Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-06T12:24:17Z

XMC.PL-Master:

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1964 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1964
| election_date = 9 March 1969
| next_election = 1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1974
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = 228,754
| turnout = 81.59%
| image_size = 130px
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = [[File:M._O._H._Farook.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader1 = [[M. O. H. Farook]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]]
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 15
| popular_vote1 = 61,717
| seat_change1 = -
| party2 = Indian National Congress (R)
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 10
| popular_vote2 = 78,052
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}12

| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = ''[[President's rule]]''
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[M. O. H. Farook]]
| last_election1 = Did not contest
| percentage1 = 33.70%
| swing1 = _
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 9.45[[percentage points|pp]]
| percentage2 = 42.62%
}}
Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' (French: ''Assemblée législative de Pondichéry'') were held in March 1969, to elect members of the '''[[3rd Puducherry Assembly]]'''. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote, but the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] won the most seats, and [[M. O. H. Farook]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cgijeddah.com/cgijed/farooq-cv.htm |title=H. E. Shri M. O. H. Faarooq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105034813/http://www.cgijeddah.com/cgijed/farooq-cv.htm |archive-date=5 January 2010}}</ref>

The territory of Pondicherry was delimited by the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] into 30 single-member constituencies.<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|author= G. C. Malhotra|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009 |page=965}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Puducherry Legislative Assembly 1969.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|votes1=78052|seats1=10|sc1={{decrease}}12
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=61717|seats2=15|sc2=New
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=23115|seats3=3|sc3=New
|party21=Independents|votes21=20250|seats21=2|sc21={{decrease}}2
|total_sc=0
|invalid=3497
|electorate=228754
|source=ECI<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 83.78% || K. Murugaiyan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,290 || 55.52% || M. Thangapragasam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,636 || 44.48% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''654'''
|-
| 2 || [[Kuruchikuppam Assembly constituency|Kurusukuppam]] || 76.26% || G. Perumal Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,068 || 59.89% || N. Govindaraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,550 || 22.82% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''2,518'''
|-
| 3 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 69.48% || P. Ansari Dorasamy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,721 || 60.33% || R. Azhwar || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 1,409 || 31.24% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,312'''
|-
| 4 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 67.81% || D. Kantharaj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,766 || 51.62% || S. Sadagopan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 1,655 || 48.38% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''111'''
|-
| 5 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 63.87% || C. M. Achraff || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,336 || 75.94% || M. J. Vincent || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 740 || 24.06% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''1,596'''
|-
| 6 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 75.00% || S. Govindarajalu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,676 || 46.59% || K. Karunakaran || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,730 || 30.12% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''946'''
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 72.63% || N. Ranganathan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 4,372 || 57.11% || B. Chandrasekaran || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,759 || 36.04% || style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|'''1,613'''
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 85.10% || Y. Kailasa Surbian || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 4,748 || 62.01% || A. S. Janakipaman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,909 || 37.99% || style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|'''1,839'''
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 84.70% || S. Perumal || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,774 || 50.11% || P. C. Purushothaman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,758 || 49.89% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''16'''
|-
| 10 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 86.08% || K. R. Subramaniya Padayachi || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,050 || 56.13% || M. Rajagopal || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,903 || 40.24% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,147'''
|-
| 11 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 85.99% || K. Krishnasamy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,211 || 52.22% || R. Thangavelu Clemanso || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,938 || 47.78% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''273'''
|-
| 12 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 92.09% || D. Ramachandran || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,545 || 51.10% || [[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,393 || 48.90% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''152'''
|-
| 13 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 77.89% || M. Thangavelu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,277 || 51.52% || R. Mannathan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,338 || 36.76% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''939'''
|-
| 14 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 88.02% || S. M. Subbarayan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,499 || 50.99% || D. Kannappan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,315 || 33.74% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''1,184'''
|-
| 15 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 76.28% || V. Nagarathinam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,386 || 50.60% || P. S. Perumal || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,306 || 49.40% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''80'''
|-
| 16 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 84.73% || S. Arumugam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,132 || 59.95% || S. V. Murugesa Nadar || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,760 || 40.05% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''1,372'''
|-
| 17 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 83.41% || M. Veerammal || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,682 || 55.69% || M. Veerappan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,930 || 44.31% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''752'''
|-
| 18 || [[Oulgaret Assembly constituency|Uzhavarkarai]] || 83.20% || S. Muthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,452 || 50.15% || G. Rajamanickam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,823 || 26.49% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''1,629'''
|-
| 19 || [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]] || 87.21% || [[M. O. H. Farook]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,261 || 59.84% || M. Murugesa Mudaliar || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,860 || 40.16% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''1,401'''
|-
| 20 || [[Poudousaram Assembly constituency|Poudousaram]] || 78.41% || N. Gurusamy || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 3,439 || 53.34% || M. Krishnasamy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,866 || 44.45% || style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|'''573'''
|-
| 21 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 83.34% || M. Balaya || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,097 || 47.41% || T. Jayaraman || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,546 || 38.97% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''551'''
|-
| 22 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 78.59% || M. Jambulingam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,208 || 52.07% || A. M. Hameed Maricar || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,873 || 47.93% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''335'''
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 71.71% || Marie Lourdes Silvaradjou || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,439 || 50.91% || N. M. Mohamed Yussouf || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,041 || 42.60% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''398'''
|-
| 24 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 89.67% || S. Ramasamy || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,447 || 53.88% || M. Kaliappa Naicker || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,951 || 46.12% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''496'''
|-
| 25 || [[Grand’ Aldee Assembly constituency|Grand’ Aldee]] || 85.47% || Y. Pandari Nathan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,852 || 70.82% || G. Muthukrishnan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,026 || 18.86% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''2,826'''
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 87.91% || R. Supprayalu Naicker || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,455 || 54.12% || V. Arunasalam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,814 || 44.08% || style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|'''641'''
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 89.87% || P. Shanmugam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,103 || 50.16% || A. Savundararangan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,083 || 49.84% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20'''
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 83.50% || [[I. K. Kumaran]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,885 || 59.33% || Valavil Kesavan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,978 || 40.67% || style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''907'''
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 82.69% || [[V. N. Purushothaman|Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,609 || 67.64% || Pondeatte Anandin || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 1,248 || 32.36% || style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,361'''
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 89.65% || [[Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,287 || 55.56% || Yarra Zagannadharao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,829 || 44.44% || style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''458'''
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1969 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:1969 State Assembly elections in India|p]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:1960s in Pondicherry]]

Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T06:41:32Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting new data

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kanthi {{Small|WB-31}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Kanthi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kanthi Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Soumendu Adhikari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]] [[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]] [[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]] [[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]] [[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri]] [[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]] [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
| electors =17,94,537<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/grfYnWoV4R.pdf | title=Voter turnout of 62.2% recorded in phase-5 of General Elections 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524040654/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/grfYnWoV4R.pdf | archive-date=24 May 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency''' (earlier known as '''Contai Lok Sabha constituency''') is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Contai]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 31 Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Purba Medinipur district]]. As per census 2011 Hindus form 89.7% of electors rest by Muslims, Sikhs and others.

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, '''Kanthi''', 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per the order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 31 Kanthi is composed of the following segments:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|211
|[[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|rowspan=7|[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|Pijush Kanti Das
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 212
|[[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|Tapan Maity
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|213
|[[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|[[Sumita Sinha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|214
|[[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|[[Santanu Pramanik]]
|-
|215
|[[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri]]
|Subrat Paik
|-
|216
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|[[Arup Kumar Das]]
|-
|217
|[[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|Dr. Chandra Sekhar Mondal
|-
|}

Prior to delimitation, Contai Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = ECI }}</ref>[[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]] (assembly constituency no. 208), [[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khajuri (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 209), [[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Contai North]] (assembly constituency no. 210), [[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Contai South]] (assembly constituency no. 211), [[Ramnagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] (assembly constituency no. 212), [[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]] (assembly constituency no. 213) and [[Mugberia Assembly constituency|Mugberia]] (assembly constituency no. 214)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2 |Party
|-
|1952||[[Basanta Kumar Das (Indian politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=ECI |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date= 8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1957||[[Pramatha Nath Bandopadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= ECI | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1962||[[Basanta Kumar Das (Indian politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1967||rowspan="3" |[[Samar Guha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=ECI |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203524/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1971
|-
|1977
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party }}
|-
|1980||[[Sudhir Kumar Giri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1984||[[Phulrenu Guha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1989||rowspan="4" |[[Sudhir Kumar Giri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1991
|-
|1996
|-
|1998
|-
|1999||[[Nitish Sengupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2004||[[Prasanta Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2009||rowspan="3" |[[Sisir Adhikari|Sisir Kumar Adhikari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2014
|-
|2019
|-
|2024||[[Soumendu Adhikari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Kanthi<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanthi">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanthi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2531.htm |access-date=21 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721042645/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2531.htm |archive-date=21 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kanthi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Kanthi Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/kanthi |access-date=21 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721042827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/kanthi |archive-date=21 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Soumendu Adhikari]]|votes=7,63,195|percentage=49.85|change={{up}}7.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Uttam Barik]]|votes=7,15,431|percentage=46.73|change={{down}}3.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Urbashi Banerjee|votes=31,122|percentage=2.03|change={{up}}0.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=8,134|percentage=0.53|change={{down}}0.08}}
{{Election box majority||votes=47,764|percentage=3.12|change={{down}}4.72}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,30,997|percentage=85.31|change={{down}}0.52}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanthi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sisir Kumar Adhikari]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=711,872|percentage=49.98|change= -3.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Debasish Samanta|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=600,204|percentage=42.14|change=+33.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Paritosh Pattyanayak|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=76,185|percentage=5.35|change=-29.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dipak Kumar Das|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,851|percentage=1.18|change=-0.92}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 111,668
|percentage = 7.84
|change = -10.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,424,966
|percentage = 85.83
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanthi]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sisir Adhikari|Sisir Kumar Adhikari]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 6,76,749
|percentage = 52.80
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tapas Sinha
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,48,259
|percentage = 34.72
|change = -7.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kamalendu Pahari
|votes = 1,11,082
|percentage = 8.60
|change = +5.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kunal Banerjee
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 27,230
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ansar Ali Sk
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 8,298
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manas Pradhan
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 7,335
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sk Golam Nabi Ajad
|party = Independent (politics)
|votes = 3,260
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,28,490
|percentage = 18.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,90,811
|percentage = 86.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanthi]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sisir Adhikari|Sisir Kumar Adhikari]]
|votes = 6,06,712
|percentage = 53.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Pradhan]]
|votes = 4,77,609
|percentage = 42.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amalesh Mishra
|votes = 31,952
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rashbehari Patra
|votes = 8,174
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,29,103
|percentage = 12.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,24,454
|percentage = 89.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Contai]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Pradhan]]
|votes = 464,743
|percentage = 50.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nitish Sengupta|Dr Nitish Sengupta]]
|votes = 405,553
|percentage = 44.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kshitindra Mohan Sahoo
|votes = 26,010
|percentage = 2.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Jiban Das
|votes = 11,707
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Adhar Chandra Nahal
|votes = 9,676
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Asalata Majumdar
|votes = 9,085
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,21,634
|percentage = 85.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!rowspan=2 {{verth|Year}}
!colspan=2|Winner
!colspan=2|Runner-up
|-
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|{{verth|1951}}
|Basanta Kumar Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Promatha Nath Bandopadhyay
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|{{verth|1957}}
|Pramatha Nath Bandopadhyay
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|Basanta Kumar Das
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|{{verth|1962}}
|Basanta Kumar Das
|Indian National Congress
|Prafulla Chandra Ghosh
|Praja Socialist Party<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|{{verth|1967}}
|[[Samar Guha]]
|Praja Socialist Party
|R. Pal
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|{{verth|1971}}
|Samar Guha
|Praja Socialist Party
|[[Abha Maiti]]
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195218/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|{{verth|1977}}
|Samar Guha
|[[Janata Party ]]
|Sudhangshu Panda
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|{{verth|1980}}
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Pradip Sarkar
|Indian National Congress<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|{{verth|1984}}
|[[Phulrenu Guha]]
|Indian National Congress
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|{{verth|1989}}
|[[Sudhir Kumar Giri]]
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Abha Maiti
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|{{verth|1991}}
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Abha Maiti
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|{{verth|1996}}
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Nitish Sengupta
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|{{verth|1998}}
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Akhil Giri
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|{{verth|1999}}
|Nitish Sengupta
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|{{verth|2004}}
|[[Prasanta Pradhan]]
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Nitish Sengupta
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|}

==See also==
* [[Contai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/kanthi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kanthi lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

{{coord|21.78|87.74|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]

Haringhata Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T05:12:18Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting a article.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haringhata
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Haringhata.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Haringhata Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| constituency_no = 93
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Asim Kumar Sarkar|Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 240,606
}}

'''Haringhata Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 93 Haringhata Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Haringhata]] municipality, [[Haringhata (Community development block)|Haringhata]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Dewli and Hingara [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Chakdaha (Community development block)|Chakdaha]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Haringhata Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 14 [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of the [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Smarajit Bandopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Promatha Ranjan Thakur
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Narendra Nath Sarkar
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Mohammad Karim Baksh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Nani Gopal Malakar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sakti Kumar Bhattacharya
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Nani Gopal Malakar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Mili Hira
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Nilima Nag|Nilima Nag (Mallick)]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Asim Kumar Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2026
|[[Asim Kumar Sarkar]]
|
|{{Party shortname linked|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Haringhata}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Rajib Biswas|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Swapan Sarkar|party=CPI(M)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Himanti Das|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Haringhata (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021|work = Haringhata|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 20 April 2021|archive-date = 27 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191243/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]
|votes = 97,666
|percentage = 46.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nilima Nag (Mallick)
|votes = 82,466
|percentage = 39.11
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Alakesh Das
|votes = 24,800
|percentage = 11.76
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Nilima Nag (Mallick) of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Dr. Biswajit Paul of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Haringhata (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Haringhata|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 20 April 2011|archive-date = 27 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191243/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nilima Nag (Mallick)
|votes = 83,366
|percentage = 49.45
|change = +6.76#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. Biswajit Paul
|votes = 70,363
|percentage = 41.74
|change = -10.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Binay Krishna Biswas
|votes = 8,780
|percentage = 5.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Shyam Prasad Mondal
|votes = 3,810
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bidyut Mallick
|votes = 2,261
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 168,580
|percentage = 89.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +16.92#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===2006===
In the 2006 election, Bankim Chandra Ghosh of [[CPIM]] won the seat.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Haringhata (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Haringhata|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 20 April 2011|archive-date = 27 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191243/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=93|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bankim Chandra Ghosh
|votes = 95,524
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dipak Basu
|votes = 68,058
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 2001 state assembly elections,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Bankim Chandra Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Haringhata assembly seat, defeating his nearest rivals Dipak Basu and Saradindu Biswas (both of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]) in the respective years. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Mili Hira of CPI (M) defeated Ratna Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. In 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1977<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Nani Gopal Malakar of CPI (M) defeated Pratap Roy of Congress, Dilip Roy of Congress, Phani Bhusan Das of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] and Manas Kumar Ganguly of Congress in the respective years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp83.htm |title = 83 - Haringhata Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Sakti Kumar Bhattacharya of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Nani Gopal Malakar of CPI won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Mohammad Karim Baksh, Independent, won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, Inda, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Narendra Nath Sarkar of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] Haringhata was a joint seat with one seat reserved for SC. Smarajit Bandopadhyay and Promatha Ranjan Thakur, both of Congress, won in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> The Haringhata seat was not there in 1951.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur

2026-05-01T23:30:35Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created the info with sources...

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Swaragini TV series titlecard.jpeg
| alt_name = Swaragini
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| developer =
| story = Mahesh Pandey Akash Deep Rashmi Sharma Mrinal Jha
| screenplay = Gautam Hegde Janki Vishwanathan [[Sharad Tripathi|Sharad C. Tripathi]]
| director = Taraknath Mourya
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme = ''Swaragini....''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 472<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbO_D-x9ofU|title=Swaragini episodes|publisher=Swaragini|date=14 November 2014|access-date=15 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513112311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbO_D-x9ofU|archive-date=13 May 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| editor = Hemant Kumar
| location = [[Kolkata]] [[Mumbai]] [[Patna]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 22 min approx
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|3|2}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|12|17}}
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
}}

'''''Swaragini — Jodein Rishton Ke Sur''''' (''Swaragini — Join the Melody of Relationships'') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that aired from 2 March 2015 to 17 December 2016 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on [[JioCinema|Jio Cinema]].<ref name=bmi>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2015/02/colors-unveils-a-new-note-on-family-relationships-with-swaragini/|title=Colors unveils a new note on family relationships with 'Swaragini'|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|access-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102223218/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/02/colors-unveils-a-new-note-on-family-relationships-with-swaragini/|archive-date=2 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Produced under the banner of Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, the series starred [[Helly Shah]], [[Tejasswi Prakash]], [[Varun Kapoor]] and [[Namish Taneja]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Priyanka|last=Sharma|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/swaragini-helly-shah-varun-kapoor-show-to-go-off-air-in-december-4378966/|title=Helly Shah, Varun Kapoor show Swaragini to go off air in December|work=The Indian Express|date=16 November 2016|access-date=6 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802195732/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/swaragini-helly-shah-varun-kapoor-show-to-go-off-air-in-december-4378966/|archive-date=2 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==
Swara is a modern [[Bengalis|Bengali]] girl who lives with her single mother Sharmishtha and her grandmother Shobha. Ragini has been raised as a traditional [[Marwari people|Marwari]] girl by her single father, Shekhar, and her paternal grandmother, Parvati. Swara and Ragini become friends, but learn they are half-sisters as Swara is Shekhar and Sharmishtha's daughter, who were separated because of cultural differences. Later, Swara and Ragini unite and get Sharmishtha and Shekhar married.

Ragini's fiancé Lakshya falls for Swara, who loves him too. Later, Ragini plans to separate them, but is exposed and soon repents. Eventually, Laksh and Ragini marry after she and Swara expose Laksh's ex-lover Kavya. Swara fakes a marriage with Sanskaar, who hates his family after his fiancée Kavita's death. Later, Sanskaar forgives his family. Through the course of time, Swara and Sanskaar, Laksh and Ragini fall in love. Kavita returns and wants Sanskaar back, but later reunites him with Swara. They confess their love and are married again.

Rajat, eyeing the Maheshwari's wealth, traps Sanskaar's sister, and soon kidnaps Swara, who falls off the cliff while Sanskaar shoots him. She loses her memory but is saved by a rockstar, Sahil, who helps her recuperate. He then becomes obsessed with Swara and tries to kidnap her and kill Sanskar but he is arrested with the help of his mother.

Sharmishtha gets pregnant with Shekhar's child but suffers a miscarriage due to Parvati, who does not want a middle-aged woman having a child. It is then revealed that Sharmishtha gave birth to a boy but Parvati ordered the nurse to abandon the boy on the streets with a beggar. Later, Laksh's brother Adarsh and his wife Parineeta seize the family property and the family is forced to shift to Swara and Ragini's house. Swara and Ragini make them realise their mistake and the family is reunited, but finds that Laksh is missing and is assumed dead. Swara blames Sanskaar and they part ways, with she and Ragini returning to their parents.

===Six months later===
Laksh is alive and lives as Abhimanyu Khanna, with Abhimanyu's wife Mansi and daughter Mishka. Swara, Ragini, Sanskaar and Laksh unite as they expose Nikhil and Mansi. Lakshya and Ragini later adopt Mishka. The story ends with the family reunion and Swara and Ragini's music performance.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Helly Shah]] as Swara Gadodia Maheshwari: Shekhar and Sharmishtha's daughter; Ayush's sister; Sanskaar's wife. (2015–2016)
* [[Tejasswi Prakash]] as Ragini Gadodia Maheshwari: Shekhar and Janki's daughter; Lakshya's wife; Mishka's adoptive mother. (2015–2016)
* [[Varun Kapoor]] as Sanskaar Maheshwari: Ramprasad and Sujata's son; Uttara's brother; Swara's husband. (2015–2016)
* [[Namish Taneja]] as Lakshya Maheshwari: Durgaprasad and Annapurna's son; Adarsh's brother; Ragini's husband; Mishka's adoptive father. (2015–2016)

===Recurring===
====Gadodias====
* Abhijit Lahiri as Deendayal Gadodia: Parvati's husband; Shekhar's father; Ragini, Swara and Ayush's grandfather; Mishka's adoptive great-grandfather. (2015–2016)
* [[Alka Kaushal]] as Parvati Gadodia: Deendayal's wife; Shekhar's mother; Ragini, Swara and Ayush's grandmother; Mishka's adoptive great-grandmother. (2015–2016)
* [[Sachin Tyagi]] as Shekhar Gadodia: Deendayal and Parvati's son; Janki and Sharmishtha's husband; Ragini, Swara and Ayush's father; Mishka's adoptive grandfather. (2015–2016)
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Janki Kataria Gadodia: Shekhar's first wife; Ragini's mother; Mishka's adoptive grandmother. (2015–2016)
* [[Parineeta Borthakur]] as Sharmishtha Bose Gadodia: Shekhar's second wife; Swara and Ayush's mother. (2015–2016)
* Ahmad Harhash as Ayush Gadodia: Shekhar and Sharmishtha's son; Swara's brother. (2015–2016)
====Maheshwaris====
* Nagesh Salwan as Durgaprasad "Durga" Maheshwari: Annapurna's husband; Lakshya and Adarsh's father; Mishka's adoptive grandfather. (2015–2016)
* [[Shalini Kapoor]] as Annapurna Maheshwari: Durgaprasad's wife; Lakshya and Adarsh's mother; Mishka's adoptive grandmother. (2015–2016)
* Tasheen Shah as Mishka Maheshwari: Lakshya and Ragini's adopted daughter. (2016)
* Tarun Singh as Adarsh Maheshwari: Durgaprasad and Annapurna's son; Lakshya's brother; Parineeta's husband. (2015–2016)
* Akanksha Chamola as Parineeta "Pari" Patil Maheshwari: Adarsh's wife. (2015–2016)
* Amar Sharma as Ramprasad "Ram" Maheshwari: Sujata's husband; Sankaar and Uttara's father. (2015–2016)
* Sonica Handa as Sujata Maheshwari: Ramprasad's wife; Sanskaar and Uttara's mother. (2015–2016)
* Ekta Methai as Uttara Maheshwari: Ramprasad and Sujata's daughter; Sanskaar's sister. (2015)
** [[Khyati Mangla]] replaced Methai as Uttara Maheshwari. (2015–2016)

====Other Recurring Cast====
*[[Tanima Sen]] as Shobha Bose: Sharmishta's mother; Swara and Ayush's grandmother; Ragini's step-grandmother (2015)
*[[Nikita Sharma]] as Kavita Roy: Kaveri's daughter; Sanskaar's ex-fiancée (2015–2016)
*[[Anuj Sachdeva]] as Sahil Sengupta: Maya's son; Swara's obsessive lover (2016)
*Mughdha Shah as Sulekha Patil: Parineeta's mother (2016)
*[[Mohit Abrol]] as Rajat Lodha: Uttara's ex-fiancé (2016)
*[[Roop Durgapal]] as Tanya "Kavya" Malhotra: Kartik's sister; Lakshya's ex-wife (2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Roop-Durgapal-to-enter-Swaragini/articleshow/51029249.cms|title=Roop Durgapal to enter Swaragini|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 February 2016 |access-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229080904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Roop-Durgapal-to-enter-Swaragini/articleshow/51029249.cms|archive-date=29 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Mayur Verma]] as Karthik Malhotra: Kavya's brother (2016)
*[[Sonia Singh]] as Urvashi Kataria: Janki's sister; Ragini's aunt (2016)
*[[Sonia Shah]] as Kaveri Roy: Kavita's mother (2016)
*[[Nupur Alankar]] as Gayatri Bhandari: Chirag's mother (2016)
*[[Manoj Chandila]] as Chirag Bhandari: Gayatri's son; Uttara's ex-fiancé (2016)
*Pratap Hada as Nikhil Chatterjee: Mansi's boyfriend; Mishka's father (2016)
*Unknown as Mansi Khanna: Abhimanyu's widow; Nikhil's girlfriend; Mishka's mother (2016)
*Unknown as Abhimanyu Khanna: Mansi's husband; Mishka's step-father (2016)

===Guest appearances===
* [[Deepika Padukone]] as Herself to promote ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
* [[Ranveer Singh]] as Himself to promote ''Bajirao Mastani''
* [[Salman Khan]] as Himself to promote ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
* [[Sonam Kapoor]] as Herself to promote ''Prem Ratan Dhan Payo''
* [[Nishant Singh Malkani]] as Himself in a dance performance
* [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] as Herself in a dance performance
* [[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Aradhya Rao from ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
* [[Dipika Kakar]] as Simar Bhardwaj from ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
* [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] as Prem Bharadwaj from ''Sasural Simar Ka''
* [[Karan Johar]] as Himself to promote ''[[India's Got Talent]]''
* [[Malaika Arora Khan]] as Herself to promote ''India's Got Talent''
* [[Kirron Kher]] as Herself to promote ''India's Got Talent''

==Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| [[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/nominations-for-indian-telly-awards-2015-out-see-who-all-have-made-the-cut-273701-2015-11-20 |title=Nominations for Indian Telly Awards 2015 out; see who all have made the cut |accessdate=20 November 2015 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2016
| rowspan="2" | [[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
| Male Actor Of The Year
| [[Varun Kapoor]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05|title=Ishqbaaaz wins big at Asian Viewers Television Awards|magazine=India Today|date=5 December 2017|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093120/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05|archive-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Female Actor Of The Year
| [[Helly Shah]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |Golden Petal Awards
| Best Serial
| ''Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/tv-awards/colors-golden-petal-awards/2016/116 |title=Colors' Golden Petal Awards 2016 Winners List |accessdate=24 September 2016 |magazine=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Varun Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress
| [[Helly Shah]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor - Debut
| [[Namish Taneja]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress In A Comic Role
| [[Sonica Handa]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress In Supporting Role
| [[Parineeta Borthakur]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Favourite Jodi
| [[Varun Kapoor]] & [[Helly Shah]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q19829192|id=tt4622278|title=Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]

Palladam Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:56:49Z

XMC.PL-Master: Stub

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palladam
| type = SLA
| map_image = Constitution-Palladam.svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| constituency_no = 115
| established = 1957
| district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[M. S. M. Anandan]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 329,849
}}
'''Palladam''' is a legislative assembly in [[Tiruppur district]] in [[India]], which includes the town of [[Palladam]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Palladam Assembly constituency is a part of [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> The constituency has been in existence since the 1957 election. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Demographics==
Gender demographics of Palladam constituency as of 01.04.2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/palladam-assembly-elections-tn-115/|title=Patrikai.com 01.04.2021 Voters Count}}</ref> taken ahead of the State General election in Tamilnadu in 2021.

{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Female
!Male
!Transgender
!Total
|-
|2021
|1,93,139
|1,93,904
| 68
|3,87,111
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1957
| [[P. S. Chinnadurai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 1962
| [[Sengaliappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| [[K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Duration
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| 1971-77
| [[K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977-80
| P. G. Kittu
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980-84
| rowspan="2"| [[P. N. Paramasiva Gounder]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984-89
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989-91
| [[M. Kannappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991-96
| K. S. Duraimurugan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996-01
| [[S. S. Ponmudi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001-06
| rowspan="2"| [[S. M. Velusamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006-11
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| 2011-2016
| [[K. P. Paramasivam]]
|-
| Fifteenth
| 2016
| [[Karaipudur A. Natarajan]]
|-
| Sixteenth
| 2021
| [[M. S. M. Anandan]]
|-
|}

==2021 elections==
===Constituency details===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Men
! Women
! Third Gender
! Total
|- style="background:#98FB98;"
| 1,87,927
| 1,87,852
| 60
| 3,75,838<ref name="news18">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/tamil-nadu/tamilnadu-assembly-election-2021-an-overview-of-palladam-constituency-hrp-425855.html|title=Palladam : பல்லடம் சட்டப்பேரவைத் தொகுதி ஒரு பார்வை|website=News18 Tamil}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|57.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|46.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|57.83}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Paramasivam]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Selvaraj |party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tamizhiniyan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Ramkumar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322530|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web|title=palladam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a115|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. M. Anandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=126,903 |percentage=48.86% |change=+1.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthu Rathinam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,212 |percentage=36.28% |change=+2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Subramanian |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=20,524 |percentage=7.90% |change=+6.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Mayilsamy |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=10,227 |percentage=3.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jothimani |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,618 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,802 |percentage=0.69% |change=-0.95 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,691 |percentage=12.59% |change=-0.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=259,709 |percentage=66.63% |change= -5.05% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=98|percentage=0.04% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 389,786 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Karaipudur A. Natarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=111,866 |percentage=47.01% |change=-19.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishna Moorthy|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=79,692|percentage=33.49%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthu Rathinam|party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=14,841|percentage=6.24%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thangaraj|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=13,127|percentage=5.52%|change=+3.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajendran|party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|votes=6,572|percentage=2.76%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=3,904|percentage=1.64%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Velusamy|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=2,911|percentage=1.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumar|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=2,292|percentage=0.96%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nataraj|party=Independent politician|votes=1,547|percentage=0.65%|change=''New''}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,174 |percentage=13.52% |change=-25.92% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=237,966|percentage=71.68%|change=-5.71%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 331,995 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Paramasivam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=118,140 |percentage=66.78% |change=+23.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balasubramanian |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,364 |percentage=27.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmuga Sundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,423 |percentage=2.50% |change=+0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Annadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,693 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Annadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,819 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Senthilmurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,471 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,776 |percentage=39.44% |change=36.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=228,611 |percentage=77.38% |change= 6.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,910 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. M. Velusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,059 |percentage=43.73% |change=-12.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Ponmudi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,542 |percentage=40.42% |change=+6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Subramaniam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=19,697 |percentage=11.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Thirumurthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,492 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Mylswamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,226 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=927 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,517 |percentage=3.30% |change=-18.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=167,080 |percentage=70.73% |change= 10.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 236,223 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. M. Velusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,592 |percentage=55.86% |change=+24.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Ponmudi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,118 |percentage=33.89% |change=-21.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ponnusamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,410 |percentage=7.04% |change=-1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Muthulingam |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,514 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Velusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,514 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,474 |percentage=21.96% |change=-2.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,864 |percentage=60.24% |change= -8.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,455 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Ponmudi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,901 |percentage=55.64% |change=+23.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Duraimurugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,361 |percentage=31.14% |change=-29.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ku. Palanisamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,707 |percentage=8.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rangasamy Naidu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,796 |percentage=2.11% |change=-2.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,540 |percentage=24.50% |change=-4.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=132,825 |percentage=69.12% |change= 4.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,271 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.39% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Duraimurugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,803 |percentage=61.03% |change=+33.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kannappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,079 |percentage=32.42% |change=-6.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Bala Dhandapani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,797 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Murugan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=684 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,724 |percentage=28.61% |change=16.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,376 |percentage=65.09% |change= -9.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,291 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 21.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kannappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,395 |percentage=39.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,819 |percentage=27.42% |change=-26.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivaji Kandessamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,980 |percentage=21.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Palanisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,986 |percentage=9.47% |change=-44.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=779 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,576 |percentage=11.70% |change=0.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,038 |percentage=74.11% |change= 1.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,768 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. N. Paramasiva Gounder]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,083 |percentage=53.97% |change=+5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=40,510 |percentage=42.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Kittu |party=Independent politician |votes=950 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=815 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,573 |percentage=11.17% |change=1.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,647 |percentage=72.31% |change= 6.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,075 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. N. Paramasiva Gounder]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,305 |percentage=48.36% |change=+15.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,345 |percentage=38.81% |change=+14.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramaswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=7,861 |percentage=9.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Muthuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,826 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,960 |percentage=9.55% |change= 1.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,337 |percentage=65.87% |change= -0.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,604 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. G. Kittu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,172 |percentage=33.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,175 |percentage=24.58% |change=-10.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnasamy Gounder |party=Janata Party |votes=19,379 |percentage=23.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. C. Kandasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,658 |percentage=17.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chinnia Gonuder |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,997 |percentage=8.53% |change= -14.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,068 |percentage=66.34% |change= -0.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,740 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Praja Socialist Party |swing= -24.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder]] |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=34,876 |percentage=57.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sengaliappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,070 |percentage=34.78% |change=-1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arangaramurthi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,637 |percentage=7.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,806 |percentage=22.79% |change= 11.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,583 |percentage=67.06% |change= -8.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,853 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Praja Socialist Party |loser=Praja Socialist Party |swing= 10.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder]] |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=31,977 |percentage=46.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sengaliappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,421 |percentage=35.89% |change=-15.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=11,650 |percentage=17.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,556 |percentage=11.10% |change= -17.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,048 |percentage=76.04% |change= 2.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,869 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Praja Socialist Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sengaliappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,437 |percentage=51.66% |change=+14.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Chinnadurai |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=14,736 |percentage=22.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Ramasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,247 |percentage=15.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palamisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,778 |percentage=7.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopalasamy |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,523 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,701 |percentage=28.89% |change= 8.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,721 |percentage=73.22% |change= 21.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,464 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Praja Socialist Party |swing= -6.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palladam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Chinnadurai |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=27,111 |percentage=57.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumarasami Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,515 |percentage=37.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnusami |party=Independent politician |votes=2,255 |percentage=4.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,596 |percentage=20.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,881 |percentage=51.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,803 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Praja Socialist Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.98|N|77.3|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]

Hadapsar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:13Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting a pg.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hadapsar
| map_image = 213-Hadapsar.svg
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 213
| mla = [[Chetan Tupe]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 625,938
}}
'''Hadapsar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /> It is a part of the [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2019, its representative is [[Chetan Vitthal Tupe]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises ward no. 130 of [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (Yerawada revenue circle (Mundhwa Saza) in [[Pune City taluka]] and ward nos. 17, 19 to 23, 26, 131 to 134,
137 to 139 of PMC.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-13}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadapsar Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/hadapsar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| colspan=4 | {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Mahadeo Babar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Yogesh Tilekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Chetan Tupe]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadapsar<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hadapsar">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hadapsar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13213.htm |access-date=4 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104113847/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13213.htm |archive-date=4 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hadapsar Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Hadapsar Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/hadapsar |access-date=4 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104113852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/hadapsar |archive-date=4 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chetan Tupe|Chetan Vitthal Tupe]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,34,810 |percentage = 42.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prashant Sudam Jagtap |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 1,27,688 |percentage = 40.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babar Sainath Sambhaji |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 32,821 |percentage = 10.43% |change={{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangadhar Vitthal Badhe |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,584 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Afroz Mulla |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,641 |percentage = 1.16% |change={{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,946 |percentage = 0.94% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Azhar Basha Tamboli |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 2,632 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Pushpalata Uttamrao Pawar |party=Sambhaji Brigade Party |votes = 2,249 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,122 |percentage = 2.26% |change= {{increase}}1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 3,17,477 |percentage = 50.72% |change= {{increase}}3.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 3,14,531}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,25,938|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadapsar<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chetan Tupe|Chetan Vitthal Tupe]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 92,326 |percentage = 39.17% |change={{increase}}25.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Tilekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 89,506 |percentage = 37.98% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant (Tatya) Krushna More |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 34,809 |percentage = 14.77% |change={{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zahid Ibrahim Shaikh |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 7,901 |percentage = 3.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghansham (Bapu ) Hakke |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,570 |percentage = 3.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,474 |percentage = 1.05% |change={{increase}}0.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,820 |percentage = 1.20% |change= {{decrease}}12.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,38,223 |percentage = 47.24% |change= {{decrease}}5.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,35,695}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,04,259|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadapsar<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Tilekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 82,629 |percentage = 38.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mahadeo Babar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,381 |percentage = 24.18% |change={{decrease}}15.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chetan Tupe|Chetan Vitthal Tupe]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 29,947 |percentage = 13.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhangire Pramod Alias Nana Vasant |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 25,206 |percentage = 11.64% |change={{decrease}}8.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Alias Balasaheb Shivarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,100 |percentage = 10.20% |change={{decrease}}23.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Ramesh Narayan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,064 |percentage = 0.95% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,610 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,248 |percentage = 13.97% |change= {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,18,240 |percentage = 52.36% |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,16,587}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,16,840|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadapsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mahadeo Babar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 65,517 |percentage = 39.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivarkar Chandrkant Vitthalrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 55,208 |percentage = 33.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasant (Tatya) Krushna More |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 33,092 |percentage = 20.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Magar Vikram Shivaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,255 |percentage = 1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bole Vasant Vithuji |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthal Lakshman Satav |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,253 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Balkrishna Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,309 |percentage = 6.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,64,891 |percentage = 45.42% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,64,871}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,63,007|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.51|73.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

J. John Ebenezer

2026-04-19T16:42:21Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. John Ebenezer
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| successor =
| father = John Aruputhanathan
| spouse = J. Kalpana
| children = J. Agnes Chellama (Daughter) J. John Hydan Jacob (Son)
| alma_mater = [[Annamalai University]]
}}

'''J. John Ebenezer''' is an Indian Politician [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070119/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC011.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC011.pdf|access-date= 26 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a011|access-date= 26 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|{{Won}}
|95,763
|51.2%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ebenezer, John. J}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Meenakshi Rohilla

2026-04-19T03:56:51Z

XMC.PL-Master: created initial details basic info.

{{short description|Indian track cyclist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox cyclist
| name = Meenakshi Rohilla
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| full_name =
| nickname =
| birth_name = Meenakshi Rohilla
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|06|25}}
| birth_place = [[Haryana]], India
| height = 176 cm<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenakshi Rohilla: 2022 CWG Profile |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/meenakshi-meenakshi/6eac6e10-f77d-44cc-a8be-1e3104129dd1 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Commonwealth Games - Birmingham 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| weight = 56 kg
| currentteam =
| discipline = [[Track cycling|Track]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=CWG 2022: Indian cyclist Meenakshi suffers horror-crash, gets run over by rival, video viral |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/commonwealth-games-2022/report-cwg-2022-indian-cyclist-meenakshi-suffers-horror-crash-gets-run-over-by-rival-video-viral-2973194/amp |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
| role = Rider
| ridertype =
| amateuryears1 =
| amateurteam1 =
| amateuryears2 =
| amateurteam2 =
| proyears1 =
| proteam1 =
| proyears2 =
| proteam2 =
| majorwins =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[track cycling]]}} [[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Cycling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2022 Asian Track Cycling Championships|2022 New Delhi]]|Team pursuit}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[ACC Track Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|2023 Suphan Buri|Scratch}}
{{Medal|Gold|2023 Suphan Buri|Omnium}}
{{Medal|Gold|2023 Suphan Buri|Points race}}
{{Medal|Gold|2023 Suphan Buri|3 km pursuit}}
}}

'''Meenakshi Rohilla''' (born 25 June 2002)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cycling Track Meenakshi - Hangzhou 2022 Asian Games |url=https://www.ocagames.com/HZ_Info/AG2022-/en/results/cycling-track/athlete-profile-n2001648-meenakshi.htm |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.ocagames.com |language=en-us}}</ref> is an Indian [[Track cycling|track cyclist]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Commonwealth Games 2022: Indian cyclist Meenakshi suffers horrific crash after being run over by rival |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/story/commonwealth-games-2022-indian-cyclist-meenakshi-suffers-horrific-crash-after-being-run-over-by-rival-1982944-2022-08-02 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She is a four-time gold medalist at the [[ACC Track Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] and a bronze medalist at the [[Asian Cycling Championships|Asian Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Track Cycling Championships: Indian riders create history with four bronze medals on opening day |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-track-cycling-championships-2022-india-results-day-1|website=Olympics}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rohilla was born on 25 June 2002 in [[Haryana]], India.

==Career==
In 2022, Rohilla participated in the [[2022 Asian Track Cycling Championships|Asian Championships]] and won a bronze in the team pursuit event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Track Cycling Championships: India finish with best-ever nine senior medals |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-track-cycling-championships-2022-india-results-day-5-final |website=Olympics}}</ref> She also finished 5th in the 3 km pursuit 7th in the omnium race.

