=26 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826125133/https://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/election-results/stateelection2009/156-biharmlalist2010.html|archivedate=26 August 2023|language=en-gb}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Lalan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Gallery of Modern Art, Bengaluru

2026-04-19T05:24:30Z

XMXHosea83962264: made some article nd citations - done

{{Short description|Art gallery in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{moresources|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = National Gallery of Modern Art (Bangalore)
| logo = National Gallery of Modern Art logo (2025).png
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore (2025) 86.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = NGMA in 2025
| alt =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.989705|77.588150|display=inline}}
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|02|18}}
| dissolved =
| location = Bangalore Urban
| type = Art gallery
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections = Painting of renowned Indian artists.
| collection_size = 500
| visitors =
| director =
| president =
| curator =
| owner = Government of India
| publictransit =
| car_park = On site (no charge)
| network =
| website = https://ngmaindia.gov.in/ngma_bangaluru.asp
}}
'''National Gallery of Modern Art''' (NGMA) is an art gallery in [[Bangalore]]. It was inaugurated in the year 2009. It showcases modern Indian art and houses paintings by [[Raja Ravi Verma]], [[Jamini Roy]], [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and a large number of modern and contemporary artists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/with-its-beauty-warmth-and-intelligent-programming-national-gallery-of-modern-art-bengaluru-has-transformed-into-a-popular-art-and-cultural-hub-in-the-city/article21391490.ece|title=How Bengaluru's National Gallery of Modern Art has become a cultural hotspot|last=Tripathi|first=Shailaja|date=2017-12-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Equipped with an auditorium, a public art reference library, a cafeteria, and a museum shop cum facilitation block, the NGMA Bengaluru looks ahead to becoming a hub of art activities and a major cultural centre at Bengaluru. The gallery organizes and hosts talks on art and culture by speakers, seminars, film screenings as well as workshops and guided walks throughout the year.<ref name=NGMA>{{Cite web|url=https://ngmaindia.gov.in/ngma_bangaluru.asp|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi|website=ngmaindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>

==History==
The gallery was being refurbished in 2006 to open as the third site of NGMA. This follows a prolonged period of development and controversy.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/08/18/stories/2002081800040400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704223050/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/08/18/stories/2002081800040400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 July 2003 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Whose gallery is it, anyway? | date=18 August 2002}}</ref> The sprawling, 100 year old Manikyavelu Mansion once belonged to [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]] the, a Yuvaraja of Mysore. This building was built by the well-known merchant Haji Sir Ismail Sait, who named his sprawling bungalow ‘Ismailia’.

It was later sold to Manickavelu Mudaliar. Mudaliar was not born into aristocracy, but rather married into it. He became a successful business owner after leasing several manganese and chrome mines on lease. According to the documents in the NGMA archives, the building was bought by Mudalier early on in his career. The archivists at the NGMA are certain that Mudalier and his family lived in the mansion for quite some years. However, due to financial problems, the house was put on auction and was acquired by the City Improvement Trust, currently the BDA, and then transferred to the Housing Board in the 1960s. In 2000, the Ministry of Kannada and culture sub-leased the mansion to the Ministry of Culture. It became the chosen location for the southern centre the NGMA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=21933|title=Mansion’s Forgotten its Manikyavelu|date=2016-02-26|website=Bangalore First|language=EN|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref> Restoration began in 2003, and opened on 18 February 2009 under the curatorial ship of Sobha Nambisan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/with-its-beauty-warmth-and-intelligent-programming-national-gallery-of-modern-art-bengaluru-has-transformed-into-a-popular-art-and-cultural-hub-in-the-city/article21391490.ece|title=How Bengaluru's National Gallery of Modern Art has become a cultural hotspot|last=Tripathi|first=Shailaja|date=2017-12-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Building==
In Bangalore, it is functional in Manikyavelu mansion on Palace road in the city of Bengaluru.<ref name=LBB>{{Cite web|url=https://lbb.in/bangalore/ngma-bangalore/|title=Take A Visual Trip Through Over 500 Pieces Of Modern Indian Art At NGMA Bangalore {{!}} LBB|website=LBB, Bangalore|language=en|access-date=2019-09-11}}</ref>

==Collection==
NGMA Bangalore currently houses approximately 500 exhibits that are spread across a corridor, tiny rooms and large spacious halls that span two floors. You could cover this in between 1 and 2 hours. The exhibits have been displayed - classified into broad categories - according to different time periods, art schools and by artists. One can see paintings by [[Raja Ravi Verma]], [[Jamini Roy]], [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], the Tagore brothers and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and a large number of Modern and Contemporary artists. The NGMA has modern, post-modern and traditional Indian art work. It hosts art work from the 18th Century to present day. Sculptures by the likes of S. Dhanpal and Kanayi Kunhiraman as well as artworks by [[Arpita Singh]] and Anjolie Ela Menon are a part of the extensive collection.<ref name=LBB /> The display includes Indian miniatures, colonial artists, Bengal School and post-independence artists which led to the birth of modern and post-modern art of today. In addition to permanent display of the paintings and sculptures, this NGMA also showcases national and international exhibitions regularly.<ref name=NGMA />

==Gallery==
===NGMA in 2025===
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="100">
National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore (2025) 51.jpg
National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore (2025) 19.jpg
National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore (2025) 10.jpg
National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore (2025) 24.jpg
National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore (2025) 93.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commonscat|National Gallery of Modern Art, Bengaluru}}
* [[Kolkata Museum of Modern Art]]
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai]]
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Bengaluru]]

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[de:National Gallery of Modern Art]]
[[hi:राष्ट्रीय आधुनिक कला संग्रहालय]]
[[he:הגלריה הלאומית לאמנות מודרנית (ניו דלהי)]]

Inspector Rishi

2026-04-18T08:12:21Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Inspector Rishi.jpg
| image_upright =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Crime fiction|Crime]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Horror film|Horror]]
}}
| creator = J. S. Nandhini
| director = J. S. Nandhini
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Naveen Chandra]]
* [[Sunaina|Sunaina Yella]]
* [[Kanna Ravi]]
* Srikrishna Dayal
* Malini Jeevarathnam
* [[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]]
}}
| music = [[Ashwath (music director)|Ashwath]]
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Jithin Thorai
| producer = {{plainlist|
* J. S. Nandhini
* Shukdev Lahiri
}}
| location = India
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* Bargav Sridhar
}}
| runtime =
| company = Make Believe Productions
| budget =
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]] [[Kalaignar TV]] (syndication)
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}

'''''Inspector Rishi''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series created, written and directed by J. S. Nandhini for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It stars [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Sunaina]], [[Kanna Ravi]], Srikrishna Dayal, Malini Jeevarathnam and [[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector Rishi Web Series (2024) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/inspector-rishi-web-series-124771 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=29 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504125023/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/inspector-rishi-web-series-124771 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |title=Inspector Rishi 2024: Release date, trailer, plot, cast, OTT platform and more |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/inspector-rishi-2024-release-date-trailer-plot-cast-ott-platform-and-more/05c9599da9997 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |date=27 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417234005/https://www.ottplay.com/news/inspector-rishi-2024-release-date-trailer-plot-cast-ott-platform-and-more/05c9599da9997 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The series was premiered on 29 March 2024 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].

== Premise ==
An inspector, Rishi, loses his eyesight in one eye during a shootout, fails to save his girlfriend and gets transferred into a jungle area where he must solve the cases behind the myths.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Rishi Nandhan
* [[Sunaina]] as Kathryn "Kathy" Shobana
* [[Kanna Ravi]] as Ayyanar
* Srikrishna Dayal as Sathya
* [[Malini Jeevarathnam]] as Chitra
* [[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]] as Irfan
* Harini Sundararajan as Viji
* [[Semmalar Annam]] as Mangai
* [[Meesha Ghoshal]] as Yamuna
* Gajaraj as Vinod
* Vaishulisa Vallal as Punitha
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Sekar
* Deepthi as Hira
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Kaliaperumal
* Vasanthi as Mallika
* [[Kalairani]] as Mother Leana
* [[Geetha Kailasam]] as Faria
* [[Yaar Kannan]] as Udhayan Nambeesan
* Anandhi Jayaraman as Thulasi
* S.Pagalavan as Harish
* Manika Kandasamy as Ezhil
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Tribal Shaman
* Radha Dhandapani as Mangai's Mother
* G.L. Srinivasan as Ekambaram
* B. Smruthi as Nalini
* Baby Meenu as Dhanam
* Githa Mohan as Selvam
* VJ Aswath Chandrasekar as Abdul
* Saranya Ravichandran as Selvi
* Videsh as Jagan
* S.K. Gaayathri as Rani
* Madhuvanthi as Irfan's Granddaughter
* Jose Mathew as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]
* Sujatha as Ayyanar's Mother
* Jayaraj as Rathinam
* Ghitha Mohhan as Selvam
* Sudharsanam as Rishi's Friend
* A.V. Deva as Thangarasu
* Karthika Dinesh as Sangeetha
* Naveen Raj as Rishi's Friend
* Suraj as Irfan's Son
* Tamizharasi as Rishi's Friend
* P Rajalakshmi as Chitra's Mother
* Brindha as Dr. Kamali
* Keerthana as Jaya
* Dayalan as Ayyanar's Father
* Suresh Kayar as Robert
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Entomologist
* Sophia Victor as Vasanthi
* Lakshan as Irfan's Grandson
* Gaayathri Krishnan as Rani, Bala’s wife
* Sundarapriya MP as Lawyer
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Rishi's Father
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|overall=5|title=22|director=15|writer=21|airdate=15|background=50A2A6|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Huntress
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When a wildlife photographer’s mysterious death is blamed on a deadly forest spirit called Vanaratchi, Crime Branch Inspector Rishi Nandhan is sent to Thaenkaadu to investigate the case, along with sub-inspectors Ayyanar and Chitra.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Devil is in the Details
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The lack of physical evidence and the supernatural phenomena around the murder case baffles everyone. Rishi is haunted by a mysterious ghost from his past. Meanwhile, the Vanaratchi claims another victim.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = In the Shadows
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = During a search for an abducted man inside the forest, police sniffer dogs get scared and behave wildly. Rishi and the team consult an entomologist regarding webspinner insects. Meanwhile, a handmade Vanaratchi doll mysteriously ends up in the hands of a little girl.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = What Lies Beneath
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rishi and Ayyanar have a clash of opinions. Fear spreads throughout the village as more Vanaratchi sightings are reported. Sathya assigns beat officer Kathy to help Rishi and his team in the investigation.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Something Wicked
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sathya and Irfan try to track down poachers who conduct illegal activities in the forest. A forest night vision camera captures a horrifying video. Villagers hold an urgent panchayat meeting. Rishi and his team arrest a suspect and question her.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Ties That Bind
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Panic strikes when Kathy and another forest guard go missing in the forest during a routine night patrol. Rishi’s traumatic past with Viji is revealed. Meanwhile, a young village woman gets a visit from the Vanaratchi.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Deliver Us from Evil
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The exorcism of a Vanaratchi-possessed woman gets interrupted by a group of unruly villagers. While Rishi digs deep and studies the victimology, Chitra and Ayyanar lock horns and get into a heated argument.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Darkest Hour
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sathya and Irfan are abducted and tortured by poachers. While the rescue team searches for them in the forest, Rishi, Kathy, Ayyanar and Chitra conduct an investigation of their own to find the two officers before it’s too late.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Secret Cavern
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rishi, Ayyanar, Chitra and Sathya venture into a dark and mysterious cave to investigate a crime scene. The truth behind the tribal people’s deadly ritual is revealed. Kathy decides to confess her love to Rishi.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Close Encounters
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = J.S. Nandhini
|WrittenBy = J.S. Nandhini
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = One major clue in the investigation leads Rishi to find shocking revelations and discoveries. The team realises that the lives of many innocent people are at stake if they don’t do something soon.
|LineColor = 50A2A6
}}
}}

== Release ==
''Inspector Rishi'' was released on 29 March 2024 on [[Amazon Prime Video]] along with dubbed versions in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |title=Inspector Rishi OTT Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/global-premiere-of-horror-crime-drama-inspector-rishi-on-prime-video-885223 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=14 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530041441/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/global-premiere-of-horror-crime-drama-inspector-rishi-on-prime-video-885223 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |title=Prime Video locks premiere date for Tamil series 'Inspector Rishi' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prime-video-locks-premiere-date-for-tamil-series-inspector-rishi/article67949568.ece |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329040138/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prime-video-locks-premiere-date-for-tamil-series-inspector-rishi/article67949568.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=71|count=7|average=5.3|ref=yes}}

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' stated "What ''Inspector Rishi'' does with great skill is probe the myths and ingrained belief systems that inevitably exist on the boundaries of a world of human greed and exploitation."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Inspector Rishi Review: Exceptionally Well-Mounted And Engaging Show |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inspector-rishi-review-exceptionally-well-mounted-and-engaging-show-3-stars-5338211 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330055700/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inspector-rishi-review-exceptionally-well-mounted-and-engaging-show-3-stars-5338211 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Unlike anything seen in the Tamil horror space, the ''vanaratchi'' makes for a fascinating horror subject, and having such a unique spectre in a setting like a forest helps a horror series that consciously shies away from the routine genre tropes like jump scares and gore. But though horror fans may not have many complaints, ''Inspector Rishi'' isn’t quite the best investigative thriller out there."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |title='Inspector Rishi' series review: Naveen Chandra headlines a mostly engaging but predictable investigative horror |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/inspector-rishi-series-review-naveen-chandra-headlines-a-mostly-engaging-but-predictable-investigative-horror/article68005822.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122414/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/inspector-rishi-series-review-naveen-chandra-headlines-a-mostly-engaging-but-predictable-investigative-horror/article68005822.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chirag Sehgal of ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' rated the series 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "The series plays out like a slow-burner getting us impatient at times, but the screenplay (although I could not see why it should not have been shorter) does effectively create an eerie atmosphere. And the jungle setting bathed in mist and mystery sends shivers down our spines."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |title=Inspector Rishi Review: The Deep Woods Play Host To An An Evil Spirit and Silly Superstition |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/inspector-rishi-review-the-deep-woods-play-host-to-an-an-evil-spirit-and-silly-superstition-8833366.html |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=30 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sonal Pandya for ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the series 3 out of 5 and wrote, "The dialogue is mostly expository, but it lays the groundwork for each episode."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=Inspector Rishi Review: Naveen Chandra Starrer Builds Interesting Horror Mystery Around Forest Legend |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/inspector-rishi-review-naveen-chandra-starrer-builds-interesting-horror-mystery-around-forest-legend-review-108857885 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Janani K for ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "‘Inspector Rishi’ fails in this aspect as the twists and turns remind us of many Tamil films, including ‘Whistle’. The show could have been a little more taut for it to have maximum impact."<ref>{{cite news |last=K |first=Janani |title='Inspector Rishi' Review: Naveen Chandra show drowns in predictability |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/inspector-rishi-review-naveen-chandras-show-drowns-in-predictability-2520852-2024-03-29 |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329122850/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/inspector-rishi-review-naveen-chandras-show-drowns-in-predictability-2520852-2024-03-29 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated, "Several characters are plagued by terrifying visions, which convince them that Vanaratachi is on the rampage, even as human villains do their work."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Inspector Rishi' review: A superbly crafted battle between fact and fable |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1065912/inspector-rishi-review-a-superbly-crafted-battle-between-fact-and-fable |url-access=limited |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

Aswin Devan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' awarded 3 stars to the series and wrote that "The show follows the formula of a police procedural: expository table discussions about the case, mysteries being unravelled as a new mystery evolves, red herrings, and chase sequences. However, Inspector Rishi excels in depicting the complexities and inner turmoils of the characters beyond the apparent chills."<ref>{{cite news |last=Devan |first=Aswin |title=Inspector Rishi Series Review: Masterfully combines the strengths of police procedural and supernatural thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Apr/04/inspector-rishi-series-review-masterfully-combines-the-strengths-of-police-procedural-and-supernatural-thriller |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31701070}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|tv/inspector_rishi|Inspector Rishi}}

{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]

Savli Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:32Z

XMXHosea83962264: done - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Savli
| mla = [[Ketan Inamdar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:230722}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 135
}}

'''Savli''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Savli Town
# Vadodara Taluka Villages – Dodka, Rayaka, Sankarda, Vasna-Kotariya, Fajalpur (Sankarda)
# Savli Taluka Villages - Gutardi, Nhara, Gulabpura (Shihora), Ajabpura, Amarapura, Kalupura, Parthampura (Shihora), Gokalpura Ganeshpura, Zumkha, Dipapura, Ankaliya, Dhantej, Narpura, Mevli, Vitoj, Samantpura, Gangadiyapura, Dungripura (Shihora), Rasawadi, Lachhanpura, Rupankui, Kanoda, Rasulpur, Dungrapura, Tulsipura, Kamalpura, Vasanpura, Muval, Sardarpura, Poicha (Kanoda), Mevaliapura, Wankaner, Javla, Charanpura, Moti Bhadol, Vadiya(K), Mal Ankaliya, Kambola, Khakhariya, Singaniya, Mudhela, Ghantiyal, Ranipura (Samlaya), Nani Bhadol, Samlaya, Sherpura, Karachiya, Gothada, Ranchhodpura, Bahidhara Alias Natvarnagar, Bhadarva, Parthampura (Bhadarva), Jalampura, Khandi, Poicha (Raniya), Raniya, Mahapura, Ranipura(B), Namisara, Bautha, Lasundra, Pasva, Motipura, Pratapnagar, Gangadiya, Lotna, Sadra, Adalwada, Vadadala, Chandranagar, Subhelav, Paldi, Tundav, Anjesar, Moksi, Kunpad, Manjusar, Lamdapura, Zumkal, Alindra, Pilol, Indrad, Khokhar, Vemar, Garadhiya, Dhanora, Haripura,
# Desar Taluka Villages - Tulsigam, Vachchhesar, Jambu Goral, Varsada, Waghpura, Tansiya, Himmatpura, Dungripura(I), Intvad, Nani Varnoli (Vanto), Desar, Valavav, Vejpur, Jesar Gopari, Vaktapura, Kadachhala, Manekla, Moti Varnoli, Nani Varnoli, Chhalier, Vankaneda, Ghemalpura, Dolatpura, Pipalchhat Vanto, Rampuri-Narpuri, Vadiya (Pandu), Rajupura, Limdanu Muvadu, Kalyan Patelnu Muvadu, Rajpur, Pratappura, Shihora, Gorsan, Vaghanu Muvadu, Raipura Chhatrapura, Bhila, Pandu, Pipalchhat, Sanpiya, Mokampura, Kaslapura, Vansiya, Ghanta, Andrakhiya, Limdi, Latva, Vav, Sandhasal,

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Prabhatsing Pamar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Prakash Brahmbhatt]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan=3|[[Khumansinh Chauhan]]
|-
| [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Upendrasinhji Gohil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Khumansinh Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan=3| [[Ketan Inamdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Savli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ketan Inamdar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=102,004|percentage=58.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kuldipsinh Udesinh Raulji(vakil)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=65,078|percentage=37.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vijaykumar Narvatsinh Chavda|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,032|percentage=1.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,594|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Savli<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ketan Inamdar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 97,646
|percentage = 59.52
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sagar Prakash 'Koko' Brahmabhatt
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 56,013
|percentage = 34.14
|change = +4.97'
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khumansinh Chauhan
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 4,060
|percentage = 2.47
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,633
|percentage = 25.38
|change = +11.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,057
|percentage = 77.43
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:211873}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ketan Inamdar]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=62,849|percentage=43.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khumansinh Chauhan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42,530|percentage=29.17|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2|percentage=13.93|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=0percentage=76.99|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.56|73.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Mazaka

2026-04-15T12:03:57Z

XMXHosea83962264: made first data w/ sources - done

{{for|the ancient Turkish city of Mazaca or Mazaka|Caesarea (Mazaca)}}
{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Trinadha Rao Nakkina}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mazaka film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]
| screenplay = {{plain list|
* [[Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]]
* Sai Krishna
}}
| story = Prasanna Kumar Bezawada
| producer = {{plain list|
* [[Anil Sunkara]]
* Ramabrahmam Sunkara
* Razesh Danda
* Balaji Gutta
* Umesh KR Bansal
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sundeep Kishan]]
* [[Ritu Varma]]
* [[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]]
* [[Rao Ramesh]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Nizar Shafi]]
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| studio = {{plain list|
* AK Entertainments
* Hasya Movies
* [[Zee Studios]]
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|2|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzEyMDIyMDI1MDAwMTA= |title=Mazaka |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹12.75 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=MAZAKA Movie Total WW Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/mazaka-movie-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=28 April 2025|access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mazaka''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy film|romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]] from a story written by [[Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]]. It was produced by [[Anil Sunkara]], Ramabrahmam Sunkara, Razesh Danda, Balaji Gutta and Umesh KR Bansal, under AK Entertainments, Hasya Movies and [[Zee Studios]]. It features [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Ritu Varma]], [[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]], and [[Rao Ramesh]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-02-22 |title=Sundeep Kishan: 'The day I think I have done my best film, I might even say thank you and move out' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundeep-kishan-discusses-his-new-telugu-film-mazaka-and-his-career/article69242106.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222043557/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundeep-kishan-discusses-his-new-telugu-film-mazaka-and-his-career/article69242106.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was extensively shot in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-10-21 |title='Mazaka' team lands in Vizag for a 20-day schedule |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mazaka-team-lands-in-vizag-for-a-20-day-schedule-916085 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 26 February 2025 and was a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-07 |title=Release of Sundeep Kishen-starrer Mazaka pushed to February 26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-of-sundeep-kishen-starrer-mazaka-pushed-to-february-26/articleshow/118029238.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212015312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/release-of-sundeep-kishen-starrer-mazaka-pushed-to-february-26/articleshow/118029238.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around a father and son duo named Ramana and Krishna. Ramana works in a visa office and Krishna is happy-go-lucky young man who lost his mother during childbirth. Both of them have the same dream: Create a family by means of Krishna's marriage. However, stating that they don't want to send their daughter to family with no woman, Krishna doesn't get a bride.

Enter Meera for whom Krishna falls head over heels and tries to impress her while on the other hand, Ramana himself decides to get a wife to make Krishna's marriage easy and falls in love with Yashoda at first sight.

After some hilarious and emotional aspects, both Krishna and Ramana successfully make their respective lovers fall for them. However, it is revealed that Meera and Yashodha are niece and aunt and now Bhargava Varma is in the picture.

Bhargav Varma is a hilarious yet egoistic and sadistic CEO of a company and is unfortunately Meera's father and Yashodha's brother.

Now starts a hilarious stunt with Bhargav stating that he will agree to both Ramana's and Krishna's marriage if they succeed in making Meera and Yashodha reconcile, who are enemies due to Yashodha's grip on Meera's life.

Also, Bhargav Varma has a grudge against Krishna and Ramana because they made him miss an auction and now, he wants revenge and has set them up with Meera and Yashodha's fight, thinking both of them will spoil their relationship.

How Krishna and Ramana make Meera and Yashodha reconcile while teaching Bhargav Varma a lesson forms the crux of the remaining story. Meanwhile, the whole story is a flashback told by Krishna and Ramana to a CI in the police station.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sundeep Kishan]] as Krishna Ramana
* [[Ritu Varma]] as Meera
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Venkata Ramana, Krishna’s father
* [[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]] as Yashoda
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as police Inspector Ajay
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Bhargav Varma, Meera’s father and Yashoda’s brother
* [[Mani Chandana]] as Bhargav Varma's wife
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[Hyper Aadi]]
* [[Chammak Chandra]]
* [[Supreeth Reddy]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* Gagaan Viharri
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mazaka/Ktd1eNF3zew_|title=Mazaka - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=21 February 2025|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
| total_length = 12:45
| title1 = Bachelors Anthem
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Baby Ma
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Leon James
| length2 =
| title3 = Pagili
| lyrics3 = Kasarla Shyam
| extra3 = Mahalingam, Sahithi Chaganti, Prabha
| length3 =
| title4 = Sommasilli Pothunnave
| lyrics4 = Ramu Rathod, Prasanna Kumar Bezawada
| extra4 = Ramu Rathod
| length4 =
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Mazaka'' was initially planned to be released in January 2025 during the [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]] festive season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-23 |title=Sundeep Kishan-Thrinadha Rao Nakkina's Majaka to be a festival entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/23/sundeep-kishan-thrinadha-rao-nakkinas-majaka-to-be-a-festival-entertainer |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927130041/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/23/sundeep-kishan-thrinadha-rao-nakkinas-majaka-to-be-a-festival-entertainer |url-status=live }}</ref> The release date announced to be 21 February 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-02-07 |title=Sundeep Kishan's Mazaka officially pushed to this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/07/sundeep-kishans-mazaka-officially-pushed-to-this-date |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> but was released on 26 February 2025, coinciding with [[Maha Shivaratri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-02-08 |title=Sundeep Kishan's 'Mazaka' locks release date |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sundeep-kishans-mazaka-locks-release-date-943656 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210114705/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sundeep-kishans-mazaka-locks-release-date-943656 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[ZEE5]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] begin streaming from March 28.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Mazaka OTT release: When and where to watch? |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tollywood/mazaka-ott-release-when-and-where-watch-381606 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sundeep Kishn and Ritu Varma's Mazaka gets OTT release date">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Sundeep Kishn and Ritu Varma's Mazaka gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Mar/25/sundeep-kishn-and-ritu-varmas-mazaka-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=26 March 2025 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=25 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and is positive of comedy and the lead cast performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Mazaka Review and Rating: Fun-Filled Ride with Laughter, Emotions |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/mazaka-review-and-rating-fun-filled-ride-laughter-emotions-381493 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same, ''[[The Hindu]]'' added that weak writing has led the film down.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-02-26 |title='Mazaka' movie review: Sundeep Kishan, Rao Ramesh film entertains occasionally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mazaka-movie-review-occasionally-entertaining-but-mostly-middling/article69265916.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' too opined the same and wrote "the film is entertaining as long as audiences don’t take the narrative too seriously".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mazaka Movie Review : A light-hearted entertainer with laughs, love, and chaos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mazaka/movie-review/118573798.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "It works in the first half but falters in the second", while appreciating the performance of Rao Ramesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Mazaka Movie Review: Fumbles In The Second Half |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/mazaka-movie-review-fumbles-in-the-second-half-review-118558285 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' stated, "''Mazaka'' is presented as a comedy entertainer with an emotional aspect, but only a few sequences elicit laughter and the rest become gawky".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Mazaka review: Only few comedy segments click |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/mazaka-review-only-few-comedy-segments-click |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' was critical of film's writing while praising Rao Ramesh's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-26 |title=Mazaka movie review: A middling comedy saved by its sentimentality |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Feb/26/mazaka-movie-review-a-middling-comedy-saved-by-its-sentimentality |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=31436872|title=Mazaka}}
{{Trinadha Rao Nakkina}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Leon James (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]

Manipur Women's League

2026-04-13T10:16:20Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{Short description|Women's association football league in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo =
| pixels =
| country = India
| organiser = [[All Manipur Football Association]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2009|df=y}}
| teams = 8
| promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]
| relegation =
| levels = 3
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = FC Imphal (2nd title)
| most_successful_club = [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] (6 titles)
| season = 2025–26
| tv =
| website =
| current =
}}
The '''Manipur Women's League''', also the '''AMFA Senior Women's Football League''',<ref name="amfa" >{{cite web|title=Manipur Women’s League |url=https://theawayend.co/manipur-womens-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=31 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=10th AMFA Sr Women's Football League from Oct 10 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport8..091019.oct19 |website=E-Pao |date=8 October 2019 }}</ref> is the top division of women's [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]]. It was also known as the '''A. Shanta Meetei Memorial Senior Women's Football League''' (earlier held as the '''BM Singh Trophy''').<ref>{{cite web|title=AMFA postpones Senior Women's Football |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/sports/amfa-postpones-senior-womens-football |website=Imphal Free Press |date=1 September 2022 }}</ref> The League is organised by the [[All Manipur Football Association]] (AMFA), the official football governing body of the state.

==Venue==
The matches are held at various stadiums inc [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]], Artificial turf, Khurai Lamlong at Imphal.<ref>{{cite web|title=12th AMFA Sr Women's Football League 2021-22 : YWC seal narrow 1-0 win to close gap on leaders KRYPHSA |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport2..300122.jan22 |website=E-Pao |date=29 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Clubs==
===2025–26 season===
The teams participating in the 2025–26 season:<ref>{{cite web|title=10 teams in fray for 16th Senior Women's Football league title |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport5..200126.jan26 |website=E-Pao |date=19 January 2026 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Team
!Location
|-
|1
|[[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|Wangkhei, Imphal East
|-
|2
|FC Imphal
|Kwakeithel Mayaikoibi, Imphal West
|-
|3
|ICSA
|Iregbam, Bishnupur
|-
|4
|Khuman FC
|Laipham Khunou, Imphal East
|-
|5
|[[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
|Naoremthong Laishram Leikai, Imphal West
|-
|6
|[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
|Police HQ, Imphal
|-
|7
|Manipur United FA
|Tera Lukram Leirak, Sagolband, Imphal
|-
|8
|The Young Welfare Club
|Langthabal, Imphal West
|-
|9
|Youth Welfare Club
|Thambalkhong, Imphal East
|-
|10
|United Pukhao Sports Association (UPSA)
|Pukhao Khabam, Imphal East
|}

== Champions ==
Note: The first Manipur women's championship was held in 1976 with [[Eastern Sporting Union]] being the winners and [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] being the runners-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|title=List of Women's Football champions|website=rsssf.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Edition !! Season !! Champion !! Runner-up !! Ref
|-
| 1st || 2009 || || || <ref>{{cite web|title=Naharol win |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/snippets-12-09-2009/cid/595228 |website=The Telegraph |date=12 September 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| 2nd || 2010 || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || || <ref name="amfa1"/>
|-
| 3rd || 2011 || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || <ref name="amfa1">{{cite web|title=Police eves win BM Singh Trophy |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport2..101011.oct11 |website=E-Pao |date=9 October 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 4th || 2013 || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=4th AMFA Senior women's Football League |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport3..130213.feb13 |website=E-Pao |date=12 February 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 5th || 2014 || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=BM Singh Trophy |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport5..141213.dec13 |website=E-Pao |date=13 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 6th || 2015 || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=MPSC lift BM Singh trophy |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport7..140415.apr15 |website=E-Pao |date=13 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 7th || 2016 || [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] || || <ref>{{cite web|title=7th AMFA Senior Women's Football League |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport9..101215.dec15 |website=E-Pao |date=9 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 8th || 2017 || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Sporting Union emerge champion; BM Singh Trophy 2017 |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2017/03/02/eastern-sporting-union-emerge-champion-bm-singh-trophy-2017/ |website=Pothasang |date=2 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 9th || 2018 || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern Sporting Union emerge champion; BM Singh Trophy 2017 |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2017/03/02/eastern-sporting-union-emerge-champion-bm-singh-trophy-2017/ |website=Pothasang |date=2 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 10th || 2019 || [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=MPSC lead after first leg in 9th Senior Women Football League |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport4..131218.dec18#:~:text=MPSC%20lead%20after%20first%20leg,2%20draws)%20in%20three%20matches. |website=E-Pao |date=12 December 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 11th || 2021 || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || Young Welfare Club || <ref>{{cite web|title=ESU emerge champions of AMFA Sr Women's Football League |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com//Encyc/2021/3/28/By-Our-Sports-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-27-ESU-Wangkhei-has-won-the-11th-AMFA-Sr-Women-s-Football-League-for-BM-Singh-Trophy-as-they-thumped-AMMA-FC-7-1-in-their-final-league-match-of-the-season-at-arti.html |website=The Sangai Express |date=28 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 12th || 2021–22 || Young Welfare Club || [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] || <ref name="amfa" />
|-
| 13th || 2022–23 || [[Eastern Sporting Union]] || [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=13th AMFA Senior Women's League : ESU seal top honour, qualify for Indian Women's League |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..171222.dec22 |website=E-Pao |date=16 December 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 14th || 2023–24 || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=MPSC clinch 14th Sr Women's Football League title, qualify for IWL |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/1/16/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jan-15-Manipur-Police-Sports-Club-MPSC-emerged-on-top-of-the-14th-Senior-Wo.html |website=The Sangai Express |date=16 January 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 15th || 2024–25 || FC Imphal || [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=15th AMFA Senior Women's Football League : FC Imphal reign supreme, qualify for Indian Women's League |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..300625.jun25 |website=E-Pao |date=29 June 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| 16th || 2025–26 || FC Imphal || Young Welfare Club || <ref>{{cite web|title=U-19 Women's Football Tournament FC Imphal prevail 5-1 over YWC-L in final showdown |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2026/2/17/by-our-staff-reporter-imphal-feb-16-the-u-19-state-level-womens-football-tournament-2026-organised-by-the-infa.html |website=Sangai Express |date=17 February 2026 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Manipur}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Manipur]]
[[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2009]]

United States–India Educational Foundation

2026-04-04T01:31:47Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
The '''United States-India Educational Foundation''' ('''USIEF''') (formerly known as the '''United States Educational Foundation in India''') is an international foundation dedicated to [[higher education]] in India and the United States. Its primary focal points include administering the [[Fulbright Program]] to Indian and American students, faculty and professionals; encouraging international engagement of Fulbright scholars; advising students in India of higher education opportunities in the United States; and linking higher education institutions in the US and India. In addition to administering the Fulbright-Nehru programs in India, the Foundation also administers several Fulbright grants, including the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowships; New Century Scholars Program, Teacher Exchange Program; International Fulbright Science and Technology Award; and the Foreign Language Teaching Assistant Program.

Headquartered in [[New Delhi]], India, the Foundation was forged in 1950 as the "United States Educational Foundation in India" (USEFI) as the result of a 38-year agreement between the U.S. and India. In 2008, another agreement was signed which gave India equal partnership and modified the Foundation's name. Since May 2008, its [[executive director]] has been Adam J Grotsky. In February 2010, the Foundation celebrated its 60th Founding Day.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr020210b.html | title = Ambassador’s Remarks USIEF 60th Foundation Day February 2, 2010 | access-date = 5 November 2010 | publisher = Embassy of the United States, New Delhi India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.usief.org.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Educational foundations]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Graduate scholarships in the United States]]

Lalitaditya Muktapida

2026-03-27T14:25:57Z

XMXHosea83962264: quick adjusted article to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Maharaja of Kashmir from 724 to 760}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Maharaja of Kashmir]]
| predecessor = Tarapida
| successor = [[Kuvalayapida (king)|Kuvalayapida]]
| dynasty = [[Karkoṭa Empire|Karkoṭa dynasty]]
| father = [[Durlabhaka|Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II)]]
| spouse = Kamaladevi, Chakramardika
| issue = [[Kuvalayapida (king)|Kuvalayapida]] [[Vajraditya II]]
| reign = r. c. 724–760
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
{{History of Kashmir}}
'''Lalitaditya''' alias '''Muktapida''' ([[IAST]]: Lalitāditya Muktāpīḍa; r. c. 724–760) was a [[Karkota dynasty|Karkota]] monarch of the [[Kashmir]] region in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The 12th-century Kashmiri chronicler [[Kalhana]] characterizes Lalitaditya as a "[[World domination|world conqueror]]", crediting him with miraculous powers and extensive conquests across India and Central Asia. While Kalhana's account is not supported by contemporary records and largely rejected as exaggerations, he is accepted as the most powerful king of his dynasty. The chronicles of the neighbouring [[Tang dynasty]] present him as a vassal-ally, and his involvement in the Tang campaigns may have contributed to his reputation as a great conqueror in Kashmir.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=141-152}}

Lalitaditya commissioned a number of shrines in Kashmir, including the now-destroyed [[Martand Sun Temple]]. He also established several towns, including a new capital at [[Parihasapura]].{{sfn|Ronald Inden|2000|p=85}}{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}

== Background ==

The main source of information about Lalitaditya is ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', a chronicle of the rulers of Kashmir, by the 12th-century Kashmiri writer [[Kalhana]]. Lalitaditya also finds a brief mention in the [[New Book of Tang]] (''Xin Tang shu''), a record of the [[Tang dynasty]] of China. This text mentions him as "Mu-to-pi" or "Muduobi" (a variation of Muktapida).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=131}}{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=144}} The 11th-century Persian chronicler [[Al-Biruni]] mentions a Kashmiri king called Muttai, who was most probably Lalitaditya ("Muttai" being derived from the [[Apabhramsha]] form of "Muktapida").{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=131}}

The ''Rajatarangini'' names Lalitaditya as the youngest son of the [[Karkota]] [[Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II)|king Durlabhaka (alias Pratapaditya)]] and queen Narendraprabha. His mother Narendraprabha was previously married to a foreign merchant settled in Kashmir. He had two elder brothers named [[Chandrapida (Karkota dynasty)|Chandrapida (alias Vajraditya)]] and Tarapida (alias Udayaditya), who preceded him as the rulers of Kashmir.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=88}}

Kalhana states that Lalitaditya's reign lasted for 36 years, 7 months and 11 days.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=155}} He suggests that Lalitaditya ruled during 700-736 CE.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=131}} However, this is not correct, as Lalitaditya's predecessor is known to have sent an embassy to the Tang capital [[Chang'an]] in 720 CE.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=15}} This predecessor, mentioned as "Tianmu" in the Tang records, was probably Tarapida, although some scholars have identified him as Chandrapida.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=144-145}} Modern historians date Lalitaditya's reign to c. 724/5 – c. 760 CE.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=141}}

Lalitaditya claimed to be a descendant of the mythical [[Nāga]] king [[Karkotaka]].{{sfn|Meena Arora Nayak|2018|p=53}}

== Military career ==

=== Kalhana's account ===

Kalhana describes Lalitaditya as a universal monarch, who spent most of his life in military expeditions. He gives the following account of Lalitaditya's career:{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=130-131}}

====Conquest of Kannauj====
Lalitaditya invaded the Antarvedi country, whose capital was located at Gadhipura ([[Kanyakubja]]). The defending king [[Yashovarman]] submitted to him after a long war and offered a peace treaty. Yashovarman drew up a document outlining the terms of this treaty, titled "''The treaty of Yashovarman and Lalitaditya''". Lalitaditya's minister Mitrasharman objected to this title, and insisted that Lalitaditya's name appear before Yashovarman's name in the title. Lalitaditya's generals, who were uneasy about the long duration of the war, blamed Mitrasharman for delaying the treaty. But Lalitaditya himself was pleased with Mitrasharman: he broke off the peace negotiations, and "uprooted" Yashovarman. As a result of this defeat, Yashovarman, who had been served by the court poets such as Vakpati and [[Bhavabhuti]], himself became a panegyrist of Lalitaditya. The land of Kanyakubja, located between the [[Yamuna river]] and the Kalika river (possibly modern Kali Nadi), came under Lalitaditya's control.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=132-134}}

Lalitaditya instituted five new offices, which were occupied by Shahi and other princes.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=133-134}} After consolidating power in Kanyakubja, Lalitaditya proceeded to the eastern ocean, just like the [[Ganges river]] flows from the [[Himalayas]] to the [[Bay of Bengal|eastern ocean]]. During this expedition, the elephants in this army saw the land of their birth. Lalitaditya reached [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and [[Gauda (region)|Gauda]], and a number of elephants joined his army from Gauda.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=134}}

====March to the Southern India====
From the eastern sea-shore, Lalitaditya proceeded to the southern region, where the [[Karnata Kingdom|Karnatas]] bowed down before him. The sovereign of [[Dakshinapatha]] at this time was a Karnata queen named Ratta. She had constructed obstacle-free roads over the [[Vindhyas|Vindhya mountains]], and was as powerful as the goddess [[Vindhyavasini]] (Durga). Even a powerful figure like her bowed down to Lalitaditya. In the south, Lalitaditya's soldiers forgot their fatigue, as they sipped [[palm wine|wine of the coconut trees]] and enjoyed the breeze on the banks of the [[Kaveri river]].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=135}} The snakes dropping from the sandalwood trees on Chandanadri (the [[Malaya Mountains]]) appeared like curved swords falling from the arms because of the fear of an attack by Lalitaditya. The Kashmiri king crossed the oceans via the islands, as one crosses a rivulet by stepping over stones.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=135}}

====Konkan campaign====
After crossing the ocean, Lalitaditya reached the seven Konkanas.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=136}} [[Dwarka|Dvaraka]], located on the western sea shore, inspired Lalitaditya's soldiers with desire [to enter that city].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=136}} Lalitaditya's elephant army then marched into [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]. The dust raised by his army's crossing of [[Vindhyas|Vindhya mountain]] made the Vindhya appear red with anger. In Avanti, the tusks of his elephants were split only by the moonlight falling on the diadem of [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakala]]. (This is a reference to the traditional myth that the moonlight can split the elephant tusks).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=136}}

====Northern campaign====
Having defeated most of the other kings, Lalitaditya proceeded from Avanti to [[Uttarapatha]] (the northern region), where he fought with several mighty kings.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=136}} His army emptied the [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] stables of horses (a reference to the Kamboja country's reputation for good-quality horses). The resulting darkness made them appear as if they were filled with black buffaloes instead.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=136}} The [[Tukharas|Tuhkharas]] fled to mountain ranges on Lalitaditya's approach, leaving behind their horses.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=136}} He also defeated Mummuni three times in a battle, and made the Bhauttas very anxious. Lalitaditya was too dignified to tolerate the wine-drinking [[Daradas]].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=137}}

====Invasion of Pragjyotisha====
When Lalitaditya approached the deserted town of Pragjyotisha, he saw the smoke arising from the black aloes burning in the forests.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=137}} In ''Valukambudhi'' ("sea of sand"), where the mirage resulted in an illusion of water, Lalitaditya's elephants appeared like large crocodiles.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=138}} The women of ''Stri-rajya'' (literally "women's kingdom") melted the hearts of Lalitaditya's warriors by showing their "high breasts". When the trembling queen of Strirajya met Lalitaditya, no one could determine whether the emotion displayed by her was the terror or the desire of love.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=138}} On Lalitaditya's approach, the Uttarakurus took shelter in the trees just like snakes hide in holes on seeing a [[Garuda]].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=138}}

====Return to Kashmir====

Lalitaditya returned to Kashmir with the immense wealth obtained from his conquests. He appointed his attendants as the kings of Jalaṃdhara, Lohara and other countries. By Lalitaditya's order, the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s and Dakshinatyas in his kingdom had to display a [[badge of shame]]. The Turushkas had to carry their arms at their backs and shave half of their heads, to mark their bondage.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=138}} The Dakshinatyas had to wear a tail that swept the ground, to signify their similarity to beasts.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}

Lalitaditya established several cities and shrines during his stay in Kashmir. Once, he invaded and conquered the kingdom of Sikata-sindhu ("Ocean of the Sand"), after crossing a massive wasteland (see [[#Alleged miraculous powers|miraculous powers]] section below).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=150}} After some time, he marched towards the "boundless regions of the north", because he was curious to visit the lands where no one had reached before. During this campaign, he had several adventures with demons sent by the deity [[Kubera]] to test his power.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=153}}

When Lalitaditya's ministers did not receive any news about him for several days, they sent a messenger to find him.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=153}} The messenger came back with the news that the king did not wish to return, having decided to remain engaged in military conquests until his death. In his message, Lalitaditya provided political wisdom on how to govern the kingdom, and asked for his elder son Kuvalayapida to be appointed as his successor.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|pp=154-155}}

Later, some people reported that Lalitaditya died in the Aryanaka country, as a result of excessive out-of-season snowfall.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=155}} Others reported he immolated himself in a dire situation, because he wanted to die while he remained a great king.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=156}}

=== General historicity of Kalhana's account ===
[[File:Karkota Empire c. 750.svg|thumb|In Joseph E. Schwartzberg's ''[[A Historical Atlas of South Asia]]'', only Lalitaditya's conquests in the Kashmir's neighbourhood and the Gangetic plains are considered as historical.|279x279px]]
[[M. A. Stein]] (1900), who first translated ''Rajatarangini'' into English, accepted Lalitaditya's subjugation of Yashovarman as a historical fact. However, he rejected the subsequent victories described by Kalhana as "manifestly legendary", given the absence of historical details.{{sfn|André Wink|2002|p=244}} According to him, the kingdom of Kashmir did not have manpower or resources to carry out such extensive campaigns.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=9}}

According to historian [[C. V. Vaidya]] (1861–1938), Kalhana's account is corroborated by the 13th century text ''[[Chach Nama]]''. A letter in this text, addressed by [[Raja Dahir]] to [[Muhammad bin Qasim]], mentions "the King of Kashmir on whose royal threshold the other rulers of Hind had placed their heads, who sways the whole of Hind, even the countries of Makran and Turan, whose chains a great many noblemen and grandees have willingly placed on their knees and against whom no human being can stand." This letter is stated to have been written in 712 CE, so Vaidya theorizes that Lalitaditya's conquests must have occurred during 700-712 CE.{{sfn|C. V. Vaidya|1979|p=208}}

Later, [[art historian]] Hermann Goetz (1969) devised a historical reconstruction supporting Kalhana's account, although he admitted that "this reconstruction cannot claim to be more than a working theory trying plausibly to interconnect the sparse and uncertain data". Goetz argued that Kalhana's account of Lalitaditya's military exploits is not only probable, but also supported by other evidence.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=20}} According to Goetz, Lalitaditya's extensive conquests were possible because the other contemporary kingdoms in the region had been weakened by foreign invasions and wars.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=10}} In addition, Goetz speculated that Lalitaditya managed to create a powerful army as a result of superior China-influenced military organization, administrative set-up and weaponry.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=12}} Goetz identified several persons mentioned in Kalhana's account as historical figures, and argued that a distant writer like Kalhana could not have invented such historical persons.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=12}}

André Wink (2002) described Goetz' theory as convincing,{{sfn|André Wink|2002|p=244}} but Ronald M. Davidson (2012) dismisses Wink's affirmation of Goetz's analysis as uncritical. Davidson rejects the argument that the conquests described by Kalhana must have been real, because Kalhana could not have invented historical persons. In his support, Davidson presents the example of the ''[[Nilamata Purana]]'', which is one of Kalhana's sources for ''Rajatarangini'', and which ascribes fictional events to historical persons. He argues that Kalhana's dubious sources could have fabricated a conquest of known parties.{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|p=355}} Davidson points out that Yashovarman's court poet Vakpati credits him with similar conquests in ''[[Gaudavaho]]'', according to which Yashovarman conquered not only eastern and southern India, but also defeated the king of Persia. Davidson dismisses both ''Gaudavaho'' and ''Rajatarangini'' as poetic boast, describing Kalhana's account as "Kashmiri boosterism". He, however, believes that Kalhana's claims might be closer to the truth than Vakpati's claims. According to Davidson, Lalitaditya launched his attack in 733 CE, advanced up to [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in the east, and then returned to Kashmir in 747 CE.{{sfn|Ronald M. Davidson|2012|p=46}}

Tansen Sen (2004) similarly rejects the claims about Lalitaditya's conquest of Hindu Kush-Pamir region, based on numismatic evidence and contemporary records other than ''Rajatarangini''. According to him, Lalitaditya provided military and logistical support to the Tang campaigns against Tibetans, and the success of these campaigns later led to Kashmiri legends describing him as a great conqueror.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=141-152}}

Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977) points out that Lalitaditya's achievements "must have been coloured and exaggerated by the popular imagination" by the time of Kalhana, who lived four centuries after Lalitaditya. This is evident from the fact that Kalhana ascribes [[#Alleged miraculous powers|miraculous powers]] to Lalitaditya.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=95}} According to Susan L. Huntington (1997), Lalitaditya's campaigns were probably "massive raiding and looting expeditions rather than true conquests".{{sfn|Cynthia Packert Atherton|1997|p=80}}

