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Suzuki Carry

2026-05-26T02:22:40Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: started some entry basic info

{{redirect|Chevrolet Damas|Uzbek-built Chevrolet Damas since 2026|Wuling Hongguang V}}
{{short description|Kei truck produced by the Japanese automaker Suzuki}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Suzuki Carry
| image = Suzuki Carry Truck KC 4WD DA16T.JPG
| caption = Suzuki Carry KC 4WD truck (DA16T)
| manufacturer = [[Suzuki]]
| aka =
| production = 1961–present
| class = [[Kei truck]]/[[Microvan]] (Japan) [[Light commercial vehicle]] (outside Japan)
| predecessor = [[Suzuki Suzulight#Suzulight SF series|Suzulight SP]]
}}

The {{nihongo|'''Suzuki Carry'''|スズキ・キャリイ|Suzuki Kyarī|lead=yes}} is a [[kei truck]] produced by the Japanese automaker [[Suzuki]]. The [[microvan]] version was originally called the Carry van until 1982 when the passenger van versions were renamed as the {{nihongo|'''Suzuki Every'''|スズキ・エブリイ|Suzuki Eburī|lead=yes}}. In Japan, the Carry and Every are ''[[kei car]]s'' but the '''Suzuki Every Plus''', the bigger version of Every, had a longer [[hood (car)|bonnet]] for safety purposes and a larger engine; export market versions and derivatives have been fitted with engines of up to 1.6 liters displacement. They have been sold under a myriad of different names in several countries, and is the only car to have been offered with [[Chevrolet]] as well as [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] badges.<ref name=Schaefer>{{cite web |last=Schaefers |first=Martin |title=Japanese Kei Minivans |publisher=Far East Auto Literature |url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~mjs/cabover.html }}</ref>

== Introduction ==
In their home market, the Carry truck and van (and Every van) have traditionally competed with a number of similarly sized vehicles, such as the [[Kurogane Baby]], [[Honda Acty]], [[Subaru Sambar]], [[Mitsubishi Minicab]], and [[Daihatsu Hijet]]. Some of these are also competitors in export markets, mainly the Carry and the Hijet.

The first two generations of Carrys were sold with the [[Suzulight]] badge rather than the company name Suzuki, emphasizing the company's focus on "Light Cars" (also known as ''[[kei jidosha]]'').

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== {{anchor|FB|FBD|first}} First generation (FB/FBD; 1961) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=1964 Suzuki Carry-Van 01.jpg
|caption=1964–1965 Suzulight Carry van (FBD)
|production=1961–1965
|assembly=Japan: [[Toyokawa, Aichi]]
|name=First generation (FB/FBD)
|aka=Suzulight Carry Suzuki FB
|layout = [[FMR layout]]
|body_style=2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]] 3-/4-door [[van]]
|engine = 359 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine|FB]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-twin engine|I2]]
}}
The Carry series was born in October 1961 with the FB Suzulight Carry, a [[pickup truck]] with the engine underneath the front seat, but with a short [[hood (car)|bonnet]]. The layout has been referred to as a "[[Cab forward|semicabover]]".<ref name=SuzStory>[[#OKsuz|Ozeki]], pp. 94-95</ref> The FB Carry underwent some light modifications in October 1963, for the 1964 model year. A glassed FBD Carry Van was added in September 1964. The engine was called the [[Suzuki FB series engine|FB]], a {{cvt|359|cc|cuin|1}} air-cooled, two-stroke [[Straight-twin engine|two-cylinder]] with {{cvt|21|PS|kW|0}}. This engine remained in use, in [[Straight-three engine|three-cylinder]] form, until late 1987 in the [[Suzuki Jimny]] (as the LJ50). Top speed was no more than {{convert|76|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}. FB suspension was rigid with leaf springs, front and rear.<ref name=Schaefer/> A panel van (FBC) was also available from July 1962.

[[File:Suzulight carry fb.JPG|thumb|left|Suzulight Carry truck (FB)]]

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== {{anchor|L20|second}} Second generation (L20; 1965) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|name=Second generation (L20)
|image=SuzukiCarry2nd.jpg
|caption=1965–1969 Suzulight Carry truck (L20)
|production=1965–1969
|aka=Suzulight Carry
|layout = [[FMR layout]]
|assembly=Japan: [[Toyokawa, Aichi]]; [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
|engine = 359 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#FB|FB]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-twin engine|I2]]
|body_style=2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]] 4-door [[van]]
}}
In June 1965, the rebodied L20 Suzulight Carry replaced the FB. The ladder-frame chassis was modified, now with independently sprung front wheels (by torsion bars). While output remained 21 hp, the engine benefitted from Suzuki's patented Cylinder Crank Injection lubrication system. The Carry Van was replaced by the new L20V in January 1966,<ref name=lighttruck>{{cite book |title=360cc: Light Commercial Truck 1950-1975 (360cc 軽商用貨物自動車 1950-1975) |publisher=Yaesu Publishing |location=Tokyo |pages=42–44 |year=2009 |isbn=978-4-86144-139-4}}</ref> and there was also a [[Pickup truck#Drop-side|dropside pickup]] (L21). Finally, the L20H, a pickup with a canvas canopy and a rear-facing seat placed in the bed, providing seating for four, was offered. Top speed for the second generation was down to 75 km/h.<ref>''1965 Suzuki Suzulight Full Lineup catalog'', available at [http://my.reset.jp/~inu/ProductsDataBase/Products/SUZUKI/SUZULIGHT/SUZULIGHT.htm Product Design Database]</ref> The Carry Van had a horizontally divided, two-piece tailgate, and sliding rear windows.

Production of this more traditional version continued in parallel with the cabover L30 Carry, ending only with the 1969 introduction of the L40. Output shifted from Toyokawa to Iwata with the opening of the new plant in August 1967.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

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== {{anchor|L30|L31|third}} Third generation (L30/L31; 1966) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=3rdCarry.jpg
|caption=1966–1969 Suzuki Carry truck (L30)
|name=Third generation (L30/L31)
|production=1966–1969
|layout = [[FMR layout]]
|engine = 359 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#FB|FB]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-twin engine|I2]]
|body_style=4-door [[van]] 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]
|assembly=Japan: [[Toyokawa, Aichi]]; [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsuzuki.com/corporate/history/index.html|title=History:1909- - Global Suzuki|website=www.globalsuzuki.com|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
}}

The new L30 Suzuki Carry (the "Suzulight" label was being retired) is a full cabover design, with the same FB engine mounted horizontally underneath the load area. The starter and generator were combined and mounted directly on the front of the crankshaft. Introduced in February 1966, the L30 was built alongside its more traditional predecessor until they were both replaced by the L40. A canopied L30H, similar to the L20H, but with the seats in the bed facing each other, was available from the start. Also, an L31, with a drop-side bed, was available. Performance and mechanics were very similar to its bonneted sister, but the load area was considerably larger. Maximum load capacity was still {{convert|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=LCT1>''Light Commercial Truck 1950-1975'', p. 44-45.</ref>

A short-lived Carry Van version of the L30 ("L30V") was not introduced until March 1968, but offered four doors and a two-piece tailgate (top and bottom). Bodywork was the same ahead of the B-pillar.<ref name=Ozeki72d>[[#OKsuz|Ozeki]], p. 72d</ref> Output shifted from Toyokawa to Iwata with the opening of the new plant in August 1967.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

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== {{anchor|L40|L41|fourth}} Fourth generation (L40/L41; 1969) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=Suzuki Carry 405.JPG
|caption=1969–1972 Suzuki Carry truck (L40)
|engine = 359 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#FB|FB]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-twin engine|I2]]
|name=Fourth generation (L40/L41)
|production=1969–1972
|layout = [[FMR layout]]
|body_style=5-door [[van]] 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]
|wheelbase ={{convert|1745|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.lj10.com/l40service/pg08.htm |ref=L40 |type=Manual |title=Suzuki Service Manual: Carry L40/L41/L40V |page=8 |location=Hamamatsu, Japan |publisher=Suzuki Motor Co. Ltd.}}</ref>
|assembly=Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
|designer=[[Giorgetto Giugiaro]] at [[Italdesign]]
}}

{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = Suzuki Carry Van 401.JPG
| image2 = Suzuki Carry Van 402.JPG
| caption2 = 1969–1972 Suzuki Carry van (L40)
}}

In July 1969, the [[Giugiaro]]-designed L40 Carry was introduced. In November of the same year, a van version with two opening side doors and a top-hinged rear gate was added. Giugiaro's design was more obvious in the Carry Van iteration, very symmetrical with similar looks to the front and rear. The L40's design was not overly utilitarian, limiting interior space and being a bit too modern for the usually very orthodox Japanese commercial customer base. The L40 did benefit, though, from an updated, {{cvt|25|PS|kW|0}} [[reed valve]] version of the now venerable FB engine.<ref name=Ozeki97>[[#OKsuz|Ozeki]], p. 97</ref> It was marketed as {{Nihongo|"Fast Carry"|韋駄天キャリイ|Idaten Kyarī}} in Japan, because of its rakish design and less workmanlike nature.<ref name=356p911>{{cite web | url = https://ameblo.jp/porsche356a911s/entry-11523606826.html?frm=theme | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250309041734/https://ameblo.jp/porsche356a911s/entry-11523606826.html?frm=theme | archivedate = 2025-03-09 | title = 1969年スズキ韋駄天キャリイジウジアーロ・エロスの時代 | trans-title = 1969 Suzuki Idaten Carry: The Era of Giugiaro and Eros | language = ja | website = ポルシェ356Aカレラ | date = 2013-05-04 }}</ref> Dimensions, dictated by [[Kei car|''kei jidosha'']] regulations, remained {{cvt|2990|x|1295|mm|in|1}} and {{convert|359|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}}. Maximum load was {{cvt|350|kg|lb|0}} for the truck and {{cvt|300|kg|lb|0}} for the van versions. Top speed increased considerably to {{cvt|95|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref name=LCT1/>

As part of a minor facelift in April 1971, the Carry received a {{cvt|27|PS|kW|0}} – still at 6,000 rpm – version of the well-known FB engine, featuring Suzuki's Cylinder Crank Injection and Selmix lubrication system. This engine also found its way into the recently introduced [[Suzuki Jimny#LJ10|LJ10 Jimny]]. Torque was {{convert|3.7|kgm|Nm lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 5,000 rpm. The Panel Van version has a boxy unit mounted on the rear of a Carry truck chassis. In 1971, a V40FC Camper version of the Van was also added. The Camper could accommodate two adults and two children and included canvas beds, curtains in the rear windows, and a table for the rear seat.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = [[:ja:モーターマガジン|Motor Magazine]] | date = July 1971 | issue = 7 | volume = 17 | title = ミニカーさすらい派若者は山を走る...ノダ | trans-title = Minicar Wanderers: Young people drive through the mountains | language = ja | page = 215 }}</ref>

While the truck versions were replaced in May 1972, the L40V continued for another three months before an L50 Van took its place.<ref name=Ozeki98>[[#OKsuz|Ozeki]], p. 98</ref> In all, about 233,000 examples were built in the very short, not quite three-year production run. The Carry truck outsold the van by a factor of around 8 to 1.<ref name=356p911/>

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== {{anchor|L50|L60|fifth}} Fifth generation (L50/L60; 1972) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=SuzukiCarry5th.jpg
|caption=1975–1976 Suzuki Carry truck (L50, facelift)
|engine = 359 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#L50|L50]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-twin engine|I2]] 596 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#L60|L60]]'' two-stroke I2
|name=Fifth generation (L50/L60)
|production=1972–1976
|body_style=5-door [[van]] 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]
|assembly=Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
|layout = [[FMR layout]]
}}
The fifth-generation L50 Carry truck debuted in May 1972, followed by a new Carry van in August. The new model echoes Giugiaro's design, but without ventilation windows in the front doors and with a more traditional appearance. Headlights are now round, while the van version receives a more square rear body and with a sliding rear side door. The engine is a water-cooled design ([[Suzuki FB series engine#FB|L50]]), otherwise similar to the previous engine, but now with {{convert|28|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Maximum load was back up to {{convert|350|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=LCT1/>

{{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = SuzukiCarry5thvan.jpg
| image2 = SuzukiCarry5thvanrear.jpg
| caption2 = 1972–1973 Suzuki Carry Super DeLuxe van (L50VF)
}}

In December 1972, a five-door van (L50VF, with sliding side doors) was added. Three months later, the dropside L51 went on sale. In November 1973, the Carry underwent a minor facelift, receiving a new grille and modified front bumper. The interior was also updated, with a new dashboard and finally hanging gas and clutch pedals. The fifth-generation Carry led Suzuki to great market success, with Suzuki selling more ''kei'' trucks than all others during 1973 and 1974.<ref name=L60>{{citation |title=Suzuki L60/L61 |type=catalog |publisher=Suzuki Motor Company |year=1975 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/10047629@N04/10094619925/in/photostream/ |page=1}}</ref>

In September 1975, a special export version was introduced, aimed at customers who wanted more loading ability. The new L60 series received a larger, 446-cc (also [[Suzuki FB series engine#L60|L60]]) version of the L50 [[Straight-twin engine|two-cylinder]], 29 PS (as opposed to 26 for export market 360-cc models), a stronger differential "to transmit the generous torque"<ref name=techbull>{{cite book |title=New Model Technical Bulletin: Suzuki L60/L61/L61V Truck and Van |publisher=Suzuki Motor Company |date=September 1975 |id=NT7110}}</ref> and sturdier springs meant load capacity increased to {{convert|550|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. For 1975, the Carry received minor changes allowing for the fitment of new larger license plates. In December 1975, the domestic market L50s' engine lost two horsepower (down to 26) in the effort of fulfilling new, stricter emissions standards.<ref name=Ozeki98/>



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== {{anchor|ST10|ST20|ST80|sixth}} Sixth generation (ST10/ST20/ST80; 1976) ==
{{Infobox automobile
|image=Suzuki-CarryWide.JPG
|caption=Suzuki Carry truck (ST20)
|engine=539 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#LJ50|LJ50]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-three engine|I3]] 797 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F8A|F8A]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
|name=Sixth generation (ST10/ST20/ST80)
|aka=Jilin JL 110C/E (China)
|production=1976–1979 1977–1983 (Indonesia)
|width = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|1295|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (ST10) | {{convert|1395|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (ST20) }}
|length = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|3035|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (ST10) | {{convert|3155|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (ST20V) | {{convert|3195|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (ST20 truck) }}
|wheelbase = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|1745|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (ST10) | {{convert|1840|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (ST20) }}
|layout = [[FMR layout]]
|body_style=4-door [[van]] 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]
|assembly={{Unbulleted list | Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]] | Indonesia: [[Jakarta]] (PT Indohero) }}
}}
In May 1976, responding to changed standards for the ''kei'' class, Suzuki released the Carry 55, chassis code ST10/ST10V. It had the larger, water-cooled but still two-stroke three-cylinder [[Suzuki FB series engine#LJ50|LJ50]] engine of 539 cc but was otherwise hard to distinguish from the preceding L50 series. The only two differences in appearance were bigger (albeit slimmer) bumpers, which no longer enveloped the bottom of the front, as well as slightly altered doors with a slight bump in the swage line to accommodate the door handle.<ref name=MX41>{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.jp/mx41_d/carry360.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413052028/http://www.geocities.jp/mx41_d/carry360.html | script-title=ja:スズキキャリイの軌跡(の一部) |trans-title=Trajectory of the Suzuki Carry (part) | work = ボール紙の車庫（仮）[Cardboard Box Garage] | author = MX41 | archive-date = 2015-04-13 | language = ja }}</ref><ref name=Catvol23>{{citation | ref = JAMA23 | title = 自動車ガイドブック | trans-title = Automobile Guide Book 1976/1977 | language = Japanese | volume = 23 | date = 1976-10-20 | publisher = [[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association]] | location = Japan | page = 184 | id = 0053-760023-3400 }}</ref> There was also an '''ST11''' version with a drop-side bed (sometimes called ST10S).<ref>{{citation | title = Suzuki Service Manual: ST10, ST10S, ST10V | pages= 7, 10 | id = SR7200 | publisher = Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. | location = Hamamatsu, Japan | date = June 1976 | ref = SR7200 }}</ref> The ST10 (along with the [[Suzuki Fronte#LC20|LC20 Fronte]]) was the first Suzuki to enter CKD production in Indonesia, in 1976.<ref name=lc20>{{cite web | title = Suzuki Fronte LC20 SS20 | language = id | url = http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2016/08/suzuki-fronte-lc20-ss20.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729042238/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2016/08/suzuki-fronte-lc20-ss20.html | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | date = August 2016 | work = Mobil Motor Lama }}</ref> The engine in export models produces {{cvt|30|PS|kW|0}}, enough for a claimed top speed of {{cvt|105|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref>[[#SR7200|''Suzuki Service Manual: ST10, ST10S, ST10V'']], p. 12.</ref> In 1977, it was replaced by the larger ST20 in Indonesian production.
[[File:Truck taxi in Lopburi 02.jpg|thumb|left|Suzuki Carry ST20 used as a [[songthaew]], rear view]]

After only four months, in September 1976, the interim ST10 was gradually replaced by the widened and lengthened ST20 pickup version, which also has a longer wheelbase.<ref name=Catvol23/> Marketed as the Suzuki Carry Wide 550, it now reached the maximum dimensions set for the class. In November, the ST20 Van arrived - this version was {{cvt|4|cm|in|1}} shorter than the truck as it reused the shorter rear side bodypanels of the L50 and ST10 versions. Some special variants of the ST10 (such as refrigerated versions, panel vans, etcetera) remained on sale alongside the ST20 for a little while longer until new versions could be developed and old stock be sold out. There was also an ST20K model available: the "K" refers to the "trucklike" nature of the vehicle in that it had three drop-sides as opposed to the utility version which had only a tailgate and formed sides. The ST20 range retained the three-cylinder 539-cc two-stroke engine of the ST10 and has a carrying capacity of {{cvt|350|kg|lb|0}}. Maximum power remained {{cvt|26|PS|kW|0}} at 4500 rpm for Japanese-market vehicles.<ref>{{citation |type=brochure |title=スズキキャリー Wide 550 | trans-title = Suzuki New Carry Wide 550 |publisher=Suzuki Motor Co |date=September 1977 |page=8 |id=(52.J) 99999 - 30101 - 000 |language=ja}}</ref> In October 1977, after about 187,000 had been built, the ST20 underwent a light facelift, with increased equipment and all versions (excepting the base truck) now featuring a front grille.<ref name=MX41/>

Equipment levels were base, Standard, and Super Deluxe. The base version has no front grille, the Standard has a black grille, while the Super Deluxe features chrome trim on the grille and chromed hubcaps. By October 1977, the Custom Van was available in the Japanese market. Well equipped, with metallic paint, reclining fabric-covered seats, and chrome bumpers, this was aimed squarely at use as a private car.<ref name=MX41/> This heralded the development of the future "Every" range of passenger microvans.

By 1977, the export-only ST80 appeared - this version was the first Carry to be equipped with a four-stroke engine, the inline-four, 797-cc [[Suzuki F engine#F8A|F8A]] as recently introduced in the [[Suzuki Jimny#SJ20|LJ80 Jimny]]. In the Carry, however, the engine only developed {{cvt|37|hp|kW PS|0}} at 5500 rpm. The ST20 Carry was also produced in Indonesia until at least 1983, where it was nicknamed "Turungtung" (or Truntung).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-28ApkgGURSY/TVSSgL7CxoI/AAAAAAAAAAQ/Q6L6N03MMIk/s1600/otokirst20.jpg |title=Klasik, "Fancy", dan Cantik | trans-title = Classic, Fancy, and Pretty |language=id |date=19 November 2010 |journal=Pikiran Rakyat: Otokir Plus |page=29 |last=Hudaya |first=Didih |location=[[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231213120933/http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-28ApkgGURSY/TVSSgL7CxoI/AAAAAAAAAAQ/Q6L6N03MMIk/s1600/otokirst20.jpg | archive-date= 2023-12-13 }}</ref> This is an [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoetic]] word for the sound made by the Carry's two-stroke engine. The Carry was the first Suzuki product to be built in Indonesia, where it saw extensive use as an [[Share taxi|Angkot]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Arsip mobil kita: Tamasya sejarah seabad perjalanan mobil di Indonesia |trans-title=Our cars archive: Sightseeing through a century of the car in Indonesia |language=id |year=2003 |page=109 |isbn=9789799768506 |last1=Trisulo |first1=Bambang |last2=Samudra |first2=M. |last3=Firmansyah |first3=Arif |publisher=PT Temprint |location=Jakarta}}</ref> The ST20 was only offered as a truck in Indonesia, but local body builders such as Adi Putro and Liling Putra came up with multi-seat taxi bodies and other variations. The Indonesian ST20 has a claimed {{convert|33|PS|kW|abbr=on}} at 4500 rpm and {{convert|52|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque at 3000 rpm, being unaffected by emissions regulations.<ref name=trntng>{{cite web | url = http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2016/09/suzuki-carry-truntung-st20.html | title = Suzuki Carry Truntung ST20 | date = 15 September 2016 | first = Charis | last = Alfan | publisher = Mobil Motor Lama }}</ref>

[[File:1979 Suzuki Carry ST80V (Chile).jpg|thumb|left|ST80V facelift version (Chile). This style of grille appeared in October 1977.]]

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== {{anchor|ST30|ST40|ST90|ST100|seventh}} Seventh generation (ST30/ST40/ST90/ST100; 1979) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Seventh generation (ST30/ST40/ST90/ST100)
| image = SuzukiCarry8th.jpg
| caption = 1979–1985 Suzuki Carry truck (ST40)
| aka = {{ubl
| Suzuki Every (passenger van)
| Suzuki Bolan (van, Pakistan)<ref name="suzuki_bolan">{{cite web|url=https://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/SuzukiProducts/ProductDetails/51|title=Suzuki Bolan|date=January 27, 2021|website=paksuzuki|publisher=[[Pak Suzuki Motors]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127200446/https://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/SuzukiProducts/ProductDetails/51|archive-date=January 27, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref>
| [[Suzuki Bolan#Suzuki Ravi|Suzuki Ravi]] (pick-up, Pakistan)<ref name="suzuki_ravi">{{cite web|url=https://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/SuzukiProducts/ProductDetails/53|title=Suzuki Ravi|date=January 22, 2021|website=paksuzuki|publisher=[[Pak Suzuki Motors]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122160858/https://www.paksuzuki.com.pk/SuzukiProducts/ProductDetails/53|archive-date=January 22, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>
| Ford Pronto (Taiwan)
| [[#Maruti Omni|Maruti Omni]] (India)
| Chang'an SC6320G<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oldparkedcars.com/2011/06/changan-changan-automobile-group-ltd.html|title=China Trip Bonus: 1991 Chang'an Van aka Suzuki Carry |first=Ben|last=Piff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cn2che.com/sellcarpic_568716.html|title=二手长安SC6320G详细图片|website=www.cn2che.com}}</ref>/SC1010X/5010XJC/5010XKC<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://5b0988e595225.cdn.sohucs.com/images/20190515/fcd5c9ab0b8644fdb309064a19cf778f.jpeg|title=Other Chang'an minivan models}}</ref> (van, China)
| Chang'an SC1011CS (pick-up truck, China) Changhe CH730/CH110X/CH1010/CH6320 (van; China)
| Changhe CH1010F/CH1011/CH1012/CH1014 (pick-up truck, China)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/culture/201202/293050-6.html|title=The cars we chased together in those years: the classics of the 80s}}</ref>
| Hanjiang SFJ1011/SFJ1012 (pick-up truck, China)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auto-che.com/v/sfj/sfj1011a-92-hanjiang.html|title=Hanjiang SFJ1011A Cargo truck (#92) Made In China|website=auto-che.com}}</ref>
| Hanjiang SFJ 6320/6322/6323 (van, China)
}}
| production = 1979–1985 1979–2024 (Pakistan)<ref name="suzuki_bolan" /><ref name="suzuki_ravi" /> 1982–2000 (China; Changhe) 1983–2009 (Indonesia) 1984–2019 (India) 1990–1999 (Chang'an) 1993–2003 (China; Hanjiang)
| assembly = {{ubl
| Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
| China: [[Chongqing]] ([[Changan Automobile|Chang'an]]); [[Hanzhong]] (Hanjiang); [[Jingdezhen]] ([[Changhe]])
| India: [[Gurgaon]]
| Indonesia: [[Bekasi]]
| New Zealand: [[Whanganui]] (South Pacific Suzuki)<ref name=Press80>{{cite news | url = https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19801117.2.139.2 | title = Suzuki story on verge of rise in New Zealand | newspaper = [[The Press]] | location = Christchurch, New Zealand | date = 17 November 1980 | page = 28 | via = National Library of New Zealand }}</ref>
| Pakistan: [[Karachi]]
| Taiwan: [[Chung Li]] ([[Ford Lio Ho]])<ref name="Media.ford.com">{{cite web |url=http://media.ford.com/plant_display.cfm?plant_id=129 |title=Facilities | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |access-date=27 July 2010}}</ref>
}}
| body_style = 5-door [[van]] 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]
| layout = [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]] or [[four-wheel-drive]]
| engine = 539 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#LJ50|LJ50]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-three engine|I3]] 543 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F5A|F5A]]'' I3 796 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F8B|F8B]]'' I3 797 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F8A|F8A]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]] 970 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A]]'' I4 '''China''': These engine are based on ''F10A'' engine 797 cc ''DA462Q/462D'' I4 (Hanjiang SFJ1012A) 797 cc ''HH462QE'' I4 (Hanjiang SFJ1012B) 797 cc '' YH462QE1'' I4 (Hanjiang SFJ1012C) 970 cc I3 (Chang'an SC6320G)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnewschina.com/2013/05/30/changan-minivan-in-china-is-not-really-a-changan-minivan-anymore/#more-44491|title=Chang'an SC6320G 1999|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> 970 cc ''DA465Q/465D'' I4 (Hanjiang SFJ1011A) 1050 cc ''HH465Q-1E'' I4 (Hanjiang SFJ1011B)
| transmission = 4/5 speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|1840|mm|in|abbr=on}} {{convert|1940|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Indonesia) {{convert|1990|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Hanjiang 1012 models)
| length = {{convert|3195|mm|in|abbr=on}} {{convert|3530|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Indonesia) {{convert|3555-3655|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Hanjiang models)
| width = {{convert|1395|mm|in|abbr=on}} {{convert|1465|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Indonesia)
| height ={{convert|1625-1900|mm|in|abbr=on}} {{convert|1720|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Indonesia) {{convert|1735-1835|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Hanjiang models)
| weight = {{convert|585-785|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
}}

In March 1979, the new ST30 series arrived. The dimensions remained the same as before, as did the two-stroke engine, although it was moved forward and now resided underneath the front seat. At the time of the ST30's introduction, the Carry had been the bestselling [[Kei truck]] in the Japanese domestic market for eight straight years.<ref>{{citation |title=実績が示す— スズキ・キャリィの優秀性 ''(stockholders' report)'' | trans-title = Results indicate: the superiority of the Suzuki Carry! |language=ja |publisher=Suzuki Motor Co |year=1979 |pages=1–2}}</ref> For export markets, the '''ST90''' version was equipped with the larger four-stroke [[Suzuki F engine#F8A|F8A]] engine of 797 cc, entering production in August 1979. In October 1980, the domestic market Carry became available with the new 543 cc four-stroke [[Suzuki F engine#F5A|F5A]] engine ('''ST40'''), although the torquey two-stroke engine remained popular.<ref name=Ozeki99>[[#OKsuz|Ozeki]], p. 99</ref> Later, export models were also fitted with the 970 cc four-cylinder engine; they received the '''ST100''' chassis codes.

In December 1982, the Van portion of the Carry range became separated in the Japanese domestic market and was now sold as the Suzuki '''Every'''.<ref name=Ozeki99/> The Every was only available with the four-stroke engine, as the two-stroke could not pass the tighter emissions standards for passenger cars. New for May 1981 was a four-wheel drive version, originally only available as a pickup. This received the '''ST31/41''' chassis code. A four-wheel drive van version was added in November 1982.<ref name=Ozeki99/>

{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 150
|File:Suzuki Carry ST-90 1980.jpg|1980 Suzuki Carry van (ST90)
|File:Suzuki Carry ST-90 1984.jpg|1982–1985 Suzuki Carry van (ST41)
|File:Suzuki Every 1st 01.jpg|1982–1985 Suzuki Every 4WD (ST41)
|File:An old Changhe in Pinggu Market (20150214120438).JPG|1982–2000 Changhe CH6320 (uses Suzuki's ST90 chassis)
|File:Chang'an SC1011.jpg|Chang'an SC1011
}}

=== Export models ===
==== China ====
Changhe was the first manufacturer to produce minivans and pick-up trucks in China; they assembled 151,629 units of the Carry.

==== Pakistan ====
In Pakistan, [[Pak Suzuki Motors]], an affiliate of the Suzuki Motor Corporation, assembled and distributed the ST90V-based Suzuki Bolan till 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.pakwheels.com/blog/farewell-pak-suzuki-officially-ends-production-of-suzuki-bolan/ | first = Sulman | last = Ali | title = Farewell – Pak Suzuki Officially Ends Production of Suzuki Bolan | date = 2024-09-19 | work = PakWheels }}</ref> It kept the three-cylinder [[Suzuki F engine#F8B|F8B]] 796 cc engine, with outputs of {{cvt|27-29|kW|hp PS|0}} depending on if they were carburetted or fuel injected, and around {{cvt|62|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque. As of February 2024, it is available in three versions: The Euro II, VX and VXR. The better-equipped VXR and Euro II have factory-fitted air conditioning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suzuki Bolan (Pak Wheels) |url=https://www.pakwheels.com/new-cars/suzuki/bolan/specifications |website=Pak Wheels}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Suzuki Bolan (Suzuki Pakistan) |url=https://suzukipakistan.com/media/Brochure%20Automobile/Bolan%20Flyer%20Apr%2022.pdf |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Suzuki Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Suzuki Ravi (Suzuki Pakistan) |url=https://suzukipakistan.com/media/Brochure%20Automobile/Ravi%20Flyer%20Apr%2022.pdf |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Suzuki Pakistan}}</ref> The four-speed manual transmission allows for a top speed of {{cvt|120|km/h|mph|0}}. There is also a pickup version, called the '''Suzuki Ravi'''.

The Suzuki Bolan sold 220,790 units from 2007 until 2018, broken down as follows:<ref name="VehicleSales">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/pakistan/motor-vehicle-sales-annual/motor-vehicle-sales-car-suzuki-bolan|title=Pakistan Motor Vehicle Sales: Suzuki Bolan |website=www.ceicdata.com}}</ref>

;Sales by year
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Units Sold
|-
|1 June 2007
| align=right|10,451
|-
|1 June 2008
| align=right|{{increase}}15,566
|-
|1 June 2009
| align=right|{{increase}}17,209
|-
|1 June 2010
| align=right|{{decrease}}8,664
|-
|1 June 2011
| align=right|{{increase}}11,439
|-
|1 June 2012
| align=right|{{increase}}13,311
|-
|1 June 2013
| align=right|{{increase}}22,540
|-
|1 June 2014
| align=right|{{decrease}}12,941
|-
|1 June 2015
| align=right|{{increase}}14,088
|-
|1 June 2016
| align=right|{{increase}}23,582
|-
|1 June 2017
| align=right|{{decrease}}19,245
|-
|1 June 2018
| align=right|{{increase}}21,738
|}

==== Taiwan ====
The original '''Ford Pronto''' was a rebadged Carry ST80, a nameplate which was offered between 1985 and 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/ytseng3ford/article?mid=25968&sc=1 |title=福特好幫手一代報紙廣告數則（Ford Pronto） - 小七的車觀點：管他汽車、機車、腳踏車；只要是車，無所不談！|publisher=Tw.myblog.yahoo.com |date=15 September 2008 |access-date=16 July 2010}}</ref> by [[Ford Lio Ho]], a joint venture between Ford and Lio Ho in [[Taiwan]]. The Pronto was only available in the [[Taiwan]]ese market, where it was introduced specifically to compete with [[China Motor Corporation]]'s [[Mitsubishi Minicab]] and Sanfu's [[Subaru Sambar]] in the local [[minivan]] market. The original revised front end was designed in Australia by an independent design firm. The first generation Pronto had the same, 797-cc four-cylinder engine as export market Suzuki Carrys received.

==== Indonesia ====
[[File:Suzuki Carry 1.0 Podo Joyo.jpg|thumb|left|Suzuki Carry 1.0 (ST100) minibus, coachbuilt by Podo Joyo]]
In Indonesia, the seventh generation Carry and Super Carry were assembled by [[Indomobil Suzuki International|Suzuki Indomobil Motor]] beginning in 1983, fitted with the well-known 970 cc F10A engine with {{convert|50|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. This carried the '''ST100''' model code, and was also available as a minivan.<ref name=comp1>{{citation | url = http://www.eria.org/publications/research_project_reports/images/pdf/y2010/no10/3_Resources_of_Innovation_in_Indonesian_Automotive_Industry.pdf |last1=Aminulla |first1=Erman |first2=Richardi S. |last2=Adnan |date=June 2011 |title=Resources of Innovation in Indonesian Automotive Industry the Role of University and Public Research Institute (PRI) | editor1-last = Sunami | editor1-first = A. | editor2-first = P. | editor2-last = Intarakumnerd |work=A Comparative Study on the Role of University and PRI as External Resources for Firms’ Innovation |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |publisher=ERIA Research Project Report |page=130}}</ref> Thanks to a locally developed rear body with a longer overhang and a wheelbase extended by {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}, it was about {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} longer than the Carrys sold elsewhere, which allowed a third row of seats to be fitted. Unlike other markets, the minivan version did not equipped with sliding doors and lift up tailgate.

In 1986, it was updated with a new half-[[Trapezoid|trapezium]] front headlight, but only lasted for less than six months<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2019/04/sejarah-perjalanan-suzuki-carry-di.html?m=1|title = Sejarah Perjalanan Suzuki Carry di Indonesia| date=30 April 2019 }}</ref> and was replaced again with square headlights by the end of 1986 (until the end of production in 2009) with new front and larger bumpers; this model was originally sold as the "Super Carry Extra". This model, available as a van or truck, reached {{convert|3530|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in overall length and is {{convert|1465|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide. These dimensions remained true until the end of Carry 1.0 production in Indonesia. Unlike most markets, Indonesian Carry trucks could legally seat three people.<ref name=Carry1.0i>{{citation | type = brochure | title = Carry 1.0i Pick-Up | language = id | publisher = P.T. Indomobil Suzuki International | page = 2 | date = 2005 }}</ref> In 1989 the Super Carry received a five-speed transmission, as well as a tachometer. In April 1995, Suzuki equipped the Carry Extra with power steering, as well as the redesigned steering wheel with Suzuki S logo. The Suzuki Carry Extra shares the same steering wheel as the [[Suzuki Jimny#Second|Suzuki Katana]] GX and the Suzuki Futura.

Late in the model's life, the engine was updated to meet the [[Euro2|Euro 2 emissions standards]], which took effect in Indonesia in 2007. This meant that the old F10A engine was updated with [[Fuel injection|multi-point fuel injection]] in 2005 and a catalytic converter, increasing power to {{convert|60|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Carry1.0i/> Although removed from the regular price lists in 2006, this version of the Carry was still built to special order until 2009, alongside the larger Carry Futura (based on the eighth generation Carry). Until 1987, when surpassed by the [[Daihatsu Zebra]] and [[Toyota Kijang]], the Carry was Indonesia's best selling vehicle.<ref name=comp1/>

The seventh generation Carrys in Indonesia, alongside the eighth generation Carry Futura, are widely used as transportation minibuses known locally as "''[[Share taxi#Indonesia|angkot]]''".

{{clear}}

==== {{anchor|Maruti Omni|Omni|India}} India ====
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Maruti Suzuki Omni
| image = File:Maruti Omni in India.jpg
|caption= The first generation Maruti Suzuki Omni
| manufacturer = [[Maruti Suzuki]]
| aka = Maruti Van
| production = 1984–2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Maruti Omni Discontinued After 35 Years Of Production |url=https://www.motorbeam.com/maruti-omni-discontinued-after-35-years-of-production/ |website=MotorBeam |access-date=29 October 2019 |date=5 April 2019}}</ref>
| assembly = [[Gurgaon]], India
| designer =
| class = [[Microvan]]
| body_style = 4-door [[van]]
| layout = [[FMR layout]]
| platform =
| related =
| engine = 797 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F8B|F8B]]'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
| transmission = 4-speed manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|1840|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3370|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1410|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1640|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|785|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Maruti Versa|Maruti Suzuki Versa/Eeco]]
| sp =
}}

The '''Maruti Suzuki Omni''' is a [[microvan]] manufactured by [[Suzuki]]'s Indian subsidiary [[Maruti Suzuki]]. The first version of Maruti Suzuki Omni had a {{convert|796|cc|0|abbr=on}} inline-three engine, same as the [[Maruti 800]] [[city car]]. Sold simply as the '''Maruti Suzuki Van''', this was the second vehicle to be launched by Maruti Suzuki. It arrived one year after the 800, in 1984. The name was changed to "Omni" in 1988. It received a facelift in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|title=Maruti Suzuki Omni|url=http://www.carwale.com/marutisuzuki-cars/omni/|access-date=19 January 2014|publisher=CarWale|quote=The last major facelift was in 1997 – that’s more than a decade ago!}}</ref> and further minor revisions in 2005, when improvements were made to the exterior and the interior, and new colours became available.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 April 2005|title=Maruti upgrades Omni|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Maruti-upgrades-Omni/articleshow/1073690.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201234527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-10/india-business/27860379_1_omni-space-for-utility-items-maruti|url-status=live|archive-date=1 February 2014|access-date=19 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|quote=Maruti's most popular multi-utility vehicle Omni flaunted a new exterior and a more functional interior when the domestic carmaker launched its upgraded Bharat-III norm version. [...] The new Omni has a different front grille, clear lens headlamps, graphics on the side of the body and a new rear view mirror. There is a choice of several new colours like crystal gold, icy blue, bright red and Caribbean blue now being offered alongside the earlier silky silver and superior white.}}</ref> Later version of the Omni includes the:

*Omni (E), released in 1996, an 8-seater [[Minibus|microbus]] version of the Omni
*Omni XL - 1999, as the Omni E but with a higher roof.
*Omni Cargo [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] - 2004, created to answer the growing popularity of this car being used as an [[Commercial vehicle|inter-city cargo vehicle]].<ref name="cargolpg">{{cite web | url = http://www.marutiudyog.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch=1&ct=1&sc=6 | title = About Maruti: Milestones | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012122151/http://www.marutiudyog.com/ab/aboutus.asp?ch=1&ct=1&sc=6|archive-date= 2007-10-12 | publisher = Maruti Suzuki India Limited }}</ref>
*Omni LPG - 2003, same 796 cc engine, added with a factory fitted LPG Kit, authorised by the Indian RTOs ([[Regional Transport Office]]s). This makes it the most economic four-wheeler in India, as far as driving costs are concerned.
*Omni Ambulance - A Omni E, designed for [[ambulance]] usage. This is the most common type of [[ambulance]]s found in Indian cities.

<gallery widths=200 heights=150>
Maruti Suzuki Omni.jpg|Rear of a first generation Maruti Suzuki Omni
Maruti Omni.jpg|1st Facelift in 1998 (India)
</gallery>

The Omni could be divided into two categories: the [[Minivan|family]] version and the [[Van|cargo]] version. The newer family version has two extra seats directly behind the front seating and facing away towards the rear of the van making it an eight seater. Older versions are modified by individual owners to add additional capacity this way. The cargo version is completely devoid of back seats. Both versions have [[Sliding door (car)|sliding back door]]s and a top-hinged tailgate.<ref name="cargodoors">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiacar.com/standard.asp?pg=&is=&es=&bc=009&model=Omni+%288%2Dseater%29+BS%2DIII&brand=MARUTI+UDYOG+LTD&mcode=m00397&types=Multi%2DPurpose&fn= | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070806063644/http://www.indiacar.com/standard.asp?pg=&is=&es=&bc=009&model=Omni+%288%2Dseater%29+BS%2DIII&brand=MARUTI+UDYOG+LTD&mcode=m00397&types=Multi%2DPurpose&fn= | title = Std. equipment: Omni (8-seater) BS-III | work = IndiaCar.net|archive-date= 6 August 2007}}</ref>

The Omni (E) has the following official specifications (2010):<ref>{{cite web|title=Omni (5-seater) BS-II Tech Spec Sheet from|url=http://www.indiacar.com/techspec1.asp?pg=pomni%2Ehtm&is=&es=&bc=009&model=Omni+%285%2Dseater%29+BS%2DII&brand=MARUTI+UDYOG+LTD&mcode=m00117&types=Multi%2DPurpose&fn=pomni%2Ehtm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617071104/http://www.indiacar.com/techspec1.asp?pg=pomni.htm&is=&es=&bc=009&model=Omni+(5-seater)+BS-II&brand=MARUTI+UDYOG+LTD&mcode=m00117&types=Multi-Purpose&fn=pomni.htm|archive-date=17 June 2011|access-date=25 November 2010|publisher=IndiaCar.com}}</ref>

<div>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Vehicle specifications
|-
|Max. speed:
| {{convert|100|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|Initial acceleration:
|0-{{convert|60|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} in 10 seconds
|-
|Fuel:
|Petrol
|-
|Fuel consumption in city:
|13–14 km/L (7.7–7.1 L/100 km)
|-
|Fuel consumption on highways:
|16–17 km/L (6.3–5.9 L/100 km)
|-
|Power:
|37 bhp (28 kW) at 5,000 rpm
|-
|Construction:
|Cast iron
|-
|Displacement:
|796 cc
|-
|Ignition:
|Multipoint fuel injection
|-
|Layout:
|3-cylinder in-line
|-
|Max. torque:
|{{convert|62|Nm|ftlbf|abbr=on}} at 3,000 rpm
|-
|Valve train:
|2 valves per cylinder
|-
|Transmission:
|Manual- 4-speed
|-
|Front suspension:
|MacPherson strut with gas filled shock absorbers
|-
|Rear suspension:
|Leaf spring with shock absorbers
|-
|Front brakes:
|Disc
|-
|Rear brakes:
|Drum
|-
|Tyres:
|145 R-12 LT 6PR (radial)
|}
</div>

The initial versions were so basic that the interior dashboard even lacked a fan blower opening as a standard.

In April 2019, Maruti Suzuki announced they would discontinue the Omni after 35 years of production. The Omni was not able to meet India's updated safety and emission standards implemented the same month, which requires new vehicles to have a driver's airbag, antilock brakes, seatbelt reminders, speed warning beeps and rear parking sensors. The flat front of the Omni also prevented the addition of crumple zones. Its replacement is the [[Maruti Eeco|Eeco]].

==== South Africa ====
For this market, the Carry was available as truck, van and high roof van, all powered by 797cc ''F8A'' four cylinder engine. The car is popularly called "half loafs", referring to "half a loaf of bread" (still a staple of many South Africans). In Cape Town and Durban, many of these little vans are seen painted in bright yellow with green artwork and a chopped-off open rear end. These are part of large fleets of privately owned public transport vehicles which fit between normal taxis and city buses. Customers literally hop on the back, and pass the driver a [[South African rand|rand]] or two, and simply jump off at their destination.

{{Clear}}

== {{anchor|DA71|DB71|DA81|DA41|DB41|DA51|DB51|Super Carry|eighth}} Eighth generation (DA71/DB71/DA81/DA41/DB41/DA51/DB51; 1985) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Eighth generation (DA71/DB71/DA81/DA41/DB41/DA51/DB51)
| image = Suzuki Carry 013.JPG
| caption = 1985–1989 Suzuki Carry truck (DA71T)
| aka = {{unbulleted list
| Suzuki Every
| Suzuki Super Carry|[[Autozam Scrum]] (Japan)
| [[#Bedford Rascal|Bedford Rascal]] (United Kingdom)
| Vauxhall Rascal (United Kingdom)
| GME Rascal (Europe)
| Changhe Changlingwang/ Junma
| Chevrolet CMV/CMP (Central America)
| Daewoo Damas/Labo (South Korea)
| Holden Scurry (Australia)
| [[Hafei|Hafei Songhuajiang HFJ6350]] (China) | Chang'an SC6330 (China)
| [[ZAP (motor company)|ZAP Truck XL]] (United States)
| Suzuki Bravo (Philippines)
| Ford Pronto (Taiwan)
}}
| production = {{unbulleted list
|1985–1991 (Japan)
|1986–1993 (England)
|1995–1999 (China)
|1991–2021 (South Korea)
|2000–2019 (Vietnam)
}}
| assembly = {{ubl
|Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]] (Iwata Plant)
|South Korea: [[Changwon]] (GM Korea)
|Vietnam: [[Bien Hoa]], [[Dong Nai Province|Dong Nai]], (Vietnam Suzuki Corp)
|United Kingdom: [[Luton]] ([[Vauxhall Luton]])
}}
| body_style = 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]] 5-door [[van]]/[[microbus]]
| layout = [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]] or [[four-wheel-drive]]
| related =
| engine = 539 cc ''[[Suzuki FB series engine#LJ50|LJ50]]'' [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] [[Straight-three engine|I3]] 543 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F5A|F5A]]'' I3 547 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F5B|F5B]]'' I3 657 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F6A|F6A]]'' I3 797 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F8A|F8A]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]] 970 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A]]'' I4
| transmission = 4/5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|1840|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{Unbulleted list | {{convert|3175|or|3275|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (truck) | {{convert|3195|or|3295|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (van) }}
| width = {{convert|1395|-|1475|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1675|-|1800|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|600|-|780|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
}}
The eighth generation Carry (and second generation Every) appeared in March 1985.<ref name=Ozeki100>[[#OKsuz|Ozeki]], p. 100</ref> It was modernized and the range again expanded, with a more powerful fuel injected engine available on top. The chassis codes became quite confusing, with DA/DB71 used for the F5A engined model (DB signifying four-wheel drive) and DA81 for the two-stroke truck which remained available until the Carry underwent a facelift in July 1986. T, B, and V suffixes were used to denote trucks, trucks with tip decks, and vans. Beginning in late 1987, a {{convert|52|PS|kW|abbr=on}} turbocharged engine was available in the Every, while the Carry truck received a three-valve, supercharged version of the F5A engine with {{convert|48|PS|kW|abbr=on}}. There was also a short-lived nine-valve version with {{convert|32|PS|kW|abbr=on}} available for better equipped versions of the Every; the regular six-valve version had to make do with {{convert|30|PS|kW|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Catvol34>{{citation | ref = JAMA34 | title = 自動車ガイドブック | trans-title = Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1987~'88 | language = ja | volume = 34 | date = 28 October 1987 | publisher = [[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association]] | location = Japan | pages = 242–243 | id = 0053-870034-3400 }}</ref> In May 1989 the more modern multi-valve F5B engine entered the lineup; it received the DA/DB41 chassis code and replaced most of the F5A engines.<ref name=Ozeki100/> This new engine also became available in the badge-engineered [[Autozam Scrum]], sold by [[Mazda]] (DG/DH41).

{{gallery | height = 150 | width = 200
|File:Suzuki Every PA DA71V.jpg|Pre-facelift Suzuki Every PA van (DA71V)
|File:Suzuki Every PA DA71V interior.jpg|Suzuki Every interior
}}

===Facelift===
With the rules regarding the size and engines of kei-cars being altered for March 1990, Suzuki had to update the Carry/Every which now carried the DA/DB51 chassis code.<ref name=Ozeki100/> The larger 657 cc F6A engine provided somewhat more power, ranging from {{convert|38|to|58|PS|kW|abbr=on}}, and new more rounded bodywork provided a more modern look.<ref name=Ozeki101>[[#OKsuz|Ozeki]], p. 101</ref> The least powerful engine received an upgrade in the passenger-oriented Every models in September 1990, increasing output to {{convert|42|PS|kW|abbr=on}} at 5500 rpm while torque went up from {{convert|5.3|to|5.8|kgm|Nm lbft|abbr=on}} at 4000 rpm.<ref name=CG359p66>{{cite magazine | magazine = Car Graphic | title = New Model Digest | date = February 1990 | issue = 359 | volume = 30 | publisher = Nigensha | location = Tokyo | editor-last = Kumakura | editor-first = Shigeharu  | page = 66 | language = ja }}</ref> This engine became standard fitment for the lower end Carrys as well in March 1991, but only six months later the DA/DB51 was replaced by the reshelled ninth generation Carry and Every.<ref name=Ozeki101/>

{{gallery | height = 150 | width = 200
|File:1990 Suzuki Carry KC 4WD in Polar White, front right.jpg|1990–1991 facelifted Suzuki Carry truck (DB51T)
|File:Suzuki Every 207.JPG|1990–1991 facelifted Suzuki Every van (DA51V)
|File:Suzuki Every 208.JPG|1990–1991 facelifted Suzuki Every van (DA51V)
|File:Suzuki Every 205.JPG|1990 Suzuki Every 660 PS Turbo Aero-tune (DA51V)
|File:Suzuki Every 204.JPG|1990 Suzuki Every 660 PS Turbo Aero-tune (DA51V)
|File:Autozam Scrum 101.JPG|1990–1991 Autozam Scrum van (first generation)
|File:Autozam Scrum 104.JPG|1990–1991 Autozam Scrum van (first generation)
|File:Autozam Scrum Van Turbo.jpg|1990–1991 Autozam Scrum Turbo van (first generation)
}}

===Export models===
Post-1985 European market Carrys still used the 797 cc [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] [[Suzuki F engine#F8A|F8A]] familiar from the ST90 Carry, while Super Carrys were equipped with the [[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A]] 970 cc four. Chassis codes are '''SK408''' and '''SK410''', while power outputs are 37 and 45 PS respectively (27.5 and 33 kW), top speeds 110 and 115 km/h. Heftier bumpers meant overall length was up 10 cm, for a total of 3295 mm.<ref name=TAM90>{{Cite book |title=Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990 |editor=Mastrostefano, Raffaele |publisher=Editoriale Domus S.p.A |year=1990 |pages=992–994 |language=it |location=Milano}}</ref> Production of export models began in July 1985. The SK408 (sometimes called the DA11) was discontinued in October 1989. The SK410 Super Carrys (DA21) received the same F10a 970cc inline-four as fitted to the SJ410 [[Suzuki Jimny|Samurai]]. In much of Europe, this generation of the Carry was also sold as the Bedford, Vauxhall, or GME Rascal. These were built at the GM plant in Luton, to circumvent JAMA's voluntary export restrictions.<ref name=truck86>{{cite journal |journal=TRUCK |date=June 1986 |ref=truck86 |page=76 |last=Wren |first=Tim |title=Light Match |location=London, UK |publisher=FF Publishing Ltd}}</ref>

In Australia, this model was sold as both the Super Carry (in ute, van, or wagon form) and as the '''Holden Scurry''', which was not available as a "ute".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Little cars are big on economy |journal=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |date=5 February 1986 |last=Lever | first = R. |location=Sydney, Australia |publisher=Nationwide News Pty}}</ref> In Australia, the Scurry was designated as the NB series.

In Taiwan, the Carry continued to be available as the Ford Pronto, originally with the F8A engine although later this was changed to the F10A, corresponding to the SK408 and SK410 models. It remained in production until 1999, when it was replaced by a rebadged version of the tenth generation Carry.

In Central America, this model was available as the Chevrolet CMV (van) and CMP (pickup) and was produced until 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theautopian.com/this-is-the-only-car-that-was-both-a-ford-and-a-chevy/ | title=This is the Only Car That Was Both a Ford and a Chevy | first = Jason | last = Torchinsky | work = The Autopian | date=4 April 2022 }}</ref>

The Super Carry continues in production in Vietnam for local markets, as a truck or panel van, with a [[Euro2|Euro 2]] emissions compliant engine.<ref>{{cite journal |title = Suzuki Super Carry | journal=Siêu Thị Ô Tô [Car Supermarket] |location=Hanoi |volume=14 |date=March 2011 |publisher=Công ty Sông Thanh Ô Tô |language=vi |page=97}}</ref> The 970 cc engine has electronic fuel injection and develops {{convert|31|kW|PS|abbr=on}} at 5500 rpm. The {{convert|3240|mm|in|abbr=on}} long truck is the best selling truck in Vietnam and the engine was updated to meet the Euro 4 emissions standards in 2017.<ref name=5ton>{{cite web | title = Xe tải nhẹ 5 tạ hàng đầu việt nam |trans-title=Leading 500kg light truck in Vietnam | language = vi | access-date = 24 July 2017 | publisher = Suzuki Cầu Giấy | url = http://www.suzukicaugiay.vn/Suzuki-5-ta.html }}</ref>

{{gallery | height = 150 | width = 200
|File:Suzuki Carry SK410.jpg|Suzuki Carry van (SK410)
|File:1987 Suzuki Carry Van (front).jpg|1987 Suzuki Carry van (Netherlands)
|File:1988-1990 Suzuki Super Carry (SK410) TX van (2015-06-03) 01 (cropped).jpg|1988–1990 Suzuki Super Carry TX van (SK410, Australia)
|File:1988-1990 Suzuki Super Carry (SK410) TX van (2015-06-03) 02 (cropped).jpg|1988–1990 Suzuki Super Carry TX van (SK410, Australia)
|File:1992 Suzuki Super Carry Commercial TX 1000 5-Speed.jpg|1992 Suzuki Super Carry Commercial TX van (SK410, Netherlands)
|File:1992 Suzuki Super Carry Commercial TX 1000 5-Speed (rear).jpg|1992 Suzuki Super Carry Commercial TX van (SK410, Netherlands)
|File:1992 Suzuki Super Carry 1.0 Commercial.jpg|1992 Suzuki Super Carry Commercial van (SK410, Netherlands)
|File:1997 Suzuki Super Carry TX 1.0 Front.jpg|1997 Suzuki Super Carry TX van (SK410, United Kingdom)
|File:1997 Suzuki Super Carry TX 1.0 Rear.jpg|1997 Suzuki Super Carry TX van (SK410, United Kingdom)
|File:Holden Scurry (8082115079).jpg|Holden Scurry (NB, Australia)
|File:Ford Pronto APY-3281 20161019.jpg|Ford Pronto van (Taiwan)
|File:1999 Ford Pronto truck.jpg|1999 Ford Pronto truck (Taiwan)
|File:1999-Taiwan-Ford-Pronto-Front (cropped).jpg|1999 Ford Pronto van (Taiwan)
|File:1999-Taiwan-Ford-Pronto-Rear (cropped).jpg|1999 Ford Pronto van (Taiwan)
|File:2002 Changhe-Suzuki Changlingwang CH6353A, front 8.6.18.jpg|Changhe Changlingwang CH6353A (China)
|File:Songhuajiang (Hafei) HFJ6350.jpg|1995–1999 Hafei Songhuajiang HFJ6350 (China)
}}

=== Bedford Rascal ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Bedford Rascal
| image = 1989 Bedford Rascal 1.0.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]/[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] ([[General Motors]])
| aka = Vauxhall Rascal GME Rascal Holden Scurry
| production = 1986–1993 (England) 1993–1999 (Japan)
| assembly = United Kingdom: [[Luton]] ([[Vauxhall Luton]])
| body_style = 5-door [[van]] 2-door [[pickup truck|pickup]] [[Campervan]]
| layout = [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{Convert|970|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[Suzuki F engine#F10A|F10A]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]<ref name=CarBuddy1990Super>{{cite web |url=http://www.carbuddy.com.au/car/research/specification/viewspecs.aspx?gid=54347&tid=592032 |title=Car Specifications - 1990 SUZUKI SUPER CARRY |publisher=Carbuddy.com.au |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706102527/http://www.carbuddy.com.au/car/research/specification/viewspecs.aspx?gid=54347&tid=592032 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| transmission = 4/5-speed manual<ref name="haynes"/>
| length = {{convert|3295|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=CarBuddy1990Super />
| width = {{convert|1395|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=CarBuddy1990Super />
| height = {{convert|1780|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=CarBuddy1990Super />
| weight = {{convert|755|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=CarBuddy1990Super />
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Opel Combo|Opel/Vauxhall Combo]]
}}

The Bedford Rascal (later Vauxhall Rascal), also built as the Suzuki Super Carry, is a [[kei truck]] and [[microvan]] that was developed as a joint venture between the American automaker [[General Motors]] and the Japanese automaker [[Suzuki]].<ref name="haynes">[[Haynes Manual]] ''Bedford/Vauxhall Rascal and Suzuki Supercarry 1986–1994''</ref> It was sold under GM's British [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] marque as well as in Suzuki form. Other names were used in a few international markets, such as GME (General Motors Europe) for those continental European markets where Suzukis were generally not marketed and where the Bedford and [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] brands were largely unknown.

The van was produced at the [[IBC Vehicles]] plant in [[Luton]], England, adjacent to the [[Vauxhall Luton|main Vauxhall factory]]. Alongside the Bedford, the Suzuki-branded twin was manufactured for the European market (where Bedford is a less established brand).

Sold from 1986 to 1994, the Rascal, like the Super Carry, is a small and economical van intended for many purposes. The vehicle's strengths were its diminutive size and maximum payload weight; 550 kg for the van and 575 kg for the pickup.<ref name="haynes" /> The principal visible difference between Bedford and Suzuki versions is the front trim: the Super Carry has two separate plastic headlamp surrounds and the Rascal has a single full-width one with "Bedford" moulded in the middle.

'''Timeline''':

* 1986: launched
* 1990: rebadged as the Vauxhall Rascal, as the Bedford marque was being retired
* 1993: production moved to Japan, where the vehicle continued to be made until 1999.

Rascals were mainly sold as [[van]]s; [[Pickup truck|pickup]] and [[camper van|camper]] versions were also made.

{{gallery | width = 200 | height = 150
|File:GME Rascal, Paris 2013.jpg|GME Rascal, for continental European markets
|File:Bedford Rascal pick up.jpg|Rear view of Rascal pickup
|File:1991 Vauxhall Rascal van, rear.jpg|Vauxhall Rascal
}}

{{Clear}}

===Daewoo Damas===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Daewoo Damas and Daewoo Labo
| image = Chevrolet Damas Deluxe in Bukhara, front right.jpg
| caption = Chevrolet Damas (Uzbek-built)
| manufacturer = {{ubl
| [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo]] ([[General Motors]]) (1992–2011)
| [[GM Korea]] (2011–2021)
| JJ Motors (2021–present)
| UzDaewoo Auto (1996–2008)
| GM Uzbekistan (2008–2019)
| [[UzAuto Motors]] (2019–present)
}}
| aka = {{Unbulleted list|Daewoo Attivo/Damas/Labo|JJ Motors Viva/Brovo|Chevrolet CMP/CMV|Chevrolet Damas/Labo}}
| production = 1991–2021
| assembly = {{ubl
| [[Changwon]], South Korea
| [[Asaka, Uzbekistan|Asaka]], [[Uzbekistan]] (Asaka avtomobilsozlik zavodi, until 2014)
| [[Pitnak]], Uzbekistan (KHorazm avtomobilsozlik zavodi)
| [[Hajigabul]], [[Azerbaijan]] (Azermash)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intellinews.com/azerbaijani-automotive-industry-motoring-ahead-313178/|title=Azerbaijani automotive industry motoring ahead|date=20 February 2024|website=www.intellinews.com}}</ref>
}}
| body_style = 4-door [[van]] 2-door [[pickup truck|pickup]]
| layout = [[FMR layout]]
| engine = {{Convert|796|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
}}

The '''Daewoo Damas''' is a [[Rebadging|badge-engineered]] version of the Suzuki Carry/Every produced by the South Korean automaker [[GM Korea|Daewoo]] since 1991.<ref name="Blast">{{cite news | last=Limb | first = Jae-un |title=Blast From the Past #24:Tall, slim mini-trucks for narrow roads |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2921760 |newspaper=Korea JoongAng Daily |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> It is currently in its second generation and is available in [[van]] and [[pickup truck|pickup]] body styles, the latter of which was marketed as the Daewoo Labo.<ref>{{cite web |title= Damas / Labo gate page |url=http://www.gm-korea.co.kr/gmmcc/damas_labo_gate.jsp |publisher=GM Korea |language=ko |access-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011122732/http://www.gm-korea.co.kr/gmmcc/damas_labo_gate.jsp |archive-date=11 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Since 2011, the Damas and Labo are sold in South Korea without branding, essentially making "Damas" and "Labo" the brands.<ref>{{cite web |title=한국지엠 다마스, 라보 안내 | trans-title = GM Korea Damas, Labo Guide |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140107155002/http://www.gm-korea.co.kr/mcc/gate.jsp | archive-date = 2014-01-07 | url=http://www.gm-korea.co.kr/mcc/gate.jsp |publisher=GM Korea |language=ko }}</ref>

In some export markets, the Daewoo Damas was known as the Daewoo Attivo and since [[General Motors]]' takeover of Daewoo, it has been known in some markets, such as Central America and Tunisia, as [[Chevrolet]] CMV for the passenger van (Damas) and Chevrolet CMP for the pickup truck (Labo).

The Damas and Labo both come with the [[Straight-three engine|three-cylinder]] [[Overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|SOHC]] 796-cc [[Suzuki F engine#F8C|F8C]] engine rather than the smaller 660-cc units originally used in Japan, to provide more power and comfort. Both the Damas and Labos are only available with a [[manual transmission]]. [[Air conditioning]] is optional. The engine was originally made for petrol, but is recently only available in South Korea as an [[Autogas|LPG]]-powered unit.<ref name="Blast"/>

The Damas [[microvan]] is available as a seven-seat coach, five-seat coach, or two-seat cargo van styles and comes with various options based on DLX (deluxe) and SUPER models. The Labo is also available in STD (standard), DLX (deluxe), and SUPER models. Two main choices of the Labo body type are the [[cube van]] and the drop-side pickup truck. The pickup has an optional electric [[Trunk (automobile)#Door|tailgate]] lift.

The Damas (but not the Labo) received a facelift in July 2003, stretching the nose by {{convert|245|mm|in|abbr=on}} to meet stricter safety regulations for passenger vehicles. This was marketed as the Daewoo Damas II in South Korea. Over the years, the Labo has been equipped with a number of the various grille and headlight combinations originating with the Japanese Carry and Every variations. In January 2007, Labo and Damas production was halted as they could not be made to meet emissions regulations. Production resumed (as the New Damas) in April 2008, although now only with LPG engines for the home market. In March 2011, the "Daewoo" badging was dropped, leaving the cars without a "family name" in the South Korean market.<ref name=noname>{{cite web | url = https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=003&aid=0003950346 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131110002554/https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=003&aid=0003950346 | archive-date = 2013-11-10 | title = 엠블럼 없는 유일한 車?…한국GM '다마스·라보' | trans-title = The only cars without emblems? GM Korea 'Damas Labo' | language = ko | date = 2011-07-06 | publisher = Naver Corp. }}</ref>

In December 2013, production was again halted, as the Damas and Labo would not meet requirements for all motor vehicles produced after 2014 to have oxygen sensors installed.<ref name=extend>{{cite web | url = http://m.newsway.co.kr/news/view?tp=1&ud=2019022515465720431#09Ls | title = [인터뷰]이용태 한국GM 마케팅본부장 "'다마스·라보' 생산 2년 연장···끝까지 소상공인 발 될 것 " | trans-title = Interview: Lee Yong Tae, General Manager of GM Korea Marketing, Damas Labo production is extended for two years ... staying with small businesses until the end | language = ko | publisher = Newsway | date = 2019-02-25 | last = Kim | first = Jung-Hoon | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190406044526/http://m.newsway.co.kr/news/view?tp=1&ud=2019022515465720431 | archive-date = 2019-04-06 }}</ref> The Damas and Labo also do not fulfill South Korean requirements for [[on-board diagnostics]] to be installed, although they have been exempted from such regulations. A campaign by small business owners, stoking fear of a flood of Chinese imports replacing the domestic-made trucklets, pushed the government to create an exemption for the Damas and Labo, and production recommenced in August 2014.<ref name=herald1>{{cite web | url = http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140827001008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140911024845/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140827001008 | archive-date = 2014-09-11 | title = GM Korea restarts Damas, Labo production | date = 2014-08-27 | last = Lee | first = Ji-yoon | work = The Korea Herald | publisher = Herald Corporation }}</ref> South Korean production was extended to 2020, when the government's moratorium on meeting the emissions requirement was to run out.<ref>{{cite web |title=자영업자들의 기특한 녀석, 다마스와 라보… 2년후엔 굿바이 |url=http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/07/17/2018071703424.html |publisher=biz.chosun.com |language=ko | date= 2018-07-17 }}</ref> In 2019, however, the Korean government further extended this exemption, allowing the little trucks to remain in production for another year at least.<ref name=extend/>

[[VIDAMCO]] of [[Vietnam]] produced the Damas in complete [[knock-down kit]] until 2018.

;Uzbekistan
The Damas is the predominant form of public transport in Uzbekistan. In Damas ''[[marshrutka]]s'', generally far more than seven passengers are crammed. Local production at the newly established UzDaewoo Auto began in 1996.<ref name=DamaspriceUZ>{{cite web | url = https://auto-uzbekistan.com/gm-uzbekistan/damas/29-ceny-prays-na-avtomobil-chevrolet-damas-ii-detalizaciya.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210115042455/https://auto-uzbekistan.com/gm-uzbekistan/damas/29-ceny-prays-na-avtomobil-chevrolet-damas-ii-detalizaciya.html | archive-date = 2021-01-15 | title = Цены (Прайс) на автомобиль Chevrolet Damas II (+детализация) 2018 | trans-title = Prices (+ details) for the 2018 Chevrolet Damas II | language = ru | date = 2015-11-22 | publisher = Auto-Uzbekistan.com }}</ref> The Damas and the Labo, alongside the [[Daewoo Tico|Tico]], were the company's first products. Local parts content has gradually increased over the years. In 2004, the Daewoo Labo truck was discontinued, but it was returned to production as the "Chevrolet Labo" in 2015. The Labo is only built in UzAuto's Khorezm Plant, in the town of Pitnak.<ref name=Laboreturn>{{cite web | url = https://www.azernews.az/region/86198.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180806132629/https://www.azernews.az/region/86198.html | archive-date = 2018-08-06 | last = Karimova | first = Aynur | title = GM Uzbekistan starts production of Chevrolet Labo | publisher = AzerNews | date = 2015-07-31 }}</ref> The longer-nosed Daewoo Damas II replaced the original design in 2006.<ref name=DamaspriceUZ/> Subsequent to General Motors' takeover of the UzDaewoo plant in 2008, the name of the Damas II was changed to "Chevrolet Damas." Since about that time, the Chevrolet Damas has been offered in a basic Van trim or as the 7-seater Deluxe, with a colorful graphic along the flank.