She was a part of the cycling contingent at both the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-08-01 |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 {{!}} Indian cyclist Meenakshi suffers crash, run over by rival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2022-indian-cyclist-meenakshi-suffers-crash-run-over-by-rival/article65713462.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At the [[2023 Asian Track Cycling Championships|2023 Asian Championships]], she finished 12th in the omnium event and 6th in the 3 km pursuit and team pursuit events. At the [[ACC Track Asia Cup|2023 Asia Cup]], she won four golds in scratch, points race, omnium, and the 3 km pursuit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Track Asia Cup: Winners |url=https://www.thaicycling.or.th/assets/files/trackasiacup/startlist/sl_1693212623.pdf|website=Thai Cycling}}</ref>

Rohilla came very close to two more medals by finishing 4th in both the 3 km pursuit and the team pursuit events at the [[2024 Asian Track Cycling Championships|2024 Asian Championships]]. Despite the close calls, she set a new national record in the pursuit race with a timing of 3:42.5s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Track Cycling Championships: Indian cyclists add two gold, one silver, one bronze to kitty |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/asian-track-cycling-championships-indian-cyclists-add-two-gold-one-silver-one-bronze-to-kitty20240224100017/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> She qualified for the [[2024 UCI Track Cycling World Championships|World Championships]] and finished 19th in the 3 km pursuit race.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-13 |title=Six Indian cyclists qualify for World Track Cycling Championships |url=https://thebridge.in/cycling/india-longest-cycle-race-from-srinagar-to-kanyakumari-concludes-50303 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref> The qualification was historic as India was being represented in endurance events for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-09-13 |title=India makes history as six riders qualify for World Track Cycling Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/six-indian-cyclists-qualify-world-track-cycling-championship-first-time-ronaldo-singh-david-beckham/article68638531.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cycling in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{UCI rider|1234667|Meenakshi}}
* [https://firstcycling.com/m/rider.php?r=210251 Meenakshi] at First Cycling
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|cycling-track/athlete-profile-n2001648-meenakshi|Meenakshi}}
* [https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/meenakshi-meenakshi/6eac6e10-f77d-44cc-a8be-1e3104129dd1 Meenakshi] at [[Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohilla, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female cyclists]]
[[Category:Indian track cyclists]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games cyclists for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Bijairaghogarh

2026-04-19T02:51:26Z

XMC.PL-Master: added

{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
|conventional_long_name = Bijairaghogarh
|common_name = 
|status = [[Princely state]] under the protection of the [[British Raj]] (1826–1857) Independent state in rebellion against the British Raj (1857–1858)
|year_start = 1826
|event_end = Disestablished after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]]
|year_end = 1858
|image_map = Rewah map.jpg
|image_map_alt =
|image_map_caption = Bijairaghogarh and neighbouring regions
|capital =
|common_languages =
|religion =
|demonym =
|currency =
|today = [[India]]
}}
'''Bijairaghogarh''' (or '''Vijayraghavgarh''') was a [[princely state]] in [[India]]. It was disestablished due to its participation in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

==History==
[[Durjan Singh (ruler)|Durjan Singh]], the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]], had two sons: [[Bishan Singh of Maihar|Bishan Singh]] and [[Prag Das]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=135}}</ref> After his death in 1826, his territory was divided into two parts.<ref name=":0" /> His eldest son, [[Bishan Singh of Maihar|Bishan Singh]], succeeded him as the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]], while his younger son, [[Prag Das]], was granted Bijairaghogarh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ? |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=380 |language=en}}</ref> The state first came into contact with the [[East India Company]] when, through a sanad on 29 February 1828, it recognized [[Prag Das]] as the ruler of Bijairaghogarh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a_smr%CC%A5ti/5Rp_wtgqCbMC |title=Kr̥ṣṇa-smr̥ti: Studies in Indian Art and Archaeology : Prof. K.D. Bajpai Commemoration Volume |last2=Agrawal |first2=Ramesh Chandra |last3=Misra |first3=Om Prakash |date=1995 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-055-8 |pages=398 |language=en}}</ref>

It was confiscated in 1858 by the [[East India Company]] due to the involvement of its [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]], [[Surju Prasad]], in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin T. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Statistical_Descriptive_and_Historical_A/mxiLhPPO9_kC? |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: Bundelkhand |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |pages=535–536 |language=en}}</ref> Upon its confiscation, the then ruler of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] claimed that since it had originally been part of [[Maihar State|Maihar]], it should be returned to him.<ref name=":3" /> However, his claim was rejected, and in 1865, it was incorporated into the territories administered by the [[Chief commissioner|Chief Commissioner]] of the [[Central Provinces]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/hGMNAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1933 |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch |pages=7,236–238 |language=en}}</ref> But, due to the valuable services rendered to the British by the ruler of [[Maihar State|Maihar]] in 1857, he was granted 11 villages from the confiscated state in 1859.<ref name=":4" />

==Rulers==
Like the ruling house of [[Maihar State|Maihar]], the rulers of Bijairaghogarh claimed descent from [[Beni Singh]], a grandson of Thakur Bhim Singh, who served under the renowned [[Chhatrasal|Chhatarsal]].<ref name=":1" /> They claimed that their ancestors migrated from [[Alwar state|Alwar]] between the 17th and 18th centuries and were granted land by the ruler of [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh |first=India Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/District_Census_Handbook_Madhya_Pradesh/4D8_2S_Gw84C |title=District Census Handbook, Madhya Pradesh: Satna |date=1964 |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |pages=XLI |language=en}}</ref> They claimed to be [[Rajput]]s of the [[Kachhwaha]] clan.<ref name=":2" /> However, no evidence supported this claim.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cotton |first=James Sutherland |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/PnZDAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Thakurs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign began
!Reign ended
|-
|[[Prag Das]]
|1826
|1845
|-
|[[Surju Prasad]]
|1845
|1858
|}

==See also==
*[[Maihar State]]
*[[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)]]
*[[List of princely states of British India (by region)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{MP Princely States}}
{{Princely states annexed by British India}}

[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:1826 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1858 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1858]]

{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}

Seppa West Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:57Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created some stub with sources

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Seppa West
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 11
| map_image = Seppa West Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Mama Natung]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 8,408
}}
'''Seppa West''' is one of the 60 constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh]]. Name of current MLA (August 2016) of this constituency is [[Mama Natung]]. It is located in [[West Kameng district]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Seppa West location |url= http://wikiedit.org/India/Seppa/261117/ |publisher=Wikiedit Site |access-date = 11 September 2016}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |'''[[Seppa Assembly constituency]]''' '''(1978-1990)'''
|-
|[[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Donglo Sonam]]
|
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nyari Welly]]
|
|[[People's Party of Arunachal]]
|-
|[[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Seppa West Assembly Constituency(1990 till date)'''
|-
|[[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4032-arunachal-pradesh-1990/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Hari Natung]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4035-arunachal-pradesh-1995/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4036-arunachal-pradesh-1999/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4038-arunachal-pradesh-2004/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Tani Loffa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4039-arunachal-pradesh-2009/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4040-arunachal-pradesh-2014/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=3|[[Mama Natung]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seppa West">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seppa West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0211.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519151212/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0211.htm |archive-date=19 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Seppa West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Seppa West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/seppa-west |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519151118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/seppa-west |archive-date=19 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mama Natung]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,430 |percentage=58.14% |change={{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tani Loffa]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,181 |percentage=41.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=9 |percentage=0.12% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,249 |percentage=16.39% |change= {{decrease}}6.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,620 |percentage=90.63% |change= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,408 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mama Natung]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,059 |percentage=60.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tani Loffa]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,505 |percentage=37.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorsomi Degio |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=51 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,554 |percentage=23.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,669 |percentage=91.47% |change= {{increase}}91.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,291 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Mama Natung]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,284 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,284 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Trinamool Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tani Loffa]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,783 |percentage=52.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Notung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,472 |percentage=47.04% |change={{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=311 |percentage=5.92% |change= {{decrease}}6.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,255 |percentage=94.96% |change= {{increase}}15.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,534 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}21.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tani Loffa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,123 |percentage=56.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Notung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,432 |percentage=43.78% |change={{decrease}}13.71 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=691 |percentage=12.44% |change= {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,555 |percentage=77.22% |change= {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,006 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Notung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,594 |percentage=57.49% |change={{increase}}21.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tani Loffa]] |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,918 |percentage=42.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=676 |percentage=14.98% |change= {{increase}}8.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,512 |percentage=78.64% |change= {{decrease}}6.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,950 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Notung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,620 |percentage=36.15% |change={{increase}}13.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rachob Taba |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,326 |percentage=29.59% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorsomi Degio |party=Janata Party |votes=804 |percentage=17.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aja Natung |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=731 |percentage=16.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=294 |percentage=6.56% |change= {{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,481 |percentage=85.87% |change= {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,434 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}9.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Seppa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Natung |party=Independent politician |votes=1,800 |percentage=45.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Matum Rime |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,263 |percentage=31.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dera Degio |party=Indian National Congress |votes=918 |percentage=23.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=537 |percentage=13.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,981 |percentage=85.52% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,785 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Tani Loffa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.361|93.028|display=title}}

[[Category:West Kameng district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Bagidora Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:32:47Z

XMC.PL-Master: Done...

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bagidora
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-165-Bagidora.svg
| mla = [[Jaikrishn Patel]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Banswara district|Banswara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:264743}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 165
}}
'''Bagidora Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Banswara district|Banswara]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2024, it is represented by [[Jaikrishn Patel]] of the [[Bharat Adivasi Party]] party.<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|Nathu Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Panna Lal
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Soma
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Poonja Lal
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan=2|[[Jeetmal Khant]]
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=4| [[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024]]
|[[Jaikrishn Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Rajasthan|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Bagidora<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Bagidora">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Bagidora |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S20165.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807153006/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S20165.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jaikrishn Patel]]
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|votes = 122,573
|percentage = 58.45
|change = {{increase}}31.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhash Tamboliya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 71,139
|percentage = 33.92
|change = {{increase}}13.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kapoor Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 8,904
|percentage = 4.25
|change = {{decrease}}41.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 7,092
|percentage = 3.38
|change = {{increase}}2.58
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 51,434
|percentage = 24.53
|change = {{increase}}5.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 209,708
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharat Adivasi Party|BAP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}31.35
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Bagidora<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:101742}}
|percentage = 45.65
|change = -3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jaikrishn Patel
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:60387}}
|percentage = 27.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishna Katara
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:45140}}
|percentage = 20.25
|change = -18.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Basant Lal Garasiya
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|votes = {{formatnum:8517}}
|percentage = 3.82
|change = -1.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pravin
|votes = {{formatnum:2759}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change = -0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4335}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change = -0.88
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:41355}}
|percentage = 18.56
|change = +7.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222880}}
|percentage = 84.19
|change = +0.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagidora<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya
|votes = {{formatnum:97638}}
|percentage = 49.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Khemraj Garasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:76328}}
|percentage = 38.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Kamalkant Katara
|votes = {{formatnum:9538}}
|percentage = 4.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ratan
|votes = {{formatnum:3309}}
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jahu
|votes = {{formatnum:2837}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5581}}
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21310}}
|percentage = 10.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197862}}
|percentage = 83.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banswara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|23.4|74.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Banswara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

List of highest-grossing Indian animated films

2026-04-16T02:07:48Z

XMC.PL-Master:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
This list ranks the highest-grossing Indian animated films by their box office performance.

== List ==
The following is a list of the top-grossing Indian animated films in terms of theatrical box office. Figures are approximate and listed in Indian Rupees (₹ crore).<ref name="TOI2025">{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha box office collection Day 4: Ashwin Kumar directorial emerges as highest grossing Indian animated film, surpasses Hanuman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/mahavatar-narsimha-box-office-collection-day-4-ashwin-kumar-directorial-emerges-as-highest-grossing-indian-animated-film-surpasses-hanuman-with-rs-21-95-crore-collection/articleshow/122964590.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025-07-31 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Box Office India – Animation Films |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/genre.php?genre=animation |website=Box Office India |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#b6fcb6;" | *
| Denotes films still running in theatres
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Rank
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Gross
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1
| ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
| 2025
| ₹326.82 crore
| {{efn|name="mahavatar"|''Mahavatar Narsimha''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between
₹300 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When and where to watch mythological epic that became India's biggest animated hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-that-became-india-s-biggest-animated-hit-101758202695503.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha finally gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/18/mahavatar-narsimha-finally-gets-ott-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Mythological Epic That Became A Box Office Blockbuster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-box-office-blockbuster-ws-kl-9581810.html |website=News18 |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) –
₹324.5 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Ashwin Kumar's mythological blockbuster online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-confirmed-where-and-when-to-watch-ashwin-kumars-animated-blockbuster-online/articleshow/123980571.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=19 September 2025}}</ref>) –
₹325 crore (''[[DNA India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When, where to watch Ashwin Kumar's blockbuster animated film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-ashwin-kumar-blockbuster-animated-film-netflix-3180718 |website=DNA India |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
|2
|''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]''
|2014
|₹30 crore
|<ref name="APRIL 2013">{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=27 December 2014 |title=Now, Kochadaiyaan producers in financial tangle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/now-kochadaiyaan-producers-in-financial-tangle/article6729035.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330103700/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/now-kochadaiyaan-producers-in-financial-tangle/article6729035.ece |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
|2014
|₹24 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ten Punjabi Grossers All Time - Carry On Jatta 2 Rules |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4015 | website=Box Office India |language=en | access-date = 12 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[Hanuman (2005 film)|''Hanuman'']]|| 2005 || ₹11.47 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web |title=All Time – Top India Animation Grossers (Adjusted Nett Gross) |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/genre.php?genre=animation |website=Box Office India |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || ''[[Roadside Romeo]]''|| 2008 || ₹6.46 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 6 || ''[[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2012 film)|Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan]]''|| 2012 || ₹4.54 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 7 || ''[[Motu Patlu: King of Kings]]''|| 2016 || ₹4.44 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 8 || ''[[Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali]]''|| 2013 || ₹3.93 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 9 || ''Chhota Bheem: Himalayan Adventure''|| 2016 || ₹3.90 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 10 || [[Jumbo (2008 film)|''Jumbo'']]|| 2008 || ₹3.38 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 11 || ''[[Return of Hanuman]]''|| 2007 || ₹2.81 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 12 || ''[[Chhota Bheem: Kung Fu Dhamaka]]''|| 2019 || ₹2.78 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 13 || ''[[Delhi Safari]]''|| 2012 || ₹2.29 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 14 || ''[[Arjun: The Warrior Prince]]''|| 2012 || ₹2.12 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 15 || ''Ghatotkach – Master of Magic''|| 2008 || ₹1.54 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 16 || ''Mighty Raju: Rio Calling''|| 2014 || ₹1.40 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 17 || ''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]''|| 2013 || ₹1.35 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 18 || ''[[Krishna (2006 film)|Krishna]]''|| 2006 || ₹1.34 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 19 || ''[[Hanuman Da Damdaar]]''|| 2017 || ₹1.13 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
| 20 || ''[[Krishna Aur Kans]]''|| 2012 || ₹1.10 crore || <ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of highest-grossing animated films in India]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian animated films]]

Sakleshpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:37Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created some stub more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sakleshpur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 199
| map_image = 199-Sakleshpur constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:205876}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = Cement Manju
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]]
}}

'''Sakleshpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Hassan district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. [[Cement Manju]] is the current MLA as he won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || S. A. Vasanna Setty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. P. Chikkegowda || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. M. Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | J. D. Somappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. D. Basavaraju || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Gurudev || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[B. B. Shivappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || H. M. Viswanath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Cement Manju]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sakleshpur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sakleshpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10199.htm?ac=199 |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409163929/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10199.htm?ac=199 |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Cement Manju]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,604 |percentage = 35.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 56,548 |percentage = 34.29% |change = {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murali Mohan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,811 |percentage = 25.96% |change = {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Shivamma |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,536 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Pavan Kumar |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,002 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prathap. K. A |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,000 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,056 |percentage = 1.25% |change = {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,941 |percentage = 80.12% |change = {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,898}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,876 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sakleshpur Constituency Election Results">{{cite news |title=Sakleshpur Constituency Election Results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/sakleshpur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99304599.cms |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409163923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/sakleshpur-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99304599.cms |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 62,262 |percentage = 38.67% |change = {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somashekar Jayaraj |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,320 |percentage = 35.60% |change = {{increase}}30.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,002 |percentage = 22.98% |change = {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,597 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Pradeep Kumar |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,148 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,942 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{decrease}}19.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,199 |percentage = 82.36% |change = {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,008}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,717 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 63,602 |percentage = 43.49% |change = {{increase}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mallesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,533 |percentage = 20.88% |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh Belagodu |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 28,117 |percentage = 19.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. H. R. Narayanaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,336 |percentage = 5.02% |change = {{decrease}}23.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumargourav Hethur |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,424 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Babu. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,069 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaiah |party = Hindusthan Nirman Dal |votes = 1,309 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Valalahalli Veeresha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,032 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,069 |percentage = 22.61% |change = {{increase}}12.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,591 |percentage = 77.42% |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,229}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,602 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}4.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 49,768 |percentage = 39.44% |change = {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nirvanaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,473 |percentage = 28.90% |change = {{increase}}23.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. C. Sannaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,352 |percentage = 20.88% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sridhara Kaliveera |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,154 |percentage = 6.46% |change = {{decrease}}9.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhara Prasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,058 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupaksha. T. R |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 1,299 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shanmukha Kallaiah |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,083 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,295 |percentage = 10.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,230 |percentage = 75.21% |change = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,187}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,833 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Viswanath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 41,704 |percentage = 38.33% |change = {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. B. Shivappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,911 |percentage = 18.30% |change = {{decrease}}11.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Basavaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,375 |percentage = 17.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sridhara Kaliveera |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 17,174 |percentage = 15.78% |change = {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekar. E. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,605 |percentage = 5.15% |change = {{decrease}}25.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh. H. S |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,140 |percentage = 2.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel N. B. Anand |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,144 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Komalanatha @ Bhagya. U. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 751 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,793 |percentage = 20.03% |change = {{increase}}18.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,937 |percentage = 72.00% |change = {{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,804}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,293 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. B. Shivappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,702 |percentage = 30.82% |change = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Gurudev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,358 |percentage = 29.51% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Viswanath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 29,682 |percentage = 28.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. C. Shankarachar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,863 |percentage = 5.70% |change = {{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Somappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,621 |percentage = 4.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thammayanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 646 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,344 |percentage = 1.31% |change = {{decrease}}9.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,890 |percentage = 73.53% |change = {{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,872}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,969 |percentage = 4.61% |change = {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,735 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. B. Shivappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,761 |percentage = 40.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Somappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,852 |percentage = 29.50% |change = {{decrease}}11.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Basavaraju |party = Janata Dal |votes = 25,630 |percentage = 25.33% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Balaraj |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,178 |percentage = 2.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Lakshmana |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,090 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. D. Khande Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 690 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,909 |percentage = 10.78% |change = {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,798 |percentage = 72.94% |change = {{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,197}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,601 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,930 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gurudev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,039 |percentage = 40.80% |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Yajaman |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,025 |percentage = 34.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Basavaraju |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,927 |percentage = 23.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,014 |percentage = 6.13% |change = {{decrease}}18.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,957 |percentage = 76.15% |change = {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,136}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,821 |percentage = 4.68% |change = {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,195 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}18.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Basavaraju |party = Janata Party |votes = 46,511 |percentage = 59.77% |change = {{increase}}53.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Yajaman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,997 |percentage = 34.69% |change = {{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Nanjunath |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,230 |percentage = 2.87% |change = {{decrease}}31.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Byraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,514 |percentage = 25.08% |change = {{increase}}17.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,039 |percentage = 74.10% |change = {{increase}}12.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,815}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,224 |percentage = 1.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,662 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Somappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,778 |percentage = 41.89% |change = {{increase}}24.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Nanjunath |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,253 |percentage = 34.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Bhuvanaksha |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,902 |percentage = 9.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. B. Kalingan |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,554 |percentage = 5.78% |change = {{decrease}}27.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,910 |percentage = 3.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. D. Khande Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,747 |percentage = 2.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,525 |percentage = 7.35% |change = {{decrease}}7.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,983 |percentage = 61.65% |change = {{decrease}}16.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,538}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,445 |percentage = 2.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,160 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Somappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,658 |percentage = 48.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. B. Shivappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,361 |percentage = 32.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokeshgowda. D. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,985 |percentage = 17.66% |change = {{decrease}}45.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddegowda. A. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 689 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,297 |percentage = 15.17% |change = {{decrease}}24.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,519 |percentage = 78.22% |change = {{increase}}17.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,869}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,650 |percentage = 2.37% |change = {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,876 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,233 |percentage = 63.17% |change = {{increase}}15.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Venkataramana |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,046 |percentage = 23.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Lokesha |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,025 |percentage = 9.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaiah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,807 |percentage = 4.19% |change = {{decrease}}48.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,187 |percentage = 39.87% |change = {{increase}}34.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,591 |percentage = 60.68% |change = {{decrease}}16.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,111}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,488 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}10.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Chikkegowda |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 22,650 |percentage = 52.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Gurappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,293 |percentage = 47.26% |change = {{decrease}}16.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,357 |percentage = 5.49% |change = {{decrease}}29.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,994 |percentage = 76.98% |change = {{increase}}21.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,943}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,449 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sakleshpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Vasanna Setty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,623 |percentage = 63.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. B. Shetty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,437 |percentage = 28.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. John Taylor |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,358 |percentage = 8.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,186 |percentage = 34.63% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,120 |percentage = 55.71% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,418}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,659 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hassan district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.94|75.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]

Mahishadal Girls' College

2026-04-12T05:11:48Z

XMC.PL-Master: Redirect page

#Redirect [[Vidyasagar University]]

Shiju AR

2026-04-04T10:08:37Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created initial details added tags...

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1974)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Indian name|Shiju|Abdul Rasheed}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiju AR
| birth_name = Shiju Abdul Rasheed
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|08|04}}
| image =
| image caption =
| other_names = Devi Shiju (Telugu) Vishal (Tamil)
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala|Kerala, India]]
| occupation = Actor
| parents =
| education = St Albert's School,[[Ernakulam]], SSM Polytechnic College,[[Tirur]]

| children = 1
| relatives =
| years_active = 1994-present
}}
'''Shiju Abdul Rasheed''' (born 4 August 1974), known as '''Shiju AR''', is an Indian actor who works mainly in [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.<ref name="shijoo">{{cite web|title=Meet The Star|url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/star-details.php?member_id=343|website=Malayalamcinema.com|publisher=[[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|AMMA]]|accessdate=6 September 2016|archive-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013053948/http://www.malayalamcinema.com/star-details.php?member_id=343|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also known by stage name '''Devi Shiju''' in Telugu films as he played a lead role in [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]'s '' [[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]''. He has appeared in more than 50 films in Malayalam, Telugu, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], English and several popular TV series in Malayalam. Shiju made a comeback to Malayalam mini screen through ''[[Neeyum Njanum (TV series)|Neeyum Njanum]]'' serial in [[Zee Keralam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=From Shiju AR to Reneesha Rahiman: Know all about confirmed contestants of Bigg Boss Malayalam 5 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-from-shiju-ar-to-reneesha-rahiman-know-all-about-confirmed-contestants-of-bigg-boss-malayalam-5-3032367 }}</ref>

==Career==
Shiju has a career that has spanned 27 years from Telugu to Malayalam and on to an international movie. In 1996 was his debut and first success in a Tamil movie named ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' as a villain, directed by A. Venkatesh. He further worked in a Telugu movie as a hero named ''Devi'', directed by Kodirama Krishna. He then worked in various movies like ''Manasantha Nuve'', ''Nuvu Nakku Natchavu'', ''Simharasi'' and ''Ammayikosam''. Moving on to Mollywood, he worked in ''IIshtamanu Nooru Vattam'', ''King Solomon'',''Kalachakram'', ''[[Sidhartha (1998 film)|Sidhartha]]'', ''[[Vaachalam|Vachalam]]'', etc. He then worked for an international film named ''[[In the Name of Buddha]]'', directed by [[Rajesh Touchriver|national award winner Rajesh Touchriver]].

Shiju took a break in 2004 and shifted his focus into TV serials. He made a comeback with ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' in 2013. Further, he had done Malayalam movies ''[[Sound Thoma]]'', ''Polytechnic'', ''Dolphin Bar'', ''Cousins'' and ''Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum'' etc. Of late he had appeared in roles in Telugu movies, including ''[[Kirrak Party]]'', ''Supreme, Bluff Master, Sathamaanam Bhavathi, Taxiwala'' and ''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]''.

==Filmography==
===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |1995|| ''Mazhavil Koodaram''||||Debut Film
|-
| rowspan="6" |1996|| ''Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam''||Sreeprasad||Debut Lead Film in Lead role
|-
|''Man of the Match''||Gimmy George ||
|-
|''Yuvathruki''|| ||
|-
|''Mahatma The Great''|| ||
|-
|''Kanjirappally Kariachan'' ||College Student||
|-
|''King Solomon''||Ashok Nair||
|-
|1997||''[[Vaachalam]]''||Vinod||
|-
|Rowspan=2 |1998 ||''[[Anuragakottaram]]'' ||Bijoy Wilson ||
|-
| [[Sidhartha (1998 film)|''Sidhartha'']]||Balu||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''Mazhamegha Praavukal''||Shyam||
|-
|[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|''Dosth'']]||Shankar||
|-
|2002
|''Kaalachakram''||Agnivesh||
|-
|2010||''[[Kaaryasthan]]''||Himself||Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan=6|2013||''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]''||Sunnichan||
|-
|''[[Sound Thoma]]''||Plapparambil Joykutty||
|-
|''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''||Chakka Vijayan||
|-
|''[[Nadodimannan]]''||Owner of Demolition Company||
|-
|''[[Vishudhan]]''|| Monichan||
|-
|''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]''|| Alex's friend||
|-
|Rowspan=7|2014||[[Cousins (2014 film)|''Cousins'']]||Chandran||
|-
| ''Kuruthamkettavan''|| ||
|-
| [[Villali Veeran]] || Police Officer ||
|-
| [[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|''Avatharam'']] || Bai Jabbar||
|-
| [[The Dolphins (film)|''Dolphins'']] ||||
|-
| ''[[Ring Master]]'' ||Kishor Kumar||
|-
| [[Polytechnic (film)|''Polytechnic'']] ||||
|-
|2015||''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' ||||
|-
|2016
| ''[[Pa Va]]''||George||
|-
|2018
|''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]''|| ||
|-
|2021
|''[[One (2021 film)|One]]''
||Satheesh Manohar||
|-
|}

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
|1999
| [[Devi (1999 film)|''Devi'']] ||Vijay||Telugu Debut
|-
|2000
| ''Shatru''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2001|| ''[[Simharasi]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]''||Prasad||
|-
|[[Chiranjeevulu (2001 film)|''Chiranjeevulu'']]||Kiran||
|-
|''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]''||Anu's friend||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2002||[[Adrustam (2002 film)|''Adrustam'']]||Robin||
|-
|''Pasuppu Kunkuma''|| ||
|-
|''[[Siva Rama Raju]]'' ||Swati's husband||
|-
|''Trinetram''|| ||
|-
|''Sambhavi IPS''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ammayi Kosam]]'' ||||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005|| ''[[Ayodhya (2005 Telugu film)|Ayodhya]]''|| Jagan ||
|-
|''[[Gowtam SSC]]''||Manoj||
|-
|2016|| [[Supreme (film)|''Supreme'']]||Raja Rao||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017 ||''[[Lanka (2017 film)|Lanka]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]''||Raju's uncle||
|-
|''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' ||Priya's father||
|-
| [[Two Countries (2017 film)|''2 Countries'']]||Laya's step-father||
|-
| rowspan="9" |2018|| ''[[Kirrak Party]]'' ||Meera's father||
|-
|''[[Raju Gadu]]'' ||Tanvi's father||
|-
| ''[[Taxiwaala]]''||Raghuram||
|-
|''Parichayam''|| ||
|-
| ''Chandamama Raave''|| ||
|-
|''Uthammudu''|| ||
|-
|''Made For Each Other''|| ||
|-
|''Viswadabhi Rama Vinura Vema''|| ||
|-
|[[Bluff Master (2019 film)|''Bluff Master'']] ||ACP Chandra Sekhar||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019||[[Jodi (2019 film)|''Jodi'']] ||Raju||
|-
| ''[[Iddari Lokam Okate]]'' ||Varsha's father||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|''Anaganaga Oka Rowdy''
|Reddy
|
|-
|''Kothi Komachi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]''
|CM
|
|-
|''Raaja Yogam''
|
|
|-
|''Moneyshe''
|
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Hidimba (film)|Hidimba]]'' ||Police inspector ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''
||Abhinav Vasudev ||
|-
|2026
|''[[Mrithyunjay]]'' || Police Commissioner || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvo59XR5cNc|title=Mrithyunjay - Trailer | Sree Vishnu | Reba Monica John| Kaala Bhairava | Sri Hussain Sha Kiran|date=27 February 2026|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
!Notes
|-
|1996
|[[Mahaprabhu (film)|''Mahaprabhu'']] ||Bhaskar||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Tamil debut (credited as Vishal; named after producer [[Vishal (actor)|Janaki Devi]]'s son)
|-
|1999 || ''[[Iraniyan (film)|Iraniyan]]'' || Aande's right hand || Tamil || Uncredited role
|-
|2000
|''Mr. Kokila''|| ||[[Kannada]]||Uncredited role
|-
|2002
|''[[In the Name of Buddha]]'' || Dr. Shiva||[[English language|English]] Tamil [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] [[Hindi]] ||
|-
|}

==Television (partial)==
*''All TV series are in Malayalam-language, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2003-2004||''Swantham''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004-2005||''Sthreehridayam''
|[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|''Thalolam''
| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2006||''Sooryaputhri''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007||''Mandaram''||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|''Nandanam''|| rowspan="2" |[[Surya TV]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008||''Priyamanasi ''||
|-
|''Aa Amma ''||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]''|| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009||''Sreemahabhagavatham''||
|- Acted With Sarath Das
|''Pakalmazha''||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010||''Snehatheeram''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
| ''Lipstick'' || rowspan="3" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011||''Alavudinte albuthavilakku''||
|-
|''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''||
|-
|2011-2013||''[[Akashadoothu (TV series)]]''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2012||''Agniputhri''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2013||''Avakashikal''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2014||''Sooryakaladi''||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2014-2015 ||''Prathibimbam''||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] Serial
|-
|2014-2015||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015||''Punarjani''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|''Vishwaroopam''||[[Flowers TV]]||
|-
|2016||''Jagratha''||[[Amrita TV]] ||
|-
|2019–2020||''Sabarimala Swami Ayyapan''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2020–2023||''[[Neeyum Njanum (TV series)]]''|| rowspan="5" |[[Zee Keralam]]||
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Ambili |date=2021-10-30 |title=45 വയസുകാരൻ്റെ പ്രണയം 20 വയസുകാരിയോട്; സീരിയല്‍ ഇഷ്ടപ്പെടാനുണ്ടായ കാരണത്തെ കുറിച്ച് ഷിജുവും സുസ്മിതയും |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/actor-shiju-abdul-rasheed-and-susmitha-opens-up-about-neeyum-njanum-serial-experiences-45-076126.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=malayalam.filmibeat.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|2020/2022||''[[Chembarathi (TV series)]]''|| rowspan="3" |Guest appearance
|-
|2020||''[[Sathya Enna Penkutty]]''
|-
|2021||''[[Karthika Deepam (Malayalam TV series)|Karthikadeepam]]''
|-
|2022||''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]''||Guest Appearance in promo
|-
|2023||''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Himself as contestant
<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-31 |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 5's Shiju AR opens up about his struggle days: I had walked kilometers as I didn't have money to buy the bus ticket |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-5s-shiju-ar-opens-up-about-his-struggle-days-i-had-walked-kilometers-as-i-didnt-have-money-to-buy-the-bus-ticket/articleshow/99139920.cms |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024—Present
|Akale
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Akale Serial Zee Keralam Cast - Actors Name And Characters |url=https://www.keralatv.in/star-cast-of-akale-serial-zee-keralam/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1196446}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Shiju&limit=12 Shiju at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AR, Shiju}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]

Birendra Nath Katham

2026-04-04T03:49:24Z

XMC.PL-Master: entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Birendra Nath Katham
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|January 1906}}
| birth_place = Kathambari, [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1971
| predecessor1 = [[N. R. Ghosh|Nalini Ranjan Ghosh]]
| successor1 = [[Tuna Oraon]]
| constituency2 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1957
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Upendra Nath Barman]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Puspa Rani Katham
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =

|
| year =

|
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/783.htm
}}
'''Birendra Nath Katham''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="List of Members 1969 p. ">{{cite book | title=List of Members | publisher=Superintendent, Government Print. | year=1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFMKAAAAIAAJ | access-date=12 Mar 2023 | page=103}}</ref><ref name="Reed Times of India (Firm) 1956 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | author2=Times of India (Firm) | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company | year=1956 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQUfAQAAMAAJ | access-date=12 Mar 2023 | page=956}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1956 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Who's who | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1956 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBM6oUa4sEoC | access-date=12 Mar 2023 | page=172}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/783.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]

[[Category:1906 births]]

[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]

Upper Backward Castes of Bihar

2026-03-30T15:21:50Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created basic stub v1...

{{Short description|Social group}}
{{About|the [[caste]]s kept in Annexure-II of the Mungeri Lal commission report on classification of [[Other Backward Castes|OBCs]] in [[Bihar]]. The Annexure-II castes were socio-economically sound as compared to the Annexure-I castes|caste kept unreserved for the purpose of [[Government of India]]'s reservation scheme in educational institutions and public services|Forward caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

The '''Upper Backward Caste''' is a term used to describe the middle castes in [[Bihar]], whose social and ritual status was not very low and which have traditionally been involved in the agricultural and animal husbandry related activities in the past. They have also been involved in low scale trade to some extent. The [[Kushwaha]]s ([[Koeri]]s), [[Kurmi]]s, [[Yadav]]s are categorised as the upper-backwards amongst the [[Other Backward Class]] group;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&q=kurmi+ahir+koiri|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |last=Kumar|first=Ashwani |date=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843317098 |language=en}}</ref> while the various other caste groups which constitute the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]], a group comprising 51% of the population of state of Bihar, have been classified as lower backwards. The upper-backwards, also called upper OBC, represent approximately 20.3% of the population of Bihar.<ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book | author=Carolyn Brown Heinz|editor1 = Peter Berger | editor2 = Frank Heidemann | date = 3 June 2013 | title = The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-1-134-06118-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&pg=PT48|quote=The four dominant high caste groups (the forward castes)-Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha-together constitute about 12 percent of the population. These are the old elite, from whose numbers came the major zamindars and land owning castes. The so-called Backward castes consisting of about half the population of Bihar, were further classified soon after independence into Upper Backward and Lower Backwards(Blair 1980). The upper backwards – Bania, Yadav, Kurmi and Koiri – constitute about 19 percent of the population, and now include most of the rising Kulak class of successful peasants who have acquired land, adopted improved agricultural technology, and become a powerful force in Bihar politics. This is true, above all, of the Yadavas. The lower backwards are shudra castes such as Barhi, Dhanuk, Kahar, Kumhar, Lohar, Mallah, Teli etc, about 32 percent of the population. The largest components of the scheduled castes(14 percent) are the Dusadh, Chamar, and Musahar, the Dalit groups who are in many parts of the statelocked in struggles for land and living wages and living wages with the rich peasants and landlords of the forward and upper backward castes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|title= Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution in Bihar
|author= George J. Kunnath
|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|
isbn=978-1-351-41874-4|page=31|accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1n3aAAAAMAAJ&q=upper+backwards+koeri+kurmi+yadav|title=Report of Backward Class Commission|author= Backward Classes Commission|year=1981|
publisher=Controller of Publications, 1981|accessdate=23 February 2021|quote=Among the upper backward castes, the Yadavas and Kurmis had begun to organise themselves along the caste lines during the first decade of this century (Rao, 1979) . The All – India Yadav Mahasabha has its headquarters at Patna, and the Bihari Yadavas, along with their counterparts in ... The political fall out of the Yadava, Kurmi and Koeri movements were, however, limited in the beginning }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHLaAAAAMAAJ|title= Reservation, Action for Social Equality|author=Ishwari Prasad
|publisher=Criterion Publications|year=1986|accessdate=23 February 2021|quote=Here we are concerned only with upper backwards which have four castes; Yadav (11.0 per cent), Koeri (4.0 per cent), Kurmi (3.5 per cent) and Bania (0.6 per cent) .}}</ref><ref name="Rise of Plebeians">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDN0MinxMigC&q=rise+of+plebeians|title=Rise of the Plebeians, The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies
|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar
|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|
isbn=978-1-136-51661-0|page=66|accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref> These agricultural caste were the biggest beneficiaries of the land reform drive which was undertaken in the 1950s in the state and they strengthened their economic position by gaining a significant portion of excess land under the ceiling laws, which prohibited the ownership of land above a certain ceiling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222232901/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/10/24/caste-anti-congressism-and-quotas-a-history-of-the-plotting-of-social-coalitions-in-bihar-till-2005 |title=Caste, land and quotas: A history of the plotting of social coalitions in Bihar till 2005|editor=Anand Vardhan|website=newslaundary|date=24 October 2020 |accessdate=23 February 2021|archive-date=22 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution ...|page=38|first=George |last=Kunnath|publisher=Taylor and Francis group |location=New york |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-138-09955-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|access-date=29 May 2020|quote=However, the greatest beneficiaries of the abolition of the zamindars and the introduction of the various land-reform legislation in the 1950s were members of a substantial class of mediumsized owner cultivators, many of whom belonged to the upper layers of backward castes, mostly the yadav, kurmi, koeri. They gained additional land as a result of partitions, transfers and sales of surplus land by zamindars. It is estimated that during this period, 'control over at least 10 percent of land passed into the hands of the middle peasantry' from the landlords. (prasad1979:483).}}</ref>

The term 'upper OBC' technically corresponds to the castes included in the Annexure-II of the Mungeri Lal commission's report on the backward classes of Bihar, while the lower OBC corresponds to the Extremely Backward Classes that were included in the Annexure-I of that particular report.<ref name="Rise of Plebeians" /><ref>{{cite web|url= https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/28305/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303161525/https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/28305/ |title=(Monograph 01/2013) Subaltern Resurgence, A Reconnaissance of Panchayat Election in Bihar|publisher=Asian Development Research Institute |quote=Even in the Panchayat Election of 1978 itself, that was held no less than twenty-three years ago, there was visible shift in the political centre of gravity. Karpoori Thakur, the then Chief Minister, had implemented the Mungeri Lall Commission Report, which entailed reservation in the state government jobs, for the lower backwards (Annexure I castes) and the upper backwards (Annexure II castes) in Bihar|archive-date=3 March 2021|accessdate=3 March 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
By the early 1900s, the peasant communities like [[Kushwaha]], [[Kurmi]], and [[Yadav]] who were numerically powerful in the [[Gangetic plain]]s and had amassed rural wealth and power due to their knowledge of local agricultural practices, started laying claim on [[Kshatriya]] status.
These peasant communities included some of the small landholders and powerful tenants who had toiled the alluvial soil of these plains for years. Their numbers also included some of the large landowners as well as tenant labourers together justifying their newly attained prosperity by mounting claims on the [[Kshatriya]] status, thus rejecting the notion of prevalent [[Shudra]] categorisation for themselves. Despite their attempt to seek a noble Kshatriya past by claiming themselves as belonging to the lineage of [[Rama]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] authorities and the [[Brahmin]]s continued to view them as [[Shudra]]s. The antipathy of social elites was also seen during this period, when Kunwar Chheda Sinha published a book on anti-Kshatriya reform in 1907, which was widely circulated by Rajput Anglo-Oriental Press.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&q=peasants+and+monks+in+british+india|title=Peasants and Monks in British India
|author=William R. Pinch
|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|pages=115–116|
isbn=0-520-91630-1|accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref>
{{Gallery|width=200 |align= center
|File:Twee Koeri mannen op een pad in Gorakhpur met gereedschap voor de landbouw Koerees. Low caste tribe, possibly aboriginal. Goruckpoor (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122B-44.jpg|A 19th century image showing two Koeri men near [[Gorakhpur]].
|File:Kurmi sowing.jpg|An "ethnographic" photograph from 1916 showing Kurmi farmers, both men and women, sowing a field
|File:AheersAroundDelhi1868.jpg|Another ethnographic print from 1868 showing a group of Ahirs, a Yadav subcaste near Delhi.
}}
The concern for the cultural upliftment was felt by the acquired prosperity, which was to be attained through greater command on womenfolks. The Yadav peasants by the time prohibited the poor families among themselves to allow their women to go into the market to sell [[Dry dung fuel|cow dung cakes]], which was considered as a source of income for poor Yadav families. It was witnessed that the Kshatriya status seeking reformers among these peasant castes were divided into two categories on the basis of their attitude towards their womenfolk, while one group sought strict control over the women and even believed a fickle woman to be the cause of all sorrow of a household, women were [[apotheosize]]d by others. This could be seen by the description of a Kurmi women by their caste reformers, who describe her to be a chaste women toiling the field alongside her husband. The chief concern of these Kshatriya status seeking reformers was ending the dominance of women in the economy of a peasant household, where they - unlike the upper-caste women - enjoyed the considerable economic power and independence by virtue of their role as agricultural labourer for their family. One of the Yadav reformers, Baijnath Prasad Yadav of [[Varanasi]], thus argued to prohibit women from enjoying power in the financial affairs of a household, as according to him, their fickle greediness remains responsible behind its decay.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7cwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|title= Peasants and Monks in British India|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|author=William Pinch|isbn=0-520-20061-6|pages=124–125|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>

The upper-backwards were also involved in electoral politics, much earlier, prior to independence of India in 1930s. This period marked the formation of one of the first organisations of the [[Other Backward Castes]], which aimed for their greater role in politics, and at the same time pitched for various social reforms, aimed at helping the [[Dalit]]s or the [[Untouchability|untouchables]] to get rid of the unjust feudal practices. The [[Triveni Sangh]], which claims to have a million members, paved the way for upper-backwards for getting into the electoral politics, but failed due to [[Indian National Congress|Congress's]] superior organisational structure, although it achieved some success in form of many social reforms, away from the ballot. By this time, the influence of ''[[Vaishnava]]'' pantheons led these peasant castes to claim their origin from [[Vishnu]] and his ''[[Avatar]]s'', this is specifically true for the Koeris and the Kurmis who claimed descent from the twin sons of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]]. The Koeris thus started calling themselves as [[Kushwaha]], a name derived from [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], one of the son of god Rama, an ''Avatar'' of Vishnu.<ref name="Jaffrelot 197–199">{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |pages=197–199 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWms_1WzF1sC&q=india+silent+revolution+luv+kush&pg=PA198 |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231223916/http://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1960s, a major political change took place which paved the way for a non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government in Bihar for a brief period of time. [[Jagdeo Prasad]], a [[Kushwaha]] leader who was a part of [[Socialist Party]] of [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], which later merged with Praja Socialist Party to form [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], broke away to found his own Shoshit Samaj Dal with the help of another leader [[Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal|B.P Mandal]]. Prasad was dissatisfied with the links of Samyukta Socialist Party with [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. Besides, Prasad also not supported [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] and forged many pro-[[Other Backward Class|Backward]] radical slogans.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&q=jagdeo+prasad+jp+to+bjp&pg=PT71|title= JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish|author=Santosh Singh|
publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2020|chapter=Jagdev Prasad : The revolutionary who gave his life|
isbn=978-9353886660}}</ref>

In 1982, the second Backward Class Commission headed by B.P Mandal submitted its report to [[Indira Gandhi]] and recommendations regarding 27% reservation for Backward Class in government jobs and educational institutions were made, which she chose to delay in the favour of her vote base which included the upper-caste, Mahadalit, and the Muslims. This coalition has been described as 'coalition of extremes' by political scientist [[Paul Brass]], on the basis of stark differences in the socio-economic conditions of these groups. On the question of reservation for Backward Castes, [[Charan Singh]] organised a mass rally in [[New Delhi]]. The Congress regime ignored these developments with the view that the upper-caste which included rural gentry and urban intelligentsia has again returned their support to it, which was lost in 1977 due to pro-[[Dalit]] stance taken by Indira.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|author=Sanjay Kumar|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2018|isbn=978-9352805860|pages=51–53|accessdate=28 February 2021}}</ref>

According to Sanjay Kumar, Dalits were a socially very weak community to pose any serious challenge to the upper-caste, who controlled the bureaucracy as well as their economic life during the period of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] rule in Bihar. It was due to the control of bureaucracy by the [[Forward Caste|upper-caste]] that even after a number of massacres perpetrated by them on the Dalits, no action was taken. The 'coalition of extreme' was also not natural as the upper-caste used various tactics to win the votes of Dalits in their favour. The polling booths of the Dalit constituency were usually established at the upper-caste dominated strongholds and the latter rigged those booths to make the Dalits vote in the favour of their candidates.<ref name="Kumar" />

While the Congress remained inconspicuous to give important position to the upper-backwards within its ranks, the socialist leader [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] was in the favour of it. He coined the slogan to give 60% of political posts to the backwards and wanted a coalition of the upper-backwards with lower backwards, the Dalits and the Muslims. The period of 1980s represents the consolidation of the political ambitions of the upper-backwards, who dominated the [[Lok Dal]]. The party though headed in Bihar by a lower-backward caste leader [[Karpoori Thakur]], consolidated the upper-backward castes. The latter were conspicuous to share power within the Party with the upper-caste, and the social structure of the Lok Dal even provided the [[Ram Manohar Lohia|Lohiaite]] upper-caste leaders to play a second fiddle within the party. Karpoori Thakur too played important role in the unification of all sections of backwards together through his [[Reservation in India|quota politics]]. The period of 1990s witnessed de-alignment of upper-backwards, as under [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], the process of "Yadavisation" was set in, which led to dominance of Yadavs in the politics while the Koeri and Kurmi were neglected. This led the twin castes to align with the upper-castes to challenge the dominance of Yadavs. [[Nitish Kumar]], a former ally of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] thus broke away to form [[Samata Party]], which represented political ambition of the Koeri and Kurmi caste.<ref name="Kumar" /><ref>{{cite book|title=City, Society, and Planning: Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&q=koeri+bihar+politics&pg=PA400|first=Baleshwar|last=Thakur|location =University of Akron. Department of Geography & Planning, Association of American Geographers|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|
isbn=978-8180694608|access-date=16 June 2020}} While Samta with its leader Nitish is considered to be the party of Koeri-Kurmi, Bihar people's party led by Anand Mohan is perceived to be a party having sympathy and support of Rajputs.</ref>

By the 1995 elections, the upper-caste were completely marginalised in the political space and were replaced by the upper-backwards, who by now were divided into two faction dominating both the ruling party as well as the opposition under Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar respectively. The upper-caste though lost in political space to upper-backwards, were still powerful economically, as at the social level, Yadavs were still serving as the milkman while the Koeri-Kurmi were farmers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&q=upper+caste+&pg=PT61|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|author=Sanjay Kumar|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2018|
isbn=978-9352805860|page=61|accessdate=2 March 2021}}</ref>

By the beginning of the 21st century, the Backwards came to centre stage of politics in Bihar. The two factions, one led by [[Janata Dal (United)]] and another led by [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] are controlled by Koeri-Kurmi and the Yadav caste respectively, while the extremely backward castes and [[Forward Caste]]s are distributed across these parties according to their preference. According to social historian Badri Narayan, the latter's voting pattern ensure the victory of one of these blocs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/how-obcs-moved-from-fringes-to-centre-of-bihar-politics-through-social-and-political-movements-since-1930s-2899477.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303012014/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/how-obcs-moved-from-fringes-to-centre-of-bihar-politics-through-social-and-political-movements-since-1930s-2899477.html |title=How OBCs Moved from Fringes to Centre of Bihar Politics through Social and Political Movements Since 1930s|website=News18|date=22 September 2020 |accessdate=3 March 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

== Affirmative action ==
Since 1970s, the affirmative action or the reservation criteria is different in Bihar from rest of the India. The central government provides 27% reservation as monolithic entity to the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] which includes all OBC groups, but Bihar on the basis of ''Karpoori Formula'' has segregated the 27% quota with 18% to Extremely Backward Castes and 3% to Backward women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-demands-separate-quota-for-ebcs-in-central-government-jobs/articleshow/62640122.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304002035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-demands-separate-quota-for-ebcs-in-central-government-jobs/articleshow/62640122.cms?from=mdr |title=Nitish Kumar demands separate quota for EBCs in central government jobs|website=[[Times of India]]| date=24 January 2018 |accessdate=4 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/following-karpoori-thakur-model-obc-sub-categorisation-icing-bjps-cake/11509/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304002722/https://theprint.in/opinion/following-karpoori-thakur-model-obc-sub-categorisation-icing-bjps-cake/11509/ |title= Following the Karpoori Thakur model, OBC sub-categorisation could be icing on BJP's cake|website=ThePrint|date=4 October 2017 |accessdate=4 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021}}</ref>

== Present circumstances ==
According to a report of Institute Of Human Development Studies, among the upper-backwards, castes like [[Kushwaha]]s and [[Kurmi]]s earn Rs 18,811 and Rs 17,835 respectively as their average per capita income, which is slight lesser than those earned by upper-caste, who earn 20,655 as their average per capita income. In contrast, [[Yadav]]s’ income is one of the lowest among OBCs at Rs 12,314, which is slightly less than the rest of [[Other Backward Class|OBCs]] (Rs 12,617). According to this report, the economic benefits of the [[Mandal Commission|Mandal politics]] could be seen as affecting only few backward castes of agrarian background leading to their upward mobilisation. Yadavs, who are considered as politically most dominant caste in Bihar have failed to translate their upward mobilisation in other fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-elections-caste-obc-mandal-6929329/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122091426/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-elections-caste-obc-mandal-6929329/ |title=Lower castes in Bihar have got political power, not economic progress|editor1=[[Christophe Jaffrelot]]|editor2=Kalaiyarasan A|website=Indian Express|date=4 November 2020 |access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

As per studies related to the composition of the legislative assembly of Bihar, the Upper-Backwards have always been overreprented as compared to the lower-backwards. This trend has been in place since 1960s. In most of the areas of Bihar, except few districts like Bhojpur and Aurangabad, they outnumber the upper-caste. Though caste based census hasn't been done in post independence India, the estimates from British era caste census testifies these facts regarding their population distribution.<ref>{{cite journal|first= Blair|last= Harry W.|title="Rising Kulaks and Backward Classes in Bihar: Social Change in the Late 1970s."|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]| volume= 15|issue= 2|year=1980|pages= 64–74|jstor=4368306}}</ref>

Ashwani Kumar notes that the upper backward classes like [[Yadav]],
[[kushwaha]]s([[Koeri]]) and [[Kurmi]] have become the new class of capitalist landlords or kulaks who are equally ruthless than the feudal, who were dominantly Kshatriya, landlords if not more. Many Upper OBC commit atrocities and prey exclusively upon [[Dalit]] women who work on their fields.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ashwani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |date=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes|*]]
[[Category:Reservation in India]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Political terminology in India]]

Bohag Bihu

2026-03-22T13:19:56Z

XMC.PL-Master: basic adjusted information for clarity also and updated info

{{short description|Harvest festival celebrated in Assam}}
{{see also|Indian New Year's days}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Bohag Bihu Assamese New Year
|image = Bihu dance হুঁচৰি.jpg
|caption = A group of Children performing 'Husori' during Bohag Bihu.
|observedby =
|celebrations =
|longtype = Social, Cultural, Religious
|type =
|significance = New Year
|date = 1st Bohag (13/14 April)
|frequency = annual
|duration = 1 day
|relatedto = [[South and Southeast Asian solar New Year]]
}}

'''Bohag Bihu''' or '''Rongali [[Bihu]]''' also called ''Saat Bihu'' (seven Bihus) is a traditional ethnic festival celebrated in the [[Northeastern India]]n state of [[Assam]] and other parts of [[Northeastern India]] by the indigenous ethnic groups of Assam, and marks the beginning of the '''Assamese New Year'''. The festival is of mostly aboriginal origin comprising Tibeto-Burman and Tai elements. It usually falls in the 2nd week of April, historically signifying the time of harvest. Every year it falls on the 14th day of April.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://meghalaya.gov.in/megportal/sites/all/images/holidaylist.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 April 2016 |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422123739/http://meghalaya.gov.in/megportal/sites/all/images/holidaylist.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The holiday unites the different native communities of Assam regardless of their backgrounds and promotes the celebration of ethnic diversity.