=== Detailed analysis of Kalhana's account ===

==== Afghanistan and Punjab ====

Goetz theorizes that Lalitaditya had captured [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Afghanistan]], and western part of the [[Central Asia|Central Asian highlands]] before embarking upon his campaign in central India.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=150}} He dates Lalitaditya's conquest of Afghanistan before 730 CE, and presents the following arguments in his support:{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=16}}

* There is a gigantic gilt copper Buddha statue beside Lalitaditya's [[chaitya]] at [[Parihaspore|Parihasapura]]. It appears to be inspired by the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan|Bamiyan Buddha statue]].{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=11}} At the same time, there is no influence from the Gupta art, which was popular in Yashovarman's territory.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=15}}
* Before Lalitaditya, Afghanistan was controlled by [[Turk Shahis|Turkic Shahi]] "princelings", who were under nominal Chinese control after the fall of the Sasanian Empire. After Lalitaditya, Afghanistan came under the control of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty of Lalliya.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=11}}
* The [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Muslims from the west]] could not advance beyond [[Multan]] in Punjab during this period. While the fall of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] was a factor in this, it also appears that there was an Indian empire powerful enough to offer resistance to the Caliphite armies.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=11}}

Tansen Sen (2004) criticizes Goetz' theory, based on numismatic evidence and other contemporary records. These sources suggest that [[Ancient Kapisa|Kapisa]] and [[Zabulistan]] regions in present-day Afghanistan were under control of the independent Turkic Shahi rulers. The records of the [[Tang dynasty]], whose rulers received regular embassies from the Turkic Shahis, testify to their independent status.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=153}} According to Sen, the Karkota kingdom had peaceful relations with these Turkic neighbours: this very fact may have enabled Lalitaditya to leave Kashmir and lead troops to central and eastern India.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=153-154}}

==== Yashovarman ====

Lalitaditya's victory over [[Yashovarman]] appears to be historically true.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=90}} Historical evidence suggests that the two kings were immediate neighbours before their conflict: Lalitaditya's empire extended up to present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in the south-east, while Yashovarman's north-eastern frontier included parts of present-day [[Haryana]].{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=93}} The discovery of some coins bearing the legend ''Shri-Pratapa'' in present-day Uttar Pradesh is also considered as an evidence of Lalitaditya's success in this region (as Pratapaditya was the name of Lalitaditya's father).{{sfn|Manabendu Banerjee|2004|p=195}} [[Abhinavagupta]]'s ancestor Atrigupta, a scholar who originally lived in Yashovarman's territory, was brought to Kashmir by Lalitaditya.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=109}} This may have happened during Lalitaditya's invasion.{{sfn|Navjivan Rastogi|1987|p=29}}

However, Kalhana's account of this victory over Yashovarman cannot be taken at the face value.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=95}} According to historian Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977), the earlier historians have overrated Lalitaditya's success against Yashovarman: the defeated king acknowledged Lalitaditya's suzerainty for a short period, but became practically independent when Lalitaditya became engaged in other conflicts.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|pp=96-97}}

The date of the conflict between the two kings is not certain. The Annals of the Tang dynasty suggest that Lalitaditya and a Central Indian king had fought against Tibet as allies.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=131}} Assuming that this central Indian king was Yashovarman (after his subjugation by Lalitaditya), [[M. A. Stein]] dated Lalitaditya's conquest to sometime before 736 CE.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=89}} However, Mishra interprets the Tang records differently to theorize that Lalitaditya and Yashovarman were allies at least until 736 CE.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|pp=92-93}} According to Mishra, the conflict between Lalitaditya and Yashovarman took place after 736 CE, and before Yashovarman's death in 749-753 CE.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=102}}

German Indologist [[Hermann Jacobi]] dated Lalitaditya's invasion of Kannauj to 14 August 733 CE, a date that was accepted by several later historians. This theory is based on the ''Gaudavaho'', a text composed by Yashovarman's court poet Vakpati. This text describes a solar eclipse (an inauspicious omen), which Jacobi considers to be an allusion to Yashovarman's defeat.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=98}} Jacobi also bases his conclusion on a subsequent verse, which he translates as "''The corner of his [Yashovarman's] eye-brow became twisted on account of the shaking of his [kingly] position.''"{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=101}} Assuming 733 CE as the date of Lalitaditya's victory, Goetz dated the beginning of the conflict to 730 CE or earlier.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=16}}

Shyam Manohar Mishra rejects Jacobi's conclusion, pointing out that the 733 CE solar eclipse could be seen from several other regions (including Kashmir), and there is no evidence linking it to Yashovarman's defeat.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=99}} In fact, the surrounding verses in the poem make it clear that the verse about solar eclipse does not signify any debacle for Yashovarman.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=100}} Moreover, Jacobi has mistranslated the subsequent verse, which actually states that if Yashovarman's order was defied, he twisted his eyebrow (became angry), resulting in great calamities in the realms of those who defied the order.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=101-102}}

==== Eastern India ====

According to Goetz, Lalitaditya conquered present-day [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]] and [[Odisha]] by 735-736 CE.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=16}} Based on Kalhana's account, Goetz theorized that Lalitaditya marched to [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] after defeating Yashovarman. There, he defeated the [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Gupta]] ruler Jivitagupta, and then advanced up to the [[Bay of Bengal]] through present-day Odisha.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=15}} Goetz further theorized that Yashovarman supported Lalitaditya in these campaigns as a vassal. In the poem ''Gaudavaho'', Yashovarman's courtier Vakpati credits him with victories in eastern and southern India. The ''Rajatarangini'' makes similar claims for Lalitaditya. According to Goetz, the invasion routes described in both these texts are "practically identical".{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=13}} He, therefore, concludes that Yashovarman participated in Lalitaditya's wars as a vassal. Goetz argues that ''Gaudavaho'' fails to mention this, because Yashovarman's court poet wanted to whitewash his master's vassal status. ''Gaudavaho'' mentions that Yashovarman visited the [[Mount Mandara|Mandara mountain]]. According to Goetz, this is the poet's way of hiding Yashovarman's visit to Lalitaditya's court, which was located in the mountainous region.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=14}}

Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977) rejects Goetz theory, pointing out that no sources (including ''Rajatarangini'' and ''Gaudavaho'') suggest that Yashovarman participated in Lalitaditya's subsequent campaigns as a vassal.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|pp=97-98}} Mishra believes that the conflict between the two kings happened after Yashovarman's successful campaign, which must have "evoked the jealousy and concern of Lalitaditya".{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=93}}

==== Southern India ====

The term "Ratta" in Kalhana's account appears to be a reference to the [[Rashtrakuta]]s, who ruled the [[Karnata]] region. The term "Vindhyas" here cannot refer to the present-day [[Vindhyas|Vindhya mountains]]: it is probably used for poetic effect, to compare Queen Ratta to the goddess [[Vindhyavasini]] (who is said to reside in the Vindhyan region).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=135}}

Goetz identified Kalhana's Queen Ratta with Bhavagana, who was a wife of the Rashtrakuta king Indra I. Goetz speculates that she acted as a queen regent for her son [[Dantidurga]] after Indra's death, but her rule was threatened by her brother-in-law [[Krishna I]].{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=13}} As a result, she appealed Lalitaditya for help, who arrived in Deccan and fought on her side.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=15}} Goetz further theorized that Yashovarman and Jivitagupta participated in this campaign as his vassals. His arguments include:{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=14}}

* ''Gaudavaho'' claims that Yashovarman also invaded Deccan. According to Goetz, had Yashovarman had invaded Deccan alone, this invasion would have taken place before his debacle against Lalitaditya, that is, sometime before 730 CE. But [[Vijayaditya]], the contemporary ruler of Deccan, was a very powerful king. Therefore, Yashovarman could have invaded Deccan only as part of a more powerful force led by Lalitaditya.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=14}}
* Bhavagana was a [[Chalukya]] princess before marriage, and therefore, her Chalukya relatives could have allowed Lalitaditya to pass through northern Deccan, enabling him to easily invade the territory controlled by Krishna.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=13}}
* Goetz also assumes that Dantidurga threw off Lalitaditya's vassalage after the Kashmiri king returned to the north. In his support, he cites Dantidurga's [[Samangad]] inscription. According to Goetz, this record claims that Dantidurga repulsed "an invasion by the combined rulers of Sindh, Malwa and Kosala".{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=13}} The contemporary [[Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent|Arab]] ruler of [[Sindh]] would not have allied with the Hindu rulers of Malwa or Kosala. Therefore, this invasion can only refer to Dantidurga's successes against the forces of Lalitaditya and his vassals (Yashovarman and Jivitagupta). [[Malwa]] here can be interpreted as Yashovarman's frontier territory or Jivitagputa's paternal territory. Kosala here may refer to the [[Kosala]] region (in present-day Uttar Pradesh) controlled by Yashovarman, or the [[Dakshina Kosala]] region which was located at the south-western frontier of Gauda. According to Goetz, the term "Sindh" has been used to describe Kashmir in [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] inscriptions.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|pp=14-15}}

==== Western India ====

Goetz identified Kalhana's "Mummuni" with the contemporary [[Shilahara]] ruler of [[Konkan]]. Although no contemporary Shilahara king by this name is known, there was an 11th-century Shilahara king with the same name. Goetz speculates Lalitaditya's Shilahara contemporary was also called Mummuni: his name must have been removed from the Shilahara family records because of his humiliating defeat against Lalitaditya.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=13}}

Kalhana mentions that Kayya, the king of [[Lata (region)|Lata]], built a temple in Kashmir during Lalitaditya's reign. Goetz identifies Kayya with Karka II, the Rashtrakuta governor of the Lata region (present-day southern [[Gujarat]]). Although Kalhana doesn't mention Kayya in connection with Lalitaditya's campaign, Goetz argues that a ruler of Lata would not have gone all the way to Kashmir to build a temple.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=12}} Goetz assumes that he was taken there as a vassal.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=13}} However, Karka's presence in Gujarat is attested by a 757 CE grant inscription. Goetz theorizes that Lalitaditya must have died before this year, and Karka must have returned to Gujarat after his death.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=19}}

According to Goetz, Lalitaditya invaded [[Kathiawar]] (in present-day Gujarat) between 740 and 746 CE. By this time, the local rulers [[Maitraka]]s had already been subjugated by the Chalukyas, which would have allowed Lalitaditya to establish his hegemony in the region.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=19}}

==== Return to Kashmir ====

According to Goetz, Lalitaditya returned to Kashmir, when the Tibetan king [[Me Agtsom]] invaded Kashmir around 747 CE. Goetz theorizes that during this return journey, Lalitaditya passed through [[Ujjain]], [[Chittorgarh]], [[Marwar]] and [[Thanesar]].{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=19}} He also speculated that the legendary [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] ruler [[Bappa Rawal]] of Chittorgarh served Lalitaditya as a vassal, and died fighting in the Kashmiri king's Central Asian campaigns.{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=20}}

Goetz goes on to connect Lalitaditya to the mythological [[Agnikula]] legend, according to which some later regional dynasties originated from a fire pit during a sacrificial ceremony at [[Mount Abu]]. Goetz speculated that Lalitaditya wanted to leave behind some governors before marching against Tibetans; therefore, he conducted a ceremony to induct the "various [[Gurjar]]a tribes" into the Hindu political system as [[Kshatriya]]s (recognized warriors).{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=20}}

==== Hindu Kush-Pamir region ====

According to Goetz, after returning to Kashmir, Lalitaditya not only repulsed the Tibetans but also invaded the [[Tarim Basin]].{{sfn|Hermann Goetz|1969|p=20}} Goetz identified Kalhana's "sea of sand" as the desert areas of [[Turkestan]] and [[Tibet]].{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=150}} Goetz speculated that in 755-756 CE, Lalitaditya invaded the towns in [[Taklamakan Desert|Taklamakan]] and [[Gobi Desert|Gobi]] deserts, and marched to [[Kucha]] and [[Turfan]], after the Tang power declined as a result of the [[An Lushan Rebellion]].{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=154}}

Goetz' interpretation was widely accepted and cited by the subsequent scholars.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|pp=148-149}} However, Tansen Sen (2004) rejects Goetz' assessment of Lalitaditya's exploits as exaggerated, based on his study of the contemporary Chinese and Tibetan records, as well as numismatic evidence. Sen also analyzed the writings of the Korean monk [[Hyecho]] (who visited Kashmir in 725 CE, at the beginning of Lalitaditya's reign) and the Chinese monk [[Wukong (monk)|Wukon]] (who stayed in Kashmir for four years during c. 753-763 CE, after Lalitaditya's death). None of these sources support Goetz' assertion that Lalitaditya managed to establish a vast Kashmiri empire in the [[Hindu Kush]]-[[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] region, or that he marched across the Taklamakan desert.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|pp=150-151}} Historical evidence indicates that the Tang dynasty retained control of the oasis states in the desert region until the early 780s CE, when the Tibetans established their dominance.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=154}} There is no evidence of Lalitaditya's march to Pamir region either: the ''[[Old Tibetan Annals]]'' establish that a number of northern Pamir rulers sent envoys to pay homage to the Tibetan court in 756-757 CE. This suggests that this area was under control of the Tibetans, whose records do not mention any conflict with Kashmir.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=154}}

According to Sen's theory, the Karkotas achieved successes against Tibetans as part of an alliance with the Tang dynasty. These successes led to development of legends about Kashmir's dominance in the southern Hindu Kush-Pamir region. Based on these legends, four centuries later, Kalhana characterized Lalitaditya as a world-conqueror.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=141-142}}

Sen points out that according to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', Lalitaditya's envoy came to the Tang court with a letter in March–April 733 CE. In this letter, Lalitaditya presents himself as a Tang vassal who had "submitted to the Heavenly [[Khagan|Qaghan]]". Lalitaditya further explains that the Tibetans had distressed him and another king of Central India by blocking the five great routes. But the two Indian kings had managed to defeat the Tibetans. Finally, Lalitaditya requests the Tang army to arrive at Palur (present-day [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]), offering to set up a camp for them beside the Mahapadma lake (modern [[Wular Lake]]). He promises to supply provisions for the Tang army, even if it numbered as large as 200,000.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|pp=145-146}}<ref name="W"/>

According to the Tang records, the Tang emperor was pleased by Lalitaditya's offer, and bestowed the title of "King" upon Lalitaditya.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|pp=145-146}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Tansen Sen |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismdiplomacyandtradetherealignmentofsinoindianrelations6001400tansensen_202003_687_X/page/30/mode/2up |title=Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade |year=2003 |publisher=University of Hawai'i |isbn=9781442254732 |page=32}}</ref> In the subsequent years, Tang forces fought with the Tibetans over Little Palur (present-day [[Gilgit Valley]]). The Tangs finally captured it in 747 CE, after three failed attempts.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=146-147}} Lalitaditya's Kashmir seems to have played a significant role in these conflicts.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=147}}

Goetz considered the Tokharian origin of Lalitaditya's minister Chankuna ([[IAST]]: Caṇkuṇa) as an evidence of the Kashmiri hegemony over the Turkic kingdoms. According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya brought Chankuna to Kashmir from the Tuhkhara land ([[Tokharistan]]).{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=151}} "Chankuna" is believed to be a [[Sanskrit]] transcription of the Chinese title ''jiangjun'' ("military general"). Goetz speculated that Chankuna was a Tokharian general in the Chinese army, and introduced the Chinese warfare techniques in Kashmir, which enhanced Lalitaditya's military campaigns. Sen criticizes this theory, pointing out that Kalhana's writings acclaim Chankuna for [[#Alleged miraculous powers|magical powers]], not military expertise. Moreover, the Tokharian origin of Chankuna cannot be considered as concrete evidence of Kashmiri control over southern Hindu Kush region.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=152}} Ronald M. Davidson believes that Lalitaditya enlisted soldiers from [[Tokharistan]], leveraging his position as a Chinese vassal;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Ronald M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsgzCgAAQBAJ |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12619-9 |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> these soldiers supported the Chinese against the Tibetans.<ref name=W>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Tansen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt7CgAAQBAJ |title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India–China Relations, 600–1400 |date=2015-09-11 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5473-2 |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

The Tang records also mention that an envoy from [[Tokharistan]] visited the Tang court in 749 CE, and requested it to renew its alliance with Kashmir by sending the Kashmir king precious gifts. The envoy's objective was to enlist the Tang help against the Tibet's ally [[Kashgar]]. The envoy pointed out that the ruler of Kashmir respected the Chinese, and had a large cavalry and infantry. The Chinese accepted the envoy's recommendation, and in 750 CE, the Tang general [[Gao Xianzhi]] conquered Kashgar.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=147}} These records suggest that Lalitaditya provided military assistance and logistical support to Gao Xianzhi's forces in this campaign.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=148}} According to art historians Denise Patry Leidy and Donna K. Strahan, Kashmir also participated at the [[Battle of Talas]] as a Tang ally.{{sfn|Denise Leidy|2010|p=96|ps=: Kashmir supported China ... and later helped defeat the Arabs at the Battle of Talas in 751}}

Tansen Sen believes that the "Bhauttas" (Tibetans) and the "[[Daradas]]" mentioned by Kalhana may have been Lalitaditya's rivals in these 747 CE and 750 CE campaigns.{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=148}}

== Personal life ==

Lalitaditya was succeeded by his sons: first Kuvalayapida and then Vajraditya. Kuvalayapida was a son of queen Kamaladevi, while Vajraditya was a son of Chakramardika. Vajraditya was succeeded by his sons Prthivyapida and Samgramapida.{{sfn|MA Stein 2|1900|p=269}}

== Public works ==

=== Cities and towns ===
[[File:Ancient Ruins at Parihaspora 01.jpg|thumb|Ruins at [[Parihasapura]]]]

Kalhana states that Lalitaditya established the following cities and towns:

* ''Sunishchita-pura'', when he decided (''sunishchita'') to conquer the world{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}
* ''Darpita-pura'', when he felt proud{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}
* ''Phala-pura'', when he received fruit (''phala''). M. A. Stein located Phalapura near [[Parihaspore|Parihasapura]] and the confluence of Vitasta and Sindhu.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}
* ''Parnotsa'', when he took a leaf (''parna''). Stein identified this town with modern [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}
* Lokapunya town, which is identified with the area near the Lokabhavana spring near modern Larikpur.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=141-142}}
* ''[[Parihaspore|Parihasapura]]'', which was better than the residence of [[Indra]].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=142}} This city became Lalitaditya's residence for a brief period, while Srinagara continued to serve as the other capital. Parihasapura had been deserted and ruined by the time of Kalhana.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}}
* Several towns in salty wastelands, to ensure that anyone suffering from thirst could find water to drink.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=146}}

Kalhana also mentions that while Lalitaditya was away from his kingdom, his architect built a town called Lalitapura after him, but this angered Lalitaditya. One theory identifies this place with the modern Lethipora (or Latpor).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}} Lalitaditya's wife Chakramardika is also said to have built the city of Chakrapura with 7,000 houses.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}}

According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya once ordered the Pravarapura town to be burnt down, while in a drunken stupor. The town had been built by an earlier king named Pravarasena, and Lalitaditya did not want another town as beautiful as Parihasapura to exist. However, when Lalitaditya came to his senses, he regretted his decision.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=151}} He was relieved when his ministers informed him that they had not actually carried out his order. He was pleased with his ministers' wise decision, and instructed them to similarly ignore his commands whenever he was drunk.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=152}}

=== Shrines ===

Kalhana states that Lalitaditya constructed a shrine in every town, village, river, sea and island.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}} His wives, ministers and attendants consecrated hundreds of images in these temples.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=143}} Lalitaditya placed idols of the deities' attendants, made of gold and silver, in these shrines.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=143}}

==== Vishnu shrines ====

According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya commissioned shrines dedicated to various aspects of Vishnu, including [[Keshava]], Nṛhari and Muktasvamin:

* Built a shrine of Keshava in Darpitapura{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}
* Installed an image of Nṛhari in Strirajya. This image was suspended in air by fixing magnets above and below it.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}}
* Built the Muktasvamin shrine at Hushkapura (modern [[Ushkur]]).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=140}}
* Made an offering to Vishnu after building the Lokapunya town.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=141-142}}
* Installed several images of Vishnu and his aspects in Parihasapura:{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|pp=142-143}}
** a silver image of ''Parihasa-Keshava'' (made of 84,000 of ''pala''s; the ''pala'' is ancient unit equivalent to 4 ''[[tola (unit)|tolaka]]''s)
** a gold image of ''Mukta-Keshava'' (made of 84,000 ''tolaka''s of gold)
** a gold image of ''Maha-Varaha''
** a silver image of ''Govardhana-Dhara''
* Raised a pillar which measured 54 hands in height, and had an image of [[Garuda]] (Vishnu's [[vahana]]) at the top.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=142}}

Others also constructed Vishnu shrines during his reign:

* Lalitaditya's queen Kamalavati established Kamalahatta (a market), where she installed a silver idol of ''Kamala-Keshava''.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=143}}
* Kayya, the king of [[Lata (region)|Lata]], built the famous shrine of Kayyasvamin.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=143}}

Kalhana also mentions a legend describing the discovery of two ancient idols: Lalitaditya, who was a skilled horse-rider, once took an untrained horse to a wasteland alone.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=147}} There he saw some lovely dancing girls, who said that they belonged to a temple in the Suravardhamana village located in the wasteland. Next, day the king had the wasteland dug up. This excavation resulted in discovery of two decayed temples, each with an idol of Keshava. The inscriptions on these idols indicated that they had been made by [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]]. The king brought these idols to Parihasapura, where he erected a stone shrine beside the Parihasa-Keshava temple. He installed the ''Rama-svamin'' (Rama's idol) in this stone building. His queen Chakramardika installed the ''Lakshmana-svamin'' (Lakshmana's idol) beside her Chakreshvara shrine.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=148}}

According to Kalhana, the ''Rama-svamin'' idol was later destroyed by the men of [[Gauda (region)|Gauda]] to avenge their king's assassination by Lalitaditya. The Gauda king had come to Kashmir on a visit, and the idol of ''Parihasa-Keshava'' had been made a surety for his safety. Despite this, Lalitaditya had him assassinated in Trigrami (modern Trigam). To avenge their king's treacherous murder, his servants came from Gauda to Kashmir, determined to destroy Lalitaditya's beloved ''Parihasa-Keshava'' idol. They entered Kashmir under the pretext of visiting the shrine of the goddess [[Saraswati|Sharada]]. Lalitaditya was away from Parihasapura at that time, and the attendants of the Parihasa-Keshava temple closed its gates to prevent the Gauda men from entering the shrine.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=152}} The Gauda men mistook the ''Ramasvamin'' idol for the ''Parihasa-Keshava'' idol, and destroyed it, before being killed by Lalitaditya's soldiers.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=153}}

==== Buddhist shrines ====

Kalhana also credits Lalitaditya with building the following Buddhist shrines:

* Built a large [[vihara]] with [[stupa]] at Hushkapura (modern [[Ushkur]], where the remains of a stupa and a Shiva shrine have been discovered). The Chinese pilgrim Ou-Kong mentions the "Moung-ti" vihara among his list of Kashmiri monasteries; Stein identifies this vihara with the Ushkur site, and theorizes that "Moung-ti" is the Chinese transcription of "Mukta".{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=140}}
* Built the ''Rajavihara'' with a large ''chatuh-shala'' (square), a large [[chaitya]], and a large image of the ''Jina'' (the Buddha).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=142}}
* Erected a very high statue of the Brhadbuddha ("Great Buddha"), made of 84,000 ''prastha''s of copper (the ''prastha'' is an ancient unit equivalent to 64 ''[[tola (unit)|tolaka]]''s).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|pp=142-143}}

The king's subjects are also said to have built Buddhist shrines:

* Kayya, the king of Lata, also built the famous ''Kayya-vihara'', which later became the residence of the [[bhikshu]] Sarvajnamitra.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=143}}
* Chankuna established ''Chankuna-vihara'' ([[IAST]]: Cankunavihara), which included a tall stupa and golden image of the ''Jina''s.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=143}}
* Chankuna also established another vihara (with a chaitya) in Srinagara.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}}
* Chankuna's son-in-law and physician Ishanachandra also built a vihara after obtaining wealth through the blessings of [[Takshaka]].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}}

==== Shiva shrines ====

[[File:Wangath Naranag Temple complex.jpg|thumb|The [[Wangath Temple complex]], identified as the Bhutesha shrine mentioned in Kalhana's account]]
According to Kalhana:

* Lalitaditya took 1 [[crore]] from Bhutesha (shrine of Shiva) while embarking on world conquest, and gave 11 crores as expiatory offering upon his return to Kashmir. He constructed the Jyeshtharudra stone temple dedicated to Shiva, and granted land and villages to the shrine. The Bhutesha shrine is identified with modern [[Wangath Temple complex|Wangath]] (Bhutser or Buthser).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=140}}
* His minister Mitrasharman installed a Shiva [[lingam|linga]] called ''Mitreshvara''.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=143}}
* A teacher named Bhappata built the linga called ''Bhappateshvara''.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}}
* Other people also built several lingas, known as ''Rakchatesha''.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}}

==== Surya shrines ====

Kalhana mentions that Lalitaditya built a shrine of Aditya (the [[Surya|sun god]]) in Lalitapura, and granted the land of Kanyakubja and its villages to this shrine.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=139}} In addition, he commissioned the [[Martand Sun Temple|Martanda sun temple]] and the surrounding town.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=141}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="175px" caption="[[Martand Sun Temple]]">
File:KITLV 100455 - Unknown - Martand Temple on the plateau above the Kashmir Valley in British India - Around 1870.tif | Ruins in c. 1870
File:Restored Martand Sun temple India 1870.jpg | Restored impression by J. Duguid (1870–73)
File:Martand Sun Temple Central shrine (6133772365).jpg | Ruins in summer of 2011
File:Martand Sun Temple in the Winter (6741284235).jpg | Ruins in winter of 2012
</gallery>

=== Other activities ===

Kalhana states that Lalitaditya made an arrangement at Chakradhara to distribute the Vitasta river water to several villages using a series of [[water wheel]]s. Chakradhara is identified with modern Tsakdar Udar plateau near [[Bijbehara]].{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=140-141}} Ishanadevi, a wife of his minister Chankuna, constructed a water-well whose pure water cured the sick.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}}

According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya collected wise men from different countries, just "as the wind collects masses of full-blown flowers". For example, from [[Tukhara|Tuhkhara]], he brought Chankuna (IAST: Caṇkuṇa), who had great qualities.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=146}}{{sfn|Tansen Sen|2004|p=151}}

Kalhana states that Lalitaditya started the ''Sahasra-bhakta'' festival at Parihasapura. During this festival, he distributed 100,001 food dishes beside [[dakshina]]s (donations).{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=146}} The 11th century Persian writer [[Al-Biruni]] states that the people of Kashmir organized an annual festival on the second day of the [[Chaitra]] month to celebrate their past king Muttai's alleged victory over the Turks. This Muttai can be identified with "Muktapida", that is, Lalitaditya. According to Al-Biruni, Kashmiris claimed that Muttai as well as most of the other Kashmiri kings "ruled over the whole world". Al-Biruni dismissed these claims as lies because of chronological inconsistencies.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=131}}

== Alleged miraculous powers ==

Kalhana declares that Lalitaditya's commands were not disobeyed even by the gods.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144}} Once, while encamped on the shores of the eastern ocean in the cold weather, Lalitaditya ordered ''kapittha'' fruits to be brought to him. His attendants were perplexed, as this fruit was not common in the given season and place. But then, [[Indra]]'s divine messenger brought these fruits to him from the heaven. The messenger explained to him that in his previous birth, he offered his own food and water to a starving [[Brahmin]] during a famine. As a result of this good deed, Lalitaditya became entitled to a hundred wishes in the heaven. For example, the king could make streams of sweet water appear in deserts at his mere wish. The messenger cautioned Lalitaditya that he had few wishes left, and therefore, he should not waste these wishes on frivolous requests such as ordering a fruit.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=144-146}}

Kalhana also claims that Lalitaditya's minister Chankuna was a brother of the magician Kanakavarsha (literally "the one who rains gold"). He produced gold in the king's treasury using his magic powers. Once the king's army was stranded in the ''Panchanada'' country (identified with [[Punjab region|Punjab]]), because the local streams had "united" and could not be crossed. Chankuna magically parted the waters by throwing a ''[[Mani Jewel|mani]]'' (gem) into the streams, enabling the king's army to cross the waters. He then retrieved his ''mani'' by using another ''mani'', and the streams were united again.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=146}} The king requested these two ''mani''s from Chankuna, offering anything else in return. Chankuna asked for an idol of ''Sugata'' ([[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]), which had been brought to Kashmir from Magadha on an elephant. The king fulfilled this demand, and Chankuna placed the idol in his ''vihara''. This image still existed in the time of Kalhana, and according to him, the metal bands fastened around it proved that it was once fixed on an elephant.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=147}}

Kalhana also claims that Lalitaditya made several streams appear by pushing his spear (''kuntavahini'') into the ground.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=151}} Narrating one such incident, he states that one day, when Lalitaditya was engaged in the world conquest, a wounded man came to him. The man, whose limbs and nose had been chopped off, introduced himself as a minister of the rival king of Sikata-sindhu ("Ocean of the Sand"). He said that he had been punished for advising his king to accept Lalitaditya's suzerainty. Lalitaditya promised to punish the rival king, and had the wounded minister restored to health under his care. The minister then encouraged Lalitaditya to march to the Sikata-sindhu country through a shortcut, and led his army to a wasteland without water.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=149}} When Lalitaditya's army was on the verge of dying of thirst, the minister revealed that this was all a set-up: he was actually loyal to the rival king and intended to misguide Lalitaditya and his army to their death. Lalitaditya announced that he was impressed with the minister's loyalty to his own master, but declared that his plan would not be successful. The Kashmiri king then put his sword into the ground, making a stream come out of the water. He then reached Sikata-sindhu, where he reduced the rival king to the same pitiful condition as his limbless minister.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=150}}

Kalhana mentions that several other wonderful legends about Lalitaditya existed during his time, but he could not include them all in ''Rajatarangini'' because he did not want to break the flow of the narrative.{{sfn|MA Stein 1|1900|p=151}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=André Wink |author-link=André Wink |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA243 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=0-391-04173-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=C. V. Vaidya |author-link=Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya |title=History of Mediaeval Hindu India: Rise of Hindu kingdoms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXpDAAAAYAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Cosmo }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Packert Atherton |title=The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C&pg=PA80 |year=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10789-4 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Denise Patry Leidy |editor2=Donna K. Strahan |title=Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York / Yale University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFa0uSleDNwC |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-58839-399-9 |language=en |ref={{harvid|Denise Leidy|2010}} }}
* {{cite book |author=Hermann Goetz |author-link=Hermann Goetz (art historian) |title=Studies in the History and Art of Kashmir and the Indian Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvULAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |year=1969 |oclc=586049160 }}
* {{cite book |author=M. A. Stein |author-link=Aurel Stein |title=Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: A chronicle of the kings of Kaśmīr |volume=1 |year=1900 |publisher=[[Archibald Constable]] |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol1 |ref={{harvid|MA Stein 1|1900}} }}
* {{cite book |author=M. A. Stein |author-link=Aurel Stein |title=Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: A chronicle of the kings of Kaśmīr |volume=2 |year=1900 |publisher=[[Archibald Constable]] |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol2 |ref={{harvid|MA Stein 2|1900}} }}
* {{cite book |author=Manabendu Banerjee |title=Historicity in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgtkAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |oclc=607757485 }}
* {{cite book |author=Meena Arora Nayak |title=Evil in the Mahabharata |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199091836 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 }}
* {{cite book |author=Navjivan Rastogi |title=Introduction to the Tantrāloka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3559AAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0180-6 |oclc=470679057 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald Inden |chapter=Imperial Purāṇas: Kashmir as Vaiṣṇava Center of the World |editor1=Ronald Inden |editor2=Jonathan Walters |editor3=Daud Ali |title=Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195352436 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780195124309.003.0002 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ronald M. Davidson |title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC |isbn=9780231501026 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shyam Manohar Mishra |title=Yaśovarman of Kanauj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&pg=PA92 |year=1977 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=5782454 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Tansen Sen |title=Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitāditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region |jstor=41933381 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=141–162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAMAQAAMAAJ }}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalitaditya Muktapida}}
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Kashmir]]
[[Category:760s deaths]]
[[Category:720s births]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Karkota dynasty]]

Romeo Akbar Walter

2026-03-25T10:05:33Z

XMXHosea83962264: formatting fix

{{short description|2019 Indian Hindi-language spy thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romeo Akbar Walter
| image = Romeo Akbar Walter poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Robbie Grewal
| producer = {{ubl||Dheeraj Wadhawan|Ajay Kapoor|Vanessa Walia|Gary Grewal|Ajit Andhare}}
| writer = {{ubl|Robbie Grewal|Ishraq Eba|Shreyansh Pandey}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]|[[Mouni Roy]]|[[Jackie Shroff]]|[[Sikandar Kher]]}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[Amar Mohile]] [[Hitesh Sonik]] [[Rochak Kohli]] [[Clinton Cerejo]] '''Songs:''' [[Ankit Tiwari]] [[Sohail Sen]] [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] [[Raaj Aashoo]]
| cinematography = Tapan Tushar Basu
| editing = Hemal Kothari
| studio = {{ubl|VA Film Company|[[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]|Kyta Productions|Red Ice Productions}}
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{film date|2019|4|5|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/romeo-akbar-walter-2019 |title=Romeo Akbar Walter (2019) |publisher=British Board of Film Classification |language=en |access-date=2 May 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174957/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/romeo-akbar-walter-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}35 crore
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}53.48 crore<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romeo Akbar Walter Box Office Collection|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/romeo-akbar-walter/box-office/|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Romeo Akbar Walter''''' (alluding to the [[Research & Analysis Wing]]) is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[action-thriller film]] written and directed by Robbie Grewal. Inspired by the life of Indian spy [[Ravindra Kaushik]], the film stars [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Jackie Shroff]], and [[Sikandar Kher]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/romeo-akbar-walter-john-abraham-takes-raw-kashmir-along-jackie-shroff/ |title=RAW-Romeo Akbar Walter: John Abraham takes RAW to Kashmir along with Jackie Shroff |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426155943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/romeo-akbar-walter-john-abraham-takes-raw-kashmir-along-jackie-shroff/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The narrative centers on a banker who is recruited as a spy for the [[Research & Analysis Wing]] for an undercover operation in [[Pakistan]], where he faces both physical and emotional challenges.

''Romeo Akbar Walter'' was theatrically released on 5 April 2019, and received mixed reviews from critics.

==Plot==
In November 1971, an unidentified man is subjected to torture in an ISI detention cell in [[Karachi]]. The narrative then shifts to events nine months earlier.

Shrikant Rai, chief of [[Research & Analysis Wing|RAW]], recruits Rehamatullah Ali, a bank employee, after he successfully thwarts a staged robbery designed to assess his aptitude for [[espionage]]. Following training in combat and covert communication, Rehamatullah is sent to Pakistan under the alias Akbar Malik.

In [[Pakistan]], Akbar infiltrates a network connected to the influential Isaq Afridi, gradually earning his trust with the help of local informants, Joker and Mudassar. He strengthens his position by demonstrating hostility toward India and by saving Afridi from an attack orchestrated by Nawab Afridi. During this time, Akbar relays intelligence to RAW about a planned attack on the village of Badlipur that could result in heavy civilian casualties.

Akbar’s loyalties are tested when Nawab attempts to recruit him. Shortly afterward, he unexpectedly encounters his girlfriend, Shraddha Sharma, who reveals herself to be a RAW agent assigned to assist him. Their reunion is brief, as both remain committed to their respective missions.

Suspicion about Akbar’s identity grows within the Pakistani military, particularly with [[Colonel]] Khan, who arrests and interrogates him. Although Akbar is released due to Afridi’s influence, his cover is eventually compromised, forcing him to go on the run. While attempting to escape, he mistakenly shoots and kills Mudassar, who had been aiding him, leaving him emotionally shaken.

Cut off from support, Akbar contacts Shrikant Rai for extraction but is refused, as Rai believes he is becoming emotionally compromised. Meanwhile, several RAW operatives, including Shraddha, are captured, and Joker dies by suicide.

Disillusioned, Akbar appears to defect and aligns himself with [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani forces]]. To prove his loyalty, he personally leads an attack on Badlipur under Colonel Khan’s supervision, destroying the village. This act seemingly confirms his allegiance to Pakistan and contributes to the escalation of hostilities leading to the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].

Ten years later, Akbar—now known as Walter Khan and serving as a Pakistani officer—meets Shrikant Rai and his colleague Awasthi in [[Nepal]]. After he departs, Rai reveals that Walter never betrayed India; his actions were part of a long-term covert strategy. The evacuation of Badlipur had been arranged in advance, ensuring no civilian casualties.

Rai further explains that Walter remained deeply committed to his mission, even at the cost of personal sacrifices, including missing his mother’s funeral. The film concludes with Walter saluting the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] in private, reflecting his enduring loyalty and the emotional toll of his service.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as [[Ravindra Kaushik|Rehmuthallah "Romeo" Ali aka Akbar Malik aka Walter Khan]]
*[[Mouni Roy]] as Parul / Shraddha Sharma
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Shrikant Rai, Chief of R&AW
*Anil George as Isaq Afridi
*[[Raghubir Yadav]] as Mudassar
*[[Sikandar Kher]] as [[Colonel]] Khan
*[[Alka Amin]] as Waheeda
*Shivraj Walvekar as Mishra Ji
*Purnendu Bhattacharya as [[General]] Jahangir Alam
*Aashit Chatterjee as [[Lt. General]] Ghazi Ali Hayat
*Gyanendra Tripathi as [[Captain]] Adil
*[[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]] as Rehana Kazmi
*[[Shadaab Khan]] as Nawab Afridi
*[[Rajesh Shringarpure]] as Prasoon Awasthi, Deputy Chief of R&AW
*[[Mushtaq Kak]] as Joker
*[[Sanjeev Jaiswal]] as Deewan|url=https://www.twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1114061129985040387 |title=taran adarsh "@taran_adarsh" |date=5 April 2019 |website=Twitter |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804020116/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1114061129985040387 |url-status=live }}

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
[[Sushant Singh Rajput]] was originally cast in the lead role and even appeared in the film’s first look. However, he later withdrew due to scheduling conflicts and was subsequently replaced by [[John Abraham]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-30 |title=Sushant Singh Rajput drops out of ‘Romeo Akbar Walter’, returns Rs 4 crore signing fee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sushant-singh-rajput-drops-out-of-romeo-akbar-walter-returns-rs-4-crore-signing-fee/articleshow/60276114.cms |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took place across 14 cities in India and [[Nepal]], with significant portions shot in [[Gujarat]], to replicate 1970s Pakistan and India, and [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-04 |title=RAW shot in 100 locations across India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raw-shot-in-100-locations-across-india/articleshow/68715718.cms |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, calling it too much of a burden for John Abraham to carry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Romeo Akbar Walter Movie Review: Too Much Of A Burden For John Abraham To Carry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/romeo-akbar-walter-movie-review-too-much-of-a-burden-for-john-abraham-to-carry-2-stars-out-of-5-2018221 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250125210448/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/romeo-akbar-walter-movie-review-too-much-of-a-burden-for-john-abraham-to-carry-2-stars-out-of-5-2018221 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of the ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, writing "The John Abraham starrer suffers from length, and the pall of dullness that hangs over proceedings. A spy needs to be patriot. That's why he does what he does, knowing thet he is 'deniable'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=Romeo Akbar Walter movie review: A drab affair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/romeo-akbar-walter-movie-review-john-abraham-5660009/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2.75/5 stars, calling it an inconsistent spy-thriller that suffers from Major Raazi hangover.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=Romeo Akbar Walter movie review: John Abraham's inconsistent spy thriller suffers from major Raazi hangover |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/romeo-akbar-walter-movie-review-john-abrahams-inconsistent-spy-thriller-suffers-from-major-raazi-hangover-6393881.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, calling it a "half-baked, spy thriller".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title='Romeo Akbar Walter' review: A half-baked, spy thriller |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/romeo-akbar-walter-review-a-half-baked-spy-thriller/articleshow/68772110.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Suparna Sharma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "Romeo Akbar Walter is suffused with ardent desh bhakti sentiment, but itâ€™s not offensive. Itâ€™s not overtly jingoistic".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 April 2019 |title=Romeo Akbar Walter movie review: Say hello to the worldâ€™s slowest double agent |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070419/romeo-akbar-walter-movie-review-say-hello-to-the-worlds-slowest-do.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Udita Jhunjunwala of the [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']] calling it a period film that is high on detail but low on fluency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=4 April 2019 |title=RAW - Romeo Akbar Walter review: An undercooked thriller |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/raw-romeo-akbar-walter-review-an-undercooked-thriller-1554365731206.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Romeo Akbar Walter'' collected {{INR|5 crore}} on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-06 |title='Romeo Akbar Walter' box-office collection Day 1: John Abraham starrer opens with Rs 5 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/romeo-akbar-walter-box-office-collection-day-1-john-abraham-starrer-opens-with-rs-5-crore/articleshow/68751973.cms |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In its opening weekend, it collected {{INR|22.70 crore}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-08 |title=Romeo Akbar Walter box office collection: John Abraham's spy thriller rakes in Rs 22.70 cr in opening weekend |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/romeo-akbar-walter-box-office-collection-john-abrahams-spy-thriller-rakes-in-rs-22-70-cr-in-opening-weekend-6408741.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200831063926/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/romeo-akbar-walter-box-office-collection-john-abrahams-spy-thriller-rakes-in-rs-22-70-cr-in-opening-weekend-6408741.html |archive-date=2020-08-31 |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Romeo Akbar Walter
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Sohail Sen]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] and [[Raaj Aashoo]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 March 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/romeo-akbar-walter-raw |title=Romeo Akbar Walter – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |publisher=Gaana |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403103722/https://gaana.com/album/romeo-akbar-walter-raw |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:12
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Amavas]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Romeo Akbar Walter
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Batla House]]
| next_year = 2019
}}{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sohail Sen]]
| type =soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Fraud Saiyaan]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Romeo Akbar Walter
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Housefull 4]]
| next_year = 2019
}}{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Raaj Aashoo]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Hum Chaar]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Romeo Akbar Walter
| year = 2019
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}
The music of the film is composed by [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Sohail Sen]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] and [[Raaj Aashoo]] with lyrics written by Shabbir Ahmed, Murli Agarwal, Prince Dubey and Ashok Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-04 |title=Music review: Romeo Akbar Walter (RAW) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-romeo-akbar-walter-raw/articleshow/68630655.cms |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A version of the song "Jee Len De" sung by [[Atif Aslam]] was released on 26 May 2021.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 27:12
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vande Mataram
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Ekta Kapoor
| music1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| lyrics1 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Bulleya
| music2 = [[Sohail Sen]]
| lyrics2 = Ashok Punjabi
| extra2 = [[Rabbi Shergill]], [[Shahid Mallya]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Jee Len De
| music3 = [[Raaj Aashoo]]
| lyrics3 = Murli Agarwal
| extra3 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length3 = 4:37
| title4 = Allah Hoo Allah
| music4 = Shabbir Ahmed
| lyrics4 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra4 = Sameer Khan, Maneesh Singh, Shreyas Puranik, Jay Mehta, Mayur Sakhare, Tejas Mahure
| length4 = 6:37
| title5 = Maa
| music5 = Ankit Tiwari
| lyrics5 = Prince Dubey
| extra5 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| length5 = 3:19
| title6 = Jee Len De
| music6 = Raaj Aashoo
| lyrics6 = Murli Agarwal
| extra6 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| note6 = Atif Version
| length6 = 4:37
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8550208}}
* {{Mojo title|romeoakbarwalter}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|romeo-akbar-walter}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/romeo_akbar_walter}}

{{Viacom18 Studios}}

[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hitesh Sonik]]
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Naresh Kumar Shad

2026-03-24T06:30:20Z

XMXHosea83962264: made basic bio w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian poet (1927–1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naresh Kumar Shad
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Naresh Kumar
| birth_date = 11 December 1927.
| birth_place = [[Ahiyapur, Urmar Tanda]], District [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[India]].
| death_date = 1969
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]].
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Nazm]]s, [[Ghazal]]s , [[Journalist]], [[Qat'aa]]
| occupation = [[Journalism]], [[Government service]] }}
'''Naresh Kumar Shad''' (1927–1969) was a [[ghazal]], [[qat'aa]] and [[Ruba'i|rubai]] writer.

==Biography==
Naresh Kumar Shad was born in [[Ahiyapur, Urmar Tanda]], District [[Hoshiarpur]], on 11 December 1927.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/shaad-aur-uski-shayari-ebooks|title = Shaad Aur Uski Shayari}}</ref> His father, Nauhariya Ram ''Dard Nakodari,'' was a prominent and well-known Urdu journalist and poet writer, very famous back in those days. Born to a Bhalla family of [[Nakodar]], a small Kasba town in [[Jallandhar]], he inherited fluent use of [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] from his father. Naresh Kumar Shad did his high school from Govt. High School [[Chunian]]. His wife's name was Varsha Shad, and the couple had a son, Rakesh Shad. Kartik and Akash Shad are their grandchildren. He got a government job, was posted at [[Rawalpindi]], and was later transferred to [[Jallandhar]]. He was only 22 when his first poetry collection, Dastak, was published by a small publisher in Jallandhar in August 1950. Earlier on, he used to write under the pen name of Shad Nakodari, [[Nakodar]] being his hometown, but later on, as he explained in his book named Wijdan in 1966, he chose not to use his hometown in his pen name and chose Shad as his pen name. His first book, Dastak, was very popular in Urdu shayari circles, and Shad got an instant shot at popularity with its success. By far, his only close rival from Punjab was Sahir Ludhianvi.

==Literary career==

Naresh Kumar Shad was a disciple of Labhu Ram [[Josh Malsiyani]] (1883–1976), a disciple of Nawab Mirza [[Daagh]] Dehalvi.<ref>Google Books http://www.google.co.in Book titled – "Josh Malsiyani" written by Bhupinder Aziz Parihar, published in 2004 by Sahitya Akademi {{ISBN|8126019336}} Postscript by Dard Nakodari on page 57</ref> He wrote ghazals, which became very popular even when he was alive,<ref>" Master couplets of Urdu " Poetry by K.C.Kanda 2002 Ed. p.269 books.google.com</ref> but his forte was [[Qat'aa]] and [[Ruba'i|Rubai]]. His two collections of poetry, ''Qashen'' and ''Kalaam e Muntakhab,''<ref>Indian literature Vol.14 published by Sahitya Akademi p.64 books.google.com</ref> were published during his lifetime. After his demise, Naresh Kumar Shad Memorial Committee published ''Shad Namah'' in 1970, that contained his poems and articles appraising his literary output. Later on, ''Shad ki Shayari,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shad |first=Naresh Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSX4GgAACAAJ |title=Shad Ki Shairi |date=1984 |publisher=Star Publications |language=en}}</ref> ''Shad aur Akhtar ki shayari,'' <ref>Published by Diamond Books {{ISBN|81-288-0646-7}}</ref> and ''Adabi latife'' <ref>Published by Hind Pocket Books</ref> came to light.