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
00 daewoo damas 1.jpg|Daewoo Damas
Damas 1997y engineroom.jpg|Daewoo Damas, engine compartment
Chevrolet CMP LS Bahamas.jpg|Chevrolet CMP (a rebadged Labo)
New damas 2010y interior.jpg|2010 Daewoo Damas interior
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== {{anchor|DC51T|DD51T|DE51V|DF51V|ninth}} Ninth generation (DC51T/DD51T/DE51V/DF51V; 1991) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Ninth generation (DC51T/DD51T/DE51V/DF51V)
| image = Suzuki Carry 1001.JPG
| caption = 1991–1999 Suzuki Carry truck
| aka = [[Autozam Scrum]] Suzuki Every (van variant)
| production = 1991–1999
| assembly = Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
| body_style = 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]] 5-door [[van]]/[[microbus]]
| layout = [[FMR layout]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]] (Carry) [[Mid-engine design|mid-engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]] (Every/Carry Van)
| related =
| engine = 657 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F6A|F6A]]'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
| transmission = 4/5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
| wheelbase = {{cvt|1855|mm|in|1}} (Carry) {{cvt|2000|mm|in|1}} (Every/Carry Van)
| length = {{cvt|3295|mm|in|1}}
| width = {{cvt|1395|mm|in|1}}
| height = {{cvt|1715|-|1865|mm|in|1}}
| weight = {{cvt|650|-|720|kg|lb|0}}
}}
The ninth generation Carry (and third generation Every) appeared in September 1991.<ref name=Ozeki101/> The 657 cc F6A engine remained from the previous generation, but an all-new bodywork was much smoother, originally with slim, small rectangular headlights. The chassis was largely unchanged for the truck (albeit with a somewhat longer wheelbase), but the vans had a considerably longer wheelbase and an engine mounted midships, just ahead of the rear axle. Chassis codes changed accordingly, and were now different for the Carry and the Every. The trucks are DC/DD51T and the vans are DE/DF51V ("DD" and "DF" for four-wheel drive versions).<ref name=Ozeki101/> Two different front treatments were available, one with small rectangular aerodynamic headlights and one with large, round units (used on lower-spec models).

The ninth-generation Carry received a very gentle facelift in September 1993, including a switch from front drum brakes to discs on all models. Two months later, the Carry Van line switched to the Every nameplate and the division between trucks and vans was made clearer. Another light change occurred in July 1995, when the front turn signals were changed from clear to amber and the wheel bolt pattern was changed from 4x114.3mm to 4x100mm. The ninth generation continued to be built until 1999. Most export markets continued to receive the previous generation Carry with bigger engines and most commonly with van bodywork. The older Super Carry is generally more rugged than the DE/DF51, which was fitted with a [[Coil spring|coil sprung]] [[De Dion tube|De Dion]] rear axle not as suitable for carrying heavy loads. In the few foreign markets where the ninth generation Carry was available, it was sold as the SK306, fitted with a version of the 657 cc engine as used in the Japanese domestic market. In late 1997, the retro-styled Suzuki Every C arrived.<ref name=Schaefer/>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
10th generation Suzuki Carry Van.jpg|Suzuki Carry van (DE51V, 1991–1993)
Suzuki Every 007.JPG|Suzuki Every 660 Turbo RZ Super Multi Roof (DE51V)
Suzuki Every 006.JPG|Suzuki Every 660 Turbo RZ Super Multi Roof (DE51V)
Autozam Scrum van 205.JPG|Autozam Scrum van (second generation)
2nd Mazda Scrum.jpg|Autozam Scrum truck (second generation)
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== {{anchor|Tenth generation|tenth}} Tenth generation (1999) ==
=== {{anchor|DA52|DB52|DA62|DA63|DA65}} Tenth generation Carry and fourth generation Every (DA52/DB52/DA62/DA63; 1999) ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tenth generation (DA52/DB52/DA62/DA63/DA65)
| image = Suzuki Carry 005.JPG
| caption = 1999 Suzuki Carry truck
| aka = [[Autozam Scrum|Mazda Scrum]] Ford Pronto PR-Z (Taiwan) Chana-Kuayue Xinbao Chana Shenqi T20/T20L Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang Wanxiang K01 EV
| production = 1999–2013 (Carry) 1999–2005 (Every) 2009–present (China)
| assembly = {{ubl
| Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
| China: [[Chongqing]]
| Taiwan: [[Ford Lio Ho]]

}}
| body_style = 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]] 5-door [[van]]/[[microbus]]
| layout = [[FMR layout]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]] (Carry) [[Mid-engine design|mid-engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]] (Every)
| related =
| engine = {{ubl
| 657 cc ''[[Suzuki F engine#F6A|F6A]]'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
| 657 cc ''F6A'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] I3
| 657 cc ''[[Suzuki K engine#K6A|K6A]]'' I3
| 657 cc ''K6A'' turbo I3
| 993 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G10B|G10B]]'' 16V [[Straight-four engine|I4]] (Pronto)
}}
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|1905|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (Carry) {{convert|2350|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (Every)
| length = {{convert|3395|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1475|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1755|-|1800|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|650|-|780|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The tenth generation Carry was introduced in January 1999, with its van version dropped the Carry name in favour of Every in Japan. It retained the F6A engine (albeit modernized) and was sold as the DA/DB52 T and V (Carry truck or Every van, "DB" signifying four-wheel drive). This marked the end of using "Carry" badging on vans in the Japanese domestic market. A version with a fuel injected, six-valve F6A turbo engine with {{cvt|60|PS|kW|0}} was available in all models at the time of introduction.<ref>{{cite press release | url = https://www.suzuki.co.jp/release/a/a990106.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191213120248/https://www.suzuki.co.jp/release/a/a990106.htm | archive-date = 2019-12-13 | title = 新型軽トラック「キャリイ」・軽キャブバン「エブリイ」を発売 | trans-title = Launch of new light truck "Carry" and light cab van "Every" | date = 1999-01-06 | publisher = Suzuki Motor Corporation }}</ref> The Turbo was discontinued in May 2000 but was then reintroduced after the Carry/Every switched to the new, cleaner K6A engine in September 2001.

In June 1999, the DA52W (Every Wagon, only with two-wheel drive) appeared, along with the bigger Every Plus. In 2001, a version with the more powerful timing chain equipped K6A (still of 657 cc displacement) appeared, as the DA62T/V/W. This model has also been built by [[Changan Suzuki|Chang'an]] (Chana) in China, as the "Star" (''Zhixing'') bus and truck (originally SC6350, SC1015).<ref name=Schaefer/> in which they have gone through many revisions since 2009.

The Carry truck was completely rebodied in May 2002 and received a door redesign in April 2009, but the existing Every Van and Wagon continued to be produced until replaced in August 2005, as the two lines continued a process of divergence begun with the introduction of the Every in 1982. In November 2005, the Carry FC was introduced.<ref name=CarryFCpr>{{cite press release | url = https://www.suzuki.co.jp/release/a/a051124.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195941/https://www.suzuki.co.jp/release/a/a051124.htm | archive-date = 2006-12-30 | title = スズキ、軽トラック「キャリイ」にショートホイールベース車を追加発売 | trans-title = Suzuki releases new short wheelbase model of its "Carry" light truck | date = 2005-11-24 | language = ja | publisher = Suzuki Motor Corporation }}</ref> This version, targeted to farmers, has a much shorter wheelbase (and correspondingly longer front overhang) to make it more maneuverable in tight places such as the narrow roads along [[rice field]]s. Another benefit was improved leg room as the wheel wells were now beneath the seats. The FC was only available with a five-speed manual transmission, with available four-wheel drive as well as an optional locking differential called "Agricultural Specification".<ref name=CarryFCpr/> The Carry FC had a class-leading turn circle with a radius of {{convert|3.6|m|ftin}}.<ref name=response76795>{{cite web | url = https://response.jp/article/2005/11/24/76795.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221204113258/https://response.jp/article/2005/11/24/76795.html | archivedate = 2022-12-04 | title = スズキ、キャリイにショートホイールベース車を設定 | trans-title = Suzuki introduces short wheelbase version of Carry | language = ja | date = 2005-11-24 | work = Response | publisher = IID, Inc. }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="140">
11th generation Suzuki Carry rear.jpg|1999 Suzuki Carry truck
File:4th generation Suzuki Every.jpg|1999–2005 Suzuki Every van
File:4th generation Suzuki Every rear.jpg|1999–2005 Suzuki Every van
File:Suzuki Every Join 4WD.JPG|1999–2005 Suzuki Every Join 4WD
File:Suzuki Every wagon 001.JPG|1999–2005 Suzuki Every Wagon
File:Suzuki Every wagon 002.JPG|1999–2005 Suzuki Every Wagon
2002 Suzuki Carry rear.jpg|2002–2013 Suzuki Carry truck
2002 Suzuki Carry.jpg|2002–2009 Suzuki Carry truck
Suzuki Carry Truck FC 4WD DA65T 0331.JPG|2005–2013 Suzuki Carry FC truck (short wheelbase)
Mazda Scrum Truck.jpg|2002–2012 [[Mazda Scrum]] truck (third generation)
Ford PRZ 01 (cropped).JPG|Ford Pronto PR-Z (Taiwan)
</gallery>

===Ford Pronto (PR-Z)===
This generation Carry was also built in Taiwan, as the Ford Pronto, starting in late November 1999.<ref name=orson99>{{cite web | url = https://www.auto-online.com.tw/news/20-343?f=0 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191213175223/https://www.auto-online.com.tw/news/20-343?f=0 | archive-date = 2019-12-13 | title = 福特新世代輕型商旅車好幫手P-RZ上市 | trans-title = Ford's next-generation light commercial vehicle, Pronto P-RZ, is launched | language = zh | date = 1999-11-23 | work = Auto-Online | author = Orson }}</ref> Available as a truck or a van, it was fitted with a Japanese-made 1-liter, 16-valve [[Suzuki G engine#G10B|G10B engine]] producing {{cvt|66|hp-metric|kW|0}}.<ref name=orson99/> The more lifestyle-oriented van model was sold as the Pronto PR-Z. At the end of 2007, Ford Lio Ho ceased to produce the Pronto because the engine couldn't be made to meet revised local environmental regulations.<ref name=thirdphase>{{cite web | url = https://www.twmotor.com.tw/special_1.php?id=113 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161107162018/https://www.twmotor.com.tw/special_1.php?id=113 | archive-date = 2016-11-07 | title = 三期車死刑定讞1231執行 | trans-title = Third phase death sentences for cars, taking effect 31 December | language = zh | date = 2007-12-22 | work = Taiwan Motor | publisher = Beyond Culture Publishing Co., Ltd. }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|DA64}} Fifth generation Every (DA64; 2005)===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fifth generation Every (DA64)
| image = Suzuki Every PA 4WD DA64V 0371.JPG
| caption = Suzuki Every PA van (DA64V)
| aka = [[Autozam Scrum|Mazda Scrum]] [[Mitsubishi Minicab]] [[Mitsubishi Town Box]] [[Nissan Clipper|Nissan NV100 Clipper]]
| production = 2005–2015
| assembly = Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
| body_style = 5-door [[van]]/[[microbus]]
| layout = [[Mid-engine design|mid-engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
| related =
| engine = {{ubl
| 657 cc ''[[Suzuki K engine#K6A|K6A]]'' I3
| 657 cc ''K6A'' turbo I3
}}
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 4-speed automatic
| wheelbase = {{convert|2400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3395|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1475|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1795|-|1880|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|650|-|780|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The fifth generation Every was introduced in Japan in August 2005. Unlike its predecessors, it was primarily designed as a passenger vehicle, with the commercial models derived from the passenger variant.<ref name=response76651>{{cite web | url = http://response.jp/issue/2005/1120/article76651_1.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090427125114/http://response.jp/issue/2005/1120/article76651_1.html | archivedate = 2009-04-27 | title = 【スズキエブリィワゴン詳報】その1 新型は乗用車メインで開発 | trans-title = [Suzuki Every Wagon detailed report] Part 1: The new model is developed mainly as a passenger car | language = ja | first = Yuji | last = Okajima | date = 2005-11-20 | work = Response | publisher = IRI Commerce and Technology Inc. }}</ref> The rear seat of the Every could be moved {{cvt|150|mm|in|1}} front-to-rear, allowing for flexibility. The top-of-the-line PZ Turbo and PZ Turbo Special models were the first kei vans to have fully automated climate control (including vent settings and directions).<ref name=response76711>{{cite web | url = http://response.jp/issue/2005/1121/article76711_1.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051212073419/http://response.jp/issue/2005/1121/article76711_1.html | archivedate = 2005-12-12 | title = 【スズキエブリィワゴン詳報】その2 軽自動車とは思えぬ充実した装備 | trans-title = [Suzuki Every Wagon detailed report] Part 2: Fully equipped, unlike a light car | language = ja | first = Yuji | last = Okajima | date = 2005-11-21 | work = Response | publisher = IRI Commerce and Technology Inc. }}</ref> Those two models also had powered sliding doors at the rear, with the PZ Turbo Special being thus equipped on both sides and also including a power step for ease of access.<ref name=response76711/> The Every Wagon received a facelift on May 20, 2010.

From 2013 until 2015, the fifth generation Every was rebadged and sold by [[Mitsubishi Motors]] as the [[Mitsubishi Minicab|Minicab]] and [[Mitsubishi Town Box|Town Box]], and by [[Nissan]] as the [[Nissan Clipper|NV100 Clipper]].

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
Suzuki Every PA 4WD DA64V Rear 0372.JPG|Suzuki Every PA van (DA64V)
Suzuki Every 501.jpg|Suzuki Every GA van (DA64V)
Suzuki Every 502.jpg|Suzuki Every GA van (DA64V)
2005 Suzuki Every 01.jpg|2005 Suzuki Every Wagon (pre-facelift)
Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special HIROOF 4WD 0194.JPG|Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special Hi-Roof 4WD (pre-facelift)
Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special HIROOF 4WD Rear 0196.JPG|Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special Hi-Roof 4WD (pre-facelift)
Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special Hi-Roof 4WD.JPG|Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special Hi-Roof 4WD (facelift)
Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special Hi-Roof 4WD Rear.JPG|Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo Special Hi-Roof 4WD (facelift)
2010 Suzuki Every PA interior.jpg|2010 Suzuki Every PA interior with manual transmission
2010 Suzuki Every Wagon JP Turbo interior.jpg|2010 Suzuki Every Wagon JP Turbo interior with automatic transmission
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== {{anchor|eleventh|DA16T|2013}} Eleventh generation (2013) ==

=== Eleventh generation Carry (2013) ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Eleventh generation (DA16T)
| image = Suzuki Carry KX 4WD.JPG
| caption = Suzuki Carry KX 4WD truck (DA16T, pre-facelift)
| aka = [[Autozam Scrum|Mazda Scrum]] [[Mitsubishi Minicab]] [[Nissan Clipper|Nissan NT100 Clipper]] (2013–2024) [[Nissan Clipper]] Truck (2024–present)
| production = {{ubl
| September 2013–present
| May 2018–present (Super Carry)
}}
| assembly = Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
| body_style = 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]
| layout = [[FMR layout]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
| related =
| engine = 658 cc ''[[Suzuki R engine|R06A]]'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 3/4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
| wheelbase = {{cvt|1905|mm|in|0}}
| length = {{cvt|3395|mm|in|0}}
| width = {{cvt|1475|mm|in|0}}
| height = {{cvt|1765|-|1885|mm|in|0}}
| weight = {{cvt|680|-|850|kg|lb|0}}
}}

The eleventh generation Carry was introduced in Japan in August 2013. It is also sold as the Mazda Scrum, Mitsubishi Minicab, and Nissan Clipper.

A facelift occurred in December 2025. The front has been completely redesigned. LEDs are now standard on all models.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pappas |first=Thanos |date=2025-12-19 |title=Even After 12 Years, This Tiny $7K Kei Truck Refuses To Grow Up |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2025/12/suzukis-tiny-kei-truck-gets-a-glow-up/ |website=Carscoops | access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref><ref name="2025Carry">{{Cite news |title=フロントマスクの刷新と機能装備の拡充などを図ったスズキ・キャリイ／スーパーキャリイが2026年1月23日に発売|url=https://www.caranddriver.co.jp/newcar/108954/|access-date=2026-04-03|website=Car and Driver|language=ja}}</ref>

The interior now features a new 8-inch color LCD meter, and the instrument panel now features a digital meter display.<ref name="2025Carry"/>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
Suzuki CARRY (DA16T) rear.JPG|Suzuki Carry rear (DA16T)
File:Suzuki CARRY DA16T Cockpit at Japan Truck Show 2018.jpg|Interior
Suzuki SUPER CARRY X (EBD-DA16T-KSXF) front.jpg|Suzuki Super Carry
Suzuki SUPER CARRY X (EBD-DA16T-KSXF) rear.jpg|Suzuki Super Carry rear
Suzuki Super Carry X-Limited 2025 JAPAN Front.jpg|2025 Suzuki Super Carry X Limited (facelift)
File:Suzuki_Super_Carry_X-Limited_2025_JAPAN_Interior.jpg|Carry Interior (facelift)
2024 Nissan NT100 Clipper Truck DX (DR16T) in White, front left.jpg|The Nissan NT100 Clipper; identical aside from the grille and badging
</gallery>
{{Clear}}

=== {{anchor|Every6|DA17V|DA17W}}Sixth generation Every (DA17; 2015) ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Sixth generation Every (DA17V/DA17W)
| image = Suzuki Every DA17V PA Limited.jpg
| caption = Suzuki Every PA Limited van (DA17V)
| aka = [[Autozam Scrum|Mazda Scrum]] [[Mitsubishi Minicab]] [[Mitsubishi Town Box]] [[Nissan Clipper|Nissan NV100 Clipper]] (2015–2024) [[Nissan Clipper]] Van/Rio (2024–present)
| production = 2015–present (Japan) 2024–present (Pakistan)
| assembly = {{ubl
| Japan: [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]
| Pakistan: [[Karachi]] ([[Pak Suzuki]])
}}
| body_style = 5-door [[van]]/[[microbus]]
| layout = [[Mid-engine design|Mid-engine]], [[rear-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]
| related =
| engine = {{ubl
| 658 cc ''[[Suzuki R engine#R06A|R06A]]'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]]
| 658 cc ''[[Suzuki R engine#R06A|R06A]]'' [[Turbocharger|turbo]] I3
}}
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] 5-speed [[Automated manual transmission|AMT]] [[Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2430|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3395|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1475|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1815|-|1910|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|870|-|1030|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = [[Suzuki Bolan]] (Pakistan)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Pak Suzuki discontinues iconic Bolan 'Cary Daba', announces Suzuki Every as successor |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/20-Sep-2024/pak-suzuki-discontinues-iconic-bolan-cary-daba-announces-suzuki-every-as-successor |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}
The sixth generation Every was introduced in Japan in February 2015, using the new R06A engine as per its Carry truck sibling.

In October 2024, the sixth generation Every entered production in Pakistan as the replacement to the [[Suzuki Bolan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faruq |first=Omar |date=2024-10-02 |title=Locally Assembled Suzuki Every Launch Date Announced |url=https://www.pakwheels.com/blog/locally-assembled-suzuki-every-launch-date-announced/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=PakWheels Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:Suzuki Every DA17V PA Limited rear.jpg|Suzuki Every PA Limited van (DA17V)
File:Suzuki EVERY WAGON PZ TURBO (DA17) front.JPG|Suzuki Every Wagon PZ Turbo (DA17W)
File:Suzuki Every Wagon JP Turbo (DA17W).jpg|Suzuki Every Wagon JP Turbo (DA17W)
File:Suzuki_Every_Join_2020_JAPAN_Interior.jpg|Interior
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== Separate models ==
Suzuki also developed several non-kei car version of Carrys for different markets around the world.

==={{anchor|Futura|T120SS|Maruti2}}Suzuki Carry Futura/Suzuki Futura/Super Carry ===

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Suzuki Carry Futura/Suzuki Futura/Super Carry
| image = 1997 Suzuki Carry Futura 1.3 (SL413).jpg
| caption = Suzuki Carry Futura 1.3 van (SL413; pre-facelift)
| aka = {{ubl|Suzuki Futura (Indonesia and Malaysia)|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS (Indonesia)|Maruti Suzuki Super Carry (India)}}
| production = {{ubl|1991–2019 (Indonesia)|2015–present (India)}}
| assembly = {{ubl|Indonesia:|[[Bekasi Regency|Bekasi]], [[West Java]] ([[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]])|[[Pulo Gadung]], [[East Jakarta]] ([[Mitsubishi Motors|PT Krama Yudha Ratu Motor]])
| India: [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] ([[Maruti Suzuki]])}}
| body_style = {{ubl| 2-door [[Pickup truck|pickup]]|2-door [[chassis cab]]|3-door utility van (Philippines)|4-door [[van]] (Carry Futura)}}
| layout = [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{ubl|'''Carry Futura''':|1360 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13C|G13C]]'' I4|1493 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G15A|G15A]]'' I4 |1590 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G16A|G16A]]'' I4|'''Super Carry''':|793 cc ''[[List of Suzuki engines#E engine|E08A DDiS]]'' [[Straight-twin engine|I2]]-[[turbodiesel|TD]]||1196 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G12|G12C]]'' I4|1197 cc ''[[Suzuki K engine#K12N|K12N Dualjet]]'' I4|'''Colt T120SS''':|1343 cc ''[[Mitsubishi Orion engine#4G17|4G17]]'' I4|1468 cc ''[[Mitsubishi Orion engine#4G15|4G15]]'' I4}}
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{ubl|{{convert|1970|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}|{{convert|2110|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (Super Carry)}}
| length = {{ubl| {{convert|3720-3940|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (truck)
| {{convert|3875|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (van)
}}
| width = {{ubl|{{convert|1560-1720|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (truck)|{{convert|1570|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (van)}}
| height = {{ubl|{{convert|1825-1910|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}|{{convert|1915|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} (van)}}
| weight = {{convert|790-1050|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[#DC61T|Suzuki Carry (DC/DN61T)]] (pickup)|[[Suzuki APV]] (van; upmarket variant)}}
| predecessor = [[Mitsubishi Minicab#U10|Mitsubishi Jetstar]] (Colt T120SS)
}}

In April 1989, Suzuki reaches an agreement with [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] for joint development of light commercial vehicle in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|title=History 1980s|url=https://www.globalsuzuki.com/corporate/history/1980.html|work=Global Suzuki|publisher=Suzuki Motor Corporation}}</ref> Those light commercial vehicles were later introduced as '''Suzuki Carry Futura''' (later just '''Suzuki Futura''' when the 'Carry' nameplate was dropped in 1994 to distinguish with the ST100 Suzuki Carry 1.0) and '''Mitsubishi Colt T120SS''', the former debuted first in mid-February 1991.<ref name="MMxx21">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Catatan Redaksi |trans-title= Editor's Note | page = 6 | number = 21 | date = 21 January 1991 | publisher = PT Informedia Indonesia | last = Marohan | first = Ardhi | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> Instead of positioned as the successor of the older Carry ST100, the Futura was sold together as the bigger alternative of Carry in Indonesia and also available as 4-door van, wide deck truck with three-way opening and [[chassis cab|bare chassis]]. The bare chassis version is usually converted into a microbus by local bodybuilders, for use as an ''angkot'', or [[share taxi]] like the older Carry ST100. Initially it has a 1,360 cc [[Suzuki G engine#G13C|G13C]] engine with ST130/SL413 internal model codename. The engine was based on [[Suzuki G engine#G13A|G13A]] engine but with bigger bore and developed exclusively for Futura. The engine's power was rated at {{cvt|73|PS|kW|0}} at 6000 rpm. The truck was also sold in Malaysia as Suzuki Futura, again without the Carry nameplate.<ref name=Schaefer/> As of April 1995, along with the ST100 Suzuki Carry 1.0, the Futura received update on the redesigned steering wheel with Suzuki S logo, as well as the usage of power steering on the Futura.

A minor facelift occurred in August 1997 along with the introduction of the 1,590 cc [[Suzuki G engine#G16A|G16A]] engine option (ST160/SL416); this puts out {{cvt|80|PS|kW|0}}. In 2000, the 1,493 cc [[Suzuki G engine#G15A|G15A]] engine (ST150/SL415) replaced both the 1.3 and 1.6 engines, as the Indonesian government imposed higher tax for engine above 1500 cc in 2000 and also as an efficiency strategy after the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]]. The original, carburetted engine produces {{cvt|77|PS|kW|0}} at 6000 rpm. In March 2005, the 1.5 engine was upgraded to [[fuel injection]] rather than the earlier carburettor due to the implementation of the Euro 2 emission standard, the cylinder head was also updated from 8 to 16-valve. This engine initially produced {{cvt|87|PS|kW|0}}, but later detuned to {{cvt|79|PS|kW|0}}. Two more facelifts occurred, in April 2010 and again in January 2017. The Futura (and the bigger [[Suzuki APV|APV]]-based Mega Carry truck) was discontinued in February 2019 due to the implementation of Euro 4 emission standard and replaced by newer [[#DC61T|Carry (DC/DN61T)]] few months later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2019/02/05/072200315/suzuki-carry-stop-produksi-mau-diganti-model-baru|title=Suzuki Carry Stop Produksi, Mau Diganti Model Baru| first=Aditya | last = Maulana
|editor-first=Agung | editor-last = Kurniawan|language=id |date=February 2019|publisher=Kompas}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="156">
File:1999 Suzuki Carry Futura 1.6 (ST160) Van 01.jpg|Suzuki Carry Futura 1.6 van (SL416; 1999 facelift)
File:Carry 1.5 Futura.jpg|Suzuki Carry Futura 1.5 flat deck truck (SL415; 2005 facelift)
File:2013 Suzuki Carry 1.5 Real Van GX (front).jpg|Suzuki Carry Futura 1.5 GX van (SL415; 2010 facelift)
File:2015 Suzuki Carry Futura Flat Deck 1.5 SL415 (20200102).jpg|Suzuki Carry Futura 1.5 flat deck truck (SL415; 2010 facelift)
File:2018 Suzuki Carry Futura Flat Deck 1.5 SL415 (20190826).jpg|Suzuki Carry Futura 1.5 flat deck truck (SL415; 2017 facelift)
File:2018 Suzuki Carry 1.5 (ST150) wide deck truck front.jpg|Wide deck truck version
File:2014 Suzuki Carry Futura ST150 (rear).jpg|Rear view of the truck
File:2013 Suzuki Carry 1.5 Real Van GX (rear).jpg|Rear view of the van
</gallery>

====Mitsubishi Colt T120SS====
The name of Colt T120SS is a continuation of the first generation [[Mitsubishi Delica#T120|Mitsubishi Delica]], which was marketed as the "Colt T120" in many countries including Indonesia. When production began in 1991, it replaced the Minicab-based "Jetstar" mini truck. The T120SS is based on the locally developed Futura, with which it shares everything aside from the engines, grille, taillights and slightly bigger bed.<ref name=Schaefer/> Overall length is 3,720 mm (3,940 mm for the "3-way wide deck" version).<ref name="T120SSp2">{{citation |title=Mitsubishi Colt T120SS |url= http://www.ktb.co.id/eBrosur/T120SS%201.5%20MPI%20PICK%20UP%20STANDARD.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320092125/http://www.ktb.co.id/eBrosur/T120SS%201.5%20MPI%20PICK%20UP%20STANDARD.pdf | archive-date = 20 March 2012 | page=2 | language = id | publisher=PT Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors |access-date= 21 June 2011 }}</ref>

Just like the Futura, the Colt T120SS is available as either a bare chassis, a regular pickup truck, or three-way wide deck, with the exception of 4-door van. Initially the truck was powered by Mitsubishi's carburetted 1343 cc [[Mitsubishi Orion engine#4G17|4G17]] engine and puts out {{convert|78|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm.<ref name="T120SSp2"/> This engine had the same specs from its time of introduction in 1991 until in 1996 when it was redesigned and no longer an [[interference engine]].<ref name=MML>{{cite web | url = http://www.mobilmotorlama.com:80/2015/10/mitsubishi-colt-t120ss.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170608163124/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2015/10/mitsubishi-colt-t120ss.html | title = Mitsubishi Colt T120ss | archive-date = 8 June 2017 | date = 29 October 2015 | first = Charis | last = Alfan | publisher = Mobil Motor Lama | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In March 2005, the engine was replaced by a bigger and fuel injected 1468 cc [[Mitsubishi Orion engine#4G15|4G15]] engine, The larger unit, which meets Euro 2 emission standards, produces {{convert|86|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5750 rpm.<ref>{{citation |title=Mitsubishi Colt T120SS 1.5L MPI |url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ATPWjWFan-k/TSJy3T_a0DI/AAAAAAAAASM/naIlNfFyihU/s1600/SPESIFIKASI%2BT120%2BSS_2.jpg |publisher=PT Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Both engines feature three valves per cylinder or 12-valve in total. The truck was lightly facelifted, with a new grille featuring a triangular central portion.<ref name=MML/> From 1991 to 2019, Mitsubishi Motors built 324,960 units of the T120SS.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://otodriver.com/article/view/mitsubishi-indonesia-hentikan-produksi-salah-satu-produk-legendarisnya/_910swNF6FwyoaC27lRMt-ZC1nvu0QIRGjWPp37NIZk | title = Mitsubishi Indonesia Hentikan Produksi Salah Satu Produk Legendarisnya! | trans-title = Mitsubishi Indonesia cancels one of its legendary products! | language = id | date = 2019-01-24 | publisher = OtoDriver | first = Aditya | last = Widiutomo | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152301/https://otodriver.com/article/view/mitsubishi-indonesia-hentikan-produksi-salah-satu-produk-legendarisnya/_910swNF6FwyoaC27lRMt-ZC1nvu0QIRGjWPp37NIZk | archive-date = 2019-01-24 }}</ref> The last T120SS rolled off the production line at PT Krama Yudha Ratu Motor plant in Pulo Gadung, East Jakarta on 22 January 2019 without replacement like the Futura.

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:2002 Mitsubishi Colt T120SS 1.3 (20191215) 01.jpg|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS (pre-facelift)
File:Colt T120SS pickup.jpg|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS (2005 facelift)
</gallery>

==== Maruti Suzuki Super Carry ====
[[File:Suzuki Super Carry FB Van Diesel 2019.jpg|thumb|left|Suzuki Super Carry utility van (Philippines)]]
Starting in 2016, Maruti Suzuki has launched a small commercial truck called Super Carry in India, based on the Futura. This model receives 140 mm longer wheelbase and different interior than the original model. In India, the truck is powered by either 1196 cc [[Suzuki G engine#G12|G12B]] four-cylinder [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] or 793 cc two-cylinder turbodiesel engines and both mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The latter was first diesel engine developed by Suzuki and also the first for Carry's family. The minuscule engine is not able to power an air-conditioning system.<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-04-26|title=Maruti Suzuki will stop making the Super Carry diesel - Auto News|url=https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/maruti-suzuki-will-stop-making-the-super-carry-diesel.html|access-date=2020-07-06|website=AutoIndustriya.com|language=en}}</ref> The diesel engine was discontinued in India in March 2020 as the engine is not compliant with the [[Bharat stage emission standards|Bharat Stage 6]] [[Vehicle emission standard|emissions standard]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-04-26|title=Maruti Super Carry diesel to be discontinued by April 2020 - Report|url=https://indianautosblog.com/maruti-suzuki-super-carry-diesel-to-be-discontinued-by-april-2020-p317129|access-date=2020-07-06|website=indianautosblog.com}}</ref>

The Super Carry was also exported to Africa from April 2016, powered by the 1.2-liter petrol engine. In the Philippines, the truck was introduced in October 2016 and only powered with the same 793 cc diesel engine as for the Indian version.<ref name="SCdph">{{cite web | url = http://www.carguide.ph/2016/10/suzukis-super-carry-is-must-for-cost.html | title = Suzuki's Super Carry is a Must for Cost-Conscious Businesses | work = CarGuide.ph | date = 30 October 2016 | publisher = Ulysses Ang }}</ref> It is available with more variety of bodywork such as flat-bed truck, utility van, cargo van or prepared to be fitted with [[jeepney]] bodywork. After the all-new model Carry arrived in the Philippines in 2019, the Super Carry continued to be sold alongside it until it was discontinued few months later.

In April 2023, the 1.2 L petrol/CNG engine was replaced by the more modern [[Variable valve timing|dual VVT]] [[Suzuki K engine#K12N|K12N Dualjet]] engine.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/media/press-releases/2023/april/maruti-suzuki-introduces-new-more-powerful-super-carry|title=Maruti Suzuki introduces new, more powerful Super Carry|date=17 April 2023|publisher=Maruti Suzuki}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== {{anchor|Plus|Maruti Versa|DA32W}} Suzuki Every Plus/Carry 1.3 ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Suzuki Every Plus/Carry 1.3 (DA32W)
| image = Suzuki Every + 001.JPG
| caption = Suzuki Every Plus (Japan)
| manufacturer = [[Suzuki]] [[Maruti Suzuki]] [[Ford Lio Ho Motor|Ford Lio Ho]] [[Changhe]] [[Karry]] [[Dongfeng Automobile Company]]
| aka = Suzuki Every Landy Suzuki E-RV (Malaysia) Suzuki Mastervan (Chile) SYM T880/T1000/V5/V9/V11 [[Maruti Suzuki Eeco|Maruti Suzuki Versa/Eeco]] Chang'an SC6350/SC6371A/SC6390 LWB ([[Chana Star]]) Changhe Suzuki Landy/Coolcar Karry Youjin Dongfeng (DFAC) Xiaobawang W Dongfeng (DFAC) Xiaobawang W08
| production = 1999–present (China) 1999–2005 (Japan) 2001–2010 (India, Versa) 2010–present (India, Eeco)
| assembly = [[Iwata, Shizuoka]], Japan [[Gurgaon]], India [[Chongqing]], China
| class = [[Microvan]]/truck
| body_style = 5-door [[minivan]] 5-door [[panel van]] 2-door [[pickup truck]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]] or [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|all-wheel drive]]
| platform =
| engine = 1298 cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BB|G13BB]]'' [[SOHC]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| transmission = 5-speed manual 4-speed automatic
| wheelbase = {{convert|2350-2365|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{cvt|3675-3705|mm|1}}
| width = {{convert|1475-1505|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1780-1900|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|785-1080|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| successor = [[Suzuki APV]] (International) [[Nissan Serena#C25|Suzuki Landy]] (Japan)
}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Maruti Versa|Nissan Versa}}
The Every Plus, was an enlarged seven-seat [[minivan|MPV]] version of the Every (passenger version of the Carry). With chassis code DA32W It was fitted with the considerably larger 1.3 liter G13 engine. The image to the right is of the Every Plus, introduced in June 1999. The name was changed in May 2001 to Every Landy, accompanied by a facelift introducing a large chromed grille.

With Carry 1.3 badging (chassis DA32) Truck and Van versions of the Every Plus were sold in various right hand drive export markets, including the United Kingdom and Australia. The truck version was available with constant four-wheel drive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4wdonline.com/Suzuki/Cars/Carry.html |title=Suzuki Carry 4x4 |publisher=4WDOnline.com |access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> The Wagon model was also sold as the Suzuki E-RV in Malaysia. It was also sold in certain other markets, such as Chile, as the Carry SK413 (truck) or as the Mastervan (van).

*Weight:
**2WD: {{Convert|785|–|1040|kg|abbr=on}}
**4WD: {{Convert|1050|–|1080|kg|abbr=on}}
*Maximum power: {{Convert|78-86|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5,700 to 6,000 rpm
*Maximum torque: {{Convert|101-115|N.m|lbf.ft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,000 rpm

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
Suzuki Every + 004.JPG|Suzuki Every Plus (Japan)
Suzuki EVERY Landy XC (LA-DA32W) front.jpg|Suzuki Every Landy (Japan)
Suzuki Every Landy 008.JPG|Suzuki Every Landy (Japan)
2003 Suzuki Carry 1.3 Rear.jpg|2003 Suzuki Carry 1.3 panel van (UK)
Sanlih E-Television 6905-QT 20180929.jpg|Suzuki Carry 1.3 truck (Taiwan)
</gallery>

;Maruti Suzuki Versa/Eeco
{{Main|Maruti Suzuki Eeco}}
The Maruti Suzuki Versa is a licensed variation of the Every Plus for the Indian market and was built by [[Maruti Suzuki]] from October 2001. It is the second van released by Maruti Suzuki since the [[#Maruti Omni|Maruti Suzuki Omni]] was released in 1984. About seventy percent of the vehicle components are made within India.<ref name="busline">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/10/25/stories/022507kc.htm |title=Article in Business Line Magazine |date=25 October 2001 |access-date=15 September 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222065630/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/10/25/stories/022507kc.htm |archive-date=22 December 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Versa was discontinued in late 2009, after only having been built to order in small numbers for some time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/companies/companies_m/Maruti/20091123_multi-purpose_van_oneView.html |title=Maruti to replace Versa with new multi-purpose van |publisher=Domain-b.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

There were two basic versions of this car produced; the two 8-seater '''DX'''/'''DX2''' versions and the 5-seater '''STD''' version. The DX2 version of the Versa was equipped with twin air conditioners for front and rear. The Versa was fitted with the same 16-valve, 1.3-liter four-cylinder engine generating {{Convert|82|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6000 rpm as the Every Plus. It is controlled by a 16-bit engine management system.

The initial target audience for this vehicle were customers who planned to buy a sedan like the [[Maruti Esteem]] or a utility vehicle like [[Tata Sumo]]. The {{convert|82|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} engine is located under the front seat.<ref name="b-com">{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/automotive/models/maruti/maruti_versa.htm |title=Review and stats on Maruti Versa by domain-b.com |access-date=15 September 2006}}</ref> The Versa can reach from 0–60 mph in 13.5 seconds.<ref name="b-com"/>

Maruti Suzuki Eeco was introduced in India by Maruti Suzuki in January 2010. This car is a refresh of the Versa, but equipped with a new 1196 cc four-cylinder in-line engine. The Eeco makes 55 kW (73 bhp) at 6000 rpm, 101 Nm (74 ft lb) at 3000 rpm. It is delivered in either 5-seater or 7-seater versions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marutisuzuki.com/eeco.aspx |title=Maruti Suzuki Eeco : Eeco Van Features, Specification, Colours and Interior |publisher=Marutisuzuki.com |date=2020-09-01 |accessdate=2022-08-07}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Changan}}Changan group variants====
Chang'an/Chana Star (SC6320G) is a licensed variation of the Suzuki Every Plus for the Chinese market. [[Changan Automobile|Changan]] has the license due to the [[Changan Suzuki]] joint venture. The front DRG of the Star was completely redesigned, but from the rest of the body panels, the relationship with the Suzuki Every Plus was still clearly visible. Newer models of the Chana Star are still available for production as of 2020. Examples include the [[Chana Star#Chana Star 5 (2012–present)|Chana Star 5]] truck and [[Chana Star#Chana Star 3 (2015–present)|Chana Star 3]] minivan.

The Changhe Suzuki Landy was a passenger minivan based on the fifth-generation Every, sold in China between 2007 and 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web Car Story: Changhe Suzuki Landy |url=http://www.webcarstory.com/voiture.php?id=25202&width=412&l=pl |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.webcarstory.com}}</ref>

Further re-badged versions were sold under the [[Tiger Truck]] brand in North America.

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
2013 Chang'an Star (Zhixing), front 8.8.18.jpg|Chana Star (pre-facelift, China)
2000 Chana Star.jpg|Chana Star (pre-facelift, China)
Chang'an (Chana) Star (Zhixing, facelift), front 8.2.18.jpg|Chana Star (facelift, China)
2010 Chang'an (Chana) Xingguang, front 8.11.18.jpg|Chana Xingguang (China)
2004 Chang'an (Chana) Xingyun, front 8.8.18.jpg|Chana Xingyun (China)
2015 Chang'an-Kuayue Xinbao mini (pre-facelift), front 8.12.18.jpg|Chana-Kuayue Xinbao mini (pre-facelift)
2016 Chang'an-Kuayue Xinbao mini (pre-facelift) double cab, front 8.5.18.jpg|Chana-Kuayue Xinbao mini double cab (pre-facelift)
2018 Chang'an-Kuayue Xinbao (double cab), front 8.7.18.jpg|Chana-Kuayue Xinbao double cab (facelift) with dual rear wheels
Chang'an Kuayue Xunlong 01 China 2018-04-02.jpg|Chana-Kuayue Xunlong
2014 Chang'an Shenqi (pre-facelift), front 8.16.18.jpg|Chana Shenqi T20 (pre-facelift)
2018 Chang'an Shenqi T20L (double cab), front 8.8.18.jpg|Chana Shenqi T20L double cab (facelift) with dual rear wheels
2011 Chang'an Star 2 chassis truck, front 8.16.18.jpg|Chana Star 2 double cab (facelift)
</gallery>

===={{anchor|Dongfeng}}Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang====
<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang W.jpg|Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang with dual rear wheels
Dongfeng DF-2900 2014 (15815816375).jpg|Dongfeng DFAC DF-2900
DFAC Xiaobawang W08 crew cab 001.jpg|Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang W08
</gallery>

===={{anchor|Karry}}Karry T-Series (Youjin)====

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
Karry Youjin crew cab food truck 001.jpg|Karry Youjin crew cab with dual rear wheels.
</gallery>
{{Clear}}

=== {{anchor|2007}} Suzuki Landy (2007) ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Suzuki Landy
| image = 2010 Changhe-Suzuki Landy (front).jpg
| caption = 2010 Suzuki Landy by Changhe-Suzuki
| aka =
| production = 2007–2012
| assembly =
| designer =
| body_style = 5-door [[van|passenger van]]
| layout = [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = 1.5L ''[[Suzuki K engine#K14B|K14B]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]] (petrol)
| transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2430|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3850|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1510|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1910|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|1065|–|1100|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = Suzuki Carry (Fourth generation)
}}
[[File:2010 Changhe-Suzuki Landy (rear).jpg|thumb|left|2010 Changhe-Suzuki Landy (rear)]]
The Suzuki Landy (铃木浪迪) sold in China from 2007 to 2012 was produced by Changhe-Suzuki (昌河铃木) and was based on the Japanese market fifth-generation Suzuki Every, featuring a restyled front end and an extended and restyled rear overhang. The Changhe Suzuki Landy Sunshine trim is powered by the K14B engine developing a maximum power output of 70KW and 115N·m mated to a 5-speed manual transmission.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/drive/200910/72658-3.html?pvareaid=3311700| title=经济实用！试驾昌河铃木浪迪"阳光版"}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== {{anchor|DC61T|DN61T|2019}} Suzuki Carry (2019) ===
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Suzuki Carry (DC61T/DN61T)
| image = 2019 Suzuki Carry Flat Deck 1.5 DC61T (20190826) 01.jpg
| caption = 2019 Suzuki Carry Flat Deck (DC61T)
| aka = Suzuki Super Carry Pro (Vietnam)
| production = February 2019 – present
| assembly = Indonesia: [[Bekasi Regency|Bekasi]], [[West Java]] ([[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]] Tambun Plant)
| designer = Yoshitake Ishii
| body_style = 2-door [[pickup truck]] 2-door cargo van (Philippines) 4-door [[Utility vehicle|utility van]] (Philippines)
| layout = [[Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| engine = 1462 cc ''[[Suzuki K engine#K15B-C|K15B-C]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]] (petrol)
| transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2205|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4195|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (pickup truck) {{convert|4237-4344|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (cargo/utility van)
| width = {{convert|1675|–|1765|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1870|–|1910|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (pickup truck) {{convert|2030|–|2167|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (cargo/utility van)
| weight = {{convert|1065|–|1100|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = [[#SL|Suzuki Carry (SL415)]] [[Suzuki APV|Suzuki Mega Carry/Super Carry Pro/APV pickup]]
}}

Newer version of international Carry has been produced in Indonesia by [[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]] since 2019. Replacing the [[#Carry Futura|Carry Futura]] series as well as the [[Suzuki APV|Mega Carry]], it uses the 1.5 L (1,462 cc) ''[[Suzuki K engine#K15B-C|K15B-C]]'' engine, producing {{cvt|71|kW|PS|0}}. It was launched at the [[Indonesia International Motor Show#2019|27th Indonesia International Motor Show]] on 25 April 2019<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.liputan6.com/otomotif/read/3950028/suzuki-carry-pick-up-lakukan-world-premiere-di-iims-2019-ini-daftar-harganya |title=Suzuki Carry Pick Up Lakukan World Premiere di IIMS 2019, Ini Daftar Harganya |first=Dian Tami |last=Kosasih |work=Liputan6.com |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |language=id |date=25 April 2019 |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> and is exported to nearly 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.globalsuzuki.com/globalnews/2019/0425a.html | title=Global News News.2019 | Global Suzuki }}</ref> It was also launched in Thailand on 16 August 2019<ref>{{cite news |url=https://autonetmagz.com/suzuki-carry-produksi-indonesia-rilis-di-thailand-pakai-abs-tembus-177-jutaan/81047/ |title=Suzuki Carry Produksi Indonesia Rilis di Thailand, Pakai ABS Tembus 177 Jutaan! |first=Satria |last=Katana |work=AutonetMagz.com |date=19 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> and in the Philippines on 26 September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/car-news/2020-suzuki-carry-launch-a4354-20190926 |title=Suzuki PH launches its Carry workhorse with a P509k price tag |first=Leandre |last=Grecia |work=Top Gear Philippines |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>

The Carry received a facelift on 21 January 2021 and currently only available for Indonesian market.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://otodriver.com/berita/2021/suzuki-new-carry-dapatkan-facelift-dilengkapi-dengan-apar-suzcddchpar | title=Suzuki New Carry Dapatkan Facelift, Dilengkapi Dengan APAR | date=21 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bus-truck.id/pikap/buka-2021-suzuki-new-carry-punya-tampilan-makin-berotot/10886 | title=Buka 2021, Suzuki New Carry Punya Tampilan Makin Berotot | Bus and Truck Indonesia | date=21 January 2021 }}</ref>

The Carry was launched in the Middle East in February 2024.

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:2019 Suzuki Carry Flat Deck 1.5 DC61T (20190826) 02.jpg|2019 Suzuki Carry Flat Deck (Indonesia)
File:2021 Suzuki Carry FB (DC61T).jpg|2021 Suzuki Carry Utility Van (pre-facelift, Philippines)
File:2021 Suzuki Carry Flat Deck 1.5 DC61T (20210922).jpg|2021 Suzuki Carry Flat Deck (facelift, Indonesia)
File:JAK-54_(cropped).jpg|2021 Suzuki Carry minibus used as ''share taxis'' under the [[Jak Lingko]] program (facelift, Indonesia)
File:2019 Suzuki CARRY FLAT DECK 1.5 DC61T (190428) 04.jpg|Interior
File:2019 Suzuki CARRY 1.5 K15B-C (190428).jpg|''K15B-C'' engine
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

==Nameplate use with other vehicles==

===Suzuki Mega Carry===
{{main|Suzuki APV}}
The pickup truck version of the [[Suzuki APV]] was sold as the '''Suzuki Carry''' in export markets, '''Suzuki Mega Carry''' in Indonesia and Pakistan, and also as '''Super Carry Pro''' in Vietnam. It was sold in export markets from 2005, in Indonesia from 2011, and was discontinued in February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BeritaSatu.com|title=SIS Hentikan Produksi Suzuki Mega Carry dan Carry Futura|trans-title=SIS Stops Production of Suzuki Mega Carry and Carry Futura|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/otomotif/551034/sis-hentikan-produksi-suzuki-mega-carry-dan-carry-futura|access-date=2021-05-31|website=beritasatu.com|language=id}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
Suzuki APV CARRY (cropped).jpg|Suzuki Carry (Thailand)
</gallery>

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Ozeki |first=Kazuo |title=Suzuki Story: Small Cars, Big Ambitions |publisher=Miki Press |year=2007 |pages=94–95 |location=Tokyo |isbn=978-4-89522-503-8 |ref=OKsuz}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.suzuki.co.jp/car/carry/}} (Japan)
* {{Official website|https://www.suzuki.co.id/automobile/new-carry}} (Indonesia)

{{Commons category-inline|Suzuki Carry}} 
{{Commons category-inline|Suzuki Every}} 
{{Commons category-inline|Maruti Omni}}

{{Suzuki vehicles}}
{{Suzuki Vehicles 1955-89}}
{{Suzuki timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Maruti Suzuki India Limited}}
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}}

[[Category:Suzuki vehicles|Carry]]
[[Category:Kei trucks]]
[[Category:Cab over vehicles]]
[[Category:Microvans]]
[[Category:Pickup trucks]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1961]]

Mech people

2026-05-05T19:49:57Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: started a article

{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Mech
| image = The_Kacháris_(1911)_(14764313365).jpg
| image_caption = A group of Meches, [[Undivided Goalpara district]]"; 1911
| languages = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| population = 55,992 (2011 Census)
| popplace = [[India]]{{*}}[[Nepal]]
| region1 = {{Flag|India}}: {{spaces|9}}[[West Bengal]]
| pop1 = 41,242
| ref1 = <ref name='stwb'>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - West Bengal |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-19-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
| region2 = {{spaces|9}}[[Assam]]
| pop2 = 9,883
| ref2 = <ref name='stas'>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Assam |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-13-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Nepal}} ([[Nepal]])
| pop3 = 5,193
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Boro people|Boro]], [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Dhimal]]
| footnotes =
| native_name = Mech
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Mech''' (spelled ''Meche'' in [[Nepal]]; pronounced /mes/ or /meʃ/) is an ethnic group belonging to the [[Bodo-Kachari people|Bodo-Kachari]] group of peoples. It is one of the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|scheduled tribes]] of India, listed in the states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref name='stwb'/><ref name='stas'/> They also inhabit Nagaland in India as well as Nepal.<ref group=web name="ANI2020">[https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/mech-kachari-community-of-nagaland-celebrates-post-harvest-festival20200118224544/ "Mech Kachari community of Nagaland celebrates post-harvest festival"], ''ANI News''</ref>

== Language ==
Meche or Mech language is western Boro dialect spoken in Jhapa district of Nepal and it belongs to Boro-Garo subgroup of Tibeto-Burman family. Though it's often considered similar to the eastern [[Boro language (India)|Boro dialects]], the language, as spoken in Nepal and northern West Bengal, differs in significant ways.<ref>"Although it is now often the case that the Boro varieties spoken in Nepal, Northern West Bengal, and Assam are considered the same, the comparison here has demonstrated that the western Boro dialects in Northern West Bengal and Nepal are different from the eastern Boro dialect in significant ways." {{harvcol|Kiryu|2012|p=16}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
It has been suggested that ''mech'' is probably a corruption of the Sanskrit word ''[[mlechchha]]''.<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|1964|p=3}}The Bodos who live to the west of the present Kamrup district are called ‘Mec’ by their Hindu neighbours. This word is probably a corruption of the Sanskrit word ‘mleccha’.</ref> Nevertheless, [[Stuart N. Wolfenden]] observed that some people do self-designate as Mech,<ref>"(Mech) is used not only by their neighbours but also to some extent by the people themselves." {{harvcol|Wolfenden|1935|p=145}}</ref> So, he reconstructed ''Mech'' from Tibeto-Burman root "mi" means "man".<ref>" As such tribal names are frequently simply words originally meaning "man", it is not unlikely that the term Mes may go back to this source. In such an event it may be expected to represent ''me-s'', in which ''me'' is the same word as Tibetan and Meithei ''mi'' 'man', and ''-s'' is probably the same suffix as ''-si'' in Deori-Chutiya (Sibsagar) ''ma-si'' (Lakhimpur dialect ''mo-si'') 'man'."{{harvcol|Wolfenden|1935|p=145}}</ref> Other authors have speculated that ''Meche'' is derived from the [[Mechi River]] because the [[Bodo-Kachari peoples]] in Nepal had settled around it;<ref>"Saru Sanyal has writes that a section of the Boros in the course of their movement in Assam moved towards the west along the foothills of Himalayas up to the river Mech between India and Nepal and settled down along the bank of the river and were called Mech after the river." {{harvcol|Mosahary|1983|p=46}}</ref><ref>"the Bodos, who migrated into India through Patkoi hills..." {{harvcol|Sanyal|1973|p=1}}</ref> ''Mecha'' a region of the ''[[Tibet|Bod]]'' country; and descendants of Mechel a legendary figure of Nepal.<ref>{{harvcol|Mosahary|1983|p=46}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The [[Bodo-Kachari people]]s migrated into present-day India and gradually spread themselves throughout [[Assam]], [[North Bengal]] and parts of [[East Bengal]]. It is said that during their migration to India, they marched towards different directions. One group went along the river [[Brahmaputra]] and established themselves in the whole of Assam up to [[Goalpara district]] as well as parts of [[Jalpaiguri district]] and [[Cooch Behar district]] under the name of Bodo or Boro. Another group went towards the West along the foot of the [[Himalayas]] up to the river Mechi, bordering [[India]] and [[Nepal]] and settled on the North bank of the river known as Mechi or Mechia. Later they spread to [[Darjeeling]] [[Terai]], [[Baikunthapur Forest|Baikanthpur]] in [[Jalpaiguri district]] again marched further East and settled in the [[Dooars]]. It is said that, a group of Mech people, again moved further East, crossed the [[Sankosh River]], and went towards [[Goalpara]] in Assam. Due to repeated floods in [[Dooars]] and eastern bank of [[Teesta River]], many families migrated towards [[Assam]].<ref>{{harvcol|Sanyal|1973|pp=18–21}}</ref>

==History==
The first record is found from the year 1205 A.D in [[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]], where they are mentioned along with the [[Koch people|Koch]] and [[Tharu people|Tharu]] and are found to inhabit between the country of [[Tibet]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhanawati (Gauda)]].<ref name="harvcol|Nath|1989|p=3">{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=3}}</ref><ref>"The description of (Bakhtiyar Khalji's) disastrous campaign provides us with some information about the populations (Siraj 1881: 560-1):... Konch, sometimes written Koch, (the same hesitation occurs in Buchanan-Hamilton’s manuscripts), is what we today write as Koch. Mej or Meg is the name we write as Mech. We can safely conclude that these names described important groups of people in the 13th century, in the area between the Ganges and the Brahmaputra." {{harvcol|Jacquesson|2008|pp=16–17}}</ref> In Persian history, these three groups of people, the Koch, Mech and Tharu, possessed the physiognomy of the [[Turkic people|Turks]] and the [[Mongols]] and their speech was different from the rest of the subcontinent.<ref>"(W)e read in Persian history that these races [Koch, Mech, Taru] had Turki countenances (i.e slanting eyes, snub nose, high cheek-bones and yellow complexion of the Mongols), and they spoke a 'different idiom' from the language of India proper"{{harvcol|Chatterji|1951|p=101}}</ref> It is recorded that one [[Ali Mech]], Mech chieftain, guided [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji's]] army in his [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|invasion of Tibet]] via [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]].<ref name="GillYule2010">{{cite book|author1=William John Gill|author2=Henry Yule|title=The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uuk2OQeMwsMC&pg=PA43|date=9 September 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01953-8|pages=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=9}}</ref> 16th/17th century's [[Yogini Tantra]] states that Kuvacas were born of a Mech woman.<ref name="harvcol|Nath|1989|p=3"/> According to Darrang Rajvamsavali of Koch kings and MS Chronicle collected by Buchanon Hamilton, [[Biswa Singha|Biswa Singha's]] father was a Mech and mother was a Koch.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|pp=16,17}}</ref> 19th and 20th century's scholars state that designation Mech is name applied to western section of Bodos by others and also to some extent by the people themselves.<ref>In former number of this journal the writer has proposed an explanation of the name Bara-fisa, and it now seems that - designation applied to western section of the same people is also capable of an interpretation going back to tibeto-burman original...(Mech) is used not only by their neighbours but also to some extent by the people themselves. {{harvcol|Wolfenden|1935|p=145}}</ref>

==Distribution==
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Map of the Languages and Dialects of the Bârâ or Bodo Group of the Tibeto-Burman Family (cropped).jpg
|bSize = 937
|cWidth = 400
|cHeight = 210
|oTop = 200
|oLeft = 140
|Location = right
|Description = Distribution of Mech or Bârâ people, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903
}}
Mechs are found in [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]] in India, and in [[Nepal]].

==Demand of Mech-Kachari Autonomous Council==

The Mech-Kacharis want to preserve their language, culture and uplift their economic status; and so they have been demanding a Mech-Kachari autonomous council for some time.<ref group=web name="Assam Times2020">[https://www.assamtimes.org/node/1919 "Mech-Kachari demands autonomous council"], ''Assam Times''</ref>

==Mech people in Nepal==
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Mech (called Meche in the Nepal census) as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Terai]] [[Adivasi|Janajati]].<ref> Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 4,867 people (0.0% of the population of Nepal) were Mech. The frequency of Mech people by province was as follows:
* [[Koshi Province]] (0.1%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Madhesh Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Mech people was higher than national average (0.0%) in one district only:<ref>[https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf 2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report]</ref>
* [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] (0.5%)

== Notable people ==
* [[Ali Mech]]
* [[Kalicharan Brahma]]
* [[Wilson Champramary]]

{{bar box
|title=Religion among Meches<ref name='stwb'/><ref name='stas'/>{{verify citation|date=November 2025}}
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|71.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|27.89}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.47}}
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|last=Nath |first=D. |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |pages=5–6|publisher=Mittal Publications|year= 1989|isbn=8170991099}}
* {{cite report
| title=Annexure - Ib: List of Notified Scheduled Tribes
| publisher=Census of India
| url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf
| year=2011
| access-date=2019-06-30
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf
| archive-date=2013-11-07
| url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite book |last=Endle |first=Sidney |title=The Kacharis |url=https://archive.org/details/kacharis009491mbp |access-date=20 February 2013 |year=1911 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |location=London }}
*{{Cite book|last=Brahma|first=Kameswar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlNuAAAAMAAJ|title=Aspects of social customs of the Bodos|year=1989}}
*{{Cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Dipankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE2o4QQV7UgC&pg=PA56|title=Brahmo Samaj and North-East India|date=2006|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-176-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096|title=Kirata-Jana-Krti|last=Chatterji|first=Suniti Kumar|publisher=The Asiatic Society|year=1951|location=Calcutta}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Jacquesson|first=François|date=2008|title=Discovering Boro-Garo|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf|journal=History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category|pages=21}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Kiryu |first=Kazuyuki |date=2012 |title=Western Boro dialects in Nepal and northern West Bengal |url=https://www.academia.edu/78590940 |journal=美作大学紀要 |language=en |volume=45 |pages=9–18}}
*{{Cite book|last=Narjinari|first=Hira Charan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1RuAAAAMAAJ|title=Reassertiveness of the Great Bodos|date=2000|publisher=Hira Charan Narjinari|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Maṇḍala|first=Satyendra Nātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TirUMwEACAAJ|title=History and Culture of the Bodos|date=2011|publisher=Satyendranath Mondal|isbn=978-81-903584-1-5|language=en}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Brahma|first=Nirjay Kumar|date=2008|title=Socio political institutions in Bodo society|type=PhD|chapter=Introduction: Interpretation of Bodo or Boro|publisher=Guwahati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/66535}}
*{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Charu Chandra|title=The Meches and the Totos: two sub-Himalayan tribes of North Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4CAAAAMAAJ&q=Charu+Chandra+Sanyal&dq=Charu+Chandra+Sanyal | year=1973 | publisher=University of North Bengal}}
*{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Birinchi Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4HRAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Assamese Literature|date=1964|publisher=East-West Center Press|isbn=9780842611459|language=en}}
* {{cite conference|last=Mosahary|first=R N|title=The Boros : Their Origin, Migration and Settlement in Assam|book-title=Proceedings of Northeast India History Association |url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701071648/http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/11330/The%20boros%20(RN%20Mosahary).pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-07-01|access-date=2019-06-30 |year=1983 |publisher=Northeast India History Association |location=Barapani |pages=42–70}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Wolfenden |first=Stuart N |date=1935 |title=Note on the Tribal Name Mes (Mech) |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=67|issue=1 |pages=145–146|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00083295 |jstor=25201053}}
{{refend}}

===Web-sources===
{{reflist|group=web}}

{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Scheduled tribes of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mech Tribe}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

Arul Ramadas

2026-05-04T07:49:40Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: adding new page.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arul Ramadas
| image = ArulRamadas.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| office = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = [[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]]
| spouse = Kalpana Arul
| father = P. Ramadas
| children = 1 Son, 1 Daughter
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]], Chemistry
| constituency = [[Salem West]]
| office1 = Joint General Secretary of the Pattali Makkal Katchi
Member of the Legislative Assembly (Salem West)
| term_start1 = 25 June 2025
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor = [[G. Venkatachalam]]
| constituency_AM2 =
| legislature =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''R. Arul''', popularly known as '''Arul Ramadas''', is a politician from [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He started his political career as a cadre and held various offices in [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]. He is currently serving as Salem district secretary of PMK.

He was elected as a [[Member of the State Legislature (India)|Member of the State Legislature]] from [[Salem West]] constituency in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="My loyalty lies with PMK founder Ramadoss: Salem West MLA R. Arul">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=My loyalty lies with PMK founder Ramadoss: Salem West MLA R. Arul |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/my-loyalty-lies-with-pmk-founder-ramadoss-salem-west-mla-r-arul/article69724238.ece |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623142216/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/my-loyalty-lies-with-pmk-founder-ramadoss-salem-west-mla-r-arul/article69724238.ece |archive-date=23 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Salem West election results 2021 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS2288.htm?ac=88}}</ref> He launched a website to communicate with his constituency voters and people to keep in touch with them and he is the first MLA in India to launch mobile MLA office in which he meets people at their own place to avoid people’s discomfort and personally ask people's problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arul Ramadass |url=https://www.arulramadasidamsollungal.com/}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Salem West Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Salem West Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramadas, Arul}}
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Shamsur Rahman Faruqi

2026-04-30T06:06:57Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Put up the details w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Urdu language poet, author, critic, and theorist (1935–2020)}}
{{About|the Indian Urdu poet|the Bangladeshi Bengali poet|Shamsur Rahman (poet)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shamsur Rahman Faruqi
| image = Shamsur Rahman Farooqi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shamsur Rahman Faruqi
| birth_date = 30 September 1935
| birth_place = [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2020|12|25|1935|09|30}}
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| resting_place = Ashok Nagar, Allahabad, beside his wife
| nationality = [[India]]n
| other_names =
| language = [[Urdu]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{hlist|''Sher-e-Shor Angez''|''The Sun that Rose from the Earth''|''The Mirror of Beauty''}}
| awards = {{Unbulleted list|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1986)|[[Saraswati Samman]] (1996)|[[Padma Shri]] (2009)}}
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[critic]]
}}

'''Shamsur Rahman Faruqi''' (30 September 1935 – 25 December 2020) was an Indian [[Urdu language]] [[poet]], author, [[critic]], and [[theorist]]. He is known for ushering [[Literary modernism|modernism]] to [[Urdu literature]]. He formulated fresh models of literary appreciation that combined Western principles of literary criticism and subsequently applied them to [[Urdu literature]] after adapting them to address literary aesthetics native to [[Arabic]], [[Persian literature|Persian]], and [[Urdu]]. Some of his notable works included ''Sher-e-Shor Angez'' (1996), ''Ka’i Chand The Sar-e Asman'' (2006), ''The Mirror of Beauty'' (2013), and ''The Sun that Rose from the Earth'' (2014). He was also the editor and publisher of the Urdu literary magazine ''[[Shabkhoon]].''

Faruqi received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor in 2009. He was also a recipient of the [[Saraswati Samman]], an Indian literary award, for his work ''Sher-e-Shor Angez'' in 1996, and the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1986 for ''Tanqidi Afkar.''

==Early life and education==
Faruqi was born on 30 September 1935 in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], in present day [[Uttar Pradesh]] and was raised in [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]] and [[Gorakhpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Nikhil|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: The literary life of a translator|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/literature/dastan-e-shamsur-literary-life-translator|access-date=27 December 2020|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2020|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, noted Urdu poet-critic and Padma Shri awardee, passes away at 85 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-noted-urdu-poet-critic-and-padma-shri-awardee-passes-away-at-85-9146051.html|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-26|title='Ushered in the trend of modernism in Urdu' Noted writer, poet dies|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ushered-in-the-trend-of-modernism-in-urdu-noted-writer-poet-shamsur-rahman-faruqi-dies-7120472/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He studied at Wellesley High School in Azamgarh and graduated from the Government Jubilee High School in Gorakhpur in 1949.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Farewell Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: The Sun That Set in the Earth|url=https://thewire.in/books/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-urdu-literature-obituary|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The Wire}}</ref> He finished his intermediate education in 1951 from Mian George Islamia Inter College in Gorakhpur.<ref name=":6" />

He received his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from Maharana Pratap College in Gorakhpur and his [[Master of Arts]] (MA) degree in English literature from [[Allahabad University]] in 1955.<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web|title=Shamsur Rehman Faruqi – The master critic|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_kazimi.html|access-date=25 August 2012|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Daily Dawn]]-11 July 2004)|publisher=columbia.edu}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> He pursued a doctorate in English symbolism and French literature with the poet [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] as his supervisor but dropped out after a disagreement with Bachchan.<ref name=":5" />

==Career==
Faruqi began his writing career in 1960.<ref name="Columbia" /> He founded the Urdu literary magazine ''[[Shabkhoon]]'' in 1966 and was its editor and publisher for more than four decades.<ref>{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1899|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1988|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1899|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He was a visiting professor at the South Asia Regional Studies Center at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Bilal|first=Maaz Bin|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (1935–2020): Why this death leaves a permanent patch of darkness in literature|url=https://scroll.in/article/982332/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-1935-2020-why-this-death-leaves-a-permanent-patch-of-darkness-in-literature|access-date=27 December 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=26 December 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was additionally employed by the [[Indian Postal Service]] until his retirement as a [[Postmaster General]] and a member of the Postal Services Board in 1994.<ref name="Columbia" />

An expert in classical [[Prosody (poetry)|prosody]] and ''‘ilm-e bayan'' (the science of poetic discourse), he contributed to modern literary discourse with a profundity rarely seen in contemporary Urdu critics.<ref name="Columbia"/> He was described as "the century's most iconic figure in the realm of Urdu literature".<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2020|title=Urdu poet and critic Shamsur Rahman Faruqi dies of Covid-19 at 85|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/urdu-poet-and-critic-shamsur-rahman-faruqi-dies-of-covid-19-at-85/story-bNSSavzmqYwJkFtzykV7rN.html|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Some of his notable works included ''Tafheem-e-Ghalib,'' a commentary on Urdu poet [[Mirza Ghalib]]'', Sher-e-Shor Angez,'' a four-volume study of the 18th-century poet [[Mir Taqi Mir]] ''and Kai Chand Thay Sar-e-Asmaan.''