'''Rongali Utsav''' is a festival organised in [[Guwahati]] every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/why-rongali-festival-stands-out-as-a-platform-for-peace-and-diversity/1547308/|title=Why Rongali festival stands out as a platform for peace and diversity|date=2019-04-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/15/c_137977204.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921145526/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/15/c_137977204.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 21, 2019|title=Rongali Bihu festival celebrated in Guwahati, India|last=李夏|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0717/city051|title=The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001161820/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0717%2Fcity051|url-status=dead}}</ref> The festival showcases tribal [[culture of Assam]] to the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/festival-showcases-tribal-culture-food/articleshow/56994446.cms|title=Festival showcases tribal culture, food |date=February 6, 2017|first=Abdul |last=Gani |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/rongali-in-assam-brings-forth-the-true-ethnicity-of-the-northeast-region20190413140048/|title='Rongali' in Assam brings forth the true ethnicity of the northeast region|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/rongali-set-to-rock-guwahati/cid/1439514|title=Rongali set to rock Guwahati|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/festival-review-rongali-festival-guwahati-assam/|title=Festival Review: Rongali Festival, Guwahati, Assam -|date=2017-02-20|website=My Site|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>

In Assam locally the onset of 'Bohag' (Assamese Calendar) marks the starting of Rongali Bihu. The three primary types of [[Bihu]] are Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu, Kati Bihu or Kongali Bihu, and Magh Bihu or Bhogali Bihu. Each festival historically recognizes a different agricultural cycle of the paddy crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://festivals.iloveindia.com/bihu/rongali-bihu/days-of-rongali-bihu.html|title=Days of Rongali Bihu - Rongali Bihu Days}}</ref> During Rongali Bihu there are 7 pinnacle phases: 'Sot', 'Raati', 'Goru', 'Manuh', 'Kutum', 'Mela' and 'Sera'.

== Information ==
* '''Raati Bihu''': This phase begins on the first night of the month of Sot and lasts till ''Uruka''. This phase was usually performed beneath an ancient tree or in an open field illuminated by burning torches. It was celebrated in the villages and was meant as a gathering for the local women. The participation of men was mostly ceremonial where they played a ''pepa'' i.e. a buffalo hornpipe. Another notable musical instrument played in this phase was the ''bholuka baanhor toka'' which is a split bamboo musical instrument.
* '''Sot Bihu''': Also called ''Bali Husori'', this phase begins on the second day of the month of Sot Mah. On this day Bihu songs and dances are organized by the young at outdoor locations, fields or a ''naamghor bakori'' (yard of community prayer hall) till the occurrence of ''Uruka'', the formal beginning of Rongali Bihu.
* '''Goru Bihu''': This phase is related to the agricultural roots of Assam and the reverence of livestock which provided an ancient method of livelihood. On the last date of Sot month i.e. the first day of Rongali Bihu is dedicated to the caring upkeep of livestock and a cattle show. Typically the collective cattle of a village are brought to a water source like a pond or a river. The cattle are washed with a combination of symbolic herbs : ''maah-halodhi'' (black gram and turmeric paste), whipped ''dighloti'' (''litsea salicifolia'', a plant with long leaf), ''makhioti'' ([[flemingia strobilifera]], '' tonglati'' (a plant with flower like soft plastic butter-fly) and pieces of ''lau'' (bottle gourd) and ''bengena'' (brinjal). People sing the following passage: "''Dighloti dighal paat, maakhi marru jaat jaat; lau khaa bengena khaa, bosore bosore bardhi jaa, maare xaru baapere xoru toi hobi bor bor goru"'' . This is roughly translated as : "With our herbs and the leaves of dighloti, we drive away the flies which disturb you; we hope you accept our offering of brinjals and gourds, and continue to grow every year; and may you outgrow your parents". After washing the cattle, the remaining branches of ''dighloti-makhioti and lau-bengena chat'' etc. are hung on the roof of the cattle ranch signifying their participation. Games are organised which include collecting ''exho ebidh haak'' (101 types of vegetables), with variations of activities which may include specifics like gathering ''amlori tup'' (larvae of [[weaver ant]], Oecophylla smaragdina), binding betel leaf plants, planting some bamboo roots, and many other symbolic harvest related ritual materials. There is also an occasional food fight, also known as ''Kori Khel'', ''Paakha Khel and'' ''koni-juj''. At Dusk, the cattle are paraded back to their ranches. The cattle are decorated with new harnesses, and are fed ''pitha'' (the typical Assamese confectionery). The day's end is marked by burning rice bran to create smoke.

[[File:A group of 'Husori' for the occasion of Assamese 'Bohag Bihu' in their traditional attire.png|thumb|A group of 'Husori' for the occasion of Assamese 'Bohag Bihu' in their traditional attire.]]
* '''Manuh Bihu''': The first day of the Bohag month marks ''Manuh Bihu'' ('Manuh' symbolises "Elders" and ''Ancestral Spirits''). People give offerings to the elders and the ancestral spirits and ask for blessings. People have a special ''maah halodhi'' bath, put on new clothes and light ''saki'' at ''Gohai Ghor'' (the household prayer place). "Manuh Bihu" involves the tradition of seeking blessings from the elders in a family and presenting the ceremonial patch of ''Bihuwan'' or the ''Gamusa'' cloth, as a gift, to be worn as a symbol of cultural pride. A 'Gamusa' is an indispensable part of indigenous Assamese life and culture with its distinctive symbolic significance. The intricacy of its handcrafting symbolically historically heralded of the ideas of friendship, love, regards, warmth, hospitality and it is intimately woven into the social fabric of Assam.
* '''Kutum Bihu''': The second date of Bohag Mah is ''Kutum Bihu'' ("Kutum" symbolises "Kin"). On this day people visit their families, relatives and friends and have lunch or dinner together and share news and stories.
* '''Mela Bihu''': The third day of Bihu is marked by the celebration of Bihu with cultural events and competitions in outdoor locales (Mela symbolises "Fair"). In the ancient days, the King and his staff used to come out to such fairs or ''bihutoli''s to mingle in the Bihu celebrations. This tradition of events is continued till date with ''Bihu Melas'' or Bihu functions. The fairs are attended by people from all over Assam and are aimed at fostering an atmosphere of the communal brotherhood and the inclusion of everyone.
* '''Sera Bihu''': Also called ''Bohagi Bidai'', ''Phato Bihu'' it is the fourth and final day of Rongali Bihu. In different regions of Assam, people celebrate it differently but the common theme is wrapping up the celebrations with contemplation and future resolutions. It is marked by the exchange of ''Pithas'' made by different families during the Bihu week among their friends and relatives.

== References ==
<references />

{{New Year by Calendar}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:New Year in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]

Arabian Peninsula

2026-03-21T14:14:58Z

XMC.PL-Master: reworked formatting further and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Peninsula in West Asia}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Arabia|Arabian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox peninsulas
| name = Arabian Peninsula
| native_name = {{nobold|{{Script/Arabic|شبه الجزيرة العربية}}}}
| image = Arabian Peninsula dust SeaWiFS.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Satellite imagery of the Arabian Peninsula in March 2000
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Arabian Peninsula.svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Arabian Peninsula (no borders).svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}}
| image_map_size = 250px
| location = [[West Asia]]
| area_km2 = 3237500
| country = {{nobold|{{hlist|[[Bahrain]]{{efn|As an [[island country]], Bahrain is technically not a part of the Arabian Peninsula, but a part of the slightly larger geopolitical region called ''Arabia''.|name="AP 1"}} | [[Iraq]]{{efn|Southern half only.|name="AP 2"}} | [[Jordan]]{{efn|name="AP 2"}} | [[Kuwait]] | [[Oman]] | [[Qatar]] | [[Saudi Arabia]] | [[United Arab Emirates]] | [[Yemen]]}}}}
| population = {{Round|95|-0}} million (2023 estimate)
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Tribes of Arabia|Arabian]]|[[Arab people|Arab]]}}
| density_km2 = {{Round|29.0000|1}}
| languages = [[Arabic]] ([[Peninsular Arabic|Peninsular]]), [[Modern South Arabian languages]]
}}

The '''Arabian Peninsula''',{{Efn|{{langx|ar|شبه الجزيرة العربية|shibh al-jazīra al-ʿarabiyya}}, or {{langx|ar|جزيرة العرب|jazīrat al-ʿarab|the Island of [[Arabs]]|label=none}}}} or simply '''Arabia''', is a [[peninsula]] in [[West Asia]]. It accounts for the majority of the land situated on the [[Arabian plate]].<ref name = arabia>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Arabia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-peninsula-Asia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|first=Basheer K.|last=Nijim|access-date=7 June 2018|archive-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522211749/https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-peninsula-Asia|url-status=live}}</ref> With an area of {{convert|3237500|km2|e6mi2|2|abbr=unit|disp=}}, it is the world's largest peninsula—roughly comparable in size to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/peninsulas0000nize |url-access= registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/peninsulas0000nize/page/19 19]|title=Peninsulas|last=Niz|first=Ellen Sturm|date=2006-04-10|publisher=Capstone|isbn= 9780736861427}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA710|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Geography|last=McColl|first=R. W.|entry=Peninsula|date=2014-05-14|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816072293|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519182851/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA710|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lazWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|title=Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World [2 Volumes]|last=Condra|first=Jill|date=2013-04-09|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313376375|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519183236/https://books.google.com/books?id=lazWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j47rDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62|title=The Everything Understanding Islam Book: A Complete and Easy to Read Guide to Muslim Beliefs, Practices, Traditions, and Culture|last=Dodge|first=Christine Huda|date=2003-04-01|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781605505459|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101202/https://books.google.com/books?id=j47rDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/15-largest-peninsulas-in-the-world.html|title=15 Largest Peninsulas in the World|work=WorldAtlas|access-date=2017-10-21|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317051902/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/15-largest-peninsulas-in-the-world.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nine countries are located on the Arabian Peninsula: [[Bahrain]],{{efn|name="AP 1"}} [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Yemen]], as well as the southern halves of [[Iraq]] and [[Jordan]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Geopolitics of the World System|page = 337|first = Saul Bernard|last = Cohen|date = 2003|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|isbn = 9780847699070|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA337|access-date = 5 September 2022|archive-date = 1 October 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221001180013/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkMD8HKRlgoC&pg=PA337|url-status = live}}</ref>

Geographically, the Arabian Peninsula is bounded by [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Levant]] to the north and northwest and therewithal surrounded by the [[Indian Ocean]]: the [[Persian Gulf]], the [[Strait of Hormuz]], and the [[Gulf of Oman]] to the east and northeast; the [[Arabian Sea]] to the southeast; and the [[Gulf of Aden]] to the south, the [[Strait of Mandeb]] to the southwest, and the [[Red Sea]] to the west. Prior to the 7th century AD, it was widely considered to include the [[Sinai Peninsula]], which is partly separated from it by the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and situated on the [[African plate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is Mount Sinai in Arabia (Galatians 4:25)? |url=https://biblearchaeology.org/research/contemporary-issues/3266-where-is-mount-sinai-in-arabia-galatians-425 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=biblearchaeology.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 2 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=2&force=y |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Most of the peninsula is covered by the [[Arabian Desert]], which is an extension of the [[Sahara Desert]].

Between 56 and 23 million years ago, the peninsula was formed as a result of the [[Red Sea Rift]] involving the African and Arabian plates. It was among the [[Prehistoric Arabia|first regions to be occupied by modern humans]] following their [[Recent African origin of modern humans|departure from Africa]] during the [[Paleolithic]]. The historical record of the Arabian Peninsula is thought to have begun in the early 1st millennium BC, when writing systems were [[History of writing|introduced to the region]]. For much of the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|peninsula's ancient history]], it was sparsely populated by [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribes]] and home to a variety of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|local and foreign religious practices]], while numerous empires and kingdoms exercised limited political authority in different areas. However, in the 7th century AD, the entire Arabian Peninsula was politically, culturally, and religiously united by the Arab leader [[Muhammad]] after he claimed [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophethood]] and founded [[Islam]], thus enabling the [[Arabization]] of many non-Arab civilizations throughout [[Arab world|much of Asia and Africa]].

While the [[Greco-Roman world]] had known the Arabian Peninsula in three large regions—[[Arabia Petraea|Petraea]] for the north, [[Arabia Deserta|Deserta]] for the centre, and [[Arabia Felix|Felix]] for the south—[[Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world|medieval Muslim geographers]] instead divided it into four main regions: the Central Plateau ([[Najd]] and [[Al-Yamama]]), [[South Arabia]] ([[Yemen (region)|Yemen]], [[Hadhramaut]], and southwestern Oman), [[Eastern Arabia|Al-Bahrain]] (Eastern Arabia or [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hassa]]), and the [[Hejaz]] ([[Tihamah]] for the western coast).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ibn al-Faqih |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/mukhtasar-kitab-al-buldan/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2-COM_ARA_000011 |title=Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan |date=c. 903 |language=ar |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420224114/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/mukhtasar-kitab-al-buldan/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2-COM_ARA_000011 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 20th century, it has been of critical significance in both Arab and global geopolitics due to the discovery and subsequent industrialization of vast reserves of [[Oil and natural gas industry|oil and natural gas]]. Most of the peninsula's countries are [[Petrocracy|petrocracies]] and accordingly play a key role in the [[petroleum politics]] defining the contemporary [[Middle East]].

==Etymology==

{{main|Etymology of Arab{{!}}Etymology of ''Arab''}}

In antiquity, the term "Arabia" encompassed a larger area than the current term "Arabian Peninsula" and included the [[Arabian Desert]] and large parts of the [[Syrian Desert|Syrian–Arabian desert]]. During the [[Hellenistic period]], the area was known as ''Arabia'' ({{langx|grc|Ἀραβία}}). The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] named three regions "Arabia":
* [[Arabia Petraea]] ({{gloss|Stony Arabia}}<ref name="Arabia Petraea">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Arabia Petraea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-Petraea |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=18 February 2021 |ref=Arabia Petraea |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171428/https://www.britannica.com/place/Arabia-Petraea |url-status=live }}</ref>): it consisted of the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] in the southern Levant, the Sinai Peninsula and north-western Arabian Peninsula. It was the only one that became a [[Roman province|province]], with [[Petra]] (in [[Jordan]]) as its capital.
* [[Arabia Deserta]] ({{gloss|Desert Arabia}}): signified the desert lands of Arabia. As a name for the region, it remained popular into the 19th and 20th centuries, and was used in [[Charles M. Doughty]]'s ''[[Travels in Arabia Deserta]]'' (1888).
* [[Arabia Felix]] ({{gloss|Fortunate Arabia}}): was used by geographers to describe the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, mostly what is now [[Yemen]], which enjoys more rainfall, is much greener than the rest of the peninsula and has long enjoyed much more productive fields.

One of the [[Nome (Egypt)|nomes]] of Ptolemaic Egypt was named ''Arabia''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Jong |first=Janneke |title=Arabia, Arabs, and "Arabic" in Greek Documents From Egypt in "New Frontiers of Arabic Papyrology Arabic and Multilingual Texts from Early Islam" |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=9789004345171}}</ref>

Arabians used a north–south division of Arabia: ''ash-Sham'' vs. ''al-Yaman'', or ''Arabia Deserta'' vs. ''Arabia Felix''. Arabia Felix had originally been used for the whole peninsula, and at other times only for the southern region. Because its use became limited to the south, the whole peninsula was simply called Arabia. Arabia Deserta was the entire desert region extending north from Arabia Felix to Palmyra and the Euphrates, including all the area between Pelusium on the Nile and Babylon. This area was also called Arabia and not sharply distinguished from the peninsula.<ref>{{cite book | last=Frankfurter | first=David | title=Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt | publisher=Brill | place=Leiden | date=1998 | isbn=90-04-11127-1 |page=163}}</ref>

The Arabs and the Ottoman Empire considered the west of the Arabian Peninsula region where the Arabs lived 'the land of the Arabs'—billad '''al-'Arab''' (Arabia), and its major divisions were the bilad '''al-Sham''' ([[Levant]]), bilad '''al-Yaman''' ([[South Arabia|Yemen]]), and bilad '''al-'Iraq''' ([[Iraq]]).<ref name = california>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vOJ15vTZV4C&pg=PA60 |title=A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered |first=Kamal Suleiman |last=Salibi |publisher=University of California Press |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-520-07196-4 |pages=60–61 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613100816/https://books.google.com/books?id=4vOJ15vTZV4C&pg=PA60 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ottomans used the term Arabistan in a broad sense for the region starting from [[Cilicia]], where the Euphrates river makes its descent into Syria, through [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and on through the remainder of the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas.<ref>See for example Palestine: The Reality, [[Joseph Mary Nagle Jeffries]], Published by Longmans, Green and co., 1939, [https://archive.org/details/PalestineTheReality/page/n4/mode/1up Page 11]</ref>

The provinces of Arabia were: al-Tih, the Sinai peninsula, Hejaz, Asir, Yemen, Hadramaut, Mahra and Shilu, Oman, Hasa, Bahrain, Dahna, Nufud, the Hammad, which included the deserts of Syria, Mesopotamia and Babylonia.<ref>see Review of Reviews and World's Work: An International Magazine, Albert Shaw ed., The Review of Reviews Corporation, 1919, page 408]</ref><ref name=nie>{{cite encyclopedia|entry=Arabia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795|encyclopedia=New International Encyclopedia |edition=2nd |year=1914|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624035755/https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{See also|Geography of Saudi Arabia|Geography of Yemen}}
[[File:Map of the regions of Arabia.svg|thumb|A map of the geographic regions of the Arabian Peninsula]]
The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and is bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the north-east, the [[Strait of Hormuz]] and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the south-east, the [[Gulf of Aden]], and the [[Guardafui Channel]] on the south, and the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait on the south-west and the Red Sea, which is located on the south-west and west.<ref name = arabia/>

The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the [[Syrian Desert]] with no clear borderline, although the northern boundary of the peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, also southern regions of Iraq and Jordan.<ref name = arabia/>

The most prominent feature of the peninsula is [[desert]], but in the south-west, there are mountain ranges, which receive greater rainfall than the rest of the peninsula. [[Harrat ash Shaam]] is a large volcanic field that extends from north-western Arabia into Jordan and southern [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weinstein |first=Y. |title=A transition from strombolian to phreatomagmatic activity induced by a lava flow damming water in a valley|journal= Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=1 January 2007 |volume=159 |issue=1–3 |pages=267–284 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.06.015|bibcode=2007JVGR..159..267W }}</ref>

===Political boundaries===
[[File:Arabian Peninsula Map.svg|thumb|219px|The constituent countries of Arabia]]

The Peninsula's constituent countries are (clockwise from north to south) [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) on the east, [[Oman]] on the south-east, [[Yemen]] on the south, and Saudi Arabia at the center. The island country of [[Bahrain]] lies just off the east coast of the Peninsula.<ref name = arabia/> Due to Yemen's jurisdiction over the [[Socotra Governorate|Socotra Archipelago]], the Peninsula's geopolitical outline faces the [[Guardafui Channel]] and the Somali Sea to the south.<ref>McLaughlin, Rob (2015). "The Continuing Conundrum of the Somali Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone". ''The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law'' 30.2. 305–334.</ref>

The six countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE form the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC).<ref>A.S. Alsharhan, Z. A. Rizk, A. E. M. Nairn [et al.], 2001, ''Waterology of an Arid Region'', Elsevier.</ref>

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers the greater part of the Peninsula. The Peninsula contains the world's largest reserves of oil. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are economically the wealthiest in the region. Qatar, the only peninsular country in the Persian Gulf on the larger peninsula, is home to the [[Arabic]] television station [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] and its English-language subsidiary [[Al Jazeera English]]. Kuwait, on the border with Iraq, is an important country strategically, forming one of the main staging grounds for coalition forces mounting the [[United States]]–led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].

===Population===
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Political Definition: Gulf Cooperation Council and Yemen Sources:1950–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=separate&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,MU,QA,SA,AE,YM|title=International Programs|work=census.gov|access-date=2017-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122421/http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=separate&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,MU,QA,SA,AE,YM|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2000–2014<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Asia.html|title=Asia: Population Statistics in Maps and Charts for Cities, Agglomerations and Administrative Divisions of all Countries in Asia|work=citypopulation.de|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106080903/http://citypopulation.de/Asia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1950 | 9,481,713
|1960 | 11,788,232
|1970 | 15,319,678
|1980 | 23,286,256
|1990 | 35,167,708
|2000 | 47,466,523
|2010 | 63,364,000
|2014 | 77,584,000
|2018 | 86,221,765
|2023|93,900,000}}
{{Historical populations
|type =
|title = Historical population (Gulf 4)
|footnote = Population of 4 smallest (in area) [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] states with their coastline in the Persian Gulf: UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait Sources:1950–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=both&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,QA,AE|title=International Programs|work=census.gov|access-date=2017-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122419/http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=6&A=both&RT=0&Y=1950,1960,1970,1980,1990,2000,2010&R=-1&C=BA,KU,QA,AE|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2000–2014<ref name="citypopulation.de"/>
|1950 | 356,235
|1970 | 1,329,168
|1990 | 4,896,491
|2010 | 11,457,000
|2014 | 17,086,000
|2018 | 18,675,440
}}

Despite its historically sparse population, political Arabia stands out for its rapid population growth, driven by both significant inflows of migrant labor and persistently high birth rates. The population is characterized by its relative youth and a heavily skewed gender ratio favoring males. In several states, the number of South Asians surpasses that of the native population.<ref name=yam/>

The four smallest states by area, with coastlines entirely bordering the Persian Gulf, showcase the world's most extreme population growth, nearly tripling every two decades. In 2014, the estimated population of the Arabian Peninsula was 77,983,936, including expatriates.<ref name=yam>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html|title=The World Fact book|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2008-08-12 |date=2007-08-07| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080812233855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html| archive-date= 12 August 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

The Arabian Peninsula is known for having one of the most uneven adult sex ratios in the world, with females in some regions, especially the east, constituting only a quarter of people aged between 20 and 40.<ref>Alrouh, Hekmat, Awatef Ismail, and Sohaila Cheema. "Demographic and health indicators in Gulf Cooperation Council nations with an emphasis on Qatar." Journal of Local and Global Health Perspectives (2013): p 4</ref>

====Cities====
[[File:Riyadh Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the most populous city in the Arabian Peninsula]]
The ten most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are:

{| class="toccolours" style="border-spacing:1; text-align:center"
|- style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"
! style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" | Rank
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;" | City
! style="width:5em; border-bottom:1px solid black;" | Population
|-
|1|| {{left}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Riyadh]] || {{right}} 7,009,100
|-
|2|| {{left}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Jeddah]] || {{right}} 3,751,700
|-
|3|| {{left}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]] || {{right}} 3,488,745
|-
|4|| {{left}} {{flagicon|YEM}} [[Sanaa]] || {{right}} 3,407,814
|-
|5|| {{left}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Mecca]] || {{right}} 2,427,900
|-
|6|| {{left}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] || {{right}} 1,785,684
|-
|7|| {{left}} {{flagicon|OMN}} [[Muscat]] || {{right}} 1,650,319
|-
|8|| {{left}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]] || {{right}} 1,539,830
|-
|9|| {{left}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Dammam]] || {{right}} 1,545,420
|-
|10|| {{left}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Medina]] || {{right}} 1,477,000
|-
| colspan="100%" style="font-size:85%; border-top:1px solid black;" |Sources:<ref name="GASTAT">{{cite web |url=https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/45?type=DASHBOARD |title=GASTAT Portal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai Population |url=https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/uae-population-statistics/ |website=citypopulation.de|date=18 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaa Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/sanaa-population |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharjah Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/sharjah-population |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fulmer |first1=Shane |title=Muscat Population 2023 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/muscat-population |website=World Population Review |access-date=16 May 2023 |location=United States |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abu Dhabi Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/abu-dhabi-population |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>
|}

===Landscape===
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical
|image1=Ad Dahna desert - A journey.jpg |caption1=A caravan crossing [[Ad-Dahna Desert]] in central Saudi Arabia
|image2=Ras al jinz flickr01.jpg |caption2=[[Ras al-Jinz]] in southeastern Arabia (Oman), also known as the 'Turtle Beach'
|image3=Arabian Plate map-uni.png |caption3=AR-Arabian Plate, velocities with respect to Africa in millimeters per year
}}

The rocks exposed vary systematically across Arabia, with the oldest rocks exposed in the [[Arabian-Nubian Shield]] near the Red Sea, overlain by earlier sediments that become younger towards the Persian Gulf. Perhaps the best-preserved [[ophiolite]] on Earth, the [[Semail Ophiolite]], lies exposed in the mountains of the UAE and northern Oman.

The peninsula consists of:

# A central plateau, the [[Najd]], with fertile valleys and pastures used for the grazing of [[sheep]] and other livestock
# A range of deserts: the [[Nefud]] in the north,<ref name=Prothero15>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Arabia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=15|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/15/|access-date=8 September 2013|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031163556/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/15/|url-status=live}}</ref> which is stony; the [[Rub' al Khali]] or Great [[Arabian Desert]] in the south, with sand estimated to extend {{cvt|600|ft}} below the surface; between them, the [[Dahna]] [[#Mountains|Mountains]]<ref name="Burrows2010">{{cite book |author=Robert D. Burrowes |title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen |pages=5–340 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC |isbn=978-0-8108-5528-1 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025046/https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Laughlin2008">{{cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |title=Yemen |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |chapter=1: Background |page=3 |isbn=978-1-8416-2212-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC |year=2008 |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702224444/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cavendish2007">{{cite book |last=Cavendish |first=Marshall |author-link=Marshall Cavendish |title=World and Its Peoples |volume=1 |chapter=Geography and climate |date=2007 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/n151 8]–19 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA8 |url=https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse |url-access=limited }}</ref>
# Stretches of dry or marshy coastline with coral reefs on the Red Sea side ([[Tihamah]])
# Oases and marshy coast-land in [[Eastern Arabia]], the most important of which are those of the [[Al Ain, Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Al Ain emirate]] ([[Tawam (region)|Tawam]] region) and [[Hofuf]]/[[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Ahsa]] (in modern-day Saudi Arabia), according to an author<ref name="Cavendish2007"/>
# The south-west [[monsoon]] coastline of [[Dhofar Governorate#Geography|Dhofar]] and Eastern Yemen ([[Al Mahrah Governorate|Mahra]]).

[[File:Dune - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|[[Rub' al Khali]] is part of the larger [[Arabian Desert]]]]
Arabia has few lakes or permanent rivers. Most areas are drained by ephemeral watercourses called [[wadi]]s, which are dry except during the rainy season. Plentiful ancient [[aquifer]]s exist beneath much of the peninsula, however, and where this water surfaces, [[oases]] form (e.g. Al-Hasa and [[Qatif]], two of the world's largest [[oases]]) and permit agriculture, especially [[palm trees]], which allowed the peninsula to produce more [[date palm|dates]] than any other region in the world.

In general, the climate is extremely hot and [[Desert|arid]], although there are exceptions. Higher elevations are made temperate by their altitude, and the Arabian Sea coastline can receive cool, humid breezes in summer due to cold upwelling offshore. The peninsula has no thick forests. Desert-adapted wildlife is present throughout the region.

A plateau more than {{convert|2500|ft}} high extends across much of the Arabian Peninsula. The plateau slopes eastwards from the massive, rifted escarpment along the coast of the Red Sea, to the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. The interior is characterized by ''cuestas'' and valleys, drained by a system of ''wadis''. A crescent of sand and [[gravel]] deserts lies to the east.

====Mountains====
[[File:Kawkaban -68 (353668857).jpg|thumb|The [[Jabal Haraz|Haraz Mountains]] in the west of present-day Yemen include Arabia's highest mountain, [[Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb]] or Jabal Hadhur<ref name="DAKAI 01-1998"/><ref name="GazetteerArabia1917"/><ref name="Mindat"/> near [[Sanaa]].<ref name="Burrows2010"/><ref name="Laughlin2008"/>]]

There are mountains at the eastern, southern and north-western borders of the peninsula. Broadly, the ranges can be grouped as follows:
* North-east: The [[Hajar Mountains|Hajar range]], of UAE and Oman<ref name="Cavendish2007"/>
* South-east: The [[Dhofar Mountains]] of southern Oman,<ref name="Cavendish2007"/> contiguous with the eastern Yemeni [[Hadhramaut Mountains|Hadhramaut]]<ref name="Scoville1979">{{cite book |last=Scoville |first=Sheila A. |title=Gazetteer of Arabia: a geographical and tribal history of the Arabian Peninsula |volume=2 |pages=117–288 |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |year=2006 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101208/https://books.google.com/books?id=AH8YAQAAMAAJ&q=hadhramaut+mountains |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GhazanfarFisher2013">{{cite book |last=Ghazanfar |first=Shahina A. |author-link=Shahina A. Ghazanfar |title=Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula |last2=Fisher |first2=Martin |date=2013-04-17 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-9-4017-3637-4 |location=[[Sultan Qaboos University]], [[Muscat]] |pages=27–55 |chapter=1–2 |access-date=24 October 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101205/https://books.google.com/books?id=uc_tCAAAQBAJ&q=hadhramaut+highlands&pg=PA52 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* West: Bordering the [[Tihamah|eastern coast]] of the Red Sea are the [[Sarawat Mountains|Sarawat]],<ref name="Burrows2010"/> which can be seen to include the [[Jabal Haraz|Haraz Mountains]] to the east of Yemen,<ref name="Laughlin2008"/> as well as those of [[Asir Mountains|'Asir]] (once part of Yemen) <ref name="Overstreet1977">{{cite book |last=Overstreet |first=William Courtney |title=Tertiary laterite of the As Sarat Mountains, Asir Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |publisher=Directorate General of Mineral Resources |volume=2 |pages=iii–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmxPAQAAIAAJ&q=sarat+mountains |year=1977 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208154921/https://books.google.com/books?id=KmxPAQAAIAAJ&q=sarat+mountains |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Hejaz vilayet|Hejaz]]<ref name="Mandal1990">{{cite book |last=Mandal |first=Ram Bahadur |title=Patterns of Regional Geography: World regions |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |chapter=VI: A Regional Geography |page=354 |isbn=978-8-1702-2292-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwCHWwgKt0C&q=sarawat+mountains&pg=PA354 |year=1990 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603000536/https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwCHWwgKt0C&q=sarawat+mountains&pg=PA354 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nasr2013">{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |author-link=Hossein Nasr |title=Mecca the Blessed, Medina the Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]] |chapter=1: The Holiest Cities of Islam |isbn=978-1-4629-1365-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RvQAgAAQBAJ&q=sarat+mountains |year=2013 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101203/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RvQAgAAQBAJ&q=sarat+mountains |url-status=live }}</ref> the latter including the [[Midian Mountains|Midian]] in what is now north-western Saudi Arabia<ref name="Scoville1979"/>
* North-west: Aside from the Sarawat, the northern portion of Saudi Arabia hosts the [[Shammar Mountains|Jabal Shamar Mountains]], which include the Aja and [[Salma Mountains|Salma]] subranges<ref name="Cavendish2007"/>
* Central: The Najd hosts the [[Tuwaiq]] Escarpment<ref name="Scoville1979"/> or Tuwair range<ref name="Cavendish2007"/>

From the [[Hejaz Mountains|Hijaz]] southwards, the mountains show a steady increase in altitude westward as they get nearer to Yemen, and the highest peaks and ranges are all located in Yemen. The highest, [[Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb]] or Jabal Hadhur<ref name="DAKAI 01-1998">{{Cite book |last=زبارة |first=محمد بن محمد بن يحيى اليمني/الصنعاني |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4dyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT359 |title=نيل الوطر من تراجم رجال اليمن في القرن الثالث عشر 1–2 ج1 |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah (دار الكتب العلمية) |isbn=978-2-7451-2623-8 |language=ar |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225083339/https://books.google.nl/books?id=L4dyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT359&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GazetteerArabia1917">{{cite book |publisher=[[Qatar Digital Library]] |title=Gazetteer of Arabia |volume=II [1044] (81/688) |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023727632.0x000052 |year=1917 |access-date=2020-04-17 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309051759/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023727632.0x000052 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mindat">{{cite web |publisher=Mindat.org |title=Jabal an-Nabī Shu'ayb, Bani Matar, Sanaa, Yemen |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-72377.html |access-date=2020-04-17 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612211036/https://www.mindat.org/feature-72377.html |url-status=live }}</ref> of the Haraz subrange of the Sarawat range, is {{convert|3666|m|0}} high.<ref name="Burrows2010"/><ref name="Laughlin2008"/> By comparison, the [[Tuwayr Mountains|Tuwayr]], Shammar and Dhofar generally do not exceed {{cvt|1000|m}} in height.<ref name="Cavendish2007"/>

Not all mountains in the peninsula are visibly within ranges. [[Jebel Hafeet]] in particular, on the border of the UAE and Oman, measuring between {{cvt|1100|and|1300|m|abbr=on}},<ref name="Gardner 01-2004">{{cite web |last=Gardner |first=Andrew Somerville |title=The reptiles of Jebel Hafeet |publisher=[[Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations|ADCO]] and Emirates Natural History Group |pages=149–168 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235918847 |date=January 2004 |access-date=2019-01-14 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153347/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235918847_The_reptiles_of_Jebel_Hafit |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LiethMasoom2012">{{cite book |title=Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 2: Agriculture and forestry under marginal soil water conditions |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-9-4011-1860-6 |editor-last1=Lieth |editor-first1=Helmut |volume=2: Agriculture and forestry under marginal soil water conditions |pages=271–274 |chapter=Reclamation potentials of saline degraded lands in Abu Dhabi eastern region using high salinity-tolerant woody plants and some salt marsh species |access-date=13 January 2019 |editor-last2=Al Masoom |editor-first2=A. A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-fqCAAAQBAJ&q=hafit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330131859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-fqCAAAQBAJ&q=hafit |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=live |name-list-style=and}}</ref> is not within the Hajar range, but may be considered an [[outlier]] of that range.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Salalah Oman.jpg|[[Dhofar Governorate|Dhofar]]
File:Yemen landscape 05.jpg|[[At Tawilah District|At-Tawilah]], [[Al Mahwit]], [[Yemen]]
File:شعيب جو بجبال أجـــا - panoramio.jpg|A subrange of the Jabal Shammar mountains in the desert region of [[Ha'il]], Saudi Arabia
</gallery>

===Land and sea===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Al hafa corniche.jpg
| caption1 = Coconut palms line corniches of Al-Hafa, Oman.
| image2 = Coral Reef in the Red Sea.JPG
| caption2 = Red Sea coral reefs
| image3 = Al-Shaggain, Mukalla.jpg
| caption3 = {{transliteration|ar|Al-Shaggain}} rock formation in [[Burum, Yemen|Burum]], a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Yemen#Tentative list|tentative World Heritage Site in Yemen]]
}}

Most of the Arabian Peninsula is unsuited to agriculture, making irrigation and land reclamation projects essential. The narrow coastal plain and isolated oases, amounting to less than 1% of the land area, are used to cultivate grains, [[coffee]] and [[tropical fruit]]s. Goat, sheep, and [[camel]] husbandry is widespread elsewhere throughout the rest of the Peninsula.

Some areas have a summer humid [[tropical monsoon climate]], in particular the [[Dhofar]] and [[Al Mahrah]] areas of Oman and Yemen. These areas allow for large scale coconut plantations. Much of Yemen has a tropical [[monsoon]] rain influenced mountain climate. The plains usually have either a tropical or subtropical arid [[desert climate]] or arid [[steppe climate]].