==Bibliography==
* ''Lalkar''
* ''Dastak''
* ''Qashen''
* ''Wijdan''
* ''Shad Namah''
* ''Shad aur uski Shayari''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shad, Naresh Kumar}}
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Rajpur Sonarpur

2026-03-21T16:51:47Z

XMXHosea83962264: add structure additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajpur Sonarpur
| native_name = Sonarpur
| native_name_lang = সোনারপুর
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Cities and towns in West Bengal|City]]
| image_skyline = Sonarpur Railway Station.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Sonarpur Junction Railway Station
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/West Bengal/South 24 Parganas/Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive map outlining Rajpur Sonarpur
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4408748|N|88.4246368|E|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 49.26
| area_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 424,368
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 90.14 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 970 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700070, 700084, 700094, 700096, 700103, 700145, 700146, 700147, 700148, 700149, 700150, 700151, 700152, 700153, 700154
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-19]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-20]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-95]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-96]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-97]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-98]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]], [[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
| website = {{URL|https://rajpursonarpurmunicipality.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajpur Sonarpur''' ({{IPA|bn|ɾɑːd͡ʒpuɾ soːnɑːɾpuɾ|lang}}) is a city and a municipality in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html|title=Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan Area|access-date=3 September 2007|publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

==History==
Many ''[[janapadas]]'' grew up along the old [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] channel from the ancient times till around the 16th century: [[Kalighat]], Boral, Rajpur, [[Harinavi]], Mahinagar, [[Baruipur]], [[Baharu]], [[Jaynagar Majilpur]], [[Chhatrabhog]] etc. [[Bipradas Pipilai]]'s ''Manasavijaya'', composed in 1495, mentions many places in this region. "[[Chand Sadagar]], a merchant character of the ''Manasavijaya'', reached Baruipur, from Kalighat, through the old Bhagirathi channel. From there he proceeded towards Chhatrabhog, and then traveling through Hatiagarh pargana reached the open sea". [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanyadeva]] (1486–1534) also went through this route. Travelling by boat to [[Puri]] he halted at the village of Atisara, near Baruipur. "His last stoppage in [[24 Parganas]] was at Chhatrabhog, now a village within the jurisdiction of the [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]] police station. Chhatrabhog seems to have been an important river-port on the old Bhagirathi channel". Rama Chandra Khan, the ''[[zamindar]]'' of Chhatrabhog, helped Chaitanyadeva to continue with his journey.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 3-4, Chapter I: South 24 Parganas: An overview| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The area was home to the feudatory landlords (''zamindars''). The name Rajpur has been thus derived from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] words ''Rajar Puri'' to ''Rajpuri'' and in this form to the now Rajpur. Being on the banks of the [[Adi Ganga]], Rajpur was one of the major locations of [[Bengal]] at that time. The proximity to [[Kolkata]]'s southern district and being on the banks of Adi Ganga, which is just across the river made the place to be well connected. The old zamindar's house in Harinavi is like the Roy Choudhury's. The family stayed in Rajpur. The ancestral houses of [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] and [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] were at Kodalia, a neighbourhood in Rajpur. Both of them were members of the first 24 Parganas District Committee of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], which was formed in 1921.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 7, Chapter I: South 24 Parganas: An overview| publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|29|0|N|88|31|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the northern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Sonarpur, Bhangar I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district'''. M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|5|N|88|28|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Radhanagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Radhanagar, Sonarpur]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|25|10|N|88|21|25|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Danga | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Danga, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|0|N|88|22|25|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ramchandrapur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|35|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Bidyadharpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bidyadharpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|30|30|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Kalikapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|26|15|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Chak Baria | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Chak Baria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|29|30|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Sahebpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Sahebpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|26|27|N|88|25|29|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rajpur Sonarpur| numbered8=M| mark-title8= Rajpur Sonarpur (M) |shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|26|50|N|88|23|48|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Narendrapur| numbered9=N| mark-title9= [[Narendrapur]] (N)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|24|25|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Subhashgram| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Subhashgram]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|30|40|N|88|35|38|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Maricha | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Maricha, Bhangar]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|31|10|N|88|30|34|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Bhangar Raghunathpur | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|30|25|N|88|37|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Gobindapur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Gobindapur, Bhangar]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|27|32|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bantala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Bantala]] (R)|shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|34|35|N|88|35|12|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Uttar Kasipur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Uttar Kasipur]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|29|35|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Nalmuri| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nalmuri]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|32|48|N|88|38|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jirongachhi| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jirongachhi]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Harinavi| numbered18=N| mark-title18= [[Harinavi]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222}}

===Area overview===
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 10 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the northern part of the subdivision is a flat plain bordering the metropolis of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Rajpur Sonarpur is located at {{coord|22.4408748|N|88.4246368|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Rajpur2.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rajpur]</ref><ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Sonarpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sonarpur]</ref>

[[Danga, Sonarpur|Danga]] and [[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur|Ramchandrapur]] are adjacent to Rajpur Sonarpur on its south-eastern side, as per the map of the Sonarpur CD block in the ''District Census Handbook 2011'' for the South 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 257 - Map of Sonarpur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 8 November 2019}}</ref>

[[Petua]], [[Panchghara, Baruipur|Panchghara]], [[Mallikpur]] and [[Hariharpur, Baruipur|Hariharpur]] form a cluster of census towns in the Baruipur CD block, as per the map of the Baruipur CD block in the ''District Census Handbook 2011'' for the South 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 383 - Map of Baruipur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref> This cluster has Rajpur Sonarpur on the east and [[Bidyadharpur]] on the north, both in the Sonarpur CD block, as per the map of the Sonarpur CD block in the ''District Census Handbook 2011'' for South 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 259 - Map of Sonarpur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (Aw).
<div style="width:100%">
{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Rajpur Sonarpur
|temperature colour=pastel
|Jan high C=25.4
|Feb high C=27.7
|Mar high C=31.4
|Apr high C=33.1
|May high C=33.4
|Jun high C=32.3
|Jul high C=30.7
|Aug high C=30.8
|Sep high C=31.2
|Oct high C=30.8
|Nov high C=28.1
|Dec high C=25.1

|Jan mean C=19.9
|Feb mean C=22.7
|Mar mean C=27
|Apr mean C=29.3
|May mean C=30
|Jun mean C=29.5
|Jul mean C=28.5
|Aug mean C=28.6
|Sep mean C=28.5
|Oct mean C=27.5
|Nov mean C=23.5
|Dec mean C=20

|Jan low C=14.5
|Feb low C=17.7
|Mar low C=22.6
|Apr low C=25.6
|May low C=26.7
|Jun low C=26.8
|Jul low C=26.4
|Aug low C=26.4
|Sep low C=25.9
|Oct low C=24.2
|Nov low C=19
|Dec low C=14.6

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=14
|Feb precipitation mm=17
|Mar precipitation mm=20
|Apr precipitation mm=34
|May precipitation mm=96
|Jun precipitation mm=244
|Jul precipitation mm=323
|Aug precipitation mm=322
|Sep precipitation mm=321
|Oct precipitation mm=172
|Nov precipitation mm=30
|Dec precipitation mm=1

|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 9 m)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/59999/ |title=Climate: Rajpur Sonarpur |publisher=Climate Data |access-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref>
}}
</div>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical populations
| 1901 | 10713
| 1911 | 11607
| 1921 | 11412
| 1931 | 11433
| 1941 | 13614
| 1951 | 16310
| 1961 | 24812
| 1971 | 34393
| 1981 | 43985
| 1991 | 60175
| 2001 | 336707
| 2011 | 424368
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1362/download/4462/DH_2011_1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH_TWENTY_FOUR_PARGANAS.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1031 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 999-1006 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Rajpur Sonarpur had a total population of 424,368, of which 215,405 (50.76%) were males and 208,963 (49.24%) were females. It had a population density of {{convert|8615|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} with a sex ratio of 970 females for every 1000 males. There were 35,274 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years which is 8.31% of the total population. The Scheduled Castes numbered 78,655 (18.53%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 2,340 (0.55%). The total number of literate persons was 350,721 (90.14% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 183,918 (93.23% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 166,803 (86.96% of the female population over 6 years). Rajpur Sonarpur had a total of 106,604 households as per report released by 2011 Census of India.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1363/download/4466/DH_2011_1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH_TWENTY_FOUR_PARGANAS.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-B, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract | work = Urban PCA-Town wise Primary Census Abstract, Pages 536-583 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Rajpur Sonarpur (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 96.68 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 2.96 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.35 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 96.68% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.96% [[Hindi]] and 0.35% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Rajpur Sonarpur (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|9.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.04}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.02}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|Black|0.85}}
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], 89.34% of the population is [[Hindu]], 9.25% [[Muslim]], 0.40% [[Christian]], 0.10% [[Sikh]], 0.04% [[Buddhist]] and 0.02% [[Jainism|Jain]]. 0.85% did not state a religion in the census.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Municipality===

Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality covers an area of {{cvt|49.26|km2}}. It has jurisdiction over the entire city of Rajpur Sonarpur. The municipality was established in {{start date and age|1876}}. It is divided into 35 administrative wards. According to the 2022 municipal election, it is being controlled by the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://westbengalvaluationboard.gov.in/home/municipality_corporation_details/YlJJcENITXlMVlR2aFJiRmJRR2drRnQ5a1RuZTEyMnpTRXhmdWNDenpQSGFuNGNVMkkyeEZDeWlnbGhhajl5ZW1ENUZpWFRwTzN1Y2IxZyszNHhNa2c9PQ== | title = Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality | work = West Bengal Valuation Board | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Rajpur_Sonarpur.htm|title=Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality|work=Department of Municipal Affairs|publisher=Government of West Bengal|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421011803/http://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Rajpur_Sonarpur.htm|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Police station===
Sonarpur police station covers an area of {{cvt|169.816|km2}}. It has jurisdiction over parts of the Rajpur Sonarpur Municipality, and the [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://baruipurpolice.wb.gov.in/ps-detail/8 |title = Sonarpur police station | work= Baruipur police district |publisher= West Bengal police | access-date = 18 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD block are located at Rajpur Sonarpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 October 2019 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
Rajpur Sonarpur is on the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Sonarpur Junction railway station]] is on the [[Sealdah South section|Sealdah–Namkhana line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]].<ref name="google"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-namkhana-local-34792/14397/325/9534 | title = 34792 Sealdah-Namkhana Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 15 December 2019}}</ref>

===Commuters===
With the electrification of the railways, suburban traffic has grown tremendously since the 1960s. As of 2005-06, more than 1.7 million (17 lakhs) commuters use the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system daily. After the partition of India, refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan and Bangladesh had a strong impact on the development of urban areas in the periphery of Kolkata. The new immigrants depended on Kolkata for their livelihood, thus increasing the number of commuters. Eastern Railway runs 1,272 EMU trains daily.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328319153 | title = Commuting and Metropolitan Development of Kolkata | first= Bhaswati| last= Mondal| access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

==Education==


* [[B.D.M International]] is an English-medium coeducational school. It was established in 1966 and has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bdmi.org/ | title = B D M International | publisher = BDMI | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Future Institute of Engineering and Management]], established in 2001, offers diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.futureengineering.in/ |title = Future Institute of Engineering and Management |publisher = FIEM | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Harinavi DVAS High School]] is a Bengali-medium coeducational school. It was established in 1866 and has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.
* [[Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology]], established in 2001, offers diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.msit.edu.in/ |title = Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology |publisher = MSIT | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Netaji Subhash Engineering College]], established in 1998, offers diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nsec.ac.in/ |title = Netaji Subhash Engineering College |publisher = NSEC | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Ramakrishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur|Narendrapur Ramakrishna Mission Residential College]], established in 1960, is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. It offers honours courses in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]], [[history]], [[political science]], [[philosophy]], [[economics]], [[geography]], [[education]], [[mathematics]] and accounting & finance, and general degree courses in arts, science, and commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rkmrc.in/ |title = Ramakrishna Mission Residential College |publisher = RKMRC | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==

* Sonarpur Rural Hospital, with 25 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Rajpur Sonarpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 January 2020 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Indian Institute of Liver & Digestive Sciences (IILDS)<ref>[https://www.iilds.in/ Indian Institute of Liver & Digestive Sciences (IILDS)]</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Sayak Chakraborty]], television actor
*[[Raj Kumar Mehra]], cyclist
*[[Premendra Mitra]], filmmaker and writer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Prayagraj Solar Power Plant

2026-03-20T16:50:03Z

XMXHosea83962264: put up initial entry w/ infobox!

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Prayagraj Solar Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = 
| country = India
| owner = EMC LIMITED
| ps_electrical_capacity = 50 [[Megawatt|MW]]<ref name="biggest"/>
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website = {{URL|www.emcpower.com}}
| extra =
}}

'''Prayagraj Solar Power Project''' is the first [[Solar power|solar power plant]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The plant has been developed by Kolkata-based company EMC Limited at [[Naini, Prayagraj]], 25 km away from [[Prayagraj]] as part of [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission]].<ref name="biggest">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/biggest-solar-power-plant-in-uttar-pradesh-setup-under-solar-park-scheme/1099307/|title=Biggest Solar Power Plant in Uttar Pradesh setup under Solar Park scheme|date=15 March 2018|publisher=|accessdate=19 January 2019}}</ref> The plant is spread out over 25 acres of land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/news/31225180_1_solar-power-solar-modules-power-purchase-agreement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329153536/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/news/31225180_1_solar-power-solar-modules-power-purchase-agreement|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2015|title=UP's first solar power plant starts functioning|publisher=The Economic Times|date=22 Mar 2012|accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Renewable energy in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SPIN}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Solar power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Appu (2000 film)

2026-03-18T02:00:27Z

XMXHosea83962264: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Appu (2000).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Vasanth]]
| screenplay = Vasanth
| story = [[Robin Bhatt]]
| producer = Rajam Balachander Pushpa Kandasamy
| starring = [[Prashanth]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| cinematography = [[P. S. Vinod]] '''Additional cinematography:''' [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = R. Sridhar
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|6|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Appu''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller]] film written and directed by [[Vasanth]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] and [[Prakash Raj]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Sadak]]'' (1991). The film was released on 16 June 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appu (2000) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/appu-tamil-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118172948/https://screen4screen.com/movies/appu-tamil-movie |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Appu is a taxi driver in [[Mumbai]]. One day, Appu meets Seetha and develops affection instantly. Seetha is also sold by her uncle to a brothel managed by Maharani, a [[transgender]], as he is unable to repay his debt. Appu decides to save Seetha from the brothel. Appu visits the brothel as a customer and plans to make Seetha escape from there.

A small flashback is shown where Appu had a sister Saradha (Eashwari Rao) who eloped with her lover a few years back. However, Saradha's lover ditched her by selling her to a brothel. Saradha tries to escape from the brothel but gets caught and commits suicide. Appu vaguely sees the brothel owner from a distance who happens to be Maharani and plans to take revenge. The movie comes to the present and Appu realises that Maharani was responsible for his sister's death as well.

Appu helps Seetha escape from the brothel and Maharani's henchmen are in search of them. Slowly, love blossoms between Appu and Seetha. In the chase, Appu loses his friend Mano (Vignesh) and his lover Pooja (Kaveri), as they both get killed by Maharani. Finally, Appu kills Maharani and unites with Seetha.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prashanth]] as Appu
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Seetha
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Maharani
* [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Mano
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] as Pooja
* [[Eashwari Rao]] as Saradha, Appu's sister
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Chidambaram
* [[Dhamu]] as Dhamu
* [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]] as Appu's grandfather
* [[Mohan Sharma]] as Bhai
* [[Hemanth Ravan]] as Corrupted Mumbai Police Officer
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Fighter
}}

== Production ==
[[K. Balachander]] wanted to produce a "quickie", and when he offered [[Vasanth]] to direct a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Sadak]]'' (1991), Vasanth agreed as he could not refuse an offer from his mentor. When casting the lead actor, Vasanth intentionally chose [[Prashanth]], who he felt was stereotyped as a "lover boy", as he wanted to experiment with his acting prowess.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Director Vasanth |url=http://www.pondicherry.com/2000jun/p/vasanth.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114101356/http://www.pondicherry.com/2000jun/p/vasanth.shtml |archive-date=14 November 2006 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=pondicherry.com}}</ref> The film entered development in mid-1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 1999 |title=Vasanth Teams With Prashanth! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/17-05-99/simran.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023132512/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/17-05-99/simran.htm |archive-date=23 October 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> During production, the film was briefly titled ''Surya'' before being renamed to ''Appu''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gokul's Tamil Cinema News |url=http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/gcnnov99.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100234/http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/gcnnov99.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=oocities.org}}</ref> [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] plays the lead actress, and her voice was dubbed by [[Deepa Venkat]], who make her debut as a dubbing artist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=18 October 2022 |title=Meet Deepa Venkat, Lady Superstar Of Dubbing |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/ponniyin-selvan-nandini-aishwarya-rai-nayanthara-meet-deepa-venkat-lady-superstar-of-dubbing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241120045437/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/ponniyin-selvan-nandini-aishwarya-rai-nayanthara-meet-deepa-venkat-lady-superstar-of-dubbing |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Prakash Raj]] played the character of a eunuch, reuniting with Vasanth after ''[[Aasai]]'' (1995). Vasanth said he considered various actors before finalising Raj because he "has got a lot of fire in him and we vibe very well too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=5 July 2000 |title='I don't mind falling, but I like to fall forward...' |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jul/05vas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260106170525/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jul/05vas.htm |archive-date=6 January 2026 |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> During production, some eunuchs hailing from Thiruvannamalai threatened that if portions of the film were not reshot, they would initiate large scale protests and do their best to hinder shooting schedules. They were upset that Raj played a "sexually handicapped" person who is the antagonist. They argued that the eunuchs are treated as socially unwanted having little social standing, and that such films would further threaten their status in the society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajita |date=24 May 2000 |title=Eunuchs threaten to disrupt shooting |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/24spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004811/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/24spice.htm |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The song "Idam Tharuvaya" was shot in [[South Africa]] while the song "Punnagaikku" was shot at [[Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2010 |title=Appu — Where Was It Shot |url=http://www.wherewasitshot.com/2010/05/21/appu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108190723/http://www.wherewasitshot.com/2010/05/21/appu/ |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Where Was It Shot}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], all song lyrics were by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appu (2000) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/appu-songs-T0000229 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230628111623/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/appu-songs-T0000229 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The audio was launched at Kamarajar Memorial Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Arvind R |title='Appu' – Audio release function |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/appu.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217160840/http://www.chennaionline.com:80/musicreviews/appu.asp |archive-date=17 December 2004 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Venky of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "Though the songs sound familiar, they are definitely worth a hear".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venky |title=Music review of 'Appu' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/appu1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217161421/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/appu1.asp |archive-date=17 December 2004 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Yeno Yeno" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || 06:10
|-
| "Idam Tharuvaya" || [[Pop Shalini]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] || 05:10
|-
| "Koila Koila" || Hariharan, [[Anuradha Sriram]] || 06:04
|-
| "Punnagaikku" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Anupama Deshpande]], [[S. P. B. Charan]] || 05:40
|-
| "Vaada Vaa" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], P. Unnikrishnan || 06:05
|}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Vasanth has laid a firm foundation by choosing a solid story, though there is nothing novel about it, and the rest just falls in place.Heavy at times, ''Appu'' appeals nevertheless".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 June 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Appu'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/23/stories/09230223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828130403/https://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/23/stories/09230223.htm |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rajitha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "It is not as though there were glaring deficiencies in this remake of the [[Sanjay Dutt]]-starrer ''Sadak'' -- the disappointment comes from the fact that the Tamil remake, with Prashant and Devyani in the lead, simply fails to grip". She added that one could expect more from Vasanth, but praised the music and Prakash Raj's acting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=3 June 2000 |title=Vasanth disappoints with Appu |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/03appu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135638/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/03appu.htm |archive-date=24 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Prashanth and Prakash Raj and Ramesh Khanna's humour but felt the revenge in second half could have been forceful if Prashanth got to know the culprit in former half.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=9 July 2000 |title=அப்பு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-07-09/page/80/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230627161700/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-07-09/page/80/mode/2up |archive-date=27 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "A sensitive director of Vasanth's caliber is clearly wasted here. But he does leave a mark in his song picturisations (Va da va...), which are catchy, despite the absence of expensive props and sets. Cinematographer Vinod leaves a mark in his maiden effort".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Appu |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov50.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001018201513/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov50.asp |archive-date=18 October 2000 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote, "Remake films do not always stand up to the originals. There are rare exceptions though. Appu falls into that category. The director Vasanth has done a good remake job of Sadak in Tamil. The lead stars Prasanth and Devyani have also managed to put in a performance that matches up to the original. However, the credit goes to Prakashraj who could live up to the expectations his role raised. He had the challenge of essaying the role that won Sadashiv Amarpurkar a national award. The native touch that he has given to the eunuch character is commendable".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appu: Revisiting the sadaks of Mumbai |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/appu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010629191755/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/appu.html |archive-date=29 June 2001 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Indiainfo}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vasanth}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000 action thriller films]]
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Sethu Lakshmi Bayi

2026-03-14T20:28:34Z

XMXHosea83962264: added details further as per guidelines

{{Short description|Regent Maharani of Travancore from 1924–1931}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sethu Lakshmi Bayi
| title = [[List_of_Maharajas_of_Travancore#Maharanis_of_the_Kingdom_of_Travancore_(Aatingal_Rani_)|Maharani of Travancore]]
| image = Sethu Lakshmi Bayi with Princess Lalitamba Bayi.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Image by Jay Gopal Varma, 1924
| succession = Senior Maharani of Travancore
| moretext =
| reign = 15 June 1901 – 22 February 1985
| reign-type =
| coronation = 21 June 1901
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]]
| pre-type =
| successor = [[Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]]
| spouse = Sri Rama Varma (m. 1906)
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Uthram Thirunal Lalithamba Bayi]]
* Karthika Thirunal Indira Bayi}}
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| full name = Pooradam Thirunal Sethu Lakshmi Bayi
| era name =
| era dates =
| regnal name = Her Highness Sree Padmanabhasevini, Vanchidharma Vardhini, Raja Rajeshwari, Maharani Pooradam Thirunal Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, Maharaja, Attingal Mootha Thampuran, Companion of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India, Maharani Regent of Travancore
| house = [[Travancore royal family|Venad Swaroopam]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = Kilimanoor Kerala Varma Thampuran
| mother = Ayilyam Nal Mahaprabha
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1895|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mavelikkara]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|2|22|1895|11|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature_type =
| signature =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| succession1 = Maharani Regent of Travancore
| reign-type1 = Regency
| reign1 = 6 September 1924 – 6 November 1931
| pre-type1 = Monarch
| predecessor1 = [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Sree Chithira Thirunal]]
| succession2 = Junior Maharani of Travancore
| reign-type2 = Reign
| reign2 = September 1900 - 15 June 1901
| predecessor2 = [[Bharani Thirunal Parvathi Bayi]]
| successor2 = [[Sethu Parvathi Bayi]]
}}

'''Pooradam Thirunal Sethu Lakshmi Bayi''' ([[Malayalam]]: പൂരാടം തിരുനാൾ സേതു ലക്ഷ്മി ബായി; 5 November 1895 – 22 February 1985) was [[Maharani of Travancore|Senior Maharani of Travancore]] and the Attingal Mootha Thampuram from 1901 to 1985. She served as Maharani Regent of Travancore from 1924 to 1931 during the minority of her nephew, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]].

Sethu Lakshmi Bayi is mostly known for her progressive reforms during the regency of her nephew, during which she was treated with the full dignity and honours of a monarch, wielding absolute authority. Her major reforms are considered to be the abolishment of the [[Devadasi system]] and [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]], [[Women's suffrage in India|women being granted the right to vote]] and being able to join the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly|Sri Mulam Popular Assembly]], the elecrification of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and the development of [[Cochin Port|Cochin Harbour]].

==Early life==
[[File:Sethu Lakshmi Bayi as a child.png|left|thumb|265x265px|Sethu Lakshmi Bayi in 1897 - 1898, by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]Pooradam Thirunal Sethu Lakshmi Bayi was born at Utsavamadhom Palace, [[Mavelikkara]], on the 19th of November 1895 to Ayilyam Nal Mahaprabha and Kerala Varma. Her mother belonged to the Utsavamadhom Palace branch of the [[Kolathiri|Kolathunādu Royal Family]]. A house that used to reign the Kola Swarupam, the [[Kolathunadu#Constitution of the Kolathiri family|Kolathiri line]] descended from the same [[Chera dynasty|ancient dynasty]] of the [[Travancore royal family|Travancore Royal Family]], and so they were adopted and installed as the Maharanis of Travancore when there was a shortage of females to continue the line of succession. The current Ranis of Travancore, Senior Maharani [[Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi]], and Junior Maharani [[Bharani Thirunal Parvathi Bayi]], who were also adopted from the Kolathiri line, did not have any female children.

In the prevalent matrilineal system of inheritance known as [[Marumakkathayam]], the presence of females to continue the line of succession for the dynasty was crucial. With the death of the Junior Maharani, Bharani Thirunal Parvathi Bayi in 1893, followed by that of the eldest of her three sons in 1895, the royal family came to consist solely of Maharajah [[Moolam Thirunal]], [[Rani Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore|Rani Lakshmi Bayi]] and her two nephews.

=== Installation as Attingal Rani ===
[[File:Rani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi 1901.png|left|thumb|Sethu Lakshmi Bayi after her installment as Attingal Mootha Thampuran.]]The Maharani now looked upon her nieces, the children of her youngest sister by the artist [[Raja Ravi Varma]] to bring forth girls who could be adopted into the ruling line. In 1895, the Rani's elder niece, Mahaprabha gave birth to a daughter, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, and the next year, her younger niece, Thiruvadira Nal Kochukunji Thampuran gave birth to [[Sethu Parvathi Bayi]]. In 1900 the Rani officially petitioned her adoptive brother, [[Moolam Thirunal|Maharajah Moolam Thirunal]] to allow her to adopt the two girls. Sethu Lakshmi Bayi became the Junior Maharani of Travancore, and Sethu Parvathi Bayi became the First Princess of Attingal.[[File:Wedding Portrait of Sethu Lakshmi Bayi.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Wedding Portrait of Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, aged 10, and her husband, Sri Rama Varma.]]
Within a year of the adoption of the princesses in 1900, the two Princes, Chathayam Thirunal and Aswathi Thirunal died, followed by Maharani Lakshmi Bayi herself in 1901. Therefore, at the age of six, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi became the Senior Maharani of [[Travancore]] and the Attingal Mootha Thampuran, while Sethu Parvathi Bayi became Junior Maharani of Travancore and Attingal Elaya Thampuran. [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran|Kerala Varma]], the previous Vailya Koil Thampuram, and the widower of Rani Lakshmi Bayi, was appointed the guardian of the two maharanis.

=== Marriage ===
The Maharaja had requisitioned nominees from all of the ten royal houses in Travancore, to be potential bridegrooms to the two maharanis. Their caretaker, Kerala Varma, was granted the privilege of recommending spouses for them.

His recommendations were his two great-nephews, Rajaraja Varma, and his younger brother, Rama Varma. Their mother was Kochukunji Thampuratti, a member of the Haripad Ananthapuram Palace of the [[Parappanad#Kilimanoor palace and Travancore royal house|Parappanad Royal Family]], of which Kerala Verma was a member of. Rajaraja was a well accomplished and mature man who had posed for [[Raja Ravi Varma|Raja Ravi Varma's]] painting, ''Sri Varma Vanquishing the Sea (1906).'' Sethu Lakshmi Bayi chose Rama Varma, the younger brother, which was unexpected because Rajaraja Varma was considered to be the obvious choice for the Senior Maharani.

On 12 February 1909, she consumated her marriage with her husband. Unfortunately, on 18 December 1909, the 12yr old Maharani suffered a stillbirth. Almost three years after her stillbirth, her cousin, Sethu Parvathi Bayi, gave birth to a son, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], who was made [[Heir apparent|Elayaraja]].

== Adulthood prior to the Regency ==
On the event of her 18th birthday on 19 November 1913, the Maharaja granted her absolute control over the Sripadam Estate, and the income produced from 15,000 acres of land was accrued on the Senior Maharani. Meanwhile, the Junior Maharani used her status as the mother of the Elayaraja to secure the Vadakkay Kottaram as her residence by the end of November.

Soon after, the Maharaja granted her a 27 acre property in [[Poojappura]], and Rs. 10,000 to construct a palace there. After more than 5yrs, the palace, which would be known as [[Satelmond Palace]], was complete, and it would become her primary residence.. Just a few days after settling in the palace, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi's 46yr old mother, Mahaprabha, died on 8 January 1919, presumably from heart faliure.

Before that, on 22 September 1914, the Senior Maharani's former guardian, Kerala Varma, died from the first car accident related death in India while travelling to the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple in northern Travancore.

The Junior Maharani, [[Sethu Parvathi Bayi]], gave birth to another son, [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma|Uthradam Thirunal Marthanda Varma Thampuran]], on 22 March 1922. Almost two years following, on 30 December 1923, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi gave birth to a daughter, Uthram Thirunal Laithamba Thirunal, Second Princess of Travancore.

A month after the naming ceremony of Princess Laithamba, the Senior Maharani, her husband, and the 7 month old Princess Laithamba, went on holiday to Varkala. Meanwhile, in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the [[Moolam Thirunal|Maharaja]] had a decayed tooth that he refused to remove. By the end of July 1924, doctors identified [[sepsis]], but it was too late to treat. On the night of 7 August 1924, the Maharaja died. His successor was Sethu Parvathi Bayi's son, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], but since he was 12 years old. As Sethu Lakshmi Bayi was the most senior female member of the [[Travancore royal family|Royal Family]], she was made Maharani Regent.

==The Regency==

=== Reforms ===

==== Vaikom Satyagraha ====
''Main article: [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]''

At the time the regency commenced, Travancore was facing significant social agitation associated with the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], a protest movement that had begun earlier in 1924 against caste-based restrictions preventing lower-caste communities from using the public roads surrounding the [[Vaikom Sree Mahadeva Temple|Vaikom Mahadeva Temple]].

In 1925, negotiations between the Regency government, reform activists, and conservative religious groups leaded to a compromise settlement that allowed members of all castes to use most of the public roads surrounding the temple except the ones immediately rejoining the temple.

==== Temple Administration ====
The regency government introduced state supervision over temples managed by the [[Travancore Devaswom Board|Travancore Devasworm]]. Regulations were introduced to standardize temple administration, finances and ritual practices, aiming to prevent misuse of temple revenues, regulate priestly administration and ensure that there was consistent ritual standards across state-controlled temples.

===== Animal Sacrifice =====
Also in 1925, animal sacrifice was prohibited in temples that were administrated by the Travancore Devasworm. This was formed part of broader attempts by the Travancore government to regulate temple practices and align them with evolving social reform movements in Southern India.

==== Devadasi System ====
The regency government abolished the devadasi system in Travancore temples, ending the practice of dedicating women to temple service, preventing future temple dedications and removed the legal basis of the institution within the state. This reform was part of wider South Indian movements against practices viewed exploitative or socially backward.

==== Marumakkathayam System ====
Legal reforms were introduced, affecting the matrilineal inheritance system, known as [[Marumakkathayam]], in Travancore. These reforms allowed members of matrilineal families to claim individua shares of family property, weakened the joint-family taravad system, and faciitated the transition toward [[nuclear family]] structures.

==After the Regency==
After the regency Sethu Lakshmi Bayi retired from active involvement in the affairs to the state. She continued to look after affairs of the Sreepadom estate for sometime after which in 1939 the Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal assumed control of the estate and placed it in a trust from which all the female members of the royal family would receive allowances.<ref>ATTINGAL RANIS: The following extract from pages 190 to 192 of Kerala District Gazetteers, Trivandrum by A. Sreedhara Menon will give a glimpse about the nature of property held by the Attingal Ranis:-

"Early in his reign Marthanda Varma assumed direct control over the so-called Attingal 'Queendom'. This was not an act of annexation or conquest, but Nagam Aiya has described the event as "the amalgamation of Travancore with Attingal". There has been some misunderstanding among contemporary and later writers in regard to the significance of this step taken by Marthanda Varma. This is the result of a general notion that Attingal was an independent State ruled by the Ranis and that the kings of Travancore never exercised any authority in the tract. Certain statements found in the memoirs, commentaries and State papers of the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English have only served to strengthen this wrong notion. The theory that the Ranis of Attingal exercised sovereign powers is, however, incorrect. The fact is that in political matters the Ranis of Attingal as such exercised no sovereign rights. Any grant of rights over immovable property by the Ranis of Attingal required the King's previous assent or subsequent confirmation for its validity. It may be noted that the so-called Queendom of Attingal had its origin in the 5th century Kollam Era when two princesses were adopted into the Venad family from Kolathunad and the revenues from certain estates in and around Attingal were assigned to them for their exclusive use. Since then the female members of the ruling family of Travancore had come to be known as Attingal Ranis. It was only the male children of these Tamburatties, either by birth or by adoption, who could inherit the throne. Thus Marthanda Varma and the heir-apparent Rama Varma were both sons of Attingal Tamburatties. This tended to invest the Attingal Ranis with a special dignity in the eyes of the people, native as well as foreign, and led to the notion that they had sovereign rights over Attingal. But in reality the Kingdom of Venad extended from Kanyakumari in the south as far as Kannetti in the north, and there was no kingdom or principality intervening within its limits.

When Marthanda Varma decided to assume direct control over the estates of Attingal and thus deprive the Rani of some of her rights, he was not interfering in the affairs of a sovereign State. As the head of the royal family and the ruler of the State, he had every right to interfere in the affairs of a part of his kingdom, The Rani of Attingal had neither territory nor subjects, except in the sense that the people of Venad paid respects to her as a senior member of the ruling family. What she possessed was nothing more than the control over the revenues of the estates and an outward status and dignity. Whatever powers she exercised were those delegated to her by the head of the family and the sovereign of the State." Even if it may be accepted that at some point of time they or any part of them were held by the Attingal Ranis before Marthanda Verma had assumed direct control as sovereign ruler of Travancore over the properties of Attingal Ranis. After the assumption of direct control by Marthanda Varma the properties held by the Ranis, whatsoever the extent and nature of such properties may have been earlier, became properties of the State of Travancore and the legal incidents of property held by a sovereign as referred to above applied to them also. There was no scope of such properties continuing to be joint family properties after such assumption of direct control.The properties have passed on from one sovereign to the other came to be ultimately held by Respondent No. 1, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], in that capacity. In view of the foregoing discussion, both the Civil Appeals fail and are dismissed.(from the judgement passed by Supreme Court of India on the case Revathinal Balagopala Varma(Apellant) vs His Highness Shri Padmanabhadasa Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma(Respondent No.1) on 28 November 1991)</ref>

In 1935 and 1937, the Regent received the [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]] and the [[King George VI Coronation Medal]] respectively. Sethu Lakshmi Bayi spent her time until 1947 in Travancore with her husband and two daughters. Her second daughter, Karthika Thirunal Indira Bayi was born in 1926. In 1938 her elder daughter Princess Lalithamba Bayi was married to Sri Kerala Varma of [[Kilimanoor]]. Later in 1945 her younger daughter Princess Indira Bayi was married to a member of the Harippad family who, however, died in 1949. Thereafter in 1952 she was married to Kerala Varma of Kilimanoor, a cousin of her brother in law.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raghunandan|first1=Lakshmi|title=At the Turn of the Tide|location=Bangalore}}</ref>

==After Independence==
After Independence in 1947 and the creation of [[Travancore-Cochin]] in 1949, Lalithamba Bayi moved away to Bangalore and settled there with her children. In the early 1950s Indira Bayi settled in [[Madras]] and Sethu Lakshmi Bayi was alone in [[Trivandrum]]. Slowly she started disposing the many properties and palaces and by the late 1950s was contemplating moving to Bangalore to be with her daughter and grandchildren.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} This was hastened in 1957 by her servants in the Palace forming a Union and asking for their rights. While it was strictly controlled and put down initially, it resurfaced in 1958 and the servants went on strike. About this time Sethu Lakshmi Bayi had a mild heart attack as well. Thereafter it was decided that she should stay with her family members in Bangalore. Thus in 1958 the she moved to Madras after leaving Trivandrum hastily, and by early 1959 moved to Bangalore where she constructed a bungalow for herself close to her daughter's house and took up residence there.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She never returned to Travancore. Sethu Lakshmi Bayi lived in Bangalore for more than 25 years. In 1971 the [[Government of India]] abolished the [[Privy Purse in India]] given to former rulers and their families and thus Sethu Lakshmi Bayi stopped receiving her allowances. However, after a prolonged legal battle, a few years before her death, the pension granted her after the regency was reinstated. For many years, she had been bedridden and ill in Bangalore and in February 1985, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi died in Bangalore. She was at that time the last surviving member in the [[Order of the Crown of India]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raghunandan|first1=Lakshmi|title=At the Turn of the Tide|location=Bangalore}}</ref>

The Malayala Manorama daily describes the reign of Sethu Lakshmi Bayi as follows:
{{cquote|The reign of Setu Lakshmi Bayi was the Golden Age of Travancore. At the time these words echoed through the land: "When the Rani of Vanchi rules, there is everlasting [[Onam|Thiru Onam]] in Vanchinadu."}}

Mahatma Gandhi about Sethu Lakshmi Bayi in his ''Young India'' (26 March 1925) magazine :
{{cquote|My visit to Her Highness was an agreeable surprise for me. Instead of being ushered into the presence of an over decorated woman sporting diamond pendants and necklaces, I found myself in the presence of a modest young woman who relied not upon jewels or gaudy dresses for beauty but on her own naturally well formed features and exactness of manners. Her room was as plainly furnished as she was dressed. Her severe simplicity became an object of my envy. She seemed to me an object lesson for many a prince and many a millionaire whose loud ornamentation, ugly looking diamonds, rings and studs and still more loud and almost vulgar furniture offend the taste and present a terrible and sad contrast between them and the masses from whom they derive their wealth.
}}

[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]] on Sethu Lakshmi Bayi :
{{cquote|No one who met her once could ever forget her. She stands as a shining example to womanhood as a great queen and a great woman
}}

Every year the Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi Memorial lecture is held in Trivandrum by the [[Travancore royal family]]. In 1995, on her 100th birth anniversary, her biography ''At the Turn of the Tide'', written by her grand daughter Lakshmi Raghunandan was published by the "Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi Memorial Charitable Trust" in Bangalore.

==Criticisms==

[[File:Sri Rama Varma of Haripad.png|330x280px|thumbnail|left|Sri Rama Varma of Haripad, the consort of Sethu Lakshmi Bayi.]] The Press Regulation Act of 1926<ref>{{cite journal|last=PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPARTMENT|first=INFORMATION &|title=HISTORY OF PRESS IN KERALA|journal=I&prd Kerala}}</ref> passed by the Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bayi is considered as a draconian law by historians. The public protesters, headed by E. V. Krishna Pillai and T. K. Madhavan at Travancore Political Conference in Trivandrum, alleged that the new Press Act was solely formulated to protect the consort of Regent Maharani, Rama Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran, from public criticism against his illegal interference in the administration of Travancore.<ref>''At the Turn of the Tide'' by Lakshmi Raghunanadan, pages:234-242 : " The Government of India, long before the passing of the Press Act, gave notice of the measure to follow. In Travancore, on the other hand, the measure was hatched in secret and hurled at the public with the sole object or saving the Valia Koil Tampuran from newspaper attacks and not to serve any public purpose. The interference of the valia Koil Tampuran in Government affairs was well known."</ref> It must be said{{by whom|date=October 2018}} in defence of the Newspaper Regulation Act that the measure was taken to protect ordinary citizens from mud slinging campaigns and scandals indulged in by small newspapers "which come into temporary existence with the special object of vilification and when the object is carried out these news sheets disappear" (United India and Indian States", Delhi, 31 July 1926). This Regulation was hailed by K. Gopalan Nair, a lawyer and member of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly, as a measure long overdue. A public demonstration by only upper caste people held to discuss the pros and cons of this Regulation, ended in a vote being taken, wherein the resolution to scrap the Regulation, was defeated by the majority (as per the Report of the Inspector of Police, submitted to the Maharani Regent). Hence she had the support of the upper caste public when the Regulation was passed.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Many historians and researchers have criticized Sethu Lakshmi Bayi for not conducting temple entry for dalits in 1924. When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] came to Travancore for the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], he met the then Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bayi and asked her whether it was not atrocious that when dogs and cattle can walk the roads around temples but some men cannot due to their castes. Sethu Lakshmi Bayi replied that "it was wrong and most unfortunate" and added that "she was just a Regent" and that Gandhi should pose the question to [[Chithira Thirunal]], the future king, who was then but a boy of 12 and the then minor King replied in the affirmative when Gandhi asked the same question to him.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} [[Mannathu Padmanabhan]], in 1930, had openly criticized the Regent for this decision of not opening Hindu temples for the [[dalits]] and that her excuse that as the Regent she had no power to decide, was a lie. He retorted that she had complete power to give temple entry but she simply refused to do the same.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell|first1=John J. Paul|title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India}}</ref> However, it must be pointed out that if she referred to herself as a mere Regent, unable to open the temples to the Dalits, it was a truth, because at the time of this meeting her powers as a Regent were yet to be decided upon by the Viceroy. Still, even after approval by viceroy, she did not allow temple entry for Dalits. In all other princely states of India, Regents were supported by Regency Councils which would pass legislations. In Travancore, however, owing to the matrilineal system of inheritance, the Maharani had as much authority as a Maharaja. This was a new concept to the British, hence the delay in recognizing her powers within the State. After many letters were exchanged between the Maharani and the A.G.G. in Madras, she was finally given full power to rule. Therefore, her plea to Gandhiji, that she was only a Regent at the time, was not a lie. However, even after she could exercise her authority she realized that it was too sudden{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} and sweeping a change for the tradition bound people of Travancore to accept Temple entry for Dalits{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} . Gandhiji appreciated this fact, for in his words "..the opening of the roads is not the final but the first step in the ladder of reform..... We may not force the pace" ("Young India", 2 April 1925).

==In popular culture==

Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi (spelled 'Sethu') is the central figure of ''[[The Ivory Throne: Chronicles of the House of Travancore]]'', the debut work of Indian writer [[Manu S. Pillai]]. The book primarily focuses on the journey of the Maharani —beginning with her adoption and upbringing alongside the Junior Maharani [[Sethu Parvathi Bayi]], her Regency during the minority of the Junior Maharani's son (and heir to the Throne) [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] and the subsequent tensions that ensued between both the Maharanis after the termination of her Regency and the reign of the Maharaja. The book also chronicles the journey of her children as they departed from [[Kerala]] and breaking away from lifestyles of the [[Travancore royal family]] (which she herself later did when she moved to [[Bangalore]]), their adaptation to the era of the [[Indian independence movement]] and the subsequent dismantling of the monarchy during the formation of the [[Dominion of India]]. It also touches upon moments of historical significance, such as the development of [[Cochin Port]] during the Maharani's reign, the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] and the rise of [[Communism in Kerala]] during the subsequent reign of Maharaja [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

The popularity and critical reception of the book has led to interest in a screen adaptation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=of India|first1=The Times|title=Manu S. Pillai's 'The Ivory Throne' getting a screen adaptation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/manu-s-pillais-the-ivory-throne-getting-a-screen-adaptation/articleshow/68467267.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=of Collions|first1=Harper|title=The Ivory Throne all set for a screen adaptation|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/the-ivory-throne-all-set-for-a-screen-adaptation/}}</ref>

==Full Title==
Her Highness Sree Padmanabhasevini, Vanchidharma Vardhini, Raja Rajeshwari, Maharani Pooradam Thirunal Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, Maharaja, Attingal Mootha Thampuran, Companion of the Imperial [[Order of the Crown of India]], Maharani Regent of Travancore.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Issue ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Birth
!Death
!Marriage/notes
|-
|Princess Uthram Thirunal Lalithamba Bayi
|30 December 1923
|7 November 2008 (aged 84)
|1938, Sri Kerala Varma Koil Thampuran of the Kilimanoor royal family; had issue, including [[Revathi Thirunal Balagopal Varma]], the current Elayaraja of Travancore.
|-
|Princess Karthika Thirunal Indira Bayi
|30 August 1926
|20 July 2017 (aged 90)
|1945, member of the Harippad royal family, died in 1945; no issue. 1952, Sri Kerala Varma of Kilimanoor Palace; had issue, including [[Shreekumar Varma]].
|}

==See also==
* [[Maharani]]
* [[Princely State]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Raghunandan, Lakshmi (1995) ''At the turn of the tide : the life and times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi, the last queen of Travancore'' Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi Memorial Charitable Trust, Bangalore;
* [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand]] ''Young India''
* A Survey of Kerala History, [[A. Sreedhara Menon]], page 345 and 346
* Travancore State Manual Vol II by Velu Pillai
* Varma, Shreekumar (2 March 2006) "Women on Top" The Sunday Express India
* Malayala Manorama
* Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir CPs Sixteen Years by A. Sreedhara Menon

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sethu Lakshmi Bayi}}
* [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1999764/ Supreme Court of India Revathinnal Balagopala Varma vs His Highness Shri Padmanabhadasa on 28 November 1991]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313095753/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/02/05/stories/2006020500210400.htm Varma, Shreekumar (5 February 2006) "Benign presence" ''The Hindu'' Chennai (Madras), India];
*[ The Ivory Throne, M.S. Pillai ]
{{Travancore}}
{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayi, Sethu Lakshmi}}

[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century women regents]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Women from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century regents]]

Malabar spiny dormouse

2026-03-11T09:51:38Z

XMXHosea83962264: made new details v1

{{Short description|Species of rodent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Malabar spiny dormouse
| fossil_range = Late [[Miocene]] to Recent
| image = Malabar_spiny_dormouse.jpg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Molur, S. |year=2016 |errata=2017 |title=''Platacanthomys lasiurus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T17481A115140938 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T17481A22240736.en |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Platacanthomys
| parent_authority = [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1859
| species = lasiurus
| authority = [[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1859
| range_map = Platacanthomys lasiurus distribution.png
}}

The '''Malabar spiny dormouse''' ('''''Platacanthomys lasiurus''''') is a species of [[muroid rodent]] endemic to the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]]. It is the only extant species in the genus '''''Platacanthomys''''' and although resembling a [[dormouse]], it is not closely related. About the size of a [[brown rat]], this arboreal species lives in tree holes in dense forest habitats in a small family group. They are distinguishable from other species in the area by their bushy tuft tip to the tail and the spiny fur on the back.

==Description==
[[File:PlatacanthomysLasiurusErxleben.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Illustration (1865)]]
This rodent is about {{cvt|5|in}} long with a {{cvt|4|in|adj=on}} tail. The ears are large and pointed at the tip. The whiskers are numerous and some are very long. The hairy tail is covered with longer hairs towards the end, making the tail wider at the tip. The hairs arise on the sides towards the base of the tail (an arrangement termed as "subdistichous") giving the tail a slightly flattened appearance. The pollux ("thumb") and hallux ("big toe") are without claws. The skull is broad and flat above and the infraorbital foramen is large. They are brownish above and whitish below with a distinct border. The feet are whitish. The tip of the tail is sometimes whitish, but is otherwise like the colour of the back.<ref name=fbi>{{cite book|author=Blanford WT|pages=394–395|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalia00blaniala#page/394/mode/1up|year=1891}}</ref> The fur on the back has scattered broad and flat spiny hairs with white tips.<ref name=pkr/> Finer spines are also found on the fur of the underside.<ref name=dist />

==Taxonomy and systematics==
[[File:Platacanthomys.png|thumb|upright|Illustration showing the distinctive bushy tail]]
The genus name is derived from the flattened (''platy-'') spines (Greek ''acantha''), while ''mus'' refers to a mouse.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/newnationaldicti12huntiala#page/3638/mode/1up/|page=3638|title= The New National Dictionary, Encyclopaedia and Atlas. Volume 12|editor=Hunter, R|editor2=Charles Morris|publisher=Belford, Middlebrook & Company|place=Chicago|year=1898}}</ref> The species name ''lasiurus'' is based on the Greek ''lasios'' for hairy and ''—oura'' for tail.