Faruqi is noted for ushering in [[Literary modernism|modernism]] into Urdu literature through his works.<ref name=":5" /> He formulated fresh models of literary appreciation while Observing western principles of literary criticism, and subsequently applied them to [[Urdu literature]] after adapting them to address literary aesthetics native to [[Arabic]], [[Persian literature|Persian]], and [[Urdu]].<ref name="Columbia" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="urdu">{{cite web|title=A Conversation with Shamsur Rahman Faruqi by Prem Kumar Nazar|url=http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/13/10premConvers.pdf|access-date=13 September 2012|publisher=UrduStudies.com}}</ref> Through his works, he wrote about the Indian-Muslim way of life through the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=":1" /> As a progressive himself, he spoke against the [[burqa]], [[hijab]], and skull cap worn by conservatives, while continuing to emphasize the need for minority communities to express their own identity within democracies.<ref name=":1" /> He considered himself to be an outsider in the Urdu literary establishment, challenging the position of incumbent progressive writers for stifling other writers.<ref name=":1" /> He also emphasized the need for language to be a binding force for culture and communities and expressed his concerns that language had been reduced to a tool of identity. He said in an interview, "It is sad that language has become a tool of ownership and hegemony; not the thread that binds people together."<ref name=":3"/> His magazine, ''[[Shabkhoon]]'' ({{Translation|'' Ambush at Night''}}) between 1966 and 2006, aimed at publishing [[Modernist literature|modernist Urdu literature]] and authors aiming to break the hegemony of the incumbent progressives.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

Faruqi also translated many of his works into English. His 2013 novel, ''The Mirror of Beauty,'' was a translation of ''Kai Chand The Sar-e Asman,'' his 2006 Urdu novel. The book chronicled the life of [[Wazir Khanum]], mother of late-19th-century Indian Urdu poet [[Daagh Dehlvi]], and was set in that time's Delhi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=25 December 2020|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, noted Urdu poet-critic and Padma Shri awardee, passes away at 85 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-noted-urdu-poet-critic-and-padma-shri-awardee-passes-away-at-85-9146051.html|access-date=27 December 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="openthemagazine.com">{{cite web|title=The Last Ustad – OPEN Magazine|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/the-last-ustad|website=OPEN Magazine|date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> The book was shortlisted for the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]].<ref name=":3" /> His 2014 novel, ''The Sun That Rose from the Earth'', detailed the thriving Urdu literature scene in the Indian cities of Delhi and [[Lucknow]] of the 18th and 19th centuries, and resilience amidst the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. There is no doubt that he was an iconoclast who was sometimes termed as TS Eliot of Urdu Literature.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khalid Bin Umar|first=Khalid Bin Umar|date=1 January 2021|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi – T.S Eliot of Urdu Literature'|url=http://heritagetimes.in/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-t-s-eliot-of-urdu-literature/}}
/</ref>

=== Dastaangoi ===
In addition to his contributions to [[Urdu literature]], Faruqi is credited with the revival of the [[Dastangoi]], a 16th-century [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[oral storytelling]] art form.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news|title=Walk Back In Time: Experience life in Nizamuddin Basti, the traditional way |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/walk-back-in-time-experience-life-in-nizamuddin-basti-the-traditional-way/1037722/|access-date=18 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The art form reached its [[wikt: zenith|zenith]] in the Indian sub-continent in the 19th century and is said to have died with the death of [[Mir Baqar Ali]] in 1928. Working with his nephew, the writer, and director [[Mahmood Farooqui]], Faruqi helped to modernize the format and led its revival in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news|last=Husain|first=Intizar|date=25 December 2011|title=COLUMN: Dastan and dastan goi for the modern audience|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|url=http://x.dawn.com/2011/12/25/column-dastan-and-dastangoi-for-the-modern-audience/|url-status=dead|access-date=7 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131107151321/http://x.dawn.com/2011/12/25/column-dastan-and-dastangoi-for-the-modern-audience/|archive-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> Starting in 2004, Farooqui and his Dastangoi group performed in India, Pakistan, and the United States.<ref name="frontline">{{cite news|last=Sayeed|first=Vikram Ahmed|date=14 January 2011|title=Return of dastangoi|newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2801/stories/20110114280109800.htm|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dawn">{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Shoaib|date=6 December 2012|title=Indian storytellers bring Dastangoi to Alhamra|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/769264/indian-storytellers-bring-dastangoi-to-alhamra-2|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
In 2011, Faruqi translated four urdu-language books from [[Ibn-e-Safi]]'s ''[[Jasoosi Dunya]]'' series into English, which were published by Blaft Publications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarma |first=Deepika |date=2011-07-14 |title=Murder on their minds |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/article2226910.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112033014/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/article2226910.ece |archive-date=2016-01-12 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1986 for his book ''Tanqidi Afkar'', which focuses on modern theories of poetry appreciation.<ref name=":5" /> He was awarded the [[Saraswati Samman]], an Indian literary award, for his work ''Sher-e-Shor Angez'', a four-volume study of the 18th-century poet [[Mir Taqi Mir]], in 1996.<ref name="Columbia"/><ref name=":3"/> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, in 2009.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Faruqi met his future wife, Jamila Hashmi when she was a student in Allahabad pursuing her master's degree in English literature. She later set up and ran two girls' schools focused on the economically marginalized.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Soofi|first=Mayank Austen|date=15 November 2014|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: Darcy was a 'damn sexist'|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/n6UCQZrqyozgLHV0W1IFAL/Shamsur-Rahman-Faruqi-Darcy-was-a-damn-sexist.html|access-date=27 December 2020|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The couple had two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bilal|first=Maaz Bin|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (1935–2020): Why this death leaves a permanent patch of darkness in literature|url=https://scroll.in/article/982332/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-1935-2020-why-this-death-leaves-a-permanent-patch-of-darkness-in-literature|access-date=27 December 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=26 December 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Jamila died in 2007 of complications from hip replacement surgery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 December 2020|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (1935–2020) 'Link uniting old, new cultures': Tributes pour in for literary icon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-1935-2020-link-uniting-old-new-cultures-tributes-pour-in-for-literary-icon/story-SyX9zpLh1a9sMEXu1bGiRK.html|access-date=27 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Reflecting on the role played by his wife in advancing his career, Faruqi acknowledged that without her influence he would not have been able to invest his efforts in his magazine and stated that in consequence, "my struggle to become a writer of my kind would never have ended."<ref name=":2" />

He died on 25 December 2020 in [[Allahabad]] due to complications from [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=26 December 2020|title=Noted writer, poet Shamsur Rahman Faruqi passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ushered-in-the-trend-of-modernism-in-urdu-noted-writer-poet-shamsur-rahman-faruqi-dies-7120372/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It was announced that he would be buried in the [[Ashok Nagar, Allahabad|Ashok Nagar]] cemetery in Allahabad.<ref name=":1"/>

==Bibliography==
* ''Sher, Ghair Sher, Aur Nasr'', (1973)<ref name="Columbia" />
* ''The Secret Mirror'', (in English, 1981)<ref name="Columbia" />
* ''Ghalib Afsaney Ki Himayat Mein'', (1989)<ref name="Columbia" />
*''Tafheem-e-Ghalib''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tafheem-e-Ghalib by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tafheem-e-ghalib-shamsur-rahman-faruqi-ebooks|access-date=27 December 2020|website=Rekhta|language=en}}</ref>
*''Tanqidi Afqar'' (1982)<ref name=":5" />
* ''Sher-e Shor Angez'' (in 3 volumes, 1991–93)<ref name="Columbia"/>
* ''Mir Taqi Mir 1722–1810'' (Collected works with commentary and explanation)<ref name="Columbia"/>
* ''Urdu Ka Ibtedai Zamana'' (2001)<ref name="Columbia"/>
* ''Ganj-i-Sokhta'' (poetry)<ref name="Columbia"/>
* ''Sawar Aur Doosray Afsanay'' (2001)<ref name="Columbia"/>
* ''Kai Chand Thay Sar-e-Asmaan'' (2006)<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6435134|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi's "The Mirror of Beauty": Striking a Discordant Note|first=Waqas|last=Khwaja}}</ref>
*''The Mirror of Beauty'' (2013)<ref name=":3" />
*''The Sun that Rose from the Earth'' (2014)<ref name=":3" />
* ''Ajab Sehar Bayan Tha'' (2018) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi
* ''Hamarey Liye Manto Sahab'' (2013) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi
* ''Khurshid ka Saman e Safar'' (2016) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi
* ''Tanqidi Mamlat'' (2018) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi
* ''Majlis e Afaq'' main Parwana Saan (Collection of Poetry- 2018) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi
* ''Sorat o Ma'ani e Sukhan'' (2010, 2021) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi
* ''Sahiri Shahi Sahib e Qarani —Dastan Ameer Hamza ka Mutalea - Dastan Dunya -2'', Vol. 5 (2020) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi
* ''Afsaney ki Nai Himayat Main'' (2021) Published by M R Publications, New Delhi

==See also==
*[[List of Urdu language poets]]
*[[List of Urdu language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[https://caravanmagazine.in/literature/dastan-e-shamsur-literary-life-translator Dastan-e-Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: Life of a Writer]. A profile in ''[[The Caravan]]'' by Nikhil Kumar
* {{cite web|date=27 June 2013|title=Paradise of Rectitude|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/paradise-rectitude}} Anjum Hasan in ''[[The Caravan]]'' on ''The Mirror of Beauty''
* {{Cite journal|last=George|first=Rajni|date=21 October 2014|title=The Last Ustad|url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-last-ustad/|journal=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open Magazine]]}} Profile
* {{Cite news|last=Soofi|first=Mayank Austen|date=15 November 2014|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: Darcy was a 'damn sexist'|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/n6UCQZrqyozgLHV0W1IFAL/Shamsur-Rahman-Faruqi-Darcy-was-a-damn-sexist.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}} Interview
* {{Cite news|last=Khalid Bin Umar|first=Khalid Bin Umar|date=1 January 2021|title=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi – T.S Eliot of Urdu Literature'|url=http://heritagetimes.in/shamsur-rahman-faruqi-t-s-eliot-of-urdu-literature/}}
* {{Cite news|last=Urdu Article|first=Khalid Bin Umar|date=28 December 2020|title=Alvida Shamsur Rahman Faruqi'|url=https://tawarikhkhwani.com/ur/alvida-shamsur-rahman-faruqi//}}
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/srffest/index.html An informal festschrift in honor of Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.shamsurrahmanfaruqi.com/ }}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/index.html Work in English]
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/17/a-conversation-with-literary-critic-and-novelist-shamsur-rahman-faruqi/?smid=fb-share "A Conversation with Literary Critic and Novelist Shamsur Rahman Faruqi", ''New York Times'']
* [https://www.rekhta.org/poets/shamsur-rahman-faruqi Shamsur Rahman Faruqi's profile on Rekhta]

{{Saraswati Samman}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Linguists of Urdu]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Saraswati Samman Award]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Urdu–English translators]]

Ruhail Ranjan

2026-04-29T19:57:51Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up first article added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ruhail Ranjan
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
}}

'''Ruhail Ranjan''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Islampur constituency]] in Bihar, India. He was elected in the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election as a candidate of the [[Janata Dal (United)]].

== Political career ==
Ranjan was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly from the Islampur constituency in the 2025 Bihar Assembly election as a candidate of the Janata Dal (United). According to official election results, he defeated his nearest rival by a reported margin.<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04174.htm</ref><ref>https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar/assembly-election-candidates-list-2025/ruhail-ranjan-04174-4</ref><ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/biharsharif/story-jdu-candidate-ruhail-ranjan-defeats-rjd-in-islampur-with-32-239-votes-201763205759992.html</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Constituency !! Party !! Result
|-
| 2025 || Islampur || Janata Dal (United) || {{Won}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Politics of Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, Ruhail}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chetan Hansraj

2026-04-29T11:48:05Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Done.

{{Short description|Indian television actor (born 1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chetan Hansraj
| image = Chetan Hansraj.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|06|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1980–present
| parents = {{ubl|Kumar Hansraj|Shakuntala Hansraj}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Lavania Pereira|2004}}<ref name=DNA/>
| children = Ethan Hansraj
| relatives = {{ubl|Nausheel Hansraj (brother)|[[Jugal Hansraj]] (cousin)}}
| height = {{height|m=1.88}}
}}

'''Chetan Hansraj''' (born 15 June 1972) is an Indian film and television actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/chetan-hansraj/biography-543148.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011436/http://www.in.com/chetan-hansraj/biography-543148.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-02-23 |title=Latest News, Trending Topics, Top Stories, HD Videos & Photos, Live TV Channels, Lifestyle, Sports, Entertainment - In.com |website=In.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Hansraj started his career as a child actor in 1980, appearing in over 250 press advertisements and 30 ad films. His debut film ''Kook Doo Koo'' was selected for the Children's Films Festival in France in 1984. He made his television debut portraying young [[Balarama|Balram]] in ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988) by [[B. R. Chopra]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Chetan Hansraj: I've completed 40 years in the industry, I started when I was five |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chetan-hansraj-ive-completed-40-years-in-the-industry-i-started-when-i-was-five/articleshow/76160368.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202205043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chetan-hansraj-ive-completed-40-years-in-the-industry-i-started-when-i-was-five/articleshow/76160368.cms |archive-date=2 December 2025 |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=I saw my cousin Jugal Hansraj’s photograph in a magazine and told my mother that I wanted to follow suit.}}</ref>

''He played Garv in [[Kkusum]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/Playing-the-bad-guy-has-never-lost-me-fans-Chetan-Hansraj/2013/06/18/article1640873.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126094801/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/Playing-the-bad-guy-has-never-lost-me-fans-Chetan-Hansraj/2013/06/18/article1640873.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2013 |title=Playing the bad guy has never lost me fans: Chetan Hansraj }}</ref> Later, he appeared in ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Sasha, ''[[Virrudh]]'' as Rudraksh and ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'' as [[Bhima II|Raja Bhimdev]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-jodha-akbar-stars-rajat-tokas-chetan-hansraj-lavina-tandons-real-avatars-4492238-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002026/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-jodha-akbar-stars-rajat-tokas-chetan-hansraj-lavina-tandons-real-avatars-4492238-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Check out Jodha Akbar stars Rajat Tokas, Chetan Hansraj, Lavina Tandon's real avatars |date=13 January 2014 }}</ref> He also appeared in the music video of [[Shweta Shetty]]'s pop album song ''Deewane to Deewane hai'', with [[Kushal Punjabi]] and [[Akashdeep Saigal]], which was released in 1997. He also appeared in reality shows like ''Fear Factor India'' and ''[[Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao]]''.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/chetan-hansraj-back-to-reality-circuit_127820.html |title=Chetan Hansraj back to reality circuit |date=12 February 2013 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hansraj married Lavania Pereira on 12 December 2004, and the couple has a son named Ethan Hansraj, who was born on 2 February 2006.<ref name=DNA>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-chetan-hansrajs-home-with-the-midas-touch-1498038 Chetan Hansraj's home with the midas touch]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-a-beautiful-evolution-chetan-hansraj-1408653 |title=It's a beautiful evolution: Chetan Hansraj - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=12 July 2010 }}</ref>

Actor [[Jugal Hansraj]] is his cousin.<ref name=":0" />

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| Young [[Balarama|Balram]]
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – ''Doosri Dulhan''
| Raja Saab / Pahadi Raja (Episode 18)
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2002
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – ''Ghar''
| Michael (Episode 28)
|-
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – ''Samandar''
| Sotya (Episode 35)
|-
| ''[[Krishna Arjun (TV series)|Krishna Arjun]]''
| Rahul (Episode 3 & Episode 4)
|-
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – ''Vikraal Aur Bhayanak Bansuri''
| Benu (Episode 59)
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr''
| Rocky
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – ''Vikraal Aur Dracula'': Part 1 to Part 3
| Dracula (Episode 86 to Episode 88)
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Advocate Garv Sachdev
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' – ''Kab Kaisey Kahan''
| Moksh Chauhan (Episode 226 to Episode 252)
|-
| 2004–2008
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| Shashank "Sasha" Garg
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2005
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
| Chetan Hansraj
|-
| ''[[Instant Khichdi]]''
| Rakesh
|-
| ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''
| Josh
|-
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Inspector Maan Singh Chauhan
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2006
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' – ''Murder At Midnight''
| Dhruv (Episode 412)
|-
| ''Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar''
| Ranjeet Singh
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2006–2007
| ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]''
| Maharaj [[Bhima II|Bheemdev]]
|-
| ''[[Kaajjal]]''
| Dhruv
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2007
| ''[[Lucky (Indian TV series)|Lucky]]'' – ''Bhediya'' : Part 1 to Part 3
| Bhediya (Episode 13 to Episode 15)
|-
| ''Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai'' – ''Tattoo Man''
| Max (Episode 20)
|-
| ''[[Virrudh]]''
| Rudraksh Raisinghania
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]''
| [[Bhima|Bheem]]sen
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
| Kukku
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Mata Ki Chowki]]''
| Rudra "Bali" Narayan
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2012
| ''[[Veer Shivaji]]''
| Inayat Khan
|-
| ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]''
| Shaurya Mitra
|-
| 2013–2014
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''
| [[Adham Khan]]
|-
| 2014–2015
| Haider Khan
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2014
| ''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]''
| Mangesh "Mangya" Waghmare (Episode 7 to Episode 9)
|-
| ''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]''
|Danny (Episode 16)
|-
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Nigas
|-
| ''[[Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal]]''
| Rehmat Khan
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2015
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| A.C.P. (Episode 1118)
|-
| ''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]''
| [[Makaradhwaja|Makardhwaj]]
|-
| ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2015 TV series)|Bhagyalaxmi]]''
| Yuvraj Malhotra
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2016
| ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]''
| Rawat
|-
| ''[[Naagarjuna – Ek Yoddha]]''
| Naagraj
|-
| ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''
| Kaal Singh<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chetan-Hansraj-excited-to-don-tribal-avatar-in-Ek-Tha-Raja-Ek-Thi-Rani/articleshow/51925131.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422044349/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chetan-Hansraj-excited-to-don-tribal-avatar-in-Ek-Tha-Raja-Ek-Thi-Rani/articleshow/51925131.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2016 |title=Chetan Hansraj excited to don tribal avatar in 'Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 Apr 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Chandra Nandini]]''
| Malayketu
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2017
| ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''
| [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]
|-
| ''[[Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double]]''
| Manjeet Singh
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]''
| Malla
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' – Soul Transformation
| Abhishek (Episode 16)
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
| Anand "Andy" Sehgal
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2019
| ''[[Haiwaan : The Monster]]''
| Yeti Master
|-
| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| [[Ravana|Ravan]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020
| ''Alif Laila''
| Magician Mingla<ref>{{cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=Chetan Hansraj: I love playing negative characters|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/chetan-hansraj-i-love-playing-negative-characters-200405|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brahmarakshas | Brahmarakshas 2]]''
| Vardaan Chaudhary "Brahmarakshas"
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2021
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]''
| Balwant Tyagi
|-
| ''[[Mauka-E-Vardaat]]''
| Senior Inspector Harshvardhan Shekhawat
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Shubh Shagun]]''
| Brijesh
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Bekaboo]]''
| Shekhar Raichand
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2024
| ''[[Pracchand Ashok]]''<ref name="Ashok">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-starrer-new-historical-show-pracchand-ashok-is-all-set-to-launch-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/106484016.cms Adnan Khan and Mallika Singh to play leads in Ekta Kapoor's new historical drama series 'Pracchand Ashok']</ref>
| Samrat [[Bindusara|Bindusar]] Maurya
|-
| ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
| Maharishi [[Parashurama|Parshuram]]
|-
| ''[[Taaza Khabar]]''
| Ikka
|}

===Non-fiction shows===

*2006 ''Fear Factor India'' as Contestant
*2008 ''[[Mr. & Ms. TV]]'' as Contestant
*2008 ''[[Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket]]'' as Contestant
*2008 ''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''<ref>[https://archive.today/20140217122828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-12/tv/27937629_1_reality-soap-opera-small-screen Reality hits 'saas-bahu' hard]</ref> as Guest
*2008 ''[[Nach Baliye 4]]'' as Contestant
*2009 ''[[Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao]]''<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> as Contestant
*2013 ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/welcome-baazi-mehmaan-nawaazi-ki-is-back_150915.html |title='Welcome - Baazi Mehmaan Nawaazi Ki' is back |date=17 February 2014 }}</ref> as Contestant
*2022 [[Lock Upp (Season 1)]] as Contestant [Entered-Day 21, Ejected-Day 27]

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"

! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes

|-1985 || ''[[Kuk Doo Koo]]''|| ||Hindi|| children's film
| 2004 || ''[[Asambhav|Assambhav]]''|| ||Hindi||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Anthony Kaun Hai]]''||Lucky Sharma||Hindi||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Don (2007 film)|Don]]''||Anthony||Telugu||Debut
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Bhram]]''||Prem Mathur||Hindi, English||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City Of Gold]]''|| ||Hindi||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''||Mhatre||Hindi||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!|Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara]]''||Jimmy||Hindi||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''||Potya||Hindi||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''||Manoj||Tamil||Debut
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''||Changhezi||Hindi||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]''|| ||Marathi||Debut
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]'' || Vinayaraj
||[[Malayalam]]||Malayalam debut
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''||Fakira||Hindi||
|-
|2026 || {{Pending film|Ramayana: Part 1}}
|[[List of characters in Ramayana#S|Sumali]]
|Hindi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansraj, Chetan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Masood Alam Nadwi

2026-04-20T18:25:59Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal:

{{Short description|Pakistani Islamic scholar (1910 – 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Masood Alam Nadwi
| native_name = مسعود عالم ندوی
| native_name_lang = ur
| image =
| birth_place = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Bihar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|2|11|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|03|17|1910|2|11|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
| party = [[Jamaat-e-Islami]]
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
}}
}}
'''Masood Alam Nadwi''' (11 February 1910 – 17 March 1954) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, writer, journalist, and literary figure. He was the founding editor of the Arabic magazine ''[[Al-Ziya]]'' and a member of [[Jamaat-e-Islami]]. Following the [[Partition of India]], he migrated to Pakistan, where he remained active in scholarly and intellectual work until his death.

== Early life & education ==
Masood Alam was born on 11 February 1910 in the village of Ugawan, [[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]]. His father, Abd al-Fattah Abd al-Shakur, was a physician who emphasized his son’s education in the Arabic language from an early age. He began his studies under his father before attending a local modern school and later al-Madrasah al-‘Aziziyyah, where he obtained the qualification of [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Maulvi]]. He then studied at Madrasah Shams al-Huda in Patna, developing a strong interest in Arabic literature through access to Arabic journals. In 1928, after a brief period of study under [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] in Delhi, he came into contact with [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], who encouraged him to join [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in Lucknow. He graduated with the ‘Alimiyyah degree in 1929 and subsequently taught Arabic literature there for two years before returning to Bihar, where he introduced elements of modern education in his teaching.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nadwi |first=Mubin Ahmad al-Azmi |date=2021 |title=Al-Ustadh Masood Alam al-Nadwi: Hayatuhu wa Asaruhu |url=https://alraid.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/March-2021.pdf |journal=[[Al-Raid]] |language=ar |volume=62 |issue=17–18 |pages=22–23 |issn=2393-8277}}</ref>

== Work ==
In 1932, Sulaiman Nadwi and [[Taqi al-Din al-Hilali]] launched the Arabic-language magazine ''[[Al-Ziya]]'' from Nadwatul Ulama, with Masood Alam appointed as its first editor. Alongside this role, he continued teaching at the institution. By 1937, he had moved to [[Bijnor]] to work with the editorial board of the Urdu magazine ''Madina''. He later returned briefly to Nadwatul Ulama and worked at the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library in Patna. Over the following years, he traveled across India, Iraq, the Hijaz, and later Pakistan, engaging in scholarship, translation, and writing. With the rise of Jamaat-e-Islami under [[Abul A'la Maududi]], Masood Alam became associated with the movement. After the Partition of India in 1947, he migrated to Rawalpindi, Pakistan, where he continued to write and participate in Islamic intellectual circles. He died in Karachi on 17 March 1954.<ref name=":0" />

Nadwi authored works in both Arabic and Urdu, focusing on Islamic history, Arabic literature, and contemporary intellectual discussions. His Arabic works include ''The Influence of Islam on Arabic Poetry, The History of Islamic Preaching in India'', and ''The Present and Past of the Muslims of India'', while his Urdu writings include ''The First Islamic Movement in India, A View on the Ideas of Ubaydullah Sindhi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab: The Misrepresented Reformer, Socialism and Islam, Arabic Translation'' (a grammar treatise), and ''Mahasin Sijjad'', a biography of [[Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad]]. In addition to these works, he translated several writings of Abul A‘la Maududi into Arabic.<ref name=":0" />

== Sources ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Kha |first=Kaleemur Rehman |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/598603 |title=Maulana Masood Alam Nadvi Life & Work (1910-1954) |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Lucknow]] |year=1998 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ur |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/598603}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Quraishi |first=Mohd Afaque |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/604693 |title=Ishamatu Masood Alam Al Nadwi Fit Tarjamati Was Sihafatil Arabia Dirasutun Tahliliyah |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |year=2023 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ar |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/604693}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Akhtar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/masood-alam-nadvi-akhtar-rahi-ebooks |title=Masood Alam Nadvi |publisher=Mirza Basheer Ahmad Beg |year=1975 |location=Pakistan |pages=15 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fazli |first=Abdul Hameed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/moulana-masood-alam-nadvi-hayat-aur-karname-abdul-hameed-fazli-ebooks |title=Moulana Masood Alam Nadvi Hayat Aur Karname |publisher=Markazi Maktaba Islami Publishers |year=1998 |location=New Delhi |pages=16 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Sharf Alam |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/allama-masood-alam-nadvi-shakhsiyat-aur-khidmat-mufti-sharf-alam-qasmi-ebooks |title=Allama Masood Alam Nadvi Shakhsiyat Aur Khidmat |publisher=Rizwan And Brothers |year=2006 |location=Bihar |pages=10 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Arshad |first=Muhammad |date=2016 |title=Correspondence between Ghulam Rasool Mehr and the Nadvi Scholars |url=https://bunyad.lums.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5f95ecb9f2867/file/5f95ecd603cb6/download |journal=Bunyad |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133–183 |eissn=2709-9687}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Talha Naimat |url=https://archive.org/details/maulanamasoodalamnadwi |title=Al-Ustadh Masood Alam al-Nadwi fi Daw’ Hayatihi wa Khidmatihi |publisher=Maktabat al-Hamd al-‘Ilmiyyah |year=2015 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ar}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Islam |first=Habib Shahidul |title=The Role Of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulema In The Field Of Arabic Journalism In India A Study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |language=en |page=224–225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050739/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/114360 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/114360 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=P |first=Jubailiya |title=Darul Uloom Nadwathul Ulama its Contributions to the Development of Arabic Language and Literature: an analytical study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Calicut]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |language=ar |pages=178–181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126025358/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2020 |location=India |hdl=10603/306944 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Musahamatu Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Fi Nashril Lughatil Arabiati Wal Adabil Islami Wa Dauruha Fi Majalis Sahafati Wal Elam |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |language=ar |pages=243, 261–262 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/314806 |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040516/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |url-status=live }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Arabic-language writers]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami politicians]]

Jaikrishn Patel

2026-04-16T01:34:34Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: made first info basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date= July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaikrishn Patel
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|7|5|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Bagidora Assembly constituency|Bagidora]]
| predecessor = [[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]]
| spouse =
| father =
| mother =
| party = [[Bharat Adivasi Party]]
| other_party =
}}
'''Jaikrishn Patel''' (born 5 July 1987) is an Indian politician currently serving as the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He represents [[Bagidora Assembly constituency|Bagidora]]. He is a Member of the [[Bharat Adivasi Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Bharat Adivasi Party's Jaikrishn Patel wins in Rajasthan's Bagidora Assembly byelection |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/bharat-adivasi-partys-jaikrishn-patel-wins-in-rajasthans-bagidora-assembly-byelection/article68252198.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=BAP's Jaikrishn Patel wins Bagidora by-poll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/baps-jaikrishn-patel-wins-bagidora-by-poll/articleshow/110716678.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Adivasi Party candidate Jaikrishn Patel wins Bagidora assembly bypoll in Rajasthan |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/bharat-adivasi-party-candidate-jaikrishn-patel-wins-bagidora-assembly-bypoll-in-rajasthan/1556750 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=[[Press Trust Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bharat Adivasi Party candidate Jaikrishn Patel wins Bagidora assembly bypoll in Rajasthan |url=https://theprint.in/india/bharat-adivasi-party-candidate-jaikrishn-patel-wins-bagidora-assembly-bypoll-in-rajasthan/2116320/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=[[The Print]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Jaikrishn}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharat Adivasi Party politicians]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Jundla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:49Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: made first stub nd citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jundla Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,24,362
|mla = Meena Rani
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Jundla Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Ram Kishan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Banwari Ram || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ram Kishan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Prem Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Sujan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Rishal Singh
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Raj Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Nafe Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Naphe Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Meena Rani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Rani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,844 |percentage=35.97% |change={{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naphe Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=29,703 |percentage=33.55% |change={{decrease}}23.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishal Singh |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=15,272 |percentage=17.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,897 |percentage=7.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,463 |percentage=2.78% |change={{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anoop Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,809 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=517 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,141 |percentage=2.42% |change= {{decrease}}23.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,534 |percentage=71.19% |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,362 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}20.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naphe Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=40,868 |percentage=56.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,013 |percentage=30.58% |change={{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Swarup |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=3,044 |percentage=4.23% |change={{decrease}}10.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Kaur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,839 |percentage=3.94% |change={{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surta Ram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,176 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kuwar |party=Independent politician |votes=906 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soran |party=Independent politician |votes=598 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,855 |percentage=26.20% |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,975 |percentage=61.94% |change= {{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,236 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}22.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=26,722 |percentage=34.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,470 |percentage=19.99% |change={{decrease}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manphool Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=11,750 |percentage=15.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Kaur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,575 |percentage=8.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sharan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,536 |percentage=8.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Parkash |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,871 |percentage=3.71% |change={{decrease}}11.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,790 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Singh |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,610 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janak Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,194 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dropti |party=Independent politician |votes=883 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,252 |percentage=14.54% |change= {{increase}}10.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,370 |percentage=69.37% |change= {{increase}}5.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,733 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,511 |percentage=27.42% |change={{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=13,947 |percentage=23.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Parkash |party=Janata Dal |votes=9,129 |percentage=15.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rosal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,669 |percentage=9.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,503 |percentage=5.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,227 |percentage=5.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,202 |percentage=5.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,518 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram S/O Matu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,039 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=785 |percentage=1.30% |change={{decrease}}76.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpal |party=Independent politician |votes=488 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,564 |percentage=4.26% |change= {{decrease}}56.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,215 |percentage=64.21% |change= {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,814 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}50.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishal Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=45,096 |percentage=78.07% |change={{increase}}43.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,942 |percentage=17.21% |change={{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kesho Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=974 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=344 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,154 |percentage=60.86% |change= {{increase}}55.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,763 |percentage=64.68% |change= {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,233 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}43.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujan Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=14,627 |percentage=34.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,427 |percentage=28.95% |change={{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,340 |percentage=14.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=3,235 |percentage=7.54% |change={{decrease}}38.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,155 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jhalu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,235 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,228 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surta |party=Independent politician |votes=603 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardha Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardha Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=301 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,200 |percentage=5.13% |change= {{decrease}}6.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,919 |percentage=57.05% |change= {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,372 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=14,919 |percentage=45.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=11,093 |percentage=33.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheela Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,569 |percentage=20.07% |change={{decrease}}23.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,826 |percentage=11.69% |change= {{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,730 |percentage=51.44% |change= {{decrease}}8.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,460 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,665 |percentage=43.37% |change={{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=13,927 |percentage=41.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogi Ram |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,931 |percentage=8.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chattar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,011 |percentage=2.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satnam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=888 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=394 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=738 |percentage=2.18% |change= {{decrease}}11.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,816 |percentage=61.08% |change= {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,498 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Republican Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}11.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968 |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=14,253 |percentage=54.74% |change={{increase}}20.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,642 |percentage=40.87% |change={{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=661 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=483 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,611 |percentage=13.87% |change= {{increase}}13.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,039 |percentage=51.94% |change= {{decrease}}11.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,441 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Republican Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Jundla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,843 |percentage=34.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=10,696 |percentage=34.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,510 |percentage=14.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,844 |percentage=9.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munshi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,151 |percentage=3.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=955 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=147 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,255 |percentage=66.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,145 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}

{{coord|29.650|76.870|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Vijay Singla

2026-04-13T22:28:01Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Put up some pg first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = File:Dr. Vijay Singla.jpg
| caption = Vijay Singla in 2022
| office1 = [[Mann ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| subterm1 =
| suboffice1 =
| 2blankname1 = Department
| 2namedata1 = *Health and Family Welfare
*Medical Education and Research
| term_start1 = 19 March 2022
| term_end1 = 24 May 2022
| constituency1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Om Parkash Soni]], [[Raj Kumar Verka]]
| successor1 = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 March 2022
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
| majority =
| predecessor = Nazar Singh Manshahia
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
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| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Vijay Singla''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He was the Minister of Health and Family welfare and Medical education, Govt of Punjab between March–May 2022. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Playing 20 March 2022">{{cite news |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann's cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

He was one of 3 ministers under AAP govt arrested in corruption. He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===Member of Legislative Assembly===
Singla was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. He represented the [[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022" /> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Cabinet minister===
Singla took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Punjab Raj Bhavan]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ten Punjab ministers to take oath on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318092034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 25K 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=25,000 Government Jobs For Punjab: New Chief Minister's 1st Decision |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319125442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight ministers including Singla who took oath were greenhorn (first term) MLAs.<ref name="CabinetOath 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In Mann's first list of Cabinet ministers, 8 greenhorn MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064250/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a cabinet minister in the [[Mann ministry]], Singla was given the charge of two departments of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]:<ref name="Tribune News 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab portfolios announced; CM Mann keeps Home and Vigilance, Cheema gets Finance, Singla Health, Harbhajan Power |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-portfolios-announced-cheema-gets-finance-and-revenue-harbhajan-eto-power-dr-baljit-women-welfare-and-child-development-379489 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
# Department of Health and Family Welfare
# Department of Medical Education and Research

==Corruption charges==

On May 24, 2022, Chief Minister [[Bhagwant Mann]] removed Singla from the cabinet ministry after charges of corruption against him came up to the notice of CM. Punjab Police was ordered by the CM to investigate the case.<ref name="health minister sacked">{{cite news |title=Punjab health minister sacked over corruption charges; was asking for kickbacks in tender |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-health-minister-sacked-over-corruption-charges-397683|date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> He was arrested by the Punjab Police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhagwant Mann sacks Punjab health minister Vijay Singla: 'AAP an honest party' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/punjab-cm-bhagwant-mann-sacks-health-minister-amid-corruption-charges-101653377929108-amp.html |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two months ago, sacked Punjab minister Vijay Singla had warned of zero tolerance for corruption |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/sacked-punjab-minister-vijay-singla-had-warned-of-zero-tolerance-for-corruption-7933741/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> An employee of the Punjab Health System Corporation had complained against Singla and his assistant. Mohali court has sent Singla on 14 day judicial custody till the next hearing on 10 June.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sacked Punjab minister Vijay Singla sent in 14-day judicial custody |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sacked-punjab-minister-vijay-singla-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-398671 |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

On May 24, 2022, Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann went live on social media to announce Singla's arrest. He claimed he had personally handed over Singla to the Vigilance Bureau after receiving proof. Singla allegedly demanded a 2% commission on contracts/tenders from the Health Department and was linked to a ₹58 crore tender, amounting to a bribe of about ₹1.16 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corruption cases against Dr Vijay Singla, Amit Rattan Kotfatta caught in legal tangle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/corruption-cases-against-dr-vijay-singla-amit-rattan-kotfatta-caught-in-legal-tangle-101748027818621.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Om Parkash Soni]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Health and Family Welfare]]
|years=March 2022–May 2022}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Bhagwant Mann]]}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Raj Kumar Verka]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Medical Education and Research]]
|years=March 2022–May 2022}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Bhagwant Mann]]}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Mansa, Punjab
| before= Nazar Singh Manshahia (AAP)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]
[[Category:Mann ministry]]

Rakkam A Sangma

2026-04-11T20:41:26Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up new entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakkam Ampang Sangma
| image =
| office = [[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister, Education Department]], [[Government of Meghalaya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/meghalaya-ministers-allocated-portfolios-who-got-what-check-full-list-101678513084051.html|title=Meghalaya ministers allocated portfolios: Who got what? Check full list|date=11 March 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| governor = [[C. H. Vijayashankar|Shri. Chandrashekhar H. Vijayshankar]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Second Conrad Sangma ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Ministry of Education
* Border Areas Development
* General Administration Department
| term_start = 7 March 2023
| office1 = Member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Rongara Siju Assembly constituency|Rongara-Siju]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| office3 =
| term_end1 =
| office2 =
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| parents =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]], former [[lecturer]]
| education =
| legislature = Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
| governor2 = [[Phagu Chauhan]]
}}

'''Rakkam Ampang Sangma''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]] of North East India since 2018 from 58 [[Rongara Siju Assembly constituency|Rongara-Siju assembly]]. He currently serves as a Cabinet Minister in the State Government of [[Meghalaya]] for the departments of education,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-05 |title=Meghalaya NGO criticises State Education Minister Rakkam Sangma for planning to consecrate university with Christian prayer service |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/meghalaya-ngo-criticises-state-education-minister-rakkam-sangma-for-planning-to-consecrate-university-with-christian-prayer-service/article69064351.ece |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> border areas development and general administration department, Government of Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Minister acknowledges lack of resources in border areas - The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/01/13/minister-acknowledges-lack-of-resources-in-border-areas/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=theshillongtimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early career ==
Rakkam was an assistant lecturer at Baghmara higher secondary school.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=2018 Election Affidavit |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/affidavits/58-rongara-siju/rakkam-a-sangma.pdf}}</ref> His father's name is Ringban S Marak, he obtained his M.Sc. degree in physics from [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Rakkam A. Sangma |url=https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/RakkamA._Sangma.pdf |website=megassembly.gov.in/}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rakkam started his political career as an Independent candidate contesting from the [[Rongara Siju Assembly constituency]] in the year of 2013 at the age of 29.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Election affidavit |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/affidavits/58-rongara-siju/rakkam-a-sangma.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522145824/http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/affidavits/58-rongara-siju/rakkam-a-sangma.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2022 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014 he joined the [[National People's Party (India)|National Peoples Party]] under the leadership of [[P. A. Sangma]] who was the former [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker of Loksabha]] and fourth chief minister of Meghalaya and again contested from the same constituency in 2018 and won in [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rongara-Siju Election 2023: Rongara-Siju Assembly Seat LIVE Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/rongara-siju-election-result-s15a058/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Rakkam contested from the same constituency in [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Election]] and won with a huge majority,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Election affidavit |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |website=Election commission of India}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> this time his party made him a cabinet minister and gave responsibilities of ministries of 3 departments namely Education Department, Border areas development, General Administration Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/meghalaya-cabinet-ministers-list/|title=Meghalaya Cabinet Ministers List | Meghalaya Ministers List With Portfolio - Oneindia|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangma, Rakkam A}}
[[Category:Meghalaya-related lists]]
[[Category:Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Tura, Meghalaya]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Garo people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Puthagam

2026-04-11T14:06:09Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up some details v1

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Vijay Adhiraj}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puthagam
| image = Puthagam Poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Vijay Adhiraj]]
| writer = Vijay Adiraj Guhan Sreenivasan (dialogues)
| producer = S. Manjula
| story = Vijay Adiraj
| starring = [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| music = [[James Vasanthan]]
| cinematography =[[Laxman Kumar]]
| editing = Kevin
| studio = Ram Pictures Private Limited
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|1|14|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Pongalo Pongal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-pongalo-pongal-news-tamil-nbmtVFiihfgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816090509/http://www.sify.com/movies/2013-pongalo-pongal-news-tamil-nbmtVFiihfgsi.html |archive-date=16 August 2015 |website=Sify}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil

}}

'''''Puthagam''''' ({{Translation|Book}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by television personality [[Vijay Adhiraj]] and produced by S. Manjula for Ram Pictures Private Limited.

The film stars [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]], brother of actor [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], in the lead role;<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2012 |title=Arya's Brother To Work With Vijay - Arya - Vijay - Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-04/arya-vijay-27-04-12.html |access-date=17 September 2012 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Rakul Preet Singh]], a former [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]], as the leading lady; Telugu actor [[Jagapati Babu]] as the antagonist; and Sanjay Bharathi, son of veteran actor/director [[Santhana Bharathi]] (who also starred in the film), along with Vignesh Vijaykumar of ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' fame in supporting roles alongside [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], and [[Rachana Maurya]], among others.

The film was shot in Sony F 65.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2012 |title=Puthagam shot with expert camera |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=8171 |access-date=17 September 2012 |publisher=Ayngaran International}}</ref> J. Laxman Kumar of ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' was the man behind the camera, and the music was scored by [[James Vasanthan]]. The movie also has [[GK (art director)|GK]] as its art director and cinematography [[Laxman Kumar]]. The film was released on 14 January 2013.

==Plot==
Mohan lives in Chennai. His two roommates, Anthony and Radhakrishnan are from less fortunate backgrounds. Despite their differences, they are best friends. Radhakrishnan is in love with his boss Thara. One day, Mohan borrows a book from the Chennai Literary Society library for his television reporter girlfriend Divya. He then finds a note in the book that leads him to a cemetery. All the graves painted blue have thousands of bank notes instead of dead bodies. Mohan shares this news with his roommates and they decide to share the cash to solve their families' financial problems.

At the same time, Divya is covering the high-profile case of a powerful but corrupt political leader Imaiyappan. He has lost all the black money that he has been hiding away from the authorities for years by giving it to a close friend for safekeeping. Now, the friend has died and Imaiyappan does not know where all his black money is. He is forced to seek the help of JB and Dolly, two highly skilled former intelligence officers.

After much difficulty, JB and Dolly manage to track down the family of Imaiyappan's late friend. The friend had hidden the location of the black money in a book in a Chennai library before he was run over by a truck. He had sent the book's registry number via a text message to his family so that they could take it and move to London. JB and Dolly then learn that the last person to check out the supposed book from the library was Mohan.

Mohan and everyone he loves then ends up in harm's way when both JB and Imaiyappan come after him. In the end, JB decides to let Mohan and his loved ones life when he discovers that Mohan only took a small portion of the black money to help his roommates with their finances, while he donated the rest of them to various charities across the city anonymously. Imaiyappan then has a heart attack when he learns that both his reputation and black money are gone forever.

In the end, Mohan is shown going on a vacation with Divya and their friends. Unknown to them, JB and Dolly are following them. It turns out that Mohan had only donated part of the money to charities, and he had transferred the rest to a Swiss bank and turned them all into legal money. JB is enraged as he has been tricked by a boy as young as Mohan and sets out to trap him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] as Mohan
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Divya
* Sanjay Bharathi as Radhakrishnan
* Vignesh Vijayakumar as Anthony
* [[Rachana Maurya]] as Dolly
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Thara
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Imaiyappan
* [[Jagapati Babu]] as JB
* Vicky Krish as Mohan's friend
* [[Crazy Mohan]] as Varadachari
* [[Manobala]] as Kalyanasundaram aka Kallis
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Thennai Kabali
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Anand
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Vasanth
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Bank officer
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Veni
* [[Uma (Tamil actress)|Uma]] as Divya's mother
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Goon
* [[Crane Manohar]]
* [[Vichu Viswanath]] as Guru
* Bhanuprakash as Ajay Thinmaiha
* [[Sindhu Shyam]] as Nancy
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Newsreader
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Traffic police officer
* [[RJ Balaji]] as Narrator (voiceover)
}}

==Production==
===Filming===
Filming of the film started in April,<ref>*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120430034307/http://www.sify.com/movies/Puthagam-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-me1qVjcegdb.html?html=5 Puthagam launched]. Sify Technologies Ltd. Before June 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2012 |title=Vijay Adiraj to direct Arya's brother! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81478.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428191007/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81478.html |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=17 September 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> incidentally the first shot was directed by P. Vasu. The film comprises five sound tracks out of which three were canned in Bangkok and Pattaya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh, Sunayana |date=29 April 2012 |title=Puthagam's launch bash |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/regional/31476035_1_sathya-divya-spandana-arya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103071629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/regional/31476035_1_sathya-divya-spandana-arya |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=17 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Puthagam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[James Vasanthan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2012|11|12}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Gemini
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Paagan]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Dalam]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The soundtrack is composed by [[James Vasanthan]], who is Vijay's friend and also a television anchor earlier. Audio was rumoured to be launched on 27 Oct but got launched on 12 Nov 2012 at the Hotel Hyatt, Chennai. Actors [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[P. Vasu]], [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]], [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]], Rahika, Kuyil; music directors James Vasanthan and [[Vijay Antony]]; and lyricists [[Na. Muthukumar]] and [[Madhan Karky]] were among those at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=kollytalk.com - Informationen zum Thema. |url=http://ww1.kollytalk.com/ |website=ww1.kollytalk.com}}</ref>

Unfortunately, the soundtrack was not promoted well in radio stations which led James to show his anger on social-blogging site: "Don't know why FM stations show discrimination towards composers. The recently-released Puthagam of mine is not even played once in few FMs".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter / Vasanthan_James: Don't know why FM stations |url=https://twitter.com/Vasanthan_James/status/275838000947159040 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025202122/https://twitter.com/Vasanthan_James/status/275838000947159040 |archive-date=25 October 2013 |access-date=2013-01-01 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

* "Kondadathaan" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Rahul, Sunandan
* "Mella Poopupukudhe" - Belly Raj, [[Deepa Miriam]]
* "Italica" - Mathangi
* "Say That You Love Me" - [[Suchitra]], Prasad
* "Money Is So Funny" - Gerard Johnson, Maya

===Critical reception===
Behindwoods wrote:"Puthagam allows James Vasanthan to churn out some urban tunes for a youthful album and the result is a soundtrack that shines in parts".<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUTHAGAM MUSIC REVIEW - PUTHAGAM MUSIC REVIEW |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/nov-12-04/puthagam-music-review.html |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Milliblog wrote:"James’s music is erratic, as usual, but the highlights impress".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthagam (Music review), Tamil – James Vasanthan by Milliblog! |url=http://milliblog.com/2012/11/21/puthagam-music-review-tamil-james-vasanthan/}}</ref> Musicperk.com rated the album 7.5/10 quoting "This book has some interesting numbers too !".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthagam | Musicperk - Trending news, analysis, reviews, ratings and exclusive content for music |url=http://www.musicperk.com/puthagam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326075152/http://www.musicperk.com/puthagam/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>

==Release==
The distribution rights for Puthagam in Tamil Nadu were bought by Gemini Film Circuit, which had produced and distributed Nanban. The film was released on 14 January 2013 on the eve of Pongal festival. The publicity for the film was weak and it took a poor opening at the box office with the grossing of {{INRConvert|3.5|l}} in the first week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthagam box office collection |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/puthagam/puthagam-box-office-jan-17.html |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film opened with 64 shows on its first weekend in Chennai box office. It was removed after one week. It sold 3,900 tickets in Chennai during its lifetime.

===Critical reception===
Indiaglitz wrote:"what could have been a racy and an innovative thriller was plagued by mediocre screenplay which drags the movie in and out. Puthagam the movie is a slow oozing out thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Cinema News - Tamil Movie Reviews - Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813033148/http://www.indiaglitz.com/tamil |archive-date=13 August 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "'Puthagam' doesn't turn out to the fast-paced read it had the potential to be".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puthagam - The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/puthagam/movie-review/18085499.cms |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> Behindwoods wrote:"the result of what might have been an edge of the seat thriller turns into a long drama filled with the usual sentiments played by usual characters".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthagam Movie Review Puthagam, vijay adhiraj, Sathya |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/puthagam/puthagam-review.html |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3378280}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by James Vasanthan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of Hindu temples in Tulu Nadu

2026-04-08T18:50:26Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: started basic place first draft

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed |date=May 2013}}
This is a '''list of Hindu ( Sanatana ) temples in Tulu Nadu''', a region in the southern Indian state of [[Karnataka]], comprising present day [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi district]] of Karnataka state and [[Kasargod district]] of Kerala state . [[Tulu Nadu]] is famous for numerous temples dedicated to [[Ganapati]], [[Subrahmanya]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Durga]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Guru]] and hundreds of temples of other deities.

{| class="wikitable"
|- name
! Deity
! Temple Name
! Location
|-
| Ganesh
| Swastika Ganapathi/Vinayaka Temple
| [[Southadka]], Kokkada
[[Kodialbail|Sharavu]], Kodialbail
Ganeshpura, [[Katipalla]]
*Yudettu, [[Haladi|Matyadi]]
*[[Uppoor]], Udupi
[[Nadsal]], Someshwara
Anegudde, [[Kumbhashi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udupitourism.com/Pilgrims|title=Pilgrims |publisher=udupitourism.com|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
Hattiangadi, [[Kundapura]]
Madhur siddhivinayaka kasargodu
[[Idagunji]], Honnavara
|-
| Subrahmanya
| Swastika Subrahmanya/Subraya Temple
| Kukke, [[Kukke Subrahmanya]]
Katukukke, [[Perla, Kasaragod|Perla]]
[[Kadandale]], [[Moodabidre]]
Thokur, [[Haleangadi]]
Guddemmadi, [[Senapura]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | Vishnu
| Swastika Vishnu murthi temple
| [[Kulai]], Mangalore
Arur, [[Udupi]]
*Kavur, [[Sullia]]
Punarur, [[Talipady]]
Panambur, Thokur
|-
| Swastika Anantha Padmanabha Temple
| [[Kudupu]], Vamanjoor
Perdoor, [[Udupi]]
Ananthapura, [[Ananthapura Lake Temple|Kumble]]
|-
| Swastika Narayana Temple
| Anjar, Udupi
|-
| Swastika Venkataramana Temple
| Carstreet, [[Mangalore]]
Tirumala, [[Bantwala]]
Paner, Bantwala
Carstreet, Puttur
Laila, Belthangadi
Karnad, Mulky
Carstreet, Kasaragod
|-
| Shiva/Vishnu
| Swastika Shankarnarayana Temple
| [[Nandavara]], Melkar
[[Shankaranarayana]], Haladi
Koliyoor, Udupi
|-
| rowspan="27" |Shiva
| Swastika Mahalingeshwara Temple
| Carstreet, [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
*[[Pandeshwar, Mangalore]]
*[[Kavoor]], Mangalore
*Carstreet, [[Bantwala]]
*Iddya, [[Surathkal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in/temples/IdyaMahalingeshwaraTemple/History.htm#History|title=Idya Shree Mahalingeshwara temple|publisher=Regional Commissioner, Mysore|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
*[[Kateel|Ponnagiri]], Soorinje
*[[Pavanje]], Haleangadi, Adooru
mulleria*Ajapila, [[Bellare, Dakshina Kannada|Bellare]]
*Padubidre, [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kaup]]
*[[Uchila, Udupi|Uchila]], Kaup
*[[Udupi|Bannanje]], Udupi
*Kalavara, [[Kundapura]]
*Kumbhashi, [[Kundapura]]
*[[Miyar]], Karkala
*Pervaje, [[Karkala]]
|-
| Swastika Somanatheshwara Temple
| Puthige, Moodabidre,
[[Someshwara Temple|Someshwara]], [[Ullal]]
Kuthyar, Belthangadi
Kurnad, Mudipu
|-
| Swastika Sadashiva Temple
| [[Surathkal]], Mangalore,
[[Kalladka|Narahari Parvata]], Amtoor
*Nitilapura, [[Golthamajal]]
Ambar, [[Uppala|Mangalapadi]]
|-
| Swastika Panchalingeshwara Temple
| Kavu, Puttur
Vittla, Bantwala
Parivara, [[Kadaba|Panja]]
Kundakushi, Beddadka
|-
| Swastika Anantheshwara Temple
| Ballamanja, Machina
Carstreet, Udupi
Bengre, [[Manjeshwaram]]
|-
| Swastika Manjunatha Temple
| [[Kadri, Mangalore]]
[[Dharmasthala]], Belthangadi
|-
| Swastika Mallikarjuna Temple
| [[Sampaje|Thodikana]], Sullia
Carstreet, Kasaragod
|-
| Swastika Kundeshwara Temple
| Carstreet, [[Kundapura]]
[[Kundapura|Vadera]], Kundapura
|-
| Swastika Agastyeshwara Temple
| [[Kundapura|Kiri Manjeshwara]], Kundapura
|-
| Swastika Adinatheshwara Temple
| Adyapadi, [[Bajpe]]
|-
| Swastika Amrutheshwara Temple
| Tiruvailu, Vamanjoor
|-
| Swastika Udaneshwara Temple
| Perdala, [[Perla, Kasaragod|Katukukke]]
|-
| Swastika Kotilingeshwara Temple
| [[Koteshwara]], Kundapura
|-
| Swastika Karinjeshwara Temple
| Karinja, [[Karinjeshwara Temple|Kavala Padoor]]
|-
| Swastika Gokarnanatheshwara Temple
| [[Kudroli]], Mangalore
|-
| Swastika Chandramoulishwara Temple
| Carstreet, [[Udupi]]
|-
| Swastika Trayambakeshwara Temple
| [[Kalnad]], Kasaragod
|-
| '''Swastika Tuluveshwara Temple'''
| Basrur, [[Kundapura]]
|-
| Swastika Nandaneshwara Temple
| Panamboor, [[Thokur]]
|-
| Swastika Brahmalingeswara Temple
| [[Maranakatte]], Chittur
|-
| Swastika Madhanantheshwara Temple
| Madhur, [[Kasaragod]]
|-
| Swastika Ramakunjeshwara Temple
| [[Koila|Ramakunja]], Uppinangadi
|-
| Swastika Vishweshwara Temple
| Yellur, [[Udupi]]
|-
| Swastika Vishwakarmeshwara Temple
| [[Katapadi|Yennegudde]], Katapadi
|-
| Swastika Sahasralingeshwara Temple
| Dakshina Kashi/Gaya, [[Uppinangadi]]
|-
| Swastika Seneshwara Temple
| [[Shiroor]], Byndoor
|-
| Swastika Harihareshwara Temple

| [[Kukke Subrahmanya|Harihara Pallathaka]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | Shakti/ Durga
| [[Sri Parashakthi Kshetra|Om Parashakthi Kshetra]]
| Madyar, Kotekar
|-
| Om Durgaparameshwari Temple
| Bappanadu, [[Mulki, Karnataka|Mulky]]
[[Kateel]], Kondemula
Chitrapura, [[Kulai]]
[[Moodabidre|Eruvailu]], Moodabidre
Devipura, [[Talapady]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in/temples/TalapadyDurgaparameshwariTemple/History.htm|title=Shree Durgaparameshwari Temple |publisher=Regional Commissioner, Mysore|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
[[Kokkada|Montethadka]], Shibaje
Sharavoor, [[Koila|Alankar]]
[[Mandarthi]], Barkur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/tourist-places/|title=Tourist Places |publisher=udupi.nic.in|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>
[[Uppunda]], Kundapura
Nandalike, [[Belman, Karkal|Belman]]
[[Kunjarugiri]], Udupi
Soukur, [[Kundapura]]
[[Kemmannu]], Nitte
Malla, [[Muliyar]]
[[Karadka|Mundol]], Karadka
Aiyala, [[Uppala]]
[[Badiadka|Agalpadi]], Umbrangala
|-
| Om Jaya/Pancha/Brahmi Durgaparameshwari Temple
| Kannarpadi, [[Udupi]]
Poonja, Arambodi
Kamalashile, [[Kundapura]]
|-
| Om Mahishamardini Temple
| Neelavara, [[Barkur]]
Kadiyali, [[Udupi]]
|-
| Om Mookambika Temple
| [[Mookambika Temple, Kollur|Kollur]], Jadkal
|-
| rowspan="2" | Lakshmi/Vishnu
| Sri Lakshmi Janardhana Temple
| Ellur, [[Karkala]]
|-
| Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Temple
| [[Mani, Karnataka|Kadeshwalya]], Mani
|-
| rowspan="5" | Matrika
| Sri Amrutheshwari Temple
| Kota, [[Brahmavara]]
|-
| Sri Khadgeshwari Temple
| [[Mukka|Madhya]], Soorinje
|-
| Sri Mangaladevi Temple
| Bolara, [[Mangalore]]
|-
| Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple
| [[Polali]], Kariangala
|-
| Sri Mariyamma Temple
| Halekote, [[Bolar, Mangalore]]
Marigudi, Kaup
Marigudi, [[Karkala]]
Moornad, Kaup
|-
| rowspan="5" | Dashavatara
| Swastika Gopalakrishna Temple
| Kannipura, [[Kumble]]
|-
| Swastika Gopinatha Temple
| [[Attavara]], Mangalore
|-
| Swastika Chennakeshava Temple
| Carstreet, [[Sullia]]
|-
| Swastika Narasimha Temple
| [[Saligrama]], Brahmavara
Rattadi, Udupi
|-
| Swastika Ramachandra Temple
| Ashwathapura, Kadandale
|-swastika parthasarathi temple |mujungavu
| rowspan="3" | Rudravathara
| Swastika Mukhyaprana Temple
| Halekote, Mangalore
|-
| Swastika Hanumantha Temple
| Hampankatte, Mangalore
|-
| Swastika Veerabhadra Temple
| Hiriadka, Udupi
|-
| Surya
| Swastika Soorya Narayana Temple
| Maroli, Padil
Naravi, Belthangadi
|-
| Nagabrahma
| Swastika Nagabrahma Temple
| Paduperara, Bajpe
|-
| rowspan="2" | Guru
| Shirdi Saibaba Temple
| Ladyhill, Mangalore
Kudroli, Mangalore
Shamboor, Bantwala
|-
| Brahma Shree Narayana Guru Temple
| Kolya, Kotekar
Karnad, Mulky
Bappallige, Puttur
Ganadapadpu, Bantwala
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temples In Tulunadu}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka|Tulu Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Udupi district]]
[[Category:Tulu Nadu]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Karnataka|Temples in Tulu Nadu]]

{{TuluNadu-geo-stub}}
{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum

2026-04-04T11:01:03Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up new entry with sources

{{Short description|2021 film by Arisil Moorthy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum
| image = Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Arisil Moorthy
| writer = Arisil Moorthy
| producer = {{ubl|[[Suriya]]|[[Jyothika]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|Mithun Manickam|[[Ramya Pandian]]|[[Vani Bhojan]]}}
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]
| editing = Shiva Saravanan
| music = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| studio = [[2D Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|09|24}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum''''' ({{Translation|Whether [[Rama]] or [[Ravana]] is the ruler now}}) or simply known as '''''RARA''''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinndhuja |date=25 September 2021 |title=Raame Aandalum Ravane Aandalum Review: A Film That Could Have Flourished with Better Treatment |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/raame-aandalum-ravane-aandalum-review-a-film-that-could-have-flourished-with-better-treatment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211184942/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/reviews/raame-aandalum-ravane-aandalum-review-a-film-that-could-have-flourished-with-better-treatment/ |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> is a 2021 Tamil-language [[political drama]] film directed by Arisil Moorthy, on his directorial debut. It is produced by [[Suriya]] and [[Jyothika]] of [[2D Entertainment]]. The film features newcomer Mithun Manickam, [[Ramya Pandian]], and [[Vani Bhojan]]. The music is composed by [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], with cinematography handled by [[M. Sukumar]] and editing done by Shiva Saravanan.

The film was released on the digital streaming platform [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 24 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=2021-09-15 |title=Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum trailer: Suriya promises a hard-hitting political drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-trailer-suriya-promises-a-hard-hitting-political-drama-7510112/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213222/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-trailer-suriya-promises-a-hard-hitting-political-drama-7510112/ |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The film begins with a farmer, Kunnimuthu, going to the police station to lodge a complaint. The constable chases him out after he realises that Kunnimuthu had come to file a report of missing a pair of bulls, Karuppan and Vellaiyan. The bulls, are like children for him and his wife, Veerayi. Veerayi's father gifted the bulls during their wedding four years prior. Since then, the cows have been like their children, and the couple cares for them more than their lives. Kunnimuthu's friend, Manthini, looks for the bulls along with him, but to no avail.

Once, reporter Narmadha comes to the village to file a documentary, and Manthini helps her. In the process, he finds Kunnimuthu being charged for trying to steal bulls, when in reality, he was searching for his bulls. Narmadha rescues him and learns of it. She decides to help them with her channel. Kunnimuthu reveals that the bulls went missing the night he shamed a minister on stage. The minister had borrowed the bulls, staging them to be given as gifts to farmers. When the minister's men beat the bulls to bring them onstage, Kunnimuthu attacks the minister and brings the bulls away, in the process revealing that the presentation ceremony was not true. Narmadha realizes that the minister had his men abducted the bulls. She sensationalizes the issue, and it gets total Tamil Nadu media coverage. The minister panics when he finds out that the bulls are sold.

He comes to the village to make peace with Kunnimuthu, offering him a new pair of cows, only to be insulted by Veerayi. Soon, the sensation wears off, and the village goes back to normal. Narmadha, though, continues helping them. She finds out that not only the bulls are missing, but also the facilities in the village. The government had made it look like the village was funded to build ponds and schools, when in reality, nothing happened. Narmadha makes YouTube videos and gets in touch with a lawyer who belonged to the village. He helps her file a case in high court to make sure the government does its job. Kunnimuthu, while travelling, finds his bulls. He brings them back to his village to find out that the construction work for ponds and other facilities is happening. The family has an emotional reunion with Karuppan and Vellaiyan.

== Cast ==
* Mithun Manickam as Kunnimuthu
* [[Ramya Pandian]] as Veerayi
* [[Vani Bhojan]] as Narmadha Periyasamy
* Vadivel Murugan as Manthinni

== Production ==
In January 2021, actress [[Ramya Pandian]] was reportedly signed for a women-centric film produced by [[Suriya]]'s [[2D Entertainment]] banner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2021 |title=Ramya Pandian in a female centric film |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramya-pandian-in-a-female-centric-film/articleshow/80477392.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023085307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramya-pandian-in-a-female-centric-film/articleshow/80477392.cms |archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> This film was reportedly directed by newcomer Arisil Moorthy,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Bigg Boss fame Ramya Pandian signs her next, to be produced by Suriya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigg-boss-fame-ramya-pandian-signs-her-next-to-be-produced-by-suriya-1763240-2021-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023085314/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigg-boss-fame-ramya-pandian-signs-her-next-to-be-produced-by-suriya-1763240-2021-01-27 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> who revealed that "the storyline is close to the heart", further being considered as an "impactful political satire dealing with human emotions".{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film began production on 1 February 2021, and [[Vani Bhojan]] joined the film as one of the leads, along with newcomer Mithun Manickam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2021 |title=Vani Bhojan joins Ramya Pandian's female centric film |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vani-bhojan-joins-ramya-pandians-female-centric-film/articleshow/80623463.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201045828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vani-bhojan-joins-ramya-pandians-female-centric-film/articleshow/80623463.cms |archive-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> Shooting took place in [[Tirunelveli]] and its surrounding areas and was completed within 50 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2021 |title=Is Ramya Pandian's brother Parasu making his big-screen debut soon? here's the truth |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-ramya-pandians-brother-parasu-making-his-big-screen-debut-soon-heres-the-truth/articleshow/82305920.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921060834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-ramya-pandians-brother-parasu-making-his-big-screen-debut-soon-heres-the-truth/articleshow/82305920.cms |archive-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| released = 10 September 2021
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:44
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|PR3Dk7etOcA|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}
The film's soundtrack is composed by playback singer [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]. He started working on the soundtrack when the film's production began and completed the recording work, including the [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|final mixing]] and [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]], by April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2021 |title=Krish completes composing songs for Vani Bhojan and Ramya Pandian's next film |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krish-completes-composing-songs-for-vani-bhojan-and-ramya-pandians-next-film/articleshow/82304650.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920222055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krish-completes-composing-songs-for-vani-bhojan-and-ramya-pandians-next-film/articleshow/82304650.cms |archive-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> The film's soundtrack featured eight tracks: five songs, two themes, and an instrumental track of the song, with lyrics written by [[Yugabharathi]], [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Senthildass Velayutham]], and Ve. Madhankumar. [[Sony Music India]] acquired the film's rights and released the [[soundtrack]] on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krish |author-link=Krish (singer) |date=2021-09-10 |title=Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6u8JPp8jEndvmmEMgqH5AO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023085309/https://open.spotify.com/album/6u8JPp8jEndvmmEMgqH5AO |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = Seera Seera
| length1 = 03:23
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| extra1 = Mahalingam, Rajeshwari, Krish
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| title2 = Kaasu
| extra2 = Bamba Bakya
| length2 = 03:43
| lyrics2 = Ve. Madhankumar
| total_length = 20:44
| title3 = Lallaario Lallaario
| lyrics3 = Ve. Madhankumar
| extra3 = [[Velmurugan]]
| length3 = 02:23
| title4 = Suitu Coatu
| lyrics4 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra4 = Priya Mali, Thirumoorthy
| length4 = 03:28
| title5 = Enna Vittu Pona
| lyrics5 = [[Senthildass Velayutham]]
| extra5 = [[Senthildass Velayutham]]
| length5 = 02:00
| title6 = Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum
| note6 = Theme
| lyrics6 = {{ndash}}
| extra6 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| length6 = 02:56
| title7 = Kodangi
| lyrics7 = Ve. Madhankumar
| extra7 = [[Senthildass Velayutham]]
| length7 = 01:18
| title8 = Suitu Coatu
| note8 = Instrumental
| lyrics8 = {{ndash}}
| extra8 = Krish
| length8 = 01:32
}}

== Release ==
In August 2021, Suriya signed a four-film deal with the streaming service [[Amazon Prime Video]], wherein films produced by 2D Entertainment would directly premiere on the streaming service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=2021-08-25 |title=Inside 2D Entertainment's four-film deal with Amazon Prime Video India: Why Suriya's productions are going digital |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-2d-entertainments-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-india-why-suriyas-productions-are-going-digital-9907941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905154704/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-2d-entertainments-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-india-why-suriyas-productions-are-going-digital-9907941.html |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-05 |title=Suriya's 2D inks four film deal with Amazon Prime Video, 'Jai Bhim' to release in Nov |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriyas-2d-inks-four-film-deal-amazon-prime-video-jai-bhim-release-nov-153475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921095001/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriyas-2d-inks-four-film-deal-amazon-prime-video-jai-bhim-release-nov-153475 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> ''Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum'', the first of the four-film deal,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=2021-08-05 |title=Suriya announces four upcoming Tamil productions for Amazon Prime release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriya-announces-four-upcoming-tamil-productions-for-amazon-prime-release-101628152741047.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriya-announces-four-upcoming-tamil-productions-for-amazon-prime-release-101628152741047.html |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> was released on 24 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2021-09-15 |title=Suriya's production 'Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum' to release Sep 24 on Amazon Prime |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriyas-production-raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-to-release-sep-24-on-amazon-prime/article36468491.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212839/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriyas-production-raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-to-release-sep-24-on-amazon-prime/article36468491.ece |archive-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>

==Reception==
Subha J Rao of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "The film, directed by Arisil Moorthy and starring Ramya Pandian, Mithun Manickam and two Kangeyam bulls, delivers a part of what it promises."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=24 September 2021 |title=Review Of 'Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum' on Amazon Prime Video: A Village Vignette That's Decently Engaging But Not Charming |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-movie-review-amazon-prime-village-vignette-thats-decently-engaging-but-not-charming-ramya-pandian-mithun-manickam-vani-bhojan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004001933/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-movie-review-amazon-prime-village-vignette-thats-decently-engaging-but-not-charming-ramya-pandian-mithun-manickam-vani-bhojan/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=September 30, 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15029764}}
{{2D Entertainment}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2020s political drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]

St. Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church, Koduvila

2026-03-31T01:36:53Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Put up first entry nd citations

{{Short description|Orthodox church in Koduvila, India}}
{{redirect|St Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church|other uses|St. Elijah's Church (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2011}}

[[File:St Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church in 2008.jpg|thumb|St Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church in 2008]]
[[File:Newly renovated St Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church in 2011.jpg|thumb|The newly renovated church in 2011]]
'''St. Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church''', [[Koduvila]], is one of the ancient churches of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Malankara Orthodox Church]]. The church was established by the Malankara Metropolitan Pulikkottil, Joseph Mar Dionysius V.