The sea surrounding the Arabian Peninsula is generally tropical with a very rich sea life and some of the world's largest and most pristine coral reefs. The [[protozoa]] and [[zooxanthellae]] living in [[symbiosis]] with Red Sea corals have a unique hot weather adaptation to sudden rise and fall in sea water temperature. Hence, these coral reefs are not affected by coral bleaching caused by rise in temperatures, as [[Indo-Pacific]] coral reefs are.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riegl |first1=Bernhard |last2=Purkis |first2=Samuel|date=2011 |editor-last=Hopley |editor-first=D |title= Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs |publisher=Springer |pages=790–798 |chapter=Persian/Arabian Gulf Coral Reefs |isbn=978-90-481-2639-2|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_123}}</ref>

The reefs are also unaffected by mass tourism and diving or other large scale human interference. The Persian gulf has suffered significant loss and degradation of coral reefs with the biggest ongoing threat believed to be coastal construction activity altering the marine environment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riegl |first1=Bernhard |last2=Purkis |first2=Samuel|date=2011 |editor-last=Hopley |editor-first=D |title= Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs |publisher=Springer |pages=790–798 |chapter=Persian/Arabian Gulf Coral Reefs |isbn=978-90-481-2639-2|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_123}}</ref>

The fertile soils of Yemen have encouraged settlement of almost all of the land from sea level up to the mountains at {{convert|10000|ft}}. In the higher elevations, elaborate terraces have been constructed to facilitate grain, fruit, coffee, ginger and [[khat]] cultivation. The Arabian peninsula is known for its rich oil, i.e. [[petroleum]] production due to its geographical location.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sorkhabi |first=Rasoul |title=The Emergence of the Arabian Oil Industry |url=https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2008/06/the-emergence-of-the-arabian-oil-industry |website=Geoexpro |date=June 2008 |access-date=16 April 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601235624/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2008/06/the-emergence-of-the-arabian-oil-industry |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to NASA's [[Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment]] (GRACE) satellite data (2003–2013) analysed in a [[University of California, Irvine]] (UCI)-led study published in [[Water Resources Research]] in June 2015, the most over-stressed aquifer system in the world is the [[Arabian Aquifer System]], upon which more than 60 million people depend for water.<ref name="NASA_GRACE">{{citation |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4626 |work=NASA |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015 |title=Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress |archive-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627045543/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4626 |url-status=live }}</ref> Twenty-one of the 37 largest aquifers "have exceeded sustainability tipping points and are being depleted" and thirteen of them are "considered significantly distressed".<ref name="NASA_GRACE"/>

==History==

=== Prehistoric Arabia ===
{{Main article|Prehistoric Arabia}}

[[Prehistoric Arabia]] is the period of the Arabian Peninsula before any written records are known, going back to when humans first began to settle in the region, until around 1000 BC, when systematic written documentation begins to appear in the archaeological record.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Archaeology of Ancient Arabia |url=https://madainproject.com/arabia |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Madain Project}}</ref> Stone tools from the [[Middle Paleolithic]] era along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in north-western Saudi Arabia, might imply that [[hominins]] migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Patrick |last2=Stewart |first2=Mathew |last3=Alagaili |first3=Abdulaziz N. |last4=Breeze |first4=Paul |last5=Candy |first5=Ian |last6=Drake |first6=Nick |last7=Groucutt |first7=Huw S. |last8=Scerri |first8=Eleanor M. L. |last9=Lee-Thorp |first9=Julia |author-link9=Julia Lee-Thorp |last10=Louys |first10=Julien |last11=Zalmout |first11=Iyad S. |last12=Al-Mufarreh |first12=Yahya S. A. |last13=Zech |first13=Jana |last14=Alsharekh |first14=Abdullah M. |last15=al Omari |first15=Abdulaziz |date=29 October 2018 |title=Fossil herbivore stable isotopes reveal middle Pleistocene hominin palaeoenvironment in 'Green Arabia' |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0698-9.epdf |url-status=live |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Nature |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=1871–1878 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1871R |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0698-9 |pmid=30374171 |s2cid=53099270 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614014654/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0698-9.epdf?referrer_access_token=hySAQNyjvRiQRNjo0mIXTNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N9kU6ZdocH1K5tlqbulC1NGihAtdUvadgd-Ce3IG8XflefNUJloWb0eiaik74msA1h2rnnGtKxsacM4n3oeY0ox3pyrnXIUsPX-0WqdUkvypjbH2-2zqzS6cX7GNA5XLxPMYuIOIGe73T9jrg26kRslQtiKDIo-6b8uybLbkRmsnPtcQEVDKKZEyjcImvRdVONyF_xvx1mOlrO4zI7po2NWcmKfmlFba5CH0PjStE6EJ1Ro0X_YiKSXL-TWWd0OVI%3D&tracking_referrer=sciencenews.org |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=1 November 2018 |hdl-access=free |last16=Boivin |first16=Nicole |last17=Petraglia |first17=Michael |hdl=10072/382068}}</ref>

Two-hundred-thousand-year-old stone tools were discovered at Shuaib Al-Adgham in the eastern [[Al-Qassim Province]], which would indicate that many prehistoric sites, located along a network of rivers, had once existed in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1785951/saudi-arabia |title=Saudi Arabia's Qassim stone axe find points to prehistoric 'crossroads' |website=Arab News |date=2 January 2021 }}</ref> [[Acheulean]] tools found in Sadaqah, [[Riyadh Region]] reveal that hominids lived in the Arabian Peninsula around 188,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Scerri | first1=Eleanor M. L. | last2=Shipton | first2=Ceri | last3=Clark-Balzan | first3=Laine | last4=Frouin | first4=Marine | last5=Schwenninger | first5=Jean-Luc | last6=Groucutt | first6=Huw S. | last7=Breeze | first7=Paul S. | last8=Parton | first8=Ash | last9=Blinkhorn | first9=James | last10=Drake | first10=Nick A. | last11=Jennings | first11=Richard | last12=Cuthbertson | first12=Patrick | last13=Al Omari | first13=Abdulaziz | last14=Alsharekh | first14=Abdullah M. | last15=Petraglia | first15=Michael D. | title=The expansion of later Acheulean hominins into the Arabian Peninsula | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=17165 | date=29 November 2018 | doi=10.1038/s41598-018-35242-5 | pmid=30498259 | pmc=6265249 | bibcode=2018NatSR...817165S }}</ref> Human habitation in Arabia may have occurred as early as 130,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uerpmann|first1=Hans-Peter|last2=Usik|first2=Vitaly I.|last3=Parker|first3=Adrian G.|last4=Marks|first4=Anthony E.|last5=Jasim|first5=Sabah A. |last6=Armitage|first6=Simon J.|date=2011-01-28|title=The Southern Route "Out of Africa": Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia |journal=Science |language=en |volume=331 |issue=6016 |pages=453–456 |doi=10.1126/science.1199113 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=21273486 |bibcode=2011Sci...331..453A |s2cid=20296624}}</ref> A fossilized ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' finger bone found at Al Wusta in the [[Nefud Desert]] dates to approximately 90,000 years ago and is the oldest human fossil discovered outside of Africa and the Levant. This indicates human migrations from Africa to Arabia occurred around this time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/mpif-fhm040418.php|title=First human migration out of Africa more geographically widespread than previously thought|work=Eurek Alert|date=9 April 2018|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070454/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/mpif-fhm040418.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Arabian Peninsula may have been the homeland of a '[[Basal Eurasian]]' population, which diverged from other Eurasians soon after the Out-of-Africa migration, and subsequently became isolated, until it started to mix with other populations in the Middle East around 25,000 years ago. These different Middle Eastern populations would later spread Basal Eurasian ancestry via the [[Neolithic Revolution]] to all of Western Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vallini |first1=Leonardo |last2=Zampieri |first2=Carlo |last3=Shoaee |first3=Mohamed Javad |last4=Bortolini |first4=Eugenio |last5=Marciani |first5=Giulia |last6=Aneli |first6=Serena |last7=Pievani |first7=Telmo |last8=Benazzi |first8=Stefano |last9=Barausse |first9=Alberto |last10=Mezzavilla |first10=Massimo |last11=Petraglia |first11=Michael D. |last12=Pagani |first12=Luca |date=2024-03-25 |title=The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1882 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 |pmid=38528002 |issn=2041-1723|pmc=10963722 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1882V }}</ref>

===Pre-Islamic Arabia===
{{main|Pre-Islamic Arabia|History of the Romans in Arabia}}

[[File:Near East in 1000bc (en).jpg|thumb|Pre-Islamic Arabia in 1000 BC]]
{{further|Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia}}
[[File:Pre_Islamic_Arabian_Tribes_(Harold_Dixon).svg|thumb|283x283px|A map published by the British academic Harold Dixon during [[World War I]], showing the locations of Arab tribes in [[West Asia]], 1914]]
[[Archaeology]] has revealed the existence of many civilizations in pre-Islamic Arabia (such as the [[Thamud]]), especially in [[South Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert D. Burrowes |year=2010 |title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen |page=319 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0810855281}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Anderson Kitchen|year=2003|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n139 116]|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0802849601}}</ref> [[South Arabian kingdoms in pre-Islamic Arabia|South Arabian civilizations]] include the [[Sheba|Kingdom of Saba]], [[Awsan]], [[Ma'in]], and [[Himyar]]. From 106 AD to 630 AD north-western Arabia was under the control of the [[Roman Empire]], which renamed it [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jane|title=Petra|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|year=2005|isbn=9957-451-04-9|location=London|pages=25–31}}</ref> Central Arabia was the location of the [[Kingdom of Kinda]] in the 4th, 5th and early 6th centuries, as well as the [[Ma'add]] tribes. Eastern Arabia was home to the [[Dilmun civilization]]. The earliest known events in Arabian history are migrations from the peninsula into neighbouring areas.<ref>Philip Khuri Hitti (2002), History of the Arabs, Revised: 10th Edition</ref>

The Arabian Peninsula has long been accepted as the original ''[[Urheimat]]'' of the [[Semitic languages]] by most scholars.<ref>Gray, Louis Herbert (2006) ''Introduction to Semitic Comparative Linguistics''</ref><ref>Courtenay, James John (2009) ''The Language of Palestine and Adjacent Regions''</ref><ref>Kienast, Burkhart. (2001). ''Historische semitische Sprachwissenschaft''.</ref><ref>Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995) ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''</ref>

===Rise of Islam===
{{main|Early Muslim conquests|Islamic Golden Age}}

[[File:Umayyad750ADloc.png|thumb|The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750)]]
The seventh century saw the rise of Islam as the peninsula's dominant religion. The [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but [[Hijra (Islam)|migrated]] to [[Medina]] in 622. From there he and his companions united the [[tribes of Arabia]] under the banner of [[Islam]] and created the [[first Islamic state]]—a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula.

Under the subsequent [[Rashidun]] and [[Umayyad]] [[Caliphate]]s, rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian Peninsula formed a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from the north-west [[Indian subcontinent]], across [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], southern [[Italy]], and the [[Iberian Peninsula]], to the [[Pyrenees]].

With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], a prominent [[sahaba|companion]] of Muhammad, nominated [[Abu Bakr]], who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first [[caliph]]. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by [[Byzantine]] (or [[Eastern Roman Empire]]) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the [[Ridda wars]], or "Wars of Apostasy".<ref>See:
* Holt (1977a), p.57
* Hourani (2003), p.22
* Lapidus (2002), p.32
* Madelung (1996), p.43
* Tabatabaei (1979), p.30–50</ref>

[[Image:Ayyubid.png|thumb|The Middle East, c. 1190. [[Saladin]]'s empire and its vassals shown in red]]
On his death in 634, he was succeeded by [[Umar]] as caliph, followed by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]] and [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. The period of these first four caliphs is known as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'': the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun or "rightly guided" Caliphate]]. Under the Rashidun Caliphs, and, from 661, their [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad successors]], the Arabs rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim control outside of Arabia. In a matter of decades Muslim armies decisively defeated the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine army]] and destroyed the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian Empire]], [[Early Muslim conquests|conquering huge swathes of territory]] from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] to India. The political focus of the Muslim world then shifted to the newly conquered territories.<ref>See: Holt (1977a), p.57, Hourani (2003), p.22, Lapidus (2002), p.32, Madelung (1996), p.43, Tabatabaei (1979), p.30–50</ref><ref name="L. Gardet">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Islam|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.}}</ref>

Nevertheless, [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] remained the spiritually most important places in the [[Muslim world]]. The [[Qur'an]] requires every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it, as one of the [[five pillars of Islam]], to make a pilgrimage, or [[Hajj]], to [[Mecca]] during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] at least once in his or her lifetime.<ref>Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (5th ed.), pp.145–147 {{ISBN|978-0-8120-1853-0}}</ref> The [[Masjid al-Haram]] (the Grand Mosque) in [[Mecca]] is the location of the [[Kaaba]], Islam's holiest site, and the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] (the Prophet's Mosque) in [[Medina]] is the location of [[Muhammad]]'s grave; as a result, from the 7th century, [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] became the pilgrimage destinations for large numbers of Muslims from across the [[Islamic world]].<ref>Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Lawrence Davidson (2005). ''A Concise History of the Middle East'' (8th ed.), p.48 {{ISBN|978-0-8133-4275-7}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Persian Gulf z1507-1750.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]] in Arabia]]

Despite its spiritual importance, in political terms Arabia soon became a peripheral region of the [[Islamic world]], in which the most important [[Caliphate|medieval Islamic states]] were based at various times in such far away cities as [[Damascus]], [[Baghdad]], and [[Cairo]].
However, from the 10th century (and, in fact, until the 20th century) the [[Hashemite]] [[Sharifs of Mecca]] maintained a state in the most developed part of the region, the Hejaz. Their domain originally comprised only the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] but in the 13th century it was extended to include the rest of the Hejaz. Although, the Sharifs exercised at most times independent authority in the Hejaz, they were usually subject to the [[suzerainty]] of one of the major Islamic empires of the time. In the Middle Ages, these included the [[Abbasids]] of [[Baghdad]], and the [[Fatimids]], [[Ayyubids]], and [[Mamluks]] of [[Egypt]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online: History of Arabia">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia Encyclopædia Britannica Online: History of Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503091224/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia |date=3 May 2015 }} retrieved 18 January 2011</ref>

=== Modern history ===
[[File:First saudi state.png |thumb|The expansion of the [[Emirate of Diriyah|first Saudi State]] from 1744 to 1814]]
[[File:Arabia 1914.png |thumb|The Arabian Peninsula in 1914]]
[[File:Saudi Unification Map.png |thumb|Territorial evolution of the [[Third Saudi State]] (1902–1934)]]

The provincial Ottoman Army for Arabia (Arabistan Ordusu) was headquartered in [[Syria (region)|Syria]], which included Palestine, the Transjordan region in addition to Lebanon ([[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate|Mount Lebanon was, however, a semi-autonomous mutasarrifate]]). It was put in charge of Syria, Cilicia, Iraq, and the remainder of the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>see History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 1977, {{ISBN|0-521-29166-6}}, page 85</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxkz9D4Ff_sC&pg=PA417 The Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830–1861, by Caesar E. Farah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514211350/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxkz9D4Ff_sC&pg=PA417&dq=&lr=&ei=BoDxSP2rFZbMzQTO3MXtBg&client= |date=14 May 2016 }}, explains that Mount Lebanon was in the jurisdiction of the Arabistan Army, and that its headquarters was briefly moved to Beirut.</ref> The Ottomans never had any control over central Arabia, also known as the [[Najd]] region.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the [[House of Saud|Al Saud]], began in [[Najd]] in central Arabia in 1744, when [[Muhammad bin Saud]], founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], founder of the [[Wahhabi movement]], a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam.<ref>{{cite book |title=Contemporary Religions: A World Guide |first1=Ian |last1=Harris |first2=Stuart|last2=Mews|first3=Paul|last3=Morris|first4= John |last4= Shepherd |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-582-08695-1 |page=369|publisher=Longman }}</ref> The [[Emirate of Diriyah]] established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, [[Wahhabi sack of Karbala|sacking Karbala]] in 1802, and [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|capturing Mecca]] in 1803.<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316131703/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm |date=16 March 2017 }}". Library of Congress Country Studies.</ref>

The [[Damascus Protocol]] of 1914 provides an illustration of the regional relationships. Arabs living in one of the existing districts of the Arabian peninsula, the Emirate of [[Hejaz]], asked for a British guarantee of independence. Their proposal included all Arab lands south of a line roughly corresponding to the northern frontiers of present-day Syria and Iraq. They envisioned a new Arab state, or confederation of states, adjoining the southern Arabian Peninsula. It would have comprised [[Cilicia]]—[[İskenderun]] and [[Mersin]], Iraq with Kuwait, Syria, [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]], Jordan, and [[Palestine]].<ref>As cited by R, John and S. Hadawi's, Palestine Diary, pp. 30–31, the 'Damascus Protocol' stated: "The recognition by Great Britain of the independence of the Arab countries lying within the following frontiers: North: The Line Mersin_Adana to parallel 37N. and thence along the line Birejek-Urga-Mardin-Kidiat-Jazirat (Ibn 'Unear)-Amadia to the Persian frontier; East: The Persian frontier down to the Persian Gulf; South: The Indian Ocean (with the exclusion of Aden, whose status was to be maintained). West: The Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea back to Mersin. The abolition of all exceptional privileges granted to foreigners under the capitulations. The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Great Britain ''and the future independent Arab State''. The grant of economic preference to Great Britain." see [https://books.google.com/books?id=n706ShSYt-sC ''King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322142502/http://books.google.com/books?id=n706ShSYt-sC&printsec=toc&dq=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0#PPA65,M1 |date=22 March 2015 }}, By Randall Baker, Oleander Press, 1979, {{ISBN|0-900891-48-3}}, pages 64–65</ref>

In the modern era, the term bilad al-Yaman came to refer specifically to the south-western parts of the peninsula. Arab geographers started to refer to the whole peninsula as 'jazirat al-Arab', or the peninsula of the Arabs.<ref name="california"/>

====Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz Railway====
The railway was started in 1900 at the behest of the Ottoman Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] and was built largely by the [[Turkey|Turk]]s, with [[German Empire|German]] advice and support. A public subscription was opened throughout the Islamic world to fund the construction. The railway was to be a [[waqf]], an inalienable religious endowment or charitable trust.<ref>King Hussein and the Kingdom of Hejaz, Randall Baker, Oleander Press 1979, {{ISBN|0-900891-48-3}}, page 18</ref>

====The Arab Revolt and the foundation of Saudi Arabia====
[[File:Map Arabia 1929 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TRC-10.jpg|thumb|Physical and political elements of Arabia in 1929]]
[[File:الملك عبد العزيز مع الشيخ جابر الأحمد الصباح.jpg|thumb|[[Ibn Saud|Abdulaziz Ibn Saud]], the founding father and first king of [[Saudi Arabia]]]]

The major developments of the early 20th century were the [[Arab Revolt]] during World War I and the subsequent collapse and [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]]. The Arab Revolt (1916–1918) was initiated by the [[Sherif Hussein ibn Ali]] with the aim of securing independence from the ruling [[Ottoman Empire]] and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from [[Aleppo]] in Syria to [[Aden]] in Yemen. During World War I, the Sharif Hussein entered into an alliance with the United Kingdom and France against the Ottomans in June 1916.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=David |title=The Arab Revolt 1916-18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze |date=2008 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-84603-339-1 |series=Campaign |location=Oxford |pages=9, 23-24}}</ref>

[[File:Map_of_the_states_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula_(1905-1923).svg|thumb|The Arabian Peninsula in 1923]]

These events were followed by the foundation of Saudi Arabia under King [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|Abdulaziz Ibn Saud]]. After the collapse of the [[Emirate of Diriyah]], the House of Saud regrouped and in 1824 founded the [[Second Saudi State]], which would control most of Arabia for the next two-thirds of a century. Ibn Saud, after his family lost power in 1891, would establish the [[Third Saudi State]], capturing [[Riyadh]] in 1902, and, successively subduing Al-Hasa, [[Emirate of Jabal Shammar|Jabal Shammar]] and [[Kingdom of Hejaz|Hejaz]] between 1913 and 1926. The Saudis then absorbed the [[Idrisid Emirate of Asir|Emirate of Asir]], with their expansion only ending in 1934 after a [[Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)|war with Yemen]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

====Oil reserves====
The second major development has been the discovery of [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|vast reserves of oil]] in the 1930s. Its production brought great wealth to all countries of the region, with the exception of Yemen.

====North Yemen Civil War====
{{main|North Yemen civil war}}

The North Yemen Civil War was fought in [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]] between royalists of the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]] and factions of the [[Yemen Arab Republic]] from 1962 to 1970. The war began with a [[coup d'état]] carried out by the republican leader, [[Abdullah as-Sallal]], which dethroned the newly crowned [[Muhammad al-Badr]] and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support.

The royalist side received support from Saudi Arabia, while the republicans were supported by Egypt and the Soviet Union. Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved. The [[President of Egypt|Egyptian President]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 troops. Despite several military moves and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate. Egypt's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the [[Six-Day War]] of June 1967, after which Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army's involvement and began to pull his forces out of Yemen.

By 1970, King [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] recognized the republic and a truce was signed. Egyptian military historians refer to Egypt's role in the war in Yemen as analogous to the [[United States]]' role in the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=enein>{{Cite news |issue=Jan–Feb, 2004 |last=Aboul-Enein |first=Youssef |title=The Egyptian-Yemen War: Egyptian perspectives on Guerrilla warfare |work=Infantry Magazine |access-date=October 3, 2008 |date=2004-01-01 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_1_93/ai_n6123802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203161830/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_1_93/ai_n6123802 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-02-03}}</ref>

====Gulf War====
{{main|Gulf War}}

In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait.<ref>see Richard Schofield, Kuwait and Iraq: Historical Claims and Territorial. Disputes, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs 1991, {{ISBN|0-905031-35-0}} and The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents, By E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, Marc Weller, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1991, {{ISBN|0-521-46308-4}}</ref> The [[invasion of Kuwait]] by Iraqi forces led to the 1990–91 [[Gulf War]]. Egypt, Qatar, Syria, and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational [[Coalition of the Gulf War|coalition]] that opposed Iraq. Displays of support for Iraq by Jordan and Palestine resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states. After the war, a so-called "Damascus Declaration" formalized an alliance for future joint Arab defensive actions between Egypt, Syria, and the GCC member states.<ref>Egypt's Bid for Arab Leadership: Implications for U.S. Policy, By Gregory L. Aftandilian, Published by Council on Foreign Relations, 1993, {{ISBN|0-87609-146-X}}, pages 6–8</ref>

====2014 Yemen civil war====
{{main|Yemeni civil war (2014–present)}}

The [[Arab Spring]] reached Yemen in January 2011.<ref>BBC World News, Arab Uprising:Country by Country -Yemen</ref> People of Yemen took to the street demonstrating against three decades of rule by President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]].<ref>Cornell University Library. Arab Spring:A Research & Study Guide:Yemen guides. library.cornell.edu. Last Updated: May 9, 2019</ref> The demonstration led to cracks in the ruling General People's Congress (GPC) and Saleh's Sanhani clan.<ref>Britannica.com. "Yemen Uprising of 2011–12". Written By:The editors of Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> Saleh used tactics of concession and violence to save his presidency.<ref>University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign. guides.library.edu. Arab Spring Workshop:Yemen</ref> After numerous attempts, Saleh accepted the Gulf Cooperation Council's mediation. He eventually handed power to Vice President Hadi, who was sworn in as President of Yemen on 25 February 2012. Hadi launched a national dialogue to address new constitutional, political and social issues. The [[Houthi movement]], dissatisfied with the outcomes of the national dialogue, [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|launched an offensive]] and stormed the Yemeni capital Sanaa on 21 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/23/how-the-houthis-did-it-yemen-hadi-arab-spring/|first=Laura|last=Kasinof|title=How the Houthis Did It|date=2015|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330021054/https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/23/how-the-houthis-did-it-yemen-hadi-arab-spring/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, Saudi Arabia launched a [[Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war|military intervention in Yemen]] in March 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=3 September 2019 |title=UK, US and France may be complicit in Yemen war crimes – UN report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/uk-us-and-france-may-be-complicit-in-yemen-war-crimes-un-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022141109/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/03/uk-us-and-france-may-be-complicit-in-yemen-war-crimes-un-report |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The civil war and subsequent military intervention and [[blockade of Yemen|blockade]] caused a [[Famine in Yemen (2016–present)|famine in Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen-famine-cholera.html|title=The Photos the U.S. and Saudi Arabia Don't Want You to See|first=Nicholas|last=Kristof|date=31 August 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831091519/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen-famine-cholera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sanaa.JPG|alt=The old city of Sanaa, Yemen. Peninsular Arabs trace their lineage to Qahtan, who was reportedly based in Yemen.|The [[Old City of Sanaa]]
File:عين زبيدة.png|[[Canal of Zubaidah|Ain Zubaydah]] was built to water the pilgrims in [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] by order of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far]].
File:Omar Mosque.jpg|[[Umar ibn al-Khattab Mosque|Omar Mosque in Dumat al-Jandal, Saudi Arabia]]
File:Madain Saleh (6730128379).jpg|The facade of a tomb with its details and architectural elements in [[Hegra (Mada'in Salih)|Hegra]], Saudi Arabia
File:Qasr al Farid.JPG|Qasr al Farid, tomb in Archeological site Mada'in Saleh, Al-`Ula, Saudi Arabia
File:Diriyahpic.jpg|[[Diriyah]] the capital of the [[first Saudi state]]
File:Jemen1988-022 hg.jpg|[[Dam of Marib|Dam of Ma'rib]]
File:Dhamar Ali Yahbur (bust).jpg|[[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite]] King Dhamar'ali Yahbur II
File:AradFort.jpg|[[Arad Fort]] in Bahrain
File:Nizwa (5).jpg|[[Nizwa Fort]] in Oman
File:Dubai Jumeirah Creek Museum Jumeirah 9-12th century model 1301200712751.jpg|The ruins of [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] city in the historic [[Jumeirah]] district of [[Dubai]]
File:Coper head of bull Dilmun1.jpg|Bull's head, made of copper in the early period of [[Dilmun]] (ca. 2000 BC), Bahrain
File:Al-Magar - Saluki Artifact (المقر - سلوقي - قطعة أثرية).jpg|The head and body of a [[Saluki]] is made of stone from the [[Al-Magar]] civilization, in the Neolithic period (about 8000 BC)
File:مدين.jpg|[[Midian]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Achaemenid Arabia]]
* [[Ancient history of Yemen]]
* [[Arabian Gulf Cup]]
* [[Arab League]]
* [[Arab world]]
* [[Eastern Arabia]]
* [[European exploration of Arabia]]
* [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]
* [[Iram of the Pillars]]
* [[Kingdom of Aksum]]
* [[List of Arabian cities by population]]
* [[List of peninsulas]]
* [[Mashriq]]
* [[Musandam Peninsula]]
{{Div col end}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11756/ Travels in Arabia] (1892)
* [http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-of.php?id=31 High resolution scan of old map of Arabia].{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205448/http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-image-of.php?id=31 |date=14 July 2014 }}.
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2914/ The Coast of Arabia the Red Sea, and Persian Sea of Bassora Past the Straits of Hormuz to India, Gujarat and Cape Comorin] from the World Digital Library, depicts a map from 1707.
* {{Cite EB1911 |first=Robert Alexander |last=Wahab |first2=Griffithes Wheeler |last2=Thatcher |first3=Michael Jan de |last3=Goeje |author3-link=Michael Jan de Goeje |wstitle=Arabia|short=x}}
* [http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Arabia_Culltural-Historical_Zones_lg.png Arabia: Cultural-Historical Zones]
* [https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,arabia%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,1&mfacet=topic,include,Arabian%20Peninsula,1&mfacet=topic,include,Saudi%20Arabia,1&lang=en_US&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of Arabia], Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The [[National Library of Israel]]

== External links ==
{{commons and category|Arabian peninsula|Arabian Peninsula}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wiktionary|Arabian Peninsula}}

{{Regions of the world}}
{{Continents of the world}}
{{Mountains on the Arabian Peninsula}}
{{History of Ottoman}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|23|N|46|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Arabian Peninsula| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Geography of West Asia]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Asia]]
[[Category:West Asia]]

Roll No. 21

2026-03-21T13:35:34Z

XMC.PL-Master: Done

{{short description|Indian animated series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Title card for the show called Roll No 21.jpg
| alt_name = Kris: Roll No. 21
| genre = [[Action film|Action]] [[Adventure]]
| language = {{plainlist|
* English
* Hindi
* Tamil
* Telugu
}}
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| developer =
| creator =
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Avinash Aanand
* Kaushik Chawla
* Richa Deo
* Alok Sharma
* Swapnil Narendra
}}
| director = {{plainlist|
* Ah Loong
* Uttam Pal Singh
}}
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices = {{plainlist|
* Pooja Punjabi
* Vinod Kulkarni
* Ganessh Divakar
* Vaibhav Thakkar
* Koustuv Gosh
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Roll No. 21"
| endtheme = "Roll No. 21" (Karaoke)
| country = {{plainlist|
* India
}}
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = Animasia Studio Cosmos Maya (last season)
| channel = [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network (India)]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2010|11|27}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Roll No. 21''''' (also known as '''''Kris''''') is an Indian [[animated television series]] produced by [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] and Animasia Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-08 |title=ANIMASIA’S INVOLVEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT & SERVICING CARTOON NETWORK’S ROLL NO 21 - Animasia Animation Studio |url=https://animasia-studio.com/animasias-involvement-in-development-servicing-cartoon-networks-roll-no-21/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=animasia-studio.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The show is available in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]],[[Tamil language|Tamil]],[[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language |Malayalam]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. It was premiered on 27 November 2010 as one of the first Indian originals of [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Krishna-in-a-new-avatar/article15717064.ece|title=Krishna in a new avatar|work=The Hindu |date=26 November 2010}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kris (orphaned kid granted power by [[Lord Krishna]]) is an intelligent and naughty kid who stays at an orphanage school along with his friends - Pinky, Bablu and Madhu. An evil demon king, posing as principal Kanishk (incarnation of [[Kamsa|Kansa]]) is out to create havoc in the school. He has ulterior motives to take over the world with his army of zombie demons [[asuras]]. To save his friends and school from annihilation, Kris prays to [[Lord Vishnu]] and is blessed with superpowers. Armed with a magical peacock feather and a flute, Kris is ready to take on Kanishk. Kanishk with the help of his minions always tries to takedown Kris and often brings demons from ''Paataal Nagri'' to do so but always fails.

== Characters ==
=== Main ===
* '''Kris''': Kris is a godly child mostly known as ''neele gubbare'' ({{translation|blue balloon}}) by Golu. He is an incarnation of [[Lord Krishna]]. He has appeared in Mathura Anath Ashram to stop Kanishk and his evil plans, When Kanishk showed up at the school and started wreaking havoc, Kris prayed to Lord Krishna who gave him the powers of himself, he has a flute that he can use to attack or defend himself and a magical [[Peacock]] feather. Kris stays as a normal student in the school but secretly changes into Krishna, the divine boy with mystical powers whenever needed. He shows childish traits such as playing, disliking studies and homework, and enjoying playtime with his friends. Like Lord Krishna, Kris also likes butter, ice cream. His skin color is blue in this series.
* '''Kanishk''': Kanishk is the incarnation of [[Kamsa|Kansa]] who is the principal of Mathura Anath Ashram. He initially came back on earth to take over the world but Krishna's appearance is 'delaying' his whole plan. He is the king of demons of the Netherworld. In order to get rid of Kris, He keeps coming with a new "Get Kris" plan in each story which forms the storyline for the series. However, since defeating Kris is not easy, and he also has to manage the whole school and its duties, Kanishk keeps summoning various demons from the Netherworld to fight Kris. Kanishk is very concerned about the performance of his school and its result. He is seen constantly nagging with his staff to get the kids' performance up all the time.
* ''' Dr. J''': Dr. J is Kanishk's most loyal minion. He is a dentist and stays by Kanishk all the time. He is the reincarnation of [[Jarasandh]]. J often keeps coming with new ideas to get rid of Kris. Unfortunately, all his ideas backfire on him and Kanishk. Besides being a dentist, J is also a scientist who keeps inventing various machines, devices, and traps mostly used to tackle Kris. However, he often desires to be the principal of the school and hopes to kick Kanishk out because Kanishk keeps whacking and humiliating him. He gets help from Kris at times.
* '''Pinky''': Pinky is Kris' classmate and a student of Mathura Anath Ashram. She is the incarnation of [[Radha]]. She is one of the best friends that Kris has and worries about Kris, her friends, and the school. She is an activist who keeps coming up with different initiatives for the betterment of the school and its students. She also has a crush on Kris. Pinky is also a brainiac who is good with studies.
* '''Babloo''': Babloo is Kris' best friend and the reincarnation of [[Sudama]]. He stays with Kris most of the time and backs Kris and his ideas when confronted by Pinky. He is an average student but really good with sports.
* '''Madhu''': Madhu is a friend of Kris and the brains of the group. Among all the friends Kris has, Madhu is the smartest one. He keeps coming up with many innovative ideas of gadgets and devices useful for kids. He is also the smartest student in the school. He often gets bullied by Golu. He is the reincarnation of Madhumangal.
* '''Golu''': Golu is the bully of Mathura Anath Ashram. His only job and recreation are to mess with the kids and to take their stuff or food by force. He is often confronted by Kris and his friends. He is called ''motu'' (Fatso) by many people and kids as he has loved any kind of food. He is the overweighted student of the school. Many times, Golu is let in by Kanishk and J in their plans to get back at Kris. Golu happily participates in Kanishk's plans as he likes getting an opportunity to get even with Kris and Kanishk also manages to get Golu's grades a little high. He is the reincarnation of Subala.
* '''Sukhi''': Sukhi is the reincarnation of [[Narada|Narada Muni]] in the school. He is in the school to report everything to the gods. He owns a [[phone booth]] outside the school, where he has a divine phone which connects straight to heaven. He reports about how Kris is doing through this booth. He knows Kris' secret and helps him often by letting him know of Kanishk's evil plans.

=== Recurring ===
* '''Taarak''': Taarak, an incarnation of [[Tarakasur]], is Kanishk's cousin who is there in the school as a maths teacher. He is more of a 'Yes Sir' character who keeps nodding to all of Kanishk's plans to get back at Kris (no matter how ridiculous they are). He sometimes is shown wishing if Kanishk could let him be fit-free as he is constantly nagged by Kanishk to take more extra classes.
* '''Suparna''': Suparna is the chemistry and music teacher of the school. She is the reincarnation of [[Putana]]. She is really fond of make-up and is a laid-back but strict teacher.
* '''Basu''': Basu is the sports teacher of the Mathura Anath Ashram. He is loved by the kids and is their favorite teacher. He is the incarnation of [[Vasudeva]] and is the only human teacher, unlike the other teachers who are demons.
* '''Prashant''': He is a student in Mathura Anath Ashram. He is somewhat good in studies but very good at sports and dancing. He is the reincarnation of Ujavala.
* '''Ballu''': He is the elder brother of Kris and the incarnation of [[Balarama]]. In his first scene in the show, he is seen keeping a public eye on Kris. He is also seen being over-protective of Kris.
* '''Chimpu and Champu''': They are the two sidekicks of Golu. They think Golu is the best.
*'''Guru Mahasur''': He is teacher of all demons of [[Patala|Paataal-Nagri]]. He is the incarnation of Guru [[Shukracharya]].
* '''Lord Aquarius:''' He is the overarching villain and is shown to be the strongest devil. He succeeds in beating Kris and Kanishk in the special episode "The Attack of the Shadow: Part I".
* '''Agent Veer''': He is the protagonist of the show which is a favorite to Kris and his friends. He is a superhero and his enemy is Dr. Dhamaka. He is supported by Kris and his friends.
* '''Dr. Dhamaka''': He is the antagonist of the same show in which Agent Veer is the protagonist. He fights against Agent Veer and is supported by Kanishk and his minions. His two robotic assistants are Babloo and Dabloo.

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=AE1111 |season=6 |title=30 | episodes=

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Keede Makode/Stop Bugging Me
| ShortSummary = It's raining bugs at school. There are bugs all around. In the shower, in Kanishk's [[Coffee]], in Suparna's make up kit etc. And none other that Vrishchika - the scorpion lady from netherworld is responsible for this. She's come seeking revenge from Kris. Meanwhile Dr. J gives the kids an assignment to collect the highest number of bugs. The kids collect the bugs in jars.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Madhu vs Maddy
| ShortSummary = Madhu the geek creates his virtual alter ego, called Maddy, on a networking website. Its way of becoming a popular kid in class. Maddy is everything that Madhu had always wanted to be but cannot. Maddy is not a geek, looks suave, he is funny, he is a hero. Maddy has become the talk of the school. Dr. J hatches a plan to use Maddy to defeat Kris.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Friendship Day
| ShortSummary = A knock on the head, makes Kanishk lose his memory and he thinks that Kris is his best friend rather than his sworn enemy. He doesn't even remember that he's the school principal anymore. Kanishk begins acting like a kid and sticks to Kris like glue. Though it is fun at first, Kris soon becomes bored…no enemy, no Kanishk equals to zero fun.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai/Double Trouble
| ShortSummary = Kris has been behaving strange at school. He paints a moustache on Pinky's doll's face. Kris helps Golu bully Babloo much to the surprise of both of them. Madhu's specs are missing and Kris makes fun of him. Kris trips Sukhi as he is raking the leaves. Everyone hates the way Kris is behaving and can't figure out why? Actually, this is Tarak and Kanishk's evil plan.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Dho Dala/Pet Wash
| ShortSummary =
Pinky wants to keep a pet Puppy. But Kanishk would not allow that at all, as he hates animals and animals hate him! Kris gets an idea to make his friends' wish come true and also an opportunity to stoke the fire of Kanishk's wrath at the same time. Kris puts up a sign outside the ashram, "Free Pet Wash" and within no time, the ashram is filled with pets from all around Mathura.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Inspection Day
| ShortSummary = It's Babloo's birthday and the kids are preparing for a surprise birthday party. Kanishk has got a whiff of the surprise birthday plans and is plotting to make Babloo's birthday also Kris' last day on earth. To ruin the birthday plans and to get rid of Kris, Bun Bun mausi (demon spider) is called from the netherworld.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Caw Caw "Kaka"
| ShortSummary = Kanishk has summoned Kaka/Bhusasur (The scary scarecrow) again to handle Kris and his friends. While Kanishk, Bhusasur and the 3 minions get ready for Kris, the kids are having fun playing a game of witch and wizards in the dorm. Golu dares Kris to sneak into the Principals office. Dr. J had bribed Golu with chocolates earlier to make him get Kris to the office.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Villans Ki Paathshaala/Finishing School For Villains
| ShortSummary =
Kanishk's failure to defeat Kris has brought shame to his family in the netherworld. So this time his mom, dad and grandfather pay Kanishk a visit. They feel that Kanishk needs to brush up his evil demon skills and so appoint a teacher for him and the minions. the teacher is a magical stick and it'll train Kanishk and the minions to be the most horrible demons who can crush Kris like a fly.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Jaagte Raho!/The Nap Trap!
| ShortSummary =
Yogachari arrives again from the netherworld to take revenge against Kris. He works his magic on the kids due to which the kids cannot sleep at night. The next morning when the kids are nodding off in class the 3 minions keep them awake in one pretext or the other. Slowly the sleep deprived kids begin to hallucinate. Yogachari uses the kids' deepest desires and make them turn against the kids.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Dushman Bhagao Helmet/The Bully Proof Helmet
| ShortSummary =
Fed up of Golu's constant bullying, Madhu makes a bully-proof helmet. The helmet can use the opponents powers against him. So the next time Golu tries to Bully or hit anyone Madhu uses the helmet and Golu ends up hitting his ownself. Dr.J steals Madhu's helmet and shows it to Kanishk.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Pinky Ki Chhaya/What's up with Pinky?
| ShortSummary = Kanishk plans to attack Kris with the help of someone he least expects. What better than disguising as one of his best friends- Pinky! Kanishk's minion Chhaya Maya has come back and puts Pinky to sleep in Kanishk's office. Disguising herself as Pinky, Chhaya Maya starts behaving a little weird. She takes Kris to a black valley on the pretext of getting her a blue flower.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Babloo Ka Kavach/Evil Armour
| ShortSummary = For the 'Show and Tell' assignment, Babloo gets his hands on an ancient armor. But little does he know that the armor actually belongs to the netherworld and it was Kanishk's plan all along to make Babloo 'find' the armor. Once Babloo wears the evil armor, he feels and becomes all powerful. He even takes on the class bully Golu in a fight. Babloo's armor is a hit at the show and tell.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| Title = Mathura High vs Lok Paataal Low
| ShortSummary = At Mathura Anath Aashram holidays have been declared. This means no classes, no studies, no books for a whole week! Kanishka however is sad as this also means he can't summon any demons from the netherworld in the disguise of teachers. But Kanishk has another plan ready. The Lokpaatal school is also on a break. This is the first double–length and special episode of the Show.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| Title = Besurdas vs Basu Sir
| ShortSummary = Kanishk notices the uncanny resemblance between Besurdas, the demon musician and Basu Sir, the school's PT teacher. Kanishk gets an idea to do away with kris. He decides to replace Basu Sir with Besurdas. This way getting Kris would be a piece of cake. Basu Sir is locked up in a cupboard and Besurdas takes his place as the PT teacher.
| LineColor = #AE1111
}}
}}

== Movies ==
This is the list of the 17 feature films of the show. They are also one of the first original Indian movies of [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network India]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| No.
| Movie
|Premiere Date
|-
|| 1 || Roll No 21 - The Quest For Swarnamani
|1 March 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roll No 21 - The Quest For Swarnamani (2012) |url=https://en.myshows.me/movie/666523/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=myshows.me |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| 2 || Roll No 21 - Space Mein Dhoom Dhadaka
|20 October 2013<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://trakt.tv/movies/roll-no-21-space-mein-dhoom-dhadaka-2013 |title=Roll No. 21 Space Mein Dhoom Dhadaka (2013) |access-date=2025-08-01 |via=trakt.tv}}</ref>
|-
|| 3 ||Roll No 21 - Time Ki Bhool Bhulaiya
|14 November 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |title=Cartoon Network to launch new movies and contests this Children’s Day! |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/cartoon-network-to-launch-new-movies-and-contests-this-childrens-day/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|| 4 ||Roll No 21 - Ticket To Australia <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-31 |title=CN premiers ‘Roll No 21: Ticket to Australia’ movie |url=https://admin.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cn-premiers-roll-no-21-ticket-to-australia-movie-150131 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=admin.indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>
|31 January 2015<ref name=":0" />
|-
|| 5 ||Roll No 21 - Lights, Camera, Action Kris In Bollywood
|14 November 2015<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |title=Kids’ broadcasters lighten up the lives of kids this Diwali |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/kids-broadcasters-lighten-up-the-lives-of-kids-this-diwali/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|| 6 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Scuba Dooba Ajooba<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title=Kris in Scuba Dooba Ajooba |url=https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Kris-in-Scuba-Dooba-Ajooba/0I807R9G0MK94FALR32UBCARTE |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Amazon Prime India}}</ref>
|26 December 2015
|-
|| 7 ||Roll No 21 - Get Set Go Kris<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=Get Set Go! Kris |url=https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Get-Set-Go-Kris/0SX3R3DHNW0RF7PYLJLPGLLX1D |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Amazon Prime India}}</ref>
|25 June 2016
|-
|| 8 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Phantom Ka Raaz <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Cartoon Network, Pogo and Discovery Kids gear up for spooky October with fan favourites - |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/cartoon-network-pogo-and-discovery-kids-gear-up-for-spooky-october-with-fan-favourites/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.animationxpress.com}}</ref>
|24 September 2016<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |title=Cartoon Network to air ‘Bal Ganesh’ and ‘Kris Aur Phantom Ka Raaz’ movie this September |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/cartoon-network-to-air-bal-ganesh-and-kris-aur-phantom-ka-raaz-movie-this-september/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|| 9 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Shoonya Registaan<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Kris aur Shoonya Registan |url=https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Kris-aur-Shoonya-Registan/0HBB0ZR896ESEERUZN9JWYUC7B |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Amazon Prime India}}</ref>
|14 November 2016
|-
|| 10 ||Roll No 21 - Kris vs Zombies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kris vs Zombies TV Show - Watch Latest Seasons, Full Episodes Online on JioTV |url=https://www.jiotv.com/tv-shows/kris-vs-zombies/8630253733c75e70bb97e4fb109b957b |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Jiotv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2024 |title=Kris vs Zombies |url=https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Kris-vs-Zombies/0KJWCKN90HGZ9N1GVDC9CG3H0E |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Amazon Prime India}}</ref>
|26 January 2017{{cn|date=August 2025}}
|-
|| 11 ||Roll No 21 - Kris On Mission Hoola Boola
|26 May 2017<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=AnimationXpress |title=This May, ‘Mighty Magiswords’ debuts and Roll No. 21’s movie to air on Cartoon Network India |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/this-may-mighty-magiswords-and-roll-no-21s-movie-to-air-on-cartoon-network/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|| 12 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Ulta Pulta Time<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kris aur Ulta Pulta Time TV Show - Watch Latest Seasons, Full Episodes Online on JioTV |url=https://www.jiotv.com/tv-shows/kris-aur-ulta-pulta-time/fa262665598d540f84417bb2a12aa240 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Jiotv |language=en}}</ref>
|12 September 2017
|-
|| 13 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Ande Ka Funda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Roll No 21 Kris aur ande ka funda Live : Streaming on Cartoon Network Hindi on JioTV |url=https://www.jiotv.com/live-channel/cartoon-network-hindi/816/roll-no-21-kris-aur-ande-ka-funda/250725816014 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Jiotv |language=en}}</ref>
|21 December 2017
|-
|| 14 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Barfeela Baffu<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Kris aur Barfeela Baffu |url=https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Kris-aur-Barfeela-Baffu/0PEFDEGC3VIS5Z57UQFFCVHFTH |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Amazon Prime India}}</ref>
|6 January 2018
|-
|| 15 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Chala Jadui Jimbura<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Kris Chala Jadui Jimbura |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Kris-Chala-Jadui-Jimbura/0OQXVQK9OUC3B4OWH5QQ57E361 |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Amazon Prime India}}</ref>
|20 May 2018
|-
|| 16 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Japani Janjaal{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|25 June 2018
|-
|| 17 ||Roll No 21 - Kris Aur Aflatoon Africa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kris aur Aflatoon Africa TV Show - Watch Latest Seasons, Full Episodes Online on JioTV |url=https://www.jiotv.com/tv-shows/kris-aur-aflatoon-africa/f69910aa11c25d868cfa331641cc0c13 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Jiotv |language=en}}</ref>
|29 July 2018
|}

==Games==
The show has been adapted into [[video games]] including by [[Zapak]], an Indian [[mobile video game]] developer, which has released games such as ''Roll No 21 Demon Tapdown'', ''Roll No. 21 - Demon Slash'', ''Run Kris Run'', ''Cartoon Network Ludo''.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

== Broadcast ==
The series launched on [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] on 27 November 2010. From 21 February 2021 the rerun of series and its movies aired on [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] with the title ''Kris Roll no 21''. On 13 November 2022 the series was broadcast on their new sister channel [[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids India]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Teaser {{!}} Kris Roll No 21 {{!}} Starts 13th November {{!}} 12:30 PM {{!}} Discovery Kids India|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZzdW1UX_10|language=en |access-date=2021-11-05}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Roll No 21 received three awards in the ''Cartoon Network Super Toons Award 2013'' and
''Indian Telly Award for Best Kids Programme''.<ref name="CN wastee Toons Awards 2013- Roll No 21 bugs no awards">{{cite web|title=CN Super Toons Awards 2013- Roll No 21 bags max awards|url=http://post.jagran.com/Roll-No-21-bags-maximum-at-Cartoon-Network-Super-Toons-awards-1386572504|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212083627/http://post.jagran.com/roll-no-21-bags-maximum-at-cartoon-network-super-toons-awards-1386572504|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2013|access-date=22 January 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of Indian animated television series]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/roll_no21/index.php Minisite on Cartoon Network India]

{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Cartoon Network}}
{{Cartoon Network co-productions}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated fantasy television series]]
[[Category:2010s animated television series]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Krishna in popular culture]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Animated television series about orphans]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into films]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]

Julia Stephen

2026-03-20T17:09:31Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting entry

{{Short description|Philanthropist and model, mother of Virginia Woolf}}
{{good article}}
{{overly detailed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Julia Stephen
| image = Julia Prinsep Stephen (née Jackson, formerly Mrs Duckworth).jpg
| caption = Stephen photographed in 1872
| birth_date = 7 February 1846
| birth_place=[[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1895|05|05|1846|02|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| birth_name = Julia Prinsep Jackson
| occupation = [[Pre-Raphaelite]] [[model (art)|model]] Philanthropist
| children = 7, including [[Virginia Woolf]]
}}

'''Julia Prinsep Stephen''' ({{nee}} '''Jackson'''; formerly '''Duckworth'''; 7 February 1846 – 5 May 1895) was an English [[Pre-Raphaelite]] [[model (art)|model]] and philanthropist. She was the wife of the biographer [[Leslie Stephen]] and mother of [[Virginia Woolf]] and [[Vanessa Bell]], members of the [[Bloomsbury Group]].