The position of this species has been puzzled on from very early times. In 1860, [[Philip Lutley Sclater|Sclater]] exhibited a specimen noting it as a new dormouse from the [[Malabar District|Malabar]]. As early as 1865, this position was disputed on the basis of the dental formula. Peters (1865) suggested that the species was unrelated to the dormice and suggested that they should be placed with the murine genera of India.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen65zool#page/n460/mode/1up|author=Peters, W|title=Note on the systematic position of Platacanthomys lasiurus|pages=397–399| journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|year=1865}}</ref> This position in the family Muridae was used in ''The Fauna of British India'' (1891).<ref name=fbi/> Palmer (1897) placed the subfamily Platacanthomyinae within the Gliridae.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/listofgenericfam00palmrich#page/252/mode/1up/|year=1897|title=A list of the generic and family names of rodents|author=Palmer, TS|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=11| pages=241–270}}</ref> but Ellerman (1940) placed the genus in the subfamily Platacanthomyinae under the family Muscardinidae.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ellerman, JR|title=The families and genera of living rodents. Volume 1|publisher=British Museum|year=1940|page=37|url=https://archive.org/stream/familiesgeneraof01elle#page/36/mode/1up}}</ref> Nowak (1999) places the subfamily within the Muridae and includes the genus ''[[Typhlomys]]'' in this subfamily.<ref>{{cite book|title=Walker's mammals of the world. Volume 1|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1999|page=1345|author=Nowak, RM}}</ref> The exact phylogenetic relations of ''Platacanthomys'' have not been examined using sequence based approaches although ''Typhlomys'' has been confirmed to belong within the Muroid clade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platacanthomyidae.html|title=Platacanthomyidae|author=Poor, A.|year=2005|publisher=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Journal of Mammalogy| volume=90| issue=5| pages=1083–1094| year=2009| title=The phylogenetic position of the rodent genus ''Typhlomys'' and the geographic origin of the Muroidea| author1=Jansa, SA| author2=T C Giarla| author3=B K Lim| name-list-style=amp| doi=10.1644/08-MAMM-A-318.1| s2cid=85424797| doi-access=free}}</ref>

A fossil from the late Miocene (about 9 Mya) of China has been described as ''Platacanthomys dianensis''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Qiu, Z.-D. |year=1989|title=Fossil platacanthomyids from the hominoid locality of Lufeng, Yunnan.|journal= Vertebrata PalAsiatica|volume= 27|pages=268–283}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:PlatacanthomysMolars.png|thumb|upright|Detail of the molar teeth surface]]
The species is found only in the denser forest regions of the Western Ghats and the Nilgiri hills. They are found in altitudes up to {{cvt|2000|m}} (such as at [[Ootacamund]] and [[Coonoor]]<ref name=coonoor>{{cite journal|title=Note on the Malabar spiny mouse (''Platacantomys lasiurus'')|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=18|page=679|author=Gray, Charles|year=1908|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn18bomb#page/678/mode/1up}}</ref>) and are found at very low densities.<ref name=abund>{{cite journal|title=Abundance and habitat selection of the Malabar spiny dormouse in the rainforests of the southern Western Ghats, India. |author1=Mudappa, D |author2=A Kumar |author3=R. Chellam |name-list-style=amp |year=2001|journal=Current Science|volume=80|issue=3|pages=424–427|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/feb102001/424.pdf}}</ref> The northernmost record is from Sagar in Shimoga district of Karnataka.<ref name=pkr/> Records are few and scattered and published records are from Aralam, Coorg,<ref name=coorg>{{cite journal|author=Ryley, Kathleen V|year=1913| title=Mammal survey of India- Report No. 11 Coorg| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=22| issue=3|pages=486–513}}</ref> Peppara and Karianshola.<ref name=pkr>{{cite journal|author=Rajagopalan PK|year=1968|title= Notes on the Malabar Spiny Dormouse, ''Platacanthomys lasiurus'' Blyth 1859 with new distribution record|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=65| issue=1|pages=214–215}}</ref><ref name=dist>{{cite journal|title=Distribution of spiny tree mouse (Platacanthomys lasiurus Blyth, 1859) in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India|author1=Jayson, E. A. |author2=Jayahari, K. M. |journal= Mammalia |year=2009 |volume=73| issue=4|pages= 331–337 | doi=10.1515/MAMM.2009.059|s2cid=84822290 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jayson, E.A. |author2=Christopher, G. |name-list-style=amp |year=1995| title=Sighting of spiny dormouse (''Platacanthomys lasiurus'') Blyth, 1859 in Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Trivandrum District, Kerala|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| volume= 92| issue=2|page=259}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=New records of the Malabar spiny dormouse (''Platacanthomys lasiurus'' Blyth) in the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|year=1997|volume=94| issue=1|pages=151–152|author=Prabhakar A}}</ref>

The species was however considered to be common when it was first discovered by Reverend H. Baker (from Mundakyam, Allepey). He obtained the first specimens for [[Edward Blyth]] and noted that they lived in hole nests in large trees and that they were considered a minor pest of fruit trees and in cardamom and pepper plantations.<ref name=fbi/><ref name=coorg/>

==Behaviour and ecology==
The species is nocturnal and is largely frugivorous. A specimen in captivity fed voraciously on a diet of fruits. When sleeping, it curls its body, hedgehog-like, with its tail protruding.<ref name=pkr/> The species is believed to feed on pepper in plantations, but trapping surveys suggest they are mainly restricted to undisturbed forest habitats.<ref name=abund />

Four young have been noted in one litter.<ref name=coonoor/>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Platacanthomys lasiurus}}
* Jayson E.A. 2006. Status, distribution, food and feeding of Malabar Spiny Dormouse (''Platacanthomys lasiurus'' Blyth) in the Western Ghats of Kerala. KFRI Research Report No. 293. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. 118 p.

{{Myomorpha|M.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1572813}}

[[Category:Platacanthomyidae]]
[[Category:Rodents of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1859]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Blyth]]

2025 Durand Cup final

2026-03-11T07:06:42Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{Short description|Final of the 134th edition of the Durand Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2025 Durand Cup final
| image = File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png
| image_size =
| caption = The final match was held at the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in Kolkata.
| event = [[2025 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| team1score = 6
| team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| team2score = 1
| details =
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|23|df=y}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| man_of_the_match1a = {{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran
| attendance = 16,920
| weather = Partly clear Cloudy {{convert|27|°C|°F|abbr=on}} 94% [[humidity]]
| previous = [[2024 Durand Cup#Final|2024]]
| next = [[2026 Durand Cup final|2026]]
}}

The '''2025 Durand Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2025 Durand Cup]], the 134th edition of Asia's oldest [[association football|football]] tournament. The tournament was organised by the Durand Football Tournament Society (DFTS) in co-operation with the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and the [[Government of West Bengal]], supported by the governments [[Government of Assam|Assam]], [[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]], [[Government of Manipur|Manipur]] and [[Government of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Football: 2025 Durand Cup to be held in July-August|url=https://thebridge.in/football/2025-durand-cup-july-august-53250 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Assam: Durand Cup 2025 to return to Kokrajhar; BTR gears up for another grand football celebration |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-durand-cup-2025-to-return-to-kokrajhar-btr-gears-up-for-another-grand-football-celebration-1215124-2025-05-17 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=Durand Cup 2025: Tentative Fixtures Released, Mohun Bagan Included at the Last Moment |url=https://revsportz.in/durand-cup-2025-tentative-fixtures-released-mohun-bagan-included-at-the-last-moment/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Rev Sportz.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=Durand Cup 2025: Participating Teams, Groups And Full Fixtures |url=https://www.news18.com/football/durand-cup-2025-participating-teams-groups-and-full-fixtures-ws-l-9421622.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It was held on 23 August 2025 at the [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.

== Route to the final ==
{{Details|2025 Durand Cup}}

''Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"|NorthEast United
!Round
!colspan="2"|Diamond Harbour
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Armed Forces F.C.|Armed Forces]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#E3|3–1]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 1
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#B1|2–1]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#E5|2–1]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FT]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#B3|8–1]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#E6|2–2]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 3
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#B6|1–5]]
|-
|colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top"|'''[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#Group E|Group E]] Winners'''{{center|{{trim|{{:2025 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group E|only_pld_pts=yes|showteam=NEU|show_matches=no}}}}}}
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Final standings
|colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top"| '''[[2025 Durand Cup group stage#Group A|Group B]] runner-up'''{{center|{{trim|{{:2025 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B|only_pld_pts=yes|showteam=DIH|show_matches=no}}}}}}
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Result
|{{nowrap|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage]]}}
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals|4–0]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter-finals
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals|2–0]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|1–0]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi-finals
|style="text-align:left"|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|2–1]]
|-
|}
;Bracket
{{#lst:2025 Durand Cup knockout stage|Bracket}}

== Match ==

=== Details ===
<section begin=Final/>
{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = {{start date|2025|08|23|df=y}}
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 6–1
| team2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| goals1 =
* [[Asheer Akhtar|Akhtar]] {{goal|30}}
* [[Parthib Gogoi|Gogoi]] {{goal|45+1}}
* [[Tondonba Singh Ngasepam|Ngasepam]] {{goal|50}}
* [[Jairo Samperio|Samperio]] {{goal|81}}
* [[Andy Rodríguez|Rodríguez]] {{goal|85}}
* [[Alaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|90+3|pen.}}
| goals2 =
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|68}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 16,920
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran Man of the Match: [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]] (NorthEast United)
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=54913 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54913_Match_Summary_V1_1755958360.pdf {{nobr|PDF Report}}]
}}<section end=Final/>
{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _blackwhitestripedcuff
| pattern_b = _neutd2526a
| pattern_ra = _blackwhitestripedcuff
| pattern_sh = _blacksides
| pattern_so = _cap1112a
| leftarm = FFFFFF
| body = FFFFFF
| rightarm = FFFFFF
| shorts = FFFFFF
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = {{nowrap|NorthEast United}}
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _redborder
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra = _redborder
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 191970
| body = 191970
| rightarm = 191970
| shorts = 000000
| socks = 1C1CF0
| title = {{nowrap|Diamond Harbour}}
}}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size:90%"
|
'''Man of the Match:''' [[Alaaeddine Ajaraie]] (NorthEast United)
 
'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''
 Parasuraman Vairamuthu
 P. Muralitharan
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''
 Ashwin Kumar
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Match commissioner|Match commissioner]]:'''
 Palliri Sujesh Rajan
 '''Referee Assessor:'''
 {{nowrap|Walter Edward Pereira}}
 '''Media Officer:'''
 Sujesh Rajan Palliri
 
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
*Maximum of ten named substitutes.
*Maximum of five substitutions allowed.
|}

==See also==
* [[2025 Indian Super League final]]
* [[2025 Indian Super Cup final (disambiguation)|2025 Kalinga Super Cup final]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://durandcup.in/}}
* [https://www.sofascore.com/tournament/football/india/durand-cup/20809#id:77970,tab:matches 2025 Durand Cup] at [[Sofascore]]
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}

{{Durand Cup}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}
{{2025–26 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2025 Durand Cup|2025 Durand Cup]]
[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:August 2025 sports events in India|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]

Hindaun Block

2026-03-09T06:26:43Z

XMXHosea83962264: Starting initial entry nd citations

{{About|the subdistrict in Rajasthan, India|its namesake city|Hindaun City}}
{{Other uses|Hindaun (disambiguation)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{COI|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hindaun Block
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Subdistrict]]/[[Tehsil|Tehsil/Taluka]]
| image_skyline = Mian temple6.jpg
| image_alt = turrisem in Hindaun
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.72|77.02|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Rajasthan|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bharatpur Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karauli district|Karauli]]
| subdivision_type4 = HQ
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hindaun City]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Largest city]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Hindaun City]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Hiranya Kashyap]]
| named_for = [[Hiranya Kashyap]]
| government_type = Damocratic
| governing_body =
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style =
| p1 = [[Suroth]], [[Shri Mahaveer Ji]], [[Mahu Ibrahimpur]], [[Katkad village]], [[Todoopura]], [[Kheda]], [[Akbarpur, Hindaun|Akbarpur]], [[Dhindhora]], [[Kheri Haivat]], [[Sherpur, Rajasthan|Sherpur]]
| leader_title = [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|SDM]]
| leader_name = Naik Ram Nagarr
| leader_title1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name1 = Gyan Chandra Jaiman
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name2 = [[Karauli-Dholpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bhajan Lal Jatav]]
| leader_title4 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
| leader_name4 = [[Hindaun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 698
| area_urban_km2 = 49
| area_rank = 1 in Karauli District
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 235
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 442,369
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban = 150,000
| population_rank = 1 in Karauli District
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 322230 ,322220, 322232, 322234, 322236, 322240, 322252, 322254
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-7469
| registration_plate = RJ 34
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:889 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = http://hindaunonline.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hindaun''' is a [[Community development block in India|block]] in [[Karauli]] [[List of districts of Rajasthan|district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]] in [[Northern India]]. It is a subdivisional headquarter. Its population is approximately 442,000. The block covers an area of 700 Square kilometres, which makes it the biggest block in Karauli. The [[subdistrict]] code of Hindaun is 00522. There are about 165 [[villages]] in Hindaun Block.

==Geography and location==
[[File:sunset.jpg|thumb|left|Sunset in Hindaun|250px]]
'''Hindaun Block''' is located on the eastern part of [[Rajasthan]] between the [[Aravalli Range]] & [[Vindhya Range]]. The subdistrict of Hindaun encompasses an area of 690 km2. It is bordered by Manshalpur to the east; by [[Bayana]], [[Bharatpur District]] to the north-east; by [[Mahwa, Rajasthan|Mahwa Subdistrict]], to the north;by [[Todabhim|Todabhim Tahsil]] to west; by [[Karauli|Karauli Subdistrict]] to south; and by [[Gangapur City|Gangapur Subdistrict]], [[Sawai Madhopur District]] to the South-west.



Good grade stone, slate and some [[iron ore]] comprise the mineral resources of the area.

[[File:Aravalli.jpg|thumb|Aravalli Range|270px]]
[[File:Vindhya.jpg|thumb|Vindhya Range|270px]]

==History==

===Hindaun in the ''Bhagavata Purana''===

In the ancient times, the city was under rule by the [[Matsya Kingdom]], which was ruled by Meenas. A large population of Meenas can be seen in nearby villages. There are many ancient structures still present in the town built during the rule of the Matsya Kingdom. Traditionally, in some mythological stories the city is believed to be associated with the mythology of [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Prahlada]] mentioned in ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.

Local tradition tells us that Hindaun (Hindon) was the capital of [[Hiranyakashipu]], father of [[Prahlada]]. Because of this, the area is known as '''Hiranakus Ki Kher'''. ''Kher'' in Hindi means "capital". This is further confirmed by the existence of monuments like '''Hiranakus Ka Mandir''', '''Prahlada Kund''', '''Nrisinha Temple''', '''Hiranakus Ka Kua''', and '''Dhobi Pachhad'''. About 40 years back there was a sculptor of Hiranakus in '''Hiranakus Ka Mandir.''' It has been replaced by [[Rama]] the [[temple]] has become famous as '''Raghunath Mandir'''. '''Hiranakus Ka Kua''' is situated in the heart of the city and the ruins nearby are part of the '''Bharon temple'''. Langda Bharon (Langur) is very popular in the Karauli area. '''Dhobi Pachhad''' is believed to be the spot where [[Prahlada]] was thrown out of the Palace. There is also a place called '''Holika Dah''' where [[Holika]] tried to burn [[Prahlada]] but she herself was destroyed in the fire.

Hindaun is named after the ancient king [[Hiranyakashipu]], father of [[Prahlada]]. The temple to [[Narasimha]], an [[Avatar]] of Hindu God [[Vishnu]] who killed [[Hiranyakashipu]], which demonstrates the city's connection to the mythology surrounding [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Prahlada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karaulilive.com/hindaun.aspx |title=History of Hindaun |accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref>

===Hindaun and the Mahabharata===
Hindaun is also associated with the era of Mahabharata. It is believed that the name of the city is derived from ‘Hidimba’, sister of Hidimb, a demon. The Kauravas had tried to kill the Pandava when they were staying in the Lakshyagriha, but the Pandavas managed to escape. They went into the then Matasya Kingdom, currently known as Alwar region. Bheema, one of the Pandava Brothers, met Hidimba when he was wandering in the Hiranya Karan Van forest. Hidimba fell in love with Bheema and wanted to marry him. Hidimba's brother Hidimb, a demon fought with Bheema, but he was killed by Bheema. Bheema and Hidimba soon got married and had a son named Ghatotkacha, who was a great warrior and died during the war of Mahabharata.

==Demographices==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Hindaun Block
|titlebar=#fcd117
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|red|91.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.5}}
{{bar percent|others|blue|1}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

The total population in Hindaun sub district is 440,369 as per the 2011 census. Of this, about 130,452 people are living in urban areas, and about 293,422 are living in villages. There are 74,457 households in this subdistrict.
There are 227,403 males (54%); There are 196,471 females (46%).
Furthermore, the number of children below 6 years of age is 69,636, of which 37,842 are males and 31,794 are females.
Hindaun Scheduled cast and Tribes
Total Scheduled Cast are 132,928. The population of the Total Scheduled Tribe is 49,187. 247,941 of the population is literate, of which males are 161,801 and females are 86,140. There are
175,933 Illiterates. The Hindaun Workers' population is 173,256, of which 106,728 are males and 66,528 are females. There are 250,618 Non Workers.

==Climate==
* There is a wet climate in summer, with a rainy season in winter.

 
{{Weather box
|location = Hindaun Tehsil
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 20
|Feb high C = 25
|Mar high C = 34
|Apr high C = 38
|May high C = 44
|Jun high C = 42
|Jul high C = 39
|Aug high C = 37
|Sep high C = 36
|Oct high C = 34
|Nov high C = 29
|Dec high C = 25
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 8
|Feb low C = 12
|Mar low C = 18
|Apr low C = 23
|May low C = 27
|Jun low C = 29
|Jul low C = 27
|Aug low C = 26
|Sep low C = 25
|Oct low C = 20
|Nov low C = 15
|Dec low C = 10
|year low C =
|Jan precipitation cm = 0.35
|Feb precipitation cm = 0.27
|Mar precipitation cm = 0.32
|Apr precipitation cm = 0.35
|May precipitation cm = 0.9
|Jun precipitation cm = 3.26
|Jul precipitation cm = 8.89
|Aug precipitation cm = 6.44
|Sep precipitation cm = 3.42
|Oct precipitation cm = 0.45
|Nov precipitation cm = 0.10
|Dec precipitation cm = 0.08
|year precipitation cm =
|source = Foreca
|date=June 2011}}

* Highest temperature = 44.0 °C (May–June)
* Lowest temperature = 8.0 °C (December–January)
* Average rainfall = 950 mm
* Monsoon = June to October
* Humidity = 10–20% (summer), 78% (rainy)
* Visit season = March–September

==Shopping in Hindaun==
Some of Hindaun's shopping experiences are found in city's old bazaars. These are in the walled city, around the main blocks called the ''Damproad Market'' . Goods include the traditional Lac Bangles, colourful clothes, mojris{{which lang|date=November 2020}} and other typical Rajasthani handicrafts.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Cities and towns in Hindaun Tahsil==
* [[Hindaun City]]
* [[Shri Mahavirji|Shri Mahaveerji Town]]
* [[Suroth|Suroth Town]]
* [[Mahu Ibrahimpur|Mahoo Town]]

==Villages in Hindaun Tehsil==
Akbarpur, Alawara, Alipura, Areni Goojar, Atkoli, Bahadurpur, Banwaripur, Bargawan, Barh Ponchhri, Bhango, Bhukrawali, [[Binega]], Chak Sikandarpur, Chandangaon, Chandeela, Chinayata, Churali, [[Danalpur]], Dedroli, Dhahara, Dhandhawali, Dhindora, Dhursi, Dubbi, Dughati, Ekolasi, Fazalabad, Gaoda Goojar, Gaoda Meena, Gaonri, Garhi Badhawa, Garhi Mosamabad, Garhi Panweda, Ghonsla, Gopipur, Gunsar, Gurhapol, Hadoli, [[Hindaun]] (M), Hingot, Hukmi Khera, Irniya, [[Jagar, Hindaun|Jagar]], Jahanabad, Jamalpur, Jat Nagala, Jatwara, Jewarwadaatak, [[Jhareda]], Jhirna, [[Kachrauli]], Kailash Nagar, Kajanipur, Kalakhana, Kalwar Meena, Kalwari Jatt, Kalyanpur Sayta, Kandroli, Karai, Karsoli, [[Katkad village|Katkar]], Khanwara, Khareta, Khera, Kheri Chandla, Kheri Ghatam, Kheri Hewat, Kheri Sheesh, Kherli Goojar, Khijoori, Khohara Ghuseti, Kodiya, Kotra Dhahar, Kotri, Kutakpur, Kyarda Kalan, Kyarda Khurd, Lahchora, Leeloti, Mahoo Dalalpur, [[Mahu Ibrahimpur]], Mahoo Khas, [[Mandawara]], Manema, Mothiyapur, Mukandpura, Nagal Durgasi, Nagla Meena, Norangabad, Palanpur, Pali, Pataunda, Patti Narayanpur, Peepalhera, Phulwara, Ponchhri, Rara Shahpur, Reejwas, Reethauli, Rewai, Sanet, Sherpur, Shyampur Moondri, Sikandarpur, Sikroda Jatt, Sikroda Meena, Singhan Jatt, Singhan Meena, Sitapur, Somala Ratra, Somli, [[Suroth]], Taharpur, [[Todoopura]], Vajheda, Vajna Kalan, Vajna Khurd, Vanki, Ver Khera, Vijaypura, Wai Jatt,

==Tourist attractions==

Hindaun has been mentioned in the Puranans and it has had association with the Pandavas. Hindaun is also an important pilgrimage place for the believers of Jainism. Hindaun is famous for fairs like the Mahaveerji Fair, Kaila Devi Fair and many other Hindu Festivals. The [[Shri Mahavirji Temple]] is a major pilgrimage center in Jainism, and [[Mehandipur Balaji Temple]], Narsinghji Temple, [[Kaila Devi Temple]], [[Madan Mohan]] are temples. The temples of goddess Chamunda at Chinayata and Sankarghanta are in the Eastern part of the city. It also has the Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham, with sacred ponds adjacent to the temple termed as [[Jalsen Reservoir]]s. There are Arawli hills known as Tele Ki Panseri (Jalsen Hills), and a catchment area 6 miles away from Hindaun city. Radha-Raman, Shri Hardev ji temples, Teeka Kund Hanumanji temple, Chintaharan Hanumanji-Sai Baba temple, Radha Vallabh Ji Temple', Pandey Mohalla, and the Bhaylapura and Kyarda Hanumanji Temple are also located within the city.

Hindaun Being a place associated with the ancient era of India, Hindaun has many places of historic significance. Hindaun, a city located in the eastern fringes of Rajasthan State, is getting developed into an important tourist destination for its age old architecture and association of these monuments with various phases of Indian culture and history.

;[[Shri Mahaveer Ji temple|Shri Mahavir Ji Temple]]
[[File:Shri Mahaveerji temple.jpg|thumb|Shri Mahavir Ji Temple]]
This place was previously known as Chandanpur but was renamed [[Shri Mahaveer]] Ji when the idol of [[Mahavira]] was excavated over 200 years ago from the same spot, after which the temple was constructed. Thousands of worshipers come from across India to see this famous statue. There are five temples in Shri Mahavirji Digambar. Jain Atishaya Kshetra Shri Mahavirji, Shantinath Jinalaya, Bhagwan Parshvanath Jinalaya, Kirti Ashram Chaityalaya and Bhavya Kamal Mandir.

;Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham
Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham Temple is in [[Hindaun City]], and is located in the Karauli district in Rajasthan, India. Nakkash Ki Devi is a Hindu Devi Temple of [[Durga]] and Gomti Dham is a temple and vatika (ashram) of Gomti Dass Ji Maharaj.

;Kaila Devi Temple
[[File:Kailadevi Temple.jpg|thumb|Kailadevi temple]]
[[Kaila Devi Temple]] is a Hindu temple situated 53 km from [[Hindaun City]] in the Rajasthan state in India. The temple is located on the banks of the Kalisil river, a tributary of the Banas River in the hills of [[Trikut]], 2 km to the north-west of Kaila village. The temple is dedicated to the tutelary deity, goddess Kaila Devi, of the erstwhile princely Jadaun Rajput rulers of the Karauli state. It is a marble structure with a large courtyard with a checkered floor. In one place are a number of red flags planted by devotees.

;Madan Mohan Temple
[[File:Madan Mohan Dev Dholera.jpg|200px|right|thumb| Madan Mohanji]]
[[Madan Mohan Temple, Karauli|Madan Mohan]] is a form of the Hindu god, Krishna. Krishna is celebrated as Madan Mohan. His consort, Radha, is glorified as Madan Mohan's Mohini, the mesmeriser of the mesmeriser for spiritual aspirants. Radha is known as the mediator without whom, access to Krishna is not possible.
Originally from Shri Vrindavan, Madan Mohan ji went to Amer in Jaipur with Raja Sawai Jai Singh II - the founder of Jaipur and from there was brought to Karauli in Rajasthan by Maharaj Gopal Singh after he conquered the battle of Daulatabad.

;Mehandipur Balaji Temple
[[File:Mehandipur Balaji idol.jpg|alt=auto|thumb|Mahendipur Balaji]]

Mandir is a mandir{{clarify|Mandir is a mandir???|date=November 2020}} in the Indian state of Rajasthan dedicated to the Hindu God Hanuman. The name Balaji is applied to Sri Hanuman in several parts of India because the childhood (Bala in Hindi or Sanskrit) form of the Lord is celebrated there. It is important to note that the temple is not dedicated to Balaj, another name for Krishna. Unlike similar religious sites it is located in a town rather than the countryside. Its reputation for ritualistic healing and exorcism of evil spirits attracts many pilgrims from Rajasthan and elsewhere.

;Lord Narsinghji Temple
Hindaun City is associated with the demon King Hiranyakashyap, father of Lord Vishnu's devotee, Prahlad. Lord Narsingha is an incarnation of Lord Vishnu who had killed Hiranyakashyap to save his son Prahlad, a true devotee of Lord Vishnu. Lord Narsinghji Temple is built in the memory of Lord Vishnu's incarnation and it attracts a large number of tourists each year for its historical and religious significance.

;Timan Garh Fort
[[File:Timangarh.jpg|thumb|[[Timan Garh]] Fort]]
[[Timan Garh]] is a historical fort situated near Hindaun Block in the Karauli District in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

===Historical places===
* [[Jachcha Ki Baori]], Hindaun City
* [[Jalsen Reservoir]], Hindaun City
* [[Garhmora]]
* [[Padampura Fort]]
* [[Timan Garh]]
* Suroth Fort
* Hargovind Ji ki Baori, Hindaun City
* [[Prahlada Kund]], Hindaun City
* [[Matiya Mahal]]
* [[Shri Mahavirji]]
* Danghati, Hindaun
* Kundeva
* Lord Narsinghji Temple
* [[Hindaun Fort]], Hindaun
* Hiranyakashayap ka kua, Hindaun
* Dhobi Pachhat

The main places of attraction in Hindaun City are: The Prahlada Kund, Hiranyakashayap ka kua & palace and The [[Jagar Dam]], Kundeva, Danghati, the fort of [[Suroth]], City of Moradwaja, the castle of Padampura, the [[Timan Garh]] & the well of Nand-Bhaujai are some popular attractions.

===Hill station in Hindaun===
The hills are a public place, surrounded by the Aravali hills. There is a popular hill station in the Aravalli Range Jalsen Hills, a collection of multiple peaks in Krauli district of Rajasthan state in western India. The highest peak on the mountain is 1400 m above sea level. It is referred to as "an oasis in the desert" as its heights are home to rivers, lakes, waterfalls and evergreen forests.

[[File: Jagar Dam.jpg|thumb|Jagar Dam, [[Hindaun]]]]
It is one of the single places in the city where you can enjoy the [[Jaggar Dam]], land sliding, hill climbing, and a view of high hills and ponds. The nearest major railway station is [[Hindaun City railway station]] 15 km away.

===Culture===
[[File:Decorated Indian elephant.jpg|thumb|A decorated [[Indian elephant]] during a fair in Hindaun]]
The main religious festivals are [[Deepawali]], [[Holi]], [[Gangaur]], [[Teej]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Makar Sankranti]] and [[Janmashtami]], as the main religion is [[Hinduism]]. Rajasthan's [[Desert Festival|desert festival]] is celebrated with great zest and zeal. This festival is held once a year during the winter. Dressed in hued costumes, the people of the desert dance and sing haunting ballads of valor, romance and tragedy. There are fairs with snake charmers, puppeteers, acrobats and folk performers. Camels play a great role in this festival.

===Ranthambore National Park===
[[File:T24 in Ranthambore2.jpg|thumb|right|T24- The largest tiger in Ranthambore National park]]
[[Ranthambore National Park]] is one of the largest national parks in India. It is situated around 123 kilometers from [[Hindaun City]]. It was established as the Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955 by the Government of India, and was declared one of the [[Project Tiger]] reserves in 1973. Ranthambore became a national park in 1980. In 1984, the adjacent forests were declared the Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary and Keladevi Sanctuary, and in 1991 the tiger reserve was enlarged to include Sawai Man Singh and Keladevi sanctuaries.

===Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur===
{{Main | Keoladeo National Park}}
[[File:A view of the Bharatpur bird sanctuary.jpg|thumb|A view inside Keoladeo National Park]]
Being a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]], the duck-hunting reserve of the Maharajas is one of the most major wintering areas for large numbers of aquatic birds from [[Afghanistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[China]] and [[Siberia]]. Some 364 species of birds have been recorded in the park. It is 100 km from [[Hindaun City]]. The name "Keoladeo" is derived from the name of an ancient Hindu temple devoted to [[Lord Shiva]]. In the sanctuary's central zone, the Hindi term "Ghana" implies dense, thick areas of the forest cover. It is mainly famous for its Siberian crane. It was the only habitat of [[Siberian crane]] in the world, other than Siberia. The species has stopped reaching the park. The main reasons for this are being cited as lack of conservation measures in India, diversion of water for farmers instead of saving the wetlands as per then Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje's orders,<ref>{{cite news |title=Vasundhara govt refuses water to Keoladeo Park |first=Sandipan | last=Sharma|newspaper=Indian Express |date=5 February 2005 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/64100/ |accessdate=28 April 2012}}</ref> hunting during migration in Pakistan and the Afghanistan as well as the war against Taliban in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siberian Cranes give Bharatpur a miss |author= Anuradha Nagraj|newspaper=Indian Express |date=22 January 2003 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/17100/ |accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref>

===Sariska Tiger Reserve===
[[File:Tigress at Sariska.jpg|thumb|A tiger in Sariska Tiger Reserve]]
[[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] is probably one of the most visited parks in India. Unfortunately though, the main reason for this is not for wildlife enthusiasm, but only its excellent proximity to some large towns like Delhi and Jaipur. The park was, as with many other parks, the hunting reserve of the royal family in the area. In this case, it was the royal family of Alwar Rajasthan. The reserve was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1958 and came under [[Project Tiger]] as [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] in 1979. The park is 800 square kilometers, 480 square kilometers of which form the core area of the national park. It is located among the Aravalli hill ranges in the [[Alwar district]] of Rajasthan. It 106 km away from [[Hindaun City]].

==Temples==
*[[Shri Mahavirji Temple]] [[Hindaun City]]
*Narsinghji Temple, Gadi Bandhva
*Bajaar Bale Hanumanji Temple, Damp Road Market, Bhayalapura, [[Hindaun City]]
*Chinta Haran Hanumanji-Sai Baba-Sive Parivar Temple, Bargama Road, [[Hindaun City]]
*Tika Kund Hanumanji Temple, Bayana Road, [[Hindaun City]]
* Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham, [[Hindaun City]]

* Shri Radha Raman Ji Temple, Neem Ka bajaar, [[Hindaun City]]

* Shri Hardevji Maharaj Temple, Neem Ka Bajaar, [[Hindaun City]]

* Raghunath Ji Templ', Old Hindaun, [[Hindaun City]]

*Radha Ballabh Ji Temple, Pandey Mohalla, Bayalapura, Hindaun City
*Kyarda Hanumanji Temple, Hindaun City
*Sheetla Mata Temple, Sheetla Chauraha

===Temples around of Hindaun===
* [[Kaila Devi Temple]], Kailadevi
* [[Mehandipur Balaji Temple]], [[Todabhim]]
* [[Madan Mohan Temple, Karauli|Madan Mohan Temple]], [[Karauli]]
* [[Sawai Madhopur#Ganesh Chaturthi Fair|Ranthambhaor Ganeshji Temple]], [[Sawai Madhopur]]
[[File:Ganesh Temple Ranthambore Fort.jpg|thumb|Trinaitra Ganesh, Ranthambore Fort, Sawai Madhopur]]

==Industries==
The city is known for its red stone and sandstone, which gives the city global acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://karauli.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/karauli/en/stone-industries.html |title=Stone Industries of Karauli District |date=21 February 2015 |accessdate=23 May 2015}}</ref> It is the largest market for sandstone in the subcontinent. The stone industries have blossomed here. The [[Red Fort]], [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Temple of Delhi]], [[Agra]], and The Swami Narain temple in [[Jaipur]] were built with this Red stone.

The iron industry is throughout Hindaun. It has a good rank in Rajasthan. The slate industry is also well rooted here and is in a very high rank in the state. Slates are exported abroad, too. Various minor scale industries e.g.candles, battis, and wooden toys also exist.

===Types of stone===
There is sandstone, red stone, masonry stone, silica sand, soapstone, yellow mint stone, natural sandstone, stone sinks sandstones, mint sandstone, pink sandstone, red sandstone and white sandstone in the city.

==See also==
* [[Hindaun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Hindaun City railway station]]
* [[Shri Mahaveerji railway station]]
* [[Hindaun City Bus Depot]]
* [[Jagar Dam]]
* [[Jalsen Reservoir]]
* [[Kaila Devi Temple]]
* [[Shri Mahavirji]]
* Narsinghji Temple
* [[Karauli District]]
* [[Educational institutions in Hindaun Subdivision]]
* [[Timan Garh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Hindaun block
|North = [[Mahwa, Rajasthan|Mahwa]]
|Northeast = [[Bayana]]
|East = [[Mashalpur]]
|Southeast = [[Mandail]]
|South = [[Karauli]]
|Southwest = [[Gangapur City]]
|West = [[Nadauti]]
|Northwest = [[Todabhim]]
}}

{{Karauli district}}
{{Hindaun block}}

[[Category:Hindaun Block| ]]

Rabb Da Radio

2026-03-08T02:55:41Z

XMXHosea83962264: Enhanced content and organization

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rabb Da Radio
| image = Rabb Da Radio.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Tarnvir Singh Jagpal]] Harry Bhatti
| producer = Manpreet Johal
| writer = Jass Grewal
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Tarsem Jassar]] [[Jagjeet Sandhu]] [[Mandy Takhar]] [[Simi Chahal]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jaidev Kumar]]
| cinematography = Anshul Chobey
| editing = Manish More
| studio = Vehli Janta Films
| distributor = Omjee Group
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|3|31}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|link=yes}}16 [[crore]]
}}
'''''Rabb Da Radio''''' ({{translation|God's own Radio}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film directed by [[Tarnvir Singh Jagpal]] and Harry Bhatti, and written by Jass Grewal. It stars [[Tarsem Jassar]], [[Mandy Takhar]] and [[Simi Chahal]]. The film was produced by Manpreet Johal and Vehli Janta Films, distributed by White Hill Studios. It marked the debut of [[Tarsem Jassar]].<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ke4jcUPFcrY|publisher=youtube.com|title=Rabb Da Radio (TRAILER) Tarsem Jassar | Mandy Takhar | Simi Chahal | Releasing On 31 March 2017 - YouTube|accessdate=2017-03-26}}</ref>

Set in the [[Insurgency in Punjab|Punjab of the 80s and 90s]], the film revolves around family ties, love and unconditional faith over God. ''Rabb Da Radio'' takes back to an era where lovers used to just see each other and decide that they're going to be life partners.

The film was released theatrically on 31 March 2018. A commercial success, ''Rabb Da Radio'' earned {{INR|link=yes}}4.5 [[crore]] in its opening weekend and {{INR}}16 crore at the end of its theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2832|title=Punjabi Film Rabb Ka Radio Does Very Well - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rabb-Da-Radio-(India)|title=Rabb Da Radio (2017) - Financial Information|work=The Numbers|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=NZ&wk=2017W13&id=_fRABBDARADIO01|title=Rabb Da Radio|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> ''Rabb Da Radio'' won 10 awards in different ceremonies from 49 nominations including Best film (critics) Award, Best Debut Actor, Best Actress (critics) and many others.

== Plot ==
This story is about two brothers' families. Though they are real brothers, the elder brother's manipulative wife doesn't like her brother in law and his wife at all, so she builds up a wall in the house and divides it in two. Both the families start staying separately. The elder brother has two sons and the younger brother has three daughters. The three sisters love their cousin brothers, but the elder brother's sons don't reciprocate their love for their sisters because they fear their mother. When the three sisters went to their house to tie Rakhi to both brothers then their mother don't allow them and they have to return weeping. The elder brother gets his eldest son married and the invitation is not sent properly to younger brothers family. Naseeb, the new daughter-in-law, is given a welcome and is promised to be treated with proper care, but her manipulative mother in law orders Naseeb to never show her face to her brother in law's family and especially to the eldest girl Guddi. The eldest daughter of the younger brother is very intelligent and of loving nature, she craves to talk to her brother's wife, but as she's afraid of her aunt she's unable to do so. As the time passes Naseeb the daughter-in-law gets to know the dynamics of the house and understands that her mother in law doesn't talk to her sister in law because of her huge ego and arrogance. Naseeb gets too close to younger brother's daughter Guddi with time. During all this phase of changing relationships a rich boy Manjinder falls in love with Guddi. He tries to find mediator but fails. Then he learns that one of his Bhua is also related with Naseeb. Both brothers take their Bhua to Naseebs house where she is alone at that time. In the meantime Guddi also comes. Then Manjinder's aunt asks Naseeb to become mediator of marriage, but she refuses due to fear of her mother in law. Further they takes help from his Bhua and gets his marriage fixed to Guddi. When Naseeb's mother in law gets to know about this, she throws Naseeb out of the house and succeeds in breaking Guddi's relation/marriage as well. Naseeb's mother comes and visits Naseeb as she prophesizes that her daughter is going through a tough time. Naseeb opens up to her mother about how she tried to break her sister-in-law's marriage. Her mother consoles her. Naseeb and her husband go to Manjinder's house and try to fix Guddi's and Manjinder's alliance and succeeds in doing so. The two estranged families reconcile, break down the wall in their house, and wed Guddi and Manjinder, and they live happily ever after.

==Cast==
* [[Tarsem Jassar]] as Manjinder Singh
* [[Simi Chahal]] as Guddi
* [[Jagjeet Sandhu]] as Jaggi
* [[Mandy Takhar]] as Naseeb Kaur
* Harbi Sangha as Manga
* [[Dheeraj Kumar (actor)|Dheeraj Kumar]] as Hardeep/Deepa (Naseeb's husband)
* Anita Devgan as Chhaparo (Naseeb's mother-in-law)
* [[Gurmeet Saajan]] as Kabul Singh (Naseeb's father-in-law)
* [[Nirmal Rishi]] as Bebe Hardev Kaur
* [[Satwant Kaur]] as Manjinder's Bhua
* Tarsem Paul as Sucha Singh (Guddi's father)
* Seema Kaushal as Karmo (Guddi's mother)
* Sunita Dhir as Manjinder's mother
* Malkeet Rauni as Harnek Singh (Naseeb's Chacha)
* Baljinder Darapuri as Raja ( laagi )
*Jimmy Sandhu as Preeto
* Jasneet Kaur as Paalo
* Siddhi Malhotra as Nikki
* [[Ammy Virk]] in a special appearance

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rabb Da Radio
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deep Jandu]], Nick Dhammu & R Guru
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|4|5}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| length = 22:06
| label = [[White Hill Studios|White Hill Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|V0jiMvVGf3E|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}
Soundtrack of ''Rabb Da Radio'' is composed by various artists [[Deep Jandu]], Nick Dhammu and R Guru. Full soundtrack was released on [[iTunes]] on 5 April 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=Rabb Da Radio (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Various Artists|date=2017-04-05|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/rabb-da-radio-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1223564698|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> The album was also made available for digital download on [[Google Play]] in the same month; it was well received by audience and holds an average score of 4.6 out of 5 on Google Play based on 20 reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/music/album/R_Guru_Nick_Dhammu_Deep_Jandu_Rabb_Da_Radio?id=Bxckxki4g3tdqeityf7wkxv6ylu&hl=en|title=R Guru, Nick Dhammu, Deep Jandu: Rabb Da Radio - Music on Google Play|language=en|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref> Album contains the vocals by [[Tarsem Jassar]], Kulbir Jhinjer, [[Ammy Virk]] and [[Sharry Mann]]. Jass Grewal also won award for best lyrics for song "Rabb Da Radio" sung by [[Sharry Mann]].<ref name=":0" />

===Track list===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:06
| title1 = Sardara
| extra1 = [[Tarsem Jassar]]
| length1 = 3:12
| music1 = [[Deep Jandu]]
| lyrics1 = Tarsem Jassar
| title2 = Rabb Da Radio
| extra2 = [[Sharry Mann]]
| music2 = Nick Dhammu
| lyrics2 = Jass Grewal
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Akh Boldi
| extra3 = [[Ammy Virk]], Mankirat Pannu
| music3 = R Guru
| lyrics3 = Tarsem Jassar
| length3 = 3:56
| title4 = Tere Bajhon
| extra4 = Tarsem Jassar
| lyrics4 = Tarsem Jassar
| music4 = R Guru
| length4 = 3:49
| title5 = Sadke Sadke
| extra5 = Kulbir Jhinjer & Mankirat Pannu
| lyrics5 = Tarsem Jassar
| music5 = R Guru
| length5 = 3:51
| title6 = Rehmat
| extra6 = Tarsem Jassar
| lyrics6 = Tarsem Jassar
| music6 = R Guru
| length6 = 2:48
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
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| length13 =
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| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="19" |[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018_-27178.html|title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2018|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center;" | 23 March 2018 || Best Film || ''Rabb Da Radio'' || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Film (critics) || ''Rabb Da Radio'' || {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress || [[Mandy Takhar]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress || [[Simi Chahal]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress (critics) || [[Mandy Takhar]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress (critics) || [[Simi Chahal]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Director || Harry Bhatti & Tarnvir Singh Jagpal || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut Director || Harry Bhatti & Tarnvir Singh Jagpal || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut || [[Tarsem Jassar]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || Anita Devgan || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics || Jass Grewal || {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer || [[Sharry Mann]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editing || Manish More || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design || Parikshit Lalwani/ Kunal Mehta || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Production Design || Vijay Giri || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score || [[Jaidev Kumar]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Choreography || Ritchie Burton || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story || Jass Grewal || {{won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay || Jass Grewal || {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/entertainment/news/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2018-winners-list-73938.aspx|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2018: Winners list|website=punjabnewsexpress.com|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center;" | 30 March 2018
| Best Film || Rabb Da Radio || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor || [[Tarsem Jassar]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress || [[Mandy Takhar]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress || [[Simi Chahal]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor (critics) || [[Tarsem Jassar]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress (critics) || [[Simi Chahal]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || Anita Devgan || {{won}}
|-
| Best Debut Director || Harry Bhatti & Taranveer Jagpal || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut || [[Tarsem Jassar]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer || [[Sharry Mann]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director || Nick Dhammu || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogues || Jass Grewal || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story || Jass Grewal || {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" | Brit Asia Punjabi Film Awards<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://britasia.tv/full-list-of-winners-from-the-punjabi-film-awards-2018/|title=FULL LIST OF WINNERS FROM THE PUNJABI FILM AWARDS 2018 - BritAsia TV|date=2018-05-14|work=BritAsia TV|access-date=2018-09-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | 12 May 2018
| Best Film || Rabb Da Radio || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut Performance || [[Tarsem Jassar]] || {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || Anita Devgan || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress || [[Mandy Takhar]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress || [[Simi Chahal]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor || [[Tarsem Jassar]] || {{nom}}
|-
| Best Director || Harry Bhatti & Taranvir Jagpal || {{nom}}
|-
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/brit-asia-tvs-punjabi-film-awards-2018-winners-list/|title=Brit Asia TV's Punjabi Film Awards 2018: Winners list}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018_-27233.html|title=Winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2018|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en}}</ref>

==Sequels==
Before release of ''[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]'' (2018) sequel ''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]'' was announced along with ''Uda Adia'' on 4 September 2018 by [[Tarsem Jassar]]'s production house ''Vehli Janta Films'' along with another film by same team ''Uda Ada''. It was released in [[Punjabi films 2019|2019]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/tarsem-jassar-shares-his-pollywood-plan-2019/articleshow/65707554.cms|title=Tarsem Jassar shares his Pollywood plan 2019|date=6 September 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=13 February 2019|number = 1095570556009762818 |title=Tarsem Jassar and Simi Chahal... #Punjabi film #RabbDaRadio2 to release on 29 March 2019... Poster: https://t.co/DbPPFKifdV}}</ref>

{{Excerpt|Rabb Da Radio 2|section=Sequel|inline=yes}}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6750852}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about radio]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

Sangram (2005 film)

2026-03-04T03:45:04Z

XMXHosea83962264: stub

{{short description|2005 Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sangram
| image = Sangram 2005 poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = Sangram
| director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| producer = Mukul Sarkar
| writer = '''Story:''' Snehasis Chakraborty '''Screenplay & Dialogues:''' Subhash sen
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Ranjit Mallick]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Ashok Bhadra]] '''Score:''' [[S.P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = V. Prabhakar
| editing = Swapan Guha
| studio =
| distributor = T.Sarkar Productions [[Surinder Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2005}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sangram''''' is a 2005 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]] and produced by Mukul Sarkar. The film features actors [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Ranjit Mallick]] in the lead roles. [[Ashok Bhadra]] composed the music for the film.<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Sangram (2005)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sangram-movie/15345|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=28 August 2013|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325191500/http://www.gomolo.com/sangram-movie/15345|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a box office hit.