==History==
During the First Several years, members of the church joined with St. Mary's Orthodox Valiyapalli in [[Kallada]], where the graveyard of Mar Andrew is located. To reach the church, the congregation would need to cross the [[Kallada River]] for participating in sacramental ceremonies known as the [[Holy Qurbana]].

==Location==
The church is located near [[Munroe Island]] in Kallada.it is located in Kollam Sub-District, India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://binged.it/1PwBIct | title=Bing Kaarten}}</ref><ref name="church location">{{cite web|url=http://binged.it/1PwBIct|website=Bing maps|title=Bing Kaarten}}</ref>

==Renovation==
On September 13, 2008, in the presence of Matthews Mar Epiphanios, the metropolitan of Kochi, Zachariah Mar Anthonios laid the [[foundation stone]] of the new church. Its construction is a blend of ancient and modern architecture, with the installation of the main door on September 13, 2009 by Zachariah Mar Anthonios. The people of the local community assisted in construction activities.

[[File:St Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church in July 2011.jpg|thumb|Church in July 2011]]

[[File:Interior of St Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church in July 2011.jpg|thumb|Interior of the renovated Church]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St. Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church, Koduvila}}
*[http://stelijahkoduvila.com/church_history/ St Elijah Orthodox Syrian Church]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Churches of Kerala}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Churches in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian church buildings]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}
{{India-church-stub}}
{{Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-struct-stub}}

Jeet Gannguli

2026-03-28T10:01:48Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal:

{{short description|Indian score composer, music director and playback singer}}
{{Distinguish|Jeet (actor)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jeet Gannguli
| image = Jeet Gannguli image.crop.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Chandrajeet Ganguly
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1971|05|24}}
| birth_place =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| alias = Jeet Ganguly
| origin = [[Baranagar]], [[Kolkata]]
| years_active = 2001–present
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback Singer]]|[[Music director]]|[[Music Composer]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Indian classical]]|Film scores|[[Indi-pop]]|[[Soundtrack]]}}
| instruments = {{hlist|[[Guitar]]|Instrument|Playback Singing}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/jeet-gannguli-uses-different-instrumentation-songs-hamari-adhuri-kahani-150520|title=Jeet Ganguly's Musical Instruments|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Saregama]], [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]], [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}

'''Jeet Gannguli''' ({{IPA|bn|dʒit ɡaŋɡuli|pron}}, born '''Chandrajeet Ganguly''', on 24 May 1971) is an Indian [[playback singer]] and [[composer]] who works in [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] cinema.<ref>[http://www.india.com/showbiz/mid-year-review-roy-hamari-adhuri-kahani-badlapur-top-5-hit-music-albums-of-the-year-442346/ Mid-year review: Roy, Hamari Adhuri Kahani, Badlapur -Top 5 hit music albums of the year]. India.com. Retrieved 15 March 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jeet-ganguly-im-back-in-the-music-industry-after-10-years-only-because-of-mukesh-bhatt-he-is-my-godfather/523856-8-66.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124063729/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jeet-ganguly-im-back-in-the-music-industry-after-10-years-only-because-of-mukesh-bhatt-he-is-my-godfather/523856-8-66.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 January 2015 | title=Composer Jeet Ganguly made a comeback in Bollywood | publisher=CNN-IBN | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/13976 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109070848/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/13976 | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 January 2012 | title=Music Composer Jeet Ganguly | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in a Kulin [[Bengali Brahmin]] family, Gannguli was initiated into the world of music at the age of three. He was a student of [[Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]] from where he completed his schooling. Later he graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]].{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}} He is trained in Indian classical music under the guidance of his father Kali Ganguly and his pisima (father's sister) Shibani Roychowdhury. He studied western classical music, jazz and rock with jazz guitarist [[Carlton Kitto]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeet Gannguli is happy to work with Jubin Nautiyal for Tumi Ashbe Bole |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/jan/22/jeet-gannguli-is-happy-toworkwith-jubin-nautiyal-for-tumi-ashbe-bole-31086.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=21 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Gannguli got his first break when [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] was signed on to direct ''[[Tere Liye (film)|Tere Liye]]'' and he, in turn, signed on his friends Jeet Gannguli and [[Pritam]] as music composers. In 2002 [[Yash Raj Films]] signed Gadhvi up to direct ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'', for which the Gannguli-Pritam duo composed the music.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} But due to some misunderstanding, soon after the film, Gannguli decided to split and the partners went their separate ways.

He then started scoring music for Hindi and Bengali films, TV serials and jingles.<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/youth-can-connect-to-any-good-music--jeet-ganguly/1169827/ Youth can connect to any good music : Jeet Ganguly – ''Indian Express'']. ''The Indian Express''. (16 September 2013). Retrieved 15 March 2017.</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/jeet-ganguli-composes-a-romantic-song-for-alone/ Jeet Ganguli composes a romantic song for Alone]. ''The Indian Express'' (28 November 2014). Retrieved 15 March 2017.</ref>

He has composed several songs for several Hindi movies like ''[[Khamoshiyan]]'', ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'', ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]'', ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'', ''[[Raaz Reboot]]'', etc. which became hits.

Gannguli has also composed several songs for Bengali films like ''[[Shubhodrishti]]'', ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'', ''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]'', ''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]'', ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'', ''[[Paglu]]'', ''[[Awara (film)|Awara]]'', ''[[Paglu 2]]'', ''[[Challenge 2]]'', ''[[Boss: Born to Rule]]'', ''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]'', ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'', ''[[Boss 2: Back To Rule]]'', ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''.

==Discography==
{{main|Jeet Gannguli discography}}

===Select discography===
* "[[Suno Na Sangemarmar]]" from ''[[Youngistaan]]''<ref name=iTunes>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/suno-na-sangemarmar/id827628790?i=827628853 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823124919/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/suno-na-sangemarmar/id827628790?i=827628853 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2014 |title=Youngistaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |work=Jeet Gannguli, Shiraz Uppal, Sneha Khanwalkar, Shree D & Ishq Bector |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |date=24 February 2014|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>
* "Teri Khushboo" from ''[[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]]''
* "[[Baatein Ye Kabhi Na]]" from ''[[Khamoshiyan (film)|Khamoshiyan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/khamoshiyan-song-baatein-ye-kabhi-na-watch-gurmeet-choudhary-sapna-pabbi-and-ali-fazals-quintessential-love-triangle-249887/|title=Khamoshiyan song Baatein Ye Kabhi Na: Watch Gurmeet Choudhary, Sapna Pabbi, and Ali Fazal's quintessential love triangle!|author=Akshata Shetty|date=29 January 2015|access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>
* "Chahun Main Ya Naa" from ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lyricsmaze.com/bollywood_songs/aashiqui22013.html|title=Aashiqui 2 Songs|access-date=26 April 2013|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410210438/http://www.lyricsmaze.com/bollywood_songs/aashiqui22013.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* "[[Muskurane]]" from ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Jeet-Gannguli-Music-has-no-barriers-of-region-or-language/articleshow/41093971.cms |title=Jeet Gannguli: Music has no barriers of region or language |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Ria Lawrence |date=29 August 2014|access-date=3 December 2014}}</ref>
* "Bol Naa Aar" from ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]''{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
*''[[Babloo Bachelor]]''

==Awards and nominations==
===Bengali Cinema Awards===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Award !! Category !! Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
| ''[[Yuddho]]''
| [[Filmfare Awards East]]
|rowspan="11"|Best Music Director
|rowspan="11" {{won}}
|-
| ''[[Shubhodrishti]]''
| [[Anandalok Awards]]
|-
| 2007
| ''[[MLA Fatakeshto]]''
| Tele Cine Awards
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Minister Fatakeshto]]''
| Tele Cine Awards
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]''
| Anandalok Award
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
| ''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]''
| Anandalok Award
|-
| ''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re|Poran Jaye Jolia Re]]''
| Star Jalsa Entertainment Award
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bapi Bari Jaa]]''
| Tele Cine Awards
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014
| ''[[Boss: Born to Rule]]''
| Kalakar Award
|-
| ''[[Boss: Born to Rule]]''
| Mirchi Music Awards Bangla
|-
| ''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]''
| Zee Bangla Gaurav Samman Award
|}

===Hindi Cinema Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film/Song !! Award !! Category !! Result
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Morning Walk]]''
| [[2nd Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html|title=Mirchi Music Award 2009|website=radiomirchi.com|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
|rowspan="14" {{won}}
|-
|2013
|rowspan="4"|"[[Tum Hi Ho]]" from ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|Most Entertaining Song{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
|rowspan="9"|2014
|Bollywood Hungama Surfers' Choice Music Awards
|rowspan="3"|Best Song{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
|[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|-
|rowspan="7"|''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
|-
| [[IIFA Awards]]
|-
|Bollywood Hungama Surfers' Choice Music Awards
|Best Soundtrack{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
|Global Indian Music Academy Awards
|Best Film Album{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
|IBNLive Movie Awards
|Best Music Director{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
| [[6th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
| ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|"[[Muskurane]]" from ''CityLights''
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|rowspan="2"|Bollywood Hungama Surfers' Choice Music Awards
|rowspan="2"|Best Song{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|"[[Suno Na Sangemarmar]]" from ''[[Youngistaan]]''
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian film music directors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1188199}}
* {{Twitter|id=jeetmusic}}
* {{Instagram|jeetganngulimusic}}
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speednewsshow/7719030.cms Jeet Ganguly first time working with Pandit Ajoy Chakroborty in a Bengali film Bhorer Allo produced by Green Pigeon Movies]

{{FilmfareAwardBestMusicDirector}}
{{Subject bar|Biography|Bollywood|Film|India
|commons = yes
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}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gannguli, Jeet}}
[[Category:Jeet Gannguli| ]]
[[Category:Indian music directors]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Bengali film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Baranagar]]
[[Category:Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School alumni]]

1832 in India

2026-03-27T19:26:20Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: adding a stub.

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Year in India|1832}}
Events in the year '''1832 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[Governor-General of India]]: [[Lord William Bentinck]]

==Events==
*The [[Bank of Hindostan]] was liquidated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=Bank of Hindostan was established in Calcutta in 1770: Marks 250 years of advent of British private banking in India |url=https://mostlyeconomics.wordpress.com/2020/10/29/bank-of-hindostan-was-established-in-calcutta-in-1770-marks-250-years-of-advent-of-british-private-banking-in-india/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Mostly Economics |language=en}}</ref>
*The [[Kol uprising]] began.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Anil |date=2001 |title=An Unknown Chapter of Kol-Insurrection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155808 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=62 |pages=621–626 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
*The [[Guntur famine of 1832]] affected [[Guntur]], [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famines / by Edward Balfour (1885) |url=http://www.payer.de/quellenkunde/quellen057.htm |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.payer.de}}</ref>
*The [[Bombay Dog Riots]] occurred, sparked by an attempt by municipal colonial authorities to exterminate the city's [[Stray dog|stray dogs]], which was opposed by Bombay's [[Parsis]] due to dogs being considered sacred in [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palsetia |first=Jesse S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6oNt3M_yLgC&q=Bombay+Dog+Riots&pg=PA124 |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-12114-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1832}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1832 in India}}
[[Category:1832 in India| ]]
[[Category:1832 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{india-year-stub}}

Abu'l-Hasan (artist)

2026-03-27T10:50:14Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: minor improved structure for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Mughal miniature painter (1589 – c. 1630)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = 1 Daulat. Portrait of Abu'l Hasan. From the Gulshan Album, ca. 1610, Golestan Palace Library, Tehran.jpg
| style = Mughal
| patrons = [[Jahangir]]
| caption = Portrait of Abu al-Hasan by [[Daulat (artist)|Daulat]] from the [[Gulshan Album]] (c. 1610)
| birth_date = 1589
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = 1630
}}

'''Abu'l-Hasan''' (or '''Abu al-Hasan'''; 1589 – c. 1630), from [[Delhi]], India, was a [[Mughal painter]] of [[miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] during the reign of [[Jahangir]].

== Biography ==
[[File:'The Artist Abu’l Hasan Presents a Painting to Prince Salim', by Abu'l-Hasan, Mughal, ca.1600.png|thumb|'The Artist Abu’l Hasan Presents a Painting to Prince Salim', by Abu'l-Hasan, Mughal, ca.1600]]
Abu al-Hasan was the son of Aqa Reza Heravi of [[Herat]] in [[Safavid Iran]], a city with an artistic tradition. Aqa Reza was established as an artist and [[Emigration of Iranians to India during the 16-18th centuries|took up employment]] with [[Jahangir]] (r. 1605 –1627) before the latter's accession to the throne of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Welch|first1=Stuart Cary|url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935|title=The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India|last2=Schimmel|first2=Annemarie|last3=Swietochowski|first3=Marie L.|last4=Thackston|first4=Wheeler M.|date=1987|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|language=English|oclc=893699157|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801004024/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935|url-status=live}}</ref> When Abu al-Hasan began producing art, the [[emperor]], Jahangir, appreciated the skills of the boy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Beach|first=Milo Cleveland|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521400275|title=Mughal and Rajput Painting|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521400275|isbn=978-0-521-40027-5|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315175652/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mughal-and-rajput-painting/40F5AF5DAE0E507C9466FA7C46BA3A1A|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1599, Abu al-Hasan moved with Jahangir to his newly founded court in [[Allahabad]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=1600–1660: Mughal painting and the rise of local workshops|date=1992-09-24|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521400275.006|work=Mughal and Rajput Painting|series=The New Cambridge History of India|pages=68–156|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521400275.006|isbn=978-0-521-40027-5|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315175726/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/mughal-and-rajput-painting/16001660-mughal-painting-and-the-rise-of-local-workshops/3D4255E2F33090419D23ED0754BBCE40|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[File:Abu'l - The St. Petersburg Album- Allegorical representation of Emperor Jahangir and Shah - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[Jahangir Embracing Shah Abbas]]'', c. 1618, Freer Gallery]]
The emperor considered Abu al-Hasan to be particularly special to him and under his care.<ref name=":2" /> This is because although Abu al-Hasan's artwork was similar in many ways to his father's with [[Dutch art|Dutch]] and [[English art|English]] influence, it was considered to be of a higher quality similar to that of older masters in the field.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Jahangir said of Abu al-Hasan that he had no equal and for the work done on the frontispiece for his memoires, the emperor bestowed the title ''Nadir-uz-Saman'' ("Wonder of the Age") on Abu al-Hasan in 1618.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Study of Saint John the Evangelist, After Albrecht Dürer|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/76199|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.metmuseum.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521132521/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/76199 |archive-date=21 May 2021 }}</ref>

Abu al-Hasan's main task was the documentation of events at the imperial court, which resulted in many portraits being completed. [[Portrait]]s were the hallmark of Jahangir's rule.<ref name=":12">{{Citation|title=1600–1660: Mughal painting and the rise of local workshops|date=1992-09-24|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521400275.006|work=Mughal and Rajput Painting|series=The New Cambridge History of India|pages=68–156|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521400275.006|isbn=978-0-521-40027-5|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315175726/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/mughal-and-rajput-painting/16001660-mughal-painting-and-the-rise-of-local-workshops/3D4255E2F33090419D23ED0754BBCE40|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Not many of Abu al-Hasan's paintings survived, but those that identify him as the artist show that he also worked on a range of subjects, including some everyday scenes<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Potter|first=Polyxeni|date=September 2009|title=Never Has There Been a Shade1|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=15|issue=9|pages=1541–1542|doi=10.3201/eid1509.000000|issn=1080-6040|pmc=2819890}}</ref> and political paintings that showed the emperor and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]] in a positive and powerful light.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathi |date=October 2007 |title=Conceit of the Globe in Mughal Visual Practice |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417507000758 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=751–782 |doi=10.1017/s0010417507000758 |issn=0010-4175 |s2cid=144619248 |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315175721/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/conceit-of-the-globe-in-mughal-visual-practice/1BAD6387E043A3674DFBD732B105DEEA |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In addition to original works of art, Abu al-Hasan also retouched other artists' paintings (one such example is below: ''Dancing Dervishes'')<ref name=":2" />

Abu al-Hasan's career aligned with developments in the style of [[Mughal painting]]s.<ref name=":2" /> However, when Jahangir's reign came to an end, and [[Shah Jahan]] began his rule, Abu al-Hasan's career became less active until 1628 from which point on, there is no evidence of him producing art.<ref name=":5" />

===Works===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Year
!Current location
!Notes
!Material
|-
|''Study of Saint John the Evangelist, After Albrecht Dürer''
|c. 1600 –1601
|[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
|Completed by the artist at the age of 13, this is considered an accurate study of [[Albrecht Dürer|Albrecht Durer's]] (a German artist) original.<ref name=":5" />
|Brush drawn ink on paper
|-
|''Spotted Forktail''
|c. 1610 –1615
|Metropolitan Museum of Art
|Portrays a [[Forktail|spotted forktail bird]], usually found in the [[Himalayas]], caught in a hunt<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title="Spotted Forktail", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454623 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123010153/http://www.metmuseum.org:80/art/collection/search/454623 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> in Jangespur (which is not a known location today) that the emperor demanded be drawn. The [[gilding]] along the border decorated with floral motifs, however, was not completed by Abu al-Hasan, but another artist named as Harif by an inscription.<ref name=":2" /> Folio from the Shah Jahan Album
|Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on silk
|-
|''[[Jahangir Shooting the Head of Malik Ambar]]''
|c. 1620
|[[Freer Gallery of Art]]
|
|Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper
|-
|''[[Emperor Jahangir Triumphing over Poverty]]''
|c. 1620 –1625
|[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]
|
|Opaque watercolor, gold, and ink on paper
|-
|''[https://asia.si.edu/object/F1946.28/ Darbar Scene of Jahangir]''
|c. 1615
|Freer Gallery of Art
|Abu al-Hasan doesn't label the globe, but puts it under Emperor Jahangir's feet and gives the emperor a key to the globe. The inscription reads, "The key of victory over the two worlds is entrusted in his hand".<ref name=":3" />
|Opaque watercolor, ink and gold on paper
|-
|''[[Jahangir Embracing Shah Abbas]]'' (or ''Allegorical Representation of Emperor Jahangir and Shah 'Abbas of Persia'')
|c. 1618
|Freer Gallery of Art
|This political painting was inspired, according to Abu al-Hasan, by a dream. It depicts [[Jahangir]] and [[Abbas the Great|Abbas]] in a situation in which [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], Jahangir, is in a more powerful position, standing on a lion, embracing the shorter [[Abbas the Great|Shah Abbas of Iran]] (his cousin) who is standing on a small lamb and cannot fully reach around Jahangir's body. In reality the two were enemies vying over territory in [[Afghanistan]] and this scene did not actually occur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allegorical representation of Emperor Jahangir and Shah Abbas of Persia from the St. Petersburg Album |url=https://asia.si.edu/object/F1945.9a |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=Freer Gallery of Art & Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |language=en-US |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513184616/https://asia.si.edu/object/F1945.9a/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" />
|Opaque watercolor, ink, silver and gold on paper
|-
|''The Mughal Emperor Jahangir with Radiant Gold Halo, Holding a Globe''
|c. 1617
|[[Sotheby's]] Picture Library, London
|[[Cartography|Cartographic]] artifacts, such as the [[globe]] in this painting, were regarded as distinguished and could increase the reputation of the owner or holder of such an object. It was as much a symbol of royalty as a crown. This artwork was painted in [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]. The [[Persia]]n verses espouse the emperor's greatness in the context of other world empires. In this painting, the globe isn't labeled.<ref name=":3" /> This painting's image measures 197 x 128.5 cm and is the largest known Mughal painting.
|Gouache with gold on fine cotton
|-
|''[[Squirrels in a Plane Tree]]''
|c. 1610
|[[British Library]]
|One of the most famous painting associated with Abu al-Hasan's name, ''Squirrels in a Plane Tree'', is a depiction of animal posture and movement. The painting depicts [[European Squirrel|European squirrels]] unknown in [[India]]. The signature on the painting is unclear: ''Nadir al-Asr'' ("Miracle of the Age") is the title of [[Ustad Mansur]], not of Abu al-Hasan, but the painting is not in Ustad Mansur's style. It is possible that both painters collaborated on this painting.<ref name=":4" />
|Gouache on Paper
|-
|''Jahangir entertains Abbas''
|c. 1620
|Freer Gallery of Art
|Although the scene depicted in this painting never took place, it shows the reception of the [[Abbas the Great|Safavid Shah 'Abbas I]] by the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor.]] Within the painting are many objects and people used to elevate the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal court]] and Emperor [[Jahangir]], such as international imagery and status symbols. One example is the [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/193623 Diana Automaton].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Jessica |date=2015-08-17 |title=Metamorphosis at the Mughal Court |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8365.12178 |journal=Art History |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=732–747 |doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12178 |issn=0141-6790 |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315175637/https://academic.oup.com/arthistory/article-abstract/38/4/732/7278263?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This painting became a part of the [[St. Petersburg album]] when it, and many other Mughal artworks, were seized by [[Nader Shah]] in 1739.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahangir Entertains Shah Abbas from the St. Petersburg Album |url=https://asia.si.edu/object/F1942.16a |access-date=2021-05-21 |website=Freer Gallery of Art & Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191214/https://asia.si.edu/object/F1942.16a/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Opaque watercolor, gold and ink on paper
|-
|''Jahangir as the Queller of Rebellion''
|c. 1623
|
|Jahangir with a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] around his head, holds a globe with a royal seal on it while dressed in a Mughal outfit. The painting portrays the emperor after he successfully put an end to a rebellion led by one of his sons, [[Shah Jahan|Prince Shah Jahan]].<ref name=":2" /> Was in an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum, October 21, 1987 – February 14, 1988.
|
|-
|''Dancing Dervishes''
|c. 1610
|
|This painting is attributed to [[Aqa Mirak|Aqa-Miraq]] (mid-sixteenth century) but was painted over, most likely, by Abu al-Hasan (c. 1610). It portrays a [[Mevlevi Sema Ceremony|Mevlevi Sema]]' Ceremony, an event filled with music, dance, and ritual.<ref name=":2" /> Was in an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum, October 21, 1987 – February 14, 1988
|Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180" heights="200">
File:6Abu'l Hasan Squirrels in a Plane Tree, ca. 1610, India Office Library and Records, London.jpg|alt=|''Squirrels in a Plane Tree'' (c. 1610).
File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|alt=Portrait of Jahangir (detail) by Abu al-Hasan, 1617|Portrait of [[Jahangir]] (detail) by Abu al-Hasan, 1617.
File:10 Abu'l Hasan Saʿdī presents a book of his poems, 1615, Walters Art Museum, Baltimor.jpg|alt=Saʿdī presents a book of his poems, 1615, Walters Art Museum|Saʿdī presents a book of his poems, 1615, [[Walters Art Museum]].
File:18 Abu'l Hasan. Portrait of Jahangir, 1615-20, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York.jpg|alt=Portrait of Jahangir, 1615–20, Metropolitan Museum of Art|Portrait of Jahangir, 1615–1620, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
File:7 Abu'l Hasan, Spotted Forktail, Folio from the Shah Jahan Album ca. 1610–15 Metropolitan Museum New-York.jpg|alt=Spotted Forktail, Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1610–15, Metropolitan Museum|Spotted Forktail, Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1610–1615, Metropolitan Museum.
File:8 Abu'l Hasan. Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir. Jahangirnama. St. Petersburg Album. ca. 1615-18, Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg..jpg|alt=Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir. Jahangirnama. St. Petersburg Album, c. 1615–18, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir. Jahangirnama. St. Petersburg Album, c. 1615–1618, [[Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences]].
File:Emperor Jahangir, Triumphing Over Poverty, ca1620-1625.jpg|alt=Emperor Jahangir Triumphing over Poverty, attributed to Abu'l Hasan, ca. 1620–1625. Opaque watercolor, gold, and ink on page, 23.81 x 15.24 cm.|''Emperor Jahangir Triumphing over Poverty,'' attributed to Abu'l Hasan, c. 1620–1625. Opaque watercolor, gold, and ink on page, 23.81 x 15.24 cm.
File:Durbar scene of Jahangir.jpg|Durbar Scene of Jahangir. Painted by Abu'l Hasan, ca. 1615. Opaque water color, gold, and ink on paper, 16.9 x 12.3 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., purchase F1946.28.
File:Jahangir Entertains Shah Abbas.jpg|Abu'l Hasan, ''Jahangir Entertains Shah Abbas'', c. 1620. Washington, DC: Freer and Sackler Galleries.
File:Jahangir - Abu al-Hasan.jpeg|alt=The Mughal Emperor Jahangir with Radiant Gold Halo, Holding a Globe (c. 1617)The largest known Mughal portrait depicting Emperor Jahangir. Attributed to Abu'l Hasan, Nadir al-Zaman painted at Mandu|''The Mughal Emperor Jahangir with Radiant Gold Halo, Holding a Globe'' (c. 1617). The largest known Mughal portrait depicting Emperor Jahangir. Attributed to Abu'l Hasan, Nadir al-Zaman painted at Mandu.
File:2 Abu'l Hasan. Study of St. John Evangelist adapted from Durer's Crusifixion engraving of 1511. Dated 1600-1601, The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford..jpg|alt=2 Abu'l Hasan. Study of St. John Evangelist adapted from Durer's Crucifixion engraving of 1511. Dated 1600–1601, The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.|Abu'l Hasan. Study of St. John Evangelist adapted from Durer's Crucifixion engraving of 1511. Dated 1600 –1601, [[The Ashmolean Museum]], Oxford.
File:Dancing Dervishes.jpg|alt="Dancing Dervishes", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album. Originally by Aqa Mirak, retouched by Abu'l Hasan|"Dancing Dervishes", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album. Originally by [[Aqa Mirak]], retouched by Abu'l Hasan.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401 The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Abu al-Hasan
*[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/76199 Study of Saint John the Evangelist], After Albrecht Durer, dated 1600 –1601, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
*[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454623 ''Spotted Forktail,'' Folio from the Shah Jahan Album (''c. 1610 –1615)''] The Metropolitan Museum of Art
*''[https://asia.si.edu/object/F1948.19a/ Jahangir Shoots Malik 'Anbar (c.1620)] Freer Gallery of Art''
*''[https://collections.lacma.org/node/240917 Emperor Jahangir Triumphing over Poverty] (c. 1620 –1625)'' Los Angeles County Museum of Art
*''[https://asia.si.edu/object/F1946.28/ Darbar Scene of Jahangir] (c. 1615) Freer Gallery of Art''
*''[https://asia.si.edu/object/F1945.9a/ Allegorical Representation of Emperor Jahangir and Shah 'Abbas of Persia] ( c. 1618) Freer Gallery of Art''
*''[http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Sothebys-19951018/Sothebys-19951018-077-088.pdf The Mughal Emperor Jahangir with Radiant Gold Halo, Holding a Globe (c. 1617)]'' Sotheby's Picture Library, London
*[https://asia.si.edu/object/F1942.16a/ ''Jahangir entertains Abbas'' (c. 1620)] Freer Gallery of Art
*[https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/114620 An exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum, October 21,1987-February 14,1988]
{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Works by Abu'l Hasan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Hasan, Abu}}
[[Category:Painters from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1589 births]]
[[Category:17th-century deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Iranian painters]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]

Lidhora Khas

2026-03-26T08:02:21Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: started new article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lidhorakhas
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|4|25|N|78|52|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10668
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lidhorakhas''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat|T]]<nowiki/>ehsil in [[Tikamgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Demographics==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Lidhorakhas had a population of 12,974. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Lidhorakhas has an average literacy rate of 48%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 60%, and female literacy is 35%. In Lidhorakhas, 20% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tikamgarh district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Priyanka (1994 film)

2026-03-24T03:28:29Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up a entry added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Priyanka (1994 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]]
| writer = [[P. Kalaimani]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Neelakanta
| story = Sutanu Gupta
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Damini]]''|[[Rajkumar Santoshi]]}}
| producer = Neelakanta
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Jayaram]]|[[Revathi]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. Kannan]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Neelakanta Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|05|27}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Priyanka''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film written and produced by [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]] in his directorial debut. A remake of the 1993 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Damini]]'', it stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Jayaram]] and [[Revathi]] as the title character. The film was released on 27 May 1994, and Revathi won numerous awards for her performance, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].

== Plot ==
Priyanka is a straightforward person and the daughter of Krishnan, a postmaster. Her father is looking for a groom for her elder sister and herself, but her sister elopes with another man. Shekar, a wealthy businessman, falls in love with Priyanka at first sight. Shekar's father, Sriram, is business partners with Gokulnath, and they decide to arrange a marriage between Shekar and Gokulnath's daughter, Kamini. However, Shekar reveals his love for Priyanka to his family, and they accept it. Shekar and Priyanka get married, but Gokulnath feels betrayed and decides to take revenge on Shekar's family. Priyanka moves into Shekar's bungalow.

One day, Priyanka and Shekar witness Shekar's younger brother Vinoth and his friends raping the young maid-servant Ganga. Ganga files a complaint against Vinoth, who is arrested by Ravi, a police officer. However, to save Vinoth, Shekar's family tries to squash the case. Priyanka decides to become the principal witness after seeing Ganga in the hospital, but Shekar's mother orders her to leave the bungalow while Shekar is abroad. Priyanka decides to live with her sister.

The matter goes to court, and Sriram hires Rudrayya, a criminal lawyer who has never lost a case. Shekar asks Priyanka to forget everything and return home, but she refuses. In the courtroom, Rudrayya, Shekar's family, and even Krishnan, Priyanka's father, portray her as a mentally unstable person. As a result, Priyanka is sent to a mental hospital by a judicial order, and Vinoth orders her to be killed. Unable to bear the mental torture in the hospital, Priyanka escapes and runs into Arjun, an alcoholic lawyer, who re-opens the case. Later, Ganga dies in the hospital with a suicide note written by Ravi, but Ganga was illiterate. The rest of the story revolves around what Priyanka undergoes to get justice.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Arjun
*[[Jayaram]] as Shekhar
*[[Revathi]] as Priyanka<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=30 April 2020 |title=RIP Rishi Kapoor: 7 iconic movies that prove 'Chintuji' is irreplaceable |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rip-rishi-kapoor-7-iconic-movies-that-prove-chintuji-is-irreplaceable-831738.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614114548/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rip-rishi-kapoor-7-iconic-movies-that-prove-chintuji-is-irreplaceable-831738.html |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sriram
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Rudrayya
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Ravi
*[[Captain Raju]] as Gokulnath
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Susila's brother
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Krishnan
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Susila
*[[Sachu]] as Susila's sister-in-law
*Sudha as Priyanka's sister
*Seetha as Ganga
}}

== Production ==
''Priyanka'', a remake of the 1993 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Damini]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=1 December 1998 |title=Makes and remakes |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/01ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026162730/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/01ss.htm |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=19 January 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> is the directorial debut of [[Neelakanta (director)|Neelakanta]] who also produced the film.<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=MM |first= |date=3 June 1994 |title=Engrossing |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940603&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=23 May 2006 |title=Interview with Neelakanta by Jeevi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/neelakanta.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222004437/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/neelakanta.html |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=28 June 2006 |title=Interview with Neelakantha |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_neelakantha_2006.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119100503/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_neelakantha_2006.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka (1994) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002889.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630044759/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0002889.html |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=7 April 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watchman Vadivelu / Priyanka |url=https://avdigital.in/collections/ilaiyaraaja-audio-cd/products/watchman-vadivelu-priyanka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531132944/https://avdigital.in/collections/ilaiyaraaja-audio-cd/products/watchman-vadivelu-priyanka |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> The song "Durga Durga" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Revati (raga)|Revati]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=127}} "Indha Jilla Muzhukka Nalla Theriyum" is set to the [[Hindustani raga]] [[Brindavani Sarang]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=132}} "Nyabagam Illaiyo" is set in the Carnatic [[Simhendramadhyamam]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=149}} and "Vanakkuyile Kuyil" is set in the Carnatic [[Lalitha (raga)|Lalitha]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=165}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Durga Durga" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]|| 2:59
|-
| "Indha Jilla Muzhukka Nalla Theriyum" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || 5:10
|-
| "Nyabagam Illaiyo" (duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan=2|[[Mu. Metha]]|| 5:00
|-
| "Nyabagam Illaiyo" (solo) || Ilaiyaraaja || 2:43
|-
| "Vanakkuyile Kuyil" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Vaali || 4:56
|-
| "Vettukili Vetti Vantha" || Mano, [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Pulamaipithan]]|| 6:09
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Priyanka'' was released on 27 May 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka (1994) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/priyanka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115105406/https://screen4screen.com/movies/priyanka |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised Neelakanta's direction, saying that he "displays a lot of confidence in handling the script [..] and the essence of the film is not lost" and also praised the artistes for "giving very credible and satisfying performances".<ref name="IE review" /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The portrayal of [Prabhu] will be the talking point for some time to come".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 1994 |title=பிரியங்கா |url=https://postimg.cc/BLTG8KQs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209052246/https://postimg.cc/BLTG8KQs |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=Tamil, English}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "''Priyanka'' is saved by good performances by Revathi, [Jayaram], Prabhu and [Nassar] and the drama in the court scenes".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=18 June 1994 |title=Choice of honesty or her marriage |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hs1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5181%2C3281508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529063634/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hs1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5181%2C3281508 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=24 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film's concept and performances of the star cast.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=19 June 1994 |title=பிரியங்கா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-06-19/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230531131444/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-06-19/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=31 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=29 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Award
!Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|Revathi
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 1995 |title=South Indian actress Revathy directing Tamil tele-serial |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19950831-south-indian-actress-revathy-directing-tamil-tele-serial-807654-1995-08-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210614101509/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19950831-south-indian-actress-revathy-directing-tamil-tele-serial-807654-1995-08-31 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|Film Fans Association Awards
|Best Actress – Tamil
|Revathi
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=my awards |url=http://www.revathy.com/awards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911160246/http://www.revathy.com/awards.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=revathy.com}}</ref>
|-
|Kumudam Awards
|Best Actress – Tamil
|Revathi
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{G. Neelakanta Reddy}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s legal drama films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Neelakanta (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Leslie Mungavin

2026-03-19T06:53:19Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: brief reworked citations to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Pakistani admiral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]]
| name = Leslie Mungavin
| honorific_suffix = [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|SPk SK]] [[Tamgha-i-Basalat|SBt]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|3|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], British Raj<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:HGV7-4LW2 India Births and Baptisms: Leslie Norman Mungavin]</ref>
| death_date = {{death year and age|1995|1925}}
| death_place = [[Wandsworth]], London, England<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVZ8-YLF5 England and Wales Death Registration Index: Leslie Norman Mungavin]</ref>
| placeofburial = [[Arabian Sea]]
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname = ''Jack'' ''Munga Khan''
| birth_name = Leslie Norman Mungavin
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1945-47)}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947-78)}}
| branch = {{navy|British India}} {{navy|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1945–1980
| rank = [[File:13-Pakistan Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]]
| servicenumber = PN No. 282{{rp|293}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LpPAQAAMAAJ&q=rear+admiral+tanveer+ahmed+SBt|accessdate=10 September 2017|author1=Pakistan}}</ref>
| unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Naval Operations Branch]]
| commands = [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Naval attaché]], [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|Pakistan Embassy, London]] [[Commandant|Cmdnt]] [[Pakistan Marines]]
| battles = *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
**[[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Sitara-e-Pakistan (SPk) (1957-86).png|40px]] [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] [[File:Sitara-e-Khidmat (SK) (1957-86).png|40px]] [[Sitara-i-Khidmat]] [[File:Sitara-e-Basalat Pakistan.svg|40px]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat]]
| spouse = Joy Beatrix
| relations = George Mungavin (father)
| laterwork = Chairman [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]]
| signature =
| website = 
}}

'''Leslie Norman Mungavin''' {{small|[[Sitara-e-Pakistan|SPk]], [[Sitara-i-Khidmat|SK]], [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}} (22 March 1925 – 1995), known as '''"Jack"''' was a [[Two-star admiral|two-star]] rank [[admiral]] in the Pakistan Navy, and [[Defence diplomacy|defence diplomat]]. He is widely known for voluntarily leaving his diplomatic post in [[London]] to command combat units during the [[India-Pakistan War of 1971|1971 war with India]].<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Mian Zahir|title=Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy|date=2001|publisher=PN Book Club Publication|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=9789698318031|pages=487|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Leslie|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en|chapter=The Wit of Mungavin}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Arshad |first=Sameer |title=Asia's highest cross in Pakistan: A fitting tribute to selfless Christian community |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/gray-areas/asias-highest-cross-in-pakistan-a-fitting-tribute-to-selfless-christian-community/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He also served as [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]] from 1975 until 1977, with a two-star rank despite the position is required an admiral to be promoted in three-star rank, the [[Vice-Admiral]].{{rp|354}}<ref name="S. Low, Marston & Company 1977">{{cite book|last1=Jane|first1=Frederick Thomas|title=Jane's Fighting Ships|date=1977|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNkqAQAAMAAJ&q=leslie+mungavin+SK|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Family and ancestry ==
Leslie Norman Mungavin was born in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) on 22 March 1925 into a family of [[Irish descent]].<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:HGV7-4LW2 India Births and Baptisms: Leslie Norman Mungavin]</ref> His great great grandfather, James Mungavin, was born in [[Castleconnell|Castleconnel, Ireland]] and is said to have emigrated from [[County Clare]] to [[Indian subcontinent|India]] in 1825 to work on the railways during British colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of James Mungavin |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/ioanni1644?lang=en&n=mungavin&p=james |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref> His son, James St. John Mungavin, joined the [[British Indian Army]]. The Mungavin family settled in the [[India|British Raj]] and became part of the [[Anglo-Indian]] [[Christian]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBIS Database - Powered by The Frontis Archive Publishing System |url=https://search.fibis.org/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=678&s_id=779&sort=7632&st=210&np=12&tn=332 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=search.fibis.org}}</ref>

Leslie’s father is believed to have been George Leslie Coltman Mungavin, who continued in the railway service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leslie Norman Mungavin - Ancestry® |url=https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=leslie&lastName=mungavin |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.ancestry.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of George Leslie Coltman Mungavin |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/ioanni1644?lang=en&n=mungavin&p=george+leslie+coltman |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref> Leslie was one of seven siblings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mungavin Family |url=https://www.irelandxo.com/ireland/clare/drumcliff/message-board/mungovan-family-drumcliff-ennis |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Ireland Reaching Out}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, his family members emigrated back to the [[United Kingdom]]. Leslie, however, chose to remain and joined the newly formed [[Pakistan Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Arif |first=Hasan |date=31 March 2023 |title=Plural Pakistan: Christians in the Armed Forces |url=https://mypluralist.com/2023/03/31/hindus-pakistan-military/ |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=MyPluralist}}</ref>

==Military career==

Leslie Mungavin joined the [[Royal Indian Navy]] in 1945 and transferred to the [[Pakistan Navy]] after the [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947, where his career in the navy progressed well till his retirement as [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|VIce Chief of Naval Staff]] at the rank of Rear Admiral.<ref name=cv>[http://www.dharkan.ca/archive/fall2006/DharkanFall2006.pdf Dharkan Fall 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414164651/http://www.dharkan.ca/archive/fall2006/DharkanFall2006.pdf |date=2010-04-14 }}</ref> He specialized in [[navigation]] at the training establishment {{HMS|Dryad|shore establishment|6}} in the [[United Kingdom]].{{rp|425–426}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah" /><ref name=war >[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/military-and-aerospace/December-1971-Indo-Pakistani-conflict-at-sea---II.html Indian Defence Review 21 June 2011]</ref> In 1950s, he commanded {{ship|PNS|Alamgir|1958|6}} and the Pakistan Navy flagship {{ship|PNS|Babur|1956|6}}.<ref name=cv />

In 1964, [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] Mungavin was the [[commanding officer]] of PNS ''Babur'', and participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aqil |first=Tariq |date=2023-08-27 |title=Plight of Pakistani Christians |url=https://pakobserver.net/plight-of-pakistani-christians/#:~:text=have%20been%20martyred%20thus%20far,the%20front%20in%20the%20Bangladesh |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Pakistan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1970, [[Commodore (rank)|Cdre.]] Mungavin was posted as [[Military attaché|Military]] and [[Naval Attaché]] at the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|High Commission of Pakistan]] in [[London]], where his services and negotiation skills merited him a [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]] award.<ref name=cv />{{rp|249}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jane|first1=Frederick Thomas|title=Jane's Fighting Ships|date=1971|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KscqAQAAMAAJ&q=leslie+mungavin+|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> Cdre. Mungavin left his assignment, only to be promoted as [[Rear-Admiral]], and took up the command as [[Commandant]] of the [[Pakistan Marines]] which he led in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war|Western Front of the Indo-Pakistani war]] against India in 1971.{{rp|427–428}}<ref name="PN Book Club Publication, Shah" /><ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, he was noted for his skills in negotiation which earned him to be decorated as and merited him with a [[Sitara-e-Pakistan]].<ref name=cv /> Mungavin was praised for his impressive adaptability.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sirohey |first=Iftikhar Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=Lodhi |title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey |date=1995 |publisher=Jang Publishers |language=en}}</ref>

During the 1971 war, Mungavin oversaw the deployment of the [[Pakistan Marines]] in both East and [[West Pakistan]], including riverine and coastal defence operations to counter the [[Indian Army]] in [[Chittagong]] and [[Khulna]].<ref name="Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org)">{{cite web |last=Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org) |title=Pakistan Marines |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/marines.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613001010/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/marines.htm |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=Global Security.org |publisher=Pakistan Marines (Global Security.org)}}</ref> Under his leadership marines operated [[Patrol boat|gunboats]] and [[Amphibious vehicle|amphibious vehicles]] although they suffered losses due to Indian air and naval superiority.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pakistan Defence Review: 1971 |publisher=Services Book Club |year=2000}}</ref> Mungavin was captured at the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|liberation of Chittagong]] and held as a prisoner of war until repatriation.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= 6 September 2017|title=The White of the Flag: Contributions of Non-Muslims for National Defence of Pakistan |url=https://cscr.pk/explore/themes/defense-security/white-flag-contributions-non-muslims-national-defense-of-pakistan/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Centre for Strategic and Contemporary Research}}</ref> Mungavin was awarded the [[Sitara-e-Basalat]] for his valor in the 1971 war.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ct3uarDLgUC |title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces |date=1973 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1970s, he was elevated as the vice chief of naval staff from 1975 until 1977, with a two-star rank despite the position is required an admiral to be promoted in three-star rank, the [[Vice-Admiral]].{{rp|234}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sirohey|first1=Iftikhar Ahmed|title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|date=1995|publisher=Jang Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=+mungavin|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|354}}<ref name="S. Low, Marston & Company 1977"/> In the 1980s, Rear Admiral Mungavin was also involved with the negotiations with the [[US Department of State]] when the Pakistan Navy was interested in replacing their aging fleet with ''Gearing''-class destroyers.<ref>[https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?dt=2476&rid=180333&dl=1345 US Department of State EO Systematic Review 6 JUL 2006]</ref> From January 1979 to April 1980 he served as the Chairman of the Board of the [[Pakistan National Shipping Corporation]].{{rp|188}}<ref>{{cite book|title=International Shipping and Shipbuilding Directory|date=1979|isbn=9780510497149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fghAQAAMAAJ&q=leslie++mungavin+admiral|accessdate=15 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Admiral Mungavin died in 1995 in [[England]]. At his request, his body was [[cremated]], ashes were taken back to Pakistan and spread in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The Pakistan Navy honored him with a full [[military funeral]], and his ashes were taken out to sea on board the [[PNS Babur (D-182)|PNS Babur]] and scattered there.<ref name=cv />

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*Shah, Mian Zahir (2001). "The Wit of Mungavin". Bubbles of Water: Or, Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy. Karachi, Pakistan: PN Book Club Publication. p. 487. {{ISBN|9789698318031}}. Retrieved 15 August 2017.

{{Pakistan Navy Staff Chief}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mungavin, Leslie}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Pakistani Christians]]
[[Category:Admirals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Pakistan Marines]]
[[Category:Pakistan Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sitara-e-Pakistan]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for Pakistan]]

V. M. Girija

2026-03-17T13:16:37Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Put up basic details nd citations

{{short description|Indian poet and essayist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. M. Girija
| image = Vm girija.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|7|27}}
| birth_place = Paruthipra, [[Palakkadu]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| occupation = Poet, essayist
| spouse = [[C. R. Neelakandan]]
| children = two daughters
| relatives = {{ubl|Vasudevan Bhattathirippad (father)|Gauri (mother)}}
| website =
| awards = {{ubl|2018 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]]|Changampuzha Award|[[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]]|Mahakavi Pandalam Keralavarma Puraskaram}}
}}

'''V. M. Girija''' (born 27 July 1961) is an Indian poet and essayist, writing in [[Malayalam language]]. She has published a number of books, which include ''Prem - Ek Album'', the Hindi translation of her poetry anthology in Malayalam, ''Pranayam Oralbum''. [[Kerala Sahithya Akademi]] awarded her their 2018 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry|annual award]] for poetry and she is a recipient of ''Changampuzha Award for literature'', ''Basheer Amma Malayalam Puraskaram'', [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]] and ''Mahakavi Pandalam Keralavarma Puraskaram''.

== Biography ==
Vatakkeppattu Manakkal Girija was born on July 27, 1961, to Vadakkeppattu Vasudevan Bhattathirippad and Gauri, at Paruthipra, a village near [[Shornur]] in [[Palakkad district]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="വി എം ഗിരിജ">{{Cite web |url=http://ml.sayahna.org/index.php/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C |title=വി എം ഗിരിജ |date=2018-11-06 |website=Sayahna |access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref><ref name="V M Girija">{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl/speakers/v-m-girija-1.2549874 |title=V M Girija |date=January 23, 2018 |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721203628/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl/speakers/v-m-girija-1.2549874 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her college education was at the [[Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi|Sanskrit College, Pattambi]] from where she earned a master's degree in Malayalam, securing first rank in the examination. She started writing at an early age and her early poems were published in ''Balapankthi'' of [[Mathrubhumi]]. She started her career in 1983 by joining [[All India Radio]] as an announcer and moved to Kochi FM Station when it was started in 1989.<ref name="When a poet goes on the air">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/14/stories/2005081401930200.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Kochi News : When a poet goes on the air |date=2005-08-14 |access-date=2018-11-06}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>http://www.universityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227174012/http://universityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf |date=27 February 2013 }} page 59</ref> She retired from Kochi FM in 2021 after 38 years of service.<ref name="വി എം ഗിരിജ ആകാശവാണിയിൽനിന്ന്‌ പടിയിറങ്ങുന്നു">{{Cite news |title=വി എം ഗിരിജ ആകാശവാണിയിൽനിന്ന്‌ പടിയിറങ്ങുന്നു |language=ml |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-31-07-2021/960240 |access-date=2021-10-17}}</ref><ref name="മൂന്നര പതിറ്റാണ്ടിന്‍റെ സേവനം; ആകാശവാണിയുടെ അകത്തളം വിട്ട് വി.എം.ഗിരിജ ">{{Cite web |title=മൂന്നര പതിറ്റാണ്ടിന്‍റെ സേവനം; ആകാശവാണിയുടെ അകത്തളം വിട്ട് വി.എം.ഗിരിജ {{!}} V M Girija {{!}} All India Radio |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_AGrREXWoo |access-date=2021-10-17 |language=en|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

Girija has published eleven books of which ''Pranayam Oralbum''<ref name="പ്രണയം ഒരാൽബം">{{Cite web |url=http://ml.sayahna.org/index.php/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82 |title=പ്രണയം ഒരാൽബം |date=2018-11-06 |website=Sayahna}}</ref> has been translated into Hindi by A. Aravindakshan, under the title, ''Prem-Ek Album''.<ref name="Prem: Ek Album">{{Cite book |title=Prem: Ek Album |last=Girija |first=V. M. |date=1999 |publisher=Radhakrishan Prakashan |language=Hindi |id={{ASIN|8171194990|country=in}} }}</ref> The other books are ''Jeevajalam'' ([[Current Books]], 2004),<ref name="Jeevajalam">{{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=32975&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V%2520M%2520Girija |title=Jeevajalam |last=Girija |first=V. M. |date=2003 |isbn=9788122603033 |publisher=Kar̲ant̲ Buks|location=Thrissur, Current Books}}</ref> ''Paavayunu'' (Sign Books, 2007),<ref name="PAAVAYOONU - പാവയൂണ്">{{Cite web |url=http://kslc.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=44946&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=33169 |title=PAAVAYOONU - പാവയൂണ് |last=GIRIJA. V. M. |date=2018-11-06 |website=KERALA STATE LIBRARY COUNCIL |access-date=2018-11-06 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Pennugal Kanatha Pathira Neragal'' ([[Mathrubhumi Books]], 2011),<ref name="Pennungal kanatha pathira nerangal">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=178285&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V%2520M%2520Girija |title=Pennungal kanatha pathira nerangal |last=Girija V M |date=2011 |publisher=Matrubhoomi |location=Kozhikode }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Oridathoridathoridathu'' (Current Books, 2012),<ref name="Oridathoridathoridathu">{{Cite book |title=Oridathoridathoridathu |last=V.M.Girija |date=2012 |publisher=Current Books Thrissur |language=Malayalam |id={{ASIN|8122610722|country=in}} }}</ref> ''Poochayurakkam'' (KSCIL, 2014), ''Kadaloraveedu'' (Logos Books, 2015),<ref name="Kadaloraveedu">{{Cite web |url=http://newproducts.richindians.in/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=514 |title=Kadaloraveedu |date=2018-11-06 |website=Rich Indians |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010120/http://newproducts.richindians.in/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=514 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Paavayoonu'' (Illustrated Version-[[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]], 2015), ''Irupakshampeduminduvalla Njan'', ''Moonu Deerkha Kavithakal'' ([[DC Books]], 2017),<ref name="Moonnu deergha kavithakal">{{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=156355&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V%2520M%2520Girija |title=Moonnu deergha kavithakal |last=Girija |first=V. M. |date=2017 |publisher=D C books |isbn=9788126476503 |location=Kottayam}}</ref> Buddhapoornima, and ''The Black Stone'', a translation of her poems into English by P. P. Raveendran.<ref name="The Black Stone">{{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=160562&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V%2520M%2520Girija |title=The Black Stone |last=V. M. Girija P. P. Raveendran Tr |publisher=Haritham, 12, 2000}}</ref> She has also edited book, ''Ellaarudeyum bhoomi'', a compilation of poems of Savithri Antharjanam,<ref name="Ellaarudeyum bhoomi">{{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85697&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V%2520M%2520Girija |title=Ellaarudeyum bhoomi |last=Savithri Antharjjanam |date=2001 |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur}}</ref> and has translated the Portuguese novel, [[Meu Pé de Laranja Lima]] (English: My Sweet Orange Tree) into Malayalam under the name, ''Ente Panchara Orange Maram''.<ref name="Ente Panchara Orange Maram">{{Cite web |title=Ente Panchara Orange Maram |url=https://www.indulekha.com/ente-panchara-orange-maram-jose-mauro-de-vasconcelos |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.indulekha.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Girija is married to [[C. R. Neelakandan]], a noted environmental activist. The couple has two daughters, Ardra Neelakandan Girija and Archa Neelakandan Girija and the family lives in [[Kakkanadu]] in [[Kochi]].<ref name="വി എം ഗിരിജ" />

== Awards and honours ==
Girija received the 2018 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] for her anthology, ''Budha Purnima''.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards: K. V. Mohan Kumar’s ‘Ushnarashi’ best novel">{{Cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-k-v-mohan-kumar-s-ushnarashi-best-novel-1.4378500 |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards: K. V. Mohan Kumar's 'Ushnarashi' best novel |access-date=2019-12-21 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221050858/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-k-v-mohan-kumar-s-ushnarashi-best-novel-1.4378500 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="K G Sankara Pillai and M Mukundan selected for akademi fellowships">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/dec/21/k-g-sankara-pillai-and-m-mukundan-selected-for-akademi-fellowships-2078951.html |title=K G Sankara Pillai and M Mukundan selected for akademi fellowships |access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref> She has also received the 'Changmpuzha Award for literature' and the 'Basheer Amma Malayalam Puraskaram'<ref name="ബഷീർ ബാല്യകാലസഖി പുരസ്കാരം ബി.എം. സുഹറയ്ക്കും ബഷീർ അമ്മ മലയാളം പുരസ്കാരം വി.എം.ഗിരിജയ്ക്കും">{{Cite web |title=ബഷീർ ബാല്യകാലസഖി പുരസ്കാരം ബി.എം. സുഹറയ്ക്കും ബഷീർ അമ്മ മലയാളം പുരസ്കാരം വി.എം.ഗിരിജയ്ക്കും |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/basheer-balyakalasakhi-award-goes-to-b-m-suhara-and-basheer-amma-malayalam-award-to-vm-girija--qvg5mp |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> and one of her books is a prescribed academic text for graduate course in Malayalam at the [[University of Calicut]].<ref name="BA Syllabus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf |title=BA Syllabus (Page 79) |date=2018-11-06 |website=University of Calicut |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-date=27 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227174012/http://universityofcalicut.info/syl/Malayalam_Sylla_16.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> She received [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]] in 2024<ref name="ആശാൻ സ്മാരക കവിതാ പുരസ്‌കാരം വി.എം. ഗിരിജയ്ക്ക്">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-27 |title=ആശാൻ സ്മാരക കവിതാ പുരസ്‌കാരം വി.എം. ഗിരിജയ്ക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/asan-memorial-poetry-award-to-vm-girija-1.10114604 |access-date=2024-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> and ''Mahakavi Pandalam Keralavarma Puraskaram'' in 2025.<ref name="പന്തളം കേരളവർമ കവിതാ പുരസ്കാര സമർപ്പണം">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=പന്തളം കേരളവർമ കവിതാ പുരസ്കാര സമർപ്പണം |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/pathanamthitta/news/pathanamthitta-1.10292544#:~:text=%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25AE%2520%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%25A7%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B4%25A4%2520%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25B9%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%2582.-,%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BF.,25%252C000%2520%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%2582%2520%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%2582%2520%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B5%258D%2520%25E0%25B4%2587%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D. |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pandalam Kerala Varma Poetry Award V.M. Girija">{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2025-01-18 |title=Pandalam Kerala Varma Poetry Award V.M. Girija |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/pandalam-kerala-varma-poetry-award-vm-girijak-1371073 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="പന്തളം കേരളവർമ്മ കവിതാ പുരസ്‌കാരം വി എം ഗിരിജയ്‌ക്ക്">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=പന്തളം കേരളവർമ്മ കവിതാ പുരസ്‌കാരം വി എം ഗിരിജയ്‌ക്ക് |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1463988&u=poem |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{Div col}}
* ''Pranayam Oralbum'' (1997)
* ''Prem-Ek Album'' (1999)<ref name="Prem Ek Album">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V M |title=Prem Ek Album |publisher=Radhakrishan Prakashan |year=1999 |isbn=978-8171194995 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* ''Jeevajalam'' (2003)<ref name="Jeevajaalam ">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V M |title=Jeevajaalam |publisher=Current Books |year=2003}}</ref>
* ''Paavayunu'' (2007)<ref name="Pavayunu">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V M |title=Pavayunu |publisher=Sign Books |year=2007}}</ref>
* ''Pennugal Kanatha Pathira Neragal'' (2011)<ref name="Pennugal Kanatha Pathira Neragal">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V M |title=Pennugal Kanatha Pathira Neragal |publisher=Mathrubhumi |year=2011}}</ref>
* ''Oridathoridathoridathu'' (2012)
* ''Poochayurakkam'' (2014)<ref name="Poochayurakkam">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V. M. |url=https://catalogue.statelibrary.kerala.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=312529&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=447261 |title=Poochayurakkam |date=2014 |publisher=Kerala state institute of children's Literature |isbn=978-81-8494-377-1 |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>
* ''Kadaloraveedu'' (2015)
* ''Paavayoonu'' (Illustrated Version, 2015)
* ''Irupakshampeduminduvalla Njan'' (2015)
* ''Moonu Deerkha Kavithakal''(2017)<ref name="Moonu Deerkha Kavithakal">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V M |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/moonu-deergha-kavithakal |title=Moonu Deerkha Kavithakal |publisher=DC Books |year=2017 |isbn=9788126476503}}</ref>
* ''Buddhapoornima'' (2017)<ref name="Buddhapoornima">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V.M. |url=https://www.amazon.in/Budhapoornima-V-M-Girija/dp/B09MT9Y58T |title=Buddhapoornima |date=2017 |publisher=Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd |asin= B09MT9Y58T |language=Malayalam}}</ref>
* ''Poovennu Perulla Poocha'' (2018)<ref name="Poovennu Perulla Poocha">{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V.M. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRmmETh_ask |title=Poovennu Perulla Poocha |date=2018 |publisher=Sasthra Sahithya Parishath |asin= |language=Malayalam}}</ref>
* ''Sparsham'' (2021)<ref name="Sparsham">{{Cite book |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/sparsham/1000969/ |title=സ്പർശം |publisher=Eye Books |year=2021 |isbn=9788195194315 |location=Ernakulam |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Ente Panchara Orange Maram'' (2023)<ref name="ENTE PANCHARA ORANGUMARAM">{{Cite book |last=VASCONCELOUS |first=JOSE MAURO DE |url=https://www.amazon.in/ENTE-PANCHARA-ORANGUMARAM-MAURO-VASCONCELOUS/dp/9392231148 |title=ENTE PANCHARA ORANGUMARAM |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=V C THOMAS EDITIONS |isbn=978-93-92231-14-8 |language=Malayalam}}</ref>
* ''Kaadanavanuduppum Veedum'' (2024)<ref name="KAADANAVANNUDUPPUM VEEDUM">{{Cite book |last=GIRIJA |first=V. M. |url=https://www.amazon.in/KAADANAVANNUDUPPUM-VEEDUM-V-M-GIRIJA/dp/9392231628/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.1U6PYS1bdHxDt1Jp8p6s46LZwDAGOyTjn0UyU-6_oHdfzyKiN3U_4F9qDE9EUi2P.HgJrioo5KRwxqkzRAY54lzQtiUlIqVNS3d1rVOR7HCE&dib_tag=se&qid=1718460708&refinements=p_27%253AV.M.Girija&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=KAADANAVANNUDUPPUM VEEDUM |date=2024-01-01 |publisher=V C THOMAS EDITIONS |isbn=978-93-92231-62-9}}</ref>
* ''Chiramannur to Shoranur: Oru Desavazhiyute Katha'' (2025) <ref name="Chiramannur to Shoranur: Oru Desavazhiyute Katha"> {{Cite book |last=Girija |first=V M |title=Chiramannur to Shoranur: Oru Desavazhiyute Katha |publisher=Manorama Books |year=2025 |isbn= 978-9359594934 |location=Kerala |language=ml}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]

{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://womenwritersofkerala.com/author.php?author_id=173&lang=en |title=V. M. Girija |date=2018-11-06 |website=womenwritersofkerala.com |access-date=2018-11-06}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.chintha.com/node/3027 |title=കാടിനുത്സവം ഉടലിനുത്സവം |date=2018-11-06 |website=www.chintha.com |language=en |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-date=22 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122031627/http://chintha.com/node/3027 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvuuXNnQQxs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/PvuuXNnQQxs |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=V M Girija തച്ചൻ മകളോട് |last=Jyothibai Pariyadath |website=[[YouTube]] |date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=2018-12-17}}{{cbignore}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/daily-programs/pulervela/2019/11/01/interview-with-vm-girija.html |title=സ്ത്രീകളുടെ മുന്നേറ്റം അഭിമാനകരം; കേരളപ്പിറവി ദിനത്തിൽ കവി വി എം ഗിരിജ |website=Manoramanews |language=en |access-date=2019-12-21}}
*{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGaJPTGBgY4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/pGaJPTGBgY4 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=കൈകേയിയുടെ നാനാർത്ഥങ്ങൾ - വി എം ഗിരിജ |date=2018-10-08 |type=YouTube video |language=Malayalam |publisher=Waves Of words |trans-title=Kaikeyi, various interpretations}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |last=rasheed |title=Book Review : ഒന്നു തൊട്ടാല്‍ മാറിമറിയുന്ന ലോകങ്ങള്‍, ജീവിതങ്ങള്‍! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/books/reading-sparsham-an-anthology-of-essays-by-vm-giirija-r3shep |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girija, V. M.}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]

Nirjhari Sinha

2026-03-14T19:23:20Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up new info and citations

{{Short description|Indian human rights activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nirjhari Sinha
| image =
| occupation = Physicist
| employer = [[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| organization = [[Jan Sangharsh Manch]], [[Pravda Media Foundation]]
| known_for = Human rights activism
| spouse = [[Mukul Sinha]]
| children = [[Pratik Sinha]]
}}
'''Nirjhari Sinha''' is an Indian human rights activist who, with her husband [[Mukul Sinha]], founded [[Jan Sangharsh Manch]] (JSM).<ref name=":0" /> She is also director of [[Pravda Media Foundation]], the parent organization of the [[fact-checking]] website [[Alt News|AltNews]] run by her son [[Pratik Sinha]] and [[Mohammed Zubair (journalist)|Mohammed Zubair]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Valiyamattam|first=Rositta Joseph |date=2022-12-17 |title=Crusader for Justice, Peace and Truth |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/life/crusader-for-justice-peace-and-truth-553013 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Fact Checker Faces Threats, Criminal Cases For Drawing Attention To Hate Speech By Hindu Extremists — Article 14 |url=https://article-14.com/post/a-fact-checker-faces-threats-criminal-cases-for-drawing-attention-to-hate-speech-by-hindu-extremists-62a2abc1e66e0 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=article-14.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The ability to authenticate information should be a life skill: Pratik Sinha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/the-ability-to-authenticate-information-should-be-a-life-skill-says-alt-news-co-founder-and-fact-checker-pratik-sinha/cid/1858281 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=Suhasini |date=2022-09-22 |title=In India, Debunking Fake News and Running Into the Authorities |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/world/asia/india-debunking-fake-news.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-02 |title=Bengaluru techie to ace fact-checker: Alt News co-founder Zubair |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-techie-ace-fact-checker-alt-news-co-founder-zubair-165483 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factchecks And Balances In The Age Of Fake News |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/factchecks-and-balances-in-the-age-of-fake-news/52987/1 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==Jan Sangharsh Manch==
Working under the banner of JSM, Sinha has been fighting for justice for the poor and marginalized including laborers, workers, women and minorities in the state of [[Gujarat]] for several decades. Sinha is involved in trade union activities and has worked with Gujarat Mazdoor Sabha and the Gujarat Federation of Trade Unions. She has worked for communal harmony, and protested against [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] (POTA). She is the chair of JSM at present.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-26 |title=Planned by the state |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30181441.ece |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-11 |title=Explained: Gujarat High Court's guidelines to end menstruation taboo, discriminatory practices |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gujarat-high-court-guidelines-to-end-menstruation-taboo-discriminatory-practices-explained-7223624/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=CAA protests: Lathicharge in Ahmedabad, partial shutdown in Vadodara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/caa-protests-lathicharge-in-ahmedabad-partial-shutdown-in-vadodara-6175708/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |title='Police was definitely involved, but got away': Survivors and activists rue Gulberg verdict |url=http://scroll.in/article/809232/police-was-definitely-involved-but-got-away-survivors-and-activists-rue-gulberg-verdict |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Scroll.in |date=2 June 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-02 |title=Violent protests by India's lowest-caste Dalit against law changes leave at least 7 dead |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/violent-protests-by-indias-low-caste-dalit-against-law-changes-leave-at-least-7-dead |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=CAA protest: IIM-Ahmedabad prof roughed up by police |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/caa-protest-iim-ahmedabad-prof-roughed-up-by-police-786045.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=To Be a Dalit Woman in Gujarat: An Unending Tale of Fear and Humiliation |url=https://thewire.in/rights/to-be-a-dalit-woman-in-gujarat-a-tale-of-fear-and-humiliation |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=Voices outside Sabarmati Ashram on new citizenship law: 'It is against the spirit of Indian Constitution' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/voices-outside-sabarmati-ashram-on-new-citizenship-law-it-is-against-the-spirit-of-indian-constitution-6172807/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==2002 Gujarat riots and subsequent police encounters==
Sinha took voluntary retirement from her employment at [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL) in [[Ahmedabad]] in 2008 to fight on the behalf of victims of [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-13 |title=Mukul Sinha, who fought for 2002 riot victims, succumbs to cancer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mukul-sinha-who-fought-for-2002-riot-victims-succumbs-to-cancer/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her analysis of phone call records pertaining to the riots was instrumental in conviction of former Gujarat Minister and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Maya Kodnani]]. She also analyzed phone call records pertaining to encounter killings in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Activists trash Nanavati report giving clean chit to Modi |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/12/11/activists-trash-nanavati-report-giving-clean-chit-to-modi.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=For Naroda Riots Victims in Gujarat, Justice Remains an Elusive Dream |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/naroda-riot |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2019-11-27 |title=Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/12/09/blood-and-soil-in-narendra-modis-india |access-date=2023-03-03 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Chalo Una protest march and founding of AltNews==
Sinha played a role in organizing the "Chalo Una" protest march from Ahmedabad to Una in the aftermath of [[2016 Una flogging incident|assault on a Dalit family in Una]]. She participated in the 10-day march along with Pratik. Their experience during this march provided impetus to founding of AltNews.<ref name=":0" />