Julia Prinsep Jackson was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to an Anglo-Indian family, and when she was two her mother and her two sisters moved back to England. She became the favourite model of her aunt, the celebrated photographer [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], who made more than 50 portraits of her. Through another maternal aunt, she became a frequent visitor at [[Little Holland House]], then home to an important literary and artistic circle, and came to the attention of a number of Pre-Raphaelite painters who portrayed her in their work.

Married to Herbert Duckworth, a barrister, in 1867 she was soon widowed with three infant children. Devastated, she turned to nursing, philanthropy and agnosticism, and found herself attracted to the writing and life of Leslie Stephen, with whom she shared a friend in [[Anny Thackeray]], his sister-in-law.

After Leslie Stephen's wife died in 1875 he became close friends with Julia and they married in 1878. Julia and Leslie Stephen had four further children, living at 22 [[Hyde Park Gate]], [[South Kensington]], together with his seven-year-old mentally disabled daughter, Laura Makepeace Stephen. Many of her seven children and their descendants became notable. In addition to her family duties and modelling, she wrote a book based on her nursing experiences, ''Notes from Sick Rooms'', in 1883.

She also wrote children's stories for her family, eventually published posthumously as ''Stories for Children'' and became involved in [[social justice]] advocacy. Julia Stephen had firm views on the role of women, namely that their work was of equal value to that of men, but in [[separate spheres|different spheres]], and she opposed the [[women's suffrage|suffrage]] movement for votes for women. The Stephens entertained many visitors at their London home and their summer residence at [[St Ives, Cornwall]]. Eventually the demands on her both at home and outside the home started to take their toll. Julia Stephen died at her home following an episode of rheumatic fever in 1895, at the age of 49, when her youngest child was only 11. The writer Virginia Woolf provides a number of insights into the domestic life of the Stephens in both her autobiographical and fictional work.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Life==
[[File:Little Holland House.jpg|thumb|[[Little Holland House]], Kensington, demolished 1875|alt=Photo of Little Holland House in Kensington, later demolished in 1875]]
[[File:Saxonbury, Frant, E. Sussex.jpg|thumb|Saxonbury, the Jacksons' home in [[East Sussex]] from 1866|alt=Photo of Saxonbury, the home of Julia Jackson from 1866 to 1870]]

=== Family ===

Julia Stephen was born in [[Calcutta]], Bengal, then the capital of [[British India]], on 7 February 1846, as Julia Prinsep Jackson. Her parents, Maria "Mia" Theodosia Pattle (1818–1892) and John Jackson (1804–1887),{{efn|Dr Jackson died at [[Hove]], where he and his wife were then living, on 31 March 1887{{sfn|Wood|2017}}}} belonged to two [[Anglo-Indian]] families,{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017}}<ref name=VineJacksonFam/><ref name=VineJacksonDiary/> although Maria's mother, Adeline Marie Pattle (née de l'Etang), was French. Her father was the third son of George Jackson and Mary Howard of Bengal, a [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] educated physician who spent 25 years (1830–1855) with the [[Bengal Medical Service]] and [[East India Company]] and a professor at the fledgling [[Calcutta Medical College]].<ref name=Lilienfeld163/>{{sfn|Bennett|2002}} While Dr Jackson came from humble origins, but had a successful career that brought him into circles of influence, the Pattles moved naturally in the upper echelons of Anglo-Bengali society.<ref name=Lilienfeld163/>{{sfn|Bennett|2002}} Maria Pattle was the fifth of seven sisters famed for their beauty, verve and eccentricity, and who inherited some Bengali blood through their maternal grandmother, Thérèse Josephe Blin de Grincourt. They spoke [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] among themselves, and were a sensation on their visits to London and Paris.{{efn|The Pattle sisters would stay with their maternal grandmother, in [[Versailles (city)|Versaille]], where they received their education{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxiii}}}}

By contrast with the colourful Maria, Jackson was less overt, and tolerant of her passion for her friend, the poet [[Coventry Patmore]].<ref name=Reid5/><ref name=Garnett32/> Jackson and Maria Pattle were married in Calcutta on 17 January 1837 and had six children, of whom Julia was the youngest, the third of three surviving daughters, Adeline Maria (1837–1881), Mary Louisa (1840–1916) and Julia (''see'' [[#ancestor|Table of ancestors]]).{{sfn|Smith|2011}} They had two sons and a daughter. The Jacksons were a well educated, literary, and artistic proconsular middle-class family.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

=== Early life (1846–1867) ===
Julia's two older sisters were sent to England for reasons of health in 1846{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxiii}}<ref name=Lilienfeld163/>{{sfn|Bennett|2002}} to stay with her mother's sister Sarah Monckton Pattle and her husband [[Henry Prinsep]], who leased [[Little Holland House]] in Kensington in 1850. Julia and her mother joined them in 1848 when Julia was two.<ref name=JPS/><ref name=Kukil36i/>{{sfn|Lowe|2005|loc=p. 7}} Later the family moved to [[Well Walk]], [[Hampstead]].<ref name=chronology/> Her father followed them to England, from India, in 1855, the family living in [[Hendon]] at Brent Lodge on Brent Lane, where Julia was [[home schooled]]. Julia's sisters, Mary and Adeline were married shortly after. Adeline married [[Henry Halford Vaughan|Henry Vaughan]] ("Harry") in 1856{{efn|Vaughan was [[Regius Professor of History at Oxford]] (1848–1858) but retired shortly after their marriage, to [[Upton Castle]] in Pembrokeshire<ref name=Broughton87/>}} and Mary married [[Herbert William Fisher|Herbert Fisher]] in 1862,{{efn|Herbert Fisher was also a historian}}{{sfn|Smith|2011}} leaving Julia as her mother's companion and caretaker.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Her mother's long history of ill health dates from around 1856, and Julia would accompany her on her travels to find remedies. On one of these, where they visited her sister (now Mary Fisher.) in Venice in 1862, she encountered her new brother-in-law's friend, [[Herbert Duckworth]] (1833−1870), whom she would later marry. In 1866 the Jacksons moved to Saxonbury, in [[Frant]], near Tunbridge Wells. There she would meet the agnostic biographer [[Leslie Stephen]] (1832–1904) later that year, shortly before his engagement to Minny Thackeray. Stephen eventually became her second husband. He described Saxonbury as "a good country house with a pleasant garden and two or three fields".<ref name=Kukil32/><ref name=chronology/>

The Pattle sisters and their families (''see'' [[#Pattle|Pattle family tree]]) provided important connections for Julia and her mother. As [[Quentin Bell]], Julia's grandson, described it, they had "a certain awareness of social possibilities".{{sfn|Bell|1997|loc=p. 44}} Sarah Monckton Pattle (1816-1887), had married Henry Thoby Prinsep (1793–1878), an administrator with the East India Company, and their home at Little Holland House was an important intellectual centre and influence on Julia, that she would later describe to her children as "[[Bohemianism|bohemian]]".{{sfn|Wilkes|2014}} Little Holland House, a farmhouse on the [[Holland House|Holland estate]], that served as the [[dower house]], was then on the outskirts of London, and nicknamed the "Enchanted Palace", where Sarah Prinsep ran the equivalent of a [[Salon (gathering)|French salon]].<ref name=Garnett32/> Quentin Bell states that Julia was "largely brought up in" Little Holland House.{{sfn|Bell|1965}} The house was also frequented by Leslie Stephen. One of the Prinseps' sons, another of Julia's many cousins, was the artist, [[Valentine Cameron Prinsep]] (1838–1904).{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

Another of Maria Jackson's sisters was Virginia Pattle (1827–1910), who married (1850) Lord Charles Eastnor, later the [[third Earl Somers]] (1819–1883). Their eldest daughter (Julia's cousin) was [[Lady Isabella Caroline Somers-Cocks]] (1851–1921), the temperance leader, while the younger, [[Adeline Marie Russell, Duchess of Bedford|Lady Adeline Marie]] (1852–1920) became the Duchess of Bedford. Julia and her mother were frequent guests at [[Eastnor Castle]], the home of Lord Charles and Lady Virginia. Another [[:wikt:maternal aunt|maternal aunt]], and also her [[:wikt:godmother|godmother]], Julia Margaret Pattle ([[Julia Margaret Cameron]] 1815–1879), was a celebrated photographer, who took many photographs of her niece, and created a photograph album for her sister, Maria in 1863 (the ''Mia Album'').{{sfn|Cameron|1994}}<ref name=Miaalbum/>{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

Sarah Prinsep and her sisters were adept at making great men feel at ease, and they frequented her house. There one might find [[Disraeli]], [[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle]], [[Tennyson]] and [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti|Rossetti]] taking tea and playing [[croquet]], while the painter [[George Frederic Watts]] (1817–1904) lived and worked there, as did for a while [[Edward Burne-Jones]] (1833–1898).{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxiii}}<ref name=Gillespie4/> It was at Little Holland House that Julia came to the attention of these [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelite]] painters and also [[William Holman Hunt]] (1827–1910), for all of whom she [[modelled]] as well as (''see [[#Gallery1|Gallery I]]'') [[Frederick Leighton]] (1830–1896).<ref name=Reid6/> She was also introduced to writers such as [[William Thackeray]] (1828–1909) and [[George Meredith]] (1828–1909), and formed a friendship with Thackeray's daughters, [[Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie|Anne]] (1837–1919) and Harriet Marian "Minny" (1840–1875).<ref name=Kukil31a/><ref name=Kukil38g/>{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxiii}} Julia was much admired, her mother observing that every man who met her in a railway carriage fell in love with her,{{sfn|Bell|1965}} and indeed everyone did love her.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=p. 17}} [[Leonard Woolf]] described her as "one of the most beautiful women in England".<ref name=LWoolf152/> In 1864, at the age of 18, she declined marriage proposals from both Hunt and the sculptor, [[Thomas Woolner]], another Pre-Raphaelite,{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} who was devastated when she married three years later. Leslie Stephen remarked that Hunt only married his second wife, Edith Waugh, because she resembled Julia.{{sfn|Roe|2011}} Another sculptor for whom she modelled, and who was enamoured with her, was [[Carlo Marochetti]] (1805–1867). She was his model for the memorial to the young [[Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I)|Princess Elizabeth]] (daughter of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]),{{efn|Elizabeth died in 1650 at the age of 14. [[Queen Victoria]] commissioned the memorial in 1856 for the church of [[Sts Thomas Minster]], Isle of Wight, where Elizabeth was buried}} when she was 10 years old, and he created a [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] of Julia Jackson that is now at the [[Charleston Farmhouse]], in Sussex. Throughout her life, she had no lack of admirers. These included the U.S. Ambassador, [[Russell Lowell]].{{sfn|Bell|1993|loc=V Bell to A Garnett 27 February 1949, p. 518}}{{sfn|Garnett|2011|loc=p. 16}} and [[Henry James]].<ref name=Kukil38j/> At {{convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=off}} she was tall for a Victorian woman and had large, practical hands, deriding "the lovely [[hazelnut|filbert]] nails which are the pride of many",{{efn|Filbert (hazelnut) nails were greatly prized by Victorians, as a sign of refinement. They were a demure pink oval with a white crescent tip{{sfn|Hughes|2010}}}} shunning vanity, fashion and affectation.{{sfn|Lowe|2005|loc=p.7}}

{{multiple image | header = The Jackson Family| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 732| float = none
| image1 = Dr John Jackson.jpg| caption1 = 1. John Jackson (1804–1887), c.1883| alt1 =Photo of John Jackson, Julia's father
| width1=418|height1=550
| image2 = Maria "Mia" Jackson.jpg| caption2 = 2. Maria Jackson (1818–1892), c. 1872–4| alt2= Photo of Maria Jackson, Julia's mother, around 1872
| width2=454|height2=599
| image3 = Julia Prinsep Jackson circa 1856.jpg| caption3 = Julia Prinsep Jackson 1860, age 14<ref name=Getty102/>| alt3= Photograph of Julia aged 14
| width3=498|height3=600
| image4 = Julia Jackson and mother.jpg| caption4 = 3. Julia Jackson and her mother c. 1867| alt4= Photo of Julia Jackson and her mother around 1867
| width4=459|height4=600
| footer = 1, 3. [[Anonymous work|Anonymous]]; 2, 4 [[Julia Margaret Cameron]] |footer_align = center}}


=== Marriage ===
==== (1) Herbert Duckworth 1867–1870 ====
[[File:Julia Duckworth.jpg|thumb|Julia Duckworth c. 1870|alt=Photograph of Julia Duckworth]]
On 1 February 1867, at the age of 21, Julia became engaged to Herbert Duckworth, a member of the [[Somerset]] [[landed gentry]],{{efn|Herbert Duckworth, was born on 19 May 1833, the fourth son of William Duckworth Esq. (1795–1876) and Hester-Emily Philips (d. 1834)<ref name="Burke1858/321"/><ref name="Burke1894/546"/>}}<ref name="Burke1858/321"/><ref name="Burke1894/546"/> a graduate of [[Cambridge University]] and [[Lincoln's Inn]] (1858),{{sfn|ACAD|DKWT851H}} and now a [[barrister]] and they were married on 4 May at Frant.<ref name=VineDuckworth/> Julia Margaret Cameron took a number of portraits of her during this period, which Cameron considered symbolic of transition.<ref name=JMCMHD/> The marriage was a happy one,{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Julia later stating "no one had tasted more perfect happiness...the greatest happiness that can fall to the lot of a woman".<ref name=JPS/><ref name=Kukil33a/> Julia's second husband, Leslie Stephen, had known Herbert Duckworth from when they were at Cambridge together ten years earlier.{{efn|Leslie Stephen graduated in mathematics in 1854, Herbert Duckworth in law in 1855<ref name=chronology/>}}

He described him as "the kind of man who might be expected to settle down as a thorough country gentleman ... simple, straight forward and manly ... a singularly modest and sweet-tempered man".<ref name=Kukil34g/> Leslie Stephen felt "a touch of pain" later, in writing about the purity of their love, commenting on her letters to Herbert, he stated that she "made a complete surrender of herself in the fullest sense: she would have no reserves from her lover, and confesses her entire devotion to him".<ref name=Kukil34e/> As he read through Julia's letters to Herbert after her death, Leslie had misgivings in comparing "the strength of her passion" at this stage of her life to her later marriage to himself.{{sfn|Stephen|1895|loc=p. 37}}<ref name=Broughton62/>

The Duckworths lived at 38 [[Bryanston Square]] (''see [[#38BS|images of exterior and interiors]]''), Marylebone, London, a [[townhouse]] belonging to the Duckworth family,<ref name="Burke1858/321"/>{{efn|The house was demolished in 1940 following damage during [[The Blitz]]{{sfn|Tietze|2008}}}} and the following year, their first child was born on 5 March 1868. Two other children followed in quick succession.<ref name=chronology/>{{sfn|Wood|2017}} Their third child, Gerald Duckworth, was born six weeks after his father's premature death in September 1870, at the age of 37, from an undiagnosed internal [[abscess]]. He was said to be reaching for a fig for her, while they were visiting Julia's sister (now Adeline Vaughan) at [[Upton Castle]], New Milford, [[Pembrokeshire]], when it ruptured. Within twenty-four hours, he was dead.<ref name=JPS/><ref name=chronology/><ref name=Kukil34k/>

Julia and Herbert Duckworth had three children;{{sfn|Wood|2017}}
* [[George Herbert Duckworth|George]] (5 March 1868 – 1934), a senior civil servant
* Stella (30 May 1869 – 1897), died aged 28{{efn|Stella Duckworth was 26 when her mother died, and married Jack Hills (1876–1938) two years later, but died following her honeymoon. She was buried next to her mother<ref name=Stella/>}}
* [[Gerald Duckworth|Gerald]] (29 October 1870 – 1937), founder of [[Duckworth Publishing]].

{{multiple image | header = The Duckworth Family| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 667 | float = none
| image1 = Herbert Duckworth.jpg | caption1 = Herbert Duckworth (1833–1870)| alt1= Photo portrait of Herbert Duckworth
|width1=460|height1=599
| image2 = Julia and Herbert Duckworth.jpg| caption2 = Julia and Herbert Duckworth 1867| alt2 = Photograph of Julia and Herbert Duckworth in 1867
|width2=448|height2=599
| image3= George1868.jpg| caption3 = Julia and George Duckworth 1868| alt3 = Photo of Julia Duckworth with her first son George in 1868
|width3=388|height3=600
| image4= Julia Stella.jpg| caption4 = Julia in mourning with Stella c. 1873| alt4 = Photo of Julia Duckworth in mourning with her daughter Stella, aged about 3 or 4 taken around 1873
|width4=371|height4=599
| footer = |footer_align = center}}


==== Mourning 1870–1878 ====
[[File:Julia Duckworth, early 1870s.jpg|thumb|Julia Duckworth in mourning, early 1870s|alt=Photographic portrait of Julia Duckworth in the early 1870s dressed in mourning]]
Married for only three years, Julia was devastated by her husband's death, lying on his grave at his family home of [[Orchardleigh]], near Frome, Somerset. She stated that she was no longer "inclined to optimism", but rather taking on a "melancholy view of life", indeed, to her "life seemed a shipwreck...The world was clothed in drab shrouded in a crape-veil",<ref name=JPS/>{{sfn|Bell|1965}} but kept herself going for the sake of her children.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} She related this to Leslie Stephen later "I was only 24 when it all seemed a shipwreck, and I knew that I had to live on and on ... And so I got deadened".<ref name=Kukil34k/> At the same time, her grief imbued her with a sense of stoicism and awareness of suffering and she made a decision to reject religion,{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} and it appeared, the possibility of happiness.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=p. 13}} Leslie Stephen observed that "a cloud rested even upon her maternal affections ...it seemed to me at the time that she had accepted sorrow as her lifelong partner",<ref name=Kukil34l/> and that "she was like a person reviving from drowning" and sometimes felt as if "she must let herself sink".<ref name=Kukil36a/>

It was then that she took up nursing the sick and dying to make herself useful,{{sfn|Bell|1965}} and began studying the agnostic writing of [[Leslie Stephen]]. As Leslie Stephen described it "She became a kind of sister of mercy. Whenever there was trouble, death or illness in her family, the first thing was to send for Julia, whether to comfort survivors or to nurse the patients".<ref name=Kukil34k/> After her husband's death, she joined her parents who had moved to [[Freshwater, Isle of Wight]].{{sfn|Wood|2017}} It was also a period when she spent extensive visits to her aunt, Julia Margaret Cameron's home in Freshwater, who took many photographs of her (''see [[#Gallery2|Gallery II]]''). She also resisted her aunt's efforts to persuade her to remarry.<ref name=chronology/>{{efn|The Camerons built a home in Freshwater, Dimbola Lodge in 1870,<ref name=Getty22/> and when the lease on Little Holland House in London was not renewed in 1873, Watts arranged for [[Philip Webb]] to build the Prinseps a house in Freshwater, The Briary. This soon became the new literary and artistic focus, and was dubbed Little Holland House by the Sea<ref name=Getty28/>}}

==== Friendship to courtship ====
Julia had become aware of Leslie Stephen through both his writings on agnosticism, and through a mutual friend, [[Anne Thackeray]] (Anny, 1837–1919), the writer and daughter of [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] (''see'' [[#Stephen|Stephen family tree]]).{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Stephen had married Anny's younger sister Minny (Harriet Marian) Thackeray (1840–1875) in 1867, the same year as Julia's marriage, but she died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him with a handicapped daughter, Laura Makepeace Stephen (7 December 1870 – 1945).{{efn|Laura was born premature, at 30 weeks{{sfn|Koutsantoni|Oakley|2014}}}}{{sfn|Olsen|2012}} After Harriet's death, Stephen lived with Anny and he became closer to Julia, who helped them move to 11 [[Hyde Park Gate]] (when the house numbers were changed in 1884, it became number 20) in [[South Kensington]] in June 1876, next door to her at number 13 (later 22). This was a highly respectable part of London, and Leslie Stephen himself had been born at number 14 (later 42).<ref name=Nadel16/><ref name=Wilson17/><ref name="Rosner2008/69"/> It was hoped that Julia's children would provide some companionship for Laura, who was becoming increasingly difficult to manage,{{sfn|Bell|2012}} and in 1877 he made Julia one of Laura's guardians.{{sfn|Newman|2006|loc=p. 14}} Leslie Stephen and Julia Duckworth had developed a close friendship, as she added him to her list of those who needed caring for, and had visited Leslie and Minny the night of her death.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=p. 13}} Each was busy [[mourning]], and saw the friendship as just that.{{sfn|Bell|1965}}{{efn|Quention Bell speculates that their relationship formed the background to their mutual friend [[Henry James]]' ''[[Altar of the Dead]]''{{sfn|Bell|1965}}}} In that friendship, they were able to share their ideals of sorrow, duty and spiritual convalescence.<ref name=Tolley106/> Leslie Stephen, a former Cambridge [[University don|Don]] and [[man of letters]], "knew everyone" in the literary and artistic scene, and came from a respectable upper-middle-class family of lawyers, country gentlemen and clergy.{{sfn|Holtby|2007|loc=pp. 10–11}}

In January 1877, Leslie Stephen decided he was in love with Julia, writing "There was a music running through me... delicious and inspiring. Julia was that strange solemn music to which my whole nature seemed to be set".<ref name=Kukil39e/> He proposed to her on 5 February; however, Anny also became engaged to her cousin at the same time, to his displeasure, although Julia intervened on Anny's behalf. Julia declined Leslie's offer of marriage and they agreed to remain friends, although developing an intense correspondence. At the time she entertained thoughts of committing herself to a life of [[chastity]] and the happiness she envisaged could be found in a [[convent]].<ref name=Reid3/> When Anny Thackeray married on 2 August 1877, Julia would soon change her mind, and it was a proposal to install a German housekeeper, Fräulein Klappert, that brought the matter to a head, for both realised this would separate them.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=p. 13}} Woolf would later speculate that "perhaps there was pity in her love" in addition to "devout admiration for his mind".<ref name=Reid3/>{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 91}}

==== (2) Leslie Stephen 1878–1895 ====
[[File:Sir Leslie Stephen 22 Hyde Park Gate Kensington London SW7 5DH.jpg|thumb|22 [[Hyde Park Gate]], 2015{{efn|The line separating the additional floors of 1886 can be clearly seen<ref name="Rosner2008/69"/>}}|alt=Photograph of 22 Hyde Park Gate with commemorative plaques for the Stephen family]]
On 5 January 1878, Julia Duckworth and Leslie Stephen became engaged, and on 26 March they were married at [[Kensington Church]], although she spent much of the period in between nursing her uncle, Henry Prinsep, at Watts's house in Freshwater, till he died on 11 February.<ref name=chronology/> Julia was 32 and Leslie was 46. After spending several weeks visiting her sister, Virginia, at Eastnor Castle, Leslie and his seven-year-old daughter Laura moved next door to Julia's house at 13 (22) Hyde Park Gate (''see [[#22HPG|image]]''), where she continued to live for the rest of her life, and the family till her husband's death in 1904.{{sfn|Bicknell|1996b|loc=p. 234}} Meanwhile, she continued her modelling career, [[#BJA|Burne-Jones's ''Annunciation'']] being completed in 1879, and their first child, Vanessa, was born shortly after on 30 May. Julia, having presented her husband with a child, and now having five children to care for, had decided to limit her family to this.{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 127}} However, despite the fact that the couple took "precautions",{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 127}} "contraception was a very imperfect art in the nineteenth century",{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=p.18}} and three more children were born over the next four years.{{efn|As Virginia Wool puts it, they "did what they could to prevent me"{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 127}}}}<ref name=Bond23/>{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}<ref name=chronology/> [[Angelica Garnett]] describes Adrian, the last, as "an unwanted child [who] was spoiled, over protected and inhibited".{{sfn|Garnett|2011|loc=p. 16}}

It was a happy marriage, as Leslie Stephen describes it, a "deep strong current of calm inward happiness".<ref name=Tolley106/> Of their children, he wrote "our own children were to her a pure delight. To see her with a baby on her breast was a revelation, and her love grew with their growth".<ref name=Kukil36b/> The Stephens both had aristocratic connections,<ref name=Bradshawvii/> were considered to belong to the "intellectual aristocracy"{{sfn|Annan|1984|loc=p. 6}} and despite Leslie Stephen's obsession with money and fear of poverty, were quite well off financially.<ref name=Maitland478/> They belonged to a social strata of the well educated, who though not wealthy, had inherited sufficient resources to pursue their chosen vocations, a group that at the time was well defined.{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxii}} To many, the Stephens were the ideal Victorian parents, a leading man of letters and a woman admired for beauty, wit, bravery and self-sacrifice.<ref name=Reid3/> He treated her as a goddess, and in return she pampered him.{{sfn|Gordon|1984|loc=p. 19}} However, Julia informed him that she could never give up her nursing vocation, and that "I may be called away to nurse people for weeks or have invalids in my house for weeks".{{sfn|Gordon|1984|loc=p. 20}}

In the early 1880s Leslie Stephen read [[James Anthony Froude|Froude]]'s life of [[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle]] (1882). Like many of his contemporaries he was shocked to learn how badly (he considered) Carlyle had treated his wife, [[Jane Welsh Carlyle|Jane Welsh]] and wondered if anyone would consider his marriage to have the same flaws,<ref name=Rose5/> and indeed both shared the tendency to be domestic tyrants.<ref name=Rose265/> Leslie, who had been a keen mountaineer in the 1860s, suffered a [[mental breakdown|breakdown]] in 1888 connected with his work on the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', necessitating a three-week visit by them to the [[Swiss Alps]],<ref name=Kukil39b/> an occasion documented by Leslie's friend [[Gabriel Loppé]], including one of their particular favourites, in which Julia is peering out of a sunlit hotel room (see [[#JSBH|below]]).{{sfn|Field|2015|loc=p. 66}} Laura Stephen became increasingly problematic with outbursts of violence and, confined to a separate part of the house, required her own nurse to feed and clothe her.{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxv}} Eventually she was sent away to a governess in [[Devon]] in 1886{{efn|Laura would spend some time with the family in Cornwall in the summers{{sfn|Koutsantoni|Oakley|2014}}}} and eventually an [[psychiatric hospital|asylum]] ([[Earlswood Asylum]] 1893–1897 in Surrey). The family had little contact with her after that.{{sfn|Olsen|2012}}{{sfn|Lee|2015}} In 1891, Vanessa and Virginia Stephen began the ''Hyde Park Gate News'',{{sfn|Stephens|2005}} chronicling life and events within the Stephen family,{{sfn|BL|2018}}<ref name=chronology/> while the following year the Stephen sisters also used photography to supplement their insights, as did Stella Duckworth.{{sfn|Humm|2006|loc=p. 5}} Vanessa Bell's 1892 portrait of her sister and parents in the Library at Talland House (''see image 5, below'') was one of the family's favourites, and was written about lovingly in Leslie Stephen's memoir.{{sfn|Humm|2006a}}

==== 22 Hyde Park Gate ====

Number 22 Hyde Park Gate, South Kensington, lay at the south east end of Hyde Park Gate, a narrow [[cul-de-sac]] running south from [[Kensington Road]], just west of the [[Royal Albert Hall]], and opposite [[Kensington Gardens]] and [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]],{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 119}} where the family regularly took their walks (''see'' [[#22HPGmap|Map]]). Built in the early nineteenth century as one of a row of single family townhouses for the upper middle class, it soon became too small for their expanding family. At the time of their marriage, it consisted of a basement, two storeys and an attic. In 1886 substantial renovations added a new top floor, converted the attic into rooms, and added the first bathroom.{{efn|The [[Survey of London]] considers this renovation an example of insensitive and inappropriate mutilation, adding two brick-faced stories to a stucco-fronted house.<ref name=SoLHPG/><ref name="Rosner2008/69"/>}} It was a tall but narrow townhouse, that at that time had no running water. The servants worked "downstairs" in the basement. The ground floor had a drawing room, separated by a curtain from the servant's [[pantry]] and a library. Above this on the first floor were Julia and Leslie's bedrooms. On the next floor were the Duckworth children's rooms, and above them the day and night [[nursery (room)|nurseries]] of the Stephen children occupied two further floors.{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxiv}} Finally in the attic, under the [[eaves]], were the servant's bedrooms, accessed by a back staircase.{{sfn|Olsen|2012}}{{sfn|Woolf|1940}}<ref name="Rosner2008/69"/> The house was described as dimly lit and crowded with furniture and paintings.{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxv}}
Within it the younger Stephens formed a close-knit group. Life in London differed sharply from that in Cornwall, their outdoor activities consisting mainly of walks in nearby Hyde Park, and their daily activities around their lessons.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}}

==== Talland House (1882–1894) ====
[[File:Talland House, c1882–1894.jpg|thumb|Talland House, [[St Ives, Cornwall|St Ives]], c. 1882–1895|alt=Photo of Talland House, St Ives during period when the Stephen family leased it]]
Leslie Stephen was in the habit of hiking in [[Cornwall]], and in the spring of 1881 he came across a house in [[St Ives, Cornwall|St Ives]], and took out a lease on it that September.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=p. 189}} Although it had limited amenities,{{efn|There was no furniture upstairs and the cold water tap did not function}} its main attraction was the view overlooking Porthminster Bay towards the [[Godrevy Lighthouse]],{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} which the young Virginia could see from the upper windows and which was to become the central figure in her novel ''[[To the Lighthouse]]'' (1927).{{sfn|Woolf|1927}} It was a large, square house, with a [[terraced]] garden, divided by hedges, sloping down toward the sea.{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} Each year between 1882 and 1894, from mid-July to mid-September, the Stephens leased Talland House{{sfn|Gordon|2004}}<ref name=WOLTalland/>{{efn|On Albert Road, off Talland Road}} as a summer residence. Leslie Stephen, who referred to it as "a pocket-paradise",{{sfn|Richardson|2015}} described it as "The pleasantest of my memories... refer to our summers, all of which were passed in Cornwall, especially to the thirteen summers (1882-1894) at St Ives. There we bought the lease of Talland House: a small but roomy house, with a garden of an acre or two all up and down hill, with quaint little terraces divided by hedges of [[escallonia]], a grape-house and kitchen-garden and a so-called ‘orchard’ beyond".<ref name=Kukil37c/> It was in Leslie's words, a place of "intense domestic happiness".{{sfn|Humm|2006|loc=p. 6}} For the children it was the highlight of their year, Virginia Woolf later described a summer day in August 1890 in her diary (22 March 1921) with the cries of the children playing in the garden and the sound of the sea beyond, concluding that her life was "built on that, permeated by that: how much so I could never explain".{{sfn|British Library|2018}}{{sfn|Gordon|2004}} The family did not return following Julia's death in May 1895.{{sfn|Richardson|2015}}

In both London and Cornwall, Julia was perpetually entertaining, and was notorious for her manipulation of her guests' lives, constantly [[matchmaking]] in the belief everyone should be married, the domestic equivalence of her philanthropy.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} As her husband observed "My Julia was of course, though with all due reserve, a bit of a matchmaker".<ref name=Kukil38l/> While Cornwall was supposed to be a summer respite, Julia Stephen soon immersed herself in the work of caring for the sick and poor there, as well as in London.<ref name=WOLTalland/> {{sfn|Richardson|2015}}{{efn| A notice was posted to the effect that the St Ives Nursing Association had hired "a trained nurse ... under the direction of a Committee of Ladies to attend upon the SICK POOR of St Ives free of cost and irrespective of Creed" and that "gifts of old linen" should be sent to Mrs E Hain or Mrs Leslie Stephen, of Talland House and Hyde Park Gate. ''St Ives, Weekly Summary, Visitors' List and Advertiser'' 2 September 1893.{{sfn|Richardson|2015}} The phrase "irrespective of Creed" echoes her [[axiom]] "Pity has no creed" in ''Agnostic Women'' 1880 (''see'' [[#quotes|Quotations]])}}

Both at Hyde Park Gate and Talland House, the family mingled with much of the country's literary and artistic circles.{{sfn|Woolf|1940}} Frequent guests included literary figures such as [[Henry James]] and George Meredith,<ref name=Kukil38l/> as well as James Russell Lowell, and the children were exposed to much more intellectual conversations than their mother's at Little Holland House.{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxv}}

Julia and Leslie Stephen had four children;{{sfn|Wood|2017}}
* [[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa]] "Nessa" (30 May 1879 – 1961), married [[Clive Bell]]
* [[Thoby Stephen|Thoby]] (9 September 1880 – 1906), founded [[Bloomsbury Group]]
* [[Virginia Woolf|Virginia]] "Jinny", "Ginia" (25 January 1882 – 1941), married [[Leonard Woolf]]
* [[Adrian Stephen|Adrian]] (27 October 1883 – 1948), married [[Karin Costelloe]]

{{multiple image | header = The Stephen Family| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 750 | float = none
| image1 = Sir Leslie Stephen by George Frederic Watts 1878.jpeg | caption1 = 1. Leslie Stephen 1878| alt1= Painting of Lelie Stephen by Watts as a wedding present for Julia
|width1=476|height1=600
| image2 = Julia Vanessa 1879.jpg| caption2 = 2. Julia with Vanessa 1879| alt2= Julia Stephen with her first child of her second marriage, Vanessa, in 1879
|width2=370|height2=599
| image3 = Julia Stephen with Virginia on her lap 1884.jpg| caption3= Julia and Virginia 1884|alt3= Photo of Julia Stephen with Virginia on her lap in 1884
|width=420|height=600
| image4 = Julia Stephen and Adrian (1886).jpg| caption4 = 4. Julia with Adrian c. 1886| alt4= Julia Stephen with her son Adrian in 1886
|width4=370|height4=599
| image5 = Julia Leslie Virginia.jpg| caption5 = 5. Julia, Leslie and Virginia, Talland House 1892| alt5 = Julia, Leslie and Virginia reading in the library at Talland House. Photography by Vanessa Bell
|width5=572|height5=600
| image6 = Talland Summer 1894.jpg| caption6 = 6. Vanessa, Julia, Virginia and Thoby outside Talland House, Summer 1894| alt6 = Vanessa, Julia, Virginia and Thoby Stephen photographed outside Talland House in the summer of 1894. This would be their last summer in St Ives
|width6=558|height6=599
| footer = 1. ''Portrait of Leslie Stephen painted by [[George Frederic Watts]] and presented to Julia as a wedding present'' 4. Photograph by Vanessa Bell, in the library;{{efn|Leslie Stephen incorrectly dated it 1893 in his album. In describing it, he wrote "when I look at certain little photographs - at one on which I am reading by her side at St Ives with Virginia ... I see as with my bodily eyes the love, the holy and tender love"{{sfn|Humm|2006|loc=p. 7}}}}{{sfn|Humm|2006a}} 5. ''Julia died in May 1895. This would be the family's last summer in St Ives'' |footer_align = center}}


=== Relationships with family and household ===

Much of what is known about Julia Stephen comes from the viewpoint of her husband, Leslie Stephen, and her daughter, Virginia Woolf, although the latter had only just turned thirteen when her mother died. Woolf, who stated that "for we think back through our mothers if we are women",<ref name=mothers/> invoked the image of her mother repeatedly throughout her life in her diary,{{sfn|Woolf|1977–1984}} her letters{{sfn|Woolf|1975–1980}} and a number of her autobiographical essays, including ''Reminiscences'' (1908),{{sfn|Woolf|1908}} ''22 Hyde Park Gate'' (1921){{sfn|Woolf|1921}} and ''[[A Sketch of the Past]]'' (1940),{{sfn|Woolf|1940}} frequently evoking her memories with the words "I see her ...".<ref name=Ender218/> She also alludes to her childhood in her fictional writing. In ''[[To The Lighthouse]]'' (1927){{sfn|Woolf|1927}} the artist, Lily Briscoe, attempts to paint Mrs Ramsay, a complex character based on Julia Stephen, and repeatedly comments on the fact that she was "astonishingly beautiful".<ref name=lighthouse1109/> Her depiction of the life of the Ramsays in the [[Hebrides]] is an only thinly disguised account of the Stephens in Cornwall and the [[Godrevy Lighthouse]] they would visit there.{{sfn|Roe|2011}}{{sfn|Bell|1965}}<ref name=Flint54/> But Woolf's understanding of her mother and family evolved considerably between 1907 and 1940, in which the somewhat distant, yet revered figure becomes more nuanced and filled in.{{sfn|Schulkind|1985|loc=p. 13}} While Vanessa was slightly older at fifteen when her mother died, her recollections are provided in her daughter, Angelica Garnett's memoir.{{sfn|Garnett|2011}}

As the youngest daughter, and last to marry, Julia was her mother's favourite daughter, in part due to her constant care of her mother who had many needs, and little time for maternal affection.{{sfn|Smith|2017}} With the premature death in 1881 of Maria Jackson's eldest daughter Adeline at 44, followed by that of her husband in 1887, she became increasingly [[hypochondriacal]]{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=p. 17}}<ref name=Curtis17/> and an increasing demand on Julia's resources necessitated her making frequent visits to Sussex{{efn|Mrs Jackson spent her final years in Brighton{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. 5}}}} as well as caring for her mother in her Hyde Park Gate Home, where she died on 2 April 1892.{{sfn|Bell|1972|loc=Chronology p. 189}} By contrast, Leslie Stephen observed that her father was an unobtrusive presence and "somehow he did not seem to count".{{sfn|Stephen|1895|loc=p. 26}}{{sfn|Broughton|2004|loc=p. 63}}

Leslie Stephen writes about Julia "the noblest woman present" in tones of reverence in his ''Mausoleum Book'',{{sfn|Stephen|1895|loc=cited in {{harvtxt|MacCarthy|1937|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k1RkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 p. 39]}}}} written for the children after her death. In that he was reminded of what was written about the Carlyles, and like Thomas Carlyle embarked on memorialising his wife.<ref name=Rose5/>{{efn|After Julia's death in 1895, Leslie Stephen compiled an [[epistolary novel|epistolary]] memoir and photograph album for the children. The memoir (''Mausoleum Book'') remained known only to the family till published in 1977.{{sfn|Broughton|2004|loc=p. 38}} Begun on 21 May 16 days after Julia's death and completed in six weeks, it was composed as a letter to her children with a request to keep the contents confidential.{{sfn|Stephen|1895}}{{sfn|Bell|1965}} To it was appended a calendar of Julia's correspondence.{{sfn|Broughton|2004|loc=p. 3}} The photograph album is available, in part, on line{{sfn|Kukil|2011}}{{sfn|Photo Album|2008}}}}{{sfn|Kukil|2011}} It was evident that he (and he was not alone in this) regarded her as a "beloved angel" and a saint, indeed as an agnostic, he had already sanctified her prior to their marriage, informing her that she replaced the [[Blessed Virgin]].<ref name=Tolley106/> He describes her appearance as one in which her "beauty was of a kind which seems to imply—as most certainly did accompany—equal beauty of soul, refinement nobility, and tenderness of character".<ref name=Kukil34c/> It is evident that she lived a life devoted both to her family and to the needs of others. Woolf drew a sharp distinction between her mother's work and "the mischievous philanthropy which other women practise so complacently and often with such disastrous results". She describes her degree of sympathy, engagement, judgement and decisiveness, and her sense of both irony and the absurd. She recalls trying to recapture "the clear round voice, or the sight of the beautiful figure, so upright and distinct, in its long shabby cloak, with the head held at a certain angle, so that the eye looked straight out at you".{{sfn|Woolf|1940}} Julia's many domestic duties included sharing the education of the children with her husband. The girls were educated to a degree at home, while the boys were sent to private boys' boarding schools (known as [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] in the UK) and then university, as was the custom of the time.<ref name=Kukil38a/><ref name=Dunn33/><ref name="Rosner2014/3"/> There was a small classroom off the back of the drawing room, with its many windows, which they found perfect for quiet writing and painting. Julia taught the children Latin, French and History, while Leslie taught them mathematics. They also received piano lessons.<ref name=Curtis58/>

{{multiple image | header = Children| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 636| float = none
| image1 = Duckworth Stephen Family 1892.jpg | caption1 = Julia and Leslie Stephen with her children (Stella absent, Adrian front row), 1892 | alt1= Julia and Leslie Stephen with their children 1892
|width1 = 789|height1 = 600
| image2 = Julia and the children at lessons 1894.jpg| caption2 = Stephen children with Julia at lessons, Talland House c. 1894| alt2= Julia Stephen at Talland House supervising Thoby, Vanessa, Virginia and Adrian doing their lessons, summer 1894
|width2=800|height2=592
| footer = |footer_align = center}}

[[File:Julia Rothenstein1890.jpg|thumb|Julia Stephen 1890, drawing by [[William Rothenstein]]|alt=Drawing of Julia Stephen by William Rothenastein in 1890]]
Julia dealt with her husband's depressive moods and his need for attention, which created resentment in her children, boosted his self-confidence, nursed her parents in their final illness, and had many commitments outside the home that would eventually wear her down. Her frequent absences and the demands of her husband instilled a sense of insecurity in her children that had a lasting effect on her daughters.<ref name=Curtis17/> Amongst her family commitments, she cared for her mother during her long period of ill health, nursed her uncle Henry Prinsep when he was dying in 1878, and her sister Adeline who died in 1881. Leslie Stephen was also prone to bouts of ill health, suffering a breakdown from overwork in 1888–1889. Leslie Stephen describes how his constant self-deprecation, was intended to elicit Julia's sympathy and attention.<ref name=MacCarthy40/> In considering the demands on her mother, Woolf described her father as "fifteen years her elder, difficult, exacting, dependent on her" and reflected that this was at the expense of the amount of attention she could spare her young children, "a general presence rather than a particular person to a child",{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 83}}<ref name=talland/> reflecting that she rarely ever spent a moment alone with her mother, "someone was always interrupting".<ref name=Briggs37/> Woolf was ambivalent about all this, yet eager to separate herself from this model of utter selflessness. She describes it as "boasting of her capacity to surround and protect, there was scarcely a shell of herself left for her to know herself by"{{sfn|Woolf|1940}} At the same time she admired the strengths of her mother's womanly ideals. Given Julia's frequent absences and commitments, the young Stephen children became increasingly dependent on Stella Duckworth, who emulated her mother's selflessness, as Woolf wrote "Stella was always the beautiful attendant handmaid ... making it the central duty of her life".{{sfn|Woolf|1908|loc=p. 42}} At the same time, Julia's relationship with Stella, who idolised her, was frequently problematic. As Julia confided to her husband, she was especially hard on her eldest daughter because she considered her part of herself.{{sfn|Marler|1993|loc=p. xxv}}