== Plot ==
The story of the film is set in a village named Shimulpur village. Satyaprakash, a popular schoolmaster in the village teaching in the Shimulpur High School, is an honorable person in the village. An election campaign was held at the school, Raghav Choudhury and Mohan Roy being the two opponent candidates. Out of them, Mohan was an honest man and wanted to win the elections by maintaining peace and order in the society. But, Raghav takes the other trail and starts troubling the local villagers. Satyaprakash can't tolerate this, and so, he protests against this, by advising the villagers to boycott the elections. Raghav tried to shut the mouth of Satyaprakash and put an end to his activities by bribing him, but he failed. Ultimately, seeing no other way, Raghav kills Satyaprakash. Satyaprakash had two children. His elder son was Karna, and his younger son was Somu. Karna knew his father's murderer, but society forced HIM not to do anything to him and leave the village. He got shelter in a [[Colonel]]'s house and is brought up there. As he grows, he makes the plans to take revenge on Raghav Choudhury. Meanwhile, Raghav Choudhury became a don of the village and started doing many illegal activities along with his brother Rajesh Choudhury and his friends. On the other hand, during these years, Mohan Roy had paid for Somu's studies. Somu, who had gone abroad to complete his higher education, returned to the village. He and Mohan's daughter, Anjali, were in love with each other. Later, when Mohan Roy protested against Raghav, he got him murdered too by Rajesh. In the meantime, Karna returns, and with the active support of the Colonel, he killed Raghav and his whole gang, thereby fulfilling his revenge. The film ends as finally the Colonel and Karna surrender themselves to the police.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Karna Ghosh
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Somu Ghosh
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Colonel Vikram Sinha
* [[Deepankar De]] as Raghav Chowdhury
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Rajesh Chowdhury, Raghav's brother
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Inspector Biswadeb Rai
* [[Arun Banerjee]] as Abani Samanta
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Mohon Roy
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Karna's aid
* [[Pradip Mukherjee]] as Satyaprakash Ghosh, Karna and Somu's father
* Debesh Roy Chowdhury as Corrupt police inspector
* Aparajita Mohanty as Mitali Ghosh, Karna & Somu's mother
* [[Arunima Ghosh]] as Sumedha Chatterjee, Karna's love interest
* [[Soumili Biswas]] as Anjali Roy, Somu's love interest

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sangram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=54}}
| label = Eskay Movies
| producer =
| prev_title = Agni
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Rajmohol]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

Music of ''Sangram'' has been composed by [[Ashok Bhadra]].<ref name=mio>{{cite web|title=Sangram soundtrack|url=http://mio.to/album/62-Bengali_Movie_Songs/33010-Sangram__2005_/#/album/62-Bengali_Movie_Songs/33010-Sangram__2005_/|publisher=Music India Online|accessdate=7 September 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column =
| total_length = 19:54
| title1 = Ajker Dinta Onno Rakom
| length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Amar Ayi Chokh Diye
| note2 = Performed by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 5:13
| title3 = Love Love
| length3 = 5:53
| title4 = Tomay Paye Holo
| length4 = 4:11
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Haranath Chakraborty}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2005 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]

Akale

2026-03-03T21:37:06Z

XMXHosea83962264: further rework citations for consistency also and improved wording for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akale
| image = Akale 2004.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Shyamaprasad]]
| producer = [[Tom George Kolath]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Glass Menagerie]]''|Tennessee Williams}}
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] [[Sheela]] [[Geetu Mohandas]] [[Tom George Kolath]]
| music = [[M Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = Vinod Sukumaran
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|05|28|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Akale''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Shyamaprasad]], inspired by the American classic play ''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'' by [[Tennessee Williams]]. The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Sheela]], [[Geetu Mohandas]] and [[Tom George Kolath]] in lead roles. It won several awards including, 2 [[National Film Awards]] and 6 [[Kerala state film awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/akale-review-malayalam-pclv37iajgice.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312103543/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:tIloOIqx1PcJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/akale-review-malayalam-pclv37iajgice.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2022|title=Akale|work=Sify|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/akale/index.htm Akale] Web India 23. Retrieved 10 January 2023</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/akale-review-malayalam-movie-7124|title=Akale review. Akale Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film starts with Neil, a writer bidding farewell to his partner Kamala, who wishes him luck with his writing. He intends to write about Rose, his sister as promised to a publisher. However, Kamala plans on leaving Neil, complaining of his selfishness all along and preference to his own life. He even blames their daughter leaving them on him. She asks him to dedicate his time for Rose now, though it is meaningless to her. Neil admits that he always hated himself. As he leaves, he sees a familiar face and then is struck by the pangs of realization. The very sight provokes a sudden outflow of memories and the story goes back into a flashback.

Neil and his Anglo-Indian family lives in [[Kerala]]. He is a disturbed youth working as a clerk in a factory for low wages. His intention is to become a writer. He lives with his mother Margaret and sister Rosemary. His father was a Portuguese sailor who left the family when the children were very young. Rose, his sister is slightly handicapped and because of this, she is always in her shell. She is bound to inferiority complex and mental fragility. She is very much interested in glass figurines that adorn her showcase. She simply gazes at the iridescent beauty of the figurines in her loneliness. Margret, Neil's mother hates his care-free attitude towards life and his late-night movies. She is a very possessive mother and she is always worried about the future of her daughter. She doesn't allow her daughter to do household chores and talks about the tenderness of Rose's age, which must not be doomed by working at home. One day, Margaret goes to the typewriting class where she had previously sent Rose. She finds out that Rose had quit the class very early and had even fainted while taking a speed test. Margaret confronts Rose and learns that she had been spending her spare time at the church and the museum. As Rose feels sorry for her crippled stage, Margaret advises her to develop her other skills and that girls with no such duty must be sent off in marriage. They gaze at the portrait of their father as Margaret explains how handsome he was.

The next day, Margaret finds some adult novels with Neil. She angrily scolds him and this later turns into a violent fit of rage. Neil ends up calling his mother an "old chattering witch" and storms out. As he is leaving, breaks one of Rose's figurines, and Rose watches this with pity. Neil returns drunk at night and says to Rose that he had been to a Magic Show. He gives Rose a magic scarf that he got from the show in order to make up for her broken figurine. He convinces that this scarf will impart life to her glass animals and Rose is instantly mesmerized by it. Her isolated world is symbolized by her glass animals who are in a similar way much like Rose herself. The next day, Neil and Margaret reconcile and Margaret expresses her deep fears about her children, at the same time admitting of their talents. That night, Margaret makes Rose wish for everything, while looking up at the crescent moon though Rose is not sure what to wish for. Margaret asks Neil to bring a fine young man for dinner one day for Rose to get acquainted with that man. So Neil invites his co-worker Freddy for a dinner at his home. Margaret plans a light supper and digs up her old gown and reminisces about her tender teens. She dramatically slips into talking of her old days, how they had many servants while living in [[Goa]] and her fate of having reached a pathetic situation now. Neil's mother thinks that Freddy will get interested in Rose and they can marry her off. Margaret dresses up in the gown and compels Rose to do so. At this point, she says that all pretty girls are a trap in which handsome men must fall into. Rose reluctantly agrees to cooperate. Later, on hearing that the man about to come is her former senior schoolmate, Freddy, she refuses to sit for dinner. She had a crush on him for her was very artistic and athletic. As the dinner is about to start, Rose faints and Neil takes her to lay her down on the sofa. Later, Freddy and Rose get to talking and realizes their past connection. A flashback shows a young Rose who lives a pitiful time deprived of friends. Freddy remembers the time when he nicknamed her "Blue Rose" when Rose said that she had [[Pleurisy]]. Rose introduces her glass figurines to Freddy and particularly displays a unicorn figure, which was her favorite one and furthermore a reflection of her own life. She explains that the unicorn is odd due to its difference from all the others. Freddy enlightens Rose's spirit by saying that her difference from all the similar people of the world is her greatest peculiarity, just like the magical unicorn. People tend to like the oddness among the evenness. He even encourages her to be smarter at times and to think better of herself. Then both of them quietly dance to the beautiful song heard from the community dance hall outside. Rose is able to overcome her stereotypes and is able to keep up with the dance moves. Rose is lifted both physically and mentally. As the dance concludes, Freddy accidentally brushes against the table, knocking off the unicorn from the table. It fall and breaks the horn. But Rose is happy that with this incident, he can join the others as a normal one, for he had just undergone an operation to rectify his painful oddness. By these word, Rose indirectly refers to her own state of mind at that time for she becomes totally rejuvenated. But her hopes get crushed when she discovers that Freddy is already engaged to a girl named Betty. She is heartbroken, but bids farewell to Freddy as she gifts her unicorn to him. Margaret brings in Lime juice for them, but is so stuck on hearing from Freddy that he is engaged. She feels so humiliated but tries to keep up a smiling face. She blames this on Neil and taunts him verbally for cheating them. Neil, however, was unaware of the fact that Freddy was engaged. An argument arises as Margaret calls him selfish and deprived of feelings. With this, Neil storms out of the house, leaving them all alone forever. Margaret and Rose watch as their hope goes away.

The story returns to the present. Having recognized the man he saw at the ferry as Freddy, he decides to pay him a visit. He then takes him along with his family to see an aged and timid Margaret. She instantly recognizes Freddy and Betty. She is consoled by their presence as Freddy's little daughters gift her a bouquet of flowers. She explains that after Neil left them, Rose was admitted to a Mental Asylum near [[Madurai]] and that she lived a completely withdrawn life there. After a slight improvement, she suffered from an unexpected Nervous Breakdown and had died. Neil feels no guilt or sympathy, but only pain for Rose. He pens down her story to immortalize her as he imagines her spirit showing him light from the beyond. Later they all sit down for dinner as Rose's picture is shown at a distance (signifying the title), over which the magic scarf flies gently, giving life to her memories.

==Cast==
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Neil D'Costa
*[[Sheela]] as Margaret D'Costa
*[[Geetu Mohandas]] as Rosemary D'Costa (Rose)
*[[Tom George Kolath]] as Fredy Evans (voice dubbed by Mithun Ramesh)
*[[Sreelekha Mitra]] as Kamala<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali actor Sreelekha Mitra levels serious allegations against Kerala Chalachitra Academy chairman Ranjith |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/08/23/mollywood-hema-commission-bengali-actor-sreelekha-mitra-levels-serious-allegations-against-kerala-chalachitra-academy-chairman-ranjith.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Santha Devi]] as Typewriting teacher
*[[Gopika Anil]] as Henna Fredy

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
| all_music = [[M. Jayachandran]]

| title1 = Aaraarumariyaathe
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran]]

| title2 = Akale
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title3 = Akale Akale
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]

| title4 = Nee Januvariyil Viriyumo (Rose Blue Rose)
| extra4 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[G. Venugopal]]

| title5 = Nira Sandhya Nizhal Sandhye
| extra5 = [[Ganga Sitharasu]]

| title6 = Pinneyumetho
| extra6 = [[M. Jayachandran]]

| title7 = Pranayini njaan
| extra7 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]

| title8 = Pravukal
| extra8 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]

| title9 = Shaaronile Shishirame
| extra9 = Preetha Kannan, [[Vidhu Prathap]]

}}

== Reception ==
Shobha Warier of ''[[Rediff]]'' ranked ''Akale'' amongst the best Malayalam films of the year and wrote, "At a time when Malayalam cinema is dominated by cheap comedies and crass commercial films, a film like ''Akale,'' based on the Tennessee Williams play ''The Glass Menagerie,'' comes as relief to those appreciative to quality. It is a small film, something like chamber music." They also praised Shyamaprasad writing, "Shyamaprasad had said that ''Akale'' was one film in which he had made the least compromises, artistically as well as technically. "I made this film to please my taste and tastes similar to mine," he said. It shows."<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The Best Malayalam Films, 2004 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/03sd3.htm |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' praised the performance of the lead cast writing, "Sheela as a slightly hysterical mother out to make a life for her daughter, has got into the skin of the character. In fact she is much better than her last film ''[[Manassinakkare]]''. Geetu has an excellent role that has been etched out well. Her large expressive eyes convey all her emotions and she is first class." However felt that Prihtviraj's performance as Niel "could have been better" and wrote that his make up as a 70-year old is "disappointing". They wrote, "Cinematic realism is something that film makers do not care about these days but Shyamprasad should be applauded for making ''Akale'', an offbeat subject handled with a lot of sensitivity and care."<ref name=":0" />

On 8 June 2004, ''Indiainfo'' wrote, "The film is in form of narration by Neil. Prithivraj as usual is good. But at times he does not look as a 70-year-old man. Geethu Mohandas has performed excellently. Sheela has also given her best. Tom Gieorge is okay." They conclude, writing, "''Akale'' has good music, which suits the mood of the film. Camera work by S Kumar is good. Direction Shyamprasad has handled the film well. Overall a good offbeat film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-11-20 |title=AKALE |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/akale.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Indiainfo |archive-date=20 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120165814/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/akale.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Paresh C. Palicha of ''Now Running'' wrote, "''Akale'' may not prove to be a money-spinner at the box-office, but those who rue the passing away of the parallel cinema movement will surely appreciate Shyamaprasad's effort."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-06-09 |title=Akale Review {{!}} Akale Malayalam Movie Review by Paresh C. Palicha |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1404/malayalam/akale/225/review.htm |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ''Web India'' rated the film "good" and wrote, "Shyamaprasad has succeeded in making an emotionally touching theme into a good movie. The roles of characters are sensitively defined. Rose's simplicity and Neil's dilemma is overwhelmingly portrayed. Sheela is excellent as an Anglo Indian mother and Geethu has performed her part with depth and range."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akale Movie review Webindia123.com |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/akale/index.htm |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.webindia123.com}}</ref> ''BizHat'' wrote, "Cinematography by S. Kumar is excellent. Music gets well with the mood of the film. As a whole the movie is an emotionally satisfying stunner. It is worth watching."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-28 |title=Akale |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_akale.php |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=movies.bizhat.com |archive-date=28 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928193316/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_akale.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[52nd National Film Awards|National Film Awards 2004]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] - [[Sheela]]

;[[Kerala state film awards]] 2004
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - [[Shyamaprasad]]
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] - [[Geethu Mohandas]]
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] - [[Sheela]]
*Best Cinematographer - [[S. Kumar]]
*Best Art Direction - Rajaunnithan

;[[Filmfare Awards South]] 2004
*Best Actress (Malayalam)-Geethu mohandas

;[[Asianet Film Awards]] 2004
* 2004 - Special Jury Mention - [[Geethu Mohandas]] & Prithviraj

;Mathrubhumi, Medimix film awards
*Best Character Actress-Geethu mohandas
*Special jury award-shyamaprasad

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0416463|Akale}}

{{Shyamaprasad}}
{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
{{The Glass Menagerie}}

[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyamaprasad]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Tennessee Williams]]

The Villain (2018 film)

2026-03-03T21:35:45Z

XMXHosea83962264: creating

{{short description|2018 film directed by Prem}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The Villain 2018 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]
| producer = [[C. R. Manohar]]
| writer = Prem
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Sudeep]]
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Girish R. Gowda
| editing = Srinivas P. Babu
| studio = [[C. R. Manohar|Tanvi Shanvi Films]]
| distributor = Jayaditya Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|2018|10|18}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}40{{ndash}}45 Crore<ref>https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-villain-seeks-more-of-the-pie/articleshow/66111455.cms</ref><ref name=NewsMinute>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-26|title=Will Sudeep and Shiva Rajkumar's 'The Villain' reach the magic Rs 100 crore mark?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/will-shiva-rajkumar-s-villain-reach-magic-rs-100-crore-mark-90621|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/high-ticket-price-villain-may-698560.html</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}54{{ndash}}57 crore
<ref name=":31">{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/south-cinema/kannada-star-sudeep-highest-grossing-films-vikrant-rona-eega-pailwaan-1737613 | title=Eega to Vikrant Rona: 9 Top Grossing Films of Kannada Star Sudeep }}</ref><ref name="hans">{{cite web|url= https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/box-office/how-kannada-movies-are-setting-new-benchmarks-at-box-office-636839|title=
How Kannada Movies Are Setting New Benchmarks At Box Office|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Villain''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Prem (film director)|Prem]] and produced by [[C. R. Manohar]]. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Sudeepa]] in the lead roles alongside [[Amy Jackson]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]]. The film's music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Girish R. Gowda and Srinivas P. Babu.

==Plot==
''The Villain'' revolves around Ramu, who is searching for someone whose mother's chain gets stolen by a chain-snatcher, who drops it somewhere during the chase. He meets a social activist, Seetha, who is saved by Ramu when unknown goons arrive to kill her and find his chain, but Seetha reveals it is her chain. When Ramu asks Seetha about the chain, she reveals Kaizer-Ram, who is a crime boss in Dubai and she met him in a drama, when he was travelling to [[Sri Lanka]]. Kaizer-Ram falls in love with Seetha and they meet at a temple, where he reveals that Kaizer and Ram are different people and that Kaizer is actually his best friend.

Later, unknown assassins arrive to kill Ram, and one of them reveals that Kaizer intends to kill Ram to make the [[Karnataka Police|Police department]] believe that Kaizer-Ram is dead. Seetha reveals that though she has fallen for Ram, she reveals herself as [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] Brahmavar's daughter, who wants to capture Ram to restore Brahmavar's honour. Dejected and betrayed, Ram surrenders to the police and later escapes and asks Seetha to arrive at a highway where he is caught by Kaizer and leaves in a car. Ram throws the chain and the pendrive before getting into the car. The car explodes killing Ram and Kaizer. In the present, Ramu is taken to meet Kaizer where he reveals to Ramu that Ram escaped from the explosion and is now known as [[Raavana]] in [[United Kingdom|UK]]'s crime syndicate.

At UK, Ram kills UK's underworld boss Thomas, with his friend Alex's help. Ramu leaves for UK and kidnaps Alex from the police convoy where he calls Ram and they challenge one another and a cat-mouse game ensues where Alex is killed, before Ramu tortures him to reveal about Ram. Ram comes across Seetha, who is now a [[call girl]], but it is later revealed that she was sent by Ram. Later, Ramu reveals to Seetha that he is an orphan and meets Vishalavva, who is Ram's mother. Vishalavva reveals that Ram went missing when she and her husband Vishwanna had a fallout, who later died due to a heart stroke. Vishalavva requests Ramu to find Ram.

Ramu, who considers Vishalavva as her mother promises her that he will find Rama. Ram learns Ramu's identity and decides to confront him in Bangalore, but the minister, who supported Ram double-crosses him. Ramu returns to Bangalore and leaves for his village but Kaizer, having learnt of Ramu's agenda sends his henchman to attack him. Ram saves Ramu, who had double-crossed the minister by bribing his bodyguards and had arrived in Bangalore. Kaizer later dies due to a stroke, while seeing Ram. Ram and Ramu defeat the goons where Ramu reveals that his mother Vishalavva is alive and has been waiting to see him.

Ram refuses as Vishalavva expected him to be upright like [[Lord Rama]], but has become Raavana and requests Ram to tell Vishalavva that he died but before leaving, Ramu ask Rama to show Vishalavva at least once. Ramu meets Vishalavva, who doesn't believe that Ram is dead. Ram, overcome by emotion meets Vishalavva and reunites with her, much to Ramu and Seetha's happiness.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Ramappa (Ramu) aka Raamaa
* [[Sudeepa]] as Rama (Ram) aka Raavana, An International Don
* [[Amy Jackson]] as Seetha (Voice by [[Rakshita]])
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] as Kaizer
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)#India|ACP]] Brahmavar ([[cameo appearance]])
* [[Tilak Shekar]] as Alex (Ram's right hand)
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Vishalavva, Ram's mother
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Vishwanna Ram's father
* [[Jai Jagadish]] as Aloknath, [[Commissioner (police)#India|Commissioner]]
* [[Shobharaj]] as Police officer
* Dharma as Police officer
* [[Prathap (Kannada actor)|Prathap]] as 'Kowde' Shastri, Ramu's friend
* [[Mandya Ramesh]] as Ramu's friend
* Shash as a Spy
}}
===Cameo appearances===
* [[Rachita Ram]] as herself in the song "Bolo Bolo Ramappa"
* [[Shanvi Srivastava]] as herself in the song "Bolo Bolo Ramappa"
* [[Radhika Narayan]] as herself in the song "Bolo Bolo Ramappa"
* [[Samyukta Hornad]] as herself in the song "Bolo Bolo Ramappa"
* [[Shraddha Srinath]] as herself in the song "Bolo Bolo Ramappa"
* [[Bhavana Rao]] as herself in the song "Bolo Bolo Ramappa"

==Production==

Director [[Prem (film director)|Prem]] announced new film starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Sudeepa]]. The film is about a villager who dreams to become an actor. The film is produced by [[C. R. Manohar]] and they signed [[Bollywood]] actor [[Mithun Chakraborty]] in an important role that has been kept as a secret in the beginning, but the news was later leaked to the press.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad S |first1=Shyam |title=Mithun makes Kannada debut |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mithun-makes-kannada-debut/articleshow/58509478.cms |accessdate=6 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513094406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mithun-makes-kannada-debut/articleshow/58509478.cms |archivedate=13 May 2017}}</ref> The film was launched by then [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Karnataka's Chief Minister]] [[Siddaramaiah]] on 13 December 2015<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Prakash |title=Sudeep-Shivaraj Kumar's The Villain first look posters take the fans by a storm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep-shivaraj-kumars-villain-first-look-posters-set-release-can-pictures-set-internet-fire-721562 |accessdate=6 May 2017 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=1 April 2017|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509173425/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep-shivaraj-kumars-villain-first-look-posters-set-release-can-pictures-set-internet-fire-721562 |archivedate=9 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Prem's choice for the villain may be Tamannaah |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/aug/02/Prems-choice-for-the-villain-may-be-Tamannaah-1500967--1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623030652/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/aug/02/Prems-choice-for-the-villain-may-be-Tamannaah-1500967--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2017 |accessdate=6 May 2017 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 August 2016}}</ref> and the first look was released in March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Villain first look revealed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-villain-first-look-revealed/articleshow/57983744.cms |accessdate=6 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406060741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-villain-first-look-revealed/articleshow/57983744.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Before the release of the first look, the movie was titled as Kali taglined Ruler Warrior. But later it was changed to The Villain taglined Ram Ravan due for some reason. The film completed a schedule and was reported to have portions in England and two other foreign countries to be shot. By then, the film fetched {{INR}}5.4 crore as Hindi rights. Actress [[Amy Jackson]] was signed as the female lead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Amy Jackson comes to the villain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/may/16/amy-jackson-comes-to-the-villain-1605577.html |access-date=19 May 2017 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520181244/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/may/16/amy-jackson-comes-to-the-villain-1605577.html |archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Srivatsan |title=The Villain: Amy Jackson to star opposite Shivrajkumar, Kichcha Sudeep |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/the-villain-amy-jackson-kannada-debut-shivrajkumar-kichcha-977865-2017-05-18 |access-date=19 May 2017 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=17 May 2017|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519064207/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/the-villain-amy-jackson-kannada-debut-shivrajkumar-kichcha/1/957170.html |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> The song "Jeeva Hoovagide"<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeeva Hoovagide – Nee Nanna Gellalaare – Kannnada Hit Songs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ps3ITcM6SVI |accessdate=4 February 2018 |publisher=[[YouTube]]|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620140202/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ps3ITcM6SVI |archivedate=20 June 2018}}</ref> from ''[[Nee Nanna Gellalare]]'' composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] was shot with [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Amy Jackson]] in replicated costumes of [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] from the original film in a schedule where entire talkie portions were shot, except few songs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nee Nanna Gellarare song for The Villain |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nee-nanna-gellarare-song-for-the-villain-kannada-news-206289 |accessdate=4 February 2018 |work=Indiaglitz |date=3 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205000749/https://www.indiaglitz.com/nee-nanna-gellarare-song-for-the-villain-kannada-news-206289 |archivedate=5 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title=Prem sets in nostalgic mood for The Villain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/28/prem-sets-in-nostalgic-mood-for-the-villain-1764783.html |access-date=31 January 2018 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081023/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/28/prem-sets-in-nostalgic-mood-for-the-villain-1764783.html |archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> Later, filming the climax was completed on 1 February as per actor [[Sudeepa]]'s tweet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Prakash |title=Sudeep wraps up the climax sequence of The Villain, release likely in April or May |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep-wraps-climax-sequence-villain-release-likely-april-may-759181 |accessdate=3 February 2018 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=2 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000003/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudeep-wraps-climax-sequence-villain-release-likely-april-may-759181 |archivedate=4 February 2018}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Villain
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 August 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:01
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Arjun Janya]]
| prev_title = [[Kannadakkaagi Ondannu Otti]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{Singles
| name = The Villain
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = I am Villain
| single1date = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|07|13}}
| single2 = Tick Tick Tick
| single2date = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|07|20}}
}}
}}
[[Arjun Janya]] was signed to compose music and background score for the movie.<ref>"Filmibeat on The Villain movie crew" {{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/the-villain/cast-crew.html |title=The villain Cast & Crew, the villain Kannada Movie Cast, actor, actress, director |accessdate=17 April 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418033355/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/the-villain/cast-crew.html |archivedate=18 April 2018}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length =
| title1 =I am Villain
| lyrics1 = Prem
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Manoj Sharma (voice-over artist)|Manoj Sharma]]
| length1 = 4:31
| title2 = Tick Tick Tick
| lyrics2 = Prem
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Kailash Kher]], Prem, Siddharth Basrur
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Love Aagoythe Nin Myale
| lyrics3 = Prem
| extra3 = Prem, Chorus
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Nodivalandava
| lyrics4 = Prem
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:11
| title5 = Bolo Bolo Raamappa
| lyrics5 = Prem
| extra5 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Kushala and Chorus
| length5 = 4:22
| title6 = Rana Rana Raavana
| lyrics6 = Prem
| extra6 = [[Prem (film director)|Prem]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 = 3:13
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''The Villain'' was [[film release|released]] worldwide on 18 October 2018 to mixed reviews from critics.

==Reception==
===Box office===
The makers claimed the first day collections to be ₹20 crores,<ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/shiva-rajkumar-sudeep-starrer-villain-sets-new-record-90326</ref> but the trade speculated it to be inflated<ref>https://kannada.asianetnews.com/entertainment/the-villain-makes-20-crore-collection-on-first-day-pgvqix</ref> though agreed it to have collected the highest for a Kannada movie on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/is-the-rs-100-cr-club-a-reality-in-kannada/articleshow/66322009.cms |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 August 2025 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028231220/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/is-the-rs-100-cr-club-a-reality-in-kannada/articleshow/66322009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first weekend gross collection was reported to be ₹29 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/Oct/22/the-villain-targetting-100-crore-club-1888249.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 August 2025 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905044838/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/oct/22/the-villain-targetting-100-crore-club-1888249.html |url-status=live }}</ref> But it couldn't maintain the same momentum and collections fell and finally collected around ₹57 crores<ref name="hans"/> as against the claim of ₹60 crores by the makers.<ref name=NewsMinute/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Prem (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Villain, The (2018 film)}}
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about body swapping]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prem]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

Harom Hara

2026-03-03T09:13:54Z

XMXHosea83962264: Starting basic data from scratch

{{Short description|2024 Telugu film by Gnanasagar Dwaraka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Harom Hara
| image = Harom Hara film poster.jpg
| alt = film poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Gnanasagar Dwaraka
| writer = Gnanasagar Dwaraka
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = Sumanth G. Naidu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sudheer Babu]]
*[[Malvika Sharma]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
}}
| narrator = Sunil
| cinematography = Aravind Viswanathan
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| music = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| studio = Sree Subrahmanyeshwara Cinemas
| distributor = AD Wise Media Movieflex
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|6|14}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹5.70 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=హరోం హర: 6.50 కోట్ల టార్గెట్..1st వీక్ లో టోటల్ గా వచ్చింది ఇది!! |url=https://t2blive.com/1stweek-haromhara-ww-collections/ |website=T2blive.com |language=en |date=21 June 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''''Harom Hara''''' ({{Translation|A [[Kartikeya]] chant}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by Gnanasagar Dwaraka starring [[Sudheer Babu]], [[Malvika Sharma]] and [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]].

It was released on 14 June 2024 to mixed reviews and ended up becoming an average grosser.

==Cast==
* [[Sudheer Babu]] as Subrahmanyam Reddy
* [[Malvika Sharma]] as Devi, Subrahmanyam's love interest and wife
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as [[Constable]] Palani Swami, Subrahmanyam's friend
* [[Akshara Gowda]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Kiranmayi
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Shiva Reddy, Subrahmanyam's father
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Basava Reddy
* Arjun Gowda as Sharath
* Lakki Lakshman as Thammi Reddy
* Praneeth Hanumanthu as Selva Manikayam Bujjulu
* ??? as Rajamaniam
* ??? as Mahendra

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}
| all_lyrics =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Harom Harom Hara<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ7qhOsbEss |title=Harom Harom Hara - Lyrical Video | Harom Hara | Sudheer Babu |Malvika |Gnanasagar |Chaitan Bharadwaj |date=14 February 2024 |via=YouTube |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615215541/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ7qhOsbEss |url-status=live}}</ref>
| lyrics1 = Kalyan Chakravarthy Tripuraneni
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 3:40
| title2 = Kanulenduko<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vb-4SYFSWE |title=Kanulenduko - Lyrical Video | Harom Hara | Sudheer Babu | Malvika | Gnanasagar | Chaitan Bharadwaj |date=23 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| lyrics2 = Vengi Sudhakar
| extra2 = Nikhita Srivalli
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Murugudi Maaya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AELM8pz351A |title=Murugudi Maaya - Lyrical Video | Harom Hara | Sudheer Babu | Malvika | Gnanasagar | ChaitanBharadwaj |date=11 May 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| lyrics3 = Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu
| extra3 = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| length3 = 2:55
| title4 = Naarini Vidichi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIKA-sZUXbE |title=Naarini Vidichi | Lyrical Video | Harom Hara | Sudheer Babu | Malvika | Gnanasagar| ChaitanBharadwaj |date=7 June 2024 |via=YouTube |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610113706/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIKA-sZUXbE |url-status=live}}</ref>
| lyrics4 = Kalyan Chakravarthy Tripuraneni
| extra4 = Sai Charan
| length4 = 2:59
| total_length = 13:50
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "On the whole, ''Harom Hara'' is a well attempted period action drama that capitalises on Sudheer Babu's strengths. It offers a decent storyline, strong performances, and impressive technical aspects".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/harom-hara/movie-review/110995507.cms |title=Harom Hara Movie Review : Sudheer Babu shines in a violent period drama |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614145056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/harom-hara/movie-review/110995507.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five and wrote that "On a whole, ''Harom Hara'' struggles to bear the weight of the story it tells and the prototypes that such a story entails, and remains passable at best despite its many promising moments".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jun/15/old-wine-in-a-swanky-bottle |title=Old wine in a swanky bottle |first=B. H. |last=Harsh |date=15 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "''Harom Hara'' showcases excellent imaging and features solid action sequences. However, it primarily falters in terms of its storytelling, particularly in the second half, which becomes monotonous".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/harom-hara-review-rich-frames-yet-the-narration-lacks-meat |title=Harom Hara review: Rich frames yet the narration lacks meat |date=14 June 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614102110/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/harom-hara-review-rich-frames-yet-the-narration-lacks-meat |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that "despite the good performances, ''Harom Hara'' is more pain than pleasure".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/harom-hara-movie-review-this-sudheer-babu-film-is-more-pain-than-pleasure-9393128/ |title=Harom Hara movie review: This Sudheer Babu film is more pain than pleasure |date=14 June 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614153647/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/harom-hara-movie-review-this-sudheer-babu-film-is-more-pain-than-pleasure-9393128/ |archive-date=14 June 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "How far can this Pushpa-meets-KGF style of narrative work? Until the oversized guns, which have become a cliche, are used in key action sequences.".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harom-hara-movie-review-this-sudheer-babu-film-tries-too-hard-to-be-on-the-lines-of-kgf-and-pushpa/article68288701.ece |title=‘Harom Hara’ movie review: This Sudheer Babu film tries too hard to be on the lines of ‘KGF’ and ‘Pushpa’ |first=Sangeetha Devi |last=Dundoo |date=14 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614110520/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harom-hara-movie-review-this-sudheer-babu-film-tries-too-hard-to-be-on-the-lines-of-kgf-and-pushpa/article68288701.ece |archive-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt27726727}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Agni Sakshi (1982 film)

2026-03-03T05:06:54Z

XMXHosea83962264: rework lead and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Agni Sakshi 1982 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = Rajam Balachander
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Saritha]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1982|11|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Agni Sakshi''''' ({{translation|With Fire as Witness}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological drama]] film directed by [[K. Balachander]], starring [[Sivakumar]] and [[Saritha]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 November 1982 |title=அக்னி சாட்சி |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1982-11-28/kalki1982-11-28.pdf |access-date=16 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=1–2 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It revolves around a woman with [[schizophrenia]] who has difficulty differentiating fiction from reality.

''Agni Sakshi'' was released on 14 November 1982, and failed commercially. However, Saritha won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].

== Plot ==
Kannamma is an innocent and brilliant woman with classical music and Tamil literacy knowledge as she loves Bharathiyar poems. She has obsessional psychosis, which makes her aggressive whenever she encounters any abuse to women and children. Aravindan runs a dance school and one of the students Anandhi is in love with him - which he doesn't reciprocate.

In one of the Aravindan's show, Kannamma is impressed with his ideology and performance and she expresses her fangirl moment to Aravindan. She frequently shares her poems with Aravindan through letters. Eventually they fall in love and Aravindan expresses his interest to Kannamma's parents. They hide her abnormal behavior from Aravindan and happily accept the proposal. On the other hand, Aravindan's parents are from wealthy family initially and hesitate to accept Kannamma but accept her later after Aravindan's persuasion.

Aravindan's rude mother Sivakami and Kannamma frequently get into fights because of her abnormal behavior. Aravindan is frustrated by both his mother's and Kannamma's behavior. Kannamma gets extremely violent in one such occasion and threatens to kill Sivakami. Aravindan takes Kannamma to a psychiatrist, who says she will get better if people treat her affectionately. Aravindan also inquires her parents about her and learns about her mental history. Left with no choice, Aravindan agrees to divorce her, but drops that plan after he learns that she is pregnant. Upset at this, his parents decide to move to a different home.

Kannamma's thinks she will deliver a girl child, and she hints wanting to kill her fetus to avoid her daughter being abused by the society. Per the psychiatrist's suggestion, Aravindan takes Kannamma on a vacation. They meet Kannamma's childhood friend Thilagam during the trip, who reveals some hints about Kannamma's troubled past.

Thilagam explains Kannama was exposed to Thilagam's drunken father's abusive behavior towards his wife. When Thilagam's mother was pregnant with second child, her father accused her that the child was fathered by someone else. After the delivery of the baby, Thilagam father beats his wife and kills the new born baby by throwing towards the running train, which was witnessed by Kannama and Thilagam. Kannama was mentally affected very badly after this incident.

Aravindan informs the psychiatrist about Kannamma's past, and he suggests convincing Kannama that the baby who was killed by her friend's dad is reentering the world as Kannama's child. She seems to accept this theory and continues with the pregnancy. She meets her ailing mother in law during a hospital visit, who blames Kannamma for her separating her from her own son. Kannamma is extremely disturbed hearing this.

Ultimately, Kannamma dies during childbirth and doctors are unable to diagnose any medical reason for her death. They say it appears as if she did not want to bother Aravindan anymore. Aravindan grieves Kannamma's loss with tries to live for his child.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivakumar]] as Aravindhan<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 46: அக்னி சாட்சி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/689632-thiraippada-solai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705034312/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/689632-thiraippada-solai.html |archive-date=5 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Saritha]] as Kannamma<ref name="Ramachandran">{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-01-4342-111-5 |pages=122 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref>
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Anandhi
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Aravindan's father<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=7 August 2020 |title=பெண்கள் அவசியம் காண வேண்டும்; ஆண்கள் மிக அவசியமாகக் காண வேண்டும்.. 'அக்னி சாட்சி' செய்த மேஜிக் என்ன? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/nostalgia-series-revisiting-k-balachander-and-saritha-movie-agni-sakshi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210623042041/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/nostalgia-series-revisiting-k-balachander-and-saritha-movie-agni-sakshi |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Charuhasan]] as the psychologist<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]]<ref name="vikatan" />
* Sivakami as Aravindhan's mother

;
;Guest appearances
*[[Rajinikanth]] as himself<ref name="Ramachandran" />
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as himself
*[[Latha Rajinikanth]] as herself<ref name="Ramachandran" />
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as herself

== Production ==
The script of ''Agni Sakshi'' was originally planned with [[Kamal Haasan]] but later changed into female oriented, with Sivakumar and Saritha cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=8 August 1982 |title=Saritha takes revenge? |pages=28 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1279380885935017984 |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704115027/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1279380885935017984 |archive-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Satchi (1982) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0003146.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008153405/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0003146.html |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=8 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnisaatshi Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/agnisaatshi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-recod-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712054619/https://mossymart.com/product/agnisaatshi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-recod-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Aam Bharathi Thamizhukku" || [[Saritha]]
|-
| "Aarambam Adhikarathin" || [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Vani Jairam]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| "Adiye Kannamma" || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Kana Kaanum" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Saritha
|-
| "Unnai Enakku" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "Vanakkam Mudhal" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Agni Sakshi'' was released on 14 November 1982,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 1982 |title=அக்னி சாட்சி |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-7-28 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Anna |pages=7 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> on [[Diwali]] day alongside other releases such as ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]'', ''[[Valibamey Vaa Vaa]]'', ''[[Kanmani Poonga]]'', ''[[Paritchaikku Neramaachu]]'' and ''[[Adhisayappiravigal]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=31 October 1982 |title=தலைப்பிலே சில தகவல்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-10-31/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230416162043/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-10-31/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=33–34 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting of Sivakumar and Saritha and dialogues. He felt it was saddening that Balachander who speaks about independent women choose to portray his lead protagonist as hysterical patient and also noted whether this film will be received by common audience is a huge question but it will be received by class audience.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=16 November 1982 |title=அக்னி சாட்சி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_30/4.jp2/full/1000,1321/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250608151947/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_30/4.jp2/full/1000,1321/0/default.jpg |archive-date=8 June 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film failed commercially.<ref name="hindutamil" /> However, Saritha won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="vikatan" />
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Fiction about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

67th Filmfare Awards South

2026-02-23T14:52:21Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{Short description|Annual film award in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 67
| award = Filmfare Awards South
| award_link = Filmfare Awards South
| image =
| caption =
| presented_date = 9 October 2022
| date =
| site = [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| host = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Diganth]]
| preshow =
| producer =
| channel = {{ubl|[[Zee Telugu]] (Telugu)|[[Zee Tamil]] (Tamil)|[[Zee Keralam]] (Malayalam)|[[Zee Kannada]] (Kannada)}}
| network = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| director =
| organizer = [[The Times Group]]
| magazine_issue = [[Filmfare]]
| website = [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/ Filmfare Awards South 2022]
| lifetime_achievement = [[Allu Aravind]] [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| best_film = ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (Telugu) ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' (Tamil) ''[[Act 1978]]'' (Kannada) ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (Malayalam)
| most_wins = ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (8)
| most_nominations = ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (10)
| last = 66th
| next = [[68th Filmfare Awards South|68th]]
}}

The '''67th Filmfare Awards South''' is an awards event that took place in [[Bengaluru]], India on 9 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rise Leads SIIMA Nominations; Check Full List Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-leads-siima-nominations-check-full-list-here-5766859.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The ceremony recognised and honoured the best films and performances from the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films and music released in between 2020 and 2021, along with special honours for lifetime contributions and few special awards. The event took place at [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]], in Bengaluru on 9 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Winners and nominees==
===Main awards===

====Kannada cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Act 1978]] – Devaraj R'''''
**''[[Badava Rascal]]'' – [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]]
**''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]'' – D. Krishna Chaitanya
**''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'' – Ravi Rai Kalasa, Vachan Shetty
**''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]'' – K. P. Srikanth
**''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]'' – Anup Gowda, Rekha K. N.

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Raj B. Shetty]] – ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'''''
**[[Akash Srivatsa]] – ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]''
**[[Duniya Vijay]] – ''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''
**[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] – ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
**Jadesh Kumar Hampi – ''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]''
**Mansore – ''[[Act 1978]]''
**Shankar Guru – ''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|-

! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – ''[[Badava Rascal]]'''''
**[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] – ''[[Roberrt]]''
**[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] – ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
**[[Prajwal Devaraj]] – ''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]''
**[[Raj B. Shetty]] – ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
**[[Ramesh Aravind]] – ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]''
**[[Rishab Shetty]] – ''Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana''

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Yagna Shetty]] – ''[[Act 1978]]'''''
**Aarohi Narayan – ''[[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]]''
**[[Amrutha Iyengar]] – ''[[Badava Rascal]]''
**[[Asha Bhat]] – ''[[Roberrt]]''
**[[Kushee Ravi]] – ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
**[[Milana Nagaraj]] – ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
**[[Reba Monica John|Reba]] – ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[B. Suresha]] – ''[[Act 1978]]'''''
**[[Achyuth Kumar]] – ''[[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]]''
**Balaji Manohar – ''Amruth Apartments''
**[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – ''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''
**[[Nagabhushana]] – ''[[Badava Rascal]]''
**[[Panju (actor)|Pramod Panju]] – ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
**[[Sanchari Vijay]] – ''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]''

|valign="top" |
* '''[[Umashree]] – ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'''''
**Aarohi Narayan – ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]''
**[[Amrutha Iyengar]] – ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
**Meghashree – ''[[Mugilpete]]''
**[[Sparsha Rekha]] – ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]''
**Usha Ravishankar – ''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Vasuki Vaibhav]] – ''[[Badava Rascal]]'''''
**[[Arjun Janya]] and [[V. Harikrishna]] – ''[[Roberrt]]''
**[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] – ''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]''
**[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] – ''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''
**[[Raghu Dixit]] – ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
**[[V. Sridhar|Sridhar V Sambhavam]] – ''[[Mugilpete]]''

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jayanth Kaikini]] – "Teladu Mugile" from ''[[Act 1978]]'''''
**[[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] – "Udupi Hotelu" from ''[[Badava Rascal]]''
**[[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] – "Mellane" from ''[[Rider (2021 film)|Rider]]''
**Nagarjun Sharma – "Malaye Malaye" from ''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''
**Pramod Maravanthe – "Doora Hogo Munna" from ''[[Mugilpete]]''
**[[V. Nagendra Prasad]] – "Dheera Sammohagaara" from ''[[Bicchugatti: Chapter 1 − Dalvayi Dange|Bicchugatti]]''

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Raghu Dixit]] – "Maley Maley Maleye" from ''[[Ninna Sanihake]]'''''
**[[Nakul Abhyankar]] – "Tareefu Maadalu" from ''[[Mugilpete]]''
** Kadabarege Muniraju – "Teladu Mugilu" from ''[[Act 1978]]''
**[[Sanjith Hegde]] – "Mellane" from ''[[Rider (2021 film)|Rider]]''
**[[Sid Sriram]] – "Haayagide" from ''Tom and Jerry''
**[[Vijay Prakash]] – "Udupi Hotelu" from ''[[Badava Rascal]]''

|valign="top" |
*'''[[Anuradha Bhat]] – "Dheera Sammohagaara" from ''[[Bicchugatti: Chapter 1 − Dalvayi Dange|Bicchugatti]]'''''
**Aishwarya Rangarajan – "Malaye Malaye" from ''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''
**[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi Sripaada]] – "Soul of Dia" from ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Kannu Hodiyaka" from ''[[Roberrt]]''
**Shruthi VS – "Love you Chinna" from ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
**Shwetha Devanahally – "Tareefu Maadalu" from ''[[Mugilpete]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
* '''[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] – ''[[Love Mocktail]]'''''
|
* '''[[Amrutha Iyengar]] – ''[[Badava Rascal]]'''''
* '''[[Milana Nagaraj]] – ''[[Love Mocktail]]'''''
|}

====Malayalam cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]] – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], P. M. Sasidharan'''
**''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' – [[Ashiq Usman]]
**''[[Drishyam 2]]'' – [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
**[[Joji (film)|''Joji'']] – [[Fahadh Faasil]], Dileesh Pothan, Syam Pushkaran
**[[Malik (film)|''Malik'']] – [[Anto Joseph]]
**''[[Minnal Murali]]'' – [[Sophia Paul]]
**[[Nayattu (2021 film)|''Nayattu'']] – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], P. M. Sasidharan, Martin Prakkat
**''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' – Dijo Augustine, Jomon Jacob, Vishnu Rajan, Sajin S Raj
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Senna Hegde]] – [[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]'''
**[[Basil Joseph]] – ''[[Minnal Murali]]''
**[[Dileesh Pothan]] – ''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''
**[[Jeethu Joseph]] – ''[[Drishyam 2]]''
**[[Jeo Baby]] – ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''
**[[Mahesh Narayanan]] – [[Malik (film)|''Malik'']]
**[[Midhun Manuel Thomas]] – ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''
**[[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]] – ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Biju Menon]] – ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' as [[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Ayyappan Nair'''
**[[Fahadh Faasil]] – [[Malik (film)|''Malik'']] as Ahammadali Sulaiman / Alikka
**[[Indrans]] – [[Home (2021 film)|''Home'']] as Oliver Twist
**[[Jayasurya]] – [[Vellam (2021 film)|''Vellam'']] as Murali Nambiar/Vellam Murali
**[[Joju George]] – ''[[Madhuram]]'' as Sabu
**[[Kunchacko Boban]] – ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' as Dr. Anwar Hussain
**[[Mohanlal]] – ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' as Georgekutty
**[[Tovino Thomas]] – ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' as Jaison Varghese / Minnal Murali and Martin Rangakala
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nimisha Sajayan]] – ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' as Wife'''
**[[Anna Ben]] – ''[[Kappela]]'' as Jessy
**[[Darshana Rajendran]] – ''[[C U Soon]]'' as Anumol Sebastian
**[[Grace Antony]] – ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' as Suhra
**[[Kani Kusruti]] – ''[[Biriyaani]]'' as Khadeeja
**[[Rima Kallingal]] – ''[[Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam]]'' as Maria
**[[Shobhana]] – ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' as Neena
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Joju George]] – [[Nayattu (2021 film)|''Nayattu'']] as ASI Maniyan'''
**[[Guru Somasundaram]] – ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' as Shibu
**Joju George – ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' as Siraj
**[[Sharafudheen]] – ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' as Dr. Benjamin Louis
**[[Shine Tom Chacko]] – [[Kurup (film)|''Kurup'']] as Bhasi Pillai/Pillaichan
**[[Sidhartha Siva]] – ''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]'' as Sunny/Veerbhai
**[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] – ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' as Paul Mathai
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Gowri Nandha]] – ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' as Kannamma'''
**[[Asha Sharath]] – ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' as Geetha Prabhakar
**[[Leona Lishoy]] – ''[[Anveshanam]]'' as ACP Latha Siddharth
**[[Nimisha Sajayan]] – [[One (2021 film)|''One'']] as Lathika Satheesh
**[[Srinda]] – ''[[Kuruthi]]'' as Sumathi
**[[Unnimaya Prasad]] – [[Joji (film)|''Joji'']] as Bincy Jaison
**[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] – ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' as Dr. Sherly
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[M. Jayachandran]] – [[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'''
**[[Alphons Joseph]] – ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]''
**[[Arun Muraleedharan]] – ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]''
**[[Ouseppachan]] – ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]''
**Ronnie Raphael – [[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea|''Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham'']]
**Sreehari K. Nair – ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Rafeeq Ahmed]] – "Ariyathariyathe" from [[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'''
**[[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]] – "Pakaliravugalal from [[Kurup (film)|''Kurup'']]
**B. K. Harinaranayan – "Neeye En Thayee" from [[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea|''Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham'']]
**B. K. Harinaranayan – "Medamasa" from ''[[Al Mallu]]''
**[[Manu Manjith]] – "Marakkan Kazhiyilla" from ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]''
**Santosh Varma – Muthunne Kannugalil from ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Shahabaz Aman]] – "Akashamayavale" from [[Vellam (2021 film)|''Vellam'']]'''
**[[K. S. Harisankar]] – "Kaamini" from ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]''
**K. S. Harisankar – "Pinnenthe" from ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]''
**K. S. Harisankar – "Peyyum Nilavu" from ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]''
**[[Madhu Balakrishnan]] – "Kala Devadha" from ''Love FM''
**[[Sid Sriram]] – "Uyire" from ''[[Gauthamante Radham]]''
**Sid Sriram – "Olu" from ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]''
**[[Vijay Yesudas]] – "Poothalam Pularithalam" from [[Star (2021 film)|''Star'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[K. S. Chithra]] – "Theerame" from [[Malik (film)|''Malik'']]'''
**[[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]] – "Ithal Ithalayi" from [[Kshanam (2021 film)|''Kshanam'']]
**[[Mridula Warrier]] – "Enthinen Pranayame" from ''[[Bhoomiyile Manohara Swakaryam]]''
**[[Neha Nair]] – "Pakaliravugalal" from [[Kurup (film)|''Kurup'']]
**[[Nithya Mammen]] – "Vaathikkalu Vellarippravu" from ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]''
**[[Sithara Krishnakumar]] – "Kadukumanikkoru" from ''[[Kappela]]''
**[[Sujatha Mohan]] – "Neelambale" from [[The Priest (2021 film)|''The Priest'']]
**[[Swetha Mohan]] – "Muthunne Kannugalil" from ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
* '''[[Jayasurya]] – ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' as Murali Nambiar/Vellam Murali'''
|
* '''[[Kani Kusruti]] – ''[[Biriyaani]]'' as Khadeeja'''
|}