==Politics==
Sinha opposes the right-wing policies of [[Narendra Modi]]. She is sympathetic to leftist ideologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7th AIPWA National Conference in Patna |url=https://cpiml.org/first-page-category/women/7th-aipwa-national-conference-in-patna-2/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304193926/https://cpiml.org/first-page-category/women/7th-aipwa-national-conference-in-patna-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her husband had founded a socialist party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Man who 'saves the poor's houses' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/man-who--saves-the-poor-s-houses-/1046361/2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahpur Election Result. |url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/AE2007/AC2007_070.pdf |access-date=2023-03-08 |archive-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023418/https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/AE2007/AC2007_070.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election to the Gujarat Legislative from the 55-Sabarmati Constituency. |url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Form20_2012/AC055.PDF |access-date=2023-03-08 |archive-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022023208/https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Form20_2012/AC055.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academic career==
Sinha is a physicist by training and worked as a scientist at the PRL for many years.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Chandan |last=Gowda |date=March 13, 2018 |title=The fight against fake news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/the-fight-against-fake-news/articleshow/63275168.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mere facts whispering will not do justice |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/16-rejoinders-letters-to-the-editor/4576-mere-facts-whispering-will-not-do-justice-indian-muslims-news/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Physical Research Laboratory (Ahmadābād |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOMWAQAAMAAJ |title=Annual Report |date=1994 |language=en}}</ref>

==Scientific papers==
Nuclear track studies of the SNC meteorite ALH 84001. Sinha, N. & Goswami, J. N. Journal: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114), vol. 29, no. 4, p. 534.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1994Metic..29R.534S Page 534 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Metic..29R.534S |access-date=2023-03-09 |journal=Meteoritics|bibcode=1994Metic..29R.534S |last1=Sinha |first1=N. |last2=Goswami |first2=J. N. |year=1994 |volume=29 |issue=4 |page=534 }}</ref>

Solar cosmic ray produced nuclides in the Salem meteorite. Nishiizumi, K., Nagai, H., Imamura, M., Honda, M., Kobayashi, K., Kubik, P. W. Journal''':''' Meteoritics, Vol. 25, p. 392.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1990Metic..25R.392N Page 392 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1990Metic..25R.392N |access-date=2023-03-09 |journal=Meteoritics|bibcode=1990Metic..25R.392N |last1=Nishiizumi |first1=K. |last2=Nagai |first2=H. |last3=Imamura |first3=M. |last4=Honda |first4=M. |last5=Kobayashi |first5=K. |last6=Kubik |first6=P. W. |last7=Sharma |first7=P. |last8=Wieler |first8=R. |last9=Signer |first9=P. |last10=Goswami |first10=J. N. |last11=Sinha |first11=N. |last12=Reedy |first12=R. C. |last13=Arnold |first13=J. R. |year=1990 |volume=25 |page=392 }}</ref>

Nuclear tracks and light noble gases in Allan Hills 84001: Preatmospheric size, fall characteristics, cosmic-ray exposure duration and formation age. J. N. Goswami, N. Sinha, S. V. S. Murty, R. K. Mohapatra, C. J. Clement. Meteroritics & Planetary Science. Volume32, Issue1. January 1997. Pages 91–96.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1997M&PS...32...91G Page 91 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1997M&PS...32...91G |access-date=2023-03-09 |journal=Meteoritics and Planetary Science|bibcode=1997M&PS...32...91G |last1=Goswami |first1=J. N. |last2=Sinha |first2=N. |last3=Murty |first3=S. V. S. |last4=Mohapatra |first4=R. K. |last5=Clement |first5=C. J. |year=1997 |volume=32 |page=91 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01244.x |s2cid=128757263 }}</ref>

Multiple fall of Pribram meteorites photographed. XII - Pre-atmospheric size of the Pribram meteorite based on studies of fossil cosmic ray tracks and spallation products. Bagolia, C., Bhandari, N., Sinha, N., Goswami, J. N., Lal, D., Lorin, J. C. Journal: Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia, Bulletin, vol. 31, no. 1, 1980, p. 51-58.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bagolia |first1=C. |last2=Bhandari |first2=N. |last3=Sinha |first3=N. |last4=Goswami |first4=J. N. |last5=Lal |first5=D. |last6=Lorin |first6=J. C. |last7=Pellas |first7=P. |date=1980-01-01 |title=Multiple Fall of Příbram Meteorites Photographed. 12. Pre-atmospheric Size of the Příbram Meteorite Based on Studies of Fossil Cosmic Ray Tracks and Spallation Products |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980BAICz..31...51B |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia |volume=31 |pages=51 |bibcode=1980BAICz..31...51B |issn=0004-6248}}</ref>

Cosmogenic Records and Trapped Gases in the Nakhla Meteorite. Murty, S. V. S., Mohapatra, R. K., Goswami, J. N., & Sinha, N. Journal: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 34, Supplement, p.A84.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1999M&PSA..34Q..84M Page 84 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999M&PSA..34Q..84M |access-date=2023-03-09 |journal=Meteoritics and Planetary Science Supplement|bibcode=1999M&PSA..34Q..84M |last1=Murty |first1=S. V. S. |last2=Mohapatra |first2=R. K. |last3=Goswami |first3=J. N. |last4=Sinha |first4=N. |year=1999 |volume=34 }}</ref>

Isotopic Records in Hibonites from CM Meteorites. Marhas, K. K., Sinha, N., Davis, A. M., & Goswami, J. N. Journal: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 35, Supplement, p.A102.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=2000M&PSA..35R.102M Page 102 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000M&PSA..35R.102M |access-date=2023-03-09 |journal=Meteoritics and Planetary Science Supplement|bibcode=2000M&PSA..35R.102M |last1=Marhas |first1=K. K. |last2=Sinha |first2=N. |last3=Davis |first3=A. M. |last4=Goswami |first4=J. N. |year=2000 |volume=35 }}</ref>

Nuclear Track Records in the Abee Chondrite. Goswami, J. N., Lal, D., & Sinha, N. Journal: Meteoritics, Vol. 15, p. 295.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1980Metic..15R.295G Page 295 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1980Metic..15R.295G |access-date=2023-03-09 |journal=Meteoritics|bibcode=1980Metic..15R.295G |last1=Goswami |first1=J. N. |last2=Lal |first2=D. |last3=Sinha |first3=N. |year=1980 |volume=15 |page=295 }}</ref>

Solar Flare Track Records in Fayetteville Gas-Rich Chondrite. Goswami, J. N. & Sinha, N. Journal: Meteoritics, Vol. 21, p. 375.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1986Metic..21Q.375G Page 375 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1986Metic..21Q.375G |access-date=2023-03-09 |journal=Meteoritics|bibcode=1986Metic..21Q.375G |last1=Goswami |first1=J. N. |last2=Sinha |first2=N. |year=1986 |volume=21 |page=375 }}</ref>

The Dhajala meteorite shower: Atmospheric fragmentation and ablation based on cosmic ray track studies. C Bagolia, N Doshi, SK Gupta, S Kumar, D Lal. Nuclear Track Detection. Volume 1, Issue 2, June 1977, Pages 83–92.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bagolia |first1=C. |last2=Doshi |first2=N. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. K. |last4=Kumar |first4=S. |last5=Lal |first5=D. |last6=Trivedi |first6=J. R. |date=1977-06-01 |title=The Dhajala meteorite shower: Atmospheric fragmentation and ablation based on cosmic ray track studies |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-224X%2877%2990001-1 |journal=Nuclear Track Detection |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1016/0145-224X(77)90001-1 |issn=0145-224X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Preatmospheric size of the Barwell meteorite: Cosmic-ray track, fusion crust and thermoluminescence studies. C Bagolia, N Doshi, D Lal, DW Sears. Nuclear Track Detection. Volume 2, Issue 1, March 1978, Pages 29–35.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bagolia |first1=C. |last2=Doshi |first2=N. |last3=Lal |first3=D. |last4=Sears |first4=D. W. |date=1978-03-01 |title=Preatmospheric size of the Barwell meteorite: Cosmic-ray track, fusion crust and thermoluminescence studies |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-224X%2878%2990003-0 |journal=Nuclear Track Detection |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1016/0145-224X(78)90003-0 |issn=0145-224X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Depth and size dependence of 53Mn activity in chondrites. SK Bhattacharya, M Imamura, N Sinha, N. Bhandari. [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]. Volume 51, Issue 1, November 1980, Pages 45–57.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=S. K. |last2=Imamura |first2=M. |last3=Sinha |first3=N. |last4=Bhandari |first4=N. |date=1980-11-01 |title=Depth and size dependence of 53Mn activity in chondrites |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X%2880%2990256-3 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(80)90256-3 |bibcode=1980E&PSL..51...45B |issn=0012-821X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Nirjhari}}
[[Category:Indian critics of religions]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Badami

2026-03-13T22:53:01Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: cleanup

{{Short description|Town in Karnataka, India}}
{{About|the town in India|other things named Badami|Badami (disambiguation)|the Hindu mythological character|Ilvala and Vatapi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badami
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Vatapi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = BadamiCaves87.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Badami Cave Temples]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|55|12|N|75|40|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| established_title = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.9
| elevation_m = 586
| population_total = 30,943
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=24 December 2018 |page=18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 587 201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08357
| registration_plate =
| website = http://www.badamitown.mrc.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Badami''' ({{ipa|kn|baːd̪aːmi|lang}}), formerly known as '''Vātāpi''' (Sanskrit: from ''āpi'', ‘friend, ally’; ‘having the wind (vāta) as an ally’), is a town and headquarters of a [[taluk]] by the same name, in the [[Bagalkot district]] of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the [[Badami Chalukyas]] from 540 to 757. It is famous for its rock cut monuments such as the [[Badami cave temples]], as well as the structural temples such as the [[Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami|Bhutanatha temples]], [[Badami Shivalaya]] and Jambulingesvara Temple. It is located in a ravine at the foot of a rugged, red [[sandstone]] outcrop that surrounds [[Agastya lake]].

Badami has been selected as one of the heritage cities for [[HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana]] scheme of Government of India.

==History==
{{Main article|Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukya Architecture}}

===History===
[[File:Map of the Chalukyas.png|left|thumb|Extent of [[Badami Chalukyas]] Empire, 636 CE, 740 CE]]
[[Pulakeshin I]] an early ruler of the Chalukyas, is generally regarded as having founded the Badami Chalukya dynasty in 540. An inscription record of this king engraved on a boulder in Badami records the fortification of the hill above 'Vatapi' in 544. Pulakeshin's choice of this location for his capital was likely due to strategic considerations, as Badami is protected on three sides by rugged sandstone cliffs. His son [[Kirtivarman I]] and his brother [[Mangalesha]] constructed the cave temples located there. The Agastya lake (formerly Vatapi lake) is a man-made lake, a water infrastructure project completed in the 7th century, likely as a strategic source of water for the capital and around which many Hindu temples were constructed.<ref>M. A. Dhaky; Michael W. Meister (1983). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 3–8 and 57, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-7992-4}}</ref><ref>Julia Hegewald (2001), Water Architecture in South Asia: A Study of Types, Developments and Meanings, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-90-04-12352-6}}, pp. 85–91</ref>

Kirtivarman I strengthened Vatapi and had three sons, [[Pulakeshin II]], Vishnuvardhana and Buddhavarasa, who were minors at the time of his death. [[Kirtivarman I]]'s brother [[Mangalesha]] ruled the kingdom, as is mentioned in the [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription. In 610, the famous [[Pulakeshin II]] came to power and ruled between up to 642. Vatapi was the capital of the Early [[Chalukyas]], who ruled much of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] between the 6th and 8th centuries.

[[Image:6th century Kannada inscription in cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Old Kannada inscription of Chalukya King Mangalesha dated 578 CE at Badami cave temple no.3]]

Under the Badami Chalukyas, Badami emerged as one of the regional centres of art in the Malprabha valley – a cradle of Hindu and Jain temple architecture schools. Both Dravida and Nagara styles of temples are found in Badami, along with those in Aihole, Pattadakal and Mahakuta.<ref name="Michell, George 2014 pp. 12">Michell, George (2014). Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas. India : Niyogi Books. pp. 12–17. {{ISBN|978-93-83098-33-0}}.</ref> Many of the temples in Badami, such as the Eastern Bhutanatha group and the Jambulingesvara temple, were built between the 6th and 8th century. They are key to understanding the development of temple architecture and arts, as well as the Karnata tradition of arts around the mid 1st-millennium CE.<ref name="Michell, George 2014 pp. 12"/>

When Pulakeshin II was defeated by [[Narasimhavarman I|Narasimhavarman]] of Pallavas in 642CE, the Pallava army descended upon the city of Vatapi, indulging in the riches accumulated over generations by the Chalukyas. The royal palace was ransacked, men were slain, women taken captive, and temples stripped of their treasures. A later oral tradition claims that among the spoils was the revered ‘Vatapi Ganapati’ idol, now celebrated in Carnatic music. This idol was allegedly transported to the Uthrapathiswaraswamy temple near present-day Nagapattinam in Pallava territory. As the city burned, its survivors—immigrant preachers, architects, traders, officials, and laborers—gathered whatever they could and fled, not to return for many years. Narasimhavarman Mahamalla seized the victory pillar that Pulakeshin II had once erected in the city after he had defeated [[Harsha]] and Vengi, and brought it to Kanchi. A Pallava inscription, written in their script and still found in Badami, proclaims the attack as a fierce retaliation for Pulakeshin's past conquests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kanisetti |first=Anirudh |title=Lords of the Deccan |publisher=Juggernaut Books |year=2022 |isbn=9789391165055 |location=New Delhi |language=English}}</ref>

These sites also contain many increasingly sophisticated temples and arts from the Rashtrakutas and Later Chalukyas, such as the Northern Bhutanatha group of temples and the [[Yellamma Temple, Badami|Yellamma Temple]], completed through the early 13th century. Thereafter, states George Michell, this region was ravaged and temples ruined by invading armies of the [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] [[Delhi Sultanate]].

Badami and other sites in the Malprabha region were fought over by the Hindu monarchs of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Turko-Persian]] [[Deccan sultanates|Sultans of Deccan]]. The Vijayanagara emperors commissioned expanded fort walls in Badami and elsewhere. Many ruins, the fort and some well preserved temples in high hillocks survive and attest to the rich heritage of Badami and nearby sites from these centuries.<ref>Michell, George (2014). Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas. India : Niyogi Books. pp. 15–17, 32–39. {{ISBN|978-93-83098-33-0}}.</ref> The [[Turko-Persian]] [[Deccan Sultanates|sultanate rule]] that followed the Vijayanagara period forcefully and aggressively islamized the site. This is attested by two monuments here. One is the Markaj Jumma near the entrance of the cave temples and structural temples. It has the 18th-century tomb of Abdul Malik Aziz. The other Islamic monument is also of modern era – the [[dargah]] of Sayyid Hazrat Badshah near the Upper Shivalaya.<ref>Michell, George (2014). Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas. India : Niyogi Books. pp. 64–65. {{ISBN|978-93-83098-33-0}}.</ref>

===Inscriptions===
{{Main article | Kappe Arabhatta}}

Badami has eighteen inscriptions, with important historical information. The first Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script, on a hillock dates back to 543 CE, from the period of Pulakeshin I (Vallabheswara), the second is the 578 CE cave inscription of Mangalesha in Kannada language and script and the third is the [[Kappe Arabhatta]] records, the earliest available Kannada poetry in ''tripadi'' (three line) metre.<ref name="language">Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p9, p10, 57, p59 OCLC: 7796041</ref><ref name="language3">K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p34, p46, p50</ref><ref name="language1">{{cite web|title=Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp |author=Azmathulla Shariff |work=Deccan Herald, Spectrum, July 26, 2005 |access-date=10 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007040120/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp |archive-date=7 October 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> one inscription near the Bhuthanatha temple also has inscriptions dating back to the 12th century in Jain rock-cut temple dedicated to the Tirtankara Adinatha.

=== Paintings ===
{{main|Chitra (art)}}
[[File:Lord Vishnu - Badami.jpg|thumb]]
The Badami cave temples were likely fully painted inside by the late 6th century. Most of these paintings are now lost, except for the mural fragments, bands and faded sections found in Cave 3 (Vaishnava, Hindu) and Cave 4 (Jain). The original murals are most clearly evidenced in Cave 3, where inside the Vishnu temple, there are paintings of secular art as well as murals that depict legends of Shiva and Parvati on the ceiling and in parts less exposed to the natural elements. These are among the earliest known paintings of Hindu legends in India that can be dated.<ref>Stella Kramrisch (1932), [https://archive.org/details/JournalOfTheIndianSocietyOfOrientalAr/page/n67/mode/2up Paintings at Badami], Journal of Indian Society for Oriental Art, Volume IV, Number 1, pp. 57–61</ref><ref>KV Soundara Rajan (1981), Cave Temples of the Deccan: Number 3, Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 64–65 with Plate XV that presents a part of the Badami mural</ref>

==In literature==
Badami is predominantly featured in the Tamil language historical fiction novel series [[Sivagamiyin Sapatham]], written by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]].
Hindi Film [[Guru]] featuring Abisek Bachan was shot in Badami.
A part of the Tamil film [[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]] was shot in Badami, with a part of the song 'Adi Manja Kilange' shot at Agastya Teertha.

==Gallery==
{{Main article |Badami cave temples|Bhutanatha group}}
{{Gallery
|title=Historic sites in Badami, Karnataka
|Image:Badami countryside.jpg|Agastya lake
|Image:Yellamma temple at Badami.jpg|Yellamma temple at Badami, early phase construction, 11th century
|Image:Bhutanatha temple complex in Badami.jpg|Bhutanatha group of temples facing the Agasythya Tank
|Image:Mallikarjuna group of temples at Badami.jpg|Mallikarjuna group of temples
|File:Badami si05-1676.jpg|Markaj Jumma in Badami
|File:Northern Fort Temple - Badami - Karnataka.jpg|Northern Fort Temple
|File:Bhutanatha temple Badami Karnataka.jpg|Floor plans of the 8th-century Bhutanatha temple near the lake
|File:Mallegitti Sivalaya temple Badami Karnataka.jpg|Mallegitti Shivalaya on the top of a rock, best preserved Dravida architecture in Badami
|Image:Badami_1.jpg|Vishnu seated on Adishesha
|File:6th century Brahma on Cave 3 ceiling, Badami Hindu cave temple Karnataka 3.jpg|Brahma on Hamsa in Cave 3 ceiling
|File:Badami, Höhle 4, Bahubali (1999).jpg|Bahubali in cave 4
|Image:Relief of Jain Tirthankara Parshvanath in the Badami cave temple no.4.jpg|[[:Category:Jain temples|Jain]] Parshvanatha in cave 4
|File:Anantashayana Vishnu shrine, Vishnu above Garuda (left), Shiva above Nandi, Brahma above Hamsa, Badami monuments Karnataka.jpg|Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma in a small rock carving monument
|File:7th to 8th century rock cut reliefs near Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami Karnataka - 2.jpg|Hindu reliefs on a Badami boulder
|File:7th to 8th century murals, paintings, chitra at Badami monuments, Karnataka - 3.jpg|Some Badami cave monuments show evidence of paintings
}}

==Administration==
===Taluks===
The Badami Taluka has thirty-four [[panchayat village]]s:<ref name="Panchayat-Dir-2011">{{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of Badami, Bagalkot, Karnataka|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5753&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113121900/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5753&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archive-date=13 November 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Adagal]]
* [[Anawal]]
* [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
* [[Cholachagudda]]
* [[Fakirbhudihal]]
* [[Haldur]]
* Halkurki
* Hansanur
* Hebbali
* Hosur
* Huligeri
* Hullikeri
* Jalihal
* Jamankatti
* Kaknur
* Katageri
* Kataraki
* Kelavadi
* Khanapur S.K.
* Kittali
* Kotikal
* Layadgundi
* Mamtageri
* Mangalore
* Mustigeri
* Mutalgeri
* Nagaral S.P.
* Nandikeshwar
* Neelgund
* Neeralkeri
* Neerbhudihal
* Parvati
* Pattadkal
* Sulikeri
{{div col end}}

==Geography==
[[File:Badami Taluk.jpg|thumb|Badami Taluk Map before creation of Guledgud Taluk]]
[[File:Badami Taluk ZP Constituency Map.jpg|thumb|Badami Taluk ZP Constituency Map before creation of Guledgud Taluk]]
Badami is located at {{coord|15.92|N|75.68|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Badami.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Badami |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 586 metres (1922 ft). It is located at the mouth of a ravine between two rocky hills and surrounds Agastya tirtha water reservoir on the three other sides. The total area of the town is 10.3 square kilometers.

It is located 30 kilometers from [[Bagalkot]], 128 kilometers from [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], 132 kilometers from [[Hubli]], 46 kilometers from [[Aihole]], another ancient town, and 589 kilometers from [[Bangalore]],<ref>Railway ticket (Bijapur express) from Bangalore to Badami</ref> the state capital.

===Climate===
*Summer – March to June
*Spring – Jan to March
*Monsoons – July to October that contributes to rainfall
*Winter – November to February

The temperature ranges from a minimum 22 degrees to a maximum 40 degrees in summer and from 14 to 29 degrees in winter. The average rainfall is around 68 cm (680 mm). The best time to visit Badami is considered to be between the low-humid season from November to March.

The climate of Badami has made it a safe haven for the monkeys of southern India. Tourists often flock to Badami for the opportunity to see monkeys interact in a natural environment.

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Indian Census]], Badami had a total population of 30,943, of which 15,539 were males and 15,404 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,877. The total number of literates in Badami was 22,093, which constituted 71.4% of the population with male literacy of 78.1% and female literacy of 64.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Badami was 81.6%, of which male literacy rate was 89.7% and female literacy rate was 73.6%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 4,562 and 1,833 respectively. Badami had 6214 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Badami |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=680086 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|alt=As of the [[2001 Indian census]]|2001}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Badami had a population of 25,851. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Badami had an average literacy rate of 64.8%, comparable to the national average of 65%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.

The main language spoken is [[Kannada]].

{{wide image|Agastya_Lake.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of Agastya Teertha, Badami.}}

==Climbing==

Badami's red sandstone cliffs are popular amongst local and international climbers. This is popular location for free sport climbing and bouldering. The cliffs have a horizontal crack systems, similar to [[Gunks]]. There are over 150 bolted routes and multiple routes for free climbing. Gerhard Schaar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gerhardschaar.com/home.html |title=Gerhard Schaar Official |publisher=gerhardschaar.com |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928141501/http://www.gerhardschaar.com/home.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a German Climber and Pranesh Manchaiah, a local climber from Bangalore, were instrumental in setting up the sport routes by driving a project called 'Bolts for Bangalore'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climbing.com/exclusive/above/boltsforbangalore/ |title=Bolts for Bangalore |publisher=Climbing.com |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312045501/http://www.climbing.com/exclusive/above/boltsforbangalore/ |archive-date=12 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
*[[Aihole]]
*[[Badami Cave Temples]]
*[[Badami Chalukya Architecture]]
*[[Banashankari Amma Temple|Banashankari Amma Temple at Cholachagudd]]
*[[Chalukya]]
*[[Climbing locations in India]]
*[[Gadag]]
*[[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
*[[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]
*[[Lakkundi]]
*[[Mahakuta]]
*[[Sidlaphadi]]
*[[North Karnataka]]
*[[Pattadakal]]
*[[Pulakeshin II]]
*[[Siege of Badami]]
*[[Sivagamiyin sabadham]]
*[[Sudi, India|Sudi]]
*[[Tourism in Karnataka]]
*[[Dravidian architecture#Badami Chalukyas|Dravidian architecture - Badami Chalukyas]]
*[[Hindu temple architecture#Badami Chalukya architecture|Hindu temple architecture - Badami Chalukya architecture]]
*[[Political history of medieval Karnataka#Badami Chalukyas|Political history of medieval Karnataka - Badami Chalukyas]]
*[[Architecture of Karnataka#Badami Chalukya architecture|Architecture of Karnataka - Badami Chalukya architecture]]
*[[List of Indian monarchs#Chalukyas of Badami (543–757)|Chalukyas of Badami]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-02|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Indian monarchs#Chalukyas of Badami (543–757)|reason= The anchor (Chalukyas of Badami (543–757)) [[Special:Diff/913703667|has been deleted]].}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Badami}}
{{Wikivoyage|Badami}}

*[http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/badami-museum/ Museum at Badami], ASI Dharwad
*[http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/temples-on-the-knoll-under-the-bastion-of-the-north-fort/ Malegitti Shivalaya], ASI Dharwad
*[http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/the-whole-length-of-the-remains-of-the-ancient-chalukyan-city-walls-including-moat-and-moat-walls-and-all-ancient-gates-and-ancient-dam-forming-the-western-abhay-of-the-bhutnath-tank/ Agastya Lake and walls], ASI Dharwad
*[http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/the-north-fort-and-temples/ North Fort, Badami], ASI Dharwad
*[http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/lakulisa-temple-immediately-behind-the-bhutanath-group-containing-a-nude-seated-image-in-the-shrine-broken-across-the-body/ Lakulisa temple, Badami], ASI Dharwad
*[http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/the-jain-and-vaishnava-caves/ The Jain and Vaishnava Caves of Badami], ASI Dharwad
*[http://www.asidharwadcircle.in/monument/the-bhutanath-group-of-temples-on-the-east-margin-of-the-tank/ Bhutanath group of temples, Badami], ASI Dharwad
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717011322/http://bagalkot.nic.in/badami.htm Bagalkot district info about Badami]

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Climbing areas of India]]

Badami

2026-03-13T22:53:01Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: cleanup

Treaty of Purandar (1665)

2026-03-03T12:35:09Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: small rework intro to improve readability additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|1665 treaty between Mughals and Shivaji}}
[[File:On the way to Purandar.jpg|thumb|[[Shivaji]] On the way to meet [[Jai Singh I]].]]
The '''Treaty of Purandar''' was signed on 11 June 1665, between [[Jai Singh I]], commander of the [[Mughal Empire]], and [[Shivaji]]. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged [[Purandar fort]]. The terms of the treaty made Shivaji

[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|[[Jai Singh I]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]] receiving [[Shivaji]] a day before concluding the Treaty of Purandar (12 June 1665).]]

==Background==
Following Shivaji's rebellion and hostilities against the Mughal empire in collaboration with the Adilshahi dynasty. Aurangzeb sent his senior most general Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to subdue Shivaji Maharaj and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji And His Times lo |publisher=Longmass, Green and co. |year=1920 |edition=Second |location=New York, United States of America |language=en}}</ref>

==Siege of Purandar==
{{Further|Battle of Purandar}}
Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort in 1665. He conquered the neighbouring Vajragad fort in the middle of April. He surrounded Purandar and attacked the walls of the fort with cannons. The Marathas suffered heavy casualties. Due to this, Shivaji decided to meet Jai Singh and accept the terms of peace. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji And His Times |publisher=Longmass, Green and co. |year=1920 |edition=Second |location=New York, United States of America |pages=138–137 |language=en |chapter=Shivaji And Jai Singh 1665}}</ref> Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: <ref name="EralyA"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Sardesai | first=H. S. | title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha | publisher=Cosmo Publications| publication-place=New Delhi|volume=2 | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7755-284-3|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA347}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."}}

==Terms of the treaty==
[[File:The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg|thumb|Shivaji submits to Jai Singh]]
Following are the main points of the treaty:
# Shivaji kept twelve forts, along with an area worth an income of 100,000 (1 [[lakh]]) huns.<ref name="Marathas2008" > Gordon Stewart (2008), The Marathas 1600-1818 pg 73-4</ref>
# Shivaji was required to help the Mughals whenever and wherever required. <ref name="Marathas2008" />
# Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] was tasked with the command of a 5,000-strong force to fight for Mughals as Mansabdar.<ref name="Marathas2008" />
# If Shivaji wanted to claim the Konkan area under [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]]'s control, he would have to pay 4 million (40 lakh) hons to the Mughals.<ref name="Marathas2008" />
# He had to give up his 23 forts, which include [[Purandar fort|Purandar]], Rudramal, [[Kondana]], [[Karnala Fort|Karnala]], [[Lohagad]], [[Visapur|Isagad]], Tung, [[Tikona]], [[Rohida fort]], Nardurga, [[Mahuli]], Bhandardurga, Palaskhol, Rupgad, Bakhtgad, Morabkhan, [[Manikgad (Raigad)]], Saroopgad, [[Sagargad]], Marakgad, [[Ghangad|Ankola]], [[Songad]], and [[Fort Mangad|Mangad]]. <ref name="Marathas2008" />

Along with these requirements, Shivaji agreed to visit [[Agra]] to meet [[Aurangzeb]] for further political talks.<ref name="Marathas2008" />

== Aftermath ==
Following Shivaji's surrender, Jai Singh ended the siege on Purandar, allowing 7000 residents of the fort to come out which included 4000 Maratha soldiers. Shivaji handed over his forts to Jai Singh. Following the failed rebellion, Shivaji wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=2007-12-03 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}}

Later Shivaji travelled to Agra to Aurangzeb's court. But Aurangzeb put him under house arrest for a few months. Shivaji managed to escape and returned home. Aurangzeb blamed Jai Singh's son Ram Singh for Shivaji's escape and demoted him.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Battle of Purandar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Citation
| surname1 = Stewart
| given1 = S.
| year = 1993
| title = The Marathas 1600-1818 (vol 2) Pg No. 73-74.
| editor = Gordan Stewart
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| isbn = 9780521268837
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = John Murray
| given1 = S.
| year = 1841
| title = The History of India (Vol. 2) Pg No. 475-476.
| editor = Mountstuart Elphinstone
}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Purandar (1665)}}

[[Category:1665 treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Mughal Empire|Purandar 1665]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Maratha Empire|Purandar 1665]]

Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film)

2026-03-03T04:30:09Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up initial stub needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{infobox film
| image = Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Agathiyan]]
| writer = Agathiyan
| producer = Sivasakthi Pandian
| starring = [[Jai Akash]] [[Sridevika]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = Rajesh Yadav
| editing = Lancy-Mohan
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|26|df=yes}}
| studio = [[Sivasakthi Movie Makers]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ramakrishna''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Agathiyan]] and produced by [[Sivasakthi Movie Makers]]. The film stars [[Jai Akash]], [[Sridevika]], along with Vijay Kumar, Vani and others. [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] scored the soundtrack and background music.

==Plot==
{{No Plot|date=April 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jai Akash]] as Ramakrishna
* [[Sridevika]] as Pooncholai
* Vani as Pavalakodi
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as the village chief
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Ramakrishna's mother
* [[Jaguar Thangam]] as Pooncholai's uncle
* [[Charle]] as Pavalakodi's brother
* [[Paravai Muniyamma]]
* Manochitra
* [[Sabitha Anand]]
* Vaishali
* [[Halwa Vasu]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Balu Anand]]
* [[Muthukaalai]]
* [[Ganeshkar]]
}}

==Production==
''Ramakrishna'' marked the third collaboration between Agathiyan and Sivasakthi Pandian.<ref name="sify">{{cite web |date=5 July 2004 |title=Ramakrishna |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ramakrishna-review-tamil-pclv4pcdjfjhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727011633/https://www.sify.com/movies/ramakrishna-review-tamil-pclv4pcdjfjhf.html |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The makers initially approached [[Nandaa]] to play the lead role but he turned down the offer.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2004 |title=A film after 14 years! |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20052004-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603100051/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/20052004-2.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2004 |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref> The climax fight sequence was shot at a village Aalankulam near [[Tenkasi]] for ten days while a song was shot at [[Courtallam]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=26 December 2003 |title=Ramakrishna |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/ramakrishna.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040611065714/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/ramakrishna.asp |archive-date=11 June 2004 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtracks and background score are composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and lyrics written by Agathiyan.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2004 |title=Ramakrishna |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ramakrishna/qOduAfUWmYM_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217074213/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ramakrishna/qOduAfUWmYM_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| Thathi Thavidum || [[Harish Raghavendra]] || 05:09
|-
| Viruppamillaiya || [[Sadhana Sargam]] || 06:09
|-
| Enakku Aambalaina || [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Udit Narayan]] || 05:17
|-
| Thilla Dangu || Deva || 05:03
|-
| KokkuchiKokku || Sadhana Sargam, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 05:59
|-
| Peiyummazhiyamma || Deva, Sadhana Sargam, Karthik, Paravai Muniyamma, Sabesh, Jayalakshmi || 07:17
|}

== Release and reception ==

The release of the film was delayed after the failure of Sivasakthi Pandian's earlier film ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2005 |title=Jai Akash |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/html/tamil-cinema-interview-jaiakash.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219111642/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/html/tamil-cinema-interview-jaiakash.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHvgcfKKuh0 |title=என் படங்கள Release பண்ண விடாம சதி பண்ணாங்க! - Jai Akash Emotional {{!}} Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham |date=22 August 2021 |language=ta |publisher=Galatta Tamil {{!}} கலாட்டா தமிழ் |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109073337/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHvgcfKKuh0 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "Now after a break, he [Agathiyan] is back with Ramakrishna with an all new star cast set against a village milieu which just does not live up to his earlier works".<ref name="sify" /> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The presentation is fairly neat, urban life depicted well and the rural ambience picturised in all its simplicity. The director in the opening song in the village itself depicts in a capsule the entire culture, tradition and the folk arts of rural life. The pace does get a bit slow at times, the song numbers towards the latter part not helping matters. One feels even the treatment looks a bit out-dated".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=31 July 2004 |title=Ramakrishna |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov354.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075236/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov354.asp |archive-date=16 October 2006 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' called it a disappointment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/ramakrishna.shtml|title=Ramakrishna|website=Cinesouth|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207162421/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/ramakrishna.shtml|archive-date=7 February 2005}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Agathiyan}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 drama films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Agathiyan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Madhumitha Hirannaiah

2026-03-02T12:45:22Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: started new entry...

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhumitha Hirannaiah
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|03|29|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-FyHVExRlM |title="Marimuthu-வ அடிக்கணும்னு என்கிட்டயே வந்து சொல்றாங்க" 😳 Ethirneechal Madhumitha Interview |date=11 March 2023 |publisher=BehindwoodsTV |via=YouTube |time=5:45 |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503151943/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-FyHVExRlM |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017 – present
| mother =
| father =
| other_names =
| relatives =
| known_for = ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
}}
'''Madhumitha Hirannaiah,''' known professionally as '''Madhumitha H.''' (born 29 March 1999) is an Indian television actress who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] language television shows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മധുമിത {{!}} Madhumitha H |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2022/07/20/actress-madhumitha-h-engaging-pictures.html |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326083459/https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2022/07/20/actress-madhumitha-h-engaging-pictures.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She debuted in Kannada mythological series and played the role of the goddess [[Lakshmi]] in the 2018 show ''[[Jai Hanuman (2018 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Madhumitha H Is Making Heads Turn With Her Fashion Game |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/madhumitha-h-is-making-heads-turn-with-her-fashion-game-5730679.html |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=news18.com |date=11 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326083459/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/madhumitha-h-is-making-heads-turn-with-her-fashion-game-5730679.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2017, Madhumitha started her career in the [[Kannada]] serial ''Shani''. Later in 2018 she appeared in the [[Kannada]] serial ''Puttamalli'' which aired on [[Star Suvarna]]. In 2019, she debuted into the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television industry in the soap opera ''Piriyadha Varam Vendum'' playing the lead and dual role as Durga / Amaravathi which was aired on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=எதிர்நீச்சல் ஜனனி தமிழில் நடித்த முதல் சீரியல் எது தெரியுமா? ஸ்கெட்ச் போட்டு தூக்கிய இயக்குனர் |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/ethirneechal-janani-sun-tv-serial-actress-madhumitha-first-serial-in-tamil-piriyadha-varam-vendum-article-106153894 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=TimesNowTamil |language=ta}}</ref> She later returned to Telugu television and appeared in the serial ''[[No.1 Kodalu]]'' playing the role as Saraswathi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Jai Dhanush and Madhumita starrer 'No.1 Kodalu' completes 200 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jai-dhanush-and-madhumita-starrer-no-1-kodalu-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/78805093.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326084244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jai-dhanush-and-madhumita-starrer-no-1-kodalu-completes-200-episodes/articleshow/78805093.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Madhumitha was cast in the lead role in the Tamil soap opera ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thiruselvam directed TV show 'Ethir Neechal' to launch soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thiruselvam-directed-tv-show-ethir-neechal-to-launch-soon/articleshow/89298888.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203165851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thiruselvam-directed-tv-show-ethir-neechal-to-launch-soon/articleshow/89298888.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ETimes TV's poll results: Netizens select Ethirneechal as their favourite daily soap; a look at the other TV shows on the list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/etimes-tvs-poll-results-netizens-select-ethirneechal-as-their-favourite-daily-soap-a-look-at-the-other-tv-shows-on-the-list/articleshow/98959209.cms |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601202055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/etimes-tvs-poll-results-netizens-select-ethirneechal-as-their-favourite-daily-soap-a-look-at-the-other-tv-shows-on-the-list/articleshow/98959209.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The serial was critically acclaimed and becomes most watched TV series from it was launched, and she gets praises and critical acclaim for her role as "Janani", a headstrong and self obsessed women and bagged several awards including Favourite Actress at [[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]] However she quit the series in its second season.<ref name=":2" /> In early 2025, Madhumitha cast as lead role in ''[[Ayyanar Thunai]]'' as Nila, a family drama series, which is being airing on [[Star Vijay]]. The series became one of the most watched TV shows in [[Tamil Nadu]]. For that, she awarded as the Find of the Year in [[Vijay Television Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay TV Top 5 Serial TRP Rating : TRPயில் சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியலை துரத்தும் அய்யனார் துணை; இந்த வார டாப் 5 சீரியல்கள் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/television/ayyanar-thunai-nearing-siragadikka-aasai-in-vijay-tv-top-5-serial-trp-gan-34dhuz5 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In February 2024, Madhumitha was charged with [[reckless driving]], after hitting a police officer on duty.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil television actor Madhumitha booked for driving rashly, hitting police constable with her car in Chennai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tamil-actor-madhumitha-booked-for-driving-rashly-hitting-police-constable-with-her-car/article67895003.ece|access-date=26 March 2023|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 February 2024|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228103808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tamil-actor-madhumitha-booked-for-driving-rashly-hitting-police-constable-with-her-car/article67895003.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Ethirneechal' actress Madhumitha involved in a car accident?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ethirneechal-actress-madhumitha-involved-in-a-car-accident/articleshow/108015379.cms|access-date=26 March 2023|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=28 February 2024|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227052856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ethirneechal-actress-madhumitha-involved-in-a-car-accident/articleshow/108015379.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Television ==
===Serials===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= March 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Serial(s)
!Character(s)
!Language(s)
!Network
!Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2017-2018
|''Shani''
|Devi Neelima
| rowspan="3" |[[Kannada]]
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Television debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2018
|''Puttmalli''
|Saniha
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2018 - 2019
|''[[Jai Hanuman (2018 TV series)|Jai Hanum]]''
|[[Lakshmi]]
|[[Udaya TV]]
|
|
|-
|2018 - 2020
|''Manasuna Manasai''
|Pavithra
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2019 - 2022
|''[[No.1 Kodalu]] ''
|Saraswathi
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=ప్రస్తుతానికి ప్రేమ, పెండ్లి ఆలోచనలు లేవంటున్న నెం.1 కోడలు ఫేమ్ మధుమిత |url=https://www.ntnews.com/zindagi/no-1-kodalu-serial-actress-madhumita-special-interview-with-zindagi-404703 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Namasthe Telangana |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2019 - 2020
|''Piriyadha Varam Vendum''
|Durga / Amaravathi
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2022 - 2024
|''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
|Janani Shakthivel
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ethirneechal-frame-actor-marimuthu-opens-up-about-his-struggle-says-had-to-survive-on-pickles-and-water-for-three-days-since-i-had-no-money/articleshow/98273637.cms|title=Ethirneechal frame actor Marimuthu opens up about his struggle; says, 'Had to survive on pickles and water for three days since I had no money'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2023 |language=en|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719230501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ethirneechal-frame-actor-marimuthu-opens-up-about-his-struggle-says-had-to-survive-on-pickles-and-water-for-three-days-since-i-had-no-money/articleshow/98273637.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025 - present
|''[[Ayyanar Thunai]]''
|Nila Chozhan
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/ayyanar-thunai-new-serial-launching-on-january-27-vijay-tv/|title=Ayyanar Thunai": A Distinct Romantic Tale in Vijay TV!}}</ref>
|}

=== Reality shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Network
!class="unsortable"|Notes and Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Super Queen Season 2''
| rowspan="4" |Contestant
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
|Finalist<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0nWK82xsVQ |title=Madhumitha Funny Promo {{!}} Super Queen {{!}} 13th Mar, Sunday 12 PM {{!}} Zee Telugu |date=2022-03-10 |last=Zee Cinemalu |access-date=2025-06-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''Zee Super Family''
|One of the contestants<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/7jwwkQSoWvQ |title=Zee Super Family {{!}} Pradeep & Gomati Priya {{!}} Zee Telugu |language=en |access-date=2025-06-06 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Ranjithame Season 2''
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Finalist<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-18 |title=New game show 'Ranjithame season 2' set to premiere on July 23 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-game-show-ranjithame-season-2-set-to-premiere-on-july-23/articleshow/101848055.cms |access-date=2023-12-10 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117152429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-game-show-ranjithame-season-2-set-to-premiere-on-july-23/articleshow/101848055.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya|Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya Season 3]]''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Week 14 Contestant<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYrLT1jYSQ4 |title=Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya - Season 3 {{!}} 25th May 2025 - Promo 4 |date=2025-05-21 |last=Vijay Television |access-date=2025-06-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Work
!Language
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[No.1 Kodalu]]''
|Telugu
|Zee Kutumbam Awards
|Favourite Actress - Telugu
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=No.1 Kodalu Serial Fame Madhumitha @ ZEE Kutumbam Awards 2021 {{!}} MS entertainments |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g6Ni6SP1gA |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g6Ni6SP1gA |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| rowspan="8" |''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''
| rowspan="13" |Tamil
|Behindwoods Gold Icons
|Best Lead Cast On Television
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethirneechal Serial-ன் ராணிகள் LIVE Kuthu Dance🔥 Kaniha's Emotional Speech touches many hearts😍 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFethJYZU70 |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063143/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFethJYZU70 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]
| Favourite Actress - Tamil
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Surprise Gift for Janani & Kayal {{!}} Favourite Actresses {{!}} Sun Kudumbam Virudhugal 2023 {{!}} Sun TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eh7mgNj0RBo |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221072231/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eh7mgNj0RBo |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Thanga Mangai
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Thanga Mangaigal Award: Honoring the Super Women! {{!}} Sun Kudumbam Virudhugal 2023 {{!}} Sun TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYucU4XfqHM |access-date=2023-12-21 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYucU4XfqHM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
| rowspan="2" |[[Ananda Vikatan Awards|Ananda Vikatan Television Awards]]
|Best Actress
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=UG3N3i-pdfbT_XAt&v=WNyWa4e-3B8&feature=youtu.be |title=Ananda Vikatan Television Awards 2023 - 2024 |date=2024-07-18 |last=Vasantha Mullai |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|Most Popular On Screen Pair (With Sabari Prasanth)
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|She Tamil Nakshatram Awards
|Best Actress In Leading Role (Television)
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_Dl68ey0HZ/?igsh=MTdzaGw5Y25ic3pvbw== |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2025
| rowspan="2" |Blacksheep Tele Awards
|Favourite Actress
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/a5afc359-tY?si=aRFG3sP6RVOaehMI |title=Black Sheep Tele Awards Nominees #tvserialsnews #vijaytelevision #suntv #zeetamil |language=en |access-date=2025-03-01 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|Favourite Onscreen Pair (with Sabari Prasanth)
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Ayyanar Thunai]]''
|Behindwoods Gold Icons
| rowspan="2" |Most celebrated on screen pair (with [[Aravinth Seiju]])
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=vigneshpv94 |date=2025-09-03 |title=10 Annual Vijay Television Awards 2025 Winners List |url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/awards/vijay-television-awards-2025-winners-list/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=The News Medium |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Vijay Television Awards|10th annual Vijay Television Awards]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Find of the Year – Female
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|{{Nom}}
|-
|JFW Favourites of Tamil Nadu
|Favourite onscreen pair – Television (with [[Aravinth Seiju]])
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:H, Madhumitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:1999 births]]

Srinagar

2026-03-01T12:15:07Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: clean up

{{Short description|City in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Srinagar
| settlement_type = City administered by India
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ks
| named_for = [[Lakshmi]] or [[Surya]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 275
|image1 = Srinagar pano.jpg
|caption6 = Houseboats on [[Dal Lake]]
|image2 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg
|caption2 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]]
|image3 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG
|caption3 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]]
|image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg
|caption4 = [[Pari Mahal]]
|image5 = Hazratbal shrine.jpg
|caption5 = [[Hazratbal Shrine]]
|image6 = Houseboats, Dal Lake, Kashmir.jpg
}}
| image_map1 = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Kashmir division administered by India in neon blue.jpg
| map_alt = Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China
| map_caption1 = Srinagar lies in the [[Kashmir division]] (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir/> =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size = 250px
| image_map =
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Srinagar
| coordinates = {{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Administering country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = Region of administration
| subdivision_name1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| leader_title1 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name1 = Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 294
| area_metro_km2 = 766
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1585
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = 1180570
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|31st]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1273312
| population_blank1_title = Metro Rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|37th]]
| population_demonym = Srinagari, Sirinagari, Sirinagaruk, Shaharuk, Srinagarite
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf
|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 190001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0194
| registration_plate = JK 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 69.15%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|876|km|mi}} NW
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Mumbai
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|710|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Vacant
}}

'''Srinagar'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=Srinagar.ogg|ˈ|s|r|iː|n|ə|g|ər}}; {{IPA|ks|siriːnagar|lang}}, {{literally|city of ''[[Sri Lakshmi|Shri]]''}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |chapter=Srīnagar |title= Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |edition=6th |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |quote=Founded c. 250 bc becoming known as the ‘City of Shrī (or Laksmī)’, the Hindu goddess of wealth and good fortune; ... |isbn=9780191905636}}</ref>}} is a city in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[Kashmir|disputed Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir>The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (d), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; (g) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (h) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (i) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."</ref> It is the largest city and [[summer capital]] of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered [[union territory]]. It lies in the [[Kashmir Valley]] along the banks of the [[Jhelum River]], and the shores of [[Dal Lake]] and [[Anchar Lake]]s, between the [[Hari Parbat]] and [[Shankaracharya Temple|Shankaracharya]] hills. The city is known for its natural environment, various gardens, waterfronts and [[houseboat]]s. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts like the [[Kashmir shawl]] (made of [[Pashmina (material)|pashmina]] and [[cashmere wool]]), papier-mâché, wood carving, carpet weaving, and jewel making, as well as for [[dried fruit]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|title=Here's how beautiful Srinagar's Dal Lake looks this winter|date=5 January 2018|website=India Today|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130122935/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srinagar.nic.in/|title=District Srinagar :: Official Website|website=srinagar.nic.in|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204230258/http://srinagar.nic.in/|archive-date=4 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the [[Himalayas]] (after [[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal).

Founded in the 6th century during the rule of the [[Gonanda dynasty]] according to the [[Rajatarangini]], the city took on the name of an earlier capital thought to have been founded by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]] in its vicinity. The city remained the most important capital of the Kashmir Valley under the Hindu dynasties, and was a major centre of learning. During the 14th–16th centuries the city's old town saw major expansions, particularly under the [[Shah Mir dynasty]], whose kings used various parts of it as their capitals. It became the spiritual centre of Kashmir, and attracted several [[Sufism|Sufi]] preachers. It also started to emerge as a hub of [[shawl]] weaving and other Kashmiri handicrafts. In the late 16th century, the city became part of the [[Mughal Empire]], many of whose emperors used it as their summer resort. Many Mughal gardens were built in the city and around Dal lake during this time, of which [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar]] and [[Nishat Bagh|Nishat]] are the most well-known.

After passing through the hands of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]] and the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] in the late 18th and early 19th century, it eventually became the summer capital of the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] kingdom of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1846. The city became a popular tourist destination among Europeans and Indian elites during this time, with several hotels and its iconic houseboats being built. In 1952, the city became the summer capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a region administered by India as a state, with [[Jammu]] being its winter capital. It was the flashpoint of violence during the 1990s and early 2000s [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency]] in the region. In 2019, it became the summer capital of a smaller region which is administered by India as a union territory, after the former state's [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|reorganisation]].

== Etymology ==
The earliest records, such as Kalhana's ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', mentions the [[Sanskrit]] name ''shri-nagara'' which have been interpreted distinctively by scholars in two ways: one being ''"The city of "Śrī''" ({{Langx|sa|श्री|links=no|label=none}}), the Hindu goddess of prosperity, meaning "''City of [[Lakshmi]]''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Kashmir |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-7488-051-2 |page=137|quote=Shri Nagar or, as it is commonly called, Srinagar, is the chief town of the country . ' Shri ' means beauty or wealth of knowledge and ' nagar ' a city }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZXB964fKnwC |title=Kashmir |date=1953 |page=36|quote=Shri ' is said to be another name for Laxmi, the Goddess of Wealth and Beauty and ' nagari ' means the city . Hence ' Shrinagar ' is the city of wealth and beauty .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shafi |first=Aneesa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH3gRGAHQIkC |title=Working Women in Kashmir: Problems and Prospects |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-350-6 |page=189|quote=The name Srinagar which means the city of Sri or Lakshmi appears to have been assigned to the capital to commemorate the Buddhist Monastery built by Ashoka between Pandrethan and the nearby steep hill side at a distance of 2 miles from ...}}</ref>{{sfn|Khan|1978|loc=p.2:"According to Kalhana, ancient Kashmir has had a number of capitals. The most important of these ancient cities was Srinagari, which was founded by Asoka in 250 B.C. 3 Srinagari, the city of Sri, an appellation of the goddess '. Lakshmi ..."}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charnock |first=Richard Stephen|authorlink=Richard Stephen Charnock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2BulY4WvsYC&pg=PA187 |title=Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names |date=1859 |publisher=Houlston and Wright |page=187}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Koul |first=Samsar Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42lDAAAAYAAJ |title=Srinagar and Its Environs: Kashmir, India |date=1962 |publisher=Lokesh Koul|quote=Shri Nagar or, as it is commonly called, Srinagar, is the chief town of the country . ' Shri ' means beauty or wealth of knowledge and ' nagar ' a city . In ancient times this city was one of the chief seats of learning in Asia}}</ref>
and other being ''sūrya-nagar'', meaning "''City of the [[Surya]]''" (trans) ''"City of Sun''."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Sir Walter Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&pg=PA35 |title=The Valley of Kashmir |date=2005 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1630-1 |page=35}}</ref><ref>M. Monier Monier–Williams, "Śrīnagar", in: ''The Great Sanskrit–English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1899</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own |date=1974 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |page=42|quote=SRINAGAR * or Suryea Nagar, the City of the Sun, built by Rajah Pravarasene about the beginning of the 6th century, is the Capital of Kashmir, and a plan of it will be found in Montgomerie's Jamoo and Kashinir Map . It is situated about ...}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rabbani|1981|p=32}}: "Old Srinagar Kalhana, who lived in the beginning of the twelfth century, mentions in his Rajtarangni the city of Srinagar, a city in the south – east ... Shri here does not mean Surya or the son and it is a mistake to call Srinagar, the city of sun ."</ref> The name was used for an older capital in the vicinity of the present-day city, before being used for it.{{sfn|Kaul|2018|loc=p.157: "(in footnote) In reality, it is the name Srinagar that stuck but the location of the modern-day Srinagar, the capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, is at the site of Pravarapura that was founded by King Pravarasena circa 6th century CE."}} Between the 14th and 19th centuries, and especially during Mughal rule, the city was also referred to simply as ''Kashmir'' or ''Shahr-i-Kashmir'' ({{lit|City of Kashmir}}).{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=8–9}}

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981).jpg|thumb|left|[[Pandrethan Shiva Temple|Shiva Temple]] at Pandrethan, near Srinagar, built {{circa|8th–9th century CE}}]]
According to the [[Rajatarangini]] of [[Kalhana]], a capital city by the name of ''Srinagari'' was built in the Kashmir valley by [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|Ashoka]].{{efn|Despite several discrepancies, scholars identify this Ashoka of the Rajatarangini with the [[Mauryan empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]].{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=75}}{{sfn|Kaul|2018|p=110}}}} Kalhana calls this capital ''puranadhisthana'', Sanskrit for 'old capital', identified as present-day Pandrethan, 3.5 kilometres south-east of Srinagar.{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=75}} A 'new capital' was built by king [[Gonanda dynasty#Rule#Pravarasena II|Pravarasena]], called ''Parvarapura'', in 6th century CE. ''Srinagari'' continued to be used as a name for this capital. This new capital was located at the base of the Hari Parbat hill on the right bank of the Jhelum, corresponding to the location of modern-day Srinagar.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=22}} Kalhana describes the capital having several markets, mansions, wooden houses, grand temples and canals, and also refers to the Dal lake and Jhelum river.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=3–4}} A long embankment was constructed on the Jhelum by Pravarasena to protect the city from floods, parts of which have survived to the present day.{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=159}} The two capitals are also mentioned in the chronicle of Chinese traveller [[Xuanxang|Huein Tsang]] who visited the city in 631 CE.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=3}}{{sfn|Rabbani|1981|p=33}} Although several other capitals of Kashmir were constructed by other rulers over the next few centuries, Pravarasena's Srinagar survived as the capital.{{efn|Historian [[Mohammad Ishaq Khan]] states that this is due Srinagar's central location within the valley and the larger neighbourhood, and due to the presence of various water bodies around the city which provided protection.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=6–7}}}} The city was divided into several parts, each with its own guardian deity, which continue to be worshipped by [[Hindu Kashmiris]].{{sfn|Rabbani|1981|p=33–35}} The 8th century scholar [[Adi Shankara]] visited the city and founded the [[Shankaracharya Temple]] here, at the site of the earlier Jyeshteshwara Temple.{{sfn|Kaul|2018|pp=124–125}} The city gradually extended to the left bank of the Jhelum river, and in the early 12th century the royal palace was shifted to this side.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=8}}

===Sultanate period===
[[File:Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587).jpg|thumb|left|The Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, built in the beginning of 15th century CE]]
[[Rinchan]]a, a Buddhist convert to Islam who briefly ruled Kashmir in the early 14th century, built the first mosque in Kashmir on the site of a Buddhist temple in a colony of Srinagar built by him.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=9}} The Muslim rulers that came after him established their capitals in areas of present-day old city Srinagar.{{sfn| Khan|1978|pp=9–10}} During the rule of the Sultans, the city became synonymous with the Kashmir valley, and 'Srinagar' fell into disuse as a name for it.{{efn|The name, however, did not become obsolete and finds mention in several contemporary sources.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=9}}}}{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=8}} During the rule of Qutbuddin, Islamic preacher [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] visited the valley and established his seat of preaching in Srinagar. Sultan [[Sikandar Shahmiri]] (1389–1413 CE) built the ''[[Khanqah-e-Moula]]'' at this location, and also built the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Mosque]] at Nowhatta in 1402.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=83}} The oldest surviving example of forcible conversion of a Hindu place of worship into Muslim shrine in Kashmir also appears from Srinagar under Sikandar's rule.{{sfn|Hamdani2021|pp=99–100}} Sikandar's successor [[Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)|Zain-ul-Abidin]] undertook several constructions in and around Srinagar. He built the ''[[Zaina Kadal|Zainakadal]]'' bridge connecting the two halves of the city on either side of the Jhelum river, the [[Nallah Mar|Mar canal]] and two islands inside Dal lake called Sona Lank and Rupa Lank.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=10}} He also built a stone shrine for his Islamic teacher at [[Madin Sahib]], and a brick mausoleum for his mother constructed using materials from a Hindu structure and showing Timurid influences,{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=65–66}} where he was also buried after his death. He is also credited with establishing industries around the arts of shawl and carpet weaving, papier-maché, and wood carving in Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=11}}

===Mughal rule===
[[File:India - Srinagar - 023 - Nishat Bagh Mughal Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nishat Bagh]], a Mughal Garden built during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] on the northern bank of the Dal lake, in the vicinity of Srinagar]]
The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] annexed Kashmir in 1586 after a period of internal instability in the valley, and added it to their Kabul province. Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] visited the valley three times. During his second visit in 1592, an elaborate [[Diwali]] celebration was held in Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=12}} On the final such visit, he was accompanied by the first recorded European visitors to the area.{{efn|These were jesuit priests [[Jerome Xavier]] and [[Bento de Góis]].{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}}}} Akbar built fortifications around the Hari Parbat hill, and established a township called ''Nagar Nagar'' there.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}} He also built a shrine for [[Hamza Makhdoom]], a Sufi mystic of Kashmir's [[Rishi order]], on the southern slope of Hari Parbat which was later expanded several times.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=93–95}} His successor [[Jahangir]] was particularly fond of the Kashmir valley and frequently visited it.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}} His rule brought prosperity to Srinagar, and several Mughal gardens were built in the city and around the Dal lake during his and his successor [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign, including the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar]] and [[Nishat Bagh]]. Empress [[Nur Jahan]] built the [[Pathar Mosque]] on the left bank of Jhelum river opposite the ''Khānqāh-e-Moula'' in 1623, the mosque was however deemed unfit for worship soon after its construction and used instead for non-religious purposes.<ref>{{citation|last=Rai |first=Mridu |chapter=To 'Tear the Mask off the Face of the Past': Archaeology and Politics in Jammu and Kashmir |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |editor=Chitralekha Zutshi |url=https://www.cambridge.org/9781107181977 |year=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18197-7 |pages=39–41}}</ref>
[[File:View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780.jpg|thumb|A {{circa|1780 CE}} painting showing Dal Lake and [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]] from Hazratbal]]
Shah Jahan made Kashmir into a separate ''[[Mughal Kashmir|Subah]]'' (province) with its administrative seat at Srinagar in 1638. His heir apparent prince [[Dara Shikoh]] visited the Kashmir valley frequently, and built the [[Pari Mahal]]—a palace, pleasure garden and center for intellectual discourse and astronomy on the site of a ruined Buddhist monastery—and a [[Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque|stone mosque]] for his spiritual master [[Shah Badakhshi|Mullah Shah]], whom he had met during his first visit to Kashmir in 1640.{{sfn|Pal|2007|pages=148, 154}}<ref name=McInerney>{{cite journal |last=McInerney |first=Terence |year=2013 |title=The Mughal artist Jalal Quli, also entitled the "Kashmiri painter" |journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] |volume=73 |number= 2 |pages=479–501 |doi=10.61342/ZUUT7171 |jstor=24240821 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240821|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) did not share the fondness for Kashmir of his predecessors, and visited the valley only once during his reign.<ref name=McInerney/> The [[Aali Masjid]] was expanded and the Safa kadal bridge was built over the Jhelum river during his reign. The ''moi muqaddas'', a relic believed to be the hair strand of prophet Muhammad's beard, also arrived in Kashmir during this time, and was housed in a Mughal palace at [[Hazratbal]], which became the [[Hazratbal Shrine|Hazratbal Dargah]]. A number of Europeans visited the city during the later Mughal period.{{efn|These include physician [[Francois Bernier]] and priests [[Ippolito Desideri]] and Manoel Freyre.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=15}}}}

===Afghan and Sikh rule===
In 1753, Kashmir passed into the hands of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]]. The Afghans undertook reconstructions in Srinagar and built the palace at [[Sher Garhi Palace|Shergarhi]] at the site of a pre-existing ancient palace, as well as the fort atop Hari Parbat.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=16}} However, contemporary accounts describe the city as filthy and deteriorating, and it also saw worsening inter-community relations during Afghan rule, with repeated Hindu-Muslim and Shia-Sunni riots, and state persecution of Pandits.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|pages=167–169}} In 1819, the [[Sikh Empire]] assumed control of Kashmir. Under them, ''Srinagar'', the old name of the city, was restored. The situation in the city did not improve much under Sikh rule, and the city remained in a state of decay.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=16–17}} They also imposed several restrictions on Muslim religious expression, and closed the gates of the Jamia Mosque, which remained closed until 1843. A Shia-Sunni riot happened in the city in 1837.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|pages=167–169}}

===Dogra rule===
[[File:View of Srinagar 1872.jpg|thumb|1872 painting depicting the city of Srinagar.]]
With the establishment of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]] following the 1846 [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], Srinagar became the capital of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The Jammu-based dynasty's founder [[Gulab Singh]] brought production and trade under state control, and laid the foundation of a state seeking to draw its legitimacy from the valley's Hindu past, alienating its majority Muslim population.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|pages=58–59}} The Dogras found Srinagar deteriorating, filthy and overcrowded.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=18–20}} The city used to see several break-outs of [[cholera]], as well as earthquakes, floods, fires and famines. The famine of 1877–79 is said to have halved the city's population.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=20–24}} Consequently, due to the famine and forced labour in the villages, a considerable number of people migrated to Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=32}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align = right
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Palace-of-srinagar 0.jpg
| caption1 = Early 20th century painting of [[Sher Garhi Palace]], the official residence of the Dogra rulers in Srinagar
| image2 = Map of Srinagar, Kashmir of the British Indian Empire, environs, from the Constable's Hand Atlas of India (1893).jpg
| caption2 = 1893 map of Srinagar and its surroundings
}}

The [[Darbar Move]] was introduced in 1872 by [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]], whereby the capital moved to [[Jammu]] for six months during the winter.<ref>{{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha | year=2019 |title=Kashmir |series=Oxford India Short Introductions |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-19-012141-9 |pages=53–54}}</ref> The [[Raghunath Temple, Srinagar|Raghunath Temple]] was also completed during Ranbir Singh's rule.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=54}} With a global decline in shawl trade during late 19th century, the shawl weaving class of the city was upended. Several changes were ushered in during the reign of [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1885–1925). A [[Residencies of British India|British Residency]] was established in Srinagar and direct British influence on the administration of the state grew. During this time, Srinagar, and in turn the Kashmir Valley, was connected to the rest of India via roads, which saw increased trade with [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. In 1886, a municipality was established for the city of Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=27}} Works for sanitation and urban development undertaken by the municipality were often met with stiff opposition by the residents, who were averse to changes.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=27–28}} In the late 19th and early 20th century, modern tourism began to take hold in the city, especially on and around the Dal lake, with houseboats being built to accommodate British officers and their families who came in the summers seeking respite from the heat of the [[North Indian River Plain|plains]] of northern India.<ref>{{citation |last=Casimir |first=Michael J. |year=2021 |title=Floating Economies: The Cultural Ecology of the Dal Lake in Kashmir, India |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-80073-029-8 |page=11}}</ref> The Shergarhi Palace was greatly modified by the Dogras, who used it as their official residence in the city. Pratap Singh and his successor [[Hari Singh]] also laid out several parks in the city. The city expanded rapidly between 1891 and 1941, partly due to increased migration from the countryside as a result of famines and due to improvements in sanitation and urban development as well as economic expansion, in particular the growth of the textile and tourism industries in the city.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=32–33}} Many [[Punjabis]] also settled in Srinagar during this time for trade, commerce and administration.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=55}}

Srinagar emerged as the hub of political activity within the Kashmir valley during later Dogra rule. Kashmiris at large despised the Dogra rule and considered the dynasty an "alien rule".{{sfn|Bazaz|1941|pp=90}} Many Muslim leaders competed for influence and control over Muslim shrines in the city through which they sought to become representatives of [[Kashmiri Muslims]].{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|pp=59–62}} [[Sheikh Abdullah]], and his [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC), eventually succeeded in doing so.

===Partition and Independence===
In 1947, after the princely state's [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession to India]] following an [[First Kashmir War|invasion]] of the state by Pakistani irregulars in the aftermath of the [[partition of India]], Indian forces were airlifted to Srinagar on 27 October to defend the city and the larger Kashmir valley.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=99}} The National Conference also established a popular people's militia in the city to aid the army in their defence of the territory.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|pp=99–100}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |url=https://www.thewire.in/article/gender/kashmir-women-militia |title=Kashmir's Forgotten Women's Militia |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=24 October 2017 |access-date=21 May 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Srinagar became the summer capital of the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] when it was established in 1952.
{{multiple image |total_width=400 |perrow=2 |align=right |image1=Nehru at Joint parade of National Militia, Peace Brigade, Police and the Women Defence Corps on The Polograound in Srinagar in May 1948 (04).jpg |caption1=Indian Prime Miniter [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] attending a parade of NC's Kashmiri militias in Srinagar in 1948 |image2=Srinagar city 1959.jpg |caption2=A 1959 map of Srinagar city and its vicinity}}
In 1963–1964, the relic at the Hazratbal Shrine in Srinagar briefly disappeared, causing political turmoil.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=114}} Following this, the shrine was reconstructed between 1968 and 1979 in a Mughal-inspired style.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=196}}
In 1989, Srinagar became the focus of the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]. The city saw increased violence against the minority Hindus—particularly the [[Kashmiri Pandits]]—during the insurgency which resulted in their ultimate [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|exodus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |date=July 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|quote=As the uprising broke out across the Valley in early 1990, approximately one hundred thousand Pandits left their Valley homes for Jammu city and Delhi in a few weeks in February and March, in one of the most controversial episodes of the war in Kashmir."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Majoul |first=Bootheina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=On Trauma and Traumatic Memory |date=23 June 2017 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-7483-0}}</ref> Kashmiri Hindus constituted 8.39% of Srinagar's population in the 1981 census and 2.75% in the 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web| title=A portrait of population - Jammu and Kashmir | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31511/download/34692/29233_1981_POR.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420120406/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31511/download/34692/29233_1981_POR.pdf | archive-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="1891Census">{{Cite book |last1=Ram |first1=Bhag |date=1 January 1893 |title=Census of India, 1891. Volume XXVIII, The Kashmir state : the report on the census and imperial and supplementary tables: Census Reports – 1891 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352828 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352828}}</ref> The [[Gawkadal massacre|Gawakadal massacre]] took place in the city in January 1990, resulting in 50–100 deaths.<ref>{{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |page=148}}</ref> As a result, bunkers and checkpoints are found throughout the city, although their numbers have come down in the past few years as militancy has declined. Protests against Indian rule still occur with large demonstrations happening in 2008, [[2010 Kashmir unrest|2010]], 2013, and [[2016 Kashmir unrest|2016]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslims wage huge Kashmir protest|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/08/23/muslims-wage-huge-kashmir-protest/|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=23 August 2008|quote="A Kashmiri Muslim watches a protest march Friday by hundreds of thousands of Muslims in Srinagar, Indian Kashmir's main city. It was the largest protest against Indian rule in the Himalayan region in more than a decade"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512134159/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-23/news/0808220596_1_indian-kashmir-himalayan-region-muslims|archive-date=12 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hussein|first=AijazSt|title=India's hanging of Kashmiri man leads to fears of new unrest after 2 years of quiet|url=http://www.startribune.com/world/190674821.html?refer=y|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=Star Tribune|date=12 February 2013|quote=In all three years, hundreds of thousands of young men took to the streets, hurling rocks and abuse at Indian forces.}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=Gazoth |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]] and the subsequent [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act|devolution of the state into a union territory]] in August 2019, a [[2019-2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|lockdown]] was imposed in Kashmir, including in Srinagar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farooq |first1=Azhar |last2=Ratcliffe |first2=Rebecca |date=23 August 2019 |title=Kashmir city on lockdown after calls for protest march |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/kashmir-city-srinagar-india-lockdown-calls-protest-march |work=The Guardian |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==

The city is located on both the sides of the [[Jhelum River]], called ''Vyath'' in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the [[Wular Lake]]. The city is known for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city.