Julia greatly admired her husband's intellect, and although she knew her own mind, thought little of her own. As Woolf observed "she never belittled her own works, thinking them, if properly discharged, of equal, though other, importance with her husband's". She believed with certainty in her role as the centre of her activities, and the person who held everything together,{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} with a firm sense of what was important and valuing devotion. Of the two parents, Julia's "nervous energy dominated the family".{{sfn|Garnett|2011|loc=p. 16}} While Virginia identified most closely with her father, Vanessa stated her mother was her favourite parent.{{sfn|Gillespie|1987}} Angelica Garnett recalls how Virginia asked Vanessa which parent she preferred, although Vanessa considered it a question that "one ought not to ask", she was unequivocal in answering "Mother"{{sfn|Garnett|2011|loc=p. 16}} Stella, the oldest daughter, led a life of total subservience to her mother, incorporating her ideals of love and service.{{sfn|Garnett|2011|loc=p. 20}} Virginia quickly learned, that like her father, being ill was the only reliable way of gaining the attention of her mother, who prided herself on her sickroom nursing.<ref name=Curtis17/><ref name=Briggs37/> Against this background of over committed and distant parents, suggestions that this was a [[dysfunctional family]] must be evaluated. These include evidence of [[sexual abuse]] of the Stephen girls by their older Duckworth halfbrothers, and by their cousin, [[James Kenneth Stephen]] (1859–1892), at least of Stella.{{efn|James Kenneth Stephen was the son of [[James Fitzjames Stephen]], Leslie Stephen's older brother}} Laura is also thought to have been abused.{{sfn|Lee|2015}} The most graphic account is by [[Louise DeSalvo]],{{sfn|DeSalvo|1989}} but other authors and reviewers have been more cautious.{{sfn|Poole|1991}}{{sfn|Beattie|1989}} Other issues the children had to deal with was Leslie Stephen's temper, Woolf describing him as "the tyrant father".{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 116}}<ref name=Rose5/>

[[File:Sophie Farell.jpg|thumb|left|Sophie Farrell 1890|alt=Sophie Farrell, Cook at 22 Hyde Park Gate]]

Julia's grandson, [[Quentin Bell]] (1910–1996) describes her as saintly, with a certain [[gravitas]] derived from sorrow, playful and tender with her children, sympathetic to the poor and sick or otherwise afflicted, and always called upon at times of need as a ministering angel. As he adds, "because of this one cannot quite believe in her".{{sfn|Bell|1965}} Yet a close reading of Leslie Stephen's memoir reveals cracks in the image of the perfection of both Julia and the marriage.<ref name=Broughton63/> Woolf's more balanced assessment seems more realistic than her father's idealised version,<ref name=MP67/><ref name=Kukil36j/> but her family's assessments also need to be balanced by the picture that emerges from Julia's own writings.<ref name=BRD106/> In contrast, Vanessa maintained her idealised version of her mother, passing it on to her own daughter.{{sfn|Garnett|2011|loc=p. 16}} Ultimately the demands on her selflessness and her tireless efforts on behalf of others became too much and started to take their toll.{{sfn|Banks|1999|loc=p. 118}} Like her husband (and eventually her daughters), she suffered from depression,<ref name=Curtis17/> and has been described as "haunted, worn down and beautiful"<ref name=Curtis16/> as captured, somewhat controversially, by [[William Rothenstein|Rothenstein]]'s drawings of her in the 1890s, shown here.<ref name=editorial/> Woolf, like all the family, greatly admired her mother's beauty, and so strong was her conviction she could not accept what Rothenstein depicted, "my mother was more beautiful than you show her".{{sfn|Banks|1999|loc=p. 117}}

Running a large household, in a towering Victorian mansion and with many commitments outside the home necessitated the supervision of the family finances and management of a large number of domestic servants, as would be common then,{{sfn|Light|2007}}<ref name=Dunn31/> and indeed indispensable in such a lifestyle.{{sfn|Pearce|1987}} This would be the subject of two of her essays.<ref name=servants/> So strong were some of these ties, that Sophie Farrell, who came to work at 22 Hyde Park Gate in 1886, would continue to work for various members of the extended Stephen family for the rest of her life.{{sfn|Messud|2008}} Woolf provides us with a picture of her mother "adding up the weekly books".{{sfn|Woolf|1921|loc=p. 145}} Nevertheless, it was a household run ''by'' a woman ''for'' a man, Julia believing that a woman's role was ultimately to serve her husband.{{sfn|Garnett|2011|loc=p. 20}}

=== Death ===
[[File:The grave of Sir Leslie Stephen, Highgate Cemetery, London.JPG|thumb|Julia Stephen's Grave, [[Highgate Cemetery]]|alt=Photograph of Julia Stephen's tomb at Highgate Cemetery]]
On 5 May 1895, Julia died at her home, of heart failure brought on by influenza at the age of 49. She left her husband with four young children aged 11 to 15 (her children by her first marriage being adults, although Stella, then 26, took over her mother's duties till she was married two years later{{sfn|VWS|2017}}). Julia was buried on 8 May at [[Highgate Cemetery]], where her husband, daughter Stella and son Thoby were also later interred.<ref name=Stella/>{{sfn|Gérin|1981|loc=p. 178}}{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Julia's wealth at her death is listed as £5483 17s 1d.{{efn|Stephen Julia Prinsep of 22 Hyde-park-gate South Kensington Middlesex (wife of Leslie Stephen) died 5 May 1895 Probate London. 26 July to the said Leslie Stephen gentleman Effects £5483 17s 1d{{sfn|Archives|2017}}}}{{sfn|Archives|2017}}

== Work ==
=== Artist's model ===
Julia Stephen is best known for being a model, not only of Pre-Raphaelite painters, but also her photographer aunt, Julia Margaret Cameron. She was Julia Margaret Cameron's favourite and most trusted and mutable model, (''see [[#Gallery2|Gallery II]]'') documenting her moods and meditations. Cameron was fascinated to a degree of obsession by Julia, with over 50 portraits,{{efn|Plates 279–321 and 328–333 in {{harvnb|Cox|Ford|2003}}}} more than any other subject. Julia's legacy is the image Cameron portrayed in her earlier days, the fragile ethereal figure with large soulful eyes and long wild hair.<ref name=Licence12/> Most of Cameron's photographs of Julia were taken between 1864 and 1875, including a series of profiles in the spring of 1867, two of which were during her period of engagement (plates 310–311), in which Cameron portrayed Julia's cool [[puritan]] beauty as a metaphor for the symbolic place of marriage, that Cameron called "the real nobility I prize above all things".<ref name=JMCMHD/> Here Cameron frames the bust with emphatic side lighting that accentuates the tautness in the swanlike neck and the strength in the head,<ref name=Getty67/> indicating heroism and stateliness as befits a girl on the verge of matrimony. By placing the subject facing into the light, the photographer illuminates her and suggests a forthcoming enlightenment.<ref name=JMCMHD/>

Cameron frequently used a [[soft focus]] such as ''Julia Duckworth 1867'' (plate 311) here.<ref name=Getty67/><ref name=KukilWW4a/>{{efn|[[Roger Fry]] wrote that this portrait was "a splendid success. The transitions of tone in the cheek and the delicate suggestions of reflected light, no less than the beautiful ‘drawing’ of the profile, are perfectly satisfying”{{sfn|Cameron|1926|loc=p. 27}}}} One of these portraits she titled ''My Favorite Picture of all my works''. In this her eyes, are downcast and averted from the lens, a more sentimental effect than the dramatic frontal view of ''My niece Julia full face'' shown here. In this portrait, the subject appears to stare assertively at the photographer, as if saying: "I am, like you, my own woman."{{sfn|Thurman|2003}} These are in sharp contrast to the series taken during her long widowhood and mourning for her first husband (1870–1878), with its gaunt pallid facial features. Again, Cameron draws on another Victorian symbol, this time the tragic heroine whose beauty is consumed in grief.<ref name=Getty67/>

{{anchor|Gallery1}}{{multiple image | header = Gallery I. Julia Stephen in Art| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 646 | float = none
| image1 = Burne ,Princess Sabra Led to the Dragon.jpg | caption1 = 1. ''The Princess Sabra Led to the Dragon'', 1866| alt1= Painting of Julia as Princess Sabra being led to the dragon, by Burne-Jones
|width1=509|height1=599
| image2 = Edward Burne-Jones The Annunciation.jpg| caption2 = {{anchor|BJA}}2. ''The Annunciation'', 1879| alt2 = Painting of Julia as the Virgin in The Annunciation by Burne-Jones
|width2=259|height2=598
| image3 =Julia;Woman's head 1873.jpg| caption3 = 3. ''Study of Woman's head'', 1873| alt3 = drawing of Julia's head 1873 by Burne-Jones
|width3=157|height3=226
| image4= Watts Julia Duckworth.jpg| caption4 = 4. ''Julia Duckworth 1870''| alt4 = Portrait of Julia by Watts in 1870
|width4=500|height4=600
| footer = 1–3 [[Edward Burne-Jones|Burne-Jones]]. 4. [[George Frederic Watts]]|footer_align = center
}}


{{anchor|Gallery2}}{{multiple image | perrow=4|header = Gallery II. [[Julia Margaret Cameron]]'s photographs of Julia Stephen 1864–1874| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 664| float = none
| image1 = Julia Jackson 1864.jpg | caption1 = Julia Jackson 1864 ['''280''']| alt1 = Photograph of Julia in 1864
|width1=511|height1=599
| image2 = Cameron julia jackson.jpg |caption2 = ''My niece Julia full face'', April 1867 ['''305''']{{sfn|Wilkes|2014}}|alt2= Photograph of Julia Stephen titled - My niece Julia full face, April 1867
|width2=475|height2=600
| image3 = Julia my favourite.jpg| caption3= ''My Favorite Picture of all my works, my niece Julia Jackson'', 1867 ['''302''']|alt3 = My Favorite Picture of all my works, my niece Julia Jackson, 1867
|width3=462|height3=600
| image4 = Julia Duckworth by Cameron.jpg | caption4 = My niece Julia Jackson, now Mrs Herbert Duckworth April 1867 ['''311''']{{efn|Often reproduced as an oval, due to its [[cameo (carving)|cameo]] like composition, the image suggests deep [[relief]] and the ideals of purity, strength, and grace.{{sfn|Cameron|2017}} The photographer provided detailed notes on the sitting which she described as an "experiment" lit by firelight, and a 4 minute exposure. It fetched an unusually high price for the time of £1<ref name=Ford46/> }}| alt4 = Julia Jackson in April 1867
|width4=437|height4=599
| image5 = Julia Duckworth in Garden, by Julia Margaret Cameron.jpg |caption5 = Julia Duckworth in Garden, 1872 ['''321''']| alt5= Julia Duckworth in the Garden, 1872
|width5=498|height5=600
| image6 = A Beautiful Vision.jpg | caption6 = Mrs. Herbert Duckworth, "''A Beautiful Vision''", 1872 ['''316''']| alt6= Mrs. Herbert Duckworth, "A Beautiful Vision", 1872
|width6=471|height6=600
| image7 = Mrs Herbert Duckworth 1874.png| caption7 = Mrs Herbert Duckworth 1874 ['''332''']| alt7= Julia at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 1874
|width7=464|height7=599
| image8 = Mrs Herbert Duckworth September 1874.jpg | caption8 = Mrs Herbert Duckworth September 1874 ['''330''']|alt8=Portrait of Julia in September 1874
|width8=396|height8=600
| footer = Upper row: Prior to first marriage (1867). Lower row: Widowhood (1870-) Numbers refer to plates in {{harvnb|Cox|Ford|2003}} | footer_align= center
}}


=== {{anchor|Social}}Social activism and philanthropy ===
[[file:Julia1880s.jpg|thumb|Julia 1880s|alt=Photographic portrait of Julia in the 1880s]]
{{anchor|JSBH}}[[File:Julia Switzerland 1889.jpg|thumb|Julia in Switzerland 1889, photographed by [[Gabriel Loppé]]{{efn|This photograph is thought to be the inspiration for the last scene of Virginia Woolf's ''[[On Being Ill]]'' (1930).{{sfn|Woolf|2012}}}} It stood on the writing-table of her daughter, Vanessa Bell, and that of her daughter, Angelica, in turn <ref name=Garnett12/>|alt=Portrait of Julia taken during vacation in Switzerland in January 1889]]
In addition to her tireless contributions to running the Stephen household, and attending to the needs of her relatives, she worked to support friends and [[supplicants]]. She had a strong sense of [[social justice]], travelling around London by bus, nursing the sick in hospitals and [[workhouses]]. She would later write about her nursing experience in her ''Notes from Sick Rooms'' (1883).{{sfn|Stephen|1883}} This is a discussion of good nursing practices, demonstrating fine attention to detail. A notable passage is her description of the misery caused by bread crumbs in the bed.<ref name=crumbs/> In addition to dispensing practical nursing advice, she undertook social advocacy on the part of the sick and poor. She published a letter of protest on behalf of the inmates at St George's Union Workhouse in [[Fulham]] "for giving in to the temperance movement and cutting off the half-pint of beer". This ration allocated to the [[pauper]] women there had been removed at the insistence of the [[temperance movement|temperance]] campaigners (''[[Pall Mall Gazette]]'', 4 October 1879). This was an institution she visited regularly.<ref name=Dellwriting/>{{sfn|Stephen|1987|loc=p. 257}}{{efn|Two letters were published in the Pall Mall Gazette, dated 3 and 16 October 1879, signed Julia Prinsep Stephen. 13, Hyde Park-gate South<ref name=Dellnote23/>}} She also wrote an impassioned defence of agnostic women (''Agnostic Women'', 8 September 1880), arguing against claims that agnosticism was incompatible with spirituality and philanthropy (''see'' [[#quotes|Quotations]]). She also drew on her experience of ministering to the sick and dying in making these arguments.<ref name=agnostic/>{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

At home, Virginia Woolf describes how Julia used one side of the drawing room for dispensing advice and consolation, the "[[Angel in the House|angel in the house]]".{{efn|"Angel in the house" was the title of a popular poem (1854–1862) of the time by [[Coventry Patmore]], which became a metaphor for the ideal woman. Virginia Woolf saw one of her generation's tasks was to combat this image — "Killing the Angel in the House was part of the occupation of a woman writer"{{sfn|Melani|2011}} Woolf lays out the problem with this metaphor in ''Professions for Women'' (1933), an essay read to the Women's Service League{{sfn|Woolf|1933}}}}{{sfn|Woolf|1921}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014}}

=== {{anchor|Views}}Views ===

Julia held firm views on the role of women in society.{{sfn|Gillespie|1987a}} She was not a [[feminist]], and has been described as an antifeminist,{{sfn|Hite|2000}}<ref name=Marcusxix/> lending her name to the [[anti-suffrage]] movement in 1889. The novelist [[Mary Augusta Ward|Mary Ward]] (1851–1920) and the Oxford Liberal set collected the names of the most prominent intellectual aristocracy, including Julia's friend [[Octavia Hill]] (1838–1912), and nearly a hundred other women to sign a petition "An Appeal Against Female Suffrage" in ''[[The Nineteenth Century (periodical)|Nineteenth Century]]'' in June of that year. This earned her a rebuke from George Meredith, writing facetiously "for it would be to accuse you of the fatuousness of a Liberal Unionist to charge the true Mrs Leslie with this irrational obstructiveness", pretending that the signature must belong to another woman of the same name.<ref name=suffrage/> Rather, Julia Stephen believed that women had their own role and their own role models. She referred her daughters to [[Florence Nightingale]] (1820–1910), Octavia Hill and Mary Ward as models.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Her views on the role of women in society are firmly laid out in her ''Agnostic Women'', namely that while men and women may operate in [[separate spheres]],<ref name=Burstyn20/> their work is of equal value.<ref name=agnostic/> However, Julia's views on women and feminism need to be evaluated within the historical and cultural context in which she lived,<ref name=BRD106/> being thoroughly an upper middle class [[Victorian era|Victorian]] woman.{{sfn|Woolf|1940}}{{sfn|Gillespie|1987}} In her particular case the "separate spheres" were reversed from the post-industrial convention of the time, Leslie Stephen working from home while she worked outside of the home.{{sfn|Broughton|2004|loc=p. 4}} Julia and her husband's views on this were very much in keeping with the predominant ethos of the time, agreeing with "the vast majority of their contemporaries— that men and women played different roles in life, roles conditioned by their physiology as well as their education".{{sfn|Annan|1984|loc=p. 110}} Despite this separation within the spheres of public and private life, she advocated for professionalism and competence by women within these, a viewpoint becoming more common in her time, and exemplified by her nursing activities.<ref name=Burstyn23/>

Nor did her views preclude friendship with passionate advocates for [[women's rights]] and suffrage, such as the actress [[Elizabeth Robins]]. Robins recalls that her Madonna like face was somewhat misleading "she was a mixture of the Madonna and a woman of the world"{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 90}} and that when she came up with something more worldly, it was "so unexpected from that Madonna face, one thought it ''vicious''".<ref name=Curtis197/> Julia Stephen was, in most respects, a conventional Victorian lady. She defended the hierarchical system of the live-in servants, the need to keep a constant watch over them, and believed a "strong bond" existed between the mistress of the house and those who serve.<ref name=servants/><ref name=Zwedling98/> It was this conventionality that Woolf consciously separated herself from, in terms of a model of womanhood, with the Victorian expectations of social conformity, that Woolf described as "a machine into which our rebellious bodies were inserted".{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 152}}<ref name=Simpson12/>

=== Publications and other writings ===

Julia Stephen's literary canon consists of a book, a collection of children's stories and a number of unpublished essays. The first was a small volume, entitled ''Notes from Sick Rooms'', published by her husband's publisher, Smith, Elder & Co. in October 1883, an account of her nursing experience together with a detailed manual of instruction. It was republished in 1980{{sfn|Stephen|1980}} and later published in conjunction with Virginia Woolf's ''[[On Being Ill]]'' (1926) in 2012.{{sfn|Woolf|2012}}{{sfn|Oram|2014}} The second is a collection of stories she told to her children, entitled ''Stories for Children'' and written between 1880 and 1884. Her stories tended to promote the value of family life and the importance of being kind to animals. Sometimes, such as in ''Cat's Meat'', they reflect the tensions in Julia's own life. She emerges from these writings as decisive, conservative, and pragmatic,{{sfn|Lee|1999|loc=p. 83}} with a wit that some considered almost shocking.<ref name=Bell34/> Although she was unsuccessful in getting these published in her lifetime, they were eventually published, together with ''Notes from Sick Rooms'' and a collection of her essays, which had been in the possession of Quentin Bell,<ref name=editorial/> in 1993.{{sfn|Stephen|1987}} She also wrote the biographical entry for Julia Margaret Cameron in the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' of which her husband was the first editor (1885–1891),{{sfn|JPS|1886}}{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} one of the very few biographies of women to be found in this work,{{efn|The other biography of a woman was by Leslie's sister, [[Caroline Stephen]], who contributed the article on [[Mary Aikenhead]]{{sfn|Lewis|2000}}}}{{sfn|Kukil|2003}} and an omission which drew the critical exclamation of Woolf "it is much to be regretted that no lives of maids ... are to be found in the Dictionary of National Biography".<ref name=Three2/>{{sfn|Broughton|2004|loc=p. 12}} Among her essays was ''Agnostic women'' defending her philanthropy as an agnostic (''see'' [[#Social|Social activism]] and [[#Views|Views]]), and two other essays addressing the management of households, and in particular servants.<ref name=servants/>

==== List of publications ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Julia D.|author-link=Julia Stephen|editor1-last=Steele|editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Gillespie|editor2-first=Dianne F|title=Julia Duckworth Stephen: Stories for Children, Essays for Adults|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC|year=1987|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8156-2592-6}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Broughton|first1=Panthea Reid|title=Julia Stephen's Prose: An Unintentional Self-Portrait|journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920|date=1989|volume=22|issue=1|pages=125–128|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/373158/pdf|type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Mrs Leslie|author-link=Julia Stephen|title=Notes from Sick Rooms|url=https://archive.org/details/notesfromsickro00stepgoog|publisher=Smith, Elder, & Co.|location=London|date=1883}}
** {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Julia Duckworth|title=Notes from sick rooms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xttAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|orig-year=1883|publisher=Puckerbrush Press|isbn=978-0-913006-16-0}}
** {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|title=On Being Ill, with Notes from Sick Rooms by Julia Stephen|date=2012|orig-year=1926, 1883|publisher=Paris Press|isbn=978-1-930464-13-1}} (''Notes from Sick Rooms'' also in {{harvtxt|Stephen|1987}}), ''see also'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20180213224328/http://www.parispress.org/on-being-ill-excerpts/ Excerpt]
::: {{cite news|last1=Hadas|first1=Rachel|author-link=Rachel Hadas|title=Virginia Woolf and Julia Stephen|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/private/virginia-woolf-and-julia-stephen/|work=[[The Times Literary Supplement]]|type=Review|date=14 December 2012}}
::: {{cite journal|last1=Oram|first1=Richard|title=Drawing parallels: Virginia Woolf's "On Being Ill" and Julia Stephen's "Notes from Sick Rooms"|journal=Ransom Center Magazine|date=17 April 2014|url=http://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/tag/julia-prinsep-duckworth/|type=Review}}
::: {{cite web|last1=Ward-Vetrano|first1=Gianna|title=Julia Stephen's "Notes from Sick Rooms"|url=http://www.unbearablebookishness.com/2016/10/book-review-julia-stephens-notes-from.html|website=The Unbearable Bookishness of Blogging|access-date=9 January 2018|type=Review|date=4 October 2016}}
::: {{cite web|last=Anonymous|title=Out! damn crumbs, from Notes from Sick Rooms, by Mrs. Leslie Stephen (1883)|url=http://neglectedbooks.com/?p=3048|website=The Neglected Books Page|access-date=9 January 2018|type=Review|date=11 February 2015}}
* {{cite book|last1=J.P.S.|author-link=Julia Stephen|title=Cameron, Julia Margaret|page=300|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati08stepuoft#page/300/mode/2up/search/cameron|ref={{harvid|JPS|1886}}|publisher=New York Macmillan|date=1885–1900}}, in {{harvtxt|Stephen|1886}}
{{refend}}

== Legacy ==
{{multiple image | header = Three Generations| align = right | direction = horizontal | width = 130 | float = none
| image1 = Julia writing 1892.jpg| caption1 = Julia writing at Talland House 1892, with drawing of her mother| alt1 =Julia writing letters at her desk in the drawing room of Talland House in 1892. On the desk is a drawing of her mother by Watts
| image2 = George Charles Beresford - Virginia Woolf in 1902 - Restoration.jpg|caption2 = Virginia Woolf in 1902, with [[Chignon (hairstyle)|chignon]], by [[George C Beresford|Beresford]]| alt2= Photograph by Beresford of Virginia Woolf in 1902, her hair arranged in a chignon, like her mother's}}

Julia Stephen was the mother of Bloomsbury.<ref name=Licence12/> She has been described as an austerely beautiful [[muse]] of the Pre-Raphaelites, and her physical image comes down to us through countless paintings and photographs.{{sfn|Thurman|2003}} George Watt's portrait of Julia (1875), originally hung in Leslie Stephen's study at Hyde Park Gate,{{sfn|Dahl|1983}} later it was in [[Duncan Grant]]'s studio at 22 [[Fitzroy Square]] for some time, and then at Vanessa Bell's [[Charleston Farmhouse]] in Sussex,<ref name="Humm2010/25"/> where it still hangs.{{sfn|Watts|1870}} The family owned a number of the Julia Margaret Cameron portraits of Julia Stephen. After Leslie Stephen's death in 1904, 22 Hyde Park Gate was sold and the children moved to 46 [[Gordon Square]], Bloomsbury, where they hung 5 of these on the right hand side of the entrance hall.<ref name=patremoir1418/> Later, when her granddaughter [[Angelica Garnett]] moved into the Charleston Farmhouse in 1987, she hung them in the passageway.<ref name=Garnett12/> Other images come from the photographs of family and friends.{{sfn|Kukil|2011}}{{sfn|Woolf|1983}} These images formed an important link with their prematurely dead mother, for her children. Writing to her sister in 1908, Vanessa Bell refers to her wish to "gaze at the most beautiful of Aunt Julia's photographs incessantly".{{sfn|Bell|1993|loc=11 August 1908, p. 67}}<ref name=Humm47/> Otherwise, her image has been described as "elusive",{{sfn|Gillespie|1987}} for we know her largely through the construction of others, principally Leslie Stephen and Virginia Woolf, each with their own filters.{{sfn|Dell|2006}} As Lowe observes, Julia Stephen has been variously constructed as "Madonna", "Nurse", "Wife", "Mother" and "Phantom".{{sfn|Lowe|2005}}

Quentin Bell considers her importance measured not so much in herself as in her influence on others.{{sfn|Bell|1965}} This was also the position taken by Leslie Stephen at the time of her death.{{sfn|Broughton|2004|loc=p. 4}} Many of her children, and their descendants in turn, became notable.{{sfn|Brooks|2015}} She played a part in the development of English thought and letters at the close of the nineteenth century. Julia Stephen conformed to the Victorian male image of the ideal woman,{{sfn|Burstyn|2016}} virtuous, beautiful, capable and accommodating, symbolised in [[#BJA|Burne-Jones' ''Annunciation'']].<ref name=Reid3/> Her conception of life was something she conveyed to her children with great effect.{{sfn|Bell|1965}} [[Baron Annan]] goes so far as to point out resemblances in literary style between her writing in ''Notes for Sickrooms'', and that of Virginia Woolf.<ref name=Spalding14/>{{sfn|Annan|1951|loc=pp. 100–101}} Although Julia's daughters rejected their Victorian heritage,{{sfn|Woolf|1940}} their mother's influence appears in Woolf's low [[chignon (hairstyle)|chignon]] hairstyle and wearing her mother's dress in ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' in May 1926 (''see [[#VWMD|image]]'').{{sfn|Mullin|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k66BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 p. 23]}} Vanessa Bell too, would appear in one of her mother's dresses, such as the portrait of her by [[Duncan Grant]] (''see [[#DGVB|image]]'').{{efn|In Vanessa Bell's library at the [[Charleston Farmhouse]]}} Woolf also wrote with her mother's pen.{{efn|"here I am experimenting with the parent of all pens—the black J, ''the'' pen, as I used to think it, along with other objects, as a child, because mother used it"}}{{sfn|Woolf|1979|loc=p. 208}}

Throughout her life, Julia Stephen was a prodigious letter writer, and according to Leslie Stephen, during her mother's lifetime, they "never passed a day apart without exchanging letters", often several.<ref name=Kukil38i/> After her death, The Julia Prinsep Stephen Nursing Association Fund was established to commemorate the life of a woman, Leslie Stephen described as one whose "frank kindly ways made her many friends among the poor".<ref name=Kukil38k/>

=== Virginia Woolf ===
{{main|Virginia Woolf}}
The intense scrutiny of Virginia Woolf's literary output (''see [[#VWB|Bibliography]]'') has inevitably led to speculation as to her mother's influence, including [[psychoanalytic]] studies of mother and daughter.<ref name=MP67/>{{sfn|Rosenman|1986}}<ref name=MH91/><ref name=Hirsch108/> Woolf states that "my first memory, and in fact it is the most important of all my memories"{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=p. 64}} is of her mother. Her memories of her mother are memories of an obsession<ref name=Birrento69/>{{sfn|Woolf|1940|loc=pp. 81–84}} and she suffered her first major breakdown on her mother's death in 1895, the loss having a profound lifelong effect.<ref name=Simpson12/> In many ways, her mother's profound influence on Virginia Woolf is conveyed in the latter's recollections, "there she is; beautiful, emphatic ... closer than any of the living are, lighting our random lives as with a burning torch, infinitely noble and delightful to her children".{{sfn|Woolf|1908|loc=p. 40}} Woolf described her mother as an "invisible presence" in her life, and Rosenman argues that the mother-daughter relationships is a constant in Woolf's writing.{{sfn|Rosenman|1986|loc=cited in {{harvtxt|Caramagno|1989}}}} She describes how Woolf's [[modernism]] needs to be viewed in relationship to her [[ambivalence]] towards her Victorian mother, the centre of the former's female identity, and her voyage to her own sense of [[autonomy]]. To Woolf, "Saint Julia" was both a [[martyr]] whose perfectionism was intimidating and a source of deprivation, by her absences real and virtual and premature death.{{sfn|Caramagno|1989}} Julia's influence and memory pervades Woolf's life and work, "she has haunted me", she wrote.{{sfn|Woolf|1975|loc=p. 374}}

== Family trees ==
{{anchor|ancestor}}{{ahnentafel
|align=center|collapsed=yes
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1=1. Julia Prinsep Jackson (1846 – 1895)<ref name=Belltree/>
|2=2. Dr John Jackson (1804 – 1887){{sfn|Wood|2017}}
|3=3. Maria Pattle (1818 – 1892){{sfn|Wood|2017}}
|4=4. George Jackson (1758 – 1823){{sfn|Geni|2018}}
|5=5. Mary Howard (1781 – 1858){{sfn|Geni|2018}}
|6=6. James Peter Pattle (1775 – 1845){{sfn|Wood|2017}}
|7=7. Adeline Maria de l'Etang (1793 – 1845){{sfn|Wood|2017}}
|8=8. William Jackson {{sfn|Geni|2018}}<ref name=VineJacksonFam/>
|9=9. Susannah Dean{{sfn|Geni|2018}}<ref name=VineJacksonFam/>
|10=10. William Howard (1749 – 1795){{sfn|Geni|2018}}
|11=11. Elizabeth Mitford (born 1747){{sfn|Geni|2018}}
|12=12. Thomas Pattle (1742 – 1818){{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017}}
|13=13. Sarah Haselby{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017}}
|14=14. Chevalier Ambrose Pierre Antoine de l'Etang (1757 – 1840)<ref name=CWn4/>
|15=15. Therese Josephe Blin de Grincourt (1767 – 1866)<ref name=CWn4/>{{sfn|Wolf|1998|loc=p. 81}}
}}
{{anchor|Pattle}}{{chart top|'''<big>Pattle-Antoine Family Tree</big>'''<ref name=ForresterTree/>{{sfn|Wood|2017}}|collapsed=yes}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | |||||||||||||||JP |-|v|-| AA |JP=James Pattle 1775-1845|AA=m. 1811 Adeline Antoine 1793-1845}}
{{tree chart| ,| -|- | -| -|v | -|-|-|v|-|-| -|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| Ad||El | | JM||HP|-|v|- |Sa||JJ|-|v|-|Ma||Lo|||||||TS|v|Va||So|
Ad=Adeline 1812-1836|El=Eliza 1814-1818|JM=[[Julia Margaret Cameron|Julia Margaret]] 1815-1879|HP= m. 1835 [[Henry Thoby Prinsep|Henry Prinsep]] 1792–1878 |Sa=[[Sara Prinsep|Sara]] 1816-1887|JJ= m. 1837 John Jackson 1804–1887|Ma=Maria 1818-1892|Lo=Louisa 1821-1873|TS=m. 1850 [[Third Earl Somers|Earl Somers]] 1819–1883|Va=Virginia 1827-1910|So=Sophia 1829-1911}}
{{tree chart|||||||||||||||||!|||||||||,|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||`|-|-|-|-|v|-|.}}
{{tree chart||||||||||||||||VCP||HHV|-|AMJ||HF|-|ML||HD|v|JP|v|LS||IC||AM|VCP=[[Valentine Cameron Prinsep|Valentine]] 1838–1904|HHV=m.1856 [[Halford Vaughan]] 1811–1885|AMJ=Adeline Maria 1837-1881|HF=m.1862 [[Herbert William Fisher|Herbert Fisher]] 1826–1903|ML=Mary Louisa 1840-1916{{efn|Mary Louisa and Herbert Fisher's children included 1. [[Florence Henrietta Fisher]] (1864–1920) who married [[Frederic William Maitland]] (1850–1906) in 1886, who wrote the biography of Leslie Stephen{{sfn|Maitland|1906}} and 2. [[H. A. L. Fisher]] (1865–1940), whose daughter [[Mary Bennett (academic)|Mary Bennett]] (1913–2005), wrote the biography of the Jackson family{{sfn|Bennett|2002}}{{sfn|Vogeler|2014}}}}|HD=m. (1)1867 [[Herbert Duckworth]] 1833−1870|JP='''Julia Prinsep''' 1846–1895|LS=m. (2) 1878 [[Leslie Stephen]]{{efn|Leslie Stephen had one daughter, Laura (1870–1945), by his first wife, Minny Thackeray}} 1832–1904|IC=[[Lady Isabella Caroline Somers-Cocks|Isabella Caroline]] 1851–1921|AM=[[Adeline Marie Russell, Duchess of Bedford|Adeline Marie]] 1852–1920 |boxstyle_JP=background-color: #fcc;}}
{{tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|'||||!||!|||||||||||||}}
{{tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!||||||||!|LS||||||||||LS=Laura 1870–1945}}
{{tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|.|||||||`|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||!||||!||||||||!|||||||!|||||!||||||||!}}
{{tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||Geo||Ste||Ger||DG|r2|Van|v|CB||Tho||Vir|-|Leo||Adr|Geo=[[George Herbert Duckworth|George]] 1868–1934|Ste=Stella 1869-1897|Ger=[[Gerald Duckworth|Gerald]] 1870–1937|DG=[[Duncan Grant]] 1885–1978|Van=[[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa]] 1879–1961|CB=m.1907 [[Clive Bell]] 1881–1964|Tho=[[Thoby Stephen|Thoby]] 1880–1906|Vir=[[Virginia Woolf|Virginia]] 1882–1941|Leo=m. 1912 [[Leonard Woolf]] 1880–1969|Adr=[[Adrian Stephen|Adrian]] 1883–1948|boxstyle_Vir=}}
{{tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||,|^|-|.}}
{{tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||AG||JB||QB|v|AP|AG=[[Angelica Garnett|Angelica]] 1918–2012|JB=[[Julian Bell|Julian]] 1908 –1937|QB=[[Quentin Bell|Quentin]] 1910–1996|AP=[[Anne Olivier Bell|Annie Popham]] 1916–2018}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

{{anchor|Stephen}}{{chart top|'''<big>Stephen Family Tree</big>'''<ref name=Belltree/>{{sfn|Venn|1904}}|collapsed=yes}}
{{tree chart/start|align=left}}
{{tree chart|||||||||RW|v|EB|RW=Robert Wilberforce 1728–1768|EB=Elizabeth Bird 1730–1798}}
{{tree chart||||||||||,|-|^|-|.}}
{{tree chart|AS|v|JS1|-|SW||WW||JV|v|CK|AS=m.(1) 1783 Anna Stent 1758–1790|JS1=[[James Stephen (British politician)|James Stephen]] 1758–1832|SW=m.(2) 1800 Sarah Wilberforce 1757–1816|WW=[[William Wilberforce]] 1759–1833|JV=[[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]] 1759–1813|CK=m. 1789 Katherine King 1760–1803
}}
{{tree chart||||`|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart|WMT|v|IGS||JS|v|JCV|||WMT=[[William Makepeace Thackeray]] 1811–1863|IGS=m. 1836 Isabella Gethin Shawe 1816–1893|JS=[[James Stephen (civil servant)|James]] 1789–1859|JCV=1814 Jane Catherine 1793–1875}}
{{tree chart|||| `|-|v|-|-|-|.||`|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart|RR|-|AT||MT|v|LS|v|JJ||JF||Car|RR=m. 1877 [[Richmond Ritchie]]|AT=[[Anne Thackeray|Annie]] 1837–1919|MT=m.(1) Minnie Thackeray 1840–1875|LS='''[[Leslie Stephen|Leslie]]''' 1832−1904|JJ=m.(2) 1878 '''Julia Duckworth''' 1846–1895|JF= [[James Fitzjames Stephen|James Fitzjames]] 1829–1894|Car=[[Caroline Stephen|Caroline]] 1834–1909|boxstyle_JJ=background-color: #fcc;}}
{{tree chart||||||||||||!||||!}}
{{tree chart|||||||||||LS||4JS|LS=Laura 1870–1945|4JS=4 see [[#Pattle|Pattle tree]]}}
|{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==

<references>
<ref name=Stella>{{harvnb|Androom|2017|loc=[https://androom.home.xs4all.nl/biography/p015040.htm Hills, Stella]}}</ref>


<ref name=Belltree>{{harvnb|Bell|1972|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9hYqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP9 Family Tree pp. x–xi]}}</ref>
<ref name=Bell34>{{harvnb|Bell|1972|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9hYqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP34 p. 34]}}</ref>

<ref name=Birrento69>{{harvnb|Birrento|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l_j4ln5cEI8C&pg=PA69 p. 69]}}</ref>

<ref name=Bond23>{{harvnb|Bond|2000|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5L1CFtyLcG0C&pg=PA23 Julia Stephen p. 23]}}</ref>

<ref name=Briggs37>{{harvnb|Briggs|2006|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fn2kILpMkoC&pg=PA37 p. 37]}}</ref>


<ref name=Broughton62>{{harvnb|Broughton|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4s6IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 p.62 ]}}</ref>
<ref name=Broughton63>{{harvnb|Broughton|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4s6IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 p.63 ]}}</ref>
<ref name=Broughton87>{{harvnb|Broughton|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4s6IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 p.87 ]}}</ref>


<ref name="Burke1858/321">{{harvnb|Burke|1858|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wmNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA321 Duckworths pp. 321–322]}}</ref>
<ref name="Burke1894/546">{{harvnb|Burke|1894|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=93M-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA546 Duckworths pp. 546–547]}}</ref>


<ref name=Burstyn20>{{harvnb|Burstyn|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6RSHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20 p. 20]}}</ref>
<ref name=Burstyn23>{{harvnb|Burstyn|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6RSHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 p. 23]}}</ref>


<ref name=Curtis16>{{harvnb|Curtis|2002|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC&pg=PA16 Introduction p. 16]}}</ref>
<ref name=Curtis17>{{harvnb|Curtis|2002|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC&pg=PA17 Introduction p. 17]}}</ref>
<ref name=Curtis58>{{harvnb|Curtis|2002|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC&pg=PA58 Introduction p. 58]}}</ref>
<ref name=Curtis197>{{harvnb|Curtis|2002|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC&pg=PA197 Virginia p. 197]}}</ref>

<ref name=Dunn31>{{harvnb|Dunn|1990|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gJP02k_T1ZYC&pg=PT31 p. 31]}}</ref>

<ref name=Ender218>{{harvnb|Ender|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMRuB2f-EYMC&pg=PA218 p. 218]}}</ref>

<ref name=Flint54>{{harvnb|Flint|2017|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e9TwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 p. 54]}}</ref>

<ref name=CWn4>{{harvnb|Caws|Wright|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U8MeZDksY1wC&pg=PA387 p. 387, Note 4]}}</ref>


<ref name=Getty22>{{harvnb|Cox|Ford|2003|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J_5GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 p. 22]}}</ref>
<ref name=Getty28>{{harvnb|Cox|Ford|2003|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J_5GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 p. 28]}}</ref>
<ref name=Getty67>{{harvnb|Cox|Ford|2003|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J_5GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 p. 67]}}</ref>
<ref name=Getty102>{{harvnb|Cox|Ford|2003|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J_5GAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 p. 102]}}</ref>


<ref name=Ford46>{{harvnb|Ford|2003|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wadpyu1Gz90C&pg=PA46 p. 46]}}</ref>

<ref name=ForresterTree>{{harvnb|Forrester|2015|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AXipBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP9 Family Tree]}}</ref>

<ref name=JMCMHD>{{harvnb|Cameron|2018|loc=[http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/100143/julia-margaret-cameron-mrs-herbert-duckworth-british-april-1867/ Mrs Duckworth]}}</ref>

<ref name=Dellwriting>{{harvnb|Dell|2015|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fGPeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 Stephen's writing]}}</ref>
<ref name=Dellnote23>{{harvnb|Dell|2015|loc=[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-137-49728-4%2F1.pdf Chapter 5 Note 23 p. 188]}}</ref>

<ref name=Dunn33>{{harvnb|Dunn|1990|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-xs1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33 p. 33]}}</ref>


<ref name=Garnett32>{{harvnb|Garnett|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=t6cca0xnAKMC&pg=PT32 pp. 32–34]}}</ref>


<ref name=Garnett12>{{harvnb|Garnett|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cOh2CsS6MlsC&pg=PA12 p. 12]}}</ref>

<ref name=patremoir1418>{{harvnb|Gerard|2018|loc=[http://patremoirpress.com/blog/ Jan 4 2018]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}}}</ref>

<ref name=Gillespie4>{{harvnb|Gillespie|1987|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC&pg=PA4 pp. 4–5]}}</ref>

<ref name=Hirsch108>{{harvnb|Hirsch|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVMW_cN8Q8C&pg=PA108 pp. 108''ff''.]}}</ref>


<ref name=Humm47>{{harvnb|Humm|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mn4xa72JapMC&pg=PA47 p. 47]}}</ref>
<ref name="Humm2010/25">{{harvnb|Humm|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vJgkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 p. 25]}}</ref>


<ref name=Lilienfeld163>{{harvnb|Lilienfeld|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TnEYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 pp. 163–164]}}</ref>

<ref name=Maitland478>{{harvnb|Maitland|1906|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HGwB95e8UjYC&pg=PA478 p. 478]}}</ref>


<ref name=Miaalbum>{{harvnb|Eve|2017|loc=[http://kimberlyevemusings.blogspot.com/2015/12/for-my-best-beloved-sister-mia-album-of.html For My Best Beloved Sister Mia. December 2015]}}</ref>
<ref name=JPS>{{harvnb|Eve|2017|loc=[http://kimberlyevemusings.blogspot.com/2014/07/julia-prinsep-stephen-nee-jackson.html Julia Prinsep Stephen. July 2014]}}</ref>

<ref name=Marcusxix>{{harvnb|Marcus|1981|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19 Introduction p. xix]}}</ref>




<ref name=KukilWW4a>{{harvnb|Kukil|2003|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/penandpress/case4a.htm Virginia's mother]}}</ref>


<ref name=Kukil31a>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/31a.htm Julia Prinsep Jackson, c.1856]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil32>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/32.htm Saxonbury]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil33a>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/33a.htm Julia and Herbert Duckworth, 1867]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil34g>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/34g.htm Herbert Duckworth]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil34c>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/34c.htm Julia Duckworth 1]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil34e>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/34e.htm Julia Duckworth 2]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil34k>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/34k.htm Julia 1870s]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil34l>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/34l.htm Julia Duckworth with Stella]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil36a>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/36a.htm Julia Stephen, 1880s]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil36b>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/36b.htm Julia & Vanessa 1879]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil36j>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/36j.htm Julia & Vanessa 1880s]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil36i>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/361.htm Thoby Stephen]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil37c>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/37c.htm Talland House]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil38a>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/38a.htm Julia & children at lessons 1894]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil38g>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/38g.htm Julia Stephen reading, Talland House, 1892]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil38i>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/38i.htm Julia Stephen writing 1892]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil38j>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/38j.htm Julia, Adrian and Henry James 1894]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil38k>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/38k.htm Julia Stephen, 1894]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil38l>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/38l.htm Julia reading, Talland House 1892]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil39b>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/39b.htm Leslie and Julia, Switzerland 1889]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil39e>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/39e.htm Leslie and Julia 1889]}}</ref>

<ref name=Licence12>{{harvnb|Licence|2015|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfGCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 Bloomsbury 1878 p. 12]}}</ref>


<ref name=MacCarthy40>{{harvnb|MacCarthy|1937|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k1RkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 p. 40]}}</ref>

<ref name=Nadel16>{{harvnb|Nadel|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jjNmDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 p. 16''ff''.]}}</ref>

<ref name=Simpson12>{{harvnb|Simpson|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lPE8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 p. 12]}}</ref>


<ref name=BRD106>{{harvnb|Daugherty|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 pp. 106]}}</ref>
<ref name=MH91>{{harvnb|Hussey|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 pp. 91]}}</ref>
<ref name=MP67>{{harvnb|Minow-Pinkney|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 pp. 67, 75]}}</ref>


<ref name=Reid3>{{harvnb|Reid|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wyFHB82sYOUC&pg=PA3 p. 3]}}</ref>
<ref name=Reid5>{{harvnb|Reid|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wyFHB82sYOUC&pg=PA5 p. 5]}}</ref>
<ref name=Reid6>{{harvnb|Reid|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wyFHB82sYOUC&pg=PA6 p. 6]}}</ref>


<ref name=Rose5>{{harvnb|Rose|1983|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EbRDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 p. 5]}}</ref>
<ref name=Rose265>{{harvnb|Rose|1983|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EbRDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265 p. 265]}}</ref>


<ref name="Rosner2014/3">{{harvnb|Rosner|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k66BAwAAQBAJ p. 3]}}</ref>


<ref name="Rosner2008/69">{{harvnb|Rosner|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hs4zCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 Walls p. 69]}}</ref>