====Tamil cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jai Bhim (film)|''Jai Bhim'']] – [[Jyothika]], [[Suriya]]'''
** ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' – Kotapadi J. Rajesh
** ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' – [[Anto Joseph]]
** [[Karnan (2021 film)|''Karnan'']] – [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
** [[Mandela (2021 film)|''Mandela'']] – [[S. Sashikanth]], [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]], [[Balaji Mohan]]
** ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' – Shanmugam Dhakshanraj, Pa. Ranjith
** ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' – [[Jyothika]], [[Suriya]], [[Guneet Monga]]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sudha Kongara]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'''''
** Desingh Periyasamy – ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
** [[Madonne Ashwin]] – ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
** [[Mari Selvaraj]] – ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
** P. Virumaandi – ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]''
** [[Pa. Ranjith]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
** [[T. J. Gnanavel]] – ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Suriya]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' as Nedumaaran "Maara" Rajangam'''
** [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' as Kabilan Munirathnam
** [[Ashok Selvan]] – ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' as Arjun Marimuthu
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' as Karnan
** [[Dulquer Salmaan]] – ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' as Siddharth
** [[K. Manikandan]] – ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' as Rajakannu
** Suriya – ''Jai Bhim'' as [[Advocate|Adv.]] [[K. Chandru|Chandru]]
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Lijomol Jose]] – ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' as Sengeni Rajakannu'''
** [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] – ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' as Ariyanachi Ranasingam
** [[Aparna Balamurali]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' as Sundari "Bommi" Nedumaaran
** [[Dushara Vijayan]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' as Mariyamma
** [[Jyothika]] – ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' as Venba / Angel / Sakthijothi
** Jyothika – ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' as Maathangi Sargunam
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Pasupathy]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' as Rangan Vaathiyar'''
** [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] – ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' as DCP Prathap Chakravarthi
** [[Paresh Rawal]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' as Paresh Goswami
** [[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Perumalsamy
** [[R. Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]'' as Bose Kaalai
** [[Samuthirakani]] – ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' as Sargunam Vaathiyaar
** [[S. J. Suryah]] – ''[[Maanaadu]]'' as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] V. Dhanushkodi
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' as Pechi Rajangam'''
** [[Anupama Kumar]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' as Bakkiyam
** [[Nivedhithaa Sathish]] – ''[[Udanpirappe]]'' as Keerthana Sargunam
** [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]'' as Chandra
** [[Sanchana Natarajan]] – ''Sarpatta Parambarai'' as Lakshmi
** [[Sheela Rajkumar]] – ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]'' as Thenmozhi
** [[Vani Bhojan]] – ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' as Meera
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'''''
** [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
** Anirudh Ravichander – ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
** Anirudh Ravichander – ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
** [[D. Imman]] – ''[[Annaatthe]]''
** [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] – ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Arivu]] – "[[Neeye Oli]]" from ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'''''
** [[Karthik Netha]] – "Idhuvum Kadandhu Pogum" from ''[[Netrikann (2021 film)|Netrikann]]''
** [[Ko Sesha]] – "Kadhaippoma" from ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
** [[Thamarai]] – "Yaar Azhaippadhu" from ''[[Maara]]''
** Uma Devi – "Aarariro" from ''[[Kadaseela Biriyani]]''
** [[Yugabharathi]] – "Kaiyilea Aagasam" from ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Christin Jos and [[Govind Vasantha]] – "Aagasam" from ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'''''
** [[Arivu]] – "Vaathi Raid" from ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
** Bharath Sankar – "Mandela Tribute" from ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
** [[Kapil Kapilan]] – "Adiye" from ''[[Bachelor (2021 film)|Bachelor]]''
** [[Sid Sriram]] – "Kadhaippoma" from ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – "[[Kutti Story]]''"'' from ''Master''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] – "[[Kaattu Payale]]" from ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'''''
** [[Jonita Gandhi]] – "Chellama" from ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
** [[K. S. Chithra]] – "Thangam Thangam" from ''[[Annaatthe]]''
** Kidakkuzhi Mariyammal – "Kandaa Vara Sollunga" from ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
** [[Shashaa Tirupati]] – "Bodhai Kaname" from ''[[Oh Manapenne!]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
* '''[[Arvind Swamy]] – ''[[Thalaivii]]'' as M. J. Ramachandran'''
* '''[[Arya (actor)|Arya]] – ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' as Kabilan Munirathnam'''
|
* '''[[Aparna Balamurali]] – ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' as Sundari Nedumaaran'''
|}

====Telugu cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' – Naveen Yerneni & Y. Ravi Shankar'''
** ''[[Akhanda]]'' – Miryala Ravinder Reddy
** ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' – [[Allu Aravind]], [[S. Radha Krishna]]
** ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' – [[Nag Ashwin]]
** [[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']] – Narayan Das K Narang, Puskar Ram Mohan Rao
** ''[[Palasa 1978]]'' – Dhyan Atluri
** ''[[Uppena]]'' – Naveen Yerneni, Y. Ravi Shankar
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sukumar]] – ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'''''
**Buchi Babu Sana – ''[[Uppena]]''
**[[Karuna Kumar]] – ''[[Palasa 1978]]''
**Rahul Sankrityan – ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
**[[Sekhar Kammula]] – [[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']]
**[[Trivikram Srinivas]] – ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
**Uday Gurrala – [[Mail (film)|''Mail'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Allu Arjun]] – ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' as Pushpa Raj'''
**[[Mahesh Babu]] – ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Ajay Krishna
**[[Naga Chaitanya]] – [[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']] as Revanth
**[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] – ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' as Shyam Singha Roy and Vasudev Ghanta
**[[Naveen Polishetty]] – ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' as "[[Jogipet]]" Srikanth
**[[Rakshit Atluri]] – ''[[Palasa 1978]]'' as Mohan Rao
**[[Vaishnav Tej]] – ''[[Uppena]]'' as Aasirvadham

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sai Pallavi]] – [[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']] as Mounika Rani'''
** [[Chandini Chowdary]] – ''[[Colour Photo]]'' as "Deepthi Varma"
** [[Krithi Shetty]] – ''[[Uppena]]'' as Sangeetha "Bebbamma"
** [[Pooja Hegde]] – ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' as Amulya
** [[Rashmika Mandanna]] –[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']] as Chaitra
** Rashmika Mandanna – ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' as Srivalli
** Sai Pallavi – ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' as Rosie "Maithreyi"

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Murali Sharma]]''' '''– ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' as Valmiki'''
**[[Jagapathi Babu]] – [[Republic (film)|''Republic'']] as Panja Dashrath
**[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] – ''[[Naandhi]]'' as Santosh
**[[Rahul Ramakrishna]] – ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' as "[[Jogipet]]" Ravi
**[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] – ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam]]'' as [[Sub-inspector]] Rangam
**[[Thiruveer]] – ''[[Palasa 1978]]'' as Rangarao
**[[Vennela Kishore]] – [[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']] as Parimal
| valign="top" |
* [[Tabu (actress)|'''Tabu''']] '''– ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' as Yasoda'''
**[[Madonna Sebastian]] – ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' as Lawyer Padmavathi
**[[Priyanka Jawalkar]] – [[Gamanam (2021 film)|''Gamanam'']] as Zara
**[[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] – [[Republic (film)|''Republic'']] as 'Visakha' Vani
**[[Sharanya Pradeep]] – [[Jaanu (2020 film)|''Jaanu'']] as Subhashini
**[[Vijayashanti]] – ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' as Bharathi
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Devi Sri Prasad]]''' '''– [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']]'''
**Devi Sri Prasad – ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
**[[Gopi Sundar]] – ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
**[[Radhan]] – ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
**[[Thaman S]] – [[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (soundtrack)|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo'']]
**Thaman S – ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
**[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] – ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]''' '''– "Life of Ram" from [[Jaanu (2020 film)|''Jaanu'']]'''
**[[Ananta Sriram]] – "Chalaaki Chinnammi" from ''[[Narappa]]''
**Raghuram – "Hey Idi Nenena" from ''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]''
**[[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Maguva Maguva" from ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
**Rambabu Gosala – "Kola Kalle Ilaa" from ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
**[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – "Pranavalaya" from ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
**[[Viswa (lyricist)|Viswa]] – "Ningi Chutte" from ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sid Sriram]]''' '''– "[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]" from [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']]'''
**Sid Sriram – "[[Samajavaragamana (2020 song)|Samajavaragamana]]" from [[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (soundtrack)|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo'']]
**Sid Sriram – "Manasa Manasa" from ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
**Sid Sriram – "Maguva Maguva" from ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
**[[Anurag Kulkarni]] – "[[Ramuloo Ramulaa]]" from ''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''
**Anurag Kulkarni – "Sirivennala" from ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
**[[Armaan Malik]] – "[[Butta Bomma]]" from ''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''
**[[Ram Miriyala]] – "Chitti" from ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''Indravathi Chauhan''' '''– "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]" from [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']]'''
**Aditi Bhavaraju – "Baavochhadu" from ''[[Palasa 1978]]''
**[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – "Manasulone Nilichipoke" from ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
**[[Madhu Priya]] – "He's So Cute" from ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
**[[Ramya Behara]] – "Korameesam Polisoda" from [[Krack (film)|''Krack'']]
**Sinduri – "Chenguna Chenguna" from ''Varudu Kaavalenu''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
* '''[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] – ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' as Shyam Singha Roy and Vasudev Ghanta'''
|
* '''[[Sai Pallavi]] – ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' as Maithreyi / Rosie'''
|}

===Technical awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''Miroslaw Brozek – ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (Telugu) '''{{Br}}
* '''Niketh Bommireddy –''' '''[[Soorarai Pottru]] (Tamil) '''{{Br}}
* '''[[Shreesha Kuduvalli]] –''' '''[[Rathnan Prapancha]] (Kannada) '''{{Br}}
* '''[[Shyju Khalid]] –''' '''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]] (Malayalam)'''
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar Master]] – "[[Ramuloo Ramulaa]]" from ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (Telugu)'''
* '''[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] – "[[Vaathi Coming]]" from ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (Tamil)'''
*'''[[Jani Master]] – "Feel the Power" from ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' (Kannada)'''
|}

===Special awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South|Lifetime Achievement]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Allu Aravind]]'''
* '''[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]{{Efn|Awarded posthumously}}'''
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|'''Best Female Debut''']]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Krithi Shetty]] – ''[[Uppena]]'' (Telugu) as Sangeetha "Bebbamma"'''
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''Anaga Narayananan – ''[[Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam]]'' (Malayalam) as Suja'''
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''Dhanya Ramkumar – ''[[Ninna Sanihake]]'' (Kannada) as Amrutha'''
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] – ''[[Uppena]]'' (Telugu) as Aasirvadham'''
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Dev Mohan]] – ''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'' (Malayalam) as Sufi'''
|-
|}

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
!10
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|-
!9
| ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
|-
|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |7
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
|''[[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]''
|-
! rowspan="7" |6
|''[[Act 1978]]''
|-
|''[[Love Mocktail]]''
|-
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
|-
|''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
|-
|''[[Act 1978]]''
|-
|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|-
|''[[Love Mocktail]]''
|-
! rowspan="4" |5
|''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
|-
|''[[Palasa 1978]]''
|-
|''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''
|-
|''[[Mugilpete]]''
|-
! rowspan="13" |4
|''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|-
|''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]''
|-
|''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]''
|-
| [[Love Story (2021 film)|''Love Story'']]
|-
| ''[[Uppena]]''
|-
|''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|-
|''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
|-
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
|-
|''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]''
|-
|''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
|-
|''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|-
|''[[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]''
|-
|''[[Roberrt]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" |3
|''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
|-
|''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]''
|-
|''[[Udanpirappe]]''
|-
|''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
|-
|''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]''
|-
|''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" |2
|[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']]
|-
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
|-
|''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''
|-
|''[[Bicchugatti: Chapter 1 − Dalvayi Dange|Bicchugatti]]''
|-
|''[[Bheemasena Nalamaharaja]]''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple awards (including non-competitive)
! Awards !! Film
|-
!8
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|-
!7
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 4
|''[[Act 1978]]''
|-
| ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|-
|''[[Badava Rascal]]''
|-
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" |2
|''[[Uppena]]''
|-
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
|-
|''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
|-
|''[[Love Mocktail]]''
|-
|''[[Ninna Sanihake]]''
|-
|''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
|}

== Presenters and performers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Performers
!Name
!Work
|-
|[[Pooja Hegde]]
| rowspan="5" |Dance
|-
|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|-
|[[Krithi Shetty]]
|-
|[[Saniya Iyappan]]
|-
|[[Aindrita Ray]]
|}

==Notes==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.filmfare.com/ Filmfare Official Website]
* [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/ 67th Filmfare Awards South 2022]
{{Filmfare Awards South}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards South by year]]
[[Category:2022 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:October 2022 in India]]

Kamal Haasan discography

2026-02-21T23:03:05Z

XMXHosea83962264: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Kamal Hasan at Promotions of 'Vishwaroop' with Videocon (06).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Haasan promoting ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' in 2013.]]
[[Kamal Haasan]] is an Indian actor, director, producer, screenwriter, playback singer and lyricist who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He has also worked as an assistant director, choreographer, editor, make-up artist, narrator, television host, and a distributor of films.

== Playback Singer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Music director
! scope="col" | Lyrics
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Andharangam]]''
| Nyayiru Oli Mazhaiyil|| Tamil || [[G. Devarajan]] || Nethaji ||<ref name="Andharangam">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 August 2014 |title=You can feel the fear in the song |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/you-can-feel-the-fear-in-the-song/article6361162.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141226154415/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/you-can-feel-the-fear-in-the-song/article6361162.ece |archive-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Siva Thandavum]]''
| Peethaambaraa Oh Krishnaa|| [[Malayalam]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] || M. B. Sreenivasan ||<ref name="Sivathandavam">{{cite web |title=Kamal Haasan sings in English |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/09kamal.htm |url-status=live |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225107/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/09kamal.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1978 || ''[[Padakuthira]]''
| Ragalolayaay Kamalolayaay Neelayaamini|| [[Malayalam]] || [[Kannur Rajan]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoOKk_6V3XM|title=Ragalolayaay Kamalolayaay-Song (Padakkuthira)|accessdate=2018-01-20|publisher=youtube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aval Appadithan]]''
| Panneer Pushpangale|| Tamil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] ||<ref name=Andharangam />
|-
| ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]''
| Ninaivo Oru Paravai|| Tamil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||<ref name=Andharangam />
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Maria My Darling]]''
| Rasathi Unna Pakka Aasai|| Tamil || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] ||
|-
| Obba Ninge|| [[Kannada]] || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Chi. Udayashankar]]||
|-
| ''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]''
| Anna Vaada|| Tamil || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981 || ''[[Raja Paarvai]]''
| Vizhiyorathu Kanavum|| Tamil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] ||
|-
| ''[[Savaal]]''
| Thanniya Potta|| Tamil || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| [[Kannadasan]] ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
| Narikathai|| Tamil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Sadma]]''
| Ek Daf Ek Jungle Tha|| [[Hindi]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gulzar]]||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Oh Maane Maane]]''
| Ponmaanai Theduthe|| Tamil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Mu. Metha]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985 || ''[[Dekha Pyar Tumhara]]''
| Na Baba Na Baba || [[Hindi]] || [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] || [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] || <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150430165044/http://gaana.com/song/na-baba-na-baba-1 Na Baba Na Baba]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]''
| Appappoi Ammammoi|| Tamil || rowspan=20|[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 || ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''
| Vikram..Vikram...|| Tamil || [[Vairamuthu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]''
| Vey..Vey.. || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Veturi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]''
| Ammamma Vanthathingu|| Tamil || [[Pulamaipithan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| Thenpandi Cheemayile|| Tamil || [[Pulamaipithan]] ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Sathyaa]]''
| Potta Padiyudhu|| Tamil || [[Pulamaipithan]] ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
| Raja Kaiya Vachchaa|| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''[[Appu Raja]]''
| Raja Naam Mera|| [[Hindi]] || [[Prem Dhawan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
| Sundhari Neeyum Sundharan Njanum|| Tamil || Poovachal Khadar ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gunaa]]''
| [[Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan]] || Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Singaravelan]]''
| Pottu Vaitha Kathal Thitam || Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Sonnapadi Kellu || Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| Sandhu Pottu|| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Inji Idupazhagi|| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Kalaignan]]''
| Kokkarakko|| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994 || rowspan="4" |''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
| Engeyo Thikkudesai|| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Peigala Bhoodhama
| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Thanmanam Ulla Nenjum
| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Pirar Vaada(Poem)
| Tamil || [[Bharathiyar]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''
| Marugo Marugo|| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]''
| Rukku Rukku || Tamil || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Ullaasam]]''
| Mutthey Mutthamma || Tamil || [[Karthik Raja]] || Paarthi Bhaskar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Chachi 420]]''
| Jaago Gori (Chachi's Voice) || Hindi || rowspan=2|[[Vishal Bharadwaj]] || rowspan=2|[[Gulzar]] ||
|-
| Jaago Gori (male voice, soundtrack only) || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998 || rowspan="4" |''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]''
| Kaasumela || Tamil || rowspan=4|[[Karthik Raja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Madonna Paadala Nee
| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Saravana Bhava
|Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Anaconda
| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2000 || rowspan="6" |''[[Hey Ram]]''
| Ram Ram|| Tamil || rowspan=6|[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kamal Haasan]] ||
|-
| Ramaranalum
|Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Sanyaas Mantra
|Tamil || ||
|-
| Hey! Ram
|[[Hindi]] || [[Sameer Anjaan]] ||
|-
| Chahe Pandit Ho
|[[Hindi]] || [[Sameer Anjaan]]
|-
| Sanyaas Mantra
|[[Hindi]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thenali]]''
| Alangatti Mazhai|| Tamil || rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]] || Kalaikumar ||
|-
| Injerungo Injerungo
|Tamil || Thamarai ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2001 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Aalavandhan]]''
| Kadavul Paadhi|| Tamil || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || [[Vairamuthu]] ||
|-
| Siri Siri|| Tamil || rowspan=4|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || [[Vairamuthu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]''
| Kal Tak Mujhko Gaurav Tha|| [[Hindi]] || [[Javed Akhtar]] ||
|-
| Hey! Who Are you|| [[Hindi]] || [[Javed Akhtar]] ||
|-
| Hans De Hans De|| [[Hindi]] || [[Javed Akhtar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002 || rowspan="2" |''[[Panchatanthiram|Panchathanthiram]]''
| Kadhal Piriyamal|| Tamil || rowspan=3|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| Vandhen Vandhen
| Tamil || Vairamuthu ||
|-
|''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
| Kandhasamy Maadasamy|| Tamil || [[Kamal Haasan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003 || rowspan="3" |''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
| Anbe Sivam|| Tamil || rowspan=3|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| Eley Machi
| Tamil || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| Naatukkoru Seithi
| Tamil || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
| Sudupattadha|| Tamil || rowspan=2|[[Ramesh Vinayagam]] || Vaali ||
|-
| Stranded on the street
| Tamil || Vaali ||<ref name=Sivathandavam />
|-
| rowspan="8" |2004|| rowspan="2" |''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''
| Kalakapovathu Yaaru|| Tamil || rowspan=2|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| Alwarpettai Aluda
| Tamil || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Virumaandi]]''
| Onnavida|| Tamil || rowspan=9|[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| Andha Kandamani
|Tamil || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] ||
|-
| Anna Lakshmi
|Tamil || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] ||
|-
| Karbagraham Vitu Samy Veliyerathu
|Tamil || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] ||
|-
| Kombulae Poova Suthi
|Tamil || Ilaiyaraaja ||
|-
| Maada Vilakkae
|Tamil || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 || rowspan="2" |''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
| Yele Nee Etti|| Tamil || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| Kurangu Kaiyil Maalai
| Tamil ||[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]'' '''(D)''' || Idemi Vintha
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Pudhupettai]]''
| Neruppu Vaayinil|| Tamil || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Na. Muthukumar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || rowspan="2" |''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| Oh...Ho...Sanam|| Tamil || rowspan=2|[[Himesh Reshammiya]] || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| Mukundha Mukundha
|Tamil || Vaali ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''
| Allah Jaane|| Tamil || [[Shruti Haasan]] || Manushyaputhiran ||
|-
| Nilai Varumaa|| Tamil || [[Shruti Haasan]] || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010 || rowspan="2" |''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
| Dhagudu Dhattham|| Tamil || rowspan=4|[[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| Neela Vaanam
| Tamil || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Manmadan Ambu|Manmadha Banam]]'' '''(D)'''
| Dhagulu Dhanda|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Sahithi ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JS29qH9HtmA |title = Dhagulu Dhanda Full Video Song (Telugu)|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| Neelakasam|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hf_fHi6_p0o |title = Neelakasam Full Video Song (Telugu)|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012 || rowspan="3" |''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| Thuppaki Engal Tholile|| Tamil || rowspan=7|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| Unnai Kaanadhu Naan
|Tamil || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| Anu Vidhaiththa Boomiyile
|Tamil || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' '''(D)'''
| Undalaenandhi Naa Kannu
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Ramajogayya Sastry ||
|-
| Anu Vinasa Varshamidhi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Ramajogayya Sastry ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vishwaroop]]''
| Main Radha Tu Shaam|| [[Hindi]] || Javed Akhtar ||
|-
| Koi Kahin|| [[Hindi]] || Javed Akhtar ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2015 || rowspan="5" |''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| Single Kisske Loveaa|| Tamil || rowspan=11|[[Ghibran]] || Viveka ||
|-
| Uttama Introduction : Villuppattu
|Tamil || Subhu Arumugam ||
|-
| Saagavaram
|Tamil || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| Iraniyan Naadagam
|Tamil || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| Mutharasan Kadhai
|Tamil || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|''[[Uttama Villain]]'' '''(D)''' || Lavve Lavvaa
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] ||
|-
| Thandhanatthom : Uthamudi Parichayam
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] ||
|-
| Srushti Niyamam
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] ||
|-
| Naa Rudhirapu Oka Thrunam : Hiranya Samhaaram
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Kamal Haasan ||
|-
|''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''
| Neeye Unakku Raja|| Tamil || Vairamuthu ||
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam|Cheekati Rajyam]]''
| Dhairyam Veedi Sainyam|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] ||
|-
|''Avam''
|Kaarirulae||Tamil||Sundaramurthy K S||[[Madhan Karky]]||<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Kamal-Haasans-song-from-Avam/articleshow/47355715.cms | title=Kamal Haasan's song from 'Avam' | work=The Times of India | accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Muthuramalingam]]''
| Therkku Desa Singamadaa|| Tamil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 ||''[[Vishwaroopam II]]''
| Naanaagiya Nadhimoolamae|| Tamil || rowspan="2" |[[Ghibran]] || [[Kamal Haasan]] ||
|-
| ''Vishwaroop II''
| Tu Srotu Hai|| [[Hindi]] || [[Prasoon Joshi]] ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Happi (film)|Happi]]''
|Zindagi Dish
|Hindi
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Jaideep Sahni]]
| <ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kamal-Haasan-sings-for-Ilayaraja/articleshow/18511764.cms | title=Kamal Haasan sings for Ilayaraja! | work=The Times of India | accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Arivum Anbum]]''
|Pothunalam Enpathu
|Tamil
|[[Ghibran]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhu |first1=Vignesh |title=Arivum Anbum: Kamal Haasan pens a song of hope during Covid-19 times! |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/videos/arivum-anbum-kamal-haasan-pens-song-hope-covid-19-times/?fbclid=IwAR2NW0ao1a7uhGDISzuIMB_s-V-KzwvlMU1iZDHJLin2pxS5FAxvuzkDgRA |accessdate=24 April 2020 |publisher=Onlookers Media |date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arivum Anbum: Kamal Haasan-Ghibran's song on coronavirus is an anthem of hope |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/arivum-anbum-kamal-haasan-ghibran-s-song-on-coronavirus-is-an-anthem-of-hope-1670067-2020-04-23 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''A Tribute to Venmurasu''
|Shades of Blue: A Musical Tribute to Venmurasu
|Tamil
|[[Rajan Somasundaram|Raleigh Rajan]]
|[[Jeyamohan]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.dailyherald.com/dailyherald/news/read/41911989/|title=Director Mani Ratnam Releases Musical Tribute to Jeyamohan's Epic Venmurasu|website=www.DailyHerald.com|language=en|access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|[[Pathala Pathala]]
|Tamil
| rowspan="3" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram Hitlist]]'' '''(D)'''
|Mathuga Mathuga
|Telugu
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|
|-
| "Badle Badle" || Hindi || Raqueeb Alam
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Meiyazhagan]]''
|Poren Naa Poren, Yaaro Ivan Yaaro
|Tamil
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|Uma Devi
|
|-
|}

== Lyricist ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song(s)
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2000
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| "Nee Partha"
|
|-
| "Ram Ram"
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
| "Kandhasamy Maadasamy"
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Virumaandi]]''
| "Onnavida"
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''
| "Unnaipol Oruvan"
|
|-
| "Nilai Varumaa"
|
|-
| "Vaanam Ellai"
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2010
| rowspan="5"| ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
| "Dhagudu Dhattham"
|
|-
| "Who's The Hero"
|
|-
| "Neela Vaanam"
|
|-
| "Kamal Kavidhai"
|
|-
| "Manmadan Ambu"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| rowspan="2"|''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| "Unnai Kaanadhu Naan"
|
|-
| "Anu Vidhaiththa Boomiyile"
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| "Kadhalaam Kadavul Mun"
|
|-
| "Saagaavaram"
|
|-
| "Iraniyan Naadagam"
|
|-
| "Mutharasan Kadhai"
|
|-
| "Uttaman Kadhai"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]''
| "Naanaagiya Nadhimoolamae"
|
|-
| "Saadhi Madham"
|
|-
||2022
||''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| "Pathala Pathala"
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|"Jinguchaa"
|
|}

==Independent works==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
!Song
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|"Chippikule Muthu Pookkal"
| rowspan="3" |[[The Blast (album)|The Blast]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| rowspan="3" |Playback Singer
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite news |title=25 years of Yuvan: How his music has been integral to Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/25-years-yuvan-how-his-music-has-been-integral-tamil-cinema-161595 |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=The News Minute |date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815163311/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/25-years-yuvan-how-his-music-has-been-integral-tamil-cinema-161595|archive-date=15 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Vaa Nanbane"
|-
|"Aval Devathai"
|-
|2018||[[Makkal Needhi Maiam]]||Non-album single||[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]||Playback singer, lyric writer
|-
|2020
|"[[Arivum Anbum]]"
|Non-Album Single
|[[Ghibran]]
|Playback Singer, Lyrics writer
|
|-
|2024
|"Inimel"
|Non-Album Single
|[[Shruti Haasan]]
|Lyrics writer
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Kamal Haasan filmography]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Discogs artist|1986498}}

{{Kamal Haasan}}

[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]
[[Category:Kamal Haasan|Discography]]

Adhirasam

2026-02-18T19:33:14Z

XMXHosea83962264: Put Up Initial Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Dessert made of rice, coconut, and spices}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Adhirasam
| image = Adhirasam2a.jpg
| caption = Homemade adhirasam
| alternate_name =

| region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| course = [[Sweet]]
| type = [[Fried dough]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Rice flour]], [[jaggery]]
| variations = [[Anarsa]]
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Adhirasam''', attarasalu, ({{langx|ta|அதிரசம்}}), {{transliteration|kn|kajjaya}} or {{transliteration|kn|athrasa}} in [[Kannada]] ({{langx|kn|ಅತ್ರಾಸ}}), {{transliteration|te|ariselu}} in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ({{langx|te|అరిసెలు}}), {{transliteration|mr|anarasa}} in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], {{transliteration|hne|Airsa}} in [[Chhattisgarhi]] or {{transliteration|or|Arisa pitha}} in [[Odia language|Odia]] is a type of [[Indian sweet]] made out of
[[rice]], [[jaggery]], [[ghee]] and sometimes [[coconut]] and with spices like [[cardamom]], [[sesame]], [[Piperaceae|pepper]] and [[ginger]] [[powder]] from [[Tamil cuisine]], [[Karnataka cuisine]], [[Telugu cuisine]], [[Marathi cuisine]] and [[Odia cuisine]]. The [[doughnut]]-like [[fried dough]] has a long history of popularity in Kannada, Telugu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Tamil civilization. They are similar in shape to [[Vada (food)|vada]], but are not savoury and are eaten as a [[sweet]].

Adhirasam is a popular as an offering to the relatives during [[Deepavali]] and [[Ganesha Chaturthi]] festivals, both at home and in [[Hindu temple|temples]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Matthews|first=Christine M. E. |title=Health and culture in a South Indian village|publisher=Sterling Publishers|location=New Delhi, India|year=1979|page=254|oclc=6703271}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Annapoorna|first=L. |title=Music and temples : a ritualistic approach|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|location=New Delhi, India|year=2000|page=77|isbn=978-81-7574-090-7|oclc=45499624}}</ref>

==Historical and cultural significance==
The earliest documented references to Adhirasam emerge from medieval Tamil kingdoms, particularly the [[Chola]] dynasty, where it appeared as a favored item in royal feasts and temple rituals.<ref name="Achaya46">{{cite book
| last=Achaya
| first=K. T.
| title=Indian Food: A Historical Companion
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| year=1994
| page=46
| isbn=0195628454
}}</ref>
According to inscriptions from the 16th century, during the reign of [[Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]], the sweet was made from rice flour, [[jaggery]], [[ghee]] and pepper.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tēvi|first=Irā. Nirañcan̲ā |title=Medicine in South India|publisher=Eswar Press|year=2006|page=118|isbn=978-81-7874-039-3|oclc=122427109}}</ref> At the annual festival at the Panchavarnesvar Temple in [[Thirunallur, Thanjavur|Thirunallur]] (located near [[Kumbakonam]], Tamil Nadu), an offering of 6000 Adhirasams along with 6000 [[Vada (food)|vada]]s is made to the Gods; the entire lot is cooked in the temple kitchen between sunrise and 11 pm, for the prayers that take place at midnight. It is a popular Deepavali sweet preparation for Tamil people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/as-families-reunite-in-villages-as-a-result-of-the-pandemic-the-focus-shifts-from-the-city-to-a-quiet-rural-deepavali/article33066431.ece|title=The reign of adhirasam|first=Chitra Deepa|last=Anantharam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 November 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Preparation==
The authentic preparation takes about a week. First the rice is soaked in water and dried in shade and ground into a fine powder when the rice is 3/4th dried and retains some moisture. For adding sweet "vellam" (jaggery in Tamil) is melted in water by boiling it till it reaches soft-ball consistency ({{convert|235–240|°F}}, if using a candy thermometer) and added to the rice flour along with some powdered [[cardamom]] to make a thick dough. It is then transferred to an [[earthenware]] pot and the top of the pot is closed with a thin white cloth. It is then allowed to [[Fermentation in food processing|ferment]] for about 3–5 days by placing it in the sunlight during the day. Finally, when the batter is ready for preparation, small balls of the dough is taken and flattened using fingers in a small piece of oil-brushed [[banana leaf]] and deep fried in oil until golden brown. Then it is pressed with a flat bottomed bowl to remove the excess oil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/aanmeegamnews_detail.asp?news_id=1208&ncat=HIN&ncat1=WRI|title=நல்லூர் பஞ்சவர்ணேஸ்வர் கோயில் (Nallur Panchavarneswar Koil)|date=21 March 2009|newspaper=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Adhirasam Picture.JPG|Adhirasam
File:Aesthetic Adhirasam.jpg|Adhirasam
File:Athirasam of Salem.jpg|Athirasam of Salem
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Karnataka cuisine]]
*[[Tamil cuisine]]
*[[List of fried dough foods]]
*[[List of doughnut varieties]]
*{{Portal-inline|Food}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWuQjXfzrwQ Adirasam Recipe]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.foodista.com/recipe/7JMV5QBJ/adhirasam Recipe on Foodista.com]
{{Doughnut}}
{{Indian dishes|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]

East Coast Railway zone

2026-02-18T07:29:09Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{short description|Railway zone in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = East Coast Railway
| logo_filename = East Coast Railway Zone (variant).svg
| logo_size = 200px
| system_map = Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png
| map_caption = 15-East Coast Railway
| map_size =
| marks = ECoR
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale = [[Odisha]] [[Chhattisgarh]] [[Andhra Pradesh]] 
| start_year = {{start date and age|df=y|2003|4|1}}
| end_year =
| predecessor_line = [[South Eastern Railway Zone]]
| successor_line =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|66in|lk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}}
| length =
| hq_city = {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}
| website = {{URL|eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''East Coast Railway''' (abbreviated '''ECoR''') is one of the 19 railway zones of [[Indian Railways]]. It came into existence on 1 April 2003. It headquarters are located at {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}.<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

==History==
Consequent upon the parliament's approval, East Coast Railway was the first of the seven new zones to be inaugurated by the then Prime Minister of India [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] on 8 August 1996. The Officer-on-Special Duty took charge of the newly declared Zone on 16 September 1996. Initially, only one division namely Khurda Road was attached to this railway.

The zone became fully operational on 1 April 2003. The Waltair division was notified to be bifurcated from the East Coast Railway zone on 27 February 2019. The Odisha section of Waltair division will constitute the new Rayagada division, while the Andhra Pradesh section will be a part of the [[South Coast Railway zone]] upon operationalization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QUOTE ON ESTABLISHMENT OF SOUTH COAST RAILWAY _ RAILWAYS CLARIFIES |url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3691&id=0,4,268 |date=28 September 2022 |website=eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in }}</ref>

==Divisions==
The geographical jurisdiction of East Coast Railway zone extends over three states encompassing almost all of [[Odisha]] and [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]] and [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] districts of [[Chhattisgarh]] and a minor part [[Palasa railway station|Palasa]], [[Sompeta railway station|Sompeta]] and seven other stations of [[Srikakulam district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The zonal headquarters is at [[Bhubaneswar]] in Odisha.

The zone has three divisions: [[Sambalpur railway division|Sambalpur]], [[Khurda Road railway division|Khurda]] and [[Rayagada railway division|Rayagada]].

The [[Rayagada railway division]] was proposed to succeed a section of the former Waltair division which will remain in the East Coast Railway zone upon bifurcation.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=2021-12-27 |title=Delays dog new railway zone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/delays-dog-new-railway-zone/article38051643.ece |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The foundation stone for the zone was laid on 6 January 2025, with the demarcation of the zone finalised on 7 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revision of divisional jurisdiction under the South Coast Railway zone at Vishakhapatnam by retention of truncated Waltair division |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2100854 |website=PIB |date=7 February 2025 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title = East Coast Railway Gallery
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| captionstyle =
| File: East Coast Railway written in Devanagari on an inspection special at Visakhapatnam.jpg
| alt1=
| East Coast Railway written in Devanagari
| File:
| alt2=
| Write a caption here
| File:
| alt3=
| Write a caption here
| File:
| alt4=
| Write a caption here
| File:
| alt5=
| Write a caption here
}}

==Rail infrastructure==
* Carriage Repair Workshop – [[Mancheswar railway station|Mancheswar]], Bhubaneswar
* MEMU Shed – [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road]]

==Routes==
East Coast Railway zone has about 273 railway stations with a track length of 5214 km spread as follows:-

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; text-align:center;" | Division !! colspan="2" | Total kilometre !! colspan="2" | Electrified kilometre
|-
!Track
!Route
!Track
!Route
|-
|-
| '''Total'''||'''5,214'''||'''2,677'''||'''3,371'''||'''1,543'''
|}

===Railway lines===
ECoR zone has below tracks. All are {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]. The sections are:-

# [[Bhadrak railway station|Bhadrak]]-[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]]-[[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road]]- Double Electrified BG line [92 Railway stations]
# [[Talcher]]-[[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack]] Double Electrified BG line [21 Railway stations]

# [[Titlagarh Junction]]-[[Mahasamund]] Double Electrified BG line [15 Railway stations]
# [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack]]-[[Paradip]] Double Electrified BG line [10 Railway stations]
# [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda road]]-[[Puri]] Double Electrified BG line [11 Railway stations]
# [[Sambalpur Junction]]-[[Talcher]] Double Electrified BG line [16 Railway stations]
# [[Titlagarh Junction]]-[[Sambalpur Junction]] Double Electrified BG line [16 Railway stations]
# [[Sambalpur Junction]]-[[Jharsuguda Junction]] Double Electrified BG line [10 Railway stations]
# [[Rayagada]]-[[Koraput railway station|Koraput]] Single Electric BG line [15 Railway stations] (Electric doubling of this line is currently underway)
#[[Naupada Junction]]-[[Gunupur]] Single Electrified line [14 Railway stations]
#[[Jakhapura Junction]]-[[Banspani]] Double Electrified BG line [17 Railway stations]

==Loco sheds==
* [[Electric Loco Shed, Angul]]

==External links==
* [http://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in East Coast Railway Official Website]
* [https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,1290,1296 Khurda Road Division]
* [https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,1290,1297 Sambalpur Division]

==See also==

* [[All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)]]
* [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways]]
* [[Indian Railway Signal Maintainers Union (IRSTMU)]]
* [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

[[Category:East Coast Railway zone| ]]
[[Category:Zones of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in India]]

L. Bhoominathan

2026-02-08T09:20:23Z

XMXHosea83962264: Starting first article w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = L. Bhoominathan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lakshmikanthan Bhoominathan
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Film editing|Film editor]]
| years_active = 1977–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''L. Bhoominathan''' is an Indian [[Film editing|film editor]] who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He has been credited with editing 115 films to date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L Bhoominathan - MSIdb |url=https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=editor&artist=L%20Bhoominathan |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=Malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> He has won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] three times.<ref name='state'>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards 1991 - 1999 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)]]}}</ref> His most noteworthy works include [[Ninnishtam Ennishtam]], [[His Highness Abdullah]], [[Bharatham]], [[Aaram Thamburan]] and [[Narasimham (film)|Narashimham]]. He worked in most of the films of the directors [[Sibi Malayil]], [[Shaji Kailas]] and [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=L Bhoominathan - M3Db |url=https://m3db.com/l-bhoominadhan |website=Malayalam Movie & Music Database}}</ref> He was one of the jury members of [[50th Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Kerala state film awards 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/oct/13/kerala-state-film-awards-vasanthi-wins-best-film-suraj-venjaramoodu-kani-kusruti-chosen-for-top-acti-2209654.html |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''
* 1996 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – [[Kaanaakkinaavu]]<ref name='state' />
* 1997 – Best Editor – [[Asuravamsam]]<ref name='state' />
* 2006 – Best Editor – [[Vaasthavam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2000 - 2012 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021732/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0080416}}
{{Kerala State film Award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhoominathan, L.}}
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Film-editor-stub}}

Ashna Zaveri

2026-02-06T21:13:44Z

XMXHosea83962264: small updated formatting and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ashna Zaveri.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| name = Ashna Zaveri
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|10|18|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashna Zaveri |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/ashna-zaveri |work=Filmy Focus}}</ref>
| birth_place =[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashna Zaveri |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/ashna-zaveri/1045478|work=Book My Show}}</ref>
| birth_name = 
| occupation = Actress, model
| spouse =
| years_active = 2014–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Ashna Zaveri''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200617/ashna-zaveri-moves-on-to-horror-now.html|title=Ashna Zaveri moves on to horror now|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 June 2017 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Ashna made her film debut with ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]'' (2014), which was a success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ashna-Zaveri-signs-her-next-film/articleshow/54810719.cms|title=Ashna Zaveri signs her next film|website=The Times of India|last1=Sundar |first1=Mrinalini }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ashna-zaveri-to-do-her-bit-for-the-planet/articleshow/73552998.cms|title=Ashna Zaveri to do her bit for the planet|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/How-can-any-girl-say-no-to-Santhanam-Ashna/articleshow/47783544.cms|title=How can any girl say no to Santhanam: Ashna|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Regarding her performance, a critic stated that she did not have much to do in the film, but delivered a decent performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vallavanukku-pullum-aayudham-is-a-forgettable-film-south/20140512.htm|title=Review: Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham is a forgettable film|website=Rediff}}</ref> She starred with [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] again in ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' the following year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/dec/02/2014-689163.html|title='I'm Comfy Working with Santhanam Again'|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ashna-Zaveri-in-love-with-Santhanam/articleshow/38415377.cms|title=Ashna Zaveri in love with Santhanam!|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Santhanam-Ashna-Zaveri-tie-the-knot/articleshow/49669610.cms|title=Santhanam-Ashna Zaveri tie the knot?|website=The Times of India}}</ref> For her role in ''Inimey Ippadithan'', Zaveri practiced [[Tamil language|Tamil]] to master the language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ashna-Zaveri-learns-Tamil-by-watching-movies/articleshow/46274610.cms|title=Ashna Zaveri learns Tamil by watching movies|website=The Times of India|last1=Kr |first1=Manigandan }}</ref> Then, she acted in the fantasy films ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' (2016) and ''[[Brahma.com]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Review: Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum is a tedious comedy |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-meen-kuzhambum-mann-paanaiyum-is-a-tedious-comedy/20161111.htm |access-date=2016-11-11 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Brahma.com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/brahma-com/movie-review/62079161.cms |access-date=2017-12-15 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She was seen in the horror film ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'' (2018) and the adult comedy ''[[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |title='Nagesh Thiraiyarangam' movie review: A horror film indeed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Feb/16/nagesh-thiraiyarangam-movie-review-a-horror-film-indeed-1774417.html |access-date=2018-02-17 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku Review: An offensive, disastrous attempt at an adult comedy|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/Dec/07/evanukku-engeyo-matcham-irukku-review-an-offensive-disastrous-attempt-at-an-adult-comedy-9132.html |access-date=2018-12-07 |work=cinema Express}}</ref>

She signed a film titled ''[[Kannitheevu]]'' (2023) with an all-girls cast.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannitheevu is a crime adventure|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240119/kannitheevu-is-a-crime-adventure.html |access-date=2023-01-23 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She appeared in the series ''[[MY3]]'' (2023), which was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘MY3’: First look of Hansika, Shanthnu, Mugen’s web series out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/my3-first-look-of-hansika-shanthnu-mugens-web-series-out/article67222579.ece |access-date=2023-08-22 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Later, Ashna Zaveri appeared in the mystery thriller film ''Thiraivi'' (2026).<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Thiraivi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/thiraivi/movieshow/126609579.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ashna Zaveri film credits
|- style="background:#000;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=1| 2014 || ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]'' || Vaanathi ||
|-
|rowspan=1| 2015 || ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' || Maha ||
|-
|rowspan=1| 2016 || ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' || Pavithra ||
|-
|rowspan=1| 2017 || ''[[Brahma.com]]'' || Manisha ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 ||''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'' || Himaja Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]'' || Surekha ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2023 || ''[[Kannitheevu]]'' || Kani ||
|-
|''[[MY3]]'' || Thara || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|rowspan=1| 2026 || ''Thiraivi'' || Aditi ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6442142}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaveri, Ashna}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Laapataa Ladies (soundtrack)

2026-02-01T16:02:01Z

XMXHosea83962264: Starting the post basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox album
|cover=Laapataa Ladies (soundtrack).jpg
| name = Laapataa Ladies
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ram Sampath]]
| released = 16 February 2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2023
| length = 12:14
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2024
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|qR1jkNVMOJQ|Laapataa Ladies - Full Album}}
}}
}}

'''''Laapataa Ladies''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the [[Laapataa Ladies|2024 film of the same name]] directed by [[Kiran Rao]] and produced by Kiran, [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Jyoti Deshpande]] under their respective banners [[Aamir Khan Productions]] and Jio Studios, starring [[Sparsh Shrivastava]], [[Nitanshi Goel]], [[Pratibha Ranta]], [[Chhaya Kadam]] and [[Ravi Kishan]]. The film features four songs composed by Ram Sampath and lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]], Divy Nidhi Sharma and Prashant Pandey, and performed by [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Sona Mohapatra]].

The album was released through T-Series on 16 February 2024. The film's music received acclaim from critics and Sampath won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director]] for his work in the film, alongside other accolades for the album.