There are a number of lakes and swamps in and around the city. These include the [[Dal Lake|Dal]], the [[Nigeen Lake|Nigeen]], the [[Anchar Lake|Anchar]], [[Khushal Sar]], [[Gil Sar]] and [[Hokersar]].

Hokersar is a wetland situated near Srinagar. Thousands of migratory birds come to Hokersar from Siberia and other regions in the winter season. Migratory birds from Siberia and Central Asia use wetlands in Kashmir as their transitory camps between September and October and again around spring. These wetlands play a vital role in sustaining a large population of wintering, staging and breeding birds.

Hokersar is {{convert|14|km|abbr=on}} north of Srinagar, and is a world class wetland spread over {{convert|13.75|km2|abbr=on}} including lake and [[Marsh|marshy area]]. It is the most accessible and well-known of Kashmir's [[wetlands]] which include Hygam, Shalibug and Mirgund. A record number of migratory birds have visited Hokersar in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/migratory-birds-flock-avian-paradise/article5331924.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Migratory birds flock avian paradise|date=9 November 2013|access-date=22 June 2017|author=Ahmed Ali Fayyaz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140840/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/migratory-birds-flock-avian-paradise/article5331924.ece|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Birds found in Hokersar are migratory [[duck]]s and [[geese]] which include [[brahminy duck]], [[tufted duck]], [[gadwall]], [[garganey]], [[greylag goose]], [[mallard]], [[common merganser]], [[northern pintail]], [[common pochard]], [[ferruginous pochard]], [[red-crested pochard]], [[ruddy shelduck]], [[northern shoveller]], [[common teal]], and [[Eurasian wigeon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Three lakh migratory birds throng Kashmir Valley|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/three-lakh-migratory-birds-throng-kashmir-valley/article21024594.ece|work=The Hindu|date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Migratory birds keep date with Kashmir valley again|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/migratory-birds-keep-date-with-kashmir-valley-again-680213|work=The Tribune|date=9 November 2018}}</ref>

===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Srinagar has a four-season [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') with moderately hot summers and cool winters. The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Due to influence from Himalayan [[rain shadow]] and [[western disturbance]]s, Srinagar has year-round precipitation; the spring season is the wettest while autumn is the driest. The region also has less rain from the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]] in the summer due to lying in the leeward side of the rain shadow which reduces these winds from the south. Winters are colder in the region than most areas with monsoon climates due to these influences and its elevation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Anand |title=India & World Geography |date=29 April 2023 |publisher=YCT Expert Team |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYjEAAAQBAJ&dq=srinagar+rain+shadow+western+depression&pg=PA80}}</ref> resulting in higher temperature variations similar to [[continental climate]]s.

Moderate to heavy snowfall occurs in winter and the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway|highway]] connecting Srinagar with the rest of India faces frequent blockades due to icy roads, landslides and avalanches. Daily maximum temperatures average {{convert|7.1|°C|1}} in January and drop below freezing point at night. Summers are warm to hot, slightly moderated from its elevation, with a July daytime average of {{convert|30.0|°C|1}}. The average annual rainfall is around {{convert|697.5|mm}}. The highest temperature reliably recorded is {{convert|38.3|°C}} recorded on 10 July 1946, and the lowest is {{convert|-20.0|°C}} recorded on 6 February 1895.<ref name="NCEI"/>
<div class="center">{{Weather box
| location = Srinagar (1991–2020, extremes 1893–2020)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 17.2
| Feb record high C = 20.6
| Mar record high C = 28.3
| Apr record high C = 31.1
| May record high C = 36.4
| Jun record high C = 37.8
| Jul record high C = 38.3
| Aug record high C = 36.7
| Sep record high C = 35.0
| Oct record high C = 33.9
| Nov record high C = 24.5
| Dec record high C = 18.3
| year record high C = 38.3
| Jan high C = 7.1
| Feb high C = 10.5
| Mar high C = 15.5
| Apr high C = 20.6
| May high C = 24.7
| Jun high C = 28.5
| Jul high C = 30.0
| Aug high C = 29.7
| Sep high C = 27.6
| Oct high C = 23.0
| Nov high C = 15.9
| Dec high C = 9.9
| year high C = 20.2
| Jan mean C = 2.5
| Feb mean C = 5.5
| Mar mean C = 10.0
| Apr mean C = 14.3
| May mean C = 18.0
| Jun mean C = 21.6
| Jul mean C = 24.2
| Aug mean C = 23.7
| Sep mean C = 20.0
| Oct mean C = 14.4
| Nov mean C = 8.3
| Dec mean C = 4.0
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = −1.9
| Feb low C = 0.7
| Mar low C = 4.3
| Apr low C = 7.9
| May low C = 11.2
| Jun low C = 15.0
| Jul low C = 18.4
| Aug low C = 17.8
| Sep low C = 13.1
| Oct low C = 6.2
| Nov low C = 1.2
| Dec low C = −1.6
| year low C = 7.5
| Jan record low C = -14.4
| Feb record low C = -20.0
| Mar record low C = -6.9
| Apr record low C = 0.0
| May record low C = 1.0
| Jun record low C = 7.2
| Jul record low C = 10.3
| Aug record low C = 9.5
| Sep record low C = 4.4
| Oct record low C = -1.7
| Nov record low C = -7.8
| Dec record low C = -12.8
| year record low C = -20.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 63.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 85.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 104.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 91.8
| May precipitation mm = 63.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 46.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 64.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 64.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 37.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 21.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 27.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 27.2
| year precipitation mm = 697.5
| unit precipitation days = 0.3 mm
| Jan precipitation days =8.5
| Feb precipitation days =9.9
| Mar precipitation days =11
| Apr precipitation days =11.1
| May precipitation days =10.9
| Jun precipitation days =8.2
| Jul precipitation days =9.2
| Aug precipitation days =8.9
| Sep precipitation days =5.5
| Oct precipitation days =3.4
| Nov precipitation days =3.7
| Dec precipitation days =4.6
| year precipitation days =
| Jan rain days = 5.4
| Feb rain days = 6.0
| Mar rain days = 7.2
| Apr rain days = 7.0
| May rain days = 5.9
| Jun rain days = 4.1
| Jul rain days = 5.0
| Aug rain days = 5.4
| Sep rain days = 3.1
| Oct rain days = 2.0
| Nov rain days = 2.2
| Dec rain days = 2.6
| year rain days = 55.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 67
| Feb humidity = 59
| Mar humidity = 52
| Apr humidity = 49
| May humidity = 49
| Jun humidity = 47
| Jul humidity = 53
| Aug humidity = 55
| Sep humidity = 52
| Oct humidity = 54
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 68
| year humidity = 55
| Jan sun = 74.4
| Feb sun = 101.7
| Mar sun = 136.4
| Apr sun = 189.0
| May sun = 238.7
| Jun sun = 246.0
| Jul sun = 241.8
| Aug sun = 226.3
| Sep sun = 228.0
| Oct sun = 226.3
| Nov sun = 186.0
| Dec sun = 108.5
| year sun = 2203.1
| Jand sun = 2.4
| Febd sun = 3.6
| Mard sun = 4.4
| Aprd sun = 6.3
| Mayd sun = 7.7
| Jund sun = 8.2
| Juld sun = 7.8
| Augd sun = 7.3
| Sepd sun = 7.6
| Octd sun = 7.3
| Novd sun = 6.2
| Decd sun = 3.5
| yeard sun = 6.0
| Jan uv = 3
| Feb uv = 5
| Mar uv = 7
| Apr uv = 10
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 9
| Oct uv = 6
| Nov uv = 4
| Dec uv = 3
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Srinagar Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 721–722
| access-date = 18 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref> NOAA(precipitation-extremes<ref name="NCEI">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Srinagar |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/SRINAGAR_42027.xlsx |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |format=XLSX |quote=WMO Station Number: 42027}}</ref>)Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/srinagar/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 19 July 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun 1945–1988),<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_420270_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir / Indische Union
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 7 April 2017}}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42027
| title = Normals Data: Srinagar – India Latitude: 34.08°N Longitude: 74.83°E Height: 1585 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref> Weather Atlas,<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/srinagar-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Srinagar, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 13 June 2022
}}</ref> Ultraviolet<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weather2Travel.com |title=Srinagar weather by month: monthly climate averages {{!}} India |url=https://www.weather2travel.com/india/srinagar/climate/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Weather2Travel.com}}</ref>

| source =
| Jan dew point C = -2
| Feb dew point C = 1
| Mar dew point C = 3
| Apr dew point C = 7
| May dew point C = 11
| Jun dew point C = 14
| Jul dew point C = 17
| Aug dew point C = 17
| Sep dew point C = 13
| Oct dew point C = 8
| Nov dew point C = 3
| Dec dew point C = 0
}}</div>Srinagar has been ranked 43rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Market boats on Mar Canal, Srinigar.jpg|thumb|Market boats on [[Nallah Mar|Mar Canal]] in Srinagar]]
In November 2011, the [[City Mayors Foundation]]{{spaced ndash}}an advocacy think tank{{spaced ndash}}announced that Srinagar was the 92nd fastest growing urban areas in the world in terms of economic growth, based on actual data from 2006 onwards and projections to 2020.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/18/srinagar-among-100-fastest-growing-cities-in-world-37.asp |title=Srinagar among 100 fastest growing cities in world |publisher=Greater Kashmir.com |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120170409/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/18/srinagar-among-100-fastest-growing-cities-in-world-37.asp |archive-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

===Tourism===
Srinagar is one of several places that have been called the "[[list of places called Venice of the East|Venice of the East]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VloVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6789,6379670&dq=srinagar+venice+of+the+east&hl=en|title=The Sydney Morning Herald – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117043656/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VloVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=B-YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6789,6379670&dq=srinagar+venice+of+the+east&hl=en|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/585827282.html?dids=585827282:585827282&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+13%2C+1965&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Fabled+Kashmir%3A+An+Emerald+Set+Among+Pearls&pqatl=google |title=Fabled Kashmir: An Emerald Set Among Pearls |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=13 June 1965 |access-date=26 July 2010 |first=James |last=Holloway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174641/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/585827282.html?dids=585827282:585827282&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+13,+1965&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Fabled+Kashmir:+An+Emerald+Set+Among+Pearls&pqatl=google |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The Earthtimes |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/112701.html |title=Can Kashmir become 'Venice of the East' again? | Earth Times News |publisher=Earthtimes.org |date=24 September 2007 |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914190739/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/112701.html |archive-date=14 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lakes around the city include [[Dal Lake]]{{spaced ndash}}noted for its [[houseboat]]s{{spaced ndash}} and [[Nigeen Lake]]. Apart from Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake, [[Wular Lake]] and [[Manasbal Lake]] both lie to the north of Srinagar. Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.
[[File:WLM@J&K-Pari Mahal.jpg|thumb|[[Pari Mahal]]]]
Srinagar has some [[Mughal gardens]], forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include [[Chashma Shahi]] (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); [[Nishat Bagh]] (the garden of spring); [[Shalimar Gardens (Jammu and Kashmir)|Shalimar Bagh]]; the Naseem Bagh.
[[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden]] is a botanical garden in the city, set up in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/jammu-and-kashmir/attractions/parks-and-gardens/jawaharlal-nehru-memorial-botanical-garden.htm|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden|publisher=discoveredindia.com|access-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231132139/http://www.discoveredindia.com/jammu-and-kashmir/attractions/parks-and-gardens/jawaharlal-nehru-memorial-botanical-garden.htm|archive-date=31 December 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The Indian government has included these gardens under "Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir" in the tentative list for sites to be included in [[world Heritage sites]].

The [[Sher Garhi Palace]] houses administrative buildings from the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of Interest|publisher=Government of Jammu & Kashmir|access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Another palace of the Maharajas, the [[Gulab Bhavan]], has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel.<ref name="India Today – 25Aug2011 – One hundred years of splendour">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110905-one-hundred-years-of-splendour-747358-2011-08-24|title=One hundred years of splendour|last=Saxton|first=Aditi|date=25 August 2011|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124015944/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/one-hundred-years-of-splendour/1/149122.html|archive-date=24 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Shankaracharya Temple]] lies on a hill top in the middle of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jktdc.in/contact-us/99.html|title=Shankaracharya Temple|publisher=jktdc.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122822/http://jktdc.in/contact-us/99.html|archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
The city is run by the [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]] (SMC) under the leadership of a [[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]. The Srinagar district along with the adjoining [[Budgam]] and [[Ganderbal]] districts forms the [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Parliamentary seat]].Established in 1886, Srinagar Municipal Corporation comprises 74 wards and stretches over 227.34 sqkm within boundaries from North up to Pandach-Nagbal, North-East up to Harwan Bridge, East up to Zawoora-Zaafraan Colony, South-East up to Mahjoor Nagar-Natipora, South up to Baagh-i-Mahtaab, South-West up to Hamdaaniyah Colony, West up to Sozieth-Lawaypora and North-West up to Mujgund-Abdullahpora. SMC is organised into two wings - The deliberative wing (Mayor) and the Executive wing (Commissioner). The last elections were held in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=HomeServices - SMC |url=https://www.smcsrinagar.in/portal/smc |website=smcsrinagar.in |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

SMC is involved in Sanitation, Town Planning, Revenue, Birth and Death, Development and Grievances. SMC has been successful in its efforts of e-Governance, Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste, Beautification and Creation of Green Spaces and Improvement of Drainage Networks. The organisation has, however, failed to prevent Dood Ganga Pollution for which the J&K Pollution Control Committee (JKPCC), on the direction of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), has imposed a penalty as Environmental Compensation of more than Rs 41.67 crores on Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC).<ref>{{cite news |title=NGT imposes penalty on SMC |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/city/ngt-imposes-penalty-on-smc/ |work=Greater Kashmir |date=24 October 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

===Stray dog controversy===
{{update section|date=December 2023}}

Srinagar's city government attracted brief international attention in March 2008 when it announced a mass poisoning program aimed at eliminating the city's population of stray dogs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23500493|title=Indian authorities to poison 100K stray dogs – World news – South and Central Asia – NBC News|publisher=NBC News|date=6 March 2008 |access-date=7 March 2008}}</ref> Officials estimate that 100,000 stray dogs roam the streets of the city, which has a human population of just under 900,000. In a survey conducted by an NGO, it was found that some residents welcomed this program, saying the city was overrun by dogs, while critics contended that more humane methods should be used to deal with the animals.

The situation has become alarming with local news reports coming up at frequent intervals highlighting people, especially children being mauled by street dogs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/May/12/stray-dogs-maul-over-3-dozen-55.asp|title=Stray dogs maul over 3 dozen|date=12 May 2012|newspaper=Greater Kashmir|access-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518122626/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/May/12/stray-dogs-maul-over-3-dozen-55.asp|archive-date=18 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Historical population
| source = <ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |title=Historical Census of India |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1901 | 122618
| 1911 | 126344
| 1921 | 141735
| 1931 | 173573
| 1941 | 207787
| 1951 | 246522
| 1961 | 285257
| 1971 | 415271
| 1981 | 594775
| 1991 |
| 2001 | 935,764
| 2011 | 1180570
|align=center}}

{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Srinagar (2011)<ref name="census2011-C01">{{cite report |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float = left
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Kashmiri Muslims|Islam]]|green|95.97}}
{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|2.75}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.92}}
{{Bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

As of 2011 census Srinagar urban agglomeration had a population of 1,264,202.<ref name=jkcensus11>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/jammu+and+kashmir.html | title = Jammu and Kashmir Population Census data 2011 | publisher = [[2011 census of India]] | access-date = 7 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121218061646/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/jammu+and+kashmir.html | archive-date = 18 December 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> Both the city and the urban agglomeration has average literacy rate of approximately 70%.<ref name=jkcensus11/><ref name=census11lr>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | title = Literacy in India | publisher = 2011 census of India | access-date = 6 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128085703/https://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | archive-date = 28 November 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref> The child population of both the city and the urban agglomeration is approximately 12% of the total population.<ref name=jkcensus11/> Males constituted 53.0% and females 47% of the population. The sex ratio in the city area is 888 females per 1000 males, whereas in the urban agglomeration it is 880 per 1,000.<ref name=jkcensus11/><ref name=census11sr>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/sexratio.php | title = Sex Ratio of India | publisher = 2011 census of India | access-date = 7 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227054841/http://www.census2011.co.in/sexratio.php | archive-date = 27 February 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The predominant religion of Srinagar is Islam with 96% of the population being Muslim. Hindus constitute the second largest religious group representing 2.75% of the population, nearly all migrant workers from outside Kashmir as most local Kashmiri Hindus fled the city in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2016 |title=Kashmiri Hindus: Driven out and insignificant |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35923237 |access-date=1 January 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The remaining population constitutes Sikhs, Buddhist and Jains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/1-srinagar.html|title=2011 Census demographics of Srinagar|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607103319/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/1-srinagar.html|archive-date=7 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |date=1 August 1996 |title=Kashmiri Muslims: Social and Identity Consciousness |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=36 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-16-2-25 |issn=1089-201X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Kashmiri Hindus constituted 21.9% of Srinagar's population as per 1891 census and 2.75% as per 2011 census.<ref name="1891Census" />

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Srinagar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
|label1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] |value1 = 95.14 |color1 = lightgreen
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.49 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 3.37 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.14% spoke [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and 1.49% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10227/download/13339/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Lapangan terbang Srinagar 2.jpg|thumb|right|Srinagar International Airport]]
[[File:A DEMU passenger train at Srinagar Railway Station Platform.jpg|thumb|A passenger train at Srinagar Railway Station]]

===Road===
The city is served by many highways, including [[National Highway 1A (India)|National Highway 1A]] and [[National Highway 1D (India)|National Highway 1D]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.newkerala.com/map-of-national-highways-in-india.php|title=Road Map with National Highways of India|access-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225072045/http://maps.newkerala.com/map-of-national-highways-in-india.php|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:ENGINEER DIRECTING PATCH MACADAMISATION.jpg|thumb|Engineer directing patch [[macadam]]isation of a road in Srinagar]]

===Air===
[[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] has regular domestic flights to [[Leh]], [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] and occasional international flights. An expanded terminal capable of handling both domestic and international flights was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 with [[Air India Express]] flights to [[Dubai]]. Hajj flights also operate from this airport to [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Srinagar.jsp|title=Srinagar International Airport|publisher=Airports Authority of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107103358/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Srinagar.jsp|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>

===Rail===
{{main|Srinagar railway station|Srinagar Metro}}
Srinagar is a station on the {{convert|119|km|abbr=on|0}} long [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Banihal-Baramulla line]] that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla to Srinagar, [[Anantnag]] and [[Qazigund]]. The railway track also connects to [[Banihal]] across the [[Pir Panjal]] mountains through a newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel, and subsequently to the Indian railway network after a few years. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for a train to cross the tunnel. It is the longest rail tunnel in India. This railway system, proposed in 2001, is not expected to connect the Indian railway network until 2017 at the earliest, with a cost overrun of 55 billion INR.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmir rail by 2017-end, cost overrun Rs 5,500 cr|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/kashmir-rail-by-2017end-cost-overrun-rs-5500-cr/article4170881.ece|access-date=1 March 2013|newspaper=Business Line|location=Chennai|date=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063937/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/kashmir-rail-by-2017end-cost-overrun-rs-5500-cr/article4170881.ece|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
The train also runs during heavy snow.

There are proposals to develop a metro system in the city.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 August 2013|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-metro-set-to-roll-into-kashmir/1151420/|title=Now, metro set to roll into Kashmir|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=24 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052624/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-metro-set-to-roll-into-kashmir/1151420/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The feasibility report for the [[Srinagar Metro]] is planned to be carried out by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Hassan|first=Ishfaq-ul|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-omar-abdullah-plans-metro-in-jammu-srinagar-1346641|title=Omar Abdullah plans metro in Jammu, Srinagar|date=12 February 2010|newspaper=DNA|quote="We will soon have the feasibility of metro services in both cities analysed by experts. Ideally, we would like DMRC to send a team and prepare a project report," minister for urban development Nasir Aslam Wani said.|access-date=24 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030090724/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-omar-abdullah-plans-metro-in-jammu-srinagar-1346641|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cable car===
{{Srinagar Cable Car}}
In December 2013, the 594m cable car allowing people to travel to the shrine of the Sufi saint [[Hamza Makhdoom]] on [[Hari Parbat]] was unveiled. The project is run by the Jammu and Kashmir Cable Car Corporation (JKCCC), and has been envisioned for 25 years. An investment of 300 million INR was made, and it is the second cable car in Kashmir after the [[Gulmarg Gondola]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kashmir-gets-a-dream-ropeway/article5494377.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Kashmir gets a dream ropeway | date=24 December 2013 | access-date=24 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225154606/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kashmir-gets-a-dream-ropeway/article5494377.ece | archive-date=25 December 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Boat===
While popular since the 7th century, water transport is now mainly confined to [[Dal Lake]], where [[shikara]]s (wooden boats) are used for local transport and tourism. There are efforts to revive transportation on the River [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120507/jsp/nation/story_15460591.jsp#.Urm2EtJDtBM | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Muzaffar | last=Raina | title=Boat down the Jhelum | date=7 May 2012 | access-date=24 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225103228/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120507/jsp/nation/story_15460591.jsp#.Urm2EtJDtBM | archive-date=25 December 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==

Like the territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], Srinagar too has a distinctive blend of cultural heritage. Holy places in and around the city depict the historical cultural and religious diversity of the city as well as the Kashmir valley.

===Places of worship===
There are many religious holy places in Srinagar. They include:
* [[Hazratbal Shrine]], only domed mosque in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travelinos.com/churches/n75-25356-Hazratbal_Shrine |title=Hazratbal Shrine |work=travelinos.com |year=2013 |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605113421/http://travelinos.com/churches/n75-25356-Hazratbal_Shrine |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jama Masjid, Srinagar]], one of the oldest mosques in Kashmir
* [[Khanqah-e-Moula]], first Islamic centre in Kashmir
* [[Aali Masjid]], in Eidgah Locality
* [[Hari Parbat]] hill hosts shrine of Sharika Mata temple
* [[Zeashta Devi Shrine]] a holy shrine for [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Hindus]]
* [[Shankaracharya temple]]
* [[Hari Parbat#Gurdwaras|Gurdwara Chatti Patshahi]]
* [[Pathar Masjid]]
* [[All Saints Church, Srinagar]]
* [[Holy Family Catholic Church (Srinagar)]]

Additional structures include the [[Dastgeer Sahib]] shrine, Mazar-e-Shuhada, [[Roza Bal]] shrine, [[Khanqah-e-Moula|Khanqah of Shah Hamadan]], [[Pathar Masjid]] ("The Stone Mosque"), [[Hamza Makhdoom]] shrine, tomb of the mother of Zain-ul-abidin, tomb of Pir Haji Muhammad, Akhun Mulla Shah Mosque, cemetery of Baha-ud-din Sahib, tomb and Madin Sahib Mosque at Zadibal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://koausa.org/Monuments/Chapter4.html |title=Chapter 4 of ''Ancient Monuments of Kashmir'' by Ram Chandra Kak (1933) |access-date=1 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111035955/http://koausa.org/Monuments/Chapter4.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from these, dozens of smaller mosques are located all over the city. Several temples and temple ghats are located on the banks of river Jhelum in Srinagar, including Shurayar temple, Gadhadhar temple, Pratapishwar temple, Ganpatyar Ganesh temple, Purshyar temple, Sheshyar temple, Raghunath Mandir, Durga Patshala and Dhar temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar- The city of Bridges (Version 2.0)|work=Jammu & Kashmir tourism|date=22 July 2018 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=a53YZf69OeA| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/a53YZf69OeA| archive-date=30 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Gurdwaras are located in [[Rainawari]], Amira Kadal, Jawahar Nagar, Mehjoor Nagar, Shaheed Gunj, Maharajpur and Indra Nagar areas of the city. There are three Christian churches in Srinagar.

The Sheikh Bagh Cemetery is a Christian cemetery located in Srinagar that dates from the British colonial era. The oldest grave in the cemetery is that of a British colonel from the 9th Lancers of 1850 and the cemetery is valued for the variety of persons buried there which provides an insight into the perils faced by British colonisers in India.<ref name="Keenan2013">{{cite book|author=Brigid Keenan|title=Travels in Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oilxiI9uso8C|date=20 May 2013|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5009-729-8}}</ref> It was damaged by floods in 2014.<ref>[http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/flood-ravages-srinagars-british-era-buildings Flood ravages Srinagar's British-era buildings.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927054003/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/flood-ravages-srinagars-british-era-buildings |date=27 September 2017 }} Noor-Ul-Qamrain, ''The Sunday Guardian'', 27 September 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</ref> It contains a number of war graves.<ref>[https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/144300/KARACHI%201914-1918%20WAR%20MEMORIAL Karachi 1914–1918 War Memorial.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921225830/https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/144300/KARACHI%201914-1918%20WAR%20MEMORIAL |date=21 September 2018 }} [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</ref> The notable interments here are [[Robert Thorpe (Kashmir)|Robert Thorpe]]<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/srinagar/grave-kashmirs-first-known-martryr-lies-beneath-rubble-after-floods-43613 Grave of Kashmir's first known martryr lies beneath rubble after floods.]{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Swati Bhasin, DNA of Srinagar, 10 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</ref> and [[Jim Borst]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Khanqah-e-Moula 01.jpg|[[Khanqah-e-Moula]]
File:Ancient Temple-Hari Parbat-2.JPG|[[Hari Parbat#Hindu temple|Sharika Mata Temple]]
File:Pathar Masjid in Srinagar.jpg|[[Pathar Masjid]]
File:Gurdwara_Chatti_Patshahi_Srinagar.jpg|Gurdwara Chatti Patsahi
</gallery>

===Performing arts===
{{main|Music of Kashmir}}

Kashmiri cuisine is an important part of Srinagar’s Culture. Here, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes can be found. Wazwaan is a multi-course meal generally served at weddings. It is served on beautiful huge Copper plates called tream. Wazwaan is prepared by Male chefs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wazwan |url=https://ethnq.com/wazwan/?srsltid |website=Ethnq |date=4 March 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

Kahwa is a form of green tea and is made by boiling green tea leaves with local saffron, cinnamon, cardamom and Kashmiri roses.

Harissa is winter delicacy here generally eaten during chilai kalan ( a period of extreme cold; 40 days from 20 Dec ).Garnished with two wazwaan delicacies along and topped with hot smoking mustard oil, this is the spicy slow cooked meat usually served with Kashmiri bread Tchot. It is prepared for hours usually overnight and generally eaten in the early cold winter.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Firdous |first=Mehran |date=12 January 2024 |title=Harissa — Kashmir's Winter Staple |url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/south-asia-journal/harissa-kashmirs-winter-staple |magazine=Whetstone Magazine |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:University Convocation Complex, University of Kashmir.png|thumb|[[University of Kashmir]]]]

{{See also|List of colleges in Srinagar}}
Srinagar is home to various premiere Higher Education Institutes including the [[University of Kashmir]], the [[Cluster University of Srinagar]], [[Central University of Kashmir]] besides the [[National Institute of Technology Srinagar]] formerly known as Regional Engineering College (REC Srinagar). Most of these are among the oldest and earliest Institutions of the country including the [[University of Kashmir]] dating back to 1948 while the [[National Institute of Technology Srinagar]] was established during the second [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five year plan]]. The educational institutions in the City include:

'''Schools'''
* [[Tyndale Biscoe School]]
* [[Presentation Convent Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Burn Hall School]]
* [[Khalsa High School, Srinagar]]
* [[Mallinson Girls School]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Srinagar]]
* [[Woodlands House School]]
* [[Little Angels High School, Srinagar]]
* [[Green Valley Educational Institute]]

'''Medical colleges'''
* [[Government Medical College, Srinagar]]
* [[SMHS Hospital]]
* [[Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]]

'''Universities'''
* [[University of Kashmir]]
* [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir]]
* [[Central University of Kashmir]]
* [[Cluster University of Srinagar]]

'''General degree colleges'''
* [[Amar Singh College]]
* [[Sri Pratap College]]
* [[Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Srinagar]]

== Broadcasting ==
Srinagar is broadcasting hub for radio channels in UT which are [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3FM,<ref>{{cite news |title=FM: Mirchi 98.3 starts operations in Srinagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mirchi-98-3-starts-operations-in-srinagar/articleshow/64630395.cms |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=18 June 2018}}</ref> [[Red FM 93.5]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Eid-ul-Azha: Red FM launches station in Srinagar |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/eid-ul-azha-red-fm-launches-station-in-srinagar/India/news/1326138.html |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=uniindia.com |date=21 August 2018}}</ref> and [[AIR Srinagar]]. State television channel [[DD Kashir]] is also broadcast.<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K govt starts tele-classes for Valley students |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/j-k-govt-starts-tele-classes-for-valley-students/story-TPEti3YV33R44IlhArCWuO.html |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=Hindustan Times|date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:RSGC.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar]]]]
The city is home to the [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]], where international cricket matches have been played.<ref name=cricinfo>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=559;type=ground |title=Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232013/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2%3Bid%3D559%3Btype%3Dground |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>
The first international match was played in 1983 in which West Indies defeated [[India]] and the last international match was played in 1986 in which [[Australia]] defeated India by six wickets. Since then no international matches have been played in the stadium due to the security situation (although the situation has now improved quite considerably).{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Srinagar has an outdoor stadium namely [[Bakshi Stadium]] for hosting football matches.<ref name=bakshitoi>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/JK-stadium-hosts-football-match-after-25-year-gap/articleshow/14972629.cms | title = J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap | date = 16 July 2012 | access-date = 7 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | url-status = live | work = [[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It is named after [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]. The city has a golf course named [[Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar]] located on the banks of Dal lake, which is considered one of the best golf courses of India.<ref name=golf>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|publisher=Robert Trent Jones – Golf Architects|access-date=21 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020422/http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Football is followed by the youth of Srinagar and the [[TRC Turf Ground]] is redeveloped for the particular sport in 2015. Srinagar is home to professional [[association football|football]] club of [[I-League]], [[Real Kashmir FC]] and [[Downtown Heroes FC]] of [[I-League 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Downtown Heroes FC management meets AIFF top brass |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2022/12/29/downtown-heroes-fc-management-meets-aiff-top-brass-2/ |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=Kashmir Reader |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080329/https://kashmirreader.com/2022/12/29/downtown-heroes-fc-management-meets-aiff-top-brass-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are certain other sports being played but those are away from the main city like in [[Pahalgam]] (Water rafting) and [[Gulmarg]] (skiing).

==Notable people==
* [[Aabha Hanjura]]
* [[Abhay Sopori]] (1979–present)
* [[Ali Mohammad Jan]] (1914–1988)
* [[Amitabh Mattoo]] (1962–present)
* [[Agha Shahid Ali]] (1949–2001)
* [[Bakshi Abdur Rashid]] (1923–1977)
* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] (1907–1972)
* [[Bhai Almast]] (1553–1643)
* [[Durga Prasad Dhar]] (1918–1975)
* [[Farah Pandith]] (1968–present)
* [[Farooq Abdullah]] (1937–present)
* [[Farooq Kathwari]] (1944–present)
* [[Gani Kashmiri]] ({{circa|1630–1669}})
* [[Ghulam Rasool Santosh]] (1929–1997)
* [[Hina Khan]] (1987–present)
* [[Joanna Lumley]] (1946–present)
* [[Kunal Khemu]] (1983–present)
* [[Lakshman Joo]] (1907–1991)
* [[Lalleshwari]] ({{circa|1320–1392}})
* [[Manohar Kaul]] (1925–1999)
* [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] (1984–present)
* [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] (1936–2022)
* [[Mohammad Muneem]] (1983–present)
* [[Mohammad Subhan Hajam]] (1910–1962)
* [[Raj Zutshi]] (1961–present)
* [[Raj Begum]] (1927–2016)
* [[Ram Chandra Kak]] (1893–1983)
* [[Rehman Rahi]] (1925–2023)
* [[Reshma of Kashmir|Reshma]] (1951/1952–2022)
* [[Rupa Bhawani]] ({{circa|1621–1721}})
* [[Samsar Chand Kaul]] (1883–1977)
* [[Sandeepa Dhar]]
* [[Sanjay Suri]] (1971–present)
* [[Shamas Faqir]] (1843–1901)
* [[Shehla Rashid]] (1988–present)
* [[Tika Lal Taploo]] (1930–1989)
* [[Vibha Saraf]] (1986–present)
* [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] (1952–present)
* [[Vikram Misri]] (1964–present)
* [[Yasin Malik]] (1966–present)
* [[Zareef Ahmad Zareef]] (1943–present)
* [[Zinda Kaul]] (1884–1965)

== See also ==
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Downtown (Srinagar)]]
* [[Kashmir Shaivism]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of colleges in Srinagar]]
* [[Lal Chowk]]
* [[Karan Nagar]]

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Hamdani |first=Hakim Sameer |year=2021 |title=The Syncretic Traditions of Islamic Religious Architecture of Kashmir (Early 14th–18th Century) |publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-0-367-55009-7 }}
* Hewson, Eileen. (2008) ''Graveyards in Kashmir India''. Wem, England: Kabristan Archives. {{ISBN|978-1906276072}}
* {{citation |last=Kaul |first=Shonaleeka |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Landscape and Identity in the Rajatarangini |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-948292-4 |year=2018 |url=https://india.oup.com/product/the-making-of-early-kashmir-9780199482924 }}
* {{citation |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |author-link=Mohammad Ishaq Khan |year=1978 |title=History of Srinagar 1846–1947: A Study in Socio-Cultural Change |publisher=Srinagar: Aamir Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TwYKAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{citation |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |author-link=Pratapaditya Pal |year=2007 |title=The arts of Kashmir |publisher=New York: [[Asia Society]]}}
* {{citation |last=Rabbani |first= G. M. |title= Ancient Kashmir: A Historical Perspective |year=1981 |publisher=Srinagar: Gulshan Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUhuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{citation |first1=Muhammad Ashraf |last1=Wani |first2=Aman Ashraf |last2=Wani |year=2023 |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-15830-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Bazaz|first=Prem Nath |author-link=Prem Nath Bazaz|year=1941 |title=Inside Kashmir |publisher=Gulshan Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhKAAAAIAAJ |isbn= 978-8-186-71457-7 }}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [http://srinagar.nic.in/ Srinagar district administration]
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Official website of Jammu and Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915154945/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ |date=15 September 2017 }}
* [https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train Delhi to Srinagar train] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408115408/https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train |date=8 April 2019 }}

{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Srinagar| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Srinagar district]]

[[Category:Indian union territory capitals]]
[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]

1947–48 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-22T13:31:06Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1947–48 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
| count = 2
| participants = 17
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[K. C. Ibrahim]] (Bombay) (606)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1947/48 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1947-48/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] (Holkar) (29)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1947/48 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1947-48/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| previous_year = 1946–47
| previous_tournament = 1946–47 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1948–49
| next_tournament = 1948–49 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1947–48 Ranji Trophy''' was the 14th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] won the title defeating [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] in the final.

==Zonal Matches==
=== West Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|20 Dec 1947 – Ahmedabad|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|158 & 130|'''[[Kathiawar cricket team|Kathiawar]]'''|'''159 & 131/5'''
|||||
|12 Dec 1947 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''638/8d'''|[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]|128 & 57
|5 Dec 1947 – Jamnagar|[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]|240 & 241|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''211 & 271/9'''

|18 Jan 1948 – Dhrol|'''[[Kathiawar cricket team|Kathiawar]]'''|'''244 & 143/8'''|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|177 & 209
|25 Dec 1947 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''632/7d'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|200 & 294

|13 Feb 1948 – Dhrol|[[Kathiawar cricket team|Kathiawar]]|331 & 106/2|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''375 & 254/5d'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

=== North Zone ===
{{Round2|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|12 Dec 1947 – Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''282'''|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|113 & 125
|RD1 = Round 1}}

=== South Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 180px
| score-width = 80px

|15 Dec 1947 – Bangalore|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|136 & 101|'''[[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]'''|'''195 & 155'''
|19 Dec 1947 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''201 & 233'''|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|88 & 92

|24 Dec 1947 – Nagpur|[[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]|71 & 175|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''182 & 68/1'''
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===East Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|31 Dec 1947 – Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|95 & 256|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''212 & 267'''
|10 Jan 1948 – Allahabad|'''[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]'''|'''138 & 99/2'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|95 & 140

|16 Jan 1948 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''485'''|[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]|164 & 88
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout matches==
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|21 Feb 1948 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''498'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|187 & 181
|6 Mar 1948 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''652'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|282 & 214

|20 Mar 1948 – Baroda|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''361 & 95/1'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|191 & 261
}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 20–23 March 1948
| team2 = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] (H)
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''191 (88 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[K. C. Ibrahim]] 49
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] 3/19
| score-team2-inns1 = '''361 (111.5 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[C. S. Nayudu]] 96
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Keki Tarapore]] 4/127
| score-team1-inns2 = '''261 (116.1 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dattu Phadkar]] 55
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] 6/90
| score-team2-inns2 = '''95/1 (22.2 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mushtaq Ali]] 44*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Dattu Phadkar]] 1/33
| result = Holkar won by nine wickets
| venue = [[Yeshwant Club|Yeshwant Club Ground]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = [[M. G. Bhave]] and [[M. G. Vijayasarathi]]
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/18/18395.html Scorecard]
| toss = Bombay won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes = Timeless match, ended on the fourth day
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1947-48.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1947-48 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1947 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1948 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1947–48]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi

2026-02-21T02:48:14Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up new biography w/ infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Shalimar Bagh
| image = RPVV SB Logo.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| alt =
| caption = Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi
| motto = "Committed Towards Excellence"
| location = B.T. Block, [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Delhi]]
| zipcode = 110088
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|42|17.3|N|77|09|33.4|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = 2001
| opened =
| closed =
| type = Government
| district = North West - A
| grades = VI-XII
| principal = Mr. Ravindra Singh Rawat (H.O.S.)<ref name="Directorate of Education, Delhi">{{cite web|url=http://edudel.nic.in/mis/smc/frmParticularsOfSMCReportAtSchLevel.aspx?schid=1309124|title=Particulars of School Management {{sic|nolink=y|Comm|itee}}(SMC)|publisher=Directorate of Education|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>
| viceprincipal =
| enrollment = 686<ref name="edustud">{{cite web|url=http://edustud.nic.in/mis/student/student/frmStudentAttendanceReport.aspx?Type=DesiredSchool|title=frmStudentAttendanceReport|publisher=Directorate of Education|access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>
| faculty =
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size =
| newspaper =
| principal1 = Mr. S.S. Singhal
| principal_label1 = 1st Principal
| communities =
| school_code = 1309124
| website = {{URL|www.edudel.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya''' (RPVV) Shalimar Bagh is one of the 21 RPVV schools<ref name="edudel2">{{cite web|url = http://mycbseguide.com/blog/list-of-pratibha-schools-rpvv-in-delhi/|title = List of Pratibha schools in Delhi|publisher = Elpis Technology Solutions Private Limited|access-date = 2015-03-30}}</ref> established as a system of alternate schools for gifted students in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhis-government-schools-the-best-in-country/articleshow/20303679.cms|title = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-03-30}}</ref> The school is known for its outstanding result and considered as one of the best government school in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/govt-school-high-in-cbse-top-100/1125175/|title = Indian Express|access-date = 2015-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://eduraft.com/school/Delhi/Shalimar+Bagh/Rajkiya+Pratibha+Vikas+Vidyalaya+%28RPVV%29,+Block-BT,+Shalimar+Bagh/41030/about_the_school|title = Eduraft Portal|date = 2015-04-04}}</ref> The school is run by the Directorate of Education, Delhi, under the Department of Education, Government of NCT of Delhi. RPVV Shalimar Bagh is a co-educational school affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi, with classes from VI to XII standard.<ref name="edudel">{{cite web|url=http://www.edudel.nic.in/mis/schoolplant/school_information.htm|title=Directorate of Education|publisher=edudel.nic.in|access-date=2015-03-14}}</ref><ref name="edudel.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.edudel.nic.in/mis/eis/frmSchoolList.aspx?type=8v6AC39/z0ySjVIkvfDJzvxkdDvmSsz7pgALKMjL3UI=|title=frmSchoolList|publisher=edudel.nic.in|access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>
The school was established in the year 2001. The founding principal of the school is Mr. S.S Singhal.

==Location and campus==

[[File:RPVV Shalimar Bagh.jpg|thumb|left|250px|RPVV Shalimar Bagh Building]]RPVV, Shalimar Bagh is situated in Shalimar Bagh in North West Delhi, 10 km from the main campus or north campus of the ''University of Delhi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.du.ac.in |title=DU Portal |publisher=Du.ac.in |access-date=2011-11-20}}</ref> It has a large green area with four lawns and three playgrounds, one well equipped auditorium with a capacity of more than 800 people, a library with a collection of more than 10,000 books and subscription to major newspapers and magazines. The school has laboratories for sciences, social sciences, mathematics, and home science.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://eduraft.com/school/Delhi/Shalimar+Bagh/Rajkiya+Pratibha+Vikas+Vidyalaya+%28RPVV%29,+Block-BT,+Shalimar+Bagh/41030/about_the_school|title = Eduraft Portal}}</ref> A special maths zone is developed with help of "heymath.com", equipped with modern technology.<ref name="edudel3">{{cite web|url=http://www.edudel.nic.in/upload_2011_12/5739_52_dt_03092011.pdf|date=3 September 2011|title=OFFICE OF THE UEE MISSION First Floor, Near Estate Branch, Department of Education, District (North), Lucknow Road, Delhi|access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>

==School Magazine==
''Parichay'',"परिचय" the annual school magazine covers events organized by the schools, photographs of meritorious students and also features students' articles, poems, and jokes. It is published in Hindi, English and Sanskrit.<ref>Annual magazine of school ''Parichay'' 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12.</ref>

==National Cadet Corps (NCC)==
The school also has an active group of NCC students. There are two NCC wings in school, NCC Boys Wing and NCC Girls Wing. NCC cadets participate in different activities around the year and also attend Annual and combined annual training camps organised by the authorities.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsgindia.org |title=bsgindia.org |publisher=bsgindia.org |access-date=2013-04-11}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nccindia.nic.in/ |title=nccindia.nic.in |publisher=nccindia.nic.in |access-date=2013-04-11 |archive-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410145451/http://nccindia.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==tGELF==
RPVV, Shalimar Bagh is a member of [[the Global Education & Leadership Foundation]] (tGELF). tGELF gives training of leadership skills and ethics to the students.<ref name="tgelf">{{cite web|url=http://www.tgelf.org/our-partners/member-schools/|title=Member Schools | tGELF: The Global Education and Leadership Foundation|publisher=tgelf.org|access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>

== Annual day==
The school celebrates its annual day in February, with different cultural programs and prize distribution to meritorious students and the release of its annual magazine 'Parichaya'.<ref name="delhi">{{cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DOIT_Education/Achievements_2007-08.pdf|title=PRINCIPALS’ CONFERENCE 2008|access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>

==Ranking==
The school is ranked sixth in India amongst the Government schools, in a survey conducted by C-Fore for [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook (magazine)]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/KV-IIT-is-best-government-school-says-all-India-survey/articleshow/42521875.cms|title=KV-IIT is best government school, says all-India survey - The Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Delhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.edudel.nic.in Directorate of education]
* [http://www.edudel.nic.in/mis/schoolplant/school_information.htm Schools in North Delhi]

{{School education in India}}
{{CBSE |state=expanded}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]

Arvind Gupta (toy inventor)

2026-02-14T15:27:36Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: adding a entry.

{{Short description|Indian toy inventor, author, translator and scientist}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arvind Gupta
| image = Arvind gupta upload 2.jpeg
| caption = Gupra teaching students using " Matchstick Mecanno ", one of his ways to create great teaching aids from domestic items
| occupation = Toy inventor, author, translator
| years_active = 1975–present
| website = https://www.arvindguptatoys.com/
}}

'''Arvind Gupta''' is an Indian science educator, toy inventor, author, translator and scientist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-03 |title=Indian inventor creates children's science toys from trash |url=https://newatlas.com/science-toys-from-trash/21687/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> He received the civilian award [[Padma Shree]] from the Indian government on the eve of Republic Day, 2018.

== Career ==
A graduate from [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] (1975 batch), Arvind Kumar Gupta took a year's study leave from TELCO (in 1978) to work with the grassroots village science teaching programme for children in the tribal district of Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh called [[Hoshangabad Science Teaching Programme]] (HSTP) in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. While there, he developed his idea of creating simple toys and educational experiments using locally available materials as well as items usually thrown as trash. These simple toys, he found, fascinated children and Gupta went on to make these as the hallmark of his movement of popularising science.

Arvind Gupta's first book, ''Matchstick Models and other Science Experiments'', was translated into 12 Indian languages by various popular science groups and sold more than half a million copies. Gupta's website holds instructions, including short video clips on YouTube, in a number of languages, for making hundreds of improvised toys, which he makes available freely without copyright restrictions.<ref name="AmazingKidsMay2011">{{cite web |author=Murthy, Tanmaya |date=May 2011 |title=Amazing Mentor! Spotlight Interview with Arvind Gupta, Toy Maker |url=http://mag.amazing-kids.org/2011/05/16/amazing-mentor-spotlight-interview-with-arvind-gupta-toy-maker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616042721/http://mag.amazing-kids.org/2011/05/16/amazing-mentor-spotlight-interview-with-arvind-gupta-toy-maker/ |archive-date=16 June 2011 |access-date=5 August 2011 |work=Amazing Kids magazine |publisher=Amazing Kids!}}</ref><ref name="FilmList">{{cite web |author=Arvind Gupta and associates |title=Free films |url=http://arvindguptatoys.com/films.html |access-date=5 August 2011 |work=Arvind Gupta Toys |publisher=IUCAA}}</ref> Gupta draws inspiration from a number of people, including [[Gautama Buddha]], [[George Washington Carver]] and his mother.<ref name="AmazingKidsMay2011" /> Gupta has conducted workshops in over 2000 schools and has won many national and international awards. As a student in the 1970s in [[IIT Kanpur]], Gupta became a socialist in belief but eschewed action-less discourse; he stated that instead he "placed more faith in small positive action than empty rhetoric." Gupta began his social service by teaching the children of the mess staff who had no opportunities for formal education.<ref name="VANUCC">{{cite web |url=http://vanucc.net/?p=2485 |title=Toys from Trash: Theology for the Rest of Us |author=Brooks, Pastor |date=30 May 2011 |publisher=First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Vancouver, WA |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>

His popular TED Talk: Turning Trash into Toys for learning gives an insight into his work and philosophy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Arvind |title=Turning trash into toys for learning |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/arvind_gupta_turning_trash_into_toys_for_learning |date=|language=en}}</ref> His talk was among the 10 best TED talks<ref>{{cite news |title=Ken Robinson: 10 talks on education {{!}} TED Talks |url=https://www.ted.com/playlists/124/ken_robinson_10_talks_on_educ |work=www.ted.com}}</ref> compiled by [[Sir Ken Robinson]] and [[Sugata Mitra]]'s 5 favorite education talks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sugata Mitra's 5 favorite education talks {{!}} TED Talks |url=https://www.ted.com/playlists/89/sugata_mitra_s_5_favorite_educ |work=www.ted.com}}</ref>

== Honorary doctorate ==
On 10 December 2024, Arvind Gupta was conferred honorary doctorate D.Sc. degree by Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun.

==Selected awards and recognition==
He has won several awards for his lifelong efforts at popularizing science and in designing teaching aids for young children.
These include:
* The [[Padma Shree]] conferred by the Government of India, (2018).
* ''Dr. Narendra Dabholkar Memorial Award'' by the Maharashtra Foundation (2018).<ref name="maharashtra">{{cite news|title=Maharashtra Foundation Awards for 'toy inventor', founder of de-addiction centre|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-foundation-awards-for-toy-inventor-founder-of-de-addiction-centre/article22432522.ece|access-date=28 February 2018|work=The Hindu|date=13 January 2018}}</ref>
* Distinguished Math Teacher's Award, Association of Maths Teachers of India (AMTI) (2016).
* The Dadhichi Award given by The Education Society, Ambarnath, Maharashtra (2012).
* ''Sri Chandrasekarendra Saraswati National Eminence Award'' conferred by the South Indian Education Society, Mumbai (2010).<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Awards|url=http://www.siesedu.net/awards.php|publisher=South Indian Education Society|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162641/http://www.siesedu.net/awards.php|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The TWAS ([[Third World Academy of Sciences]]) Regional Prize for Public Understanding and Popularization of Science (2010).<ref name="AmazingKidsMay2011"/>
* The [[C. N. R. Rao]] Education Foundation Prize for Outstanding Science Teachers (2010).
* One-India One-People Award, conferred by the One-India, One-People Foundation, Mumbai (2009).
* The ''Indira Gandhi Award for Science Popularization'' conferred by [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]](2008).<ref>{{cite web|title=Recipients of Medals/Lectures Awards|url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php|publisher=INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Prof. G. D. Parikh Memorial Award, conferred by the M.N. Roy Humanist Center for distinguished contributions in education (2004).
* The Distinguished Alumnus Award from IIT Kanpur in 2001<ref name="DistAlumnusIITK">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=242:arvind-kumar-gupta&catid=235:arvind-kumar-gupta&Itemid=408 |title=Arvind Kumar Gupta (BT/EE/1975) |year=2001 |work=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (website) |publisher=IIT Kanpur |access-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060755/http://www.iitk.ac.in/dora/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=242%3Aarvind-kumar-gupta&catid=235%3Aarvind-kumar-gupta&Itemid=408 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* National Association for the Blind Award, for designing appropriate teaching aids for pre-school visually impaired children (1991).
* The inaugural National Award for Science Popularization among Children conferred by the DST, Government of India (1988).

==Bibliography==
* Wonders from toys (2015) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Reshma Barve.
* Women on Wheels (2015) - Graphic Novel, Manovikas. Illustrated by Ishita Dharap.
* Hands-On Maths (2014) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Reshma Barve.
* Fun with Leaves (2014) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Dr. Vidula Mhaiskar.
* Sci Fun (2013) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Reshma Barve.
* Toys from Trash (2013) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Reshma Barve.
* Thumbs Down (2012) - Scholastic, India. Fun with Thumbprints. Illustrated by Dr. Vidula Mhaiskar.
* Amazing Activities (2012) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Reshma Barve.
* The Story of Solar Energy (2011) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Reshma Barve.
* Science from Scrap (2010) - Scholastic, India. Illustrated by Chinmayee Samant.
* Bright Sparks (2009)- Illustrated by Dr. Karen Haydock. Published by (INSA) - Platinum Jubilee Celebrations.
* Science Skills & Thrills (2008) - Published by Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature.
* Quick Science (2009) - Scholastic India.
* Odds & Ends (2009) - Scholastic India.
* Aha! Activities (2006) - Published by Eklavya, Bhopal (www.eklavya.in)
* Hands-On (2002) Published by Vigyan Prasar.
* String Games (2002) - Illustrated by Avinash Deshpande. Published by National Book Trust.
* Ten Little Fingers (2000) - Illustrated by Avinash Deshpande. Published by National Book Trust.
* Little Toys (1996) - Illustrated by Avinash Deshpande. Published by National Book Trust.
* Toy Treasures (1993) - Illustrated by Avinash Deshpande. Published by Eklavya (www.eklavya.in)
* Toy Joy (1992) - Published by Vigyan Prasar.
* Pumps from the Dump - (1992) Published by Vigyan Prasar.
* Leaf Zoo (1992) - Published by Vigyan Prasar.
* The Toy Bag (1991) - Illustrated by Avinash Deshpande. Published by Eklavya (www.eklavya.in)
* Tangrams (1990) Published by Balsahiti, Hyderabad.
* Little Science (1989) - Illustrated by Avinash Deshpande. Published by Eklavya (www.eklavya.in)
* Matchstick Models & other Science Experiments (1987) - Illustrated by Avinash Deshpande. Translated into 13 Indian languages. Published by Eklavya (www.eklavya.in)<ref name="maharashtra" />

==Translation in Hindi==
Arvind Gupta has translated over 290 books to Hindi.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://arvindguptatoys.com/ Arvind Gupta's website] for popularizing science through children's toys
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140508181217/http://garwarebalbhavanpune.org/pdf/Arvind-Gupta.pdf Book about Arvind Gupta] by Shobha Bhagwat published by Kaja Kaja Maru Publication (a publication of [http://garwarebalbhavanpune.org/books-music.php Garware Balbhavan Pune])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143658/http://www.iitk.ac.in/drpg/d_alumnus/disp_url.php?tInput=d23 Citation for "Distinguished Alumnus Award"] from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] in 2001
* [http://www.make-digital.com/make/vol28?pg=66#pg66 Make Digital magazine's] feature "Toys from Trash" on Arvind Gupta and his work [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-26/toy-maker-arvind-gupta-visits-canberra-school/7200488]
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/arvind_gupta_turning_trash_into_toys_for_learning TED Talk given by Arvind Gupta] at The INK Conference
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170217103042/http://www.nwp.org/cs/public/print/resource/3683 Why I write? Arvind Gupta plays with the words of science]

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Arvind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Translators from Hindi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Seshagiri Rao Vellanki

2026-02-11T07:15:21Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: add details per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian scientist (born 1953)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Resume-like|date=January 2021}}
{{Lead too long|date=January 2021}}
{{COI|date=January 2021}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Dr Seshagiri Rao Vellanki
|image = File:Seshariri_Rao_V.jpg
|caption = Seshagiri Rao V in 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in/newsletters/january-marchnl15.pdf |title=University newsletter |date=2015 |website=www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in|access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref>
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|01|10|df=y}}
|birth_place = Kolavennu, [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh
|field = [[Space research]], Realtime Systems,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ground-based real-time auto commanding system for ISRO advanced technology vehicles|first1=R.|last1=Varaprasad|first2=Rajendran|last2=Gnanasambanthan|first3=Jiguru Venkata Narasimha|last3=Ravikumar|first4=Chandra Jagadeesh Reddy|last4=Pamireddy|first5=Chandravel|last5=Ramsenthil|first6=K.|last6=Haribabu|first7=V. S.|last7=Rao|date=5 January 2014|journal=IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine|volume=29|issue=5|pages=18–24|doi=10.1109/MAES.2014.120207|s2cid=41747266}}</ref> Digital Signal Processing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pillai |first1=S. K. |last2=Balakrishnan |first2=S. S. |last3=Rao |first3=V. Seshagiri |last4=Narasaiah |first4=N. |title=Model error estimation by ideal state processing in linear Kalman filter |journal=Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics |date=May 1992 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=775–777 |doi=10.2514/3.20904 |bibcode=1992JGCD...15..775P }}</ref> Flight Safety,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varaprasad |first1=R. |last2=Rao |first2=V. Seshagiri |title=Range Safety Real-time System for Satellite Launch Vehicle Missions–Testing Methodologies |journal=Defence Science Journal |date=November 2006 |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=693–700 |doi=10.14429/dsj.56.1933 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Computer Software, [[Radars]]
|work_institution = [[ISRO]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|prizes =
|footnotes = Former Distinguished Scientist ISRO
}}
Dr. '''Seshagiri Rao Vellanki''' is an Indian scientist and is former distinguished scientist and associate director of the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). He worked in ISRO for more than 39 years in various capacities. He also served in ISRO as Prof. Satish Dhawan for three years. He was instrumental in setting up state of the art Real Time Systems<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.2514/6.iac-05-d2.2.02 |chapter=Real time performance monitoring of a Satellite la |title=56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law |date=2005 |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=SS |last2=Rao |first2=V Seshagiri }}</ref> and computer networks for flight safety at SDSC SHAR. He also developed data processing software required for displaying flight trajectories. Pulse Coherent Mono-pulse Radars (PCMC) development and commissioning was carried out under his leadership. He also developed and implemented various algorithms required for wind profile estimation for weather monitoring.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7720-0_13 |chapter=Extended Range Tropical Cyclone Predictions for East Coast of India |title=Monitoring and Prediction of Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean and Climate Change |date=2014 |last1=Rajasekhar |first1=M. |last2=Kishtawal |first2=C. M. |last3=Prasad |first3=M. Y. S. |last4=Rao |first4=V. Seshagiri |last5=Rajeevan |first5=M. |pages=137–148 |isbn=978-94-007-7719-4 }}</ref> He worked extensively in Mission Simulations and Post flight trajectory estimation and data analytics.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

He has worked as Deputy Director, Range Operations (RO), Deputy Director, Vehicle Assembly and Static Test (VAST) Facility. He also served as Controller SDSC SHAR. He contributed significantly to the Satellite recovery experiment,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narasaiah |first1=N. |last2=Varaprasad |first2=R. |last3=Seshagiri Rao |first3=V. |last4=Krishnamurty |first4=V. |last5=Sanyal |first5=M.K. |title=Space capsule recovery—Evaluation of risk factors, safety plans and procedures and design of experiments for systems qualification |journal=Acta Astronautica |date=November 2009 |volume=65 |issue=9–10 |pages=1224–1230 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.057 |bibcode=2009AcAau..65.1224N }}</ref> Chandrayan-1, Mangalyaan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/@dr_vellanki_seshagiri_rao?sort=-downloads|title=User Account|website=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/next-stop-mars/article5338988.ece|title=Next stop Mars|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|website=Frontline|date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> and many other missions.
ISRO’s prestigious Multi Object Tracking Radar (MOTR) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aerojournalindia.com/enews/?p=1633|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925055703/https://www.aerojournalindia.com/enews/?p=1633|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 September 2022|title=ISRO is All Set to Test Multi Object Tracking Radar (MOTR) | Aero Journal India|access-date=6 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avenuemail.in/isro-makes-in-india-sophisticated-multi-object-tracking-radar/|title=ISRO 'makes in India' sophisticated multi-object tracking radar|date=15 May 2015|website=The Avenue Mail}}</ref> was designed, developed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/isros-indigenous-radar-to-be-ready-soon/|title=ISRO's Indigenous Radar to be Ready Soon|first=Geospatial|last=World|date=24 December 2014}}</ref> and commissioned under his guidance as Project Director. He is responsible for developing and implementing Software for Computerisation Of Working Administrative areas for ISRO in all centres.
He has visited numerous colleges<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kluniversity.in/klupanorama/acad6.html|title=KL University News Letter - PANORAMA|website=kluniversity.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gitam.edu/assets/media/newsletter-july-setp-2019.pdf |title=Newsletter|date= 2019|website=www.gitam.edu |access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref> and universities<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/a-harbinger-of-good-tidings/article6716474.ece|title='A harbinger of good tidings'|first=G. Narasimha|last=Rao|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> to deliver motivational talks<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gitam.edu/assets/media/newsletter-july-setp-2019.pdf |title=Newsletter|date=2019 |website=www.gitam.edu |access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chalapathiengg.ac.in/downloads/NAAC%20SSR%20CIET.pdf|title= INSTITUTIONAL ACCREDITATION SELF STUDY REPORT |website= www.chalapathiengg.ac.in|access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref> to students in science and technology.

== Personal life==
Rao was born on 10 January 1953, in [[Kolavennu]], a village in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. He completed his schooling at Elementary school and Zilla Parishad High School at Kolavennu village in Telugu Medium. He completed his Pre-University Course (PUC) in 1969 at [[Andhra Christian College]] Guntur.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} He is a B.Sc. graduate from J.K.C College, Guntur in 1972. Later he completed his post-graduation M.Sc. (Physics – Electronics) from [[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam in 1974. He joined Andhra University as a Junior Research Fellow (JRF){{citation needed|date=August 2022}} and ultimately completed his Ph.D. degree at [[Sri Venkateswara University|Sri Venkateshwara University]], Tirupati.

Rao currently resides in Hyderabad, Telangana state, where he supports various academic,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.srmist.edu.in/enigneering/department-of-aerospace-engineering/Corporate-Advisory-Board|title= Corporate Advisory Board |website=www.srmist.edu.in|access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref> scientific and IT<ref>{{cite web | title=Global Mentor Community | website=ibhubs.co | url=https://ibhubs.co/mentorcommunity/ | access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref> institutions in their research activities.

== Academic and research activities==
He has authored and co-authored more than 60 papers<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Seshagiri_Rao_V |title=List of works |website= www.researchgate.net|access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZnlXawcAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Dr.Seshagiri Rao V|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2021}} in national and international journals, seminars and conferences.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{google scholar id|ZnlXawcAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vellanki, Seshagiri Rao}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]

Lucknow Municipal Corporation

2026-01-28T10:54:50Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal:

{{Short description|City governing body of Lucknow, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color=Orange|name = Lucknow Nagar Nigam<hr/>{{small|Lucknow Municipal Corporation}}
|native_name=|coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Lucknow Municipal Corporation
|house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|term_length = 5 years
|leader1 = [[Sushma Kharakwal]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|leader1_type = [[List of mayors of Lucknow|Mayor]]
|meeting_place = Municipal Corporation Head Office, Lalbagh, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|session_res=250px|coa_pic =
|last_election1 = [[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|4 May 2023]]
|next_election1 = 2028
|motto = ''Clean Lucknow, Beautiful Lucknow''
|seats = 110
|website = [https://lmc.up.nic.in/Lucknow Municipal Corporation]
| structure1 = File:Lucknow Municipal Corporation 2023.svg
| structure1_res = 350px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (80)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (80)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/uttar-pradesh/story/up-nikay-chunav-ward-wise-winner-list-lucknow-ke-kis-ward-se-bjp-aur-kis-ward-se-samajwadi-party-jiti-lclp-1694384-2023-05-13|title=UP: BJP wins 80 wards in LMC|work=Aaj Tak|accessdate=13 May 2023}}</ref>
'''Opposition (26) '''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Samajwadi Party}}}} [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (21)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)
{{Color box|{{Party color|Others}}}} '''Other (4)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (4)
|foundation = {{start date and age|1884}} as Lucknow Municipal Board
|leader3 = Gaurav Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]
|leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| session_room =LMC Building.jpg
|term_limits = 5 years
|jurisdiction =
|leader1_term =
}}

The '''Lucknow Municipal Corporation (LMC)''', or the '''Lucknow Nagar Nigam''' is a local government for [[Lucknow]], the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration in the city of [[Lucknow]].

In 2025, LMC passed a budget of 4,304 Crore INR for the financial year 2025-2026, a major jump from the last years budget of 2,865 Crore INR.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-24 |title=LMC House approves Rs 2,865 crore budget for 2024-25, no tax hike |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lmc-house-approves-rs-2865-crore-budget-for-2024-25-no-tax-hike/articleshow/107963116.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=LMC’s revised budget stuck amid mayor-MC stalemate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/lmcs-revised-budget-stuck-amid-mayor-mc-stalemate-101762277735062.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Main functions ==
This local governing body is responsible for planning and development of several civic community and infrastructure within different parts of the city. The LMC is concerned with providing local amenities to the citizens.

* Maintenance & development of roads, subways, bridges, and flyovers
* Spreading green environment concept
* Developing the slums into better living zones for backward classes
* Construction of health units, schools, and food canteens
* Garbage disposal unit at every part of the city
* Providing sufficient water and electricity facility
* Free education with meal and clothes to poverty ridden children up to 12 years.

Apart from these social services, the LMC is concentrating on preserving the city heritage structure and buildings. The municipality is responsible for issuing of birth and death certificate to city residents. This policy helps in maintaining a record on the population growth rate.

The city development plan (CDP) is a project undertaken by LMC in association with JNNURM. The main purpose of this project is to offer a through city assessment. This is required for development of the Lucknow city in the near future. There is a 3-tier strategy to be implanted under this plan:

* Infrastructure & service delivery improvement
* Basic services to urban poor
* Institutional & governance reforms

The CDP formulation procedure was carried out after consulting the entire stakeholders associated with this project. One on one discussion session with every stakeholder was carried out.

Under the three-tier strategy, major issues to be focused and services offered include:

* Water Supply
* Sewerage and Sanitation
* Solid Waste Management
* Drainage
* Transportation

Another project undertaken by LMC is city GIS mapping. The municipality will conduct a detailed GIS mapping of the city. This will help in locating any area within the city through internet. It is also a part of JNNURM program. Funding for this project is being provided by [[Government of India|Central Government]].

== Developments ==
On 2 December 2020, LMC got listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), becoming the first civic body in [[north India]] to issue bonds under [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT).<ref>{{cite news|date=2 December 2020|title=Lucknow Municipal Corp bonds to list on BSE today|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/bonds/yogi-adityanath-to-attend-listing-of-lucknow-municipal-corporation-bonds-on-bse/articleshow/79492257.cms}}</ref>

== Departments ==
There are 7 working departments which comes under LMC.

# Health Department
# Home Tax Department
# Air Quality Management
# Garden Department
# Publicity Department
# Accounts Department
# Property Department

== Administration ==

* The LMC is headed by an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who serves as [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] and appointed by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]], having all the executive powers.
* The [[List of mayors of Lucknow|Mayor]], usually from the majority party, serves as head of the house. Mayor is known as the first citizen of the city.