<ref name=SoLHPG>{{harvnb|Sheppard|1975|loc=[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38/pp26-38 Hyde Park Gate pp. 26–38]}}</ref>

<ref name=Spalding14>{{harvnb|Spalding|2015|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OOMtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 p. 14] }}</ref>

<ref name=talland>{{harvnb|Squier|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JYU6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28 p. 28]}}</ref>


<ref name=chronology>{{harvnb|Stephen|1987|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC&pg=PR17 Chronology pp. xvii–xxii]}}</ref>
<ref name=editorial>{{harvnb|Stephen|1987|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC&pg=PR17 Editorial note pp. xviii–xvi]}}</ref>
<ref name=agnostic>{{harvnb|Stephen|1987|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC&pg=PA241 Agnostic Women pp. 241–247]}}</ref>
<ref name=servants>{{harvnb|Stephen|1987|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC&pg=PA248 Servants pp. 248–256]}}</ref>

<ref name=suffrage>{{harvnb|Thomas|1992|loc=[https://archive.org/details/positiontocomman0000thom/page/79 p. 79]}}</ref>

<ref name=Tolley106>{{harvnb|Tolley|1997|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ygrK5ygfLwQC&pg=PA106 p. 106]}}</ref>


<ref name=VineDuckworth>{{harvnb|Vine|2018|loc=[http://www.nikoko.co.uk/Champneys/GedHTree/ghtout/gp95.htm#head4 Duckworth]}}</ref>
<ref name=VineJacksonFam>{{harvnb|Vine|2018|loc=[http://www.nikoko.co.uk/Diaries/Jackson.htm Jackson Family]}}</ref>
<ref name=VineJacksonDiary>{{harvnb|Vine|2018|loc=[http://www.nikoko.co.uk/Diaries/mrsjackson.htm Jackson Diary]}}</ref>

<ref name=Wilson17>{{harvnb|Wilson|1987|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_CRcyUYWzrIC&pg=PA17 pp. 17''ff''.]}}</ref>

<ref name=LWoolf152>{{harvnb|Woolf|1965|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K-DzbEyvgfAC&pg=PA152 p. 152]}}</ref>


<ref name=Bradshawvii>{{harvnb|Woolf|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WxMUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 Preface p. vii]}}</ref>
<ref name=crumbs>{{harvnb|Woolf|2012|loc=[http://www.parispress.org/on-being-ill-excerpts Crumbs pp. 57–59]}}</ref>
<ref name=lighthouse1109>{{harvnb|Woolf|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o1AbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1109 Lighthouse p. 1109]}}</ref>
<ref name=mothers>{{harvnb|Woolf|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GgwjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 p. 61]}}</ref>
<ref name=Three2>{{harvnb|Woolf|1938|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080817124343/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91tg/chapter2.html Chapter 2 ''n.''36] }}</ref>


<ref name=WOLTalland>{{harvnb|Deegan|Shillingsburg|2018|loc=[http://www.woolfonline.com/?node=content/contextual/transcriptions&project=1&parent=2&taxa=45&content=5845&pos=1 Dell. Talland House]}}</ref>

<ref name=Zwedling98>{{harvnb|Zwerdling|1986|loc=[https://archive.org/details/virginiawoolfrea0000zwer/page/98 p. 98]}}</ref>
</references>

==Bibliography==

{{refbegin|30em}}

=== Books and theses ===

* {{cite book|last=Burstyn|first=Joan N.|title=Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RSHDQAAQBAJ|date=2016|orig-year=1980|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-315-44430-7}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Cunningham|editor-first1=David|editor-last2=Fisher|editor-first2=Andrew|editor-last3=Mays|editor-first3=Sas|title=Photography and Literature in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mn4xa72JapMC|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Press|isbn=978-1-904303-46-6|ref={{harvid|Cunningham et al|2005}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Deats|editor-first1=Sara Munson|editor-last2=Lenker|editor-first2=Lagretta Tallent|title=Aging and Identity: A Humanities Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdjljlluozcC|year=1999|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-275-96479-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Ender|first=Evelyne|title=Architexts of Memory: Literature, Science, and Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMRuB2f-EYMC|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=978-0-472-03104-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Hirsch|first=Marianne|author-link=Marianne Hirsch|title=The Mother / Daughter Plot: Narrative, Psychoanalysis, Feminism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVMW_cN8Q8C|date=1989|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-11575-1}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Kaufman|editor-first1=Peter Iver|editor-last2=Bezio|editor-first2=Kristin M.S.|title=Cultural Icons and Cultural Leadership|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGEsDwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-78643-806-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Llewellyn-Jones|first=Rosie|author-link=Rosie Llewellyn-Jones|title=The Louisa Parlby Album: Watercolours from Murshidabad 1795–1803|date=2017|publisher=Francesca Galloway|location=London|type=Exhibition catalogue: 23 October – 1 December 2017|isbn=978-0-956-914-767|url=http://www.francescagalloway.com/usr/documents/exhibitions/list_of_works_url/31/the-louisa-parlby-album.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosner|first=Victoria|title=Modernism and the Architecture of Private Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs4zCgAAQBAJ|date=2008|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-13305-0}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Sheppard|editor1-first=FHW|title=Survey of London. Vol. 38. South Kensington Museums Area|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38|date=1975|publisher=[[Institute of Historical Research]] ([[British History Online]])|location=London|isbn=978-0-485-48238-6}} see also [[Survey of London]]
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Gillian|title=A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica|url=https://archive.org/details/positiontocomman0000thom|url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-2567-3}}

==== Julia Margaret Cameron ====

* {{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Julia Margaret|author-link=Julia Margaret Cameron|editor-last=Powell|editor-first=Tristram|editor-link=Tristram Powell|others=Introductions by Virginia Woolf and [[Roger Fry]]|title=Victorian photographs of famous men & fair women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK4lAQAAIAAJ|date=1973|orig-year=1926 [[Hogarth Press]], edited by [[Leonard Woolf|Leonard]] and Virginia Woolf|edition=Revised|publisher=[[D. R. Godine]]|isbn=978-0-87923-076-0|ref={{harvid|Cameron|1926}}}} ([https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799641/ Digital edition])
* {{cite book|last1=Cameron|first1=Julia Margaret|author-link=Julia Margaret Cameron|title=For my best beloved sister, Mia: an album of photographs by Julia Margaret Cameron|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-hTAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|orig-year=1863|publisher=[[University of New Mexico Art Museum|The University of New Mexico Art Museum]]|isbn=978-0-944282-17-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=Julian|last2=Ford|first2=Colin|title=Julia Margaret Cameron: The Complete Photographs|url=https://archive.org/details/juliamargaretcam0000coxj|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=[[Getty Publications]]|isbn=978-0-89236-681-1}} (see also [http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892366818.html Getty Publications Virtual Library])
* {{cite book|last1=Ford|first1=Colin|title=Julia Margaret Cameron: A Critical Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wadpyu1Gz90C|year=2003|publisher=[[Getty Publications]]|isbn=978-0-89236-707-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Victoria|title=From Life: Julia Margaret Cameron & Victorian Photography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kF-QgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-4039-6019-1}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Wolf|editor-first1=Sylvia|title=Julia Margaret Cameron's Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ygst7kkrlsC|year=1998|publisher=[[Art Institute of Chicago]]|isbn=978-0-300-07781-0}} ''also available through [[Museum of Modern Art|MOMA]]'' ''[https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_181_300296410.pdf here]''
** {{cite journal|last1=Nordstrom|first1=Alison Devine|title=Julia Margaret Cameron's Women (review)|journal=[[Victorian Studies]]|date=1 April 2001|volume=43|issue=3|pages=499–501|doi=10.1353/vic.2001.0072|s2cid=144738863|language=en|issn=1527-2052}}

==== Leslie Stephen ====
* {{cite book|last=Annan|first=Noel Gilroy Annan Baron|author-link=Noel Annan, Baron Annan|title=Leslie Stephen, His Thought and Character in Relation to His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeIaAQAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=978-0-404-14021-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Annan|first=Baron Noël Gilroy Annan|author-link=Noel Annan, Baron Annan|title=Leslie Stephen: the Godless Victorian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33C7AAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-0-394-53061-1}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bicknell|editor1-first=John W|title=Selected Letters of Leslie Stephen: Volume 1. 1864-1882|date=1996a|publisher=Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=9781349248872|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2WwCwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bicknell|editor1-first=John W|title=Selected Letters of Leslie Stephen: Volume 2. 1882-1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFZbAAAAMAAJ|date=1996b|publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8142-0691-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Broughton|first=Trev Lynn|title=Men of Letters, Writing Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s6IAgAAQBAJ|date=2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-89156-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Fenwick|first=Gillian|title=Leslie Stephen's life in letters: a bibliographical study|url=https://archive.org/details/lesliestephensli1993fenw|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Scolar Press|isbn=9780859679121 }}
** [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4618901 Review. John W. Bicknell Victorian Studies 1994]
* {{cite book|last=MacCarthy|first=Desmond|author-link=Desmond MacCarthy|title=Leslie Stephen: The Leslie Stephen Lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge on 27 May 1937|url=https://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/maccarthy-stephen/maccarthy-stephen-00-h.html|year=1937|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]]}} (exceepts also at [https://books.google.com/books?id=k1RkAgAAQBAJ Google Books]
* {{cite book|last1=Maitland|first1=Frederic William|author-link=Frederic Maitland|title=The life and letters of Leslie Stephen|date=1906|publisher=[[Duckworth & Co.]]|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofles00maituoft|access-date=2 January 2018}}
* {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Leslie|editor-last=Bell|editor-first=Alan S|author-link=Leslie Stephen|title=Sir Leslie Stephen's Mausoleum Book|url=https://archive.org/details/sirlesliestephen00step|url-access=registration|year=1977|orig-year=1895|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-812084-1|ref={{harvid|Stephen|1895}}}} (excerpts in {{harvtxt|MacCarthy|1937}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Stephen|editor1-first=Leslie|editor-link=Leslie Stephen|title=Dictionary of National Biography. vol. VIII Burton Cantwell|date=1886|publisher=Elder, Smith & Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati08stepuoft}} (''see also'' [[Dictionary of National Biography]])

==== Vanessa Bell ====

* {{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=Vanessa|editor-last=Marler|editor-first=Regina|author-link=Vanessa Bell|title=The Selected Letters of Vanessa Bell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=burVAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=[[Pantheon Books]]|isbn=978-0-679-41939-6}}
** {{cite book|last1=Marler|first1=Regina|title=Biographical introduction|pages=xvii–xviii|ref={{harvid|Marler|1993}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Dejardin|editor-first=Ian AC|title=Vanessa Bell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axFNDgAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[Philip Wilson Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-78130-051-0}}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Field|first1=Claudia Louise|title=Focusing the lens: the role of travel and photography in the personal and working lives of Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant|url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/57242/|date=2015|publisher=Department of Art History, [[University of Sussex]]|type=PhD thesis}}
* {{cite book|last=Spalding|first=Frances|author-link=Frances Spalding|title=Vanessa Bell: Portrait of the Bloomsbury Artist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOMtCwAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78453-241-3}}

==== {{anchor|VWB}}Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury ====

* {{cite book|editor-last=Acheson|editor-first=James|title=Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9TwDQAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-137-43083-0}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Bell|first=Quentin|author-link=Quentin Bell|title=Virginia Woolf: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hYqDwAAQBAJ|year=1972|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|isbn=978-0-15-693580-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Black|first=Naomi|title=Virginia Woolf as Feminist|url=https://archive.org/details/virginiawoolfasf0000blac|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8014-8877-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Bond|first=Alma Halbert|title=Who Killed Virginia Woolf?: A Psychobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5L1CFtyLcG0C|year=2000|publisher=Insight Books Human Sciences|isbn=978-0-595-00205-4}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Poole|first1=Roger|title=Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Her Life and Work, and: Who Killed Virginia Woolf?: A Psychobiography, and: Virginia Woolf: A Study of the Short Fiction, and: Virginia Woolf: Strategist of Language|type= Review|journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies|date=1991|volume=37|issue=2|pages=300–305|doi=10.1353/mfs.0.0773|s2cid=162382065}}
* {{cite book|last=Boyd|first=Elizabeth French|title=Bloomsbury heritage, their mothers and their aunts|url=https://archive.org/details/bloomsburyherita00boyd|url-access=registration|date=1976|publisher=Taplinger Publishing Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8008-0821-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Julia|title=Virginia Woolf: An Inner Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fn2kILpMkoC|year=2006|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-15-603229-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Caws|first1=Mary Ann|last2=Wright|first2=Sarah Bird|title=Bloomsbury and France: Art and Friends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8MeZDksY1wC|date=1999|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-802781-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Vanessa|title=Virginia Woolf's Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWSzSTjldFkC|year=2002|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=978-0-299-18340-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Dell|first=Marion|title=Virginia Woolf's Influential Forebears: Julia Margaret Cameron, Anny Thackeray Ritchie and Julia Prinsep Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGPeCgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave Macmillan UK]]|isbn=978-1-137-49728-4}} ''see also excerpt [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-137-49728-4%2F1.pdf here]''
* {{cite book|last=DeSalvo|first=Louise A.|author-link=Louise DeSalvo|title=Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Her Life and Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtarQgAACAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Women's Press|isbn=978-0-7043-5042-7}}
** {{cite news|last1=Beattie|first1=L. Elisabeth|title=In short|journal=[[New York Times]]|date=23 July 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/17/specials/woolf-desalvo.html|type=Review}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Poole|first1=Roger|title=Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Her Life and Work, and: Who Killed Virginia Woolf?: A Psychobiography, and: Virginia Woolf: A Study of the Short Fiction, and: Virginia Woolf: Strategist of Language|type= Review|journal=MFS Modern Fiction Studies|date=1991|volume=37|issue=2|pages=300–305|doi=10.1353/mfs.0.0773|s2cid=162382065|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Forrester|first=Viviane|author-link=Viviane Forrester|title=Virginia Woolf: A Portrait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXipBgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-53512-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Jane|title=The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74oONFoebsAC|date=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-45788-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Lyndall|author-link=Lyndall Gordon|title=Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLDSAwAAQBAJ|year=1984|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-811723-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Holtby|first=Winifred|author-link=Winifred Holtby|title=Virginia Woolf: A Critical Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0UeAQAAIAAJ|date=2007|orig-year=1932|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]]|isbn=978-0-8264-9443-6}}
** {{cite news|last1=Curtis|first1=Vanessa|title=Virginia Woolf: A critical memoir by Winifred Holtby|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/virginia-woolf-a-critical-memoir-by-winifred-holtby-432097.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=14 January 2007|type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Humm|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Humm|title=Snapshots of Bloomsbury: The Private Lives of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stgZzIQAYyEC|year=2006|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-3706-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Humm|first=Maggie|title=Edinburgh Companion to Virginia Woolf and the Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJgkDQAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-3553-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Lee|first=Hermione|author-link=Hermione Lee|title=Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW4KVeQM6CoC|year=1999|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|isbn=978-0-375-70136-8}} ([https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/l/lee-woolf.html ''excerpt - Chapter 1''])
* {{cite book|last=Licence|first=Amy|title=Living in Squares, Loving in Triangles: The Lives and Loves of Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfGCQAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-4579-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Light|first=Alison|author-link=Alison Light|title=Mrs Woolf and the Servants: The Hidden Heart of Domestic Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVgx6t7rfYYC|date=2007|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Books Limited]]|isbn=978-0-14-190213-5}}
** {{cite news|last1=Messud|first1=Claire|author-link=Claire Messud|title=A Maid of One's Own|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/books/review/Messud-t.html|access-date=20 January 2018|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=17 October 2008|type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Lilienfeld|first=Jane|title=Reading Alcoholisms: Theorizing Character and Narrative in Selected Novels of Thomas Hardy, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnEYDAAAQBAJ|date=2016|orig-year=1999|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] US|isbn=978-1-137-10023-8}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Marcus|editor-first=Jane|editor-link=Jane Marcus|title=New Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmuCwAAQBAJ|date=1981|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK|isbn=978-1-349-05486-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Nadel|first=Ira|author-link=Ira Nadel|title=Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjNmDQAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|isbn=978-1-78023-712-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Panthea|title=Art and Affection: A Life of Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyFHB82sYOUC|year=1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-510195-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosenman|first=Ellen Bayuk|title=The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-daughter Relationship|url=https://archive.org/details/invisiblepresenc0000rose|url-access=registration|year=1986|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8071-1290-8}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Caramagno|first1=Thomas C.|title=Review of Virginia Woolf and the Real World; The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship|journal=[[Modern Philology]]|date=1989|volume=86|issue=3|pages=324–328|jstor=438044|type=Review|doi=10.1086/391719}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Rosner|editor-first=Victoria|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Bloomsbury Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k66BAwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-01824-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Kathryn|title=Woolf: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPE8CwAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4725-9068-8}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Snaith|editor-first=Anna|title=Palgrave Advances in Virginia Woolf Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ|date=2007|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK|isbn=978-0-230-20604-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Squier|first=Susan Merrill|title=Virginia Woolf and London: The Sexual Politics of the City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYU6DwAAQBAJ|date=1985|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1-4696-3991-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Stape|first=John Henry|title=Virginia Woolf: Interviews and Recollections|url=https://archive.org/details/virginiawoolf00jhst|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=[[University of Iowa Press]]|isbn=978-0-87745-494-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jean Moorcroft|title=Virginia Woolf's London: A Guide to Bloomsbury and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CRcyUYWzrIC|year=1987|publisher=[[Tauris Parke]] Paperbacks|isbn=978-1-86064-644-7}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Zamith|editor-first1=Maria Cândida|editor-last2=Flora|editor-first2=Luísa|title=Virginia Woolf: Three Centenary Celebrations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_j4ln5cEI8C|year=2007|publisher=[[Universidade do Porto]]|isbn=978-972-8932-23-7}} [http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/21533/1/Moments%20of%20Being.pdf ''additional excerpt'']
* {{cite book|last=Zwerdling|first=Alex|title=Virginia Woolf and the Real World|url=https://archive.org/details/virginiawoolfrea0000zwer|url-access=registration|year=1986|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-06184-2}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Caramagno|first1=Thomas C.|title=Review of Virginia Woolf and the Real World; The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship|journal=[[Modern Philology]]|date=1989|volume=86|issue=3|pages=324–328|jstor=438044|type=Review|ref=none|doi=10.1086/391719}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Middleton|first1=Victoria|title=Alex Zwerdling: Virginia Woolf and the Real World|journal=Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|date=1987|volume=41|issue=4|pages=277–278|doi=10.2307/1347313|jstor=1347313}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Pearce|first1=Richard|title=Review: Virginia Woolf's Reality|journal=[[Novel: A Forum on Fiction]]|date=Autumn 1987|volume=21|issue=1|pages=93–96|doi=10.2307/1345993|jstor=1345993|type=Review}}

==== Works by Virginia Woolf ====

* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|title=A Room of One's Own|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgwjDgAAQBAJ|date=2016|orig-year=1929|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4733-6305-2}} (''see'' [[A Room of One's Own]])
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|editor-last=Schulkind|editor-first=Jeanne|title=Moments of being: unpublished autobiographical writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4lbAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|orig-year=1976|edition=2nd|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-162034-0}} (''see '' [[Moments of Being]])

** {{cite book|last= Schulkind|first=Jeanne|title=Preface to the Second Edition|year=2007|page=6|bibcode=2007ess..bookD..17M|ref={{harvid|Schulkind|1985a}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Woolf|1985}}
** {{cite book|last= Schulkind|first=Jeanne|title=Introduction|pages=11–24|ref={{harvid|Schulkind|1985}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Woolf|1985}}
** {{cite book|title=Reminiscences|date=1908|pages=25–60|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1908}}}}
** {{cite book|title=A Sketch of the Past|date=1940|pages=61–160|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1940}}}}{{efn|group=Bibliography|Originally published in 1976, the discovery in 1980 of a 77 page typescript acquired by the [[British Library]], containing 27 pages of new material necessitated a new edition in 1985. This was inserted following page 107 of the first edition.<ref group=Bibliography>{{harvnb|Schulkind|1985a}}
</ref> All page references to ''Sketches'' are to the second edition, otherwise to the first edition of ''Moments of Being'' }}
** {{cite book|title=22 Hyde Park Gate|date=1921|pages=162–178|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1921}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|title=Professions for Women|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91d/chapter27.html|date=1933|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422031655/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91d/chapter27.html|url-status=dead}}, in {{harvtxt|Adelaide|2015}}
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|title=Three Guineas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwgjDgAAQBAJ|date= 2016|orig-year=1938|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4733-6301-4|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1938}}}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091011233849/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91tg/complete.html (''full text''] ) ''see also'' [[Three Guineas]]
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|title=To the Lighthouse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_qN7V5CB6QC|year=2004|orig-year=1927|publisher=Collector's Library|isbn=978-1-904633-49-5|ref={{harvid|Woolf|1927}}}} ''see also'' [[To the Lighthouse]]
** [http://www.woolfonline.com/?node=content/text/transcriptions&project=1 Texts at Woolf Online ]

; Collections
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|title=Delphi Complete Works of Virginia Woolf (Illustrated)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1AbAgAAQBAJ|date= 2013|publisher=Delphi Classics|isbn=978-1-908909-19-0}}
** {{cite web|title=eBooks@Adelaide|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/|publisher=Library of University of Adelaide|access-date=14 February 2018|date=22 September 2015|ref={{harvid|Adelaide|2015}}|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412181654/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|editor-last=Bradshaw|editor-first=David|title=Selected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxMUDAAAQBAJ|date= 2009|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-955606-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|editor-last1=Nicolson|editor-first1=Nigel|editor-last2=Banks|editor-first2=Joanne Trautmann|editor-link1=Nigel Nicolson|title=The Letters of Virginia Woolf 6 vols.|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofvirgini00nico|url-access=registration|year=1975–1980|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=9780151509263 }}
** {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|title=The Letters of Virginia Woolf: Volume 3 1923-1928|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofvirgini0003wool_u8q8|url-access=registration|year=1975|isbn=978-0-15-150926-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|editor-last=Bell|editor-first=Anne Oliver|title=The Diary of Virginia Woolf 5 vols.|date=1977–1984|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]}}
** {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|title=The Diary of Virginia Woolf Volume One 1915–1919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpC8ngEACAAJ|date=1979|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=978-0-544-31037-7}}
** {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|title=The Diary of Virginia Woolf Volume Two 1920–1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNrQgAACAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-005283-1}}

==== Biography (other) ====

* {{cite book|last=Bell|first=Quentin|author-link=Quentin Bell|title=Elders and Betters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R540NAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=[[Pimlico (publishing imprint)|Pimlico]]|isbn=978-0-7126-7396-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Bennett (academic)|title=Who was Dr Jackson?: Two Calcutta Families, 1830-1855|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtcMPQAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=[[BACSA]]|isbn=978-0-907799-78-8}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Vogeler|first1=Martha S.|title=Bennett, Mary. Who Was Dr. Jackson? Two Calcutta Families: 1830–1855. London: British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia. 2002. Pp. xv, 116. £12. {{Text|ISBN}} 0-90779-9-78-71|journal=[[Albion (journal)|Albion]]|date=11 July 2014|volume=36|issue=2|pages=388–389|doi=10.2307/4054289|type=Review|jstor=4054289}}
* {{cite book|last=Burke|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Burke|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmNmAAAAMAAJ|year=1858|publisher=Harrison|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Burke|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Burke|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93M-AQAAIAAJ|year=1894|publisher=Harrison|location=London|isbn=9780394487267}}
* {{cite book|last=Dunn|first=Jane|title=A Very Close Conspiracy: Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJP02k_T1ZYC|date= 1990|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-1-4464-3465-9}} ''([https://books.google.com/books?id=-xs1AgAAQBAJ additional excerpts])''
* {{cite book|last=Garnett|first=Angelica|author-link=Angelica Garnett|title=Deceived With Kindness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOh2CsS6MlsC|date= 2011|orig-year=1985|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-1-4464-7525-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gérin|first1=Winifred|author-link=Winifred Gérin|title=Anne Thackeray Ritchie: a biography|url=https://archive.org/details/annethackerayrit00wini|url-access=registration|date=1981|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-812664-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Lowe|first=Gill|title=Versions of Julia: five biographical constructions of Julia Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVwfAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Cecil Woolf|location=London|isbn=978-1-897967-14-0}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Dell|first1=Marion|title=Versions of Julia: Five Biographical Constructions of Julia Stephen|journal=The Virginia Woolf Bulletin|date=January 2006|issue=21|pages=56–58|type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last1=Newman|first1=Hilary|title=Laura Stephen: a memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhlAAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Cecil Woolf|location=London|isbn=978-1-897967-39-3}}
** {{cite journal|last1=Marshik|first1=Celia|title=Laura Stephen: A Memoir / Julian Bell, the Violent Pacifist / Conversation with Julian Fry / Roger Fry, Apostle of Good Taste, and Venice|journal=Virginia Woolf Miscellany|date=Fall–Winter 2008|issue=74|page=30|url=https://virginiawoolfmiscellany.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/vwm74fall2008.pdf|type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Rose|first=Phyllis|author-link=Phyllis Rose|title=Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbRDDwAAQBAJ|year=1983|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|isbn=978-0-394-72580-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stephen|first1=Virginia|last2=Stephen|first2=Vanessa|last3=Stephen|first3=Thoby|author-link1=Virginia Woolf|author-link2=Vanessa Bell|author-link3=Thoby Stephen|title=Hyde Park Gate News: The Stephen Family Newspaper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJBlAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Hesperus Press]]|isbn=978-1-84391-701-4|ref={{harvid|Stephens|2005}}}}
** {{cite web|title='Hyde Park Gate News', a magazine by Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/hyde-park-gate-news-a-magazine-by-virginia-woolf-and-vanessa-bell|website=Collection items|publisher=[[British Library]]|access-date=9 January 2018|type=Manuscript|ref={{harvid|BL|2018}}|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617135607/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/hyde-park-gate-news-a-magazine-by-virginia-woolf-and-vanessa-bell|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Tolley|first=Christopher|title=Domestic Biography: The Legacy of Evangelicalism in Four Nineteenth-century Families|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygrK5ygfLwQC|year=1997|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-820651-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Venn|first=John|author-link=John Venn|title=Annals of a Clerical Family: Being Some Account of the Family and Descendants of William Venn, Vicar of Otterton, Devon, 1600-1621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRcFkXb_-OoC|date=2012|orig-year=1904 Macmillan, London|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-108-04492-9|ref={{harvid|Venn|1904}}}} ''also [https://archive.org/details/annalsofclerical00vennuoft Internet archive]''

=== Chapters and contributions ===

* {{cite book|last1=Banks|first1=Joanne Trautmann|title=The Aging Artist The Sad but Instructive Case of Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdjljlluozcC&pg=PA117|pages=115–126|isbn=9780275964795|year=1999|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}, in {{harvtxt|Deats|Lenker|1999}}
* {{cite book|last1=Birrento|first1=Ana Clara|title=Virginia Woolf: Moments of Being|pages=61–72|url=http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/21533/1/Moments%20of%20Being.pdf|ref={{harvid|Birrento|2007}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Zamith|Flora|2007}}
* {{cite book|last1=Flint|first1=Kate|title=Victorian Roots: The sense of the past in Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse|pages=46–59|ref={{harvid|Flint|2017}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Acheson|2017}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gillespie|first1=Diane F|title=The elusive Julia Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC&pg=PA1|pages=1–28|ref={{harvid|Gillespie|1987}}|isbn=9780815625926|year=1993|publisher=Syracuse University Press }}, in {{harvtxt|Stephen|1987}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gillespie|first1=Diane F|title=Essays for adults|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC&pg=PA197|pages=195–213|ref={{harvid|Gillespie|1987a}}|isbn=9780815625926|year=1993|publisher=Syracuse University Press }}, in {{harvtxt|Stephen|1987}}
* {{cite book|last1=Humm|first1=Maggie|title=Memory and photography: The photo albums of Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mn4xa72JapMC&pg=PA42|pages=42–51|isbn=9781904303466|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Press }}, in {{harvtxt|Cunningham et al|2005}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=RZsYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 ''additional excerpts''])
* {{cite book|last1=Milroy|first1=Sarah|title=Some rough eloquence|pages=25–39|ref={{harvid|Milroy|2017}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Dejardin|2017}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mullin|first1=Katherine|title=Victorian Bloomsbury|pages=19–32|ref={{harvid|Mullin|2014}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Rosner|2014}}
* {{cite book|last1=Goldsworthy|first1=Vesna |author-link=Vesna Goldsworthy|title=The Bloomsbury Narcissus|pages=183–197|ref={{harvid|Goldsworthy|2014}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Rosner|2014}}
* {{cite book|last1=Paulsell|first1=Stephanie|title=Family resemblances: religion around Virginia Woolf|pages=81–102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGEsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|isbn=9781786438065|date=28 July 2017|publisher=Edward Elgar }}, in {{harvtxt|Kaufman|Bezio|2017}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hussey|first1=Mark|title=Biographical approaches|pages=83–97|ref={{harvid|Hussey|2007}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Snaith|2007}}
* {{cite book|last1=Daugherty|first1=Beth Rigel|title=Feminist approaches|pages=98–124|ref={{harvid|Daugherty|2007}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Snaith|2007}}
* {{cite book|last1=Minow-Pinkney|first1=Makiko|title=Psychonalytic approaches|pages=60–82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7uJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60E|isbn=9780230206045|date=28 March 2007|publisher=Springer }}, in {{harvtxt|Snaith|2007}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Woolf|first1=Leonard|author-link=Leonard Woolf|title=Virginia Woolf: Writer and personality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-DzbEyvgfAC&pg=PA147|date=4 March 1965|journal=[[The Listener (magazine)|The Listener]]|pages=327–328|isbn=9780877454946}}, reprinted in {{harvnb|Stape|1995|loc=pp. 147–153}}

=== Articles ===

* {{Cite ODNB|last=Bell|first= Alan |id=36271|title=Stephen, Sir Leslie (1832–1904)|date=24 May 2012}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Quentin|author-link=Quentin Bell|title=The Mausoleum Book|journal=Review of English Literature|date=1965|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–18}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dahl|first1=Christopher C.|title=Virginia Woolf's "Moments of Being" and Autobiographical Tradition in the Stephen Family|journal=[[Journal of Modern Literature]]|date=1983|volume=10|issue=2|pages=175–196|jstor=3831120}}
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Garnett|first= Jane |id=46943|title=Stephen [née Jackson], Julia Prinsep (1846–1895)|date=23 September 2004}}
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Gordon|first= Lyndall|author-link=Lyndall Gordon|title=Woolf [née Stephen], (Adeline) Virginia|id=37018|date=2004}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hite|first1=Molly|title=Virginia Woolf's Two Bodies|journal=Genders |date=10 January 2000|url=https://www.colorado.edu/gendersarchive1998-2013/2000/01/10/virginia-woolfs-two-bodies}}
* {{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Kathryn|author-link=Kathryn Hughes|title=The Finger: A Handbook by Angus Trumble – review|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/nov/20/finger-handbook-angus-trumble-review|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=30 January 2018|date=20 November 2010}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Humm|first1=Maggie|title=The Stephen sisters as young photographers|journal=Canvas|date=2006|issue=15|url=https://www.charleston.org.uk/the-stephen-sisters-as-young-photographers/|ref={{harvid|Humm|2006a}}|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070533/https://www.charleston.org.uk/the-stephen-sisters-as-young-photographers/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Koutsantoni|last2=Oakley|first2=Madeleine|title=Hypothesis of Autism and Psychosis in the Case of Laura Makepeace Stephen|journal=Disability Studies|date=2 April 2014|volume=4|issue=3|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2418709}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Alison M|title=Caroline Emelia Stephen (1834-1909) and Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): A Quaker Influence on Modern English Literature|journal=Quaker Theology|date=Autumn 2000|issue=3|url=http://quakertheology.org/issue3-3.html|access-date=12 February 2018}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Thurman|first1=Judith|title=Angels and Instincts: A Julia Margaret Cameron retrospective|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=17 February 2003|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/02/17/angels-and-instincts}}

=== Websites ===

* {{cite web|last1=Eve|first1=Kimberly|title=Victorian Musings|url=http://kimberlyevemusings.blogspot.ca/|access-date=26 December 2017|date=19 November 2017}}
* {{cite web|last1=Gerard|first1=Andre|title=Patremoir Press|url=http://patremoirpress.com/|access-date=2 January 2018|date=2018|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072550/http://patremoirpress.com/|url-status=usurped}}
* {{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Christina|title=A Beautiful Mind – Laura Makepeace Stephen and the Earlswood Asylum medical archives|url=https://adogcalledpain.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/a-beautiful-mind-laura-makepeace-stephen-and-the-earlswood-asylum-medical-archives/|access-date=21 January 2018|date=15 October 2015}}
* {{cite web|last1=Melani|first1=Lilia|title=The Angel in the House|url=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_19c/thackeray/angel.html|website=[[William Makepeace Thackeray]]|publisher=Department of English, [[Brooklyn College]], City University of New York|access-date=29 January 2018|date=2 March 2011}}
* {{cite web|last1=Olsen|first1=Victoria|title=Looking for Laura|url=https://www.openlettersmonthly.com/looking-for-laura/|website=[[Open Letters Monthly]]|access-date=20 January 2018|date=1 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071853/https://www.openlettersmonthly.com/looking-for-laura/|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last1=Richardson|first1=Phyllis|title=Tales from Talland House|url=https://unbound.com/books/the-house-of-fiction/updates/tales-from-talland-house|website=Unbound|access-date=1 January 2018|date=24 March 2015|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102073957/https://unbound.com/books/the-house-of-fiction/updates/tales-from-talland-house|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last= Victorian Web|author-link=The Victorian Web|title=Funerary sculpture: Sir Leslie Stephen|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/funerary/211.html|website=[[The Victorian Web]]|access-date=15 December 2017|date=29 September 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=Androom Archives|url=https://androom.home.xs4all.nl/index.htm?welcome.htm|date=2017|access-date=19 December 2017|ref={{harvid|Androom|2017}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Find a will. Index to wills and administrations (1858-1995)|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/#calendar|website=[[Calendars of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration]]|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|access-date=19 December 2017|ref={{harvid|Archives|2017}}}}
* {{acad|id=DKWT851H|name=Duckworth, Herbert|access-date=14 February 2018}}
* {{cite web|last=NPG|author-link=National Portrait Gallery, London|title=Maurice Beck and Helen Macgregor (1886-1960)|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp65250/maurice-beck-and-helen-macgregor|publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]], London|access-date=10 March 2018|ref={{harvid|NPG|2018}}}}

; Genealogy
* {{cite web|last1=Vine|first1=Nikki|title=Nikki's Family History and Wells Local History Pages|url=http://www.nikoko.co.uk/index.htm|access-date=6 January 2018|ref={{harvid|Vine|2018}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=Wood|first1=Dudley|title=Family Histories of Wood of Kent, Bone of Hampshire, Lloyd of Cheshire, Thompson of West Yorkshire|url=https://woodlloydfamilyhistory.com/|access-date=30 December 2017|date=3 November 2017}}
* {{cite web|title=Relatives of Virginia Woolf|url=https://www.smith.edu/woolf/genogram_current/index.html|access-date=15 December 2017|date=22 March 2011|ref={{harvid|Smith|2011}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Smith|2017}}
** {{cite web|title=Julia Prinsep Stephen (1846 - 1895): Wife/mother/writer/volunteer|url=https://www.smith.edu/woolf/genogram_current/HTMLFiles/HTMLFiles_01/P2.html|publisher=[[Smith College]]}}, in {{harvtxt|Smith|2017}}
* {{cite web|title=Geni|url=https://www.geni.com/family-tree/start|access-date=2 January 2018|date=2018|ref={{harvid|Geni|2018}}}}

;Virginia Woolf
* {{cite web|last1=Brooks|first1=Rebecca Beatrice|title=The Virginia Woolf Blog|url=http://virginiawoolfblog.com|access-date=19 January 2018|date=2018}}
** {{cite web|last1=Brooks|first1=Rebecca Beatrice|title=Virginia Woolf's Family|url=http://virginiawoolfblog.com/virginia-woolfs-living-family-members/|website=The Virginia Woolf Blog|access-date=19 January 2018|date=8 April 2015|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817233731/http://virginiawoolfblog.com/virginia-woolfs-living-family-members/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|editor-last1=Deegan|editor-first1=Marilyn|editor-last2=Shillingsburg|editor-first2=Peter|editor-link1=Marilyn Deegan|title=Woolf Online: A digital archive of Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse (1927)|url=http://www.woolfonline.com/|publisher=[[Society of Authors]]|access-date=7 January 2018|date=2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029000000/http://www.woolfonline.com/|archive-date=29 October 2019|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last1=Roe|first1=Dinah|title=Virginia Woolf and Holman Hunt go To The Lighthouse|url=http://www.dinahroe.com/blog/virginia_woolf_and_holman_hunt_go_to_the_lighthouse|website=Pre-Raphaelites in the city|access-date=25 December 2017|date=2011}}
* {{cite web|last1=Wilkes|first1=Robert|title=Virginia Woolf and the Victorian Art World|url=https://dantisamor.wordpress.com/tag/julia-stephen/|website=Pre-Raphaelite Reflections|access-date=16 December 2017|date=5 August 2014}}
* {{cite web|last=British Library|author-link=British Library|title=To the Lighthouse|url=https://www.bl.uk/works/to-the-lighthouse|website=20th century works|id=37018|date=2018|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202174237/https://www.bl.uk/works/to-the-lighthouse|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Woolf, Creativity and Madness: From Freud to FMRI|url=https://www.smith.edu/woolf/index.php|website=Smith College Libraries: Online exhibits|publisher=[[Smith College]] Libraries|location=Northampton MA|access-date=15 December 2017|ref={{harvid|Smith|2017}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain|url=http://www.virginiawoolfsociety.co.uk/index.html|access-date=26 December 2017|ref={{harvid|VWS|2017}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218033823/http://www.virginiawoolfsociety.co.uk/index.html|archive-date=18 December 2017|url-status=dead}}

=== Images ===

* {{cite web|last1=Kukil|first1=Karen V.|title=Woolf in the World: A Pen and a Press of Her Own|url=https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/penandpress/index.htm|publisher=[[Smith College]]|location=Northampton MA|date=2003|type=Exhibition catalogue|access-date=19 December 2017}}
* {{cite web|last1=Kukil|first1=Karen V.|title=Leslie Stephen's Photograph Album|url=http://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/|publisher=[[Smith College]]|location=Northampton MA|date=2011|type=Exhibition catalogue: photograph album|access-date=19 December 2017}}
* {{cite web|last1=Tietze|first1=Anna|title=Abe Bailey Biography|url=http://www.abebailey.org/view.asp?pg=biography|website=Abe Bailey Collection|date=2008|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507060501/http://www.abebailey.org/view.asp?pg=biography|archive-date=7 May 2018|url-status=dead}}
** {{anchor|38BS}}{{cite web|title=38 Bryanston Square - Exterior|url=http://www.abebailey.org/images/ab_007.jpg|date=n.d.}}
** {{anchor|38BS}}{{cite web|title=38 Bryanston Square - Interiors 1908|url=http://viewfinder.historicengland.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=38%20Bryanston%20Square&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=&district=&placeName=|website=[[Historic England]]}}
* {{cite web|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|author-link=Virginia Woolf|title= Virginia Woolf Monk's House photographs, ca. 1867-1967 (MS Thr 564)|url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hou02507|date=1983|publisher=Harvard Theatre Collection, [[Houghton Library]], [[Harvard Library]]|access-date=31 December 2017}}
** {{cite web|title= Virginia Woolf Monk's House photographs, ca. 1860-1970. Selections from MS Thr 564.|url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:43891211%246i}}
** {{cite web|title= Virginia Woolf Monk's House photograph album (MH-4), 1890-1947 (inclusive), 1923-1939 (bulk). MS Thr 651.|url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:17948758$1i}}
* {{cite web|title=Stephen Family Photo Album|url=http://www.woolfonline.com/?node=content/contextual/gallery&project=1&parent=39&taxa=40 |access-date=7 January 2018|type=Photograph album|ref={{harvid|Photo Album|2008}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Deegan| Shillingsburg|2018}}
* {{anchor|DGVB}}{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Patti|title=Vanessa Bell's Library, Duncan Grant's painting of Vanessa Bell in her Mother's Dress|url=https://cdn.theculturetrip.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/vanessas-library-copy.jpg|publisher=Robert Miller Gallery|type=Photograph|access-date=9 January 2018|date=2006}}
* {{anchor|VWMD}}{{cite web|last1=Beck|first1=Maurice|last2= Macgregor|first2=Helen|title=Virginia Woolf tries on her mother's Victorian dress, May 1926|url=https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0d/83/2a/0d832ac86c0fd0e52022ada3ad8375ce.jpg|publisher=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|type=Photograph|access-date=9 January 2018|date=May 1926}}{{efn|Maurice Beck and Helen Macgregor, who ran a studio in Marylebone, were chief photographers for British Vogue<ref group=Bibliography>{{harvnb|NPG|2018}}</ref>}}
* {{anchor|22HPG}}{{cite web|title=22 Hyde Park Gate|url=https://londonpostcodewalks.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/img_2643.jpg|website=Walking London one postcode at a time: SW7: Beyond our (South) Ken|type=Photograph|access-date=9 January 2018|date=16 August 2013}}
* {{anchor|22HPGmap}}{{cite web|title=Map of location of 22 Hyde Park Gate|url=https://tools.wmflabs.org/wiwosm/osm-on-ol/commons-on-osm.php?zoom=16&lat=051.499784&lon=-000.181490|website=Google Earth|access-date=23 January 2018|type=Map}}

; Collections
* {{cite web|last1=Cameron|first1=Julia Margaret|author-link=Julia Margaret Cameron|title=Mrs. Herbert Duckworth|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/283098|publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|location=New York|access-date=2 January 2018|date=2017|type=Photograph}}
* {{cite web|last1=Cameron|first1=Julia Margaret|author-link=Julia Margaret Cameron|title=Julia Jackson|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O98856/julia-jackson-photograph-cameron-julia-margaret/|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|location=London|access-date=10 January 2018|type=Photograph|date=1864}}
* {{cite web|last1=Cameron|first1=Julia Margaret|author-link=Julia Margaret Cameron|title=Julia Margaret Cameron|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1990/julia-margaret-cameron-british-born-india-1815-1879/|website=Artists|publisher=[[J Paul Getty Museum]]|access-date=13 January 2018|location=Los Angeles|type=Photographs|ref={{harvid|Cameron|2018}}}}
* {{cite web|last=Watts|first=George Frederic|author-link=George Frederic Watts|title=Julia Stephen, 1870 |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/julia-stephen-73875|website=Art UK|publisher=[[Arts Council England]]|location=[[Charleston Farmhouse]]|access-date=17 December 2017|type=Painting|ref={{harvid|Watts|1870}}}}
* {{anchor|red}}{{cite web|last=Bell|first=Vanessa|author-link=Vanessa Bell|title=The Red Dress 1929 |url=https://www.artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-red-dress-74243|website=Art UK|publisher=[[Arts Council England]]|location=[[Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove]]|access-date=10 January 2018|type=Painting}}
* {{cite web|title=Julia Prinsep Stephen (née Jackson, formerly Mrs Duckworth) (1846-1895), Beauty and philanthropist; former wife of Herbert Duckworth, and later wife of Sir Leslie Stephen; mother of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp17975/julia-prinsep-stephen-nee-jackson-formerly-mrs-duckworth|publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]|location=London|access-date=24 December 2017|type=Museum collection}}
{{refend}}

=== Notes ===
{{notelist|group=Bibliography}}

=== References ===
{{reflist|group=Bibliography}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}{{wikisource-inline|Author:Julia Prinsep Stephen}}

{{Virginia Woolf|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stephen, Julia}}
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery]]
[[Category:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models]]
[[Category:English agnostics]]
[[Category:Stephen–Bell family]]
[[Category:19th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:People from Frant]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British anti-suffragists]]

Dream Girl (2026 film)

2026-03-16T01:44:00Z

XMC.PL-Master: done

{{Short description|Tamil-language love romance drama film}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dream Girl
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. R. Bharathi
| writer = M. R. Bharathi
| producer = M. Kaveri Manian
| starring = Jeeva Rajendran Harisha Jestin Prabhu Sastha
| cinematography = N. Solomon Boaz D. S.
| editing = SP. Ahmed
| music = Ilamaran
| studio = Charulatha Films
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dream Girl''''' is an Indian Tamil-language love romance drama film written and directed by M. R. Bharathi. The film is produced by M. Kaveri Manian under the banner Charulatha Films. It stars Jeeva Rajendran, Harisha Jestin, and Prabhu Sastha in lead roles. The film is scheduled for theatrical release on 13 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=பிப்ரவரி 14 காதலர் தினத்தில் வெளியாகும் 'ட்ரீம் கேர்ள்' திரைப்படம்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/dream-girl-movie-to-release-on-valentine-day-february-14-637986 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Jeeva Rajendran
* Harisha Jestin
* Prabhu Sastha

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by M. R. Bharathi. It is produced by M. Kaveri Manian under Charulatha Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14ம் தேதி ரிலீசாகும் 'ட்ரீம் கேர்ள்' - Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/february14-dreamgirl/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref> Cinematography is handled by N. Solomon Boaz D. S., while editing is done by SP. Ahmed. The music for the film is composed by Ilamaran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-02-07 |title=எம்.ஆர். பாரதியின் "ட்ரீம் கேர்ள்" பட டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/mr-bharathis-dream-girl-trailer-out |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=14ம் தேதி ரிலீசாகும் 'ட்ரீம் கேர்ள்' - Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/february14-dreamgirl/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Virakesari]]'' critic wrote that "The newcomers who have played the characters Arjun, Aravind, and Mahesh have followed the director's vision and made a sincere effort to grab attention."<ref>{{Cite web |title=ட்ரீம் கேர்ள் - திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/238649 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic stated that "He has tried to provide a compelling romantic experience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2026-02-14 |title=டிரீம் கேர்ள் திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Dream Girl Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/dream-girl-2026-165759 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=39674550}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic drama films]]

Dakshayagnam (1962 film)

2026-03-05T19:31:53Z

XMC.PL-Master:

{{About|a 1962 Telugu film|the 1938 Tamil film|Dakshayagnam (1938 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dakshayagnam
| image = Dakshayagnam 1962.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Aarudhra]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| producer = Kadaru Nagabhushanam [[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| director = [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Devika]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
| music = [[Saluri Hanumantha Rao]]
| cinematography = Lakshman Ghore
| editing = N. K. Gopal
| studio = Varalakshmi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1962|5|10}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dakshayagnam''''' is a 1962 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], produced and directed by [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam]] under the Varalakshmi Pictures banner. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Devika]], and [[S. V. Ranga Rao]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishna |date=18 May 1962 |title=చిత్రసమీక్ష: దక్షయజ్ఞం |language=te |trans-title=Film Review: Dakshayagnam |pages=6 |work=[[Andhra Prabha]] |location=Vijayawada |url=https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/SARASWATHA_NIKETANAM_VETAPALEM/ANDHRAPRABHA/808541_ANDHRAPRABHA_18_05_1962_Volume_No_27_Issue_No_135/00000006.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130602/http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=46057 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> with music composed by [[Saluri Hanumantha Rao]]. This was Rama Rao's 100th film which was also dubbed in Tamil with the same title.