== Background ==
Ram Sampath, who had worked with Aamir Khan on several of his productions, composed the film's music and score for ''Laapataa Ladies''.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=Laapataa Ladies (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/laapataa-ladies/fX0kVjD64lc_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229184157/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/laapataa-ladies/fX0kVjD64lc_ |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=2 March 2024 |publisher=JioSaavn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2023-09-20 |title=Kiran Rao: Laapataa Ladies is the kind of story that doesn't necessarily need stars |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2023/Sep/20/kiran-rao-laapataa-ladies-is-the-kind-of-story-that-doesnt-necessarily-need-stars-47826.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328155940/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2023/Sep/20/kiran-rao-laapataa-ladies-is-the-kind-of-story-that-doesnt-necessarily-need-stars-47826.html |archive-date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Kiran denoted on the importance of music and sound design and she further noted "Ram [Sampath] has such a deep understanding of storytelling through music, the diverse world of sounds and how to bring things to life through music."<ref name=":0" /> As her previous film [[Dhobi Ghat (film)|''Dhobi Ghat'']] (2010) did not feature songs, Kiran noted that the four songs composed for the film were a completely new exercise.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Aswathy |date=2024-02-15 |title=Interview {{!}} Kiran Rao on 'Laapataa Ladies', her comeback film as a director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-director-kiran-rao-new-movie-laapataa-ladies-rural-story-biplab-goswami-script-humour-genre/article67840640.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216024516/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-director-kiran-rao-new-movie-laapataa-ladies-rural-story-biplab-goswami-script-humour-genre/article67840640.ece |archive-date=2024-02-16 |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

While the film is set during 2001, Sampath aimed to create timeless music while also keeping the film's setting in mind. Except for "Dheeme Dheeme", all of the songs were around the duration of less than three minutes owing to the short attention span of listeners and the usage of songs being more restricted as it would affect the screenplay. Sampath considered crafting the songs to be difficult without having the lyricists on board and had an affinity towards lyrics that stays true to the film's theme and its characters. Each song reflects every other individual in the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} Ram Sampath On Bond With Aamir Khan, Why He Still Loves Making Jingles After 7000 Of Them, His 6-year Break And More |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/music-composer-ram-sampath-interview-bond-with-aamir-khan-his-love-for-jingles-and-six-year-break-enn25082504243 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825163622/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/music-composer-ram-sampath-interview-bond-with-aamir-khan-his-love-for-jingles-and-six-year-break-enn25082504243 |archive-date=2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[ETV Bal Bharat|ETV Bharat]] |language=en}}</ref>

The song "Dheeme Dheeme" was composed even before the film's production started. Considering the song "Dheeme Dheeme" as closest to the heart, and though not featuring in the film prominently along with "Beda Paar", the latter was the beginning of the story that changes everything, and "Dheeme Dheeme" being the closure, where everything resolves. The song "Beda Paar" came out when Sampath was working on the background score. "Dheeme Dheeme" was written by Swanand Kirkire who worked with Sampath on the theme song for [[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|''Satyamev Jayate'']] talk show. Despite Kirkire's busy schedule, he wrote the song which was constructed around Shtam's character. However, due to time constraints Sampath could not commit to one particular lyricist and instead collaborated with other lyricists for the songs. Screenwriter Divy Nidhi Sharma wrote the song "Doubtwa" which reflected Manohar's mind and opens like a 1970s song, as it is centered on suspicion.<ref name=":1" />

[[Prashant Pandey]] reached out to Sampath via social media, with the latter liking his work, and noted that he brought the sophisticated simplicity in the writing of the songs. He liked the [[Antara (music)|antara]] in the song "Beda Paar" and the emotions he brought through "Sajni". Drawing inspiration of [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] and [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]'s use of music pieces in the songs, that brought a certain flavor, he also emulated that particular style while composing the songs.<ref name=":1" /> Sajni marked the maiden collaboration between Sampath and [[Arijit Singh]]. Kiran and Aamir had a specific idea of his sounding, without an extroverted projection and a certain kind of melancholy in his voice which Arijit emulated it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Sampath talks about working with Arijit Singh for the viral song Sajni in Laapataa Ladies - Exclusive |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/ram-sampath-talks-about-working-with-arijit-singh-for-the-viral-song-sajni-in-laapataa-ladies-exclusive/108328365 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516145638/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/ram-sampath-talks-about-working-with-arijit-singh-for-the-viral-song-sajni-in-laapataa-ladies-exclusive/108328365 |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]] |language=en}}</ref> For the instrumentation, Sampath used harmonium in place of strings, as per Kiran's suggestion and used distorted mandolin in place of electric guitars to make it warm and organic.<ref name=":1" /> Kiran also noted on Sampath's use of an unusual Korean string instrument for a particular scene which suited the film well.<ref name=":2" />

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 12:14
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Doubtwa
| extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| lyrics1 = Divy Nidhi Sharma
| length1 = 2:30
| title2 = [[Sajni (song)|Sajni]]
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics2 = [[Prashant Pandey]]
| length2 = 2:50
| title3 = Dheeme Dheeme
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics3 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| length3 = 4:28
| title4 = Beda Paar
| extra4 = [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| lyrics4 = Prashant Pandey
| length4 = 2:26
}}

== Reception ==
Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "After a long break post ''Raees'', it is good to see Ram Sampath compose for two movies in as many years. In ''Laapataa Ladies'' he also gets back with Aamir Khan Productions, a production house with which the man has had most success. And here too he comes up with a well-realised soundtrack, although I do wish it had more songs and that three of the four songs weren’t half-size. Nevertheless, hope to see the composer as active, if not more active, in the coming months."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2024-03-01 |title=Laapataa Ladies – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2024/02/29/laapataa-ladies-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329200021/https://www.musicaloud.com/2024/02/29/laapataa-ladies-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Siddhant Adlakha of [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] wrote "the score for ''Laapataa Ladies'', composed by Ram Sampath, has a bouncy and propulsive quality, keeping the movie’s comedic musings on track."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adlakha |first=Siddhant |date=2024-12-10 |title='Laapataa Ladies' Review: A Feel-Good Social Dramedy Represents India at the Oscars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/laapataa-ladies-review-india-oscar-submission-1236241977/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214062644/https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/laapataa-ladies-review-india-oscar-submission-1236241977/ |archive-date=2024-12-14 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "the charming compositions of Ram Sampath and the incisive verse of Divyanidhi Sharma enrich the emotional tapestry of the narrative."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2024-02-29 |title='Laapataa Ladies' movie review: Kiran Rao lifts the veil on patriarchy with a sharp social satire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laapataa-ladies-movie-review-kiran-rao-lifts-the-veil-on-patriarchy-with-a-sharp-social-satire/article67898882.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927041312/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laapataa-ladies-movie-review-kiran-rao-lifts-the-veil-on-patriarchy-with-a-sharp-social-satire/article67898882.ece |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Namrata Joshi of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Ram Sampath’s music is as much an essential part of it. The fresh and stylish experiment with folk songs, rhythms and instruments adds to the vibrancy of the narrative while also echoing and emphasizing the authenticity and rootedness of the world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2023-09-17 |title=TIFF 'Laapataa Ladies' film review: Women Talking and Women Bonding |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Sep/17/tiff-laapataaladies-film-review-women-talking-and-women-bonding-2615751.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924130634/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Sep/17/tiff-laapataaladies-film-review-women-talking-and-women-bonding-2615751.html |archive-date=2023-09-24 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' called the music "charming".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=2024-03-01 |title='Laapataa Ladies' review: Lost and gloriously found |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/laapataa-ladies-review-film-kiran-rao-comedy-111709295005232.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927233259/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/laapataa-ladies-review-film-kiran-rao-comedy-111709295005232.html |archive-date=2025-09-27 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] wrote "Music by Ram Sampath is another strength of the film and a couple of songs in the background add the rural and rusty touch to the proceedings."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title='Laapataa Ladies' Movie Review: Kiran Rao Triumphs With Delightful, Nuanced Comedy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/laapataa-ladies-movie-review-kiran-rao-triumphs-with-delightful-nuanced-comedy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424164233/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/laapataa-ladies-movie-review-kiran-rao-triumphs-with-delightful-nuanced-comedy |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref> Reviewing the song "Sajni", Tatsam Mukherjee of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' wrote "Sampath’s song emerges as an unlikely hero as it accentuates the longing in the film, without ever intruding and stating its presence. The song showcases its composer at his strongest; Sampath knows how to keep things simple."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Tatsam |date=2024-03-05 |title='Laapataa Ladies': Kiran Rao Serves up Gentle Satire and a Message Without Making a Big Deal of it |url=https://thewire.in/film/laapata-ladies-kiran-rao-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308020021/https://thewire.in/film/laapata-ladies-kiran-rao-review |archive-date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
| rowspan="4" |[[25th IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Ram Sampath]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA's Silver Jubilee Edition: Full List of 2025 Popular Category Nominations Unveiled! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifas-silver-jubilee-edition-full-list-of-2025-popular-category-nominations-unveiled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621131430/https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifas-silver-jubilee-edition-full-list-of-2025-popular-category-nominations-unveiled |archive-date=2025-06-21 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website= |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Laapataa Ladies Sweeps 10 Awards. Kartik Aaryan Named Best Actor. Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-laapataa-ladies-sweeps-with-10-awards-kartik-aaryan-named-best-actor-check-full-list-of-winners-7888397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508092136/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-laapataa-ladies-sweeps-with-10-awards-kartik-aaryan-named-best-actor-check-full-list-of-winners-7888397 |archive-date=2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=2025-03-10 |title=IIFA Awards 2025 Full Winners List: Laapataa Ladies Takes 10 Trophies, Kartik Aaryan Bags Top Honour |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/iifa-awards-2025-full-winners-list-laapataa-ladies-takes-10-trophies-kartik-aaryan-bags-top-honour-9255715.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621131429/https://www.news18.com/movies/iifa-awards-2025-full-winners-list-laapataa-ladies-takes-10-trophies-kartik-aaryan-bags-top-honour-9255715.html |archive-date=2025-06-21 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Prashant Pandey]] {{small|for "[[Sajni (song)|Sajni]]"}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Arijit Singh]] {{small|for "[[Sajni (song)|Sajni]]"}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] {{small|for "Dheeme Dheeme"}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
| rowspan="6" |[[70th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Ram Sampath]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2025 |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930044247/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html |archive-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2025 |title=Winners of the 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012151837/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html |archive-date=12 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025 |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Prashant Pandey]] {{small|for "[[Sajni (song)|Sajni]]"}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Swanand Kirkire]] {{small|for "Dheeme Dheeme"}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Arijit Singh]] {{small|for "[[Sajni (song)|Sajni]]"}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] {{small|for "Dheeme Dheeme"}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|[[Ram Sampath]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]

Nowgong Girls' College

2026-02-01T03:56:29Z

XMXHosea83962264: page fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Nowgong Girls' College
|image =
|type = Public
|established = 1962|
principal =
|city = [[Nagaon|Nowgong]]
|state = [[Assam]]
|country = India
|colors =
|affiliations = [[Gauhati University]]
|website = {{URL|http://nowgonggirlscollege.edu.in/}}
}}
'''Nowgong Girls' College''', established in 1962, is a general degree girls' college situated in [[Nagaon|Nowgong]], [[Assam]], India. This college is affiliated with the [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Gauhati University |url=http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606080313/http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |archivedate=6 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Departments==

===Science===
*[[Mathematics]]
*[[Statistics]]

===Arts===
*[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
*English
*[[Sanskrit]]
*[[History]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[Political Science]]
*Hindi
*[[Geography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://nowgonggirlscollege.edu.in/}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ngcassam.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314074017/http://www.ngcassam.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 March 2010|website=ngcassam.org|title=Welcome to Nowgong Girls' College|accessdate=2017-08-31}}

{{coord|26.3571|92.6858|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Gauhati University}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Maharashtra Economic Development Council

2026-01-28T23:04:25Z

XMXHosea83962264: made first article v1

{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Maharashtra Economic Development Council
| logo = [[File:MEDC .jpg|250px]]
| type = [[Trust company|Trust]]
| industry = [[Think-tank]]
| founded = 1957
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| key_people = Ravindra Boratkar (President)
}}
The '''Maharashtra Economic Development Council''' (MEDC) is a private research organisation based in [[Nariman Point]], [[Mumbai]]. It was established in 1957 with the participation of prominent [[chambers of commerce]], businesses, and industry associations from [[Maharashtra]] to "facilitate rapid and balanced economic development of Maharashtra".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcindia.com/|title=Maharashtra Economic Development Council महाराष्ट्र आर्थिक विकास मंडळ|website=www.medcindia.com}}</ref> The Council acts as an economic [[think-tank]] for business & industry as also for the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is an apolitical and autonomous organisation working proactively with the State Government, business and industry, professionals, bankers and economists on issues relating to development of the state.

== History ==

MEDC was founded in 1957 under the stewardship of [[Dhananjayrao Gadgil]], an eminent economist and former Deputy Chairman of the [[Planning Commission of India]]. The council was backed by a number of business and industry associations from Maharashtra and was given a mandate to facilitate rapid development of the state through economic research.

The council has been led by multiple presidents in the past, many of whom have been prominent business leaders and economists from the state. Its current president is Ravindra Boratkar, who was elected at the 57th Annual General Meeting of the council in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcindia.com/present-president-profile.php|title=Maharashtra Economic Development Council महाराष्ट्र आर्थिक विकास मंडळ|website=www.medcindia.com}}</ref>

== Work ==

MEDC focuses attention exclusively on economic and developmental research for the state of Maharashtra. As a part of its strategy, MEDC has accorded top priority in its agenda to vital issues such as:

* Infrastructure Development
* Balanced Regional Development
* Industry–Education Partnership
* [[Tourism]] & [[Hospitality industry|Hospitality]]
* Agriculture and Water Resources
* Economic Growth & Human Development

The organisation also publishes research work and conducts events for industry in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcindia.com/services.php|title=Maharashtra Economic Development Council महाराष्ट्र आर्थिक विकास मंडळ|website=www.medcindia.com}}</ref>

== Publications ==

MEDC has published several research papers till date under contract from the Government of Maharashtra as well as from private businesses looking to improve efficiency and grow.

It also publishes the monthly MEDC Economic Digest, which carries articles from economists, businessmen and policymakers on the particular theme of the issue. Some of the previous issues have had themes such as Urban Infrastructure (Jan 2019), India's Trade Relations (Dec 2018) and The Effects of [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|Demonetisation]] (Jan 2017). The digest is provided monthly to members of the council and can also be purchased from their website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcindia.com/economic-digest.php|title=Maharashtra Economic Development Council महाराष्ट्र आर्थिक विकास मंडळ|website=www.medcindia.com}}</ref>

Other publications include a series on Secured Governance for various countries, Indian states, and Indian cities by Dr. D.P. Sekhar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSME – Sai Suneel & Co |url=https://saisuneelandco.com/msme/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Events ==

The MEDC also organises various events throughout the year on economic development, industry growth, micro, small & medium enterprises, banking and more.
The most important of these events is the annual Dr. D.R. Gadgil Memorial Lecture conducted in Mumbai to commemorate the founder and former president of MEDC. Several luminaries have delivered the lecture in the past, including the likes of [[Raghuram Rajan]], [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]], [[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[Kaushik Basu]], [[R.A. Mashelkar]], [[Arthur Carty]], [[Vijay Kelkar]], [[Avinash Dixit]], and [[Yoginder K Alagh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcindia.com/d-a-gadgil-memorial-lecture-series.php|title=Maharashtra Economic Development Council महाराष्ट्र आर्थिक विकास मंडळ|website=www.medcindia.com}}</ref>

In 2019, MEDC also hosted Bluecon 2019, a three-day conclave on the [[blue economy]] and its prospects in India. Other important events include the Annual MSME Conference, which brings together policymakers, banks and financial institutions, and innovators working in the [[MSME]] sector to discuss market needs, financing, challenges and the future of the industry; and the National Conference on Urban Co-operative Banks, which focus on the challenges faced by [[Cooperative banking|co-operative banks]] in the country, banking regulations, technological changes and more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcindia.com/events.php|title=Maharashtra Economic Development Council महाराष्ट्र आर्थिक विकास मंडळ|website=www.medcindia.com}}</ref>

== Bluecon ==

Bluecon is an annual conclave conducted by MEDC in association with the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce]]. It focuses on creating centre-state partnerships to promote seamless development and to leverage opportunities in the blue economy in India.

Bluecon 2019 was conducted from 26 to 29 February 2019 and saw participation from union ministries, business and industry associations, and industry experts. It included sessions on the [[Sagarmala]] programme, adopting trade practices from [[Norway]], shaping the shipping industry, sustainable development of [[fisheries]], mining and exploration opportunities in the [[Indian Ocean]] and more.

Bluecon 2020 is planned for 14 and 15 February 2020 in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bluecon.in/|title=BLUECON 2019 | Blue Economy Conclave|website=BLUECON 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Government of Maharashtra]]
* [[Economy of Maharashtra]]
* [[Dhananjayrao Gadgil]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|18.9250|N|72.8265|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1957]]

Gujarat Samachar

2026-01-25T12:52:10Z

XMXHosea83962264: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Gujarati language daily newspaper}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|Article|date=May 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Gujarat Samachar
| logo = Gujarat Samachar logo.png
| logo_size = 220px
| image = GujaratSamacharCover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1932
| ceased_publication =
| owners = Lok Prakashan Limited
| publisher = Shreyans Shah
| editor = Shreyans Shah
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| staff_writers =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| political_position =
| headquarters = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| oclc = 43611166
| ISSN =
| publishing_country = India
| circulation = 11.78 million ([[Indian Readership Survey]] 2017)
| website = {{URL|gujaratsamachar.com}}
}}

The '''''Gujarat Samachar''''' is the leading [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language daily newspaper published in [[India]]. Its headquarters are in [[Ahmedabad]] with a branch in [[Surat]]. It is distributed from [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj]], [[Mehsana]], [[Mumbai]] and [[New York City]].

== History ==
The newspaper was founded by Chhabilbhai M. Patel in 1932. It is later acquired by Shantilal Shah in 1952.<ref name="ref1">Jeffrey, Robin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tm95ad2d7osC&pg=PA120 India's Newspaper Revolution: Capitalism, Technology and the Indian Language Press, 1977–1999], p. 120 (2000) ("In Gujurat in the 1950s, successful business families ... acquired both the big old nationalist newspapers, ''Gujarat Samachar'', founded in 1932, and ''Sandesh'', founded in 1923.")</ref><ref name="lady">{{Cite web |date=2011-11-08 |title=Lady Luck of Gujarat Samachar passes away – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lady-Luck-of-Gujarat-Samachar-passes-away/articleshow/10612410.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108002908/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-05/ahmedabad/30363437_1_gujarat-samachar-lok-prakashan-death-anniversary |archive-date=8 November 2011 }}</ref> Its first issue was published on 16 January 1932.<ref>{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Thaker|first=Mahesh|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]]|year=2011|edition=2nd|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=VI (Part 2)|location=Ahmedabad|pages=218|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia}}</ref>

== Availability ==
Gujarati Samachar is primarily available in the state of Gujarat in India. The newspaper is available in several cities in the state including Keshod, Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, and Baroda, Bhuj, Mehsana, Junagadh among others.

==Television channel==
It also launched a Gujarati News Channel in December 2012, ''GSTV.''

== Notable columnists ==
*[[Anil Chavda]], poet, writer and columnist
*[[Bakul Tripathi]], humour essayist, writer and columnist
*[[Hardwar Goswami]], poet, writer and columnist
*[[Jay Vasavada]], writer and columnist
*[[Joravarsinh Jadav]], writer, folklorist and columnist
*[[Kumarpal Desai]], author, critic, editor, journalist and columnist
*[[Makrand Mehta]], writer, historian and columnist
*[[Pravin Darji]], writer and columnist
*[[Rajesh Vyas]], poet, writer and columnist
*[[Vinodini Nilkanth]], writer, columnist and novelist
*[[Harshal Pushkarna]], science writer

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/ ''Gujarat Samachar''] – official website
*[https://thebarodian.in/congress-era-gujarat-samachar-office-arson-vs-bjps-ed-arrest-of-bahubali-shah-in-25-year-old-case/ The only newspaper of India who has faced vengeance from Congress and BJP].
{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Gujarati-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1932]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Gujarat]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}
{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Keechakavadham

2026-01-14T23:27:45Z

XMXHosea83962264: Starting a pg basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
'''Keechakavadham''' (The Slaying of Keechaka) is a [[Kathakali]] play ([[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]]) authored by [[Irayimman Thampi]]<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/kathakali-fete-featuring-plays-written-by-irayimman-thampi/article20684169.ece " Kathakali plays written by Irayimman Thampi were staged in Thiruvananthapuram" from "The Hindu", 23 November 2017]</ref> in [[Malayalam]]. Based on the [[Mahabharatha]], it narrates an episode from the thirteenth year of exile of the [[Pandava]] princes, during which they stay in disguise at the palace of the King of [[Virata]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/orma-2019-celebrated-irayimman-thampis-plays-in-a-three-day-kathakali-fte-in-palakkad-which-was-dedicated-to-the-memory/article28770643.ece "This Kathakali festival was a dedication to veteran Kottakkal Sivaraman" from "The Hindu", 1 August 2019]</ref> The Queen's brother, [[Keechaka]], takes a liking to [[Draupadi|Panchali]], who is working as the Queen's handmaiden, Sairandhri. Panchali tries to reject his advances but Keechaka presses on. This culminates in [[Bheema]], in disguise as Valala, slaying Keechaka. <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/impressive-staging-of-keechakavadham-in-kochi/article8906356.ece "The tragic hero" from ''The Hindu'', 28 July 2016]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/keechaka-vadham-at-the-kathakali-festival/article25122748.ece "Replete with dramatic moments" from "The Hindu", 4 October 2018]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kathakali]]
[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language plays]]
[[Category:Plays based on Asian myths and legends]]
[[Category:Works based on the Mahabharata]]
{{play-stub}}

List of major rivers of India

2026-01-11T03:21:30Z

XMXHosea83962264: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian rivers}}
[[File:Indiarivers.png|thumb|Map of India showing the major rivers.]]

With a land area of {{cvt|32,87,263|km2}} consisting of diverse ecosystems, India has many rivers systems and perennial streams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/india-at-a-glance.php|title=India at a glance|work=[[Know India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The rivers of India can be classified into four groups – Himalayan, Deccan, Coastal, and Inland drainage. The Himalayan rivers, mainly fed by glaciers and snow melt, arise from the [[Himalayas]]. The Deccan rivers system consists of rivers in [[Peninsular India]], that drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]]. There are numerous short coastal rivers, predominantly on the [[West Coast of India|West coast]]. There are few inland rivers, which do not drain into sea.<ref name="FAO">{{cite report|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/IND/IND-CP_eng.pdf|title=India – Rivers Catchment|work=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411065015/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/IND/IND-CP_eng.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2014|date=2011|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="River">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/rivers.php|title=Rivers of India|work=[[Know India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

Most of the rivers in India originate from the four major [[water divide|watershed]]s in India. The Himalayan watershed is the source of majority of the major river systems in India including the three longest rivers–the [[Ganges]], the [[Brahmaputra]] and the [[Indus River|Indus]].<ref name="River"/><ref name="System">{{cite web|url=https://mssrfcabc.res.in/?page_id=13807|title=Major River basins of India|work=MS Swaminathan Research Foundation|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> These three river systems are fed by more than 5000 glaciers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ijsce.org/attachments/File/v3i1/A1288033113.pdf|title=Comparison and Monitoring of Glacier Retreat using Satellite and Ground Methods|access-date=3 September 2015|journal=International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering |issn=2231-2307|volume=3|issue=1|date=March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514095709/http://ijsce.org/attachments/File/v3i1/A1288033113.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2015|page=361}}</ref> The [[Aravalli range]] in the north-west serves the origin of few of the rivers such as the [[Chambal River|Chambal]], the [[Banas River|Banas]] and the [[Luni River|Luni]] rivers.<ref name="System"/>

The [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River|Tapti]] rivers originate from the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] ranges in [[Central India]].<ref name="System"/> In the peninsular India, majority of the rivers originate from the [[Western Ghats]] and flow towards the Bay of Bengal, while only a few rivers flow from east to west from the [[Eastern Ghats]] to the Arabian sea. This is because of the difference in elevation of the Deccan plateau, which slopes gently from the west to the east.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web|title=Formation of Western Ghats|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/form.htm|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124318/https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/form.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest of the peninsular rivers include the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] and the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]].<ref name="River"/><ref name="System"/>

== River systems ==
[[File:Plan of River Systems of India.png|frame|none|alt=text chart showing confluence of rivers in India|Chart showing the major river systems of India along with the [[tributaries]] and [[distributaries]] of some of them.]]

As per the classification of [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], the rivers systems are combined into 20 river units, which includes 14 major rivers systems and 99 smaller river basins grouped into six river units. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin is the largest, which covers 34% of the land area and contributes to nearly 59% of the available water resources.<ref name="FAO"/>

{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 90%"
!scope="col"| River unit
!scope="col"| Region
!scope="col"| Draining into
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number| Catchment area (% of land area)
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number| Average annual runoff (km3)
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number| Surface water (km3)
|-
| [[Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra]]-[[Meghna River|Meghna]] || rowspan="4"|North-east || [[Bangladesh]] || 34.0 || 610.62 || 294.0
|-
| Other North-east rivers || [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] || 1.1 || 31.0 ||
|-
| [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] || rowspan="9"|[[Bay of Bengal]] || 0.9 || 12.4 ||
|-
| [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]]-[[Baitarani River|Baitarani]] || 1.6 || 28.5 || 6.8
|-
| [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] || rowspan="2"|Central-east || 4.4 || 66.9 || 18.3
|-
| East flowing rivers between [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] and [[Penna River|Pennar]] || 2.7 || 22.5 || 19.0
|-
| [[Godavari River|Godavari]] || rowspan="2"|Central || 9.7 || 110.5 || 50
|-
| [[Krishna River|Krishna]] || 8.0 || 78.1 || 76.3
|-
| [[Penna River|Pennar]] || rowspan="2"|South-east || 1.7 || 6.3 || 58.0
|-
| East flowing rivers between [[Penna River|Pennar]] and [[Kanyakumari]] || 3.1 || 16.5 || 13.1
|-
| [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] || South || 2.5 || 21.4 || 6.9
|-
| West flowing rivers between [[Tadadi|Tadri]] and [[Kanyakumari]] || South-west || rowspan="7"|[[Arabian Sea]] || 1.7 || 113.5 || 16.7
|-
| West flowing rivers between [[Tapti River|Tapti]] and [[Tadadi|Tadri]] || Southwest || 1.7 || 87.4 || 24.3
|-
| [[Tapti River|Tapti]] || rowspan="2"|Central-west || 2.0 || 14.9 || 11.9
|-
| [[Narmada River|Narmada]] || 3.1 || 45.6 || 14.5
|-
| [[Mahi River|Mahi]] || rowspan="3"|North-west || 1.1 || 11.0 || 34.5
|-
| [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] || 0.7 || 3.8 || 3.1
|-
| West flowing rivers between [[Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] || 10.0 || 15.1 || 1.9
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] inland basin || North-east || None || Negligible || Negligible || 15.0
|-
| [[Indus River|Indus]] tributaries || North-west || [[Pakistan]] || 10 || 73.3 || 46.0
|-
|}

== List of rivers ==
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Major rivers of India<ref name="River"/>
!scope="col"| Rank
!scope="col"| River
!scope="col"| Image
!scope="col" data-sort-type=number| Length (km)
!scope="col"| Origin
!scope="col"| Outflow
!scope="col"| Major tributaries
!scope="col"| [[States and union territories of India|States/UT]]
|-
| 1 || [[Indus River|Indus]] || [[File:Nanga_Parbat_Indus_Gorge.jpg|100px]] || 3,180 || rowspan="3"|[[Himalayas]] || [[Arabian Sea]] || [[Panjnad River|Panjnad]],{{efn|name=Indus|The [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] join the [[Chenab River|Chenab]], the [[Beas River]] joins the [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]]. Later the Chenab joins with the Sutlej to form the [[Panjnad River]], which merges with the [[Indus River|Indus]].}} [[Shyok River|Shyok]], [[Dras River|Dras]], [[Zanskar River|Zanskar]] || [[Ladakh]], [[Gujarat]]{{efn|The [[Indus River Delta]] is mostly in the [[Sindh province]] of Pakistan with a small portion in the [[Rann of Kutch|Kutch Region]] of India.}}
|-
| 2 || [[Brahmaputra]] || [[File:Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg|100px]] || 2,880 || rowspan="3"|[[Bay of Bengal]]{{efn| Brahmaputra splits into two distributaries with the western branch merging with the lower Ganga to form the [[Padma River]] and the eastern branch joining with the [[Meghna River]]. The Padma and Meghna rivers converge to form the [[Ganges Delta]] and flow out into the Bay of Bengal.}} || [[Lhasa River|Lhasa]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], [[Teesta River|Teesta]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Ganges]] || [[File:Varanasiganga.jpg|100px]] || 2,525 || [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]], [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]], [[Gomti River|Gomti]], [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]], [[Kosi River|Kosi]], [[Son River|Son]] || [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
| 4 || [[Godavari River|Godavari]] || [[File:Early_morning_in_Godavari_02.jpg|100px]] || 1,465 || [[Western Ghats]] || [[Manjira River|Manjira]], [[Indravati River|Indravati]], [[Sabari River|Sabari]], [[Purna River (tributary of Godavari)|Purna]] || [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 5 || [[Satluj River|Satluj]] || [[File:A_view_of_Sutlej_river_Himachal_Pradesh_India_2014.jpg|100px]] || 1,450 || [[Himalayas]] ||[[Indus River|Indus]]{{efn|name=Indus}} || [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Beas River|Beas]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
| 6 || [[Krishna River|Krishna]] || [[File:Krishna_River.jpg|100px]] || 1,400 || [[Western Ghats]] || [[Bay of Bengal]] || [[Bhima River|Bhima]], [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]], [[Ghataprabha River|Ghataprabha]] || [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 7 || [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] || [[File:Yamuna_river_near_the_Himalayas.jpg|100px]] || 1,376 || [[Himalayas]] || [[Ganges]] || [[Chambal River|Chambal]], [[Betwa River|Betwa]], [[Ken River|Ken]] || [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]]
|-
| 8 || [[Narmada River|Narmada]] || [[File:Omkareshwar1.JPG|100px]] || 1,312 || [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] || [[Arabian Sea]] || [[Kolar River (Madhya Pradesh)|Kolar]], [[Sher River|Sher]], [[Tawa River|Tawa]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]]
|-
| 9 || [[Ghaghara River|Ghagara]] || [[File:Ghaghara_River_Bahraich.jpg|100px]] || 1,080 || [[Himalayas]] || rowspan="2"|[[Ganges]] || [[Seti River|Seti]], [[Bheri River|Bheri]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| 10 || [[Chambal River|Chambal]] || [[File:Chambal-river-gorge.jpg|100px]] || 1,024 || [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] || [[Banas River|Banas]], [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parbati]], [[Shipra River|Shipra]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 11 || [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] || [[File:Mahanadi_from_Banki.jpg|100px]] || 900 || [[Eastern Ghats]] || [[Bay of Bengal]] || [[Hasdeo River|Hasdeo]], [[Seonath River|Seonath]], [[Jonk River|Jonk]], [[Ong River]] || [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]]
|-
| 12 || [[Chenab River|Chenab]] || [[File:River_Chenab_Ramban.jpg|100px]] || 890 || [[Himalayas]] || [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]]{{efn|name=Indus}} || [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Tawi River|Tawi]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| 13 || [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] || [[File:Cauvery at Erode.JPG|100px]] || 805 || [[Western Ghats]] || [[Bay of Bengal]] || [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]], [[Hemavati River|Hemavati]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Noyyal River|Noyyal]] || [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| 14 || [[Son River|Son]] || [[File:Son_River,_Umaria_district,_MP,_India.jpg|100px]] || 784 || [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] || [[Ganges]] || [[Gopad River|Gopad]], [[Rihand River|Rihand]], [[Kanhar River|Kanhar]] ||[[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| 15 || [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] || [[File:Srinagar_(Kashmir),_1969,_bridge_over_the_Jelhum_river..jpg|100px]] || 729 || rowspan="3"|[[Himalayas]] || rowspan="2"|[[Chenab River|Chenab]] || [[Poonch River|Poonch]], [[Lidder River|Lidder]], [[Neelum River|Neelum]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| 16 || [[Ravi River|Ravi]] || [[File:Ravi_River.jpg|100px]] || 720 || ||[[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
| 17 || [[Kosi River|Kosi]] || [[File:Kosi River, Jim Corbett National Park, Ramnagar, Uttarakhand.jpeg|100px]] || 720 || [[Ganges]] || [[Sun Kosi]], [[Arun River, Tibet-Nepal|Arun]], [[Tamur River|Tamur]] || [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{India Rivers}}

[[Category:Lists of rivers of India| Major rivers]]

Jodhpur Gramin district

2026-01-10T06:23:54Z

XMXHosea83962264: Starting initial place nd citations

{{Short description|District in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jodhpur Gramin
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Higher than Highnesses.jpg
|photo1b = Umaid Bhawan palace, Jodhpur 07.jpg
|photo2a = Osian Monuments.JPG
|photo2b = Jaswant thada view.jpg
|photo3a = Jodhpur-Mehrangarh Fort-09-Town panoramic P3N-20131011.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Mehrangarh|Meherangarh Fort]], [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]], [[Jaswant Thada]], View of [[Jodhpur]] skyline, Osiyan Mata Temple in [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osiyan]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location of Jodhpur district in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|27.62|72.92}} - {{coord|26.00|73.87}}
| coor_pinpoint = Jodhpur
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 7 August 2023
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = Jodhpur Gramin
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = Jodhpur North, Jodhpur South, Luni, Bilara, Bhopalgadh, Pipar City, Osian, Bavri, Shergadh, Balesar
| area_total_km2 = 22850
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3687165
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 34.30 percent
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = RJ-19, RJ-54
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| official_name = Jodhpur Gramin
}}
'''Jodhpur Gramin district ''' (translated as: '''Jodhpur Rural''') was a [[List of districts of Rajasthan|district]] in [[Rajasthan]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=Rajasthan cabinet approves splitting Jaipur district into 4, Jodhpur into 2; notifications soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/cabinet-approves-splitting-jaipur-district-into-4-jodhpur-into-2-notifications-soon/articleshow/101409025.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This district was formed in 7 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Rajasthan govt announces 17 new districts, 3 new divisions in state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/rajasthan-government-announces-17-new-districts-and-redraws-jaipur-and-jodhpur-in-preparation-for-assembly-elections-101691154833164.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Its administrative headquarters was [[Jodhpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 जिलों के साथ सबसे ज्यादा जिलों वाला तीसरा राज्य बना राजस्थान |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/rajasthan-new-district-list-know-how-many-district-are-there-in-rajasthan-and-cm-ashok-gehlot-announcement/articleshow/98740530.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जोधपुर जिले से अलग हुआ जोधपुर ग्रामीण, धर्मगुरुओं के मंत्रोच्चारण के साथ हुआ नए जिले का गठन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jodhpur/jodhpur-rural-separated-from-jodhpur-district-formation-of-new-district-with-chanting-of-religious-leaders/1814724 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== 2024 updates ==
On 28 December 2024, the Cabinet of Rajasthan decided not to retain 9 new districts- Anupgarh, Dudu, Gangapur City, Jaipur Rural, Jodhpur Rural, Kekri, Neem Ka Thana, Sanchore, and Sanchore, and Shahpura- along with the 3 newly created divisions—Banswara, Pali, and Sikar.<ref>{{cite news |title=गहलोत के बनाए 9 जिले-3 संभाग भजनलाल ने खत्म किए:21 महीने पहले बने थे; सरकार ने कहा- उपयोगिता नहीं थी, कांग्रेस बोली- फिर बनाएंगे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-new-district-merger-update-134198307.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |agency=Dainik Bhaskar |date=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=9 new districts cancelled in Rajasthan; Gehlot slams government's confused decision-making {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/rajasthan-district-division-reorganization-1.10203100 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |agency=Mathrubhumi |date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jodhpur]]
* [[Jodhpur district]]
* [[Jaipur district]]
* [[Jaipur Gramin district]]
* [[List of districts of Rajasthan]]
* [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Districts in Jodhpur division]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Ramnathi

2025-12-28T23:03:39Z

XMXHosea83962264: adjust lead further and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Goa, India}}
{{Cleanup|date=October 2022|reason=The article offers concepts in regional languages without necessary English translations.}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Ramnathi Temple''' is located in Ramnathim, [[Bandora, Goa|Bandivade]] in [[Goa]]. The primary worshippers come from the social classes [[Goud Saraswat Brahmins]] (GSB) belonging to [[Gokarna Math|Gokarn Math]], & [[Kashi Math|Kashi Mutt]], [[Daivadnya Brahmin]] and [[Vaishya|Vaishyas]]. Similar to other Goan Brahmin temples, Ramnathi too incorporates the system of Panchayatan, therefore, this temple houses 5 main deities namely; Shri Ramnath (chief deity), Shanteri, [[Kamakshi]], [[Laxmi Narayan]], [[Ganapati]], [[Betal]] and Kalbhairav, along with other family purushas.[[File:Ramnathi.jpg|thumb|right|'''''Ramnathi temple, Goa, India''''']]

== Legend ==
Local Hindus believe the Ramanath idol to have originally been installed by [[Rama]] at [[Rameshwar]]. When Rama came back from [[Lanka]] along with [[Sita]], after killing [[Ravana]], he decided to pray to [[Shiva]] in order to absolve him of killing a Brahmin. Hence, a [[lingam]] was installed, and Rama prayed to it. Shiva is regarded to have emerged from the idol and sent Rama to Guru [[Gorakshnath]]. There are 12 [[Panth|Panths]], and one of the Panths started from Rama. This came to be known as Ramnath.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rameswaramtemple.org/index.php?vt=2 |title=Arulmigu Ramanatha Swami Thirukkovil [ Rameswaram Temple ] |website=www.rameswaramtemple.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716183005/http://www.rameswaramtemple.org/index.php?vt=2 |archive-date=2010-07-16}}</ref>
[[File:Entrance of Shri Ramnathi Temple..jpg|thumb|Entrance of Shri Ramnathi Temple.]]

==History==
The original temple of Ramnathi in Goa, was located in [[Loutolim]] in [[Salcete|salcette]] (सष्टी), Goa. The Idol of Ramnathi was shifted to the present site in the 16th century to prevent its destruction by the then [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colonizers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/3445/lot.html |title=LOUTOLIM - Compiled by Armstrong Monteiro |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-date=20 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020000959/http://geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/3445/lot.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2011, the Ramnathi temple completed 450 years at its present location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/ramnathi-temple-marks-450-year-anniversary-celebrations-release-souvenir |title=Ramnathi temple marks 450-year anniversary celebrations with release of souvenir | iGoa |accessdate=2011-05-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807140906/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/ramnathi-temple-marks-450-year-anniversary-celebrations-release-souvenir |archivedate=2011-08-07 }}</ref>

[[File:Main entrance and Deepa Stambha.jpg|thumb|Main entrance and Deepa stambha]]

==Deities==
[[File:Ramnathi Image.jpg|200px|thumb|left|'''Lord Ramnath''']]

The chief deity of the temple is Ramnath. Since Ramnath is the chief deity, the temple came to be known as Ramnathi. The name Ram-Nath equals Lord of Rama i.e. Shiva. In addition the temple has the idols of the Goddess Shanteri ([[Shantadurga]]) from Rivona and the Goddess [[Kamakshi]] from [[Loutolim]]. There is an idol of ''Shree'' Lakshmi Narayan ''Shree'' Siddhinath ([[Ganesh]]), ''Shree'' [[Betal]] and Shree Kaalbhairav. This completes the Ramnathi ''Panchayatna''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ramnathi.org/ | title=|| Shree Ramnath Prasanna ||}}</ref>

==Kulavis==
The kulavis or associated families had migrated out of [[Salcete|Salsette]] due to religious persecution and now dwell all along the western coast of [[India]]. A large number of the kulavis live in [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], [[coastal Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and abroad. The tradition of coming to the temple after a major family event continues.{{fact|date=October 2022}}

The ''kulavis'' mainly come from [[Vatsa]], [[Kaundinya]]Gotra of Madhwa follower Gaud Saraswat Brahmins <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ramnathi.org/mahajans/ |title = Mahajans (Kullavis) | || Shree Ramnath Prasanna ||}}</ref> and of Daivadnya Brahmins samaj.{{fact|date=October 2022}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ramnathi}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130117090400/http://arunshanbhag.com/2005/03/29/ramnathi-devasthan/ Article title]}}
The Ramanthi Temple is also visited by Gowd Saraswat Brahmins of other Gotras also.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Goa}}
{{Coord|15.398783|73.981504|region:IN_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:wikimapia|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Goa]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in South Goa district]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

K. Karunakaran

2025-12-25T09:12:57Z

XMXHosea83962264: further expand page for clarity also and updated info for clarity

{{short description|Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Kerala}}
{{family name hatnote|Kannoth|lang=Malayali}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Karunakaran
| native_name =
| image = K._Karunakaran_(image).jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| office = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister for Industry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prominentindianpersonalities.blogspot.in/2014/10/kkarunakaran.html|title=K. KARUNAKARAN|last=Babu|first=Sathish|date=18 October 2014|website=Prominent Indian Personalities|access-date=25 June 2016|archive-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531144450/http://prominentindianpersonalities.blogspot.in/2014/10/kkarunakaran.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-kerala-chief-minister-karunakaran-passes-away/article972326.ece|title=Former Kerala Chief Minister Karunakaran passes away|date=24 December 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
| primeminister = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| term_start = 11 June 1995
| term_end = 16 May 1996
| predecessor = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| successor = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| order1 = 5th
| office1 = Chief Minister of Kerala
| governor1 =
| term_start1 = 24 June 1991
| term_end1 = 16 March 1995
| predecessor1 = [[E. K. Nayanar]]
| successor1 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| governor2 =
| deputy2 =
| term_start2 = 24 May 1982
| term_end2 = 25 March 1987
| predecessor2 = [[President's rule]]
| successor2 = [[E. K. Nayanar]]
| governor3 =
| deputy3 =
| term_start3 = 28 December 1981
| term_end3 = 17 March 1982
| predecessor3 = [[President's rule]]
| successor3 = [[President's rule]]
| governor4 =
| term_start4 = 25 March 1977
| term_end4 = 25 April 1977
| predecessor4 = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
| successor4 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| office5 = Minister of Home Affairs, [[Government of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ministers49_main.htm|title=KERALA's FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|website=Information & Public Relations Department|access-date=25 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708185932/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ministers49_main.htm|archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = C. Achutha Menon
| term_start5 = 25 September 1971
| term_end5 = 25 March 1977
| predecessor5 = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
| successor5 = [[K. M. Mani]]
| office6 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition in Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 26 March 1987
| term_end6 = 17 June 1991
| term_start7 = 25 January 1980
| term_end7 = 20 October 1981
| term_start8 = 29 October 1978
| term_end8 = 7 October 1979
| term_start9 = 6 March 1967
| term_end9 = 1 November 1969
| office10 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<ref name=mala.co.in>{{cite web|url=http://www.mala.co.in/shri-k-karunakaran-and-mala|title=Shri K. Karunakaran and Mala|website=mala.co.in|publisher=Mala.co.in|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
| constituency10 = [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] (7 Terms)
| term_start10 = {{Start date|1967||}}
| term_end10 = {{End date|1996||}}
| office11 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<ref name=mala.co.in/><ref name=niyamasabha.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m286.htm|title=K. Karunakaran|website=niyamasabha.org|publisher=Information System Section, Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
| term_start11 = {{Start date|1998|02|28|df=yes}}
| term_end11 = {{End date|1999|10|06|df=yes}}
| constituency11 = [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| term_start12 = {{Start date|1999|10|06|df=yes}}
| term_end12 = {{End date|2004|05|16|df=yes}}
| constituency12 = [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]]
| office13 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<ref name=mala.co.in/><ref name=niyamasabha.org/>
| term_start13 = 25 April 1995
| term_end13 = 28 February 1998
| term_start14 = 3 April 2004
| term_end14 = 1 May 2005
| office15 = Member of the [[Travancore–Cochin]] Legislative Assembly<ref name=niyamasabha.org/><ref name=stateofkerala>{{cite web|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/k_karunakaran.php|title=KERALA NIYAMASABHA: K.KARUNAKARAN|website=stateofkerala.in|publisher=stateofkerala.in|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>
| term_start15 = 1 July 1949
| term_end15 = 23 March 1956
| office16 = Member of the Kochi Legislative Assembly<ref name=niyamasabha.org/><ref name=stateofkerala/>
| term_start16 = {{Start date|1948||}}
| term_end16 = {{End date|1949||}}
| office17 = Councillor of [[Thrissur]]<ref name=stateofkerala/>
| term_start17 = {{Start date|1945||}}
| term_end17 = {{End date|1948||}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|07|05}}
| birth_place = [[Chirakkal, Kannur|Chirakkal]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|12|23|1918|07|05}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Kalyanikutty Amma|1954|1993|reason=died}}
| residence = [[Kannur]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| children = [[K. Muraleedharan]] Padmaja Venugopal
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Thekkedathu Ravunni Marar|Kannoth Kalyani Amma}}
| date = 2 November
| year = 2007
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20070820105510/http://www.keralacm.gov.in/ek_nayanar.htm Government of Kerala
| birth_name = Kannoth Karunakara Marar
| otherparty = [[Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)]]
}}

'''Kannoth Karunakaran''' (5 July 1918{{snd}}23 December 2010) was an Indian politician, political strategist, decision maker and statesman who served as the [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|chief minister of Kerala]] in 1977, from 1981 to March 1982, from May 1982 to 1987 and from 1991 to 1995. He is the founder of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) coalition, which governed the state in the periods of 1982-87, 1991–96, 2001–06 and 2011–16; and currently is the main opposition in [[Kerala]] {{As of|2016|lc=y|since=y}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-19 |title=As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629120216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also served as the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister for Industry]] from 1995 to 1996 and served as the Leader of the Opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] for four terms- 1967 to 1969, 1978 to 1979, 1980 to 1981 and 1987 to 1991. He also has the distinction of being one of the longest serving Congress Legislature Party (CLP) Leaders in the country, holding that post from 1967 to 1995.

Karunakaran was close to former Prime Ministers [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name=":1">
{{Cite web |date=23 December 2010 |title=Who was K Karunakaran? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022111155/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> At the peak of his career in the 1980s and 1990s, he enjoyed considerable access, confidence and control at the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC), such that he had an important role in helping [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] become [[Prime Minister of India]]. He played a crucial role in nurturing and strengthening the INC into a strong political party in Kerala and enjoyed mass support of not just party workers but the entire anti-communist bloc that was active in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-23|title=Former Kerala Chief Minister Karunakaran passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Former-Kerala-Chief-Minister-Karunakaran-passes-away/article15605617.ece|access-date=2021-04-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427061153/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Former-Kerala-Chief-Minister-Karunakaran-passes-away/article15605617.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also credited with bringing development to multiple sectors in Kerala by spearheading key projects, including [[Cochin airport|Kochi Airport]], the country's first [[public-private]] international airport, the [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]], and [[Kochi]]'s [[Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-06 |title=Karunakaran: A titan of Kerala politics |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panorama/karunakaran-a-titan-of-kerala-politics-122250.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822012823/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panorama/karunakaran-a-titan-of-kerala-politics-122250.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Karunakaran was born on 5 July 1918 in [[Chirakkal, Kannur|Chirakkal]] near [[Kannur]] to a Nair Marar family to Thekkedathu Ravunni Marar and Kannoth Kalyani Amma . He had two elder brothers, Kannoth Kunjirama Marar and Kannoth Balakrishna Marar; a younger brother, Kannoth Damodara "Appunni" Marar; and a sister, Devaki, who died when Karunakaran was five years old. His father was a record keeper in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

During his childhood, Karunakaran was an expert in [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[painting]], [[association football|football]] and [[volleyball]]. Though he was named Karunakara Marar, he later dropped his caste title, and came to be known just by his given name.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Karunakaran began his education at [[Vadakara]] Government Lower Primary School in 1923. Later, he studied in Andallur Government School and Raja's High School near his home in Chirakkal. After graduating high school, he went to [[Thrissur]] and enrolled at the fine arts college, where he obtained degrees in painting and mathematics. For treating an eye disorder, he went to his maternal uncle's home in [[Vellanikkara]] near Thrissur, along with his eldest brother Kunjirama Marar. Later, he married his uncle's daughter Kalyanikkutty Amma in 1954 at [[Guruvayoor Temple]], when he was 36 and she was 30. Their children are Congress politician [[K. Muraleedharan]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician Padmaja Venugopal.

In the early hours of 3 June 1992, during his last term as Chief Minister, he had a near-fatal car accident on his way back to [[Thiruvananthapuram]], after completing his campaigns for the by-elections to be held in the then-[[Njarakkal Assembly Constituency]] in [[Ernakulam district]]. He recovered after prolonged treatment in both India and the US.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Praveen|first=M. p|date=2015-12-23|title=Leader's aide takes ride down memory lane|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/leaders-aide-takes-ride-down-memory-lane/article8020258.ece|access-date=2021-04-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427064131/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/leaders-aide-takes-ride-down-memory-lane/article8020258.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the next year, his wife died following a [[heart ailment]], a loss which deeply affected Karunakaran for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=KRISHNAKUMAR|first=R.|title=Crafty patriarch|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30174319.ece|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Frontline|date=27 January 2011|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427064132/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30174319.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:K._Karunakaran_in_1977.jpg|left|thumb|245x245px|Karunakaran in 1977]]
In 1937, Karunakaran joined the flood relief camps that were conducted by [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]], [[C. Achutha Menon]], R.{{Nbsp}}M.{{Nbsp}}Manakkalath and other leaders of [[Kochi Rajya Prajamandalam|Prajamandalam]], an early freedom movement in Kochi. He became a member of the INC and began to wear [[khadi]]. He also participated intensively in trade union activities in the vast Thattil rubber estates where his uncle Raghavan Nair was a writer.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} During this time he used his artistic skills and labour to help the workers' union, which would become the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC), with their posters and campaigns. Gradually, he was picked up by [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]] as his favourite follower.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Eventually, Karunakaran rose to the level of senior leader of the INTUC, which became one of the largest trade unions in India with over 33 million members. He went on to become INC's Thrissur District Committee President, after which he was elected to the Cochin Legislative Assembly twice before the formation of Kerala State. He contested the [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]s against trade unionist and ex-INC member Dr. [[A. R. Menon]], going onto to lose by around two thousand votes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

{{Cquote|After a career of both achievements and setbacks in his 30s and most of his 40s, K. Karunakaran was allotted a ticket to contest from a Communist stronghold, Thrissur's Mala constituency, considered a "safe seat" for the Left, in the 1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly Elections. To the astonishment of most political observers, 47-year-old K. Karunakaran defeated the Communist candidate by more than 3000 votes, and went on to represent the constituency in seven successive elections: 1967, 1970, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1987, and 1991.
| author = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| source = in an article published on Mathrubhumi online<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/features/specials/one-and-only-leader--1.5302631|title=One and only 'Leader', K. Karunakaran|date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
}}
The VIP pavilion in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Kaloor]], Kochi is named in his honour.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=14 July 2014|title=Karunakaran Pavilion|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Pavilion-to-be-named-after-Karunakaran/articleshow/48063171.cms|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

In 1967, when Karunakaran was elected to the State Legislature for the first time, the Congress was at its lowest ebb in the state having been routed in the election with just 9 legislators on its side (less than the 10 percent strength which is now mandatory to be recognized as the official opposition party). The defeat of many veteran leaders paved the way for Karunakaran to take up the mantle of the Leader of the Opposition. Karunakaran quickly adapted to the role with his dexterous and Machiavellian capabilities putting the EMS Namboodiripad ministry on its toes despite the massive majority it enjoyed in the assembly.