The current [[Municipal commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] is IAS Gaurav Kumar.

{| class="wikitable"
|+LMC Officials
!Post
!Incumbent
!Since
!Appointed/ Elected
!References
|-
|[[List of mayors of Lucknow|Mayor]]
|[[Sushma Kharakwal]]
|26 May 2023
| Elected in [[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|2023 LMC elections]].
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Meet Lucknow's new mayor: BJP veteran, was Atal Bihari Vajpayee's loyalist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/sushma-kharwal-bjp-mayor-lucknow-municipal-corporation-elections-101683974113933.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
|Gaurav Kumar ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
|24 April 2025
|Appointed by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucknow: नए नगर आयुक्त गौरव कुमार ने सम्भाली जिम्मेदारी, बोले- शहर चमकाना और भ्रष्टाचार रोकना पहली प्राथमिकता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-new-municipal-commissioner-gaurav-kumar-took-over-the-responsibility-2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==Legislature==
LMC consists of 110 wards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wards |url=http://lmc.up.nic.in/pdf/WARD_suchna_english.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नगर निगम में बने 12 नए वॉर्ड, परिसीमन जारी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/12-new-wards-made-in-the-municipal-corporation/articleshow/58486420.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> for which a quinquennial election is held to elect [[Councillor|corporators]], who are responsible for basic civic infrastructure and enforcing duty in their constituencies (wards).

Various political parties nominate their candidates and the people of respective wards cast their votes during elections to elect the [[Councillor|corporator]] for their ward.

== Mayor ==
{{Main|List of mayors of Lucknow}}
The mayor is elected from within the ranks of the council in a quinquennial election. The elections are conducted in all 110 wards in the city to elect corporators. The party that wins the maximum number of seats holds an internal voting to decide the mayor. Mayor is considered as the first citizen of the city.

[[Sushma Kharakwal|Shushma Kharakwal]] is the current mayor of Lucknow since 26 May 2023. She was elected in the 2023 LMC elections after defeating her closest rival the [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] candidate Vandana Mishra by a margin of 52,699 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Meet Lucknow's new mayor: BJP veteran, was Atal Bihari Vajpayee's loyalist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/sushma-kharwal-bjp-mayor-lucknow-municipal-corporation-elections-101683974113933.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She is the second female mayor of the city after her predecessor [[Sanyukta Bhatia]].

== Current Corporators ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Ward
! colspan="3" |Corporators <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Lucknow Nagar Nigam Chunav Result 2023: लखनऊ में BJP की सुषमा जीती, कई वार्डों के नतीजे घोषित |url=https://www.aajtak.in/uttar-pradesh/story/lucknow-nagar-nigam-up-nikay-chunav-result-2023-live-updates-lclv-1693927-2023-05-13 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
!No.
!Name
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
!1
|Shraddhya Atal Bihari Vajpayee
|Chandawati
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!2
|Sharda Nagar - II
|Draupadi
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
|Ibrahimpur - II
|Muskan Bharti
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!4
|Ibrahimpur - I
|Brij Mohan Sharma
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
|Raja Bijli Pasi - II
|Pinki
|-
!6
|Raja Bijli Pasi - I
|Rajni Yadav
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!7
|Lal Ji Tandon
|Roshini
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!8
|Ambedkar Nagar
|Shubhash Chandra
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FF0000|
|rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!9
|Kalyan Singh
|Asha Rawat
|-
!10
|Sarojini Nagar - I
|Geeta Devi
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!11
|Shaheed Bhagar Singh - II
|Ramu
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FF0000|
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!12
|Kargapur Sarsava
|Rajesh Kumar
|-
!13
|Shaheed Bhagar Singh - I
|Yogyata Yadav
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!14
|Bharwara Malhaur
|Mamta Rawat
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!15
|Lal Bahadur Shastri - I
|Surendra Kumar Valmiki
|bgcolor=#B2B2B2|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!16
|Faizullaganj - IV
|Ramu
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!17
|Vikramaditya - Mahatama Gandhi
|Amit Chaudhary
|bgcolor=#22409A|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
!18
|Sarojini Nagar - II
|Ram Naresh
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!19
|Sharda Nagar - I
|Himanshu Ambedkar
|-
!20
|New Haiderganj - III
|Vinod Kumar Yadav
|-
!21
|Malviya Nagar
|Mamta Chaudhary
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!22
|Jankipuram - III
|Dipak Kumar Lodhi
| rowspan="14" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="14" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!23
|Gurunanak Nagar
|Piyush Diwan
|-
!24
|Saadatganj
|Shiv Kumar Yadav
|-
!25
|Babu Kunj Bihari - Omnagar
|Sarita Mishra
|-
!26
|Aishbagh
|Sandeep Sharma
|-
!27
|Balaganj
|Kamlesh Kumari Diwedi
|-
!28
|Rammohan Rai
|Madhu Singh
|-
!29
|Kharika - II
|Rajni Awasthi
|-
!30
|Kharika - I
|Krishna Narayan Singh
|-
!31
|Jankipuram - I
|Nisha Tiwari
|-
!32
|Alamnagar
|Rekha Singh
|-
!33
|Lalkuan
|Shushil Kumar Tiwari
|-
!34
|Hazratganj - Ramtirth
|Nagendra Singh Chauhan
|-
!35
|Hind Nagar
|Saurabh Singh 'Monu'
|-
!36
|Kesari Kheda
|Devendra Singh Yadav
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!37
|Gomti Nagar
|Kaushal Shankar Pandey
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!38
|Kanhaiya - Madhavpur - II
|Md. Shakir
|bgcolor=#B2B2B2|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!39
|New Haiderganj - II
|Dharmendra Kumar Singh
| rowspan="12" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="12" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!40
|Indira Priyadarshini
|Kalpana Verma
|-
!41
|Ram Ji Lal - Sardar Patel Nagar
|Sandhya Mishra
|-
!42
|Shankarpurva - II
|Shivam Upadhya
|-
!43
|Ismailganj - II
|Ranjana Awasthi
|-
!44
|Faizullaganj - II
|Priyanka
|-
!45
|Guru Govind Singh
|Shravan Nayak
|-
!46
|Kunwar Jyoti Prasad
|Gauri Sanvariya
|-
!47
|Daliganj - Niralanagar
|Abhilasha Katiyar
|-
!48
|Faizullaganj - I
|Rashmi Singh
|-
!49
|Mahakavi Jai Shankar Prasad
|Swadesh Singh
|-
!50
|Chinhat - I
|Arun Kumar Rai
|-
!51
|Ismailganj - I
|Mukesh Singh Chauhan
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!52
|Kanhaiya - Madhavpur - I
|Ram Naresh Chaurasiya
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!53
|Mahanagar
|Harishchandra Lodhi
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!54
|Geetapalli
|Richa Mishra
|-
!55
|Rani Laxmi Bai
|Shafikur Rehman
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!56
|Vidhya Vati
|Kaushalendra Diwedi
|rowspan="13" bgcolor=#FF9933|
|rowspan="13" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!57
|Babu Banarsi Das
|Ashish Kumar Hitaishi
|-
!58
|Moti Lal Nehru - Chandra Bhanu Gupta Nagar
|Charanjit Gandhi
|-
!59
|Colvin College - Nishatganj
|Pramod Singh
|-
!60
|Vidhya Vati - III
|Nirmala Singh
|-
!61
|Tilak Nagar - Kundari Rakabganj
|Rajiv Bajpayee
|-
!62
|Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
|Malti Yadav
|-
!63
|Ayodhya Das - II
|Awdhesh Tripathi
|-
!64
|Vidhya Vati - I
|Pratima Tiwari
|-
!65
|Chitragupta Nagar
|Narendra Kumar
|-
!66
|Chinhat - II
|Shailendra Verma
|-
!67
|Lala Lajpat Rai
|Raghav Ram Tiwari
|-
!68
|Babu Jagjivan Ram
|Bhrigunath Shukla
|-
!69
|J.C. Bose
|Yavar Hussain Reshu
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!70
|Paper Mill Colony
|Rajesh Singh
|rowspan="7" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!71
|Mankameshwar Mandir
|Ranjit Singh
|-
!72
|Shankarpurva - III
|Umesh Chandra Sanval
|-
!73
|Faizullaganj - III
|Pradeep Kumar Shukla
|-
!74
|Jankipuram - II
|Rajkumari Maurya
|-
!75
|Bhartendu Harishchandra
|Man Singh Yadav
|-
!76
|Rajiv Gandhi - I
|Sanjay Rathore
|-
!77
|Maithlisharan Gupta
|Ashok Kumar Upadhya
|bgcolor=#B2B2B2|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!78
|Labor Colony
|Ajay Dixit
|rowspan="3" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!79
|Rajajipuram
|Kaumudi Tripathi
|-
!80
|Indira Nagar
|Puja Jaswani
|-
!81
|Mallahi Tola - II
|Gulshan Abbas
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!82
|Triveni Nagar
|Dev Sharma Mishra
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!83
|New Haiderganj - I
|Rajnii Gupta
|-
!84
|Kadam Rasool
|Mohd. Nadeem
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!85
|Mallahi Tola - I
|CB Singh
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!86
|Lohia Nagar
|Rajesh Mishra
|-
!87
|Gola Ganj
|Mohd. Haleem
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!88
|Bashiratganj - Ganeshganj
|Girish Gupta
|rowspan="4" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!89
|Sheetla Devi
|Anoop Kamal Saxena
|-
!90
|Rajendra Nagar
|Rajesh Kumar Dixit
|-
!91
|Vivekanand Puri
|Nupur Shankghar
|-
!92
|Shankarpurva - I
|Namita Yadav
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!93
|Husainabad
|Lubana Ali
|rowspan="4" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!94
|Daulatganj
|Rani Kanaujia
|-
!95
|Maulvi Ganj
|Mukesh Singh 'Monti'
|-
!96
|Lal Bahadur Shashtri - II
|Bhupendra Kumar Sharma
|-
!97
|Gadhi Pir Khan
|Shaista Parveen
|bgcolor=#B2B2B2|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!98
|Yadunath Sanyal - Nazarbagh
|Kaamran Beg
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!99
|Acharya Narendra Dev
|Manish Rastogi
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!100
|Rajiv Gandhi - II
|Arun Kumar Tiwari
|-
!101
|Amberganj
|Saba Ahsan Mansuri
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!102
|Maulana Kalbe Abid
|Ifham Ullah
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!103
|Mashakganj - Wazirganj
|Mohd. Naeem
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!104
|Yahiaganj - Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
|Narendra Sharma
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!105
|Kashmiri Mohalla
|Laeek Aaga
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
!106
|Chowk - Bazar Kali Ji
|Anurag Mishra 'Annu'
|rowspan="4" bgcolor=#FF9933|
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!107
|Raja - Bazar
|Rahul Mishra
|-
!108
|Bhawaniganj
|Reeta Rai
|-
!109
|Aliganj
|Prithvi Gupta
|-
!110
|Ayodhya Das - I
|Musbbor Ali Manshu
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

== LMC elections ==

===Mayor elections===

==== 2023 ====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|Lucknow Municipal Corporation Elections : 2023]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sushma Kharakwal]]|votes=5,02,660|percentage=48.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Vandana Mishra|votes=2,98,519|percentage=28.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sangeeta Jaiswal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,02,633|percentage=9.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shaheen Bano|votes=75,997|percentage=7.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Anju Bhatt|votes=25,206|percentage=2.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=24,241|percentage=2.34|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2,04,141
|percentage = 19.71
|change = {{increase}} 5.11
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,29,256|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2017====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Lucknow Municipal Corporation Election|Lucknow Municipal Corporation Elections : 2017]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sanyukta Bhatia]]|votes=3,77,166|percentage=41.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Meera Vardhan|votes=2,45,810|percentage=27.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prema Awasthi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,09,571|percentage=12.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bulbul Godiyal|votes=83,120|percentage=9.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Priyanka Maheshwari|votes=24,577|percentage=2.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=5,449|percentage=0.61|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,31,356
|percentage = 14.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=8,99,214|percentage=38.64|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2012 ====
{{Election box begin | title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation Elections : 2012}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dr. Dinesh Sharma]]|votes=3,35,106|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Neeraj Bora|Dr. Neeraj Bora]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,63,282|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,71,824
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=''N/A''|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2006 ====
{{Election box begin | title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation Elections : 2006}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dr. Dinesh Sharma]]|votes=2,21,713|percentage=30.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Manzoor Ahmed|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,12,410|percentage=29.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dr. Madhu Gupta]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=1,58,918|percentage=21.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Gupta
|votes = 34,155
|percentage = 4.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Singh
|votes = 25,631
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate=Bhawaan Singh Rawat|votes=15,476|percentage=2.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Mahesh Diwan
|votes = 11,169
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 9,303
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,31,097|percentage=''N/A''|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Corporator elections===

==== [[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|2023]] ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Party name
!Party flag or symbol
!Number of Corporators
!Change
|-
|01
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|
|80
|{{Gain}}22
|-
|02
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|[[File:Samajwadi Party.png|center|frameless|81x81px]]
|21
|{{Loss}}7
|-
|03
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|center|frameless|114x114px]]
|4
|{{Loss}}4
|-
|04
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|1
|{{Loss}}1
|-
|05
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|[[File:No flag.svg|center|frameless|119x119px]]
|4
|{{Loss}}10
|}

==== [[2017 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|2017]] ====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators !! Change
|-
| 01 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || || 58 || {{gain}}14
|-
| 02 || [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) || [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|center|frameless|81x81px]]|| 28 ||
|-
| 03 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || [[File:INC Logo.png|87x87px]]|| 8 || {{loss}}3
|-
| 04 || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) || [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]] || 2 || ''New''
|-
| 05 || [[Independent politician|Independents]] || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 14 || {{loss}}40
|-
|}

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lmc.up.nic.in/ |title=LMC |access-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021219142235/http://lmc.up.nic.in/ |archive-date=19 December 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lucknow]]
*[[List of mayors of Lucknow]]
*[[List of municipal corporations in India]]
*[[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election]]
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://lmc.up.nic.in/}}
{{Municipal Corporations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Government of Lucknow| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Lucknow]]

Pathinettampadi

2026-01-08T07:11:32Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up some article with sources

{{Short description|Eighteen holy steps at Sabarimala, Kerala, India}}
'''Pathinettampadi''' ({{langx|ml|പതിനെട്ടാംപടി}}) are the 18 divine steps to the 'Thirumuttam' of famed [[Sabarimala]] temple in [[Kerala]] state of India. These steps have a length of 5 feet, width of 9 inches and height of 9 inches. Earlier, these steps were made out of granite and later in 1985, it was covered by '[[Panchaloha]]', a composition of five metals such as [[gold]], [[silver]], [[copper]], [[iron]] and [[tin]]. One who undertakes Sabarimala pilgrimage must mark his feet over these steps by carrying an 'irumudikettu' and undergoing a [[vrata]]m (penance) of 41 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayyappaseva.org/blog/18_holy_steps_-pathinettam_padi-_and_its_significance|title=18 Holy Steps (Pathinettam Padi) and its significance|website=www.ayyappaseva.org|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Rohini |date=2019-01-04 |title=The religious significance of the 18 steps at Sabarimala temple |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-religious-significance-of-the-18-steps-at-sabarimala-temple/173206/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The pilgrims who climbed the Pathinettampadi for 18 times needs to plant a young coconut tree at Sannidhanam and thereby becomes a 'Guruswami'. In the past, devotees used to break coconuts on these steps which was later restricted and replaced.

== Symbolism of eighteen steps ==
[[File:18 steps at sabarimala.jpg|right|thumb|Pilgrims climbing the eighteen sacred steps at Sannidhanam]]
The first five steps represents 'Panchendriyas', which are the five human [[sense]]s such as eye, ear, nose, skin and mouth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayyappasamaaj.org/apps/blog/show/2014715-meaning-of-pathinettampadi-the-holy-18-steps-|title=Ayyappa Samaaj|website=Ayyappa Samaaj|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> The next eight steps represents "Ashtaragas' which includes Kama (desire), [[Krodha (Mental factor)|Krodha]] (anger), Lobha (inordinate desire), Moha (attachment), Madha (pride), Matsarya (unhealthy competition), Asuya (jealousy) and Dhumb (braggy). The next three steps represents 'Thrigunas' or the three qualities of Sathva, [[Rajas]] and Thamas. The final two steps indicates Vidya (knowledge) and Avidya (ignorance of knowledge).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sabarimala.tdb.org.in/node/194|title=Pathinettam Padi {{!}} Sabarimala Sree Ayyappa Temple|website=sabarimala.tdb.org.in|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> These steps also symbolizes the eighteen hills that surrounds the Sabarimala temple which are [[Ponnambalamedu]], Gaudanmala, Nagamala, Sundaramala, Karimala, Mathangamala, Mayiladummala, Sreepadamala, Thevarmala, [[Nilakkal]]mala, Thalapparamala, Chittambalamala, Ghalkimala, Puthusserymala, [[Kalaketty]]mala, Inchipparamala, Sabarimala and Neelimala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pathinettampadi|last=Sree|first=Ayyappan|publisher=Siso books|year=2002|isbn=817797033X|location=Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram|pages=106, 107|quote=|via=First edition}}</ref> One who cross all these steps become purified and attains eligibility to get the [[Darśana|darshan]] of lord [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]].

== Significance of eighteen in Sabarimala ==
The number 18 has a unique position and significance within [[Hinduism]]. Some of them are the following;
* The [[puranas]] and upa-puranas wrote by [[Vyasa|Veda Vyasa]] are eighteen in number.
* The historic [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshethra war]] in [[Mahabharata]] lasted for eighteen days and it had eighteen [[Akshauhini]] armies.
* There are 18 Shakti Peethams (holy temples of Goddess Shakti).
* Mahabharatha has [[The 18 parvas|eighteen chapters]]s.
* The [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Vedas]] have eighteen chapters.
* Sabarimala temple is surrounded by eighteen hills and it has eighteen steps.

== Padi pooja ==
The padi pooja is a ritualistic pooja performed by the [[thantri]] accompanied by the [[Melshanthi]] (chief priest) to the eighteen hill deities who guards [[Ayyappa]]. The steps are decorated with beautiful flowers and each of them will have lamps. The rituals are concluded by the Aarathi by tantri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=1269|title=Padi Pooja {{!}} Travancore Devaswom Board|website=www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shanmatha.blogspot.in/2010/09/devatas-of-ponnu-pathinettam-padi.html?m=1|title=Devatas of the Ponnu Pathinettam Padi|website=shanmatha.blogspot.in|date=4 September 2010 |access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> In fact, it is the most expensive vazhipadu or offering at Sannidhanam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travancoredevaswomboard.org/sabarimala/vazhipadu-rate-sabarimala-temple|title=Vazhipadu Rate – Sabarimala Temple {{!}} Travancore Devaswom Board|website=travancoredevaswomboard.org|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:ശബരിമല1.JPG|130px]]
|[[File:ശബരിമല ക്ഷേത്രം.JPG|130px]]
|[[File:சபரிமலை 1.JPG|100px]]
|-
|The closed Pathinettampadi
|Devotees climbing Pathinettampadi
|Pilgrims at Pathinettampadi
|}

== See also ==
* [[Maalikapurathamma]]
* [[Pettathullal]]
* [[Makaravilakku]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]

Reena (actress)

2026-01-01T19:33:32Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{for|the actress Reena Roy|Reena Roy}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reena
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|2 September 1958}}
| birth_place = Kochi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 1973–1984 1994–2009 2014–Present
| occupation = Actress
| parents = Peter Reskyuna, Jessy
| children =
}}
'''Reena''' is an Indian actress best known for her work in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She was one of the lead actress during the late 1970s. She has acted in more than 100 film along with several popular television series in Malayalam and Tamil languages. She has also acted in few [[Tamil film|Tamil]] and [[Telugu film|Telugu]] movies as well.

==Personal life==

Reena was born to Peter Rasquinha and Jessy in 1958 at Edappilly, Kochi. Her father was from Mangalore and mother was from Kochi, Kerala. She has a brother, Ivan. She did her primary schooling in Mangalore. She pursued bachelor's degree from Madras Presentation College, Perumbavoor. She remains unmarried. She resides at [[Chennai]] with family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6ypb3E4L9c&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.youtube.com| date=22 June 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==

She started her career at 14, in Chukku movie as [[Sheela]]'s daughter. She started production company, V.I.C and produced movies ''Druvasankamam'', ''Ente Kadha'' and Janapriyan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=reena&pigsection=Actor&picata=2&Search=Search |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041427/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=reena&pigsection=Actor&picata=2&Search=Search |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-09-24 |title=CiniDiary |publisher=CiniDiary |access-date=2013-09-15}}</ref> Now she is acting in [[TV drama|Tele films]] and [[Indian soap opera|soap operas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/|title=MarunadanMalayalee.com|website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref> Currently she is acting in Ammayariyathe serial in Asianet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralatv.in/2014/07/aniyathi-malayalam-serial-cast/|title = Malayalam Television Serials and Shows Online - Kerala TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/tv/Aniyathi-a-new-serial-on-Mazhavil-Manorama/articleshow/38427260.cms|title=Aniyathi, a new serial on Mazhavil Manorama - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2014 }}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
=== Malayalam ===
==== 1970s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Chukku]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m3db.com/film/915|title=ചുക്ക്|website=M3DB|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1974 || ''Vrindavaanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakkari]]'' || Llin ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1975 || ''[[Tourist Bunaglow]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Velicham Akale]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chandanachola]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Priyamulla Sophia]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chief Guest]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Boy Friend (1975 film)|Boy Friend]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Love Marriage (1975 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Love Letter (1975 film)|Love Letter]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Penpada]]'' || Latha ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal]]'' || Parvathy ||
|-
| ''[[Pravaham]]'' || Ragini ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1976 || ''[[Agnipushpam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajaankanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Priyamvadha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anaavaranam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaayamkulam Kochunniyude Makan]]'' || Savithrikutty ||
|-
| ''[[Yudha Bhoomi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ammini Ammavan]]'' || Hema ||
|-
| ''[[Amritavahini]]'' || Thulasi ||
|-
| ''[[Prasaadam]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1977 || ''[[Aaraadhana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vezhambal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Rowdy Rajamma'' || ||
|-
| ''Ivanente Priyaputhran'' || ||
|-
| ''Varadakshina'' || ||
|-
| ''Minimol'' || Rajamma ||
|-
| ''[[Raajaparampara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Yudhakaandam'' || Kala ||
|-
| ''[[Oonjaal]]'' || Sharada ||
|-
| ''[[Nirakudam]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1978 || ''[[Aniyara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aasramam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhrashtu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vadakakku Oru Hridayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Prarthana (1978 film)|Praarthana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hemantharaathri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Snehikkan Samayamilla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Urakkam Varaatha Raathrikal]]'' || Malathy ||
|-
| ''[[Aanappaachan]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''[[Thamburatti]]'' || Rema, Leela ||
|-
| ''[[Beena (film)|Beena]]'' || Betty Fernandez ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1979 || ''[[Pathivritha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Indradhanussu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aayiram Vasanthangal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkattadikkaari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ajnaatha Theerangal]]'' || Urmila ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Raagam Pala Thaalam]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Ezham Kadalinakkare]]'' || Latha ||
|-
|}

==== 1980s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1980 || ''[[Puzha (film)|Puzha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pavizhamuthu]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''Ithikkarapakki'' || Sainabha ||
|-
| ''[[Pralayam]]'' || Kusumam ||
|-
| ''[[Karimbana]]'' || Thankamma ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1981 || ''[[Poochasanyaasi]]'' || Maithili ||
|-
| ''[[Dhruvasangamam]]'' || Valsala ||
|-
| ''Agnisaram'' || Latha ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1982 || ''[[Madrasile Mon]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idiyum Minnalum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Oru Simham]]'' || Omana ||
|-
| ''[[Thuranna Jail]]'' || Mercy ||
|-
| ''[[Ankuram]]'' || Raji ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1983 || ''[[Ente Katha (film)|Ente Katha]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]]'' || Sushamma ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Ulppathi'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Minnaram]]'' || Reena ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Thumboli Kadappuram]]'' || Thomichayan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1996 || ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' || Anjali's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kumkumacheppu]]'' || Nalini ||
|-
| ''Mimics Super 1000'' || Arundathi Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Devaraagam]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''Kanjirappally Kuriachan'' || Valsamma ||
|-
| ''[[Indraprastham]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''Ishtamaanu Nooru Vattam'' || Prasad's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1997 || ''Kannur'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' || Sudharma ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]'' || Sreeni's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' || Kuruvilla's wife ||
|-
| ''Aattuvela'' || Malu's mother ||
|-
| ''Ancharakalyanam'' || Madhavi ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyanappittennu]]'' || Bhanu ||
|-
| ''[[Newspaper Boy (1997 film)|Newspaper Boy]]'' || Kanakam ||
|-
| ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]'' || Old Queen ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukil Pambaram]]'' || Bhageerathibhai Thamburatti ||
|-
| ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Shobha ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1998 || ''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]'' || Priyadarshini's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' || Meera's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Achaammakkuttiyude Achaayan]]'' || Alice ||
|-
| ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]'' || Suresh's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' || Abhirami's step mother ||
|-
| ''[[Punjabi House]]'' || Manninder Singh's wife ||
|-
| ''Gloria Fernandes From U.S.A.'' || Leenamma ||
|-
| ''[[Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham]]'' || Asha's mother ||
|-
| ''Ilamura Thampuran'' || Devakikunjamma ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1999 || ''Gaandhiyan'' || Divya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' || Mable ||
|-
| ''[[Deepasthambham Mahascharyam]]'' || Indu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]'' || Leenamma ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]'' || Beena ||
|-
| ''[[Pathram]]'' || Vasundhara Thampi ||
|-
| ''[[Crime File]]'' || Amala's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Sparsham]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2000 || ''[[Dreamz]]'' || Roy's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' || Anuradha's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]'' || Padmini ||
|-
| ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]'' || Rajan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Snehapoorvam Anna]]'' || Jomon's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life is Beautiful]]'' || Suraj's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe]]'' || Nancy's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2001 || ''Oru Apoorva Pranayakatha'' || ||
|-
| ''The Gift of God'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Kunjikoonan]]'' || Lakshmi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' || Thampi's relative ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2003 || ''Ente Ammakku'' || Anuradha's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]'' || Sumangala's mother ||
|-
| ''Sahodaran Sahadevan'' || Yamuna's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[CID Moosa]]'' || Chief Minister's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''Snehapoorvam'' || ||
|-
| ''Priyam Priyamkaram'' || Alice's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]'' || Sangeetha's mother ||
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Senior Mandrake]]'' || || Archive footage
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Fukri]]'' || Hajira ||
|-
| ''[[Clint (film)|Clint]]'' || Chinnamma's mother ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ennaalum Sarath..?]]'' || Mother Superior ||
|-
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' || Sumathi || Credited as Vinothini
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]'' || Anju ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1979 || ''[[Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi]]'' || Latha ||
|-
| ''[[Thirisoolam]]'' || Nalini ||
|-
| ''[[Imayam]]'' || Narmada ||
|-
| ''Vallavan Varugiran'' || Thara ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1980 || ''Kuruvikoodu'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]'' || Kalpana ||
|-
| ''[[Rishi Moolam]]'' || Thangam ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Potta Savaal]]'' || Roopa ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Karuppu Nila]]'' || Divya's mother ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]'' || Pooja's mother ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' || Sarathy's Professor ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Varalaru]]'' || Saroja ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' || Thamizharasu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthen]]'' || Farzana's mother ||
|-
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' || || Photo only
|-
| 1980 || ''Manavudu Mahaneeyudu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1981 || ''Asadyalaku Asadyudu'' || Thara ||
|-
| ''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]'' || Kalpana ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Aalaya Sikharam]]'' || Bhanu ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Ethe Naasaval]]'' || Roopa ||
|-
|}

===Kannada===
# ''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]'' (1981)

===Hindi===
# ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' (1997) as Raja's wife

==Television career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Role
!Channel
|-
|1995|| Paying Guest||[[Malayalam]]|| ||[[Doordarshan]]
|-
|2001|| Anna ||[[Malayalam]]|| ||[[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2001|| Gouri ||[[Malayalam]]||Gouri's mother ||[[Doordarshan]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2002||American Dreams ||[[Malayalam]]||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|Chanchakkam||[[Malayalam]]||||
|-
|Bharya||[[Malayalam]]||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|Mangalyam||[[Malayalam]]|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2003|| Vasundhara Medicals||[[Malayalam]]|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2004||Kaavanjali||[[Malayalam]]||||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2004||[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]] ||[[Malayalam]]|| Janaki ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| 2005–2006||Summer In America||[[Malayalam]]||Neethu ||[[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2005–2007|| Nimmathi ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2006–2008|| [[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Lakshmi]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2007|| Naanayam||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||Padmavathi ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2007–2009|| Vaira Nenjam||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Vaitheeswari || [[Kalaignar TV]](dubbed as aadajanma on [[Star Maa]] and Swarna manasu on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
|-
|2008-2009|| [[Thirumathi Selvam]]|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Dileepan's mother || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2014||[[Thiru Mangalyam]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Shobha Vijayakumar ||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
| [[Aniyathi (TV series)|Aniyathi]] ||[[Malayalam]]||Prabha||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2015|| [[Dhathuputhri]] ||[[Malayalam]]|| ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|Eeswaran Sakshiyayi||[[Malayalam]] ||Bhadra||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|-
|[[Keladi Kanmani (TV series)|Keladi Kanmani]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]|| Shantha Kumari (SK) ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2016 || Ennu Swantham Jani ||[[Malayalam]]|| ||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2018–2019 || [[Vandhal Sridevi]] ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||Akhila||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|Thenum Vayambum ||[[Malayalam]]||Chandramathi||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2019||[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]] ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||Chandran's mother||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2019||[[Rasaathi]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Rasappan's mother||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020||[[Koodathayi ]]||[[Malayalam]]||Basheer's Umma||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|-
|2020–2021||[[Ammayariyathe]]||[[Malayalam]]||Sulekha||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2022–2023||[[Rettai Roja]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2022–2024||Kanaa||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2024-present||[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]||[[Malayalam]]||Savithri Amma ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2167983}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Reena&limit=66 Reena at MSI]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041427/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=reena&pigsection=Actor&picata=2&Search=Search Cinidiary.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reena}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Laheriasarai railway station

2025-12-01T15:36:45Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: quick fix references to improve readability also and corrected details

{{Short description|Railway station in Darbhanga, Bihar, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2012}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Laheriasarai railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|40px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Laheriasarai Station.png
| image_caption = Laheriasarai Station
| address = Kabipur, [[Laheriasarai]], [[Darbhanga]], Bihar
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.1719|86.093|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|55|m|ft}}
| line = [[Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 3
| tracks = 5
| parking = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = LSI
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_locator = https://maps.app.goo.gl/WL3MLBukfGJxdQJJ6
}}

'''Laheriasarai railway station''', (station code: '''LSI'''), is the railway station<ref name="wikimapia">{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/1803124/Laheriasarai-Railway-Station-ECR |title=Laheriasarai Railway Station (ECR) |publisher=Wikimapia.org |access-date=2012-10-23}}</ref> serving [[Laheriasarai]] in the [[Darbhanga district]] in the Indian state of Bihar. The laheriasarai railway station is connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network.<ref name="wikimapia"/>

Laheriasarai has trains running frequently to [[Sitamarhi]] and Kolkata.

==Platforms==
There are three platforms in Laheriasarai railway station.<ref name="India Rail Info">{{cite web |title=Laheria Sarai Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/laheria-sarai-lsi/1595 |website=India Rail Info |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref> The platforms are interconnected with one [[foot overbridge]] (FOB).

==Trains==
Laheriasarai Junction railway station is a station of the [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]. It is located on the [[Samastipur]] to [[Darbhanga]] rail route. Trains like [[Swatantrata Senani superfast express]] and [[Jayanagar]] [[garib rath express]], halts here

==Nearest airports==
The nearest airports to Laheriasarai Station is:
* [[Darbhanga Airport]], [[Darbhanga]]

==See also==
* [[Darbhanga]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://wikimapia.org/5938686/Darbhanga-Railway-Station-Junctionn Wikimapia.org]

{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

1980 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-14T13:44:04Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: adding entry

{{Short description|1980 Assembly election in Odisha, India}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1977
| next_election = 1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1985
| election_date = 1980
| seats_for_election = All 147 seats in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 74
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Janaki Ballabh Patnaik.JPG|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=27|oTop=12}}
| leader1 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Athagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Athagarh]]
| seats1 = 118
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 87
| popular_vote1 = 30,37,487
| percentage1 = 47.78
| swing1 =
| party2 = [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| image2 = [[File:BLD Symbol.jpg|100px]]
| leader2 = [[Sarat Kumar Deb]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Aul (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aul]]
| seats2 = 13
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} ''92''
| popular_vote2 = 12,38,745
| percentage2 = 25.92
| swing2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = ''Vacant''
| before_party = [[President's rule]]
| after_election = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cm.odisha.gov.in/former-cms |title=Chief Minister of Odisha |publisher=Cm.odisha.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2021-05-13}}</ref>
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress (I)|Congress(I)]]
| elected_members = 8th Odisha Legislative Assembly
}}

Elections to the 8th [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] were held 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html |title=Orissa Assembly Election Results in 1980 |publisher=Elections.in |date=2020-04-29 |accessdate=2021-05-13}}</ref>

==Constituencies==
The elections were held for 147 constituencies, of which 22 were reserved for Scheduled Castes, 34 for Scheduled Tribes and 91 unreserved.

==Contesting parties==
There are eight national parties [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Indian National Congress (I)|INC(I)]], [[Indian National Congress (U)|INC(U)]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Janata Party|JNP]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]], [[Janata Party (Secular)|Charan Singh JNP(SC)]] and [[Raj Narain|Raj Narain JNP(JP)]], Two state parties [[All India Forward Bloc|FBL]] and [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]], two registered unrecognised parties [[Jharkhand Party|JKD]] and [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUC]] and some [[Independent Politician|Independent Politicians]] took part in this assembly election. Indian National Congress (I)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3624-orissa-1980/ |title=Orissa 1980 - Orissa - Election Commission of India |publisher=Eci.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2021-05-13}}</ref> emerged as the winner by winning 118 seats. Janaki Ballabh Patnaik became the [[Chief Minister]] and Sarata Deb (''ଶରତ ଦେବ'') became the Leader of Opposition in the 8th Orissa Assembly.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html |title=Orissa Assembly Election Results in 1980 |publisher=Elections.in |date=2020-04-29 |accessdate=2021-05-13}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1980.svg]]
|- valign="top"
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,037,487
|47.78
|{{Increase}} 16.76
|147
|118
|{{Increase}} 92
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|[[File:BLD Symbol.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|[[File:BLD Symbol.jpg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,238,745
|19.49
|(new)
|110
|13
|(new)
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (U)}}
| -
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 446,818
|7.03
|(new)
|98
|2
|(new)
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 323,411
|5.09
|{{Increase}} 1.52
|27
|4
|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Chakra_Haldhar.png|50x50px]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Chakra_Haldhar.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 262,903
|4.14
|{{decrease}} 45.03
|31
|3
|{{decrease}} 107
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 755,087
|11.88
|{{decrease}} 1.38
|248
|7
|{{decrease}} 2
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!100
!-
!-
!147
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''6,357,005'''
|45.70
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
|style="text-align:right;"|192,069
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''6,549,074'''
|'''47.08'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"|7,360,041
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''13,909,115'''
!
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!District
!AC. No.
!Constituency
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|1
|[[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
| Raghunath Hembram
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|2
|[[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| Sundar Mohan Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|3
|[[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
| Rama Chandra Hansdah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|4
|[[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
| [[Sidha Lal Murmu|Sidhalal Murmu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|5
|[[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
| Kangoi Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|6
|[[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana (ST)]]
| [[Saraswati Hembram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|7
|[[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|8
|[[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
| Kuanria Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|9
|[[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]]
| Ramesh Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|10
|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
| Rauaneswar Madhei
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Balasore district|Baleshwar]]
|11
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| [[Kartikeswar Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|12
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| Gadadhar Giri
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|13
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| Bhopal Chandra Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|14
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| Arun Dey
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|15
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| Pitambar Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|16
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| Parsuram Panigrahi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|17
|[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Akshaya Kumar Acharya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|18
|[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]
| Purusottam Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|19
|[[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| Jugal Kishore Pattanaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|20
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| [[Jagannath Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|21
|[[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]
| Netrananda Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|22
|[[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
| Jagabandhu Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="26" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|23
|[[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| Sarat Rout
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|24
|[[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|25
|[[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
| [[Niranjan Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|26
|[[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]
| Kangali Panda
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|27
|[[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| Sitakanta Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|28
|[[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]
| [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|29
|[[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
| Naba Kishore Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|30
|[[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| [[Sarat Kumar Deb|Sarat Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|31
|[[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
| Biswanath Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|32
|[[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| Nalinikanta Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|33
|[[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| Indramani Rout
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|34
|[[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| [[Biju Patnaik|Biju Pattanaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|35
|[[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| [[Basant Kumar Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|36
|[[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| [[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|37
|[[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Basudeba Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|38
|[[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| Krushna Chandra Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|39
|[[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]
| Surendranath Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|40
|[[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| Sk. Matlub Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|41
|[[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]
| Mayadhar Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|42
|[[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| Antarjyami Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|43
|[[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| Dolagobinda Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|44
|[[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| Srikant Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|45
|[[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]
| [[Kahnu Charan Lenka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|46
|[[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| Akshaya Kumar Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|47
|[[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
| Rasananda Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|48
|[[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| Samir Kumar Routray
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="16" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|49
|[[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
| Basanta Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|50
|[[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| Rama Krushna Pati
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|51
|[[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]
| [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|52
|[[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]
| Bipin Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|53
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
| [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|54
|[[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
| [[Baikunthanath Swain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|55
|[[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| Rabindra Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|56
|[[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| Gadadhar Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|57
|[[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
| Gangadhar Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|58
|[[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]
| Debendranath Mansingh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|59
|[[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani|Prasanna Kumar Patsani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|60
|[[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| Kailash Chandra Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|61
|[[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| Ramakant Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|62
|[[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| Bansidhara Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|63
|[[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
| Bibhuti Bhusan Singh Mardraj
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|64
|[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]
| Harihar Karan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|65
|[[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
| Sribaschha Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|66
|[[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| [[Somnath Rath|Somanath Rath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|67
|[[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| Gantayat Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|68
|[[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Raghaba Parida
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|69
|[[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
| Radha Govinda Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|70
|[[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
| Kanhu Charan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|71
|[[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| Trinath Samantary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|72
|[[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| Biswanath Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|73
|[[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| Brundaban Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|74
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]
| Ghanashyam Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|75
|[[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| Krushna Charan Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|76
|[[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikati]]
| Chintamani Dyan Samatra
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|77
|[[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]
| Udaya Narayan Dev
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|78
|[[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
| Gorsanga Savara
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|79
|[[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]
| Bijoy Kumar Jena
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|80
|[[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
| [[Bhagirathi Gomango|Bhagirathi Gamango]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|81
|[[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]
| Dambarudhar Ulaka
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|82
|[[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
| [[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Ramchandra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|83
|[[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]
| Anantaram Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|84
|[[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
| [[Chandrama Santha|Chandrama Santa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|85
|[[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
| Nrusinghananda Brahma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|86
|[[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]
| [[Naka Laxmaya|Naka Laxmayya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|87
|[[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
| Gangadhar Madi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|88
|[[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
| Basudev Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|89
|[[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| [[Raghunath Patnaik|Raghunath Pattanaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|90
|[[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| Habibulla Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|91
|[[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]
| Dombaru Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|92
|[[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
| Phulamani Santa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|93
|[[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
| [[Parama Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|94
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]
| Bhanu Prakash Joshi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|95
|[[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| Anup Singh Deo
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|96
|[[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]
| Gajanan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|97
|[[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
| [[Manmohan Mathur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|98
|[[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| Maheswar Barad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|99
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
| Dayanidhi Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|100
|[[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
| Tejraj Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|101
|[[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
| [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kandhamal district|Phulabani]]
|102
|[[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
| [[Sahura Mallick|Sahura Mallik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|103
|[[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
| [[Nagarjuna Pradhan|Nagarjun Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|104
|[[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
| Chandra Sekhar Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|105
|[[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| Himanshu Sekhar Pandhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|106
|[[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| [[Lalit Mohan Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|107
|[[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
| Prasanna Kumar Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|108
|[[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| Brajamohan Thakur
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|109
|[[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
| Ramesh Chandra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|110
|[[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]
| [[Balgopal Mishra]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|111
|[[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| Mahammad Muzafar Hussain Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|112
|[[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]
| Dhaneswar Kumbhar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|113
|[[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
| Pradipta Hota
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|114
|[[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
| Hrushikesh Hota
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|115
|[[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| [[Bhajaman Behara|Bhajaman Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|116
|[[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Santosh Kumar Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|117
|[[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
| Trinath Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|118
|[[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|119
|[[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| Haldhar Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|120
|[[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Kailash Chandra Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|121
|[[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| Bibhudhendra Pratap Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|122
|[[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
| Brundaban Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|123
|[[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| Satya Bhusan Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|124
|[[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
| Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|125
|[[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| Rajib Lochan Hota
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|126
|[[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
| Mohan Nag
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|127
|[[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| Jadumani Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|128
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| Aswini Kumar Guru
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|129
|[[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| Upendra Dixit
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|130
|[[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| Birendra Pandey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|131
|[[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|132
|[[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
| Jagateswar Mirdha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|133
|[[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Abhimanyu Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|134
|[[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| Aswini Kumar Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|135
|[[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| Kishore Chandra Patal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|136
|[[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
| [[Gajadhar Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|137
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| Mukharam Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|138
|[[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
| Jumus Bilung
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|139
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| Gurupada Nanda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|140
|[[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]]
| Nelson Soreng
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|141
|[[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Basanta Kumar Dandapat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|142
|[[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Saharei Oram
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|143
|[[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]]
| [[Hrushikesh Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|144
|[[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| [[Jogendra Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|145
|[[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
| Chandrasen Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|146
|[[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]]
| [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|147
|[[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
| [[Jayadev Jena]]/
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1980 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]

Venkat Bharadwaj

2025-11-07T05:59:32Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Put up basic stub first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venkat Bharadwaj
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Director, producer, screenwriter, actor
| years_active = 2015{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| parents = [[C. V. Shivashankar]] (father)
}}
'''Venkat Bharadwaj''' is an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter and actor who predominately works in Kannada-language films. He is best known for the film ''[[Kempiruve]]'' (2017) for which he won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]].<ref>{{cite news |title=State Film Award 2017 , Film Fare Jury Member, Member of Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/state-film-award-2017-699865.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2017-10-02}}</ref>

== Career ==
Venkat Bharadwaj worked a regional manager of [[Starcom (media agency)|Starcom]] when an incident that happened on [[Church Street, Bangalore]] motivated him to make the indie film titled ''A Day in the City''. Scriptwriting with him and his friends began in August 2013. Filming began on 8 January 2014 and finished on 13 May 2014. Since the film was shot on the weekends, ninety-percent of the cast was IT professional apart from Kappanna and Malayalam actor Sridharan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/techies-team-makes-a-movie-by-shooting-during-weekends/article6930746.ece|title=Techies team makes a movie by shooting during weekends|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 February 2015 |url-access=subscription|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> The film was shot for twelve hours a day and the actors were mailed their lines beforehand. The four songs were shot at [[Brigade Road]] and [[M G Road]] in Bangalore, Maddur, Mahadevapura, Mandya and Srirangapatna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/techies-to-hit-the-big-screen-for-a-day-in-the-city/articleshow/37108143.cms|title=Techies to hit the big screens for 'A Day in the City'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2014|last=Kumar|first=G. S.|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> The film is about water scarcity in a big city and how important government officials and engineers try to solve the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/move-over-hindi-indie-has-arrived/articleshow/50826257.cms|title=Move over Hindi, indie has arrived|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/A-new-angle-to-cinema-Kannada-filmmakers/article60256444.ece|title=A new angle to cinema|date=5 February 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film was screened at British Airways, China Air and Emirates amongst other airlines.<ref name="H"/> His next film was the historical drama ''[[Bablusha]]'' (2016), for which he selected 3 candidates from 480 people who auditioned for the three lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Cinema-Suddi-Bringing-on-Bablusha/article14342429.ece|title=Cinema Suddi: Bringing on Bablusha|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 May 2016 |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211175820/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Cinema-Suddi-Bringing-on-Bablusha/article14342429.ece|archive-date=11 December 2022|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> His next film ''[[Kempiruve]]'' delved into the lives of senior citizens and the challenges they face.<ref>{{cite news |title=Antecedents of an aged existence |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/081117/antecedents-of-an-aged-existence.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2017-11-08 |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215826/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/081117/antecedents-of-an-aged-existence.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His 2019 documentary ''Leap of Faith'' is based on suicidal people who decided to not take their lives and also covered attempted suicides by children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filmmaker-venkat-bharadwaj-comes-with-a-documentary-on-suicide-called-leap-of-faith/article30162446.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204212656/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/filmmaker-venkat-bharadwaj-comes-with-a-documentary-on-suicide-called-leap-of-faith/article30162446.ece|title=Filmmaker Venkat Bharadwaj comes with a documentary on suicide called 'Leap of Faith'|archive-date=4 December 2019|work=The Hindu|date=4 December 2019|first=Shilpa Sebastian|last=R|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His film ''Omelette'' (2021) was based on an auto driver's aspirations in life. The film's story was conceived in September 2019 and the film's post-production work was wrapped by January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-director-venkat-bharadwajs-next-film-is-a-comedy-called-omelette/article30521500.ece|title=Kannada director Venkat Bharadwaj's next film is a comedy called 'Omelette'|first=Shilpa|last=Sebastian|date=9 January 2020|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film did not have a theatrical release and opted for a direct television release due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Jun/17/omelette-skips-theatre-release-opts-for-direct-satellite-outing-2317265.html|title='Omelette' skips theatre release, opts for direct satellite outing|first=|last=|date=17 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film ''[[Naguvina Hoogala Mele]]'' (2024) marked his foray into the romantic action genre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/award-winning-kannada-film-director-venkat-bharadwajs-film-naguvina-hoogala-mele-release-on-march-9/article67812902.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418012053/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/award-winning-kannada-film-director-venkat-bharadwajs-film-naguvina-hoogala-mele-release-on-march-9/article67812902.ece|title=Venkat Bharadwaj's Kannada film 'Naguvina Hoogala Mele' releases this week|archive-date=18 April 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 February 2024|first=Shilpa|last=Anandraj|url-access=subscription|access-date=1 May 2025|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Feb/06/ive-always-strived-to-explore-diverse-genres-director-venkat-bharadwaj|title=I've always strived to explore diverse genres: Director Venkat Bharadwaj|first= |last=|date=6 February 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> His last release was the patriotic film ''Hyena'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/18/effort-to-raise-social-awareness-through-hyena-is-commendable|title='Effort to raise social awareness through Hyena is commendable|date=18 January 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is the elder son of Kannada film industry veteran [[C. V. Shivashankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/veteran-kannada-filmmaker-cv-shivashankar-passes-away/|title=Veteran Kannada filmmaker CV Shivashankar passes away|first=Shashiprasad S.|last=M|date=28 June 2023|website=The South First}}</ref> His brother Karthik Urs worked as an actor in ''A Day in the City'' and ''[[Kempiruve]]'' (2017), the latter of which he also co-wrote the story and dialogues.<ref>{{cite news |title=People don't believe it is me, says a man who is senior manager at Capgemini and has written this Kannada film's story, dialogues |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/people-dont-believe-it-is-me-says-a-man-who-is-senior-manager-at-capgemini-and-has-written-this-kannada-films-story-dialogues/articleshow/61757442.cms |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=2017-11-14 |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423220124/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/people-dont-believe-it-is-me-says-a-man-who-is-senior-manager-at-capgemini-and-has-written-this-kannada-films-story-dialogues/articleshow/61757442.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
!Actor
!Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''A Day in the City'' (''Nagaradalli Ondu Dina'') || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Bablusha]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kempiruve]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Unarvu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Tamil film
|-
| ''Leap of Faith'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || English film
|-
| ''[[Alidu Ulidavaru]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2020 || ''The Painter'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Omelette'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Sri Ranga'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Naguvina Hoogala Mele]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2025 || ''Hyena'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Hey Prabhu'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6732205}}

[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of vice-chancellors of the University of Allahabad

2025-10-07T15:02:56Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal:

{{short description|None}}
{{one source|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

The vice-chancellor is the executive head of the [[University of Allahabad]].

==Vice-chancellors of University of Allahabad==
The vice-chancellors of the University of Allahabad are as follows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allduniv.ac.in/home/pages/136|title = University of Allahabad - Allahabad University}}</ref>
# Sir [[John Edge]] (1887–94)
# T. Conlan, Esq. (1894–98)
# Mt. Justice R.S. Aikman (1898-1900)
# Justice Sir George Knox (1900–06)
# [[Sunder Lal (lawyer)|Sir Sunder Lal]] (1906–08)
# Sir Robert Aikman (1908–09)
# Sir Henry George Richards (1909–12)
# Sir Sunder Lal (1912–17)
# Sir [[Pramada Charan Banerjee]] (1917–19)
# Sir Theodore Caro Piggott (1919–20)
# Mr. Justice Gokul Prasad (1920–22)
# Sir Claude de la Fosse (1922–23)
# Mahamahopadhyaya Pt. Ganganatha Jha (1923–32)
# Pandit Iqbal Narain Gurtu (1932–38)
# [[Amarnath Jha|Dr. Amarnatha Jha]] (1938–47)
# Dr. [[Tara Chand (archaeologist)|Tara Chand]] (1947–49)
# Dr. Dakshina Ranjan Bhattacharaya (1949–52)
# Professor Amulya Chandra Banerjee (1952–55)
# Shri B. N. Jha (1955–57)
# Dr. Shri Ranjan (1957–61)
# Justice [[P. K. Kaul]] (1961)
# Dr. Balbhadra Prasad (1961-1965)
# Mr. [[Ratan Kumar Nehru]] (1965–68)
# Prof A. B. Lal (1968–71)
# Dr. C.M. Bhatia (1971–72)
# Prof. Babu Ram Saxena (1972–73)
# Mr. Ram Sahai (1973–76)
# Dr. P. D. Hajela (1976–79)
# Prof. Adya Prasad (1979–80)
# Prof. U.N. Singh (1980–83)
# [[Govind Chandra Pande|Prof. Gobind Chandra Pande]] (1983–84 acting)
# Dr. R. P. Mishra (1984–87)
# Prof. W.U. Malik (1987–90)
# Prof. T. Pati (1990–91acting)
# [[Ram Charan Mehrotra|Prof. Ram Charan Mehrotra]] (1991–93)
# Prof. U.N. Gupta (1993–94)
# Prof. S.C. Srivastava (1994–97)
# [[Chunni Lal Khetrapal|Prof. Chunni Lal Khetrapal]] (1998-2001)
# Prof. G.K. Mehta (2001-2004)
# Prof. Janak Pandey (2004, acting)
# Prof. H. R. Singh (2005, acting)
# Prof Rajan Harshe (2005 - 2010)
# Prof. K.G. Srivastava (2010, acting)
# Prof. N.R. Farooqi (2010 acting)
# Prof. A. K. Singh (2011 - 2014)
# Prof. N.R. Farooqi (2014 - 2015 acting)
# Prof. A. Satyanarayana (2015 acting)
# Prof. R. L. Hangloo (2015 - 2020)
# Prof. K. S. Mishra (2020, acting)
# Prof. P. K. Sahoo (2020, acting)
# Prof. R. R. Tewari (January 2020, acting)
# Prof. [[Sangita Srivastava]] (November 2020 - till) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-30|title=Prof Sangita Srivastava appointed first woman VC of Allahabad University|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/prof-sangita-srivastava-appointed-first-woman-vc-of-allahabad-university/story-ef82mpG4JOZk8MIUxFd1JK.html|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
[[University of Allahabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vice-chancellors by university in India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad]]

Palayakkara Naicker

2025-09-23T19:22:47Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up new stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''Palayakkara Naidu'''<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=N . Hari Bhaskar, Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu Government|author2=|title=backward classes and most backward classes welfare department G.O.Ms.No :15|volume= |publisher=Tamil Nadu Government |date=1996-02-22 |quote=WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES - Mutharaiyar community and its Sub-sects calling the main community and its Sub-sects as Mutharaiyar - Orders - Issused Mutharaiyar caste have 29 subcaste in tamilnadu such as Palayakkaran, Palayakkara Naidu, Palayakkara Naicker, Muthiriya Naidu and Muthiriya Naicker etc |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/10_byl51s8I3RPuF3Rd1Y4PCiGnImnRgB}}</ref> is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] caste that commonly resides in the [[India|Indian]] states of [[Tamil Nadu]] (Palayakkars) [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Pala Ekari) and some parts of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Christine M. E. Matthews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz6zAAAAIAAJ&dq=Naickers%2C+Palyakarars+or+Mutrachas+are+originally+Telugu+%28i.e.+from+Andhra+Pradesh+State%29.&q=Naickers%2C+Palyakarars+++Mutrachas+++originally++++Andhra+Pradesh+State%29.|title=Health and Culture in a South Indian Village |location= |publisher= Sterling |year=1979|page=63|quote=Naickers, Palyakarars or Mutrachas are originally Telugu (i.e. from Andhra Pradesh State). They were employed by Vijayanagar kings to defend the frontiers of their dominions, and were given the title of Paligars, Mutracha comes from mudi raja ( old king)
}}</ref>
Their ancestors administered as [[polygar]]s near Andhra - Arcot area.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Christine M. E. Matthews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz6zAAAAIAAJ&dq=Naickers%2C+Palyakarars+or+Mutrachas+are+originally+Telugu+%28i.e.+from+Andhra+Pradesh+State%29.&q=Naickers%2C+Palyakarars+++Mutrachas+++originally++++Andhra+Pradesh+State%29.|title=Health and Culture in a South Indian Village |location= |publisher= Sterling |year=1979|page=63|quote=Naickers, Palyakarars or Mutrachas are originally Telugu (i.e. from Andhra Pradesh State). They were employed by Vijayanagar kings to defend the frontiers of their dominions, and were given the title of Paligars, Mutracha comes from mudi raja ( old king)
}}</ref> Thus, many still speak the Telugu language at home and the [[Tamil language]] outside.

==Variations==
They are variously known as Palayakkara Naidu, Palayakkaran, PalaEkari.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=N . Hari Bhaskar, Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu Government|author2=|title=backward classes and most backward classes welfare department G.O.Ms.No :15|volume= |publisher=Tamil Nadu Government |date=1996-02-22 |quote=WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES - Mutharaiyar community and its Sub-sects calling the main community and its Sub-sects as Mutharaiyar - Orders - Issused Mutharaiyar caste have 29 subcaste in tamilnadu such as Palayakkaran, Palayakkara Naidu, Palayakkara Naicker, Muthiriya Naidu and Muthiriya Naicker etc |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/10_byl51s8I3RPuF3Rd1Y4PCiGnImnRgB}}</ref>

==Distribution==
The community are mostly distributed in the Chengalpattu and North Arcot <ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Huguette Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqyxAAAAIAAJ&dq=PALAIYAKKARAN+%E2%80%93+Telugu+caste&q=PALAIYAKKARAN+%E2%80%93+Telugu+caste|title=Lured Away: The Life History of Indian Cane Workers in Mauritius|location= |publisher= Mahatma Gandhi Institute|year=1984|page=121|quote=PALAIYAKKARAN -This is a Telugu caste most numerous in Mrishna, Nellore, Cuddapah and North Arcot districts in the South}}</ref> districts of [[Tamil Nadu]] but were originally from chittoor, nellore, tirupati, Annamayya districts what is now the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Christine M. E. Matthews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz6zAAAAIAAJ&dq=Naickers%2C+Palyakarars+or+Mutrachas+are+originally+Telugu+%28i.e.+from+Andhra+Pradesh+State%29.&q=Naickers%2C+Palyakarars+++Mutrachas+++originally++++Andhra+Pradesh+State%29.|title=Health and Culture in a South Indian Village |location= |publisher= Sterling |year=1979|page=63|quote=Naickers, Palyakarars or Mutrachas are originally Telugu (i.e. from Andhra Pradesh State). They were employed by Vijayanagar kings to defend the frontiers of their dominions, and were given the title of Paligars, Mutracha comes from mudi raja ( old king)
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

National symbols of Russia

2025-09-04T13:46:49Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: correct information to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
Modern [[Russia]] (i.e. the [[Russian Federation]]) has many symbols. Some of these symbols remain from historical periods such as the [[Tsar]]ist era or [[Soviet Union]], while others have even older origins.

The '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]''' has several official national symbols including a flag, an emblem, a national anthem. The current design of the national flag is the same as the Russian Empire and was officially adopted again after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].

==Emblems and symbols==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Symbol
!Name
!Image
|-
|National flag
|[[Flag of Russia]]
|[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|frameless]]
|-
|National emblem<ref>{{Cite web |title=National symbols of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.gov.ru/main/symbols/gsrf2_1_en.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.gov.ru}}</ref>
|[[Coat of arms of Russia]]<ref>please notice the double headed eagle was literally espoused by Ivan III marrying Sophia Palealog in the XVth century.</ref>
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|frameless|154x154px]]
|-
|National anthem
|[[National anthem of Russia]]
|[[File:Russian Anthem Music Sheet.InstrumentalSimple.svg|center|frameless]][[File:National Anthem of Russia (2000), three verses.ogg|center|thumb]]
|-
|De facto
National personification
|[[Mother Russia]]
|[[File:Personification of Russia Russian Empire 1912 Bill 500 rubles Obverse.jpg|center|frameless|203x203px]]
|-
|National founder
|[[Rurik]]
|[[File:1000 Rurik.JPG|center|frameless|227x227px]]
|-
|National animal{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
|[[Eurasian brown bear]]
(''[[Eurasian brown bear|Ursus arctos arctos]]'')
|[[File:Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) female 1.jpg|center|frameless|172x172px]]
|-
|De facto
National bird
|[[Golden eagle]]
(''[[Golden eagle|Aquila chrysaetos]]'')
|[[File:Aquila chrysaetos La Canada 2012-01-14.jpg|center|frameless|170x170px]]
|-
|National currency
|[[Russian ruble]]
|[[File:Rouble coins.png|center|frameless|160x160px]]
|-
|National dances
|[[Barynya]], [[Kamarinskaya]], [[Kozachok]], [[Tropak]], [[Khorovod]]
|[[File:Ах, барыня, барыня crop.jpg|center|frameless|175x175px]]
|-
|National flower
|[[Chamomile]]
(''[[Matricaria chamomilla]]'')
|[[File:Kamomillasaunio (Matricaria recutita).JPG|center|frameless|185x185px]]
|-
|National instruments
|[[Garmon]], ''[[balalaika]]'', ''[[gusli]]'', [[spoons (musical instrument)|spoons]]
|[[File:A prima balalaika and a bass balalaika.jpg|center|frameless|227x227px]]
|-
|National poet
|[[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Anna Akhmatova]], [[Boris Pasternak]], [[Sergei Yesenin]], [[Ivan Turgenev]], [[Ivan Bunin]]
|[[File:Kiprensky Pushkin.jpg|center|frameless|172x172px]]
|-
|Patron saint
|[[Our Lady Derzhavnaya]], [[Alexander Nevsky]], [[Andrew the Apostle|Andrew]], [[Basil of Caesarea|Basil the Great]], [[Saint Casimir|Casimir]], [[Saint George|George]], [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]], [[Vladimir the Great|Vladimir I of Kiev]], [[Boris and Gleb]], [[Sergius of Radonezh]]
|[[File:AlexanderNevskyTitul.jpg|center|frameless|199x199px]]
|-
|National tree
|[[Birch]]
(''[[Betula pendula]]'')
|[[File:Betula ermanii in Kuril nature reserve.jpg|center|framless|172x172px]]
|-
|National colors
|{{Color swatch|#FFFFFF|White}}{{Color swatch|#0036A7|Blue}}{{Color swatch|#D62718|Red}}{{Color swatch|#63B76C|Green}}
|-
|National liquor
|[[Vodka]]
|[[File:Русская водка.png|center|frameless|189x189px]]
|-
|De facto
National fruit
|[[Apple]]
(''[[Apple|Malus domestica]]'')
|[[File:Red Apple.jpg|center|frameless|172x172px]]
|-
|National sport
|[[Bandy]]
|[[File:Bandy players.jpg|center|frameless|170x170px]]
|-
|National dish
|[[Beef stroganoff]], [[chicken Kiev]], ''[[pierogi]], [[borscht]], [[shchi]], [[Kasha]], [[pelmeni]], [[pirozhki]]''
|[[File:Borscht served.jpg|center|frameless|170x170px]]
|}

=== Soviet era ===

* [[State Anthem of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Flag of RSFSR]]
* [[Victory Banner]]
* [[Hammer and sickle]]
* [[Red star]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Symbols of Russia}}

{{Russia topics}}
{{Europe topic| National symbols of}}
{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:National symbols of Russia| ]]

{{Russia-culture-stub}}

Pataini temple

2025-08-14T09:23:07Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up first location more to come

{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect =
| image = File:KITLV 87946 - Unknown - Pataini temple in British India - 1897.tif
| alt = Pataini devi temple
| caption = Pataini devi temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Chhattisgarh
| coordinates = {{coord|24|26|18.1|N|80|46|32|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Unchehara]], [[Satna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| festivals =
| deity = Pataini Devi
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity =
| architecture_style = [[Gupta architecture]]
| creator =
| established = 5th century
| website =
}}

The '''Pataini temple''' or '''Pataini devi temple''' is a 5th century [[Jain temple]] constructed during the reign of the [[Gupta Empire]] and located near the town of [[Unchehara]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

== Location ==
The Pataini temple is located on Satna-Unchehara riad, {{convert|12.87|km}} north of Unchehara.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=31}}{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1921|p=108}}

== History ==
Discovered by [[Alexander Cunningham]] in 1873-74,{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1921|p=108}} the Pataini temple dates back to the Gupta Empire. The temple houses a 10th or 11th century inscription detailing the name of the residing deities.<ref name="bl">{{cite web |title=General view of the Jain Temple of Pataini Devi, Pithaora |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u01506000.html |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=2 July 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The temple is wedged out {{convert|0.3|m}} from the back wall corner, indicating an attempt was made to pull down the temple, which was possibly interrupted by villagers.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=33}}

== Architecture ==
[[File:Pataini Devi Hindu temple plan, 1879 sketch.jpg|thumb|Plan of Pataini temple]]

The temple is a small {{convert|2.08|by|1.98|m}} structure notable for its massive [[Gupta art|Gupta style]], single flat slab, {{convert|2.34|by|2.24|m}} roof.{{refn|group=note|Gupta period temple with flat roof design includes temples in [[Tigawa]], and [[Eran]].{{sfn|Datta|Beynon|2016|p=49}} }}{{sfn|Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|1881|p=36}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=31}}{{sfn|Datta|Beynon|2016|p=49}}<ref name="bl" />{{sfn|Rawlinson|1881|p=36}} The temple entrance features an ornate door frame and two mouldings, another common feature of Gupta architecture.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=32}}

The temple enshrines a {{convert|1.07|m}} idol of [[Jainism|Jain]] goddess [[Devi]] flanked by two male figures inside a small [[mandapa]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rare Book |first1=Society of India |title=Statue inside the Pathain Devi Temple, Pithaora - 1873 |url=https://rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10150475834001675 |website=Rare Book Society of India |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Beglar|1878|p=28}}{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1921|p=108}} The idol originially had four arms and is now unrecognizable.{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1921|p=108}}

The idol is surrounded by small figures - 5 above, 7 to the right and left, and 4 below. Above these figures, carvings of [[Tirthankara]] in [[lotus position]], with the image of [[Neminatha]] seated on a pedestal with the [[shankha]], are displayed.[[File:Mohar Gupta Empire era Jain temple, Madhya Pradesh, Pataini Devi.jpg|thumb|Temple entrance with images of Jain and Hindu deities]]

According to the inscription, the figures are named as follows:{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=31}}{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1921|pp=108-109}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No. !! Above !! Left !! Right
|-
| 1
| Bahurupini
| Aparajita
| Jaya
|-
| 2
| [[Chamunda#In Jainism|Chamunda]]
| Mahamunusi
| Anantamati
|-
| 3
| [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]]
| Anantamati
| Vairata
|-
| 4
| Vijaya
| Gandhari
| [[Mahagauri|Gauri]]
|-
| 5
| [[Saraswati#In Jainism|Saraswati]]
| Mansai
| [[Kali]]
|-
| 6
|
| [[Jwalamalini]]
| [[Mahakali]]
|-
| 7
|
| Manuji
| Vrijamsakala
|}

The outer doorway shows three figures, [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Suparshvanatha]], and [[Parshvanatha]]. Carvings of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] are shown underneath the images of Trithankara. The bottom of the door contains images of [[Yamuna (goddess)|Yamuna]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], and their attendants.{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1921|p=108}}

== See also ==
* [[Kahaum pillar]]
* [[Aihole]]
* [[Bhitargaon]]
* [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | author=Archaeological Survey of India | author-link=Archaeological Survey of India |title=Progress Report of Archaeological Survey of India Western Circle |year=1921 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/6629.pdf }}
* {{cite book | last=Beglar | first=J. D. | author-link=Joseph David Beglar
| title=Report of a Tour in the Bengal Provinces in 1872-73 | volume=8 | series=Archaeological Survey of India | publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing | year=1878 | url={{Google books|gaNv4bPP97cC|page=28|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{cite book | last=Cunningham | first=Alexander | author-link=Alexander Cunningham | title=Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873-74 and 1874-75 | volume=9 | series=Archaeological Survey of India | publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing | year=1879 | url={{Google books|X88OAAAAQAAJ|page=31|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{cite book | last1=Datta | first1=Sambit | last2=Beynon | first2=David | title=Digital Archetypes: Adaptations of Early Temple Architecture in South and Southeast Asia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2016 | isbn=9781317150947 | url={{Google books|0gQGDAAAQBAJ|page=49|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{cite journal | last=Rawlinson | first=H. C. | year=1881 | title=Royal Asiatic Society. Proceedings of the Fifty-Eighth Anniversary Meeting of the Society | journal=[[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=1–136 | jstor=25196867 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25196867 }}
* {{cite book | author=[[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |year=1881 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url={{Google books|u7IIAAAAQAAJ|pg=PR36|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Pataini temple}}
* [https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho000001003u01507000.html Pathain Devi statue image]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:5th-century Jain temples]]

Ranganayaki Ammal

2025-08-06T11:05:19Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: put up initial data added tags

{{Short description|First Indian female percussionist who broke the gender barrier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
'''Ranganayaki Ammal''' (28 May 1910 – 15 August 1998) was an Indian [[Mridangam]] player.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Little Big World |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20mvgcq.8 |pages=61–74 |access-date=2023-07-24 |publisher=University of Iowa Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt20mvgcq.8 |s2cid=184046960 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> She was the first to break the gender barrier and became the first Indian female percussionist.<ref name=":0" />

== Family ==
Ranganayaki Ammal's father, Thirukokarnam Sivaraman, was renowned as a distinguished [[Isai Vellalar|natuvanar]]. He was celebrated for his mastery of avadhana pallavis, an art form that involves skillfully playing diverse talas using not only his hands but also his legs and head. Ranganayaki Ammal was the second child in a family of seven siblings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-09 |title=Ranganayaki Ammal: One of the first women to enter the male-dominated world of percussion |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ranganayaki-ammal-one-of-the-first-women-to-enter-the-male-dominated-world-of-percussion/article65510760.ece |access-date=2023-07-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Ulaganathan Pillai, her brother was a violinist.<ref name=":1" />

=== Training ===
Ranganayaki embraced the art of mridangam and sought guidance from the renowned Pudukottai [[Dakshinamurthy Pillai]], while simultaneously pursuing her training in Bharatanatyam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Ranganayaki Ammal: One of the first women to enter the male-dominated world of percussion - Bharat Times |url=https://news.bharattimes.co.in/ranganayaki-ammal-one-of-the-first-women-to-enter-the-male-dominated-world-of-percussion/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724072734/https://news.bharattimes.co.in/ranganayaki-ammal-one-of-the-first-women-to-enter-the-male-dominated-world-of-percussion/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Achievements ==
In the early 20th century, she became a trailblazing woman in the male-dominated field of Carnatic percussion. In the 1927 All India music conference in Madras, a significant moment was the inclusion of 17-year-old Thirukokarnam Ranganayaki Ammal as the only female among the 23 mridangam artistes performing at the event.<ref name=":0" />

Ranganayaki Ammal was a distinguished [[Mridangam]] player.<ref name=":1" /> Despite her significant contributions to music, Ranganayaki remained largely unnoticed, with the exception of being honored with the prestigious [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani award]], the highest civilian award presented by the state of Tamil Nadu. She died on 15 August 1998.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Times top10 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gender-september-12-2022/newslettertoi/msid-94110592.cms |access-date=2023-07-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammal, Ranganayaki}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian women musicians]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Deoni cattle

2025-08-05T11:58:19Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Stub.