== Plot ==
The film begins with deities crowning [[Daksha]] as chieftain of the [[Prajapati]], bestowing upon him the most influential powers and a boon that no one will cross his words. After that, he is blessed with two sons and adopts 27 girls. Soon after, [[Mahadevi]] was born as his daughter [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] advert devotee of [[Shiva|Siva]] who endears him as a spouse. Daksha performs his 27 daughters' nuptials with Chandra. He spends most of his time with Rohini and ignores the others. Being conscious of it enraged Daksha, who curses Chandra to die out of [[Tuberculosis|T.B]]. Chandra prays to Siva, who defends him. Thus, war erupts between Daksha & Siva, pacified by [[Vishnu]] by dividing Chandra into two. However, Daksha maintains his grudge against Siva. During this, he is aware of Sati's love affair, so he seeks her alliance, but Sati splices Siva against her father's wish. Infuriated, Daksha decides to disgrace Siva by failing to give a share in a sacrifice. Sati uninvitedly visits the function, ignoring her husband's advice, where Daksha mortifies her. As a result, she immolated herself in the sacrificial fire. Hearing it, Siva makes a ferocious dance, ''Rudra Thandavam,'' and wakes Veerabhadra from his hair, destroying the sacrifice and decapitating Daksha. At last, in the prayers of Daksha's wife, Varina, Siva forgives Daksha and brings him back to life, giving him a goat's head instead of his own. Finally, the place where Siva blessed Daksha is adored as ''[[Daksharamam]]'' near Rajahmundry to this day.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Shiva]]
*[[Devika]] as [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati Devi]]
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Daksha]]
*[[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]] as [[Asikni (goddess)|Vairini]]
*[[V. Nagayya]] as [[Dadhichi]] Maharshi
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as [[Indra]]
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] as [[Chandra]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Lord Brahma]]
*[[Amarnath (actor)|Amarnath]] as Lord Vishnu
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Daksha's Younger son
*[[P. Suri Babu|Suri Babu]] as [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]
*[[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah|Raghuramaiah]] as [[Narada]] Maharshi
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Daksha's Elder son
*Dr. Sivaramakrishnaiah
*[[Rajasree]] as [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]]
*Chayadevi
*Meena Kumari
*[[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]]
*[[Ambika Sukumaran]] as [[Urvashi]]
*[[:te:%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%BF %E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF|Mahankali Venkayya]] as [[Virabhadra|Veerabhadra]]

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Saluri Hanumantha Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Aarudhra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daksha Yagnyam (1962)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CQT/info |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|Namo Namo Nadaraja
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|4:50
|-
|2
|Jabilli Ohoho Jabilli
|[[P. B. Srinivas]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|3:08
|-
|3
|Hara Hara Mahadeva
|[[P. Suri Babu]]
|4:06
|-
|4
|Koyila Thelupavate
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:38
|-
|5
|Idhi Chakkani Lokam
|P. B. Srinivas, [[S. Janaki]]
|3:33
|-
|6
|Nee Pada Samseva
|[[P. Leela]]
|3:02
|-
|7
|Kaanaru Nee Mahima
|Raghuramaiah
|2:56
|-
|8
|Emi Seyudu Devadeva
|P. Leela
|3:20
|-
|9
|Karunaamoorthulu
|Raghuramaiah
|1:34
|-
|10
|Navarasa Bhavala
|P. Leela, [[Radha Jayalakshmi]]
|5:33
|-
|11
|Pasuvaa
|Madhavapeddi Satyam
|1:00
|-
|12
|Kamaneeyam Kailasam
|P. Susheela
|2:56
|-
|13
|Girija Kalyanam
|P. Suribabu, Madhavapeddi Satyam, Raghuramaiah, P. Susheela
|13:15
|-
|14
|Mangalam Mahaniya Teja
|M. Mallikarjuna Rao Bhagavathar
|0:22
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0245852|Dakshayagnam, 1962 Telugu}}
* {{IMDb title|tt0245853|Dakshayagnam, 1962 Tamil}}

[[Category:1962 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Hanumantha Rao]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. B. Nagabhushanam]]

Dharm Aur Qanoon

2026-03-03T23:54:03Z

XMC.PL-Master: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dharm Aur Qanoon
| image = Dharm Aur Qanoon.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = Pranlal Mehta
| story = B. R. Ishara Bhushan Banmali
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Asha Parekh]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Supriya Pathak]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Om Shivpuri]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = Baba Azmi Kishan Maheshwari Thomas Xavier
| editing = N. Chandra
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1984|08|03|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Dharm Aur Qanoon''''' (transl. '''''Religion and Law''''') is a 1984 [[crime thriller film]] starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Om Shivpuri]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Manmohan Krishna]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citwf.com/film86764.htm |title=DHARM AUR KANOON - Film / Movie |website=www.citwf.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929005149/http://www.citwf.com/film86764.htm |archive-date=2012-09-29}}</ref> The film was a commercial hit at the Indian box-office and was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117065629/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors| archive-date = 2008-01-17| title = BoxOffice India.com}}</ref> It was the remake of 1982 Malayalam language film ''[[Aarambham]]''.

==Synopsis==
Justice Diwan lives in a bungalow with his wife, Sharda, and a son named Rajan. Diwan was a very famous advocate in his younger days and today has become a name to reckon with. His admirers include the superintendent of police Kader whom he knows since his younger days. Diwan has been appointed as the judge in the court. Diwan's wife Shanta considers Rahim Khan as her brother. Rahim visits Diwan's house daily to give her flowers to wear and for presenting them to her house temple.

Diwan doesn't get along with his son Rajan even though both love each other a lot. Eventually Rajan moves out to live in a nearby slum area with Rahim in his house. Dr. Bashir Khan is Rahim's brother and lives in a bungalow next to Rahim's small house. It's not that Rahim and Bashir are not attached to each other: Bashir has become a doctor thanks to Rahim's efforts. Rahim wants to spend the rest of life staying in that small house, as this is the house where his wife died. It is also a practice that Diwan, Rahim and Shardha have breakfast together in the morning and sometimes Kader joins them at Diwan's house. Bashir has been in love with Reshma since their school days and this fact is unknown only to Rahim Khan. All others including Reshma's father Kader and his closest friend Justice Diwan and his family is aware of them being in love.

Bashir Khan hopes to marry Reshma soon. Meanwhile, Rajan starts loving a fisherman's girl named Shanta. Rahim Khan makes a living for himself by collecting Hafta from the fisherman; he saves them from the Bhuree and his men who keep attacking the fisherman for they want them to vacate the premises and want to construct a building complex. Bhuree's men fear Rahim Khan so they give warnings to fishermen in his absence from the village. Later in a case, Diwan sentences Tejaa, the head of the group of Buree and his men to life imprisonment. But Tejaa manages to get bail with help of his advocate. After coming out of the prison, Tejaa decides to take revenge from Diwan. Within a few days Dr. John, Bashir's senior, is killed and the evidence points at Bashir being at the place of crime (the worker had seen Bashir with a knife covered in blood). Bashir is arrested and, in the court, Justice Diwan finds him guilty after examining the witnesses and orders that he be hanged. Bashir gets lodged in jail. Rahim asks Diwan to help Bashir and to prove somehow that he is innocent. Diwan says he knows Bashir being Rahim's brother and being a doctor cannot commit the crime, but he as a judge has to announce judgments according to evidence. Bhuree has an eye on Shanta, too, and so decides to give her father much wine. When he is intoxicated, he rapes Shanta. The next day Bhurre is found dead, and the evidence points to Rajan, who is arrested and produced before Justice Diwan, who finds him guilty, and sentences him to death. Rajan says to his mother that he has not killed Bhuree and that he would have been happy to kill Bhuree.

An alteration takes place between Sharda and Diwan where Diwan shows his helplessness and he says he prefers duty over attachments. Later on Rahim finds his house burned down and is out on the street after the destruction of his house. The rest of the story is about how Rajan and Bashir prove their innocence, who killed Bhuree and Dr. John, why were they killed and by whom, how Rahim tries his best to find out who is the real culprit who is trying to frame Diwan and his family in false charges and how Diwan sticks to his principles of law and to what extent he goes to ensure that justice is delivered.

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Rahim Khan
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as Justice Diwan / Rajan (Double Role)
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Dr. Bashir Khan
*[[Asha Parekh]] as Sharda
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Shanta
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Reshma
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as SP Kadar
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Teja / Naagraj
*[[Iftekhar]] as Dr. John
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Shanta's Father
*[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] as Bhure
*[[Hema Malini]] as Herself (Cameo)

==Music==
*"Badi Door Se Aaya Banna Re Banni Na" - [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
*"Dil Se Dil Ki Baat Ho Gayi" - Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
*"Aashiq Hoon Tumhara" - [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], Asha Bhosle
*"Aisa Kyun Hota Hai" - [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
*"Ae Balam" - [[Vani Jairam]]

== Remakes ==
[[K. Shankar]] remade this film in Tamil as [[Ezhuthatha Sattangal]] in 1984. The original had Rajesh Khanna in double role reprising the role of lawyer and his son and the Muslim man was played by Dharmendra. However the Tamil version had the lawyer role being played by [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], the lawyer's son was played by [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], the Muslim man was played [[Sivaji Ganesan]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0379249|Dharm Aur Qanoon}}

{{Joshiy}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Julie (1975 film)

2026-03-03T23:40:48Z

XMC.PL-Master: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Julie
| image = Julie 1975 film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| writer = [[Inder Raj Anand]] (Dialogue)
| screenplay = [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
| producer = [[Nagi Reddy|B. Nagi Reddi]]-Chakrapani
| starring = [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] Vikram Makandar
| narrator =
| cinematography = Roy P. L.
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Money]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor = Vijaya Productions
| released = {{Film date|1975|3|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Julie''''' is a 1975 Indian Hindi-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and written by Chakrapani. The film stars [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] in the title role (in her [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] debut). It also stars Vikram Makandar, [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], [[Rita Bhaduri]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Utpal Dutt]] and [[Sridevi]], in her first significant Hindi role. The film was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Tina |date=21 July 2024 |title='Julie' tackled pre-marital sex and pregnancy sensitively. It still fell prey to stereotypes |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/julie-tackled-pre-marital-sex-and-pregnancy-sensitively-it-still-fell-prey-to-stereotypes/2183797/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=21 July 2024 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722083312/https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/julie-tackled-pre-marital-sex-and-pregnancy-sensitively-it-still-fell-prey-to-stereotypes/2183797/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakari]]'' (1974), which also stars Lakshmi as the lead in her Malayalam film debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350710100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129235032/http://hindu.com/fr/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350710100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-01-29 |title=Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram : Timeless, ageless |date=2009-01-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2011-09-18}}</ref> She would star in yet another remake of the film, the Telugu film ''Miss Julie Prema Katha'' (1975).

Lakshmi did not act in the [[Kannada]] remake, [[Julie (2006 film)|Julie]], released in 2006, which had [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in the title role as and [[Dino Morea]] as the leading man.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/15julie.htm |title=Julie: A big disappointment |publisher=Ia.rediff.com |date=2004-12-31 |access-date=2011-09-18 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928175930/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/15julie.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She also declined the role of Julie's mother in the Malayalam remake titled ''[[Chattakkari (2012 film)|Chattakari]]'' (2012), stating that she wanted the audience to remember her as the young and beautiful Julie; the title role went to [[Shamna Kasim]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lakshmi-wants-to-remain-as-Julie/articleshow/15420064.cms|title=Lakshmi wants to remain as Julie|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-date=22 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722083313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Lakshmi-wants-to-remain-as-Julie/articleshow/15420064.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] portrayed the role of Julie in its Tamil remake ''[[Oh Maane Maane]]'' (1984). The remake rights of this film are now owned by Glamour Eyes Films.

==Plot==
This film depicts the restrictive social conventions regarding inter-religion marriage and pre-marital pregnancy in India. Julie is a [[Christians|Christian]] [[Anglo-Indian]] girl with a loving, but alcoholic father, a dominating mother, a younger brother and sister. She falls in love with her best friend, Usha Bhattacharya's brother Shashi Bhattacharya, a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] boy. The lovers consummate their relationship, which leaves her pregnant. Shashi goes away to the city for corporate job, unaware of her pregnancy. Her mother is distraught when Julie tells her about the pregnancy. They do not tell the rest of the family. Her mother thinks about getting Julie an abortion, but Ruby Aunty, a devout Christian, talks her out of it. Julie is sent away to have her baby in secret. The rest of the family is told that Julie got a job in another town. After the baby's birth, Julie's mother arranges for the child to be left in an orphanage, and demands that Julie return home and forget about the baby.

When Julie returns home, her father has died. She is now the primary breadwinner of the family. Later, she runs into Shashi and tells him everything. He then asks to marry her, but his mother, Devki, objects to the marriage as Julie is of a different faith. She blames Julie for seducing her son and having their baby. Julie's mother does not want the union either, as it will be an inter-faith marriage, and she wants to return to [[England]]. However, the wisdom of Shashi's father prevails as he confronts the mothers' prejudices regarding caste and religion, and urges them both to accept their grandchild. The film ends with the mothers offering their blessing to the young couple, and Julie's mother promising her grandson she will "never leave him."

==Cast==
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Julie
* Vikram Makandar as Shashi Bhattacharya
* [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] as Margaret "Maggie", Julie's mother
* [[Om Prakash]] as Morris, Julie's father
* [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Usha Bhattacharya, Shashi's sister
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Devki Bhattacharya, Shashi's mother
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Mr. Bhattacharya, Usha and Shashi's father
* [[Sridevi]] as Irene, Julie's younger sister
* [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]] as Ruby Aunty
* [[Jalal Agha]] as Richard "Richie"
* [[Rajendra Nath]] as Rahim, store owner

==Music==
The film's [[soundtrack]] won [[Rajesh Roshan]] his first [[Filmfare Award]], for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]. ''Julie'' was one of the top three best-selling [[soundtrack album]]s of 1975, along with ''[[Sholay]]'' and ''[[Sanyasi (film)|Sanyasi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970-1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2010|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010}}</ref> A remixed [[cover version]] of "Dil Kya Kare" sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] appeared in the 1996 album ''Dance Masti''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dance Masti |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5jBG7u8PDMxeALvVrx3x2J |website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=8 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722083428/https://open.spotify.com/album/5jBG7u8PDMxeALvVrx3x2J |url-status=live }}</ref> All Hindi lyrics were by [[Anand Bakshi]], while the lyrics of “My Heart Is Beating” were written by [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]].

According to film and music expert Rajesh Subramanian Dil kya kare was penned by lyricist Anand Bakshi in less than ten minutes when the tune was played to him by composer Rajesh Roshan and his assistants. had one of the first English songs in an Indian film, "My Heart is Beating", sung by [[Preeti Sagar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~navin/india/songs/isongs/indexes/film/julie.html |title=Songs of Julie |publisher=Pages.cs.wisc.edu |access-date=2011-09-18 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722083403/https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~navin/india/songs/isongs/indexes/film/julie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Dil Kya Kare"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Bhool Gaya Sab Kuch, Yaad Nahin Kuch"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Yeh Raaten Nayi Purani"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Sancha Naam Tera, Tu Shyam Mera"
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "My Heart Is Beating"
| [[Preeti Sagar]]
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[23rd Filmfare Awards|1976]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Rajesh Roshan]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Preeti Sagar]] (for "My Heart is Beating")
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Special Award|Special Award]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|1976
| rowspan="4"| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| Most Outstanding Work of the Year
| Lakshmi
| {{won}} <ref>{{cite web|title=39th Annual BFJA Awards |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197639.htm|publisher=[[BFJA Awards|BFJA]]|access-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119012515/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197639.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Nadira
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| Rajesh Roshan
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Dil Kya Kare"
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0187192|title=Julie}}
{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}

[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
[[Category:Teenage pregnancy in film]]
[[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]

Balu (film)

2026-03-03T18:02:45Z

XMC.PL-Master: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balu: ABCDEFG
| image = balu2.jpg
| writer = A. Karunakaran [[Kona Venkat]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Pawan Kalyan]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Neha Oberoi]] [[Gulshan Grover]]
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. Karunakaran]]
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| cinematography = R. Ramesh Babu
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| distributor = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] & [[KAD Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|01|06}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| budget = {{INR}}15 [[crore]]<ref name="BSI">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2005-01-01 |title=When Tollywood tunes didn't mesmerise box-office |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |quote=While Pawan Kalyan's Rs 15-crore Baalu is slated for a January 6 release ..... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312105938/http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/Companies/When-Tollywood-tunes-didn-t-mesmerise-box-office-105010101062_1.html |archive-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{₹}}14.6 crore (distributors' share)
}}
'''''Balu: ABCDEFG''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[A. Karunakaran]]. The film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Shriya Saran|Shriya]], [[Neha Oberoi]] and [[Gulshan Grover]]. The film was produced by [[C. Aswani Dutt|C. Aswini Dutt]] under his production company [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/balu-abcdefg-review-telugu-movie-7372|title=Balu ABCDEFG review. Balu ABCDEFG Telugu movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Its [[tagline]] ABCDEFG stands for "A Boy Can Do Everything For Girl."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 November 2004 |title=News Today: Pawan Kalyan as Balu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news253.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film released on 6 January 2005 to mixed reviews and was an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasi |date=2015-02-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Hits and Flops |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/38825/pawan-kalyan-hits-and-flops.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref> It was the first Telugu film to have a release in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-07-22 |title=Boldly going where no Telugu movie has gone before! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/boldly-going-where-no-telugu-movie-has-gone-before/articleshow/1180345.cms |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2005 |title=The gamble pays off |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/the-gamble-pays-off-927625 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Independent Online]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts with a rowdy Daasanna, the follower of another uncontrollable rowdy, Naayudamma, warning the people of the Mahankali market. At the same time, Balu sets up a new flower stall in the market. He impresses Daasanna by making him believe that he worships Daasanna's mother, thereby getting relieved of the taxes set up by Daasanna. The people of the market get new hopes looking at Balu's style of impressing the rowdies. Balu comes to the city with his mother Rajeswari Devi, sister-in-law, nephew, and friend. As the story goes on, Balu meets Swetha, but both start fighting with each other.

One night, Balu's mother walks to an empty bungalow. She faints there, remembering her past in which her husband Ranga Rao and her son would be killed because they supported the people of Mahankali market in getting the rights on the land. The next day Swetha comes to the hospital to visit Balu's mother and falls in love with Balu. Swetha dares to propose to Balu, but he rejects her love. On the other side, Balu, through Daasanna, tries to steal the documents of the Mahankali market, which are with Nayudamma at that time and are actually to be sold to Khan. Balu makes Nayudamma believe him by saving him from a planned bomb blast. When Khan arrives, he realizes thar Balu is none other than Ghani, who worked under him a few years back.

The flashback unveils the story of Ghani, who changes because of Indu, who, in turn, changes, getting courage from Ghani. Ghani finally moves against Khan, who tries to kill children in an orphanage. Khan decides to kill Ghani and Indu. Ghani and Indu eventually reach Agra, Indu's hometown, where it is revealed that Rajeswari Devi is actually Indu's mother. Indu changes Ghani's name to Balu.

The next day, Balu accepts Indu's love, but at the same time, Khan's rowdies kill Indu. Balu promises Indu that he would take care of her family and fight for people's rights on the Mahankali market. The scene returns to Balu lying in bed as he meets with an accident while driving because of his illness. He gets up and faces Khan, and Khan is finally killed in the fight. Finally, after 20 years, the people of the Mahankali market get the rights on the land.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Ghani / Balraj aka Balu
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Swetha
* [[Neha Oberoi]] as "Indu" Indira Priyadarsini
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Khan
* Jersey Singh as Nayudamma
* [[Mahesh Anand]] as Das
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Khan's brief
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Taj Banjara Hotel Manager
* [[Jayasudha]] as Rajeswari Devi
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Balu's friend
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Ranga Rao, Indu's father
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Ghani's gang member
* [[MS Narayana]] as Landlord
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Beggar
* [[Ananth Nag]] as Baba
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Police Officer
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Pottayya
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Store Manager
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as VISA Officer
* [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]] as Rajan
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as V. Govardhan Rao
* [[Sajja Teja|Master Teja]] as Cherry
* [[Kavya Kalyanram|Baby Kavya]] as Lilly
* [[Milind Gunaji]] in a cameo appearance
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In January 2004, during the opening ceremony of [[Bangaram (film)|''Bangaram'']], Pawan Kalyan mentioned that "Columbus" was the title under consideration for his film with [[Vyjayanthi Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2004 |title=Muhurat - Bangaram - Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-bangaram.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Later it was titled as ''Balu: ABCDEFG'' with the [[tagline]] ABCDEFG standing for "A Boy Can Do Everything For Girl."<ref name=":0" />

''Balu'' was extensively filmed in [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. A special set was erected near [[Taj Mahal]] for the film. A set of [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City, Hyderabad]] was constructed for the film in [[Ramoji Film City]] at a cost of {{Indian Rupee}}90 [[lakh]].<ref name=":0" /> Pawan Kalyan traveled to [[Italy]] to buy a unique pant for ''Balu''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2004-12-07 |title=Pawan stretches himself for a pant |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pawan-stretches-himself-for-a-pant-telugu-news-11794 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Having previously set a trend with double pants in ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' (2004), he spent around {{Indian Rupee}}2 lakh on the pant, with travel and accommodation costs bringing the total to about {{Indian Rupee}}5 lakh. Kalyan paid for these expenses himself to avoid burdening the film's producer.<ref name=":1" /> These pants later became a trend among the youth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2012 |title=Some 'power' dressing this! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/some-power-dressing-this/articleshow/13485927.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Balu
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 December 2004 (India)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Gudumba Shankar]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Radha Gopalam]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

The music and background score was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The soundtrack album consisted of six tracks. The lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao|Jonnavittula]] and Nithin Raijwar.

{{track listing
| headline = Track Listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Inthe Inthinthe
| extra1 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| length1 = 5:21
| title2 = Neelo Jarige
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| length2 = 6:00
| title3 = Kannu Kottina
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 = 4:40
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| title4 = Hut Hutja
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length4 = 4:08
| lyrics4 = Nithin Raikwar
| title5 = Athi Methani
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| length5 = 5:21
| title6 = Lokale Gelavaga
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]], Murali
| lyrics6 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
|length6 = 4:36
}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''Idlebrain'' wrote, "On the whole, ''Balu'' sums up to be a film you should watch to see Pawan Kalyan in a fresh radiant look".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2005 |title=Movie review - Balu ABCDEFG |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-balu.html |work=Idlebrain}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' stated, "On the whole, passable fare, worth a visit".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balu Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/balu/telugu/balu-movie-reviews-2011-2.html |work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref> [[Independent Online]] of [[South Africa]] reviewed the film noting, "While ''Balu ABCDEFG'' is given the routine treatment, in that the tale includes the usual dose of humour, action and romance, the directing is deft and the performance of the lead actors excellent."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2005 |title=Balu ABCDEFG |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/balu-abcdefg-927037 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Independent Online]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Sify'' opined "Pawan Kalyan and his remote controlled director Karunakaran has cooked up an unimaginative script etched from various films including the famous ''[[Baashha|Basha]]'' formula to churn out something that is not edible".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/baalu-abcdefg-review-telugu-pclvGpbjbcija.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014063839/http://www.sify.com/movies/baalu-abcdefg-review-telugu-pclvGpbjbcija.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2016|title=Baalu ABCDEFG|website=[[Sify]]|date=10 January 2005}}</ref> Rakesh P from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "While the first half of the film is very light, the second half is loaded with serious stuff that can give you a headache if you are not the kind who likes action stuff".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2005 |title=Balu...ABCDEFG|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan092005/mr4.asp|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050110054122/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan092005/mr4.asp |archive-date=10 January 2005 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
''[[Panjaa]]'', a 2011 Telugu-language film directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], which also stars Pawan Kalyan in the lead role, is also based on the same plot, similar to ''Balu''

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0437084|title=Balu}}

{{A. Karunakaran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balu}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2005 action films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Karunakaran]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Agra]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]

Amaran (1992 film)

2026-03-03T04:53:28Z

XMC.PL-Master: Creating

{{short description|1992 film directed by K. Rajeshwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Amaran 1992.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[K. Rajeshwar]]
| writer = K. Rajeshwar
| producer = K. Rajeshwar
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Bhanupriya]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = Raghu Babu
| music = [[Adithyan]]
| studio = Annalakshmi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|01|15}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Amaran''''' ({{translation|The immortal}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film|action]] [[gangster film]] written, directed, and produced by [[K. Rajeshwar]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Bhanupriya]], with [[Radha Ravi]], [[Prathap K. Pothan]], and [[Shammi Kapoor]] in supporting roles. The film had music by [[Adithyan]] and cinematography by [[P. C. Sreeram]]. It was released theatrically on 15 January 1992.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=August 2024}}
An orphaned child helps Govindan escape from a bunch of gangsters. The grateful Govindan names the child Amaran and brings him up. After Govindan's demise, his wife raises Amaran, who grows up to become a kindhearted slum lord. One day, Amaran encounters a strange man, Raja Varma, who repeatedly persuades him to take on a heartless don named Aandava Perumal, who has a violent and brutal past. Amaran keeps ignoring Raja Varma, but after Aandava Perumal's goons murder Raja Varma, he learns that Aandava Perumal had also destroyed his own family when he was a child. Amaran gives refuge to Raja Varma's daughter Sivagaami, and they fall in love. Amaran soon starts sparring with Aandava Perumal, with deadly consequences for Amaran's adopted family. Sivagaami and a grievously injured Amaran escape to Goa, where they are taken care of by an underworld don named Miranda. Amaran continues to work for him for a while and marries Sivagaami. After a few years, he returns to Tamil Nadu to take on his sworn enemy. A bloody conflict ensues in which Amaran's son is killed. The film ends with Amaran killing Aandava Perumal to avenge his son's death.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Amaran
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Sivagaami
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Aandava Perumal
*[[Prathap K. Pothan]] as Raja Varma
*[[Shammi Kapoor]] as Don Miranda
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as "Sepoy" Govindan, Amaran's foster father
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as Amaran's foster mother
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] (credited as Ranjan) as Inspector Duraipandi, Amaran's father
*[[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as Chinna Perumal
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Manga
*[[Disco Shanti]] as Shanti
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]]
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
*[[Ra. Sankaran]] as Jinnah's father
*[[Piraisoodan]] as Astrologer
*Vikas Rishi as Jinnah
*Pereira as Shooter
*Mahima
*K. Rajpreeth
*Chitti
*Master Vasanth
*Baby Anitha
*[[Rajendran]] as Henchman (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
''Amaran'' marked Shammi Kapoor's Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 1991 |title=Shammi Kapoor makes his debut in Tamil cinema with 'Amaran' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19910815-shammi-kapoor-makes-his-debut-in-tamil-cinema-with-amaran-814695-1991-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710135416/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19910815-shammi-kapoor-makes-his-debut-in-tamil-cinema-with-amaran-814695-1991-08-14 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Adithyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaran (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001967.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908134948/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001967.html |archive-date=8 September 2012 |access-date=7 January 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaran (1992) Tamil Super Hit Film LP Vinyl record by Adhithyan |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/amaran-by-adhithyan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317113834/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/amaran-by-adhithyan/ |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Disco Music Center}}</ref> The song "Vethala Potta" marks Karthik's debut at playback singing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2015 |title=Karthik gets ready for Amaran sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthik-gets-ready-for-amaran-sequel/articleshow/46411053.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824171835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthik-gets-ready-for-Amaran-sequel/articleshow/46411053.cms |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> For the dubbed Telugu version ''Amar'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amar |url=https://indiancine.ma/BHKF/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230710134833/https://indiancine.ma/BHKF/info |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref> all lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Amar |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5Ob96Ppe7FBPhwlhkKSYE1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230710130719/https://open.spotify.com/album/5Ob96Ppe7FBPhwlhkKSYE1 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

;Tamil
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Vethala Potta" || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] || [[Piraisoodan]]|| 4:33
|-
| "Tring Tring" || [[Srividya]] || Piraisoodan || 4:13
|-
| "Chandirare Suriyare" – Viswa Guru || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || 4:40
|-
| "Vasanthame Arugil Vaa" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Piraisoodan || 4:47
|-
| "Musthafa Musthafa" – Viswa Guru || Karthik || Vairamuthu || 4:41
|-
| "Chandirane Suriyane" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Piraisoodan || 5:40
|-
| "Paanja Janiyam Oothiduvaen" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || Piraisoodan ||3:38
|-
| "Abhyam Krishna Naragaasuran" || [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]], [[T. K. Kala]] || Piraisoodan ||2:51
|}

;Telugu
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Vasanthama Cherava" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:48
|-
| "Chakkanaina Chukkallara" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:47
|-
| "Musthafaa Musthafaa" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:51
|-
| "Thamalapaku Shokila" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:51
|-
| "Chakkanaina Chukkallara" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:30
|-
| "Kalla Bajaru" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:31
|}

== Release ==
The film premiered on 12 January 1992 in Chennai, sponsored by [[Sankara Nethralaya]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 1992 |title=Amaran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V4dlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ip4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1394%2C3487006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513093540/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V4dlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ip4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1394%2C3487006 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> and was theatrically released three days later, on 15 January.<ref>{{Cite web |title=அமரன் / Amaran (1992) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/amaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240322133549/https://screen4screen.com/movies/amaran |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Dropped sequel ==
A sequel was announced in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2015 |title=Will Karthik's Amaran 2 Match its Prequel's Buzz? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Jun/08/will-karthiks-amaran-2-match-its-prequels-buzz-752354.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319123602/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Jun/08/will-karthiks-amaran-2-match-its-prequels-buzz-752354.html |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> but never came to fruition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2024 |title=நவரச நாயகன் கார்த்திக் பட டைட்டிலில் சிவகார்த்திகேயன்.. அமரன் பெயர் பின்னணி என்ன? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/navarasa-nayagan-karthik-movie-title-amaran-what-is-the-reason-for-actor-sivakarthikeyan-movie-title-tns24021803816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241104060421/https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/navarasa-nayagan-karthik-movie-title-amaran-what-is-the-reason-for-actor-sivakarthikeyan-movie-title-tns24021803816 |archive-date=4 November 2024 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1990s gangster films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 action films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Rajeshwar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Adithyan]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Staying Alive (2012 film)

2026-03-02T09:25:21Z

XMC.PL-Master: updated page

{{Short description|2012 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Staying Alive
|image = Staying Alive.jpg
|caption =
|director = Anant Mahadevan
|producer = Pulakesh Bhowmik
|starring = {{ubl|[[Anant Mahadevan]]|[[Saurabh Shukla]]|[[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]}}
|music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
|cinematography = Rajkumar K.
|released = {{Film date|2012|2|3|df=y}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|budget =
|gross =
}}
'''''Staying Alive''''' is a 2012 Hindi-language social film directed by [[Anant Mahadevan]], featuring [[Anant Mahadevan]], [[Saurabh Shukla]], and [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] in the lead roles. The film's music was composed by Sanjay Chowdhury. Art Director Tarun Agasty. The film was released on 3 February 2012.

==Plot==
The story is about two men who suffer a heart attack and share a hospital room. Aditya (Ananth Mahadevan) is a newspaper editor who has already survived two strokes in the past and has somewhat adapted to the crisis. Shaukat Ali (Saurabh Shukla), an underworld kingpin who has often witnessed death closely, gets paranoid when he gets his first heart attack. The story is about their interactions and exchange of ideas in the ICU room that change Ali's perspective towards life.

==Cast==
*[[Anant Mahadevan]]
*[[Saurabh Shukla]]
*[[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]
*Sanjay Swaraj
*[[Navni Parihar]]
*Ranjana Sasa
*Khan Jahangir Khan

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed reviews from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] from [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 2/5 and said "On the whole, Staying Alive is more of an experiment that holds appeal for a tiny segment of cineastes – those with an appetite for meaningful, festival films".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/504074|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206062033/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/504074|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2012|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|authorlink=Taran Adarsh|title=Staying Alive Review|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 February 2012|accessdate=13 October 2021}}</ref> Avijit Ghosh from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3/5 stating that "Staying Alive is a subtle yet engrossing human drama".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/staying-alive/movie-review/11742715.cms|last=Ghosh|first=Avijit|title=Staying Alive|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 April 2016|accessdate=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2188893}}

[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anant Mahadevan]]

Madhava Tirtha

2026-02-28T06:11:53Z

XMC.PL-Master: created some article more to come.

{{one source|date=January 2023}}
{{short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Vishnu Shastri
| birth_place = North Karnataka
| death_date = 1350 AD
| death_place = Mannur, near [[Gulbarga]]
| honors =
| order = [[Vedanta]]
| guru = [[Madhvacharya]]
| predecessor = Sri [[Narahari Tirtha]]
| successor = Sri [[Akshobhya Tirtha]]
| philosophy = [[Dvaita Vedanta]]
| disciples = [[Akshobhya Tirtha]] Madhuhari Tirtha
| literary_works =
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}
'''Madhava Tirtha''' was a [[Hindu]] [[philosopher]], [[scholar]] and the third [[pontiff]] of [[Madhvacharya]] peetha, from 1333 to 1350, succeeding [[Narahari Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2008|p=228}}

==Life==
{{Empty section|date=April 2022}}

==Works==
According to S. K. and Gurucarya, he wrote a commentary on ''Parasara Smriti'' called ''Parasara Madhwa-vijaya''. He also made commentaries on ''[[Rigveda]]'', ''[[Yajurveda]]'' and ''[[Samaveda]]''. His disciple, Sri Madhuhari Teertha, founded a mutt which exists under the name "Majjigenahalli Matha" near Mulbagal.{{Sfn|Sharma|2008|p=229}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=Srimat Uttaradi Mutt: Moola Maha Samsthana of Srimadjagadguru Madhvacharya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAIVAAAAMAAJ|first=C. R.|last=Rao|year=1984 |via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature |volume=1 |edition=3rd |first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn = 978-8120815759| orig-date=1st pub. 2000 |date=2008}}

[[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Uttaradi Math]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian philosophers]]

Napoleon (actor)

2026-02-27T23:21:35Z

XMC.PL-Master: minor edit

{{Short description|American-Indian actor, entrepreneur and former Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Napoleon
| birthname = Kumaresan Duraisamy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|12|2}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| image = Nepoleon Duraisamy.png
| spouse = {{marriage |Jayasudha |1993}}
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|
[[Politician]]|
[[Entrepreneur]]}}
| website = {{url|http://actornepoleon.com}}
| years_active = 1991–present
| education = [[St. Joseph's College, Trichy]]

| module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (India)|Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment]] Government of India
| term_start = 28 May
2009
| term_end = 20 March 2013
| minister =
*[[Mukul Wasnik]] (31 May 2009 – 27 October 2012)
*[[Selja Kumari]] (27 October 2012 – 20 March 2013)
| predecessor = [[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]
| successor = [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
| alongside = [[Balram Naik]] (''from 28 October 2012 to 20 March 2013'')
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2009
| term_end1 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[A. Raja]]
| successor1 = [[R. P. Marutharajaa]]
| constituency1 = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| office2 = [[Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 14 May 2001
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| predecessor2 = [[J. M. Aaron Rashid]]
| successor2 = [[B. Ranganathan]]
| constituency2 = [[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014) |party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1980-2014)
}}
}}

'''Kumaresan Duraisamy''' (born 2 December 1963), known professionally by his stage name '''Napoleon''', is an Indian actor, entrepreneur and former politician.<ref name="Manoj">{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=CG |date=29 May 2009 |title=After MLA napoleon ready for real power |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-mla-roles-napoleon-ready-for-real-power/467679/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527152453/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-mla-roles-napoleon-ready-for-real-power/467679 |archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> He was the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (India)|Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment]] in Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]'s cabinet. He has acted predominately in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films apart from some [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and English movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=INTERVIEW | Actor Napoleon on his Hollywood debut film 'Devil's Night: Dawn of the Nain Rouge' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jul/07/interview--actor-napoleon-on-his-hollywood-debut-film-devils-night-dawn-of-the-nain-rouge-2166284.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184219/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jul/07/interview--actor-napoleon-on-his-hollywood-debut-film-devils-night-dawn-of-the-nain-rouge-2166284.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Napoleon was born as Kumaresan Duraisamy on 2 December 1963 in Tiruchirappali. He graduated from [[St. Joseph's College, Trichy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrious alumni/ae |url=https://www.sjctni.edu/aboutus.jsp?p=honors |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=[[St. Joseph's College, Trichy]] |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203004422/https://sjctni.edu/aboutus.jsp?p=honors }}</ref>

In 1993, he married Jayasudha and had two sons: Dhanoosh and Gunal. Dhanoosh was diagnosed with muscular dystrophy, which eventually prompted Napoleon and his family to move to America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/napoleon-son-wedding-in-japan-grabs-attention-know-how-much-did-the-actor-spent-on-the-marriage-gcw-smtynt|title=Napoleon's son wedding in Japan grabs attention: Know how much did the actor spent on the marriage?|website=Asianet Newsable}}</ref> Gunal directed the music video for the local LA-based band affengriffon's "I Just Wanna See You".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailybruin.com/2023/07/16/alumni-filmmakers-revitalize-flicks-with-eccentric-style-and-classic-references|title=Alumni filmmakers revitalize flicks with eccentric style and classic references|website=Daily Bruin}}</ref>

==Career==

===Politics===
Napoleon became enthused by the ideologies of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. He joined the party in which his uncle [[K. N. Nehru]] was already a member and at that time the Public Welfare Minister of the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-28 |title=Napolean Calls Uncle the Reason Behind Quitting DMK |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2014/dec/28/napolean-calls-uncle-the-reason-behind-quitting-dmk-698871.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184226/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2014/dec/28/Napolean-Calls-Uncle-the-Reason-Behind-Quitting-DMK-698871.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
[[File:Election campaigning 2009.jpg|alt=Nepoleon Election campaigning 2009|left|thumb|2009 Indian general election campaign]]
Napoleon contested the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|State Assembly elections of 2001]], winning the [[Villivakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Villivakkam constituency]] contest and thereby becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2014 |title=DMK Leader and Former Union Minister Napoleon Joins BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/dmk-leader-and-former-union-minister-napoleon-joins-bjp-715988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207005136/https://www.ndtv.com/south/dmk-leader-and-former-union-minister-napoleon-joins-bjp-715988 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> He lost his membership in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 elections]], when he contested from the [[Mylapore (State Assembly Constituency)|Mylapore constituency]] and was defeated by actor [[S. Ve. Shekhar]]. Subsequently, Napoleon nurtured the [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur constituency]] in the hope of becoming a member of parliament for the DMK and succeeded in the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2009|2009 Lok Sabha election]]. He was then appointed Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in Union government. Seen as a loyalist of Azhagiri, he was sidelined by DMK after the expulsion of the latter from the party in 2014. He joined the BJP in the presence of party President [[Amit Shah]] on 21 December 2014. He was made the party's state vice-president on 26 November 2015.<ref name="Siva">{{Cite news |last=Siva |first=CG |date=26 November 2015 |title=தமிழக பாஜக துணைத் தலைவராக நடிகர் நெப்போலியன் நியமனம் |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.dinamani.com/latest_news/2015/11/26/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F/article3147907.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127202235/http://www.dinamani.com/latest_news/2015/11/26/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F/article3147907.ece |archive-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

===Films===

He entered the Tamil film industry in 1991 with [[Bharathiraja]]'s rural film ''[[Pudhu Nellu Pudhu Naathu]]'', playing the antagonist role. After the success of ''[[Ejamaan]]'' (1993), Napoleon went on to play the villain to great effect in Malayalam and Telugu cinema too. He has been praised for his performance and acting in the Malayalam movie ''[[Devasuram]]'' (1993). Napoleon turned hero on-screen too with ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' (1993) in which he played an anti-hero. After that film, [[Pratap Pothen]] gave ''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' (1994). That film turned out to be a hit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=19 December 2017 |title=A villain is what I call an 'edhir naayagan': Napoleon, a veteran Tamil actor who almost quit acting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/19/a-villain-is-what-i-call-an-edhir-naayagan-napoleon-a-veteran-tamil-actor-who-almost-quit-acting-1730861.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510044739/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/19/a-villain-is-what-i-call-an-edhir-naayagan-napoleon-a-veteran-tamil-actor-who-almost-quit-acting-1730861.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for his performance in ''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]'' (1997).

In 1998, he was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award|MGR Award]]. From 2000 to 2006, he was appointed as the vice-president of the South Indian Film Artistes Association.

Later after years into film industry, he also got the chance to work as a supporting actor in popular movies such as ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007) and ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Napoleon |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/napoleon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023051613/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/napoleon |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=Nettv4u}}</ref>

Though he settled in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], United States of America, at the insistence of the industry stalwarts, he made his acting comeback with ''[[Kidaari]]'' (2016). He then went on to portray [[Gautham Karthik]]'s father in ''[[Muthuramalingam]]'' (2017) replacing [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=29 November 2016 |title=In the US, my son leads a