In 1969, Karunakaran faced a severe setback when the Congress legislature party vertically split, leaving Karunakaran with the support of just 5 MLAs. However, Karunakaran, always a master strategist bided his time and played a crucial role in the overthrow of the Namboodiripad ministry and the subsequent formation of a coalition with the new Chief Minister, C. Achutha Menon. By the mid-term elections, the Congress had recovered significantly under Karunakaran and emerged as the largest party post the elections. Although Karunakaran could have technically staked a claim for Chief Ministership in 1970, he chose not to do so, being aware of Achutha Menon's administrative capabilities and visionary ideas for the state. Instead, he went to become the Home Minister in the cabinet, by virtue of which he was the de facto deputy in the cabinet.

In 1977, following [[The Emergency (India)|the National Emergency]], when the Congress was swept out of power across the nation, Karunakaran led the Congress-coalition government to a landslide victory securing 111 seats in the [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]s. However, he had to resign after one month following the controversies that emerged about the [[Rajan case]]<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite magazine|author=Rajshri Pant |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Rajan case: Kerala CM Karunakaran resigns|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19770515-rajan-case-kerala-cm-karunakaran-resigns-823684-2014-08-08|access-date=2021-04-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> paving the way for his rival AK Antony to become Chief Minister. Regardless, he emerged as a strong supporter of [[Indira Gandhi]] after the emergency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran Congress Leader Karunakaran Dead|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/veteran-congress-leader-karunakaran-dead/706102|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref>

Political instability continued with Antony, P.K. Vasudevan Nair and C.H. Mohammad Koya all serving as Chief Ministers in the 5th legislative assembly from 1977 to 1979, eventually calling for the need for a fresh mandate from the public. With the CPI, RSP, the Antony-faction and K.M. Mani joining hands with the CPI(M) to form the Left Democratic Front in 1979-80, the residual Congress under Karunakaran was doomed. The newly formed United Democratic Front consisting of the Congress, Muslim League and the Kerala Congress faction led by P.J. Joseph suffered a crushing defeat in the 1980 assembly elections winning a mere 46 seats. Nevertheless, Karunakaran went on to become the Leader of the Opposition.

As in 1969, Karunakaran deftly took advantage of the discord prevailing between the CPI(M) and the Antony-faction, eventually leading to the collapse of the E.K. Nayanar government in October 1981. Subsequently, Karunakaran went onto form his second administration in December 1981, after a brief spell of President's rule. However, he faced a dilemma as both the treasury and opposition benches were tied, thus requiring the Speaker, A.C. Jose to cast his vote to save the government. This went to become a farcical experiment with the speaker casting his vote on occasion eight times to save the government. Eventually, in March 1982, a legislator defected from the treasury benches and the government lost the no-confidence motion.

In the early elections held in May 1982, the UDF under Karunakaran won a narrow but decisive victory securing 77 seats to the LDF's 63. Karunakaran himself contested from two seats, winning from both- his traditional Mala seat as well as Nemom. Karunakaran was sworn in as Chief Minister for the third time and went on to become just the second Chief Minister to serve a full 5-year term in office. Karunakaran was also successful in ensuring the return of 'rebel' leaders such as [[A. K. Antony]], [[Oommen Chandy]] and [[Vayalar Ravi]] to the Congress.

In March 1987, the Karunakaran administration which had been tainted due to corruption charges, rising communalization and infighting, was brought down from power, with the LDF winning 78 seats, leaving just 61 seats for the UDF. The next four years in opposition saw a virtual tug of war between Karunakaran and Antony serving as the new Leader of the Opposition and State Congress President respectively. The Congress and the UDF were in virtual disarray, ceding wide political ground to the Marxists under Chief Minister Nayanar. Following the rout suffered by the UDF in the panchayat elections in 1990-91, Nayanar took the gamble of holding an early assembly election in May 1991 along with the already scheduled parliamentary election. The tragic assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, two days before polling was scheduled to take place completely changed the tide in Kerala. The UDF on the back of a sympathy-wave rode to power, sweeping 90 seats. The Congress itself won 57 seats, its highest tally since 1960. Karunakaran was propelled back to the post of Chief Minister for the fourth and what would be the final time.

His downfall in state politics began with a car accident that happened to him in June 1992. He was returning from [[Aluva]] after attending multiple meetings in [[Njarakkal Legislative Constituency]], where there were by-elections, and his car collided with a tree at [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallippuram]] near Thiruvananthapuram, causing him serious fractures in head, limbs and the sixth vertebrae of his spine. After the accident, he was hospitalized in [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum]] and was unable to manage the finances and administration of the state government.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=T. N. GOPAKUMAR |date=January 2, 2013 |title=Kerala Chief Minister Karunakaran's road mishap cripples state|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920715-kerala-chief-minister-karunakaran-road-mishap-cripples-state-766585-2013-01-02|access-date=2021-04-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> This became a political crisis when the state government was managed by a [[Kitchen Cabinet|kitchen cabinet]] of Karunakaran's son K. Muraleedharan and his trusted aide and Chief Secretary of the [[Indian Administrative Service]], K. Padmakumar.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=T. N. GOPAKUMAR |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Karunakaran rules Kerala from bed as he recovers from his June 3 accident|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920731-karunakaran-rules-kerala-from-bed-as-he-recovers-from-his-june-3-accident-766641-2013-01-04|access-date=2021-04-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> This was an issue within the state INC as then-Finance Minister and second in command of the ruling coalition [[Oommen Chandy]], belonging to the party's pro-[[A. K. Antony|Antony]] faction, was not given command.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kochukudy|first=Anand|title=How the ISRO espionage scandal brought a CM down|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/09/17/isro-espionage-scandal-downfall-karunakaran|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Newslaundry|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702060651/https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/09/17/isro-espionage-scandal-downfall-karunakaran|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1993, Karunakaran had recovered and became active in government affairs. During this period, discontent was further aggravated by bringing [[K. M. Mani]] into the foray when a split occurred between [[Kerala Congress]] and [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Girish|date=2011-10-31|title=Instinctive politician, avid legislator|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/instinctive-politician-avid-legislator/article2583223.ece|access-date=2021-04-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427074751/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/instinctive-politician-avid-legislator/article2583223.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, a revisionist ({{Langx|ml|തിരുത്തൽവാദി|translit=thiruthalvadi}}) group emerged within Karunakaran's INC faction led by [[G. Karthikeyan]], [[Ramesh Chennithala]] and [[M. I. Shanavas]] against his authoritarian tendencies and proxy rule by his son.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=T. N. GOPAKUMAR |date=September 15, 1993 |title=Dissidents raise banner of revolt against K. Karunakaran again|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930915-dissidents-raise-banner-of-revolt-against-k-karunakaran-again-811527-1993-09-15|access-date=2021-04-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The situation intensified into an intra-party revolt when [[M. A. Kuttappan]], nominated by the state INC as a [[Rajya Sabha]] nominee, was denied candidacy by party leadership, which Karunakaran had considerable influence over.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|author=Rajiv G.|date=Feb 3, 2016|title=Karunakaran did not resign on Isro spy case: Oommen Chandy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karunakaran-did-not-resign-on-isro-spy-case-oommen-chandy/articleshow/50837507.cms|access-date=2021-04-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702034332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karunakaran-did-not-resign-on-isro-spy-case-oommen-chandy/articleshow/50837507.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The difference of opinion that emerged between Chandy and Karunakaran became public and vociferous with Chandy threatening to resign and giving speeches against Karunakaran.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-07-25|title=Chandy sang a different tune in 1995, says VS|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chandy-sang-a-different-tune-in-1995-says-vs/article4950183.ece|access-date=2021-04-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> By the end of 1994, the [[ISRO espionage case]] emerged and the case led to political tensions when the [[Kerala High Court]] made remarks against then-[[Inspector general|Inspector General]] of the [[Kerala Police]] and Karunakaran ally [[Raman Srivastava]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=ISRO spy case: KPCC president MM Hassan makes major revelation on removal of K Karunakaran as Kerala Chief Minister|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/dec/23/isro-spy-case-kpcc-president-mm-hassan-makes-major-revelation-on-removal-of-k-karunakaran-as-kerala-1735161.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Thereafter the dissidence in the party grew into a full-scale crisis, with the Antony faction threatening to withdraw their support from the government, and [[G. K. Moopanar]] arriving on behalf of [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] to insist that Karunakaran resign.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A K Antony was against Karunakaran's ouster, says KPCC president|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-k-antony-was-against-karunakarans-ouster-says-kpcc-president/articleshow/62231868.cms|access-date=2021-04-27|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427074750/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-k-antony-was-against-karunakarans-ouster-says-kpcc-president/articleshow/62231868.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually, Karunakaran was forced to step down from the post of Chief Minister on 16 March 1995 in favour of his bête-noire, A.K. Antony. He was also compelled to relinquish the post of the Leader of the Congress Legislature Party (CLP) which he had been holding since 1967- the longest tenure of any Congress leader in that post in any state in the country. It was tragic for Karunakaran that the ISRO case later emerged as a conspiracy case which was manipulated by his rivals to oust him.

Subsequently, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Union Minister for Industries under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao from June 1995 to May 1996. His foray into national politics was much less successful with Karunakaran suffering a shock defeat in his maiden parliamentary outing from his stronghold of Thrissur by a wafer-thin margin of 1,480 votes. He might have well become the next Congress Parliamentary Party Leader had he been elected to the Lok Sabha in 1996. He squarely went to blame Antony and his supporters for engineering his defeat and causing his downfall.

Although Karunakaran went to get elected to the Lok Sabha in 1998 and 1999 from Trivandrum and Mukundapuram respectively, he failed to rise to the top echelons of the party. Confined to state politics, he emerged as a thorn for Antony and resisted Antony's elevation to Chief Ministership following the landslide victory of the UDF in 2001. He subsequently raised the banner of revolt on multiple occasions and tried to topple Antony, despite his son K. Muraleedharan becoming the new State Congress President, Eventually, Antony was compelled to appoint Muraleedharan as a Minister and Padmaja Venugopal, Karunakaran's daughter as the Congress candidate from Karunakaran's constituency. Both Muraleedharan and Padmaja were defeated in Congress bastions by landslide margins, along with the other UDF candidates, tarnishing both Antony and Karunakaran in the process. The subsequent resignation of Antony and the installation of Oommen Chandy as Chief Minister only increased tensions, leading to Karunakaran walking out of the Congress in 2005.

The [[Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)]] (DIC(K)) party was founded at a meeting of Karunakuran's INC faction in Thrissur on 1 May 2005. Initially it was called National Congress (Indira), but the name was changed to DIC(K) for registration purposes in August 2005. Karunakaran rejoined the INC on 11 December 2007.

==Death==
Karunakaran died at 5:30 PM on 23 December 2010, aged 92, at Ananthapuri Hospital in Thiruvananthapuram. He had had respiratory problems, a fever and other age related diseases and had been hospitalized since 10 December 2010. His condition worsened following a [[stroke]] on 22 December and he died following [[cardiac arrest]], as declared by doctors. It was coincidental that his and P. V. Narasimha Rao's deaths were on same date, Rao having died six years earlier. Karunakaran had played a key role in backing the Rao government and later Rao had dismissed him from the chair of Chief Minister of Kerala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101226153925/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/24/stories/2010122455411100.htm Karunakaran passes away]. [[The Hindu]]. Retrieved on 23 December 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/karunakaran-passes-away-bringing-curtains-down-on-era-in-kerala-politics/articleshow/7152097.cms|title=Karunakaran passes away, bringing curtains down on era in Kerala politics|author=Joe A Scaria|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=23 December 2010|date=23 December 2010|archive-date=26 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226230109/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/karunakaran-passes-away-bringing-curtains-down-on-era-in-kerala-politics/articleshow/7152097.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His funeral was attended by the then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and the AICC chief [[Sonia Gandhi]]. He was cremated with full state honors at his residence in [[Punkunnam]], Thrissur, near the grave of his wife, who predeceased him in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-25|title=Karunakaran cremated with state honours|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Karunakaran-cremated-with-state-honours/article15608295.ece|access-date=2021-04-27|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427064133/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Karunakaran-cremated-with-state-honours/article15608295.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! |House
! |Election
! |Constituency
! |Result
! |Vote margin
|-
|rowspan = "10"|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Thrissur Assembly constituency|Thrissur]]
|{{no2|Lost}}||2486
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Mala, Kerala|Mala]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||4762
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||364
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||11,053
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||9466
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||3402
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||3410
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||3348
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="2" |Mala
|{{yes2|Won}}||6292
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{yes2|Won}}||2474
|-
| rowspan = "3"|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
|{{no2|Lost}}||1480
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|{{yes2|Won}}|| 15,398
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Mukundapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Mukundapuram]]
|{{yes2|Won}}|| 52,463
|}

==Controversies==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2020}}
K. Karunakaran was the home minister of Kerala during the Emergency period and decimated the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-21|title=The man who stopped Naxalism's spread in Kerala|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/dec/24/the-man-who-stopped-naxalisms-spread-in-kerala-213659.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> After the Emergency, the Rajan case rocked Kerala politics and Karunakaran was forced to step down as the case attracted national attention.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> A [[habeas corpus]] petition was filed by [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]] asking the state government to produce his son Rajan (a student of the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|Regional Engineering College, Calicut]] who had actively participated in protests against the Emergency) in court. Rajan was allegedly killed by the police at the Kakkayam police torture camp and his body disposed of. The legal battle led by his father became one of the most remembered human rights fights in the state and diminished Karunakaran's popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Rajan, the Innocent Victim of Brutal Emergency Excesses|url=https://thewire.in/politics/remembering-rajan-the-innocent-victim-of-brutal-emergency-excesses|access-date=2021-04-27|website=The Wire|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427064135/https://thewire.in/politics/remembering-rajan-the-innocent-victim-of-brutal-emergency-excesses|url-status=live}}</ref>

Karunakaran was accused of involvement in the [[Palmolein Oil Import Scam]], about which a case was pending before the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] at the time of his death.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) who finally investigated the case mentioned in 2013 that no case can be made against the officials and that there was no loss to the state government,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-24 |title=Kerala government withdraws palmolein case |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-withdraws-palmolein-case/article5165223.ece |access-date=2022-08-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822011323/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-withdraws-palmolein-case/article5165223.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and the case was withdrawn.

He was forced to resign due to allegations that his subordinate, senior [[Indian Police Service]] officer Raman Srivastava, was involved in the ISRO espionage scandal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the ISRO espionage scandal brought a CM down|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/09/17/isro-espionage-scandal-downfall-karunakaran|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Newslaundry|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702060651/https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/09/17/isro-espionage-scandal-downfall-karunakaran|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Only my father Karunakaran didn't get justice in ISRO spy case: K Muraleedharan on Nambi Narayanan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/14/only-my-father-karunakaran-didnt-get-justice-in-isro-spy-case-k-muraleedharan-on-nambi-narayanan-1871900.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916112138/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/14/only-my-father-karunakaran-didnt-get-justice-in-isro-spy-case-k-muraleedharan-on-nambi-narayanan-1871900.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2018|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Ministers of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Council of Ministers|Kerala Ministers]]
* [[Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)]]
* [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}
* ''K.''{{Nbsp}}''Karunakaran'', a biography by [[Vrindavanam Venugopalan]], published by Islamiya Books in [[Aluva]] in 1992.

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110102151432/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article972362.ece The Hindu on Karunakaran]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101227074455/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/24/stories/2010122466400100.htm News of Death of Karunakaran]
* {{YouTube|JWo1qyUBrOU|Reporter TV report on Karunakaran}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023}}

{{commons category|K. Karunakaran}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |before=[[C. Achutha Menon]] |title=[[Chief Minister of Kerala]] |years=1977 |after=[[A. K. Antony]]}}
{{succession box |before=[[E.K. Nayanar]] |title=[[Chief Minister of Kerala]] |years=1981–1987 |after=[[E.K. Nayanar]]}}
{{succession box |before=[[E.K. Nayanar]] |title=[[Chief Minister of Kerala]] |years=1991–1995 |after=[[A. K. Antony]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of Kerala}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{13th LS members from Kerala}}
{{12th LS members from Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannoth Karunakaran}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Kerala]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Members of the Travancore–Cochin Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Home ministers of Kerala]]

Munnuru Kapu

2025-12-14T03:22:15Z

XMXHosea83962264: added references

{{short description|Hindu caste in South India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Munnuru Kapu
| country = India
| region = [[Telangana]]
| languages =[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| religions = Hinduism<ref name=PP/>
|population =
|classification=[[Other Backward Classes]] (OBC) }}

'''Munnuru Kapu''' is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking caste primarily found in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv5s-qwMw30C&q=Munnuru |title=People of India: Andhra Pradesh |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7671-006-0 |pages=846 |language=en |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}</ref> This caste belongs to the [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) category added by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] . <ref>[http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/andhrapradesh.pdf Central List of OBCs for the state of Andhra Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130151355/http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/andhrapradesh.pdf|date=30 November 2016}}, p. 4 (80 - Munnuru Kapu (Telangana))</ref> Traditionally, they are a community of cultivators and are distributed across Telangana.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Munnuru |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |date=2006 |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] |language=en}}</ref> They are also present in [[Nanded district|Nanded]] and [[Latur district|Latur]] districts of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="PP">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&dq=Munnuru+Kapu&pg=PA1495 |title=People of India - Maharashtra |last2=Bhanu |first2=B. V. |date=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-101-3 |series=2 |volume=30 |pages=1495, 1500 |language=en |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Munnuru+Kapu&pg=PA1407 |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |pages=699 |language=en}}</ref>

Munnuru Kapus are described as an economically and politically prominent community of Telangana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2022-06-07 |title=Caste engineering in Telangana |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/caste-engineering-in-telangana/article65504508.ece |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgqCAAAAMAAJ&q=Munnuru+Kapu |title=Political Science Review |date=1980 |publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan. |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2018 |title=How votes are caste in Telangana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/telangana-elections/2018/nov/22/how-votes-are-caste-in-telangana-1901616.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana Assembly]], Munnuru Kapus were the third largest caste in terms of representation on unreserved seats with eight [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]; next only to [[Reddy]] and [[Velama]] communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargav |first=Nimmagadda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAymEAAAQBAJ&dq=Munnuru+Kapu&pg=PT48 |title=Stringers and the Journalistic Field: Marginalities and Precarious News Labour in Small-Town India |date=2023-02-28 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-84035-3 |language=en}}</ref> Some members of the community have also ventured into industry and business, and became established businessmen like [[B. V. Rao]], [[Vikram Akula]], and Myadam Kishan Rao,P.Shiva Shankar (Union Minister) ,Amdiyala Sriramulu (freedom fighter).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Etymology ==
''Munnuru'' means three hundred.<ref name=":3" /> and ''Kapu'' means cultivator or protector in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. According to some writers, Telangana being a rocky area and deficient in water, has acute [[water scarcity]]. The Kapus who were water diviners (Munnuru = Mun + Neeru = water diviner) were said to have been called Munnuru Kapus.<ref name=":6">Kantha Rao, M. L. (July 1999), ''A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra'', University of Hyderabad, p. 82. hdl:10603/25437</ref>

Another version of the etymology also exists. As per some other writers, 300 [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] families migrated to present-day Telangana in the medieval period and they came to be called as ''Munnuru Kapus'' ({{Translation|Kapus of the three hundred families}}).

== Geographical distribution ==
Munnuru Kapus are distributed mostly in [[Telangana]].<ref name=":5" /> They are also present in few numbers in [[Nanded district|Nanded]] , [[Latur district|Latur]] , Yavatmal , Chandrapur districts of [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="PP" /><ref name=":7" />

Munnuru Kapus are also settled in North America ( USA and Canada) refer to MANA (Munnuru Kapu Association of North America ): [https://mana-usa.org/ MANA]

== History ==
Traditionally, they are a community of cultivators and large sections of them are still into agriculture.<ref name=":5" /> several served as village [[Patel]]s, an official who maintained law and order in the village. Some have also risen to a high status as landlords and Zamindars, but the majority are ordinary cultivators.<ref name=":6" />

A considerable portion of the Munnurus over the years have entered government service or become traders.<ref name=":6" /> Some members of the community have also ventured into industry and business, and became established businessmen like [[B. V. Rao]], [[Vikram Akula]], and Myadam Kishan Rao.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Notable people ==

* ''' [[Sripathi Rajeshwar Rao]] ''' TDP FORMER MINISTER & FORMER MLA (Sanathnagar) & Senior Leader in HYDERABAD & United AP.
* [[B. V. Rao]], founder of the [[V H Group]] (Venky's) and father of Indian [[Poultry farming|poultry industry]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Munnuru+Kapu&pg=PT155 |title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation |date=2018-11-25 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5195-280-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Father of Indian poultry industry remembered2">{{cite web |date=7 November 2013 |title=Father of Indian poultry industry remembered |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/father-of-indian-poultry-industry-remembered/article5324594.ece |accessdate=25 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[Vikram Akula]], founder of [[SKS Microfinance]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2010-10-12 |title=Lunch with BS: Vikram Akula, SKS Microfinance |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-vikram-akula-sks-microfinance-110101200062_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721190444/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-vikram-akula-sks-microfinance-110101200062_1.html |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Myadam Kishan Rao, founder of Bambino Agro (maker of Bambino Vermicelli)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Munnuru+Kapu&pg=PT155 |title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation |date=2018-11-25 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5195-280-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[P. Shiv Shankar]], served as Union Minister of [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]], [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law]], [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]], and [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum]] and as [[List of governors of Sikkim|Governor]] of [[Sikkim]] and [[Kerala]] states<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-11-15 |title=Shiv Shankar appointed PRP manifesto panel chairman |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/shiv-shankar-appointed-prp-manifesto-panel-chairman/articleshow/3717763.cms |access-date=2023-05-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar|Bandi Sanjay]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Central Minister of State for Home Affairs]] (2024{{En dash}}present)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Akash |date=21 January 2022 |title=Bandi Sanjay Kumar episode: What BJP really hopes to gain from the controversy in Telangana |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bandi-sanjay-kumar-episode-what-bjp-really-hopes-to-gain-from-the-controversy-in-telangana/2411442/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dharmapuri Arvind]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* [[K. Laxman]], politician<ref name=":0" />
* [[V. Hanumantha Rao]], former president of [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|APPCC]] in Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh.
* [[Konda Surekha]], Cabinet minister in [[Government of Telangana|Telangana Government]]
* [[Gadwal Vijayalakshmi]], current mayor of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC)
* [[D. Srinivas (politician)|D. Srinivas]], politician, former Cabinet minister in Erstwhile [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Government]] and former president of [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|APPCC]]
* [[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]], former IT minister of Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Kapu (caste)]]
* [[Patel]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Arvind (company)

2025-11-22T07:10:46Z

XMXHosea83962264:

{{Short description|Indian textile company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2025}}
{{Prose|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Arvind Limited
| logo = Arvind logo.svg
| former_name = Arvind Mills Limited (1931–2008)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|ARVIND}}|{{BSE|500101}}}}
| key_people = Sanjay Lalbhai {{small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])}} Punit Lalbhai, Kulin Lalbhai {{small|([[Chairman|Vice Chairman's]])}}
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = Denim, knits, woven, engineering, retail, telecom, advanced material, agribusiness, real estate, the Arvind Store
| revenue = {{up}}{{INRConvert|8329|c}} (2025)<ref name=bse-500101>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/stockreach_financials.aspx?scripcode=500101&expandable=0 |accessdate=30 July 2016 |title=Arvind Ltd. |website=BSE}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|367|c}} (2025)
| num_employees = 25,620<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arvind.com/company/people.htm|title=Arvind Limited|work=arvind.com|accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref>
| parent = Lalbhai Group
| subsid =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1931|df=yes}}
| founder = [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]]
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]]
| homepage = {{URL|www.arvind.com}}
}}

'''Arvind Limited''' (formerly '''Arvind Mills''') is an Indian textile manufacturer and the flagship company of the Lalbhai Group. Founded in 1931 by [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]] along with his brothers Chhotalal and Narbheram, the company is headquartered in [[Naroda]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], with additional units at Santej (near Kalol). Arvind manufactures cotton shirting, denim, knits, and bottomweight (khaki) fabrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kvic-takes-big-steps-to-widen-base-of-khadi-garment-consumers-117052301484_1.html|title=KVIC takes big steps to widen base of khadi garment consumers|date=23 May 2017|location=New Delhi|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Business Standard|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523163428/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kvic-takes-big-steps-to-widen-base-of-khadi-garment-consumers-117052301484_1.html|archive-date=23 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/arvind-ltd-to-buy-denim-khadi-from-khadi-and-village-industries-commission/articleshow/59714404.cms|title=Arvind Ltd to buy Denim khadi from Khadi and Village Industries Commission|date=22 July 2017|location=New Delhi|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Economic Times|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018102016/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/arvind-ltd-to-buy-denim-khadi-from-khadi-and-village-industries-commission/articleshow/59714404.cms|archive-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> In 2011, it diversified into technical textiles through its Advanced Materials Division.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oakbrook.ac.in/industrial-visits/|title=industrial-visits {{!}} Oakbrook Business School|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-16|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716023954/https://oakbrook.ac.in/industrial-visits/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The company is the largest producer of denim in [[India]].<ref name="re">{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-29765320070928|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044619/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-29765320070928|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Arvind Mills to issue warrants to promoters|date=28 September 2007|work=Reuters|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Sanjaybhai Lalbhai is the current Chairman and managing director of Arvind and Lalbhai Group. In the early 1980s, he led the 'Reno-vision' whereby the company brought denim into the domestic market, thus starting the [[jeans]] revolution in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25989261|title=Working Lives India: Denim king|work=BBC News|accessdate=20 May 2015|date=7 February 2014}}</ref> Today it retails its own brands like Flying Machine, Newport and Excalibur and licensed international brands like [[Arrow (brand)|Arrow]], [[Tommy Hilfiger (company)|Tommy Hilfiger]], and [[Calvin Klein (company)|Calvin Klein]] through its nationwide retail network. Arvind also runs three clothing and accessories retail chains, the Arvind Store, Unlimited and Megamart, which stocks company brands.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2010 |title=Arvind Mills lines up Rs 850 cr expansion plan over 5 years |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blnus/02261920.htm |accessdate=27 December 2010 |work=Business Line}}[https://www.worldfashionexchange.com/textile-erp-software/]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/RIL-eyes-Arvind-Mills-manufacturing-facilities/articleshow/2493703.cms|title=RIL eyes Arvind Mills' manufacturing facilities|date=27 October 2007|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=27 December 2010|location=New Delhi|author1=Sharma, Sanjeev |author2=Jha, Mayur Shekhar}}</ref>

==Arvind Mills==
<gallery widths="160" heights="120" perrow="4">
File:Arvind Mills Image.jpg|Arvind Mill in 1930s
File:Shri Sanjay Lalbhai.jpg|Sanjay Lalbhai, the Chairman and managing director of Arvind Limited
</gallery>

==History and operations==
[[File:Shri Kasturbhai Lalbhai Image.jpg|thumb|alt=Arvind Mills|[[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]], the co-founder of [[Arvind (company)|Arvind Mills]]|292x292px]]
* 1897: Arvind Mills started a business for [[saree|sarees.]]
* 1931: Arvind Mills Ltd was incorporated by three brothers Kasturbhai, Narottambhai and Chimanbhai.<ref name="Arvind Ref1">{{cite news |title=Arvind Ltd. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/arvind-ltd-29/information/company-history |access-date=9 May 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> with a share capital of ₹165,000 ($2500) in [[Ahmedabad]]. The products manufactured were dhoties, [[saree]]s, mulls, dorias, crepes, shirtings, [[lingerie]], coatings, printed lawns and voiles cambrics, twills and gaberdine.
* 1934: Became established as the foremost textile units in the country.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 1985: Diversified into electronics by setting up a plant to manufacture electronic telephone exchanges (EPABX) and also entering into marketing pharmaceutical products and B&W and colour television sets under the name Pyramid.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 1986: Became the first company in India to bring globally accepted fabrics such as Denim yarn dyed shirting fabrics & wrinkle free gabardines.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 1987: The company took up a [[modernisation]] program to triple the production of denim cloth and to produce double [[yarn]] fabrics for [[exports]]. The new product groups identified were: indigo dyed blue denim and high quality two-ply fabrics for exports, and products such as butta sarees, full voiles and dhoties. It also started retail outlets for 'Arrow' brand and became the first company in India to bring international shirt brand 'Arrow'.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 1991: Arvind reached 100  million meters of denim per year, becoming the fourth-largest producer of denim in the world.
* 1992: The company increased production of denim cloth by 23,000 tonnes per day by modernising the plant at Khatraj of Ankur Textiles.
* 1994: The company's operations were divided into textile, telecom and garments divisions.
* 1995: The garment division launched ready to stitch jeans pack under the brand Ruf & Tuf.
* 1997: The marketing and distribution network of the Newport brand was strengthened and the relaunched Flying Machine and Ruggers brands were strengthened.
** Arvind Mills set up an anti-[[piracy]] cell for the first time in India to curb large scale counterfeiting of their brands Ruf & Tuf and Newport jeans.
** Arvind Mills adopted the franchisee system for manufacturing and distribution of Ruf & Tuf jeans.
** Arvind Fashions doubled capacity at the [[Bangalore]] manufacturing facility to produce [[Lee (Jeans)|Lee]] jeans.
* 1998: Arvind Mills emerged as the world's third largest manufacturer of denim.
** Arvind Mills went live with [[SAP R/3]] ERP package in April 1997 in their new manufacturing units.
* 2001 (February): The company increased the number of Spindles and Stitching Machines by 2036 Nos and 38 Nos respectively.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2003: For the fourth quarter, Arvind Mills saw a 280% growth in net profit.
** Arvind Mills Ltd was assigned a "P1+" rating by [[CRISIL]], which indicated a very strong rating for their [[commercial paper]].
** It increased the number of Stitching machines by 7 Nos.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2004: Expanded their shirts manufacturing capacity from 2.4 million pieces to 4.8 million pieces per annum.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /> Its subsidiary company Arvind Spinning Ltd commenced its operation.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2005: For the fourth quarter in a row, Arvind Mills posted a profit growth in excess of 80%.
** Arvind Mills bought the entire stake in Arvind Brands from [[ICICI]] Ventures.
** commenced their operations of producing Jeans Pant in [[Bangalore]] with the installed capacity of 4 million Pcs per annum from March.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2006: New Denim collection was launched aimed at Super Premium brands of [[United States|US]], [[Europe]], [[Japan]] and [[South Korea|Korea]]. Also opened new venues for the Denim division as response to this collection was good.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** April: Demerge and transfer of the Garments Business Division to their 100% subsidiary company Arvind Brands Ltd and amalgamating Arvind Fashions Ltd a 100% subsidiary of Arvind Brands Ltd with Arvind Mills.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /> Joint venture with company Arvind Murjani Brand Pvt Ltd through which they hold license to sell Tommy Hilfiger brand apparel in India.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** August: Wholesale branded apparel business of Arvind Fashions Ltd sold to VF Arvind Brands Pvt Ltd.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
*2007: Arvind expanded its presence in the retail segment by establishing MegaMart, one of India's largest value retail chains.
*2008: From March, the company signed an exclusive license agreement with [[PVH (company)|Philips-Van Heusen Corporation]] (PVH) for designing, distribution and retailing of IZOD brand apparels in India.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** May: Company's name changed from Arvind Mills Ltd to Arvind Ltd to accurately reflect the multi-faceted nature of the organization.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
*2010: Arvind launched "Arvind Store", a concept showcasing the company's best fabrics, brands and bespoke styling and tailoring solutions under one roof.
** September: Set up a 30 million meters of denim manufacturing plant in [[Bangladesh]] with a total investment of $60 million in joint venture with Nitol group where the latter would have 20% stake in the joint venture company.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** Arvind launched its first major real estate project.
** Arvind became one of India's largest producers of fire protection fabrics.
* 2011 (November): Arvind announced that it had divested its minority stake of 40% in VF Arvind Brands Private Limited (VFABPL), which was engaged in marketing products under the brands Lee and Wrangler and was formed in September 2006 with 60:40 shareholding between VF Mauritius and Arvind, to VF Mauritius for {{INR}}257 crore.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /> Arvind share in the Joint Venture was {{INR}}5.47 crore as the capital of the joint venture company.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2012: joint venture with PD Group, [[Germany]], for manufacturing glass fabrics.
September: Arvind's subsidiary Arvind Lifestyle Brands acquired the business operations of British fashion retailers Debenhams and Next and American Lifestyle brand Nautica in India from Planet Retail marking the entry of Arvind into the Bridge to Luxury Department Store Segment and also entering into the fast growing segment of apparel specialty retail through Next stores.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /> The licensing agreement with Nautica consolidates company's already strong position in high potential sportswear segment.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2014: joint venture with PVH for Calvin Klein Businesses in India.
** Launched formal suits with Goodhill Corporation Limited of [[Japan]].
** Arvind Envisol, a subsidiary of the company providing waste water treatment solutions acquired a global patent for its Polymeric Film Evaporation Technology (PFET) as this revolutionary technology helps it to save 80% energy cost for Envisol's Zero Liquid Discharge water treatment system.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2014: joint venture with OG Corp, Japan, for manufacturing and sale of non-woven fabrics, the project being spearheaded by Dr. Kunal Shah.
* 2014: forayed into the E-commerce segment with custom clothing brand Creyate, offering fine bespoke menswear with a degree of customisation rarely found.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8451/arvind-forays-into-e-commerce-| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822042708/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8451/arvind-forays-into-e-commerce-| url-status=usurped| archive-date=22 August 2014| title= Arvind Forays Into E-Commerce| publisher= [[Bloomberg TV India]] |date=19 August 2014 |author=Hegde, Prabha}}</ref>
* 2014: The company published its first Sustainability Report, 'Fundamentally Right'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apparelresources.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2016/12/arvind-sustainability-report.pdf |accessdate=30 March 2019 |title=Fundamentally Right {{!}} Arvind Sustainability Report 2013-14 |publisher=Arvind}}</ref>
* 2015: partnered with USA-headquartered [[Invista]], owner of the [[Lycra]] fibre brand to manufacture stretch denim fabric in India.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** Company launched denim fabric Khadi Denim.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** Collaborated with world's largest internet giant and most renowned denim brand and launches wearable denim technology and smart denim jackets.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** Launched a 4-in-1 smart shirt in association with Arrow.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2016: The company entered online retailing with NNNow.com, a one-stop shopping destination for trendsetters across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/arvind-to-digitise-its-textile-stores/article8650994.ece|title=Arvind to digitise its textile stores|last=Pani|first=Priyanka|date=26 May 2016|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>
* 2016: GAP joined hands with Arvind to sell apparels through NNNow.com<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/gap-joins-hands-with-arvind-to-sell-apparels-through-nnnowcom/article9208210.ece|title=GAP joins hands with Arvind to sell apparels through NNNow.com|date=11 October 2016|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |access-date=10 May 2018 }}</ref>
* 2016: Arvind Fashion Brands tied up with cricket legend [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and launched True Blue, a menswear label that embodies the spirit of the global Indian.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2016 (October) announced decision to generate about {{INR}}740 crores by diluting 10% stake in its brand business arm pegging its enterprise value at {{INR}}8,000 crore and same would be picked up by Multiples, the Private Equity firm founded by Renuka Ramnath.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2017: Launched its own Ready-To-Wear brand.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** October: signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Gujarat state government to establish a mega apparel factory in the state, a {{INR}}300 crore project in Dahegam with capacity to produce over 24 million garments once fully operational.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
** November: India's largest textile and branded apparel player announced decision to demerge its Branded Apparel and Engineering businesses from the parent company, into the entity Arvind Fashions Limited and the shareholders of Arvind Limited would be entitled for one equity share of Arvind Fashions Limited for every five shares held by them in parent company.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /> Engineering business would be demerged into an entity named as Anup Engineering and would be engaged in the manufacturing of critical process equipment and Shareholders of Arvind Limited will be entitled for 1 equity shares of Anup Engineering Limited for 27 shares held by them in parent company.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" /> Both the companies were planned to be listed on BSE and NSE on completion of process.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />
* 2018 (March): [[Adient]] (NYSE: ADNT), announced the formation of Adient Arvind Automotive Fabrics a joint venture with Arvind Limited for development, manufacture and sale of automotive fabrics in India and the new company would be based in [[Ahmedabad]], India, and would manufacture fabrics for automotive seating at a fabric manufacturing facility.<ref name="Arvind Ref1" />

==Financial restructuring==
In the mid-1990s, the company undertook a massive expansion of its denim capacity even though other cotton fabrics were slowly replacing the demand for denim. The expansion plan was funded by loans from both Indian and overseas [[financial institutions]]. With the demand for denim slowing, the company found it difficult to repay the loans, resulting in an increased interest burden on the loans. In the late 1990s, the company encountered financial problems due to its debt burden, resulting in incurring significant losses.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/news/35820140_1_sanjay-lalbhai-kulin-lalbhai-punit | work=The Economic Times | title=Arvind Mills: From near bankruptcy to reinvention | date=14 December 2012 |accessdate=10 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110191656/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-14/news/35820140_1_sanjay-lalbhai-kulin-lalbhai-punit |archivedate=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The company came up with a debt-restructuring plan for the long-term debts being taken up in February 2001. This complex financial restructuring exercise, which involved several domestic and international lenders, is considered to be the benchmark and a case study in India. The restructuring was overseen by Jayesh Shah, CFO, and advised on by a JP Morgan Hong Kong team, led by Ahmad Ayaz.

In 2018, Arvind Ltd. demerged its branded apparel and engineering business into separate entities for enhanced focus and value addition for the shareholders of the Company. It got the nod from NCLT Ahmedabad bench for demerger in Oct 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind gets NCLT's approval for demerger of branded apparel, engineering biz |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/arvind-gets-nclts-approval-for-demerger-of-branded-apparel-engineering-biz/articleshow/66384336.cms |accessdate=31 January 2019 |work=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=26 October 2018}}</ref> Arvind Fashions, the branded apparel entity, will be scaling up existing brand portfolio and improve profitability across brands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind Fashions aims to double revenues to {{INR}}10,000 crore by 2025 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/arvind-fashions-aims-to-double-revenues-to-rs-10000-crore-by-2025-1882281.htm |accessdate=31 January 2019 |work=CNBC TV18 |publisher=TV18 Broadcast Limited |date=8 January 2019}}</ref> Anveshan Heavy Engineering, earlier known as Anup Engineering, has laid down capex plans of ₹80 crore to double existing fabrication capacity of 15,000 tonnes per annum by implementing product mix. Out of the planned investment, ₹40 crore has already been invested.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vora |first1=Rutam |title=Arvind's engineering arm aims to be a full solutions provider for oil sector |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/arvinds-engineering-arm-aims-to-be-a-full-solutions-provider-for-oil-sector/article23884841.ece |accessdate=31 January 2019 |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=14 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/arvind-brands-drops-ruggers-bay-island/articleshow/1288930.cms Economics Times News About Arvind]
* [https://wap.business-standard.com/company/arvind-ltd-29/information/company-history Business Standard | Arvind Company History ]

{{Lalbhai Group}}

[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Lalbhai family]]
[[Category:Lalbhai Group]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Textile industry in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Family-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Offshore companies of India]]

Privatisation of public sector undertakings in India

2025-11-19T02:15:48Z

XMXHosea83962264: put up first entry from scratch

{{Short description|Privatization process}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{context|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

'''[[Disinvestment]] of [[Public Sector Undertakings in India]]''' is a process of public asset sales done by the [[President of India]] on behalf of the [[Government of India]]. It can be directly offered for sale to the [[private sector]] or indirectly done through a bidding process.

The Public Enterprises Survey (2015–16), brought out by the Department of Public Enterprises, [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Ministry of Heavy Industries]], Government of India on the performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) was placed in both the Houses of Parliament on 21 March 2017. There were 331 CPSEs in 2017–18, out of which 257 were in operation. The remaining 74 of the CPSEs were being established.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159631|title=Performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) during 2015–16|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Following the theories of [[Economic liberalism|Economic Liberalism]] and [[Infrastructure-based development]] as referenced in the [[Union budget of India|Union Budget of India]], the total expenditure of the [[Government of India]] increased from ₹1,13,422 crore in 1991–92<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/analysis-of-union-budget-since-1947-56867|title=Analysis of Union Budget since 1947|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en}}</ref> to ₹ 21,46,735 Crore in 2017–18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/bag/bag6.pdf|title=Union Budget 2018–19}}</ref> To help raise the necessary capital for these expenditures and also to minimise the nation's [[fiscal deficit]], the [[Government of India]] started [[privatisation]] of all [[Government of India|government establishments]] which includes [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public sector undertakings]]. Conceding to the demands of [[privatisation]], the [[Government of India]] slowly began the privatisation of [[Government of India|government establishments]] such as PSU's despite stiff resistance from labour unions. The below table provides data regarding the disinvestment process which began in 1991 (barring two small units being [[CMC Limited]] and Patherele Concrete).

== History ==

=== 1999–2004 ===
Major disinvestment steps were taken in the past by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government between 1999 and 2004. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Privatisation|privatised]] the [[Government of India|central government establishments]] such as [[Government of India|central public sector units]] which included [[Bharat Aluminium Company]] (BALCO), [[Hindustan Zinc]]<ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/hindustanzinc/profit-loss/HZ|title=Hindustan Zinc Track Record Moneycontrol}}</ref> (both to Sterlite Industries), [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IPCL Performance moneycontrol Old format |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/indianpetrochemicalscorporation/profit-loss/IPC}}</ref> (to Reliance Industries) and [[VSNL]]<ref name="VSNL Track record Moneycontrol">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatacommunications/profit-loss/TC17|title=VSNL Track record Moneycontrol}}</ref> (to the Tata group) and various [[State governments of India|state government establishments]] which included many [[State governments of India|state public sector units]].

=== 2014–2020 ===
Between 2014 and 2018 the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government divested a total of ₹1,94,646 crore,<ref name="dipam.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://dipam.gov.in/disinvestment-till-now/2502|title=Summary {{!}} Department of Investment and Public Asset Management {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India|website=dipam.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> which included minority and majority stakes of the most profitable [[Public sector undertakings|central government establishment]]s such [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]-[[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]] deal which was worth ₹ 36,915 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hindustan Times ONGC-HPCL Deal|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/ongc-hpcl-merger-a-win-win-deal-rs-sharma-former-cmd-ongc/articleshow/63479227.cms}}</ref> In the budgetary announcements of the financial year 2017–18, the late Finance minister [[Arun Jaitley]] announced that the government will initiate [[privatisation]] of 24 CPSUs, including [[Air India Limited]] which turned from a profit making entity into a loss making entity during the [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government during the year 2007–2008. This would have been the first year in which the government was on track to hit the divestment target.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/disinvestment-target-for-fy19-set-at-rs-80000-crore-to-top-rs-1-lakh-crore-in-fy18/articleshow/62739681.cms|title=Disinvestment target for FY19 set at Rs 80,000 crore; to top Rs 1 lakh crore in FY18.|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=February 2018 }}</ref> However, this did not go through as planned since the [[COVID-19]] crisis threw the entire world economy into disarray.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aulakh|first=Gulveen|date=2020-04-08|title=Covid-19 throws a wrench into India's disinvestment plans|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/covid-19-throws-a-wrench-into-indias-disinvestment-plans/articleshow/75034686.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>

On 17 May 2020, as part of a [[Stimulus (economics)|package]] the Finance minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced that the government will [[privatisation|privatise]] all [[Government of India|government establishment]]s which also includes [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public sector enterprises]] in all the sectors. She also stated that in all the strategic sectors, the number of PSU's will be limited to 4. In strategic sectors with more than 4 PSU's, the government will privatise, merge or consolidate the PSU's under holding companies in order to reduce wasteful administrative costs. [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] stated that there is a need for a coherent policy where all sectors are open to private sector participation while PSU's play an important role in defined areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public sector enterprises in non-strategic sectors to be privatised|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/public-sector-units-psus-in-non-strategic-sectors-to-be-privatised-11589698010329.html|date=2020-05-17|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>

Since financial year 1991–92 to 2017–18 the [[Government of India]] sold public assets totalling ₹3,47,439 Crore. In recent years, certain [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] performed reasonably well and paid significant dividends to the government,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=159631|title=Performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) during 2015–16|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> whereas other PSU's such as [[Air India]], [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], and [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited|MTNL]] made huge losses, costing the taxpayer massive amounts of money.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2020-02-10|title=BSNL, Air India and MTNL highest loss-making PSUs in FY19: Survey|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bsnl-air-india-and-mtnl-highest-loss-making-psus-in-fy19-survey-120021001268_1.html|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref> Net Profit of all 257 operating CPSEs during 2016–17 stood at ₹ 1,27,602 crore compared to ₹ 1,14,239 crore during 2015–16 showing growth of 11.70%,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/CPSEconclave/status/982528403633995776|title=CPSE Conclave on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en}}</ref> while Loss of loss incurring CPSEs minimized to ₹ 25,045 crore in 2016–17 compared to ₹ 30,759 crore in 2015–16 showing a decrease in loss by 18.58%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/CPSEconclave/status/982520855614885888|title=CPSE Conclave on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-04-22|language=en}}</ref>

== Table ==
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
!Year .
!Total Receipts (Rs. Crore)
!Inflation Adjusted Total receipts (In 2019 Rupees)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inflationtool.com/indian-rupee|title= India Inflation calculator}}</ref>
|-
|1991–92||3,037
|18,743
|-
|1992–93||1,912
|10,926
|-
|1993–94||0
|0
|-
|1994–95||4,843
|23,271
|-
|1995–96||168
|735
|-
|1996–97||379
|1504
|-
|1997–98||910
|3,397
|-
|1998–99||5,371
|17,386
|-
|1999–00||1,860
|5,993
|-
|2000–01||1,871
|5,825
|-
|2001–02||5,657
|16,750
|-
|2002–03||3,347
|9,634
|-
|2003–04||15,547
|43,006
|-
|2004–05||2,764
|7,367
|-
|2005–06||1,569
|3,961
|-
|2006–07||0
|0
|-
|2007–08||4,181
|9,392
|-
|2008–09||0
|0
|-
|2009–10||23,552
|41,948
|-
|2010–11||22,144
|36,029
|-
|2011–12||13,894
|21,229
|-
|2012–13||23,956
|32,925
|-
|2013–14||15,819
|19,987
|-
|2014–15||24,348
|28,967
|-
|2015–16||23,996
|26,851
|-
|2016–17||46,247
|50,620
|-
|2017–18||1,00,056
|1,05,303
|-
|2018–19||84,972
|84,972
|-
|2019–20||50,299<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dipam.gov.in/dipam/past-disinvestment |title= India Inflation calculator}}</ref>
|45,804.9
|-
|2020–21||32,845 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dipam.gov.in/past-disinvestment |title= Dipam Website}}</ref>
|29,619
|-
|2021–22
|13,531
|12,220
|-
|2022–23
|35,293
|30,099
|-
|2023–24
|16,507
|13,337
|-
|2024–25
|10,163<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Department of Investment and Public Asset Management {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://dipam.gov.in/login |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=dipam.gov.in}}</ref>
|
|}
'''Total Sum Till 2017–18 ₹ 3,47,439'''<ref name="dipam.gov.in"/>

==See also==

* [[Public sector undertakings in India]]
* [[List of public sector undertakings in India]]
* [[Public sector banks in India]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Five-Year Plans of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of India|*]]
[[Category:Public sector in India]]
[[Category:Economic reforms]]
[[Category:Formerly government-owned companies of India|*]]