{{short description|Indian breed of cattle}}
{{Infobox cattle breed
| name = Deoni
| image = [[File:Deoni 02.JPG|frameless]][[File:Deoni 01.JPG|frameless]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption = 1. Bull{{spaces|3}}2. Cow
| image_size =
| status = [[FAO]] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|page=58}}
| altname = {{ubl|Dongari{{r|marl}}|Dongarpatti{{r|marl}}|Devni{{r|cabi|page=167}}|Devani{{r|cabi|page=167}}|Surti{{r|cabi|page=167}}}}
| country = India
| distribution =
| standard =
| use = dual-purpose: draught, milk
| weight =
| maleweight = 590 kg{{r|cabi|page=167}}
| femaleweight = 295 kg{{r|cabi|page=167}}
| height =
| maleheight = 135–140 cm{{r|cabi|page=167}}
| femaleheight = 122 cm{{r|cabi|page=167}}
| skincolour =
| coat =
| horn = horned
| subspecies = "indicus"
| note =
}}

The '''Deoni''' is an Indian [[list of cattle breeds|breed]] of [[draught cattle]]. It is named after the [[taluk]] of [[Deoni]] in the [[Latur district|Latur]] district of [[Maharashtra]] state, and is distributed mainly in the Latur, [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]] and [[Parbhani district]]s of the [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra,{{r|fao|page=36}} as well as the [[Bidar district]] of [[Karnataka]].{{r|dad}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.karnataka.gov.in/ahvs-website/en-localitebreeds.html | title=Deoni cattle | publisher=Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Government of Karnataka | accessdate=15 May 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vishwagou.org/Gou-Vishwakosha/Indigenous-Breeds-13.htm | title=Deoni cattle | publisher=Vishwagou | accessdate=15 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053719/http://www.vishwagou.org/Gou-Vishwakosha/Indigenous-Breeds-13.htm | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>

<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[http://www.fao.org/dad-is/browse-by-country-and-species/en/ Breed data sheet: Deoni / India (Cattle)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed May 2019.</ref>

<ref name=fao>G. Singh, G.K. Gaur, A.E. Nivsarkar, G.R. Patil, K.R. Mitkari (2002). [http://www.fao.org/3/ak990t/ak990t01.pdf Deoni cattle breed of India. A study on population dynamics and morphometric characteristics]. ''Animal Genetic Resources''/''Resources génétiques animales''/''Recursos genéticos animales'' '''32''' (2002): 35–43.</ref>

<ref name=marl>Marleen Felius (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=iXImAQAAMAAJ ''Cattle Breeds: An Encyclopedia'']. Doetinchem, Netherlands: Misset. {{ISBN|9789054390176}}.</ref>

}}

{{Cattle breeds of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deoni (Cattle)}}
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in Maharashtra]]

Manik Irani

2025-05-29T21:31:51Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: further adjusted details as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manik Irani
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nickname = Billa
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Manik Irani''' (also known as Billa) was an Indian actor, best known for playing villain roles in [[Bollywood]] films of the late 1980s and 1990s.

==Filmography==

===Hindi===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Bidaai]]'' || Collage Goon
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Paap Aur Punya]]'' ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Deewaar|Deewar]]'' || Rowdy Goon
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Kalicharan]]'' || Hitman (Madan Puri's son)
|-
| rowspan="5"|1978 || ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' || Don's Body Double (uncredited)
|-
| ''[[Vishwanath (1978 film)|Vishwanath]]'' || Taleb
|-
| ''[[Atyachaar]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Ghata]]'' || Henchmen
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'' || Dumb Henchman
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' || Shakal's Assistant
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Silsila]]'' || Goon
|-
| rowspan="5"|1982 || ''[[Aamne Samne (1982 film)|Aamne Samne]]'' || Havaldar
|-
| ''Apmaan'' || Manka
|-
| ''[[Johny I Love You]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Raksha (1982 film)|Raksha]]'' || Francis
|-
| ''[[Khush Naseeb (1982 film)|Khush Naseeb]]'' || Goon
|-
| rowspan="3"|1983 ||''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Mangal Pandey]]'' || Ruffian in Pinto's Motel
|-
| ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' || Billa
|-
| rowspan="8"|1984 || ''[[Jhutha Sach (film)|Jhutha Sach]]'' || Daro
|-
|''[[Zameen Aasmaan (1984 film)]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Laila (1984 film)|Laila]]'' || Hitman
|-
| ''[[Duniya (1984 film)|Duniya]]'' || Manik
|-
| ''[[Sunny (1984 film)|Sunny]]'' || Amrita's molester
|-
| ''[[Awaaz]]''||Gurunath,Police Informer
|-
|''[[Karishma (1984 film)|Karishma]]'' || Jaggu (as Maneck Irani)
|-
| ''[[Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki]]'' || Ballu Dada
|-
| rowspan="11"|1985 || ''[[Maa Kasam (1985 film)|Maa Kasam]]'' || Kalu
|-
| ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'' || Zybisko
|-
| ''[[Geraftaar]]'' || Pandit Jagganath Prasad
|-
| ''[[Bepanaah]]''|| Gungha
|-
| ''[[Aandhi-Toofan]]'' || Balbir's henchman
|-
| ''[[Karishma Kudrat Kaa]]'' || Rangaraj
|-
| ''[[Mera Saathi]]'' || Goon
|-
|''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]''|| Bilkalma
|-
| ''[[Phaansi Ke Baad]]'' || Montha
|-
| ''[[Zulm Ka Badla]]'' || Sangram's Victim
|-
|''[[Aaj Ka Daur]]''|| Jango
|-
| rowspan="11" |1986 || ''[[Samundar]]'' || Manek
|-
| ''[[Chhota Aadmi]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]'' || Henchman
|-
|''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]'' || Ranga
|-
| ''[[Amma (1986 film)|Amma]]''|| Chowrangee
|-
| ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''|| Goon
|-
| ''[[Zindagani]]'' || Manek
|-
| ''[[Muddat (1986 film)|Muddat]]'' || Patthar Singh
|-
| ''[[Ilzaam]]'' || Billa
|-
| ''[[Aag Aur Shola]]'' || Jumbo
|-
| ''[[Palay Khan (film)|Palay Khan]]'' || British Officer Tegh Ali Khan
|-
| rowspan="9" |1987 || | ''Gulami Ki Zaanjeerein'' || Henchman
|-
| ''[[Kaun Kitney Pani Mein]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Dadagiri (film)|Dadagiri]]'' || Raja ''Kaalia''
|-
|''[[Dance Dance (1987 film)|Dance Dance]]'' || Manek
|-
| ''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]'' || Raghu
|-
| ''[[Marte Dam Tak]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Sadak Chhap]]'' || Billa
|-
|''[[Mard Ki Zabaan]]'' || Red Devil
|-
|''[[Himmat Aur Mehanat]]'' || Trilok Chand's Goon
|-
| rowspan="11" |1988 || ''[[Soorma Bhopali]]'' || Local Goon
|-
|''[[Zulm Ko Jala Doonga]]''||
|-
|''[[Halaal Ki Kamai]]'' || Fuga
|-
| ''[[Paap Ko Jalaa Kar Raakh Kar Doonga]]'' || Raaka
|-
| ''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]'' || Chief Security Officer
|-
| ''[[Ram-Avtar]]'' || Marconi
|-
| ''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]'' || Gullu
|-
| ''[[Mar Mitenge]]'' || Manglu
|-
| ''[[Maar Dhaad]]'' ||Jojo
|-
|Baai Chali Saasriye (Rajasthani Movie)
|Kaaliya
|-
| ''[[Mera Shikar]]'' || Street Goon
|-
| rowspan="16" |1989 || ''[[Toofan (1989 film)|Toofan]]'' || Manglu
|-
| ''[[Kanoon Ki Awaaz]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Sachai Ki Taqat]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Hisaab Khoon Ka]]'' || Kidnapper
|-
| ''[[Khoj (1989 film)|Khoj]]'' || Goon at Dhaba
|-
| ''[[Daana Paani (1989 film)|Dana Paani]]'' || Zorro
|-
| ''[[Ilaaka]]'' || Ustaad
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Baazi]]'' || Jaagavar
|-
| [[Purani Haveli (film)|''Purani Haveli'']] || Monster
|-
| ''[[Dav Pech]]'' || Sampat
|-
| [[Love Love Love (1989 film)|''Love Love Love'']] || Goon
|-
| ''[[Zakhm]]'' || Goon
|-
|''[[Ustaad (1989 film)|Ustaad]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ustaad (1989) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/-6738/cast-crew |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|Peter
|-
| ''[[Tujhe Nahin Chhodunga]]'' || Henchman
|-
| ''[[Sindoor Aur Bandook]]'' || Street Goon
|-
| ''[[Kasam Vardi Ki]]'' || Heera
|-
| rowspan="12" |1990 || ''[[Zimmedaaar]]'' || Indian Army Soldier
|-
| ''[[Amavas Ki Raat]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Chor Pe Mor]]'' || Shambhu Dada
|-
| ''[[Hum Se Na Takrana]]'' || Henchman
|-
| ''[[Naaka Bandi]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri]]'' || Kolhapuri Dada
|-
| ''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]'' || Bheema
|-
| ''[[Roti Ki Keemat]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Shandaar]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Andher Gardi]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Ab Badla Main Loongi]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Maut Se Muqabla]]'' || Goon
|-
| rowspan="12" |1991 || ''[[Farishtay]]'' || Chedhi Ram (as Manek Irani)
|-
|''[[Ajooba]]''||
|-
| [[Saugandh (1991 film)|''Saugandh'']] || Killer
|-
| ''[[Khilaaf]]'' || Goon
|-
| [[Fateh (1991 film)|''Fateh'']] || Henchman
|-
| ''[[Mast Kalandar]]'' || Goon
|-
| [[Trinetra (1991 film)|''Trinetra'']] || Singhania's assistant
|-
| ''[[Ajooba Kudrat Ka]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Khatra (film)|Khatra]]'' || Manik Bhaai
|-
| ''[[Taqdeer Ka Rang]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Pratikar]]'' || Billa (Rapist)
|-
| ''[[Nattukku Oru Nallavan|Shanti Kranti]]'' || Daddy's henchman
|-
| 1992 || [[Deedar (1992 film)|''Deedar'']] || Batli Dada
|-
| 1992 || ''Jungle Ka Beta'' || Gora
|-
| 1996 || ''Talaashi'' || Usman
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Badla Aurat Ka]]'' || Janga Dada (Delayed Film)
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|1985
|''[[Adavi Donga]]''
|Rudraiah
|-
|1986
|''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]''
|Koti
|-
|1986
|''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]''
|Prachandudu
|-
|1986
|''[[Kirathakudu]]''
|Fighter in the ring
|-
|1987
|''[[Chakravarthy (1987 film)|Chakravarthy]]''
|Goon from Bombay
|-
|1987
|''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]''
|Tiger
|-
|1987
|''[[Allari Krishnayya]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Allari Krishnayya (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABNF/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>
|Jimbo
|-
|1988
|''[[Dharma Teja]]''
|Sher Khan
|-
|1988
|''[[Trinetrudu]]''
|DD's Henchman
|-
|1988
|''[[Khaidi No. 786]]''
|Puliraju
|-
|1990
|''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Donga (1990) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADWH |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|-
|1990
|''Dharma''
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]''
|Billa
|-
|1991
|''[[Kshana Kshanam]]''
|Nayar gang member
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
|-
|1982
|''[[Sangili (1982 film)|Sangili]]''
|Hukum Singh
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|1985
|''[[Jeevante Jeevan]]''
|
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|1986
|''[[Africadalli Sheela]]''
|Abdul
|rowspan="2"|[[Kannada]]
|-
|1987
|''[[Athiratha Maharatha]]''
|Kidnapper
|-
|rowspan="2"|1990
|''[[Athisaya Piravi]]''
|
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Iyer The Great]]''
|
|Malayalam
|-
|1991
|''[[Nattukku Oru Nallavan]]''
|
|Tamil
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1058578}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani, Manik}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Government Botanical Garden

2025-05-24T03:44:11Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: Done.

{{Short description|Botanical garden in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Government Botanical Garden
|photo = Botanical Gardens - Ootacamund (Ooty) - India 03.JPG
|image_alt = Government Botanical Garden
|photo_caption = Government Botanical Garden, Ooty
|map =
|map caption =
|type = Botanical Garden
|location = [[Ooty]] (Udhagamandalam)
|coords = {{coord|11.418752|76.711038|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
|area = {{cvt|22|hectare}}
|plants =
|species = 650<ref name= dna>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_peaks-of-pleasure_1137638|title=Peaks of pleasure|publisher=Dnaindia.com|access-date=2011-01-22}}</ref>
|collections = Cork tree, Paper bark tree, Monkey puzzle tree<ref name=tngov>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/ooty.htm |title=GOVERNMENT BOTANICAL GARDEN |publisher=Nilgiris.tn.gov.in |access-date=2011-01-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114053740/http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/ooty.htm |archive-date=2011-01-14 }}</ref>
|opened = 1847<ref name= dna/>
|owner = Government of Tamil Nadu
|operator = Horticulture Department, Government of Tamil Nadu
|budget =
|visitation_num=
|status = Open
|website =
}}

[[File:Botanical Garden in Ooty, Tamil Nadu.JPG|thumb|Botanical Garden in Ooty, Tamil Nadu]]
[[File:Ooty Gardens by Shashidhara halady.jpg|thumb|Botanical Garden, Ooty, India]]
[[File:Ooty Botanical Gardens 2.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:Ootybotanicalgarden125631012pan.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:Ooty botanical garden.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:Botanical Garden View in Ooty, Tamil Nadu.JPG|thumb|Botanical garden view in Ooty, Tamil Nadu]]


'''The Government Botanical Garden''' is a [[botanical garden]] in Udhagamandalam, near Coimbatore ([[Ooty]]), [[Tamil Nadu]] state, [[India]] laid out in 1848.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ooty.com/travel/botanicalgarden.htm|title=Ooty Botanical Garden|publisher=Ooty.com|access-date=2011-01-22}}</ref> The gardens, divided into several sections, cover an area of around {{cvt|22|hectare}}, and lie on the lower slopes of [[Doddabetta]] peak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-tourist-places.com/category/states-of-south-india/page/3/ |title=Archive for the 'States of South India' Category-Botanical Garden |publisher=India-tourist-places.com |access-date=2011-01-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605143426/http://www.india-tourist-places.com/category/states-of-south-india/page/3/ |archive-date=2011-06-05 }}</ref> The garden has a terraced layout. It is maintained by the Tamil Nadu Horticulture Department.<ref name=sections/>

It ascends the slopes of the hill at an elevation of 2250–2500 metres above mean sea level.<ref name= tngov/> The garden enjoys a temperate climate, with an average rainfall of 140 cm, the most of which is received during south-west monsoon, with frosty nights from November to February. The maximum and minimum temperatures are 28 °C and 0 °C respectively.<ref name = tourindia/>

== History ==
The Government Botanical Garden, Udhagamandalm, was established in 1848. Its architect was [[William Graham McIvor]].<ref>{{Citation
| last = D
| first = Radhakrishnan
| title = A tribute to creator of Ooty Botanical Garden
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| location = India
| date = 9 Jun 2009
| url =http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/09/stories/2009060951000200.htm
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090612080804/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/09/stories/2009060951000200.htm
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =12 June 2009
}}</ref> The [[Marquis of Tweedale]] prepared the initial layout during the late 1840s. The gardens were established by a subscription of Rs 3 per month amongst the European residents for the purpose of supplying vegetables at a reasonable cost. During the time that [[Ootacamund]] was under British control, considerable cultivation of vegetables for the market was carried on by the European settlers and others. Captain Molyneux of the 2nd European Regiment managed the vegetable cultivation. The subscribers received vegetables free of cost. But this arrangement did not work out and in early 1847, a fund was raised by means of donations and subscriptions with a view to forming a [[horticultural society]] and a [[public gardens|public garden]].

There were very few [[horticulturist]]s at that time. Seeds and saplings were not available locally, but were available in nearby jungles. It was proposed to establish a public garden. For this purpose, wood was selected between Lushington Hall (the present [[Hebron School, Ooty|Hebron School]]) and General Sewell's Property (the present [[Raj Bhavan (Ooty)|Raj Bhavan]]). Shortly after the formation of the society, the committee requested state aid for providing a scientific and practical gardener and funds to meet his salary. This suggestion was accepted, and Mr. W.G. McIvor from the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], was sent to Ootacamund by the [[East India Company]]. He arrived in March 1848, converted the upper portion, which was a forest, and the lower portion, which was a swamp, into a beautiful garden. He submitted a report at the end of 1848 to the East India Company in London.<ref name="London">[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=ior!f!4!2399!129335_f037r], Report on the Ootacamund Gardens for 1848.</ref> He took ten years to complete the layout of the garden.

== Collections ==
The gardens have around a thousand [[species]], both [[Introduced species|exotic]] and [[Native plant|indigenous]], of [[plant]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[fern]]s, [[tree]]s, [[herbal]] and [[bonsai]] plants.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Ooty to host spices show for first time
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| location = India
| date = 11 Mar 2010
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/11/stories/2010031157580500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100316074351/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/11/stories/2010031157580500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 March 2010
}}</ref> In the centre of the gardens lie a [[fossil]]ized tree trunk estimated to be 20 million years old. The gardens consist of several lawns with flowering plants, ponds with lilies, beds of flowers and ferns laid out in an Italian style, several plots of flowering plants, a variety of medicinal plants.

== Sections ==
The present botanical gardens are divided into six sections: the Lower Garden, New Garden, Italian Garden, Conservatory, Fountain Terrace and Nurseries.<ref name= tngov/><ref name=sections>{{cite web|url=http://scstsenvis.nic.in/envis/new_page_53.htm |title=Tamil Nadu - Government Botanical Garden |publisher=Scstsenvis.nic.in |access-date=2011-01-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102141414/http://scstsenvis.nic.in/envis/new_page_53.htm |archive-date=2010-01-02 }}</ref>

=== Lower Garden ===
[[File:Ooty_Botanical_Garden_Map_of_India.jpg|thumb|Botanical map of Indian states]]
The lower garden comprises the entrance and the lower lawns. The entrance of the garden leads into an extensive lush green lawn of Kikiyu grass (Pennisetum Clandestinum) which is known for its springy vigour.<ref name = tourindia>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismindiatoday.com/ooty-botanical-garden|title=ooty botanical garden|publisher=Tourismindiatoday.com|access-date=2011-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924225602/http://www.tourismindiatoday.com/ooty-botanical-garden|archive-date=24 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A fern house with 127 species of ferns is situated on the left along the road leading to [[Raj Bhavan (Ooty)|Raj Bhavan]] amidst another expanse of lawns and historic [[gatehouse]]s. The prime attractions in this section are the carpet-bet design of the map of the Indian Union laid out with selective plants and the fossil trunk of 20 million years old, erected on a pedestal.<ref name=live/>

Tree species of botanical interest such as ''[[Hymenosporum flavum]]'', ''[[Cordyline australis]]'', ''[[Cedrus deodara]]'', ''[[Cupressus funebris]]'', ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'', ''[[Cupressus macrocarpa]]'', ''[[Cryptomeria japonica]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus maculata]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus citriodora]]'', ''[[Salix babylonica]]'', ''Salix heterophylla'', ''[[Perenniporia podocarpi|Podocarpus taxifolia]]'', ''[[Dracaena lanuginosa]]'', ''[[Pinus patula]]'', ''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]'', ''[[Quercus prinus|Quercus montana]]'', ''[[Quercus cerris]]'', ''[[Quercus serrata]]'', ''[[Quercus griffithii]]'', ''[[Quercus ilex]]'', and ''[[Magnolia grandiflora]]'' can be seen alongside the lawn.<ref name=live/>

=== New Garden ===

The new garden developed recently, comprises the area between the front garden and the crescent-shaped pond at the bandstand. This section consists of:
* A rose garden with three hundred varieties of [[hybrid tea rose]]s, [[Floribunda (rose)|Floribunda]] and [[Garden roses#Polyantha|Polyanthas]] rose varieties.
* Large number of flowerbeds designed to match the slopes and contour of this area.
* Carpet-bed emblems of the Government of Tamil Nadu and the Government of India.
* Natural ponds with [[aquatic plants]].<ref name=live/>

Important tree species such as ''[[Taxodium mucronatum]]'', ''Pieris ovalifolia'', ''[[Juniperus virginiana]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus eugenioides]]'', ''[[Pinus wallichiana]]'', ''Photinia lindleyana'', ''[[Pinus canariensils]]'', ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'', ''[[Araucaria cunninghamii]]'' and ''[[Cupressus lawsoniana]]'' are planted all over the section.<ref name=live/>

=== Italian Garden ===
This garden was first laid out by Italian prisoners of World War I, who were shifted to Ooty. They were placed under the control of the Military station in Ootacamund. [[Asters]], [[ageratum]], [[Impatiens|balsam]], [[begonia]], [[petunia]], [[pansy]], [[phlox]], [[Cosmos (plant)|cosmos]], [[zinnia]] and perennial flowers like [[salvia]], [[delphinium]], [[Consolida|larkspur]], and [[dahlia]] are the main attraction in this garden.<ref name=live/>

The informal landscape of the garden from the entrance, merge into the formal fashioned beds laid out in an Italian pattern, surrounding the centrally situated octagonal bandstand. This part of the garden looks attractive with several varieties of colourful annuals. In the foreground, is a crescent-shaped lily pond for growing several varieties of aquatic plant species. The tree species grown in this part of the garden are ''[[Prunus cerasoides]]'', ''Saurauja nepaulensis'', ''[[Grevillea hilliana]]'', ''Aesculus punduana'', ''[[Pinus sabineana]]'', ''[[Cupressus torulosa]]'', ''[[Syncarpia glomulifera]]'', ''[[Pinus roxburghii]]'', ''[[Albizzia julibrissin]]'', etc.<ref name=live/>

=== The Conservatory ===

The public conservatory was constructed in 1912 with the objective of grouping various flowering plants. Colourful annuals and perennials like ''[[Cineraria]]'', ''[[Schizanthus]]'', ''[[Calceolaria]]'', ''[[Impatiens|Balsam]]'', ''[[Cyclamen]]'', ''[[Gloxinia (genus)|Gloxinia]]'', ''[[Tuberous begonia]]'', ''[[Coleus]]'', ''[[Geranium]]'', ''[[Chrysanthemum]]'', ''[[Primulas]]'', ''Tydea'', ''Achemenes'', etc., find a place in this conservatory.<ref name=live/>

The bog garden lies towards the east of this conservatory and forms an adjunct to provide a good site for marsh loving plants such as the [[Salix babylonica#Horticultural selections and related hybrids|Weeping willow]], [[Hedychium]], [[Arum]], [[Hydrangea]] etc.<ref name=live/>

=== The Nurseries ===

The nurseries which are about 100 metres above the lower lawns, consist of eight glass-houses and a series of terraces for introduction and breeding of exotic plants. The glass-houses are utilized for growing [[Begonias]], [[Fern]]s, [[Cacti]], [[Succulents]], [[Orchids]] and [[Bulbous]] plants for providing a continuous supply of potted plants to be grouped periodically in the conservatories. The terraces are utilised for growing plants for cut flowers, seed and also for trial purposes.<ref name=live>{{cite web|url=http://nilgirislive.com/nlnilpointerest.html |title=Places of Interest |publisher=Nilgirislive.com |access-date=2011-01-27 }}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== The flower show ==
The first flower show was first organised in the year 1896 by the chairman of the Nilgiris Agri-Horticultural Society, Mr.J.H.Tremenhere, the then Collector of Nilgiris.<ref name=TimesInd>{{Citation
| title =Ooty flower show opens today
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| location = India
| date = 17 May 2002
| url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Ooty-flower-show-opens-today/articleshow/10195215.cms
}}</ref> The government took over the flower show from the Nilgiris Agri-Horticultural Society in 1980 by forming a committee called the Nilgiris Flower and Fruit Show Committee. The flower show attracts about 150,000 tourists each year from all over the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsagency.thecheers.org/South-Asia/news_24223_Flower-show-in-Ooty-attracts-tourists-from-across-the-country-and-abroad.html|title=Flower show in Ooty attracts tourists from across the country and abroad |publisher=Newsagency.thecheers.org|access-date=2011-01-22}}</ref>

The flower show is held for two to five days.<ref name=bg>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/flower_show.htm |title=FLOWER SHOW |publisher=Nilgiris.tn.gov.in |access-date=2011-01-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115125521/http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/FLOWER_SHOW.htm |archive-date=2011-01-15 }}</ref> The inauguration of the show is held on the first day and on the second day, prizes are distributed to winners of various competitions held in connection with flower show. About 250 exhibitors participate in different categories on the day of flower show. Several government departments and voluntary agencies also display their activities for the benefits of the flower lovers and tourists.

More than 50 varieties of potted plants, 150 varieties of cut flowers, various kinds of tropical and temperate vegetables and tropical and temperate fruits are exhibited by the competitors. The floral decorations, Indian and [[Ikebana|Japanese flower arrangements]], [[vegetable carving]], Flower [[Rangoli]], [[Bonsai]], etc., are the major attractions during the show days. The exclusive cut flower stalls from large private and public gardens are also an attraction during the show days. 59 rolling cups, 250 cups and cash prizes are awarded to the best competitors and exhibitors.

A garden competition is also held involving Estate Gardens, Private Cottage Gardens, Public Gardens and various other categories of gardens, to create greater awareness among flower growers.<ref name=TimesInd/> On an average, about 200 gardens compete in the event. Garden competition is held prior to the flower show and best gardens are awarded prizes and cups.

== The Fossil Tree Trunk ==

The fossil tree trunk displayed in the garden is from 20 million years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030510/windows/main1.htm|title=Hills beckon again|publisher=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=2011-01-22}}</ref> Trees carried by rivers and deposited in inland lakes were transformed with replacement of the woody matter by silica give rise to fossil tree trunks (see [[Polystrate fossil]]). The fossil tree was presented by the Geological Survey of India, from the National Fossil Park, Tiruvakkarai, South Arcot district, Tamil Nadu.<ref name=sections/>

== Arboretum ==
Arboretum is defined as living collections of trees and other woody plants. The area of the arboretum is 1.58 ha. which was established during the year 1992 and maintained by Department of Horticulture with Hill Area Development Programme funds and it is situated near the lake, Udhagai. It was established with an aim of conserving native and indigenous trees. The micro watershed area leading to ooty lake was neglected and the feeder line feeding water to Ooty was contaminated with urban waste and agricultural chemicals. The area is the natural habitats of both indigenous and migratory birds. to conserve flora and fauna of the Nilgiri, the area was developed into the Arboretum. During the year 2005–2006, it was rehabilitated by the funds provided by the Hill Area Development Programme to the tune of 12.50 lakhs by providing permanent fencing, food path and other infrastructure facilities. Various indigenous and exotic tree species of are grown in arboretum and conserved. About 80 trees have been planted in the arboretum. The different type of tree species planted in arboretum are ''[[Alnus nepalensis]], [[Callistemon lanceolatus]], [[Cupressus macrocarpa]], [[Eugenia apiculata]], [[Hypericum hookerianum]], [[Podocarpus elongata]], [[Populus deltoides]], [[Quercus macrocarpa]], [[Salix babylonica]], [[Taxodium mucronatum]], and [[Prunus pissardii]]''.

In order to add some more species to the arboretum the following tree species were also planted: ''[[Celtis tetrandra]], [[Dillenia pentagyna]], [[Elaeocarpres ferrugineus]], [[Elaeocarpres oblongus]], [[Evodia lunuankenda]], [[Glochidion neilgherrense]], [[Ligustrum perrotetti]], [[Litsaea ligustrina]], [[Litsaea wightiana]], [[Meliosma arnotiana]], [[Meliosma wightii]], [[Michelia champaca]], [[Michelia nilagirica]], [[Pygeum gardneri]], [[Syzygium amothanum]], [[Syzygium montanum]], [[Alnus nepalensis]], [[Viburnum erubescens]], [[Podocarpus wallichianus]], [[Rhodomyrtus tomentosa]], [[Rapanea wightiana]], [[Ternstroemia japonica]], [[Microtropis microcarpa]], [[Psychotria congesta]], [[Photinea notoniana]], [[Cedrela toona]], [[Symplocos cochinchinensis]], [[Elaeocarpus ganitrus]], [[Platanus orientalis]], [[Jacaranda mimosaefolia]], and [[Magnolia grandiflora]]''

== The Toda Mund ==
The garden is also famous for the Toda hill called the Toda mund. This place gives the visitors an insight into the lives of the original tribes of Ooty called the [[Toda people|Todas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tncsc.com/tncsc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=95&limitstart=13|title=Tourism - Ooty|publisher=Tncsc.com|access-date=2011-01-22}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Cannon at Ooty Botanical Garden.jpg
File:Government Botanical Gardens, Udagamandalam.jpg
File:Botanical Gardens - Ootacamund (Ooty) - India 01.JPG
File:Udhagamandalam Botanical Gardens.jpg
File:Garden ooty.jpg
File:Botanical Gardens - Ootacamund (Ooty) - India 02.JPG
File:Ooty Botanical Gardens.jpg
File:Echinocactus grusonii in Ooty Botanical Garden.jpg
</gallery>

== In popular culture ==
Number of songs of Bollywood films have been filmed at the garden such as ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1979)'s "''Teri rab ne banadi jodi''" of [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Rekha]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. [[Dilwale (1994 film)|''Dilwale'']] (1994)'s song "''Sato janam me''" of [[Ajay Devgn]].

== See also ==
* [[List of botanical gardens in India]]
* [[List of botanical gardens]]
* [[Herbalism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book | title=Biodiversity and its conservation in India| last=Negi| first=Sharad Singh| year=2010| pages=297| publisher=Indus Publishing Company| isbn=978-81-85182-88-9}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Government Botanical Garden}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110114053740/http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/ooty.htm Ooty/Udhagai/Udhagamandalam/Ootacamund] Official history and tourism page on www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in. (This site is maintained by the District Administration of the Nilgiris)

{{Tourism in The Nilgiris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Botanical Gardens, Udagamandalam}}
[[Category:Botanical gardens in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Ooty]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Botanical gardens in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ooty]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ooty]]

Dhanapur

2025-05-04T10:28:08Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: quick enhanced article as per guidelines further and fixed typos

{{short description|Block in Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{hatnote group|
{{About||another place|Dhanapur, Gauriganj}}
{{Distinguish|Dhannapur}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhanapur
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Block]] of [[Chandauli district]]
| official_name =
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Hetampur Fort.jpg
| image_caption = Hetampur Fort
| image_map = Dhanapur block.jpg
| map_caption = Dhanapur block of Chandauli district
| image_map1 = Chandauli District Block Map.jpg
| map_caption1 = Chandauli District Blocks Map
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Chandauli
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chandauli District|Chandauli]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sakaldiha Assembly constituency|Sakaldiha]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Community Development Block|Block]]
| subdivision_name4 = Dhanapur
| seat_type = Headquarter
| seat = Dhanapur
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 221,375
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_info1 = 80.9%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 947
| demographics2_title1 = Official language
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| demographics2_title3 = Regional
| leader_title = [[Block Development Officer]]
| leader_name = '''Not known'''
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = '''[[Saiyad Raja]]'''
| leader_title2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Vidhan Sabha]]
| leader_name2 = '''[[Sushil Singh]]'''
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = UP-67
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Local Government Directory|LGD Code]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 1619
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
}}

'''Dhanapur''' is a [[community development block|block]] of [[Chandauli district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. It falls under Sakaldiha [[tehsil]] region. Dhanapur village is the block headquarters. It is 15 km away from [[Chandauli|Chandauli town]]''',''' the district headquarters. It is near the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] basin and has a total of 84 [[gram panchayat]].

* '''Dhanapur Block''': Dhanapur block is a [[Subdivision in India|subdivision]] of the Chandauli district. It encompasses 84 gram panchayats, including Dhanapur Gram Panchayat.
* '''Dhanapur Gram Panchayat''': It is a [[Local government in India|rural local body governance]], falls within the Dhanapur block and governs multiple villages, including Dhanapur village.
* '''Dhanapur Village''': Dhanapur village is one of the two villages that falls under the jurisdiction of the Dhanapur Gram Panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): DHAANAPUR |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-dhaanapur-57918 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

== History ==
'''Dhanapur village''', known as '''Martyr's Land''', played a significant role in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence]] struggle. Citizens of Chandauli district actively participated, notably during the First War of Independence in 1857 and the [[Quit India Movement]]. On 16 August 1942, revolutionaries, including Heera Singh, Mahangu Singh, and Raghunath Singh, hoisted the tricolour at the police station, sacrificing their lives for the cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHALO CHANDAULI |url=https://chandaulitourism.in/destination/getdestination/16 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=chandaulitourism.in}}</ref>

==Destinations==

* The '''Hetampur Fort''', situated at a distance of about 8.8 km from the block headquarters, is also 25 km from the national highway. [[Sher Shah Suri|Shershah Shuri's]] grantee '''Hetam Khan''' had built this fort in the 16th century spread over 3 acres. The fort was made of [[Lakhori bricks|Lahori brick]] and Chunar sandstone and is currently taken under its protection by the [[Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department|Department of Archaeology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHALO CHANDAULI |url=https://chandaulitourism.in/destination/getdestination/15 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=chandaulitourism.in}}</ref>
* The '''Shaheed Sthal Samarak''' in Dhanapur village honors the freedom fighters. It stands as a tribute to their martyrdom and is a site of remembrance during national festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHALO CHANDAULI |url=https://chandaulitourism.in/destination/getdestination/16 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=chandaulitourism.in}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Category in Dhanapur block (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Category: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Category
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|Other|darkorange|74.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Schedule Caste]]|blue|23.37}}
{{bar percent|[[Schedule Tribe]]|green|2.05}}
}}According to the [[2011 census of India]], Dhanapur block has a population of 221,375. It has a [[sex ratio]] of 947 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males. 23.37% of the population in this block belong to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled cast]] category and 2.05% belong to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]] category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Sakaldiha Tehsil of Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/992-sakaldiha-chandauli-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is the local language of Dhanapur block. The Bhojpuri variant of [[Kaithi]] which actually related to a caste [[Kayastha]] is the indigenous script of Bhojpuri language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |url=http://archive.org/details/handbooktokayath00grie |title=A handbook to the Kayathi character. |date=1881 |publisher=Calcutta, Thacker, Spink, and co. |others=The Library of Congress}}</ref>

'''Dhanapur''' village has population of 20,450. It has a sex ratio of 917 females for every 1,000 males. 16.69% of population in this gram panchayat belong to scheduled cast category and 2.36% belong to scheduled tribes category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanapur Village Population - Sakaldiha - Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/206999-dhanapur-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Data of 138 villages of respective gram panchayats<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Sakaldiha Tehsil of Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/992-sakaldiha-chandauli-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! S. No.
! Gram Panchayat
! Village
! Total Population
! Scheduled Caste%
! Scheduled Tribes%
! Sex Ratio per 1000 male
! Literacy Rate
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1
| rowspan="6" | Ahikaura
| Jamalapur
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Orawlla
| 198
| 0
| 0
| 783
| 80.47
|-
| Gobind Chak
| 113
| 90.27
| 0
| 738
| 79.57
|-
| Ahikaura
| 4,312
| 25.6
| 2.09
| 967
| 68.95
|-
| Ram Chander Patti
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 1000
| 100
|-
| Bhatsa
| 383
| 14.36
| 0
| 1048
| 74.85
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" | Amadpur
| Gangwara Amadpur
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Amadpur
| 3218
| 12.83
| 3.85
| 983
| 81.41
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | Amarraa
| Amara
| 2495
| 6.85
| 0
| 1002
| 67.87
|-
| Bamanpur
| 118
| 0
| 0
| 966
| 82.86
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | Asavariya
| Asavariya
| 1185
| 22.95
| 0.08
| 991
| 79.96
|-
| Kamalpur Kohna
| 588
| 0
| 3.23
| 1006
| 82.95
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | Ashok Nagar
| Gauspur
| 1974
| 32.57
| 0.05
| 916
| 72.65
|-
| Dubauliya
| 359
| 100
| 0
| 841
| 70.63
|-
| 6
| Autauli
| Autauli
| 1819
| 6.05
| 0.38
| 1053
| 66.26
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" | Avahi
| Avahi
| 2100
| 23.24
| 0
| 875
| 73.34
|-
| Hinauta
| 935
| 79.57
| 0
| 764
| 72.92
|-
| 8
| Awajapur
| Awajapur
| 3426
| 41.16
| 4.67
| 952
| 76.7
|-
| 9
| Awti
| Awti
| 3117
| 42.25
| 1.48
| 869
| 74.58
|-
| 10
| Babhaniyaw Thana
| Babhaniyaw Thana
| 2506
| 35.08
| 5.83
| 944
| 74.24
|-
| 11
| Baghari
| Baghari
| 1260
| 20.79
| 3.65
| 872
| 73.79
|-
| 12
| Bahadur Pur Lokuwa
| Lokuwa
| 2327
| 37.6
| 5.2
| 947
| 76.94
|-
| 13
| Baheri
| Baheri
| 3657
| 34.07
| 9.08
| 955
| 73.87
|-
| rowspan="2" | 14
| rowspan="2" | Bamhniya Rampur
| Hashimpur
| 730
| 0.55
| 0
| 921
| 72.27
|-
| Bamhniya Rampur
| 4507
| 20.08
| 1.35
| 983
| 74.03
|-
| rowspan="2" | 15
| rowspan="2" | Bewada
| Bewada
| 1080
| 34.26
| 7.31
| 978
| 77.65
|-
| Ranpur
| 979
| 37.9
| 1.94
| 1026
| 72.17
|-
| 16
| Bhadau
| Bhadau
| 2322
| 41.26
| 0
| 1053
| 61.83
|-
| rowspan="4" | 17
| rowspan="4" | Budhe Pur
| Arajidiyara
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Budhe Pur
| 1175
| 21.87
| 4.51
| 799
| 78.73
|-
| Dulhachak
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Naudhara
| 799
| 12.27
| 0
| 1043
| 80.06
|-
| 18
| Busgawa
| Busgawa
| 2344
| 21.33
| 1.19
| 919
| 73.97
|-
| 19
| Dabariya
| Dabariya
| 2043
| 22.47
| 0.39
| 1008
| 75.01
|-
| rowspan="2" | 20
| rowspan="2" | Dhanapur
| Dhanapur
| 20450
| 16.67
| 2.36
| 915
| 75.53
|-
| Gang Barar Dhanapur
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 21
| Dharavn
| Dharavn
| 4766
| 17.35
| 0.65
| 912
| 77.2
|-
| 22
| Dodhiya
| Dodhiya
| 1264
| 23.42
| 0
| 944
| 69
|-
| 23
| Ekbalpur
| Akabalpur
| 1085
| 2.76
| 1.57
| 934
| 76.16
|-
| 24
| Enamatpur
| Enamatpur
| 3321
| 11.65
| 0.36
| 970
| 73.39
|-
| rowspan="2" | 25
| rowspan="2" | Gandhinagar Barhan
| Shitalpur
| 801
| 0
| 0
| 858
| 70.17
|-
| Barhan
| 2821
| 19.96
| 0
| 932
| 73.76
|-
| 26
| Hetampur
| Hetampur
| 1306
| 0.46
| 1
| 1034
| 78.49
|-
| 27
| Hingutar Jagdishpur
| Hingutar Jagdishpur
| 5186
| 25.43
| 4.15
| 896
| 80.93
|-
| rowspan="2" | 28
| rowspan="2" | Jamurana
| Devarapur
| 927
| 24.7
| 0.22
| 1135
| 65.89
|-
| Jamurana
| 1744
| 21.16
| 0.29
| 935
| 69.34
|-
| 29
| Jamurkha
| Jamurkha
| 1824
| 27.91
| 0.6
| 986
| 78.34
|-
| 30
| Jiganaa
| Jiganaa
| 1660
| 25.9
| 8.25
| 899
| 73.55
|-
| 31
| Kadirabad
| Kadirabad
| 1207
| 17.15
| 0
| 956
| 78.41
|-
| rowspan="2" | 32
| rowspan="2" | Kamalpur
| Kamalpur
| 6239
| 17.68
| 1.15
| 891
| 73.82
|-
| Katkauliya
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 33
| Karin
| Karin
| 2222
| 23.18
| 0.09
| 992
| 68.84
|-
| 34
| Kawal Pura
| Kawal Pura
| 1150
| 34.35
| 2.7
| 972
| 86.47
|-
| 35
| Kawipaharpur
| Kawipaharpur
| 5671
| 12.17
| 1.04
| 911
| 66.2
|-
| 36
| Kharan
| Kharan
| 4218
| 36.51
| 1.07
| 964
| 67.83
|-
| 37
| Kohara
| Kohara
| 1688
| 17.24
| 3.61
| 983
| 78.18
|-
| rowspan="2" | 38
| rowspan="2" | Lalpur janauli
| Janauli
| 1620
| 23.7
| 4.01
| 990
| 76.29
|-
| Kamhari
| 289
| 72.66
| 0
| 817
| 65.74
|-
| 39
| Madhopur
| Madhopur
| 2983
| 23.8
| 0.94
| 953
| 74.36
|-
| rowspan="2" | 40
| rowspan="2" | Maheshi
| Marufapur
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Maheshi
| 1311
| 8.01
| 9.23
| 1026
| 84.46
|-
| 41
| Mahuji
| Mahuji
| 3766
| 20.74
| 0.05
| 923
| 71.11
|-
| rowspan="2" | 42
| rowspan="2" | Math Ucharhhal Giri
| Math Ucharhhal Giri
| 814
| 0.86
| 5.28
| 1000
| 78.91
|-
| Shivadasipur
| 713
| 19.21
| 10.94
| 927
| 80.98
|-
| rowspan="4" | 43
| rowspan="4" | Medhan
| Dawan Pura
| 546
| 4.58
| 0
| 943
| 79.52
|-
| Jamejay Pur
| 518
| 0
| 5.98
| 876
| 83.71
|-
| Kodai
| 10
| 0
| 0
| 1000
| 100
|-
| Medhan
| 2834
| 21.67
| 0.25
| 979
| 68.86
|-
| rowspan="3" | 44
| rowspan="3" | Mirjapur
| Mirjapur
| 1141
| 47.06
| 3.16
| 1030
| 77.81
|-
| Chitawal
| 345
| 98.84
| 0
| 982
| 51.74
|-
| Karjaura
| 464
| 32.76
| 5.6
| 833
| 71.5
|-
| rowspan="6" | 45
| rowspan="6" | Mishra Pura
| Baruada Khalsa
| 47
| 10.64
| 0
| 1350
| 71.79
|-
| Barauda Bamhnauli
| 700
| 2.14
| 0
| 1134
| 73.85
|-
| Puracheta Dube
| 590
| 2.37
| 3.9
| 1020
| 86.42
|-
| Pura Jagarnath Mishra
| 168
| 0
| 0
| 931
| 93.84
|-
| Purasheta Mishira I
| 111
| 0
| 0
| 982
| 90.11
|-
| Pura Sheta Mishera II
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| rowspan="2" | 46
| rowspan="2" | Murli Pur Vira Saray
| Vira Saray
| 2258
| 12.09
| 3.23
| 934
| 66.44
|-
| Bayanpur
| 514
| 45.33
| 0
| 925
| 77.51
|-
| 47
| Navrangabad
| Navrangabad
| 1776
| 0
| 0
| 909
| 75.1
|-
| 48
| Negura
| Negura
| 3727
| 35.82
| 0.27
| 986
| 66.16
|-
| 49
| Neknampur
| Neknampur
| 2457
| 19.45
| 1.22
| 945
| 77.43
|-
| 50
| Nidilpur
| Nidilpur
| 1967
| 22.52
| 2.03
| 1064
| 79.25
|-
| 51
| Odra Garupur
| Odra Garupur
| 3342
| 14.93
| 0.81
| 990
| 67.72
|-
| 52
| Pagahi
| Bagahi
| 2367
| 30.88
| 0
| 957
| 76.09
|-
| rowspan="4" | 53
| rowspan="4" | Panchang Pur
| Gangwara Nakanwa Medhwa
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Medhwa
| 437
| 0
| 0
| 1042
| 77.57
|-
| Gang Barar Nagwa
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Nagwa
| 1253
| 38.63
| 2.63
| 936
| 64.34
|-
| 54
| Pandeypuri Milki
| Pandeypuri Milki
| 1197
| 42.77
| 0
| 975
| 76.78
|-
| 55
| Papraul
| Papraul
| 1276
| 27.51
| 0
| 1088
| 70.5
|-
| 56
| Parsahata
| Parsahata
| 2121
| 15.98
| 2.88
| 949
| 79.66
|-
| 57
| Prahaladpur
| Prahaladpur
| 1431
| 0
| 0
| 1038
| 60.59
|-
| rowspan="2" | 58
| rowspan="2" | Prakash Pur Mahuja
| Lodhva
| 75
| 0
| 1.33
| 666
| 100
|-
| Mahra
| 2522
| 15.5
| 1.47
| 910
| 73.93
|-
| rowspan="2" | 59
| rowspan="2" | Premasraya Pur
| Maharai
| 156
| 29.49
| 0
| 974
| 72.79
|-
| Gurehoo
| 2820
| 20.18
| 0
| 931
| 69.45
|-
| 60
| Raitha
| Raitha
| 2361
| 35.49
| 3.09
| 949
| 76.57
|-
| rowspan="2" | 61
| rowspan="2" | Rampur Diya
| Diya
| 2865
| 12.67
| 0.91
| 911
| 76.37
|-
| Gaddochak
| 381
| 0
| 0
| 914
| 72.37
|-
| rowspan="3" | 62
| rowspan="3" | Ramrupdaspur
| Ramrupdaspur
| 1923
| 19.45
| 5.93
| 924
| 77.5
|-
| Visunpura Khurd
| 642
| 0
| 0
| 1006
| 57.65
|-
| Bisunpur
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| 63
| Sakarari
| Sakarari
| 1565
| 30.42
| 0
| 1008
| 79.01
|-
| rowspan="2" | 64
| rowspan="2" | Sangrampur
| Lakhipur
| 881
| 3.06
| 1.7
| 902
| 69.88
|-
| Manni Patti
| 684
| 0
| 0
| 965
| 72.55
|-
| rowspan="2" | 65
| rowspan="2" | Shahidgawan
| Shri Kantpur
| 570
| 3.16
| 9.12
| 938
| 86.21
|-
| Dedhwaliya
| 709
| 0
| 0
| 980
| 85.71
|-
| rowspan="3" | 66
| rowspan="3" | Shantipur Torwan
| Torwan
| 3927
| 22.23
| 2.6
| 945
| 74.58
|-
| Bhart Patti
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Neerapur
| 514
| 59.53
| 4.28
| 946
| 58.84
|-
| rowspan="2" | 67
| rowspan="2" | Silauta
| Silauta
| 1707
| 33.39
| 2.87
| 896
| 66.11
|-
| Mangalpur
| 201
| 0
| 0
| 951
| 78.43
|-
| rowspan="2" | 68
| rowspan="2" | Sisaura Kala
| Sisaura Kala
| 3151
| 37.38
| 4.44
| 973
| 75.21
|-
| Sisaura Khurd
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| rowspan="2" | 69
| rowspan="2" | Sonhuli
| Sonhuli
| 1950
| 22.62
| 2.41
| 948
| 77.43
|-
| Gang Barar Sonhuli
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| rowspan="3" | 70
| rowspan="3" | Sraswatipur
| Nailipati Pashchim
| 1823
| 20.95
| 6.58
| 931
| 74.95
|-
| Nailipatti Purba
| 638
| 24.92
| 2.51
| 975
| 77.5
|-
| Odhwa
| 79
| 60.76
| 0
| 1025
| 64.18
|-
| rowspan="2" | 71
| rowspan="2" | Saraya
| Sarya
| 522
| 0
| 0
| 1079
| 67.5
|-
| Rasulpur
| 496
| 26.81
| 2.62
| 1049
| 91.1
|-
| rowspan="3" | 72
| rowspan="3" | Tribhuwanpur
| Phoolpur Urf Prasadpur
| 596
| 10.91
| 1.51
| 898
| 53.15
|-
| Khar Kholi
| 801
| 7.99
| 4.12
| 871
| 76.07
|-
| Marai
| 727
| 64.79
| 0
| 888
| 66.94
|-
| 73
| Vardisara
| Vardisara
| 2173
| 48.73
| 3.82
| 850
| 73.74
|-
| rowspan="2" | 74
| rowspan="2" | Vijayipur
| Nonari
| 401
| 0
| 0
| 956
| 82.09
|-
| Kaudharpur
| 1047
| 33.24
| 0
| 938
| 70.26
|-
| 75
| Virana
| Virana
| 3524
| 41.23
| 6.81
| 940
| 59.81
|-
| 76
| Visunpur Kala
| Visunpur Kala
| 1930
| 52.49
| 2.12
| 1010
| 76.79
|-
| 77
| Alamkhatopur
| Alamkhatopur
| 1028
| 33.46
| 0
| 954
| 55.26
|-
| 78
| Chilbili
| Chilbili
| 1326
| 36.12
| 0
| 1065
| 52.9
|-
| 79
| Gajendrpur
| Gajendrpur
| 1571
| 13.94
| 0
| 951
| 75.77
|-
| 80
| Guraini
| Guraini
| 1108
| 17.87
| 0
| 916
| 79.09
|-
| 81
| Jivanpur
| Jivanpur
| 1101
| 66.76
| 0
| 931
| 74.11
|-
| 82
| Karjara
| Karjara
| 1338
| 48.51
| 1.2
| 950
| 76.98
|-
| 83
| Kisunpura
| Kisunpura
| 1755
| 6.61
| 1.77
| 930
| 58.17
|-
| 84
| Ramarepur
| Ramarepur
| 1071
| 12.51
| 0
| 1091
| 79.56
|}

==Administrations and politics==
'''<big>Administration</big>'''

'''Dhanapur block''' which consists of 84 gram panchayat, and is headed by the [[Block Development Officer]] of Dhanapur block. A Civil service officer of the rank of Block Development Officer (BDO) is the in-charge of a CD Block in India. BDO are usually officers of representative state-governments. BDO reports to the [[Sub Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM). The BDO's office is the main operational wing of the government for the development administration as well as regulatory administration.

'''<big>Politics</big>'''

'''Dhanapur [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]]''' is a [[Local government in India|Rural Local Body Governance]] in Chandauli [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]]. There are total [https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayats-list-in-dhanapur-panchayat-samiti-1619 84 Gram Panchayats] and under Dhanapur panchayat samiti jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayat Samitis of CHANDAULI |url=https://localbodydata.com/panchayat-samitis-list-in-chandauli-zila-parishad-126 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref> The samiti is elected for five years and is headed by a chairman/president and deputy chairman/vice president elected by the members of the panchayat samiti. One [[Sarpanch]] samiti supervises the other gram panchayats. It acts as a coordinating body between zila parishad and gram panchayat.

'''Dhaanapur [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]]''' is a Rural Local Body Governance in Dhanapur [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] part of Chandauli [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]]. There are total 2 Villages under Dhaanapur Gram Panchayat jurisdiction. Gram Panchayat Dhanapur is further divided into 15 Wards. Gram Panchayat Dhanapur has total 15 elected members by people. Dhanapur Gram Panchayat has total 8 full time government employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayats (ग्राम पंचायत) of panchayat samiti (पंचायत समिति) DHANAPUR |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayats-list-in-dhanapur-panchayat-samiti-1619 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+138 Villages and 84 Gram Panchayats<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayati Raj Department - Govt of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/Reports/PB2FormReport?ReportType=Filled&District=CHANDAULI |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=panchayatiraj.up.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
! Panchayat Code
! Gram Panchayat
! Pincode
! Numbers of Wards
! Villages
|-
| rowspan="6" | 57899
| rowspan="6" | Ahikaura
| rowspan="6" | 232106
| rowspan="6" | 15
| Jamalapur
|-
| Orawlla
|-
| Gobind Chak
|-
| Ahikaura
|-
| Ram Chander Patti
|-
| Bhatsa
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57900
| rowspan="2" | Amadpur
| rowspan="2" | 232105
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Gangwara Amadpur
|-
| Amadpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57901
| rowspan="2" | Amarraa
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 13
| Amara
|-
| Bamanpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57902
| rowspan="2" | Asavariya
| rowspan="2" | 232105
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Asavariya
|-
| Kamalpur Kohna
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57903
| rowspan="2" | Ashok Nagar
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 20
| Gauspur
|-
| Dubauliya
|-
| 57904
| Autauli
| 232105
| 11
| Autauli
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57905
| rowspan="2" | Avahi
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Avahi
|-
| Hinauta
|-
| 57906
| Awajapur
| 232108
| 15
| Awajapur
|-
| 57907
| Awti
| 232106
| 15
| Awti
|-
| 57908
| Babhaniyaw Thana
| 232105
| 13
| Babhaniyaw Thana
|-
| 57909
| Baghari
| 232105
| 11
| Baghari
|-
| 57910
| Bahadur Pur Lokuwa
| 232108
| 13
| Lokuwa
|-
| 57911
| Baheri
| 232106
| 15
| Baheri
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57912
| rowspan="2" | Bamhniya Rampur
| rowspan="2" | 232108
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Hashimpur
|-
| Bamhniya Rampur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57913
| rowspan="2" | Bewada
| rowspan="2" | 232105
| rowspan="2" | 13
| Bewada
|-
| Ranpur
|-
| 57914
| Bhadau
| 232108
| 13
| Bhadau
|-
| rowspan="4" | 57915
| rowspan="4" | Budhe Pur
| rowspan="4" | 232108
| rowspan="4" | 11
| Arajidiyara
|-
| Budhe Pur
|-
| Dulhachak
|-
| Naudhara
|-
| 57916
| Busgawa
| 232105
| 13
| Busgawa
|-
| 57917
| Dabariya
| 232105
| 13
| Dabariya
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57918
| rowspan="2" | Dhanapur
| rowspan="2" | 232105
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Dhanapur
|-
| Gang Barar Dhanapur
|-
| 57919
| Dharavn
| 232105
| 15
| Dharavn
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57920
| rowspan="2" | Rampur Diya
| rowspan="2" | 232107
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Diya
|-
| Gaddochak
|-
| 57921
| Enamatpur
| 232106
| 15
| Enamatpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57922
| rowspan="2" | Gandhinagar Barhan
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Shitalpur
|-
| Barhan
|-
| 57923
| Hetampur
| 232106
| 11
| Hetampur
|-
| 57924
| Hingutar Jagdishpur
| 232108
| 15
| Hingutar Jagdishpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57925
| rowspan="2" | Jamurana
| rowspan="2" | 232108
| rowspan="2" | 13
| Devarapur
|-
| Jamurana
|-
| 57926
| Jamurkha
| 232106
| 11
| Jamurkha
|-
| 57927
| Jiganaa
| 232106
| 11
| Jiganaa
|-
| 57928
| Kadirabad
| 232106
| 11
| Kadirabad
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57929
| rowspan="2" | Kamalpur
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Kamalpur
|-
| Katkauliya
|-
| 57930
| Karin
| 232107
| 13
| Karin
|-
| 57931
| Kawal Pura
| 232107
| 11
| Kawal Pura
|-
| 57932
| Kawipaharpur
| 232106
| 15
| Kawipaharpur
|-
| 57933
| Kharan
| 232106
| 13
| Kharan
|-
| 57934
| Kohara
| 232105
| 11
| Kohara
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57935
| rowspan="2" | Lalpur Janauli
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Janauli
|-
| Kamhari
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57937
| rowspan="2" | Maheshi
| rowspan="2" | 232108
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Marufapur
|-
| Maheshi
|-
| 57938
| Mahuji
| 232106
| 15
| Mahuji
|-
| rowspan="4" | 57939
| rowspan="4" | Medhan
| rowspan="4" | 232107
| rowspan="4" | 15
| Dawan Pura
|-
| Jamejay Pur
|-
| Kodai
|-
| Medhan
|-
| rowspan="3" | 57940
| rowspan="3" | Mirjapur
| rowspan="3" | 232108
| rowspan="3" | 11
| Mirjapur
|-
| Chitawal
|-
| Karjaura
|-
| rowspan="6" | 57941
| rowspan="6" | Mishra Pura
| rowspan="6" | 232105
| rowspan="6" | 11
| Baruada Khalsa
|-
| Barauda Bamhnauli
|-
| Puracheta Dube
|-
| Pura Jagarnath Mishra
|-
| Purasheta Mishira I
|-
| Pura Sheta Mishera II
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57942
| rowspan="2" | Murli Pur Vira Saray
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 13
| Vira Saray
|-
| Bayanpur
|-
| 57943
| Navrangabad
| 232106
| 11
| Navrangabad
|-
| 57944
| Negura
| 232105
| 15
| Negura
|-
| 57945
| Neknampur
| 232105
| 13
| Neknampur
|-
| 57946
| Nidilpur
| 232105
| 11
| Nidilpur
|-
| 57947
| Odra Garupur
| 232106
| 20
| Odra Garupur
|-
| 57948
| Pagahi
| 232105
| 13
| Bagahi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 57949
| rowspan="4" | Panchang Pur
| rowspan="4" | 232105
| rowspan="4" | 11
| Gangwara Nakanwa Medhwa
|-
| Medhwa
|-
| Gang Barar Nagwa
|-
| Nagwa
|-
| 57950
| Papraul
| 232105
| 11
| Papraul
|-
| 57951
| Parsahata
| 232107
| 13
| Parsahata
|-
| 57952
| Prahaladpur
| 232105
| 11
| Prahaladpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57953
| rowspan="2" | Prakash Pur Mahuja
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 13
| Lodhva
|-
| Mahra
|-
| 57955
| Raitha
| 232106
| 13
| Raitha
|-
| rowspan="3" | 57956
| rowspan="3" | Ramrupdaspur
| rowspan="3" | 232106
| rowspan="3" | 13
| Ramrupdaspur
|-
| Visunpura Khurd
|-
| Bisunpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57957
| rowspan="2" | Shahidgawan
| rowspan="2" | 232108
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Shri Kantpur
|-
| Dedhwaliya
|-
| 57958
| Sakarari
| 232105
| 11
| Sakarari
|-
| rowspan="3" | 57960
| rowspan="3" | Shantipur Torwan
| rowspan="3" | 232105
| rowspan="3" | 15
| Torwan
|-
| Bhart Patti
|-
| Neerapur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57961
| rowspan="2" | Silauta
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Silauta
|-
| Mangalpur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57962
| rowspan="2" | Sisaura Kala
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 15
| Sisaura Kala
|-
| Sisaura Khurd
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57963
| rowspan="2" | Sonhuli
| rowspan="2" | 232105
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Sonhuli
|-
| Gang Barar Sonhuli
|-
| rowspan="3" | 57964
| rowspan="3" | Sraswatipur
| rowspan="3" | 232105
| rowspan="3" | 13
| Nailipati Pashchim
|-
| Nailipatti Purba
|-
| Odhwa
|-
| rowspan="3" | 57965
| rowspan="3" | Tribhuwanpur
| rowspan="3" | 232105
| rowspan="3" | 13
| Phoolpur Urf Prasadpur
|-
| Khar Kholi
|-
| Marai
|-
| 57966
| Vardisara
| 232108
| 13
| Vardisara
|-
| rowspan="2" | 57967
| rowspan="2" | Vijayipur
| rowspan="2" | 232106
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Nonari
|-
| Kaudharpur
|-
| 57968
| Virana
| 232105
| 15
| Virana
|-
| 57969
| Visunpur Kala
| 232108
| 11
| Visunpur Kala
|-
| 268240
| Alamkhatopur
| 232105
| 11
| Alamkhatopur
|-
| 268255
| Chilbili
| 232106
| 11
| Chilbili
|-
| 268267
| Gajendrapur
| 232109
| 11
| Gajendrpur
|-
| 268296
| Jivanpur
| 232106
| 11
| Jivanpur
|-
| 268297
| Karjara
| 232106
| 11
| Karjara
|-
| 268309
| Kisunpura
| 232107
| 11
| Kisunpura
|-
| 268330
| Ramarepur
| 232108
| 11
| Ramarepur
|-
| 272436
| Guraini
| 232108
| 11
| Guraini
|-
| 273725
| Dodhiya
| 232106
| 11
| Dodhiya
|-
| rowspan="2" | 273734
| rowspan="2" | Sangrampur
| rowspan="2" | 232107
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Lakhipur
|-
| Manni Patti
|-
| rowspan="2" | 273735
| rowspan="2" | Premasraya Pur
| 232108
| 13
| Maharai
|-
|
|
| Gurehoo
|-
| 273736
| Ekbalpur
| 232106
| 11
| Akabalpur
|-
| 273738
| Pandaypur Milki
| 232108
| 11
| Pandeypuri Milki
|-
| rowspan="2" | 273739
| rowspan="2" | Math Uchhal Giri
| rowspan="2" | 232108
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Math Ucharhhal Giri
|-
| Shivadasipur
|-
| rowspan="2" | 274096
| rowspan="2" | Saraya
| rowspan="2" | 232105
| rowspan="2" | 11
| Sarya
|-
| Rasulpur
|-
| 274160
| Madhopur
| 232106
| 13
| Madhopur
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Chandauli district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chandauli district]]

List of Punjabi films of 1981

2025-01-13T01:49:34Z

XMCplNewsRSSPortal: content fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of [[Punjabi Cinema|Punjabi films]] of 1981.

==List of films==
{{Compact ToC|num=yes}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast (Subject of documentary) !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| ''[[Anokha Daaj]]''||Aslam Dar ||Asiya, [[Sultan Rahi]], [[Durdana Rehman]], [[Waheed Murad]], Sabiha, [[Ilyas Kashmiri (actor)|Ilyas Kashmiri]] ||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || || <ref name="Anokha Daaj">{{cite web|title=Anokha Daaj|url=http://www.citwf.com/film16897.htm|website=CITWF|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Athra Puttar]]''||Altaf Hussain ||Asiya, Sultan Rahi, [[Bazgha]], Nanha, Ali Ejaz, Mustafa Qureshi, Ilyas Kashmiri, Sawan, Rangeela ||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || || <ref name="Athra Puttar">{{cite web|title=Athra Puttar|url=http://www.citwf.com/film22672.htm|website=CITWF|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chan Varyam]]'' ||Jahangir Qaisar ||Sultan Rahi, Anjuman, Iqbal Hassan, Afzaal Ahmad, Mustafa Qureshi, Humayun Qureshi, Shugafta || [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]]|| || <ref name="Chan Varyam">{{cite web|title=Chan Varyam|url=http://www.citwf.com/film57889.htm,|website=IMDb|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khan-e-Azam]]''||Younis Malik||[[Sudhir (Pakistani actor)|Sudhir]], [[Aasia]], [[Sultan Rahi]], [[Mustafa Qureshi]], Nazli, [[Zahir Shah (actor)|Zahir Shah]], [[Bahar Begum|Bahar]] ||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || || <ref name="Khan-e-Azam">{{cite web|title=Khan-e-Azam|url=https://www.mpaop.org/mpaop/pak-film-database/chronological-of-films/1981-2/khan-e-azam/|website=Mpaop|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Muftbar]]''||Hassan Askari ||Sultan Rahi, Anjuman, Ali Ejaz, Huma Daar, Afzaal Ahmad, [[Najma Mehboob]] ||[[comedy film|Comedy]], [[Action film|Action]]|| || <ref name="Muftbar">{{cite web|title=Muftbar|url=http://www.citwf.com/film232969.htm|website=CITWF|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vilayati Babu]]''|| Dharam Kumar || [[Mehar Mittal]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Reena Roy]], Yogesh Chhabra, [[Nasir Hussain]] ||[[comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|Romance]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1981|September|18}} || <ref name="Walayati Babu">{{cite web|title=Walayati Babu|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083289/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|website=IMDb|accessdate=24 January 2018}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jeedar]]'' || || || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{1981 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Films Of 1981}}
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|1981]]
[[Category:Lists of 1981 films by language|Punjabi]]

Dr. M. M. Alex

2025-01-03T02:55:26Z

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#REDIRECT [[M. M. Alex]]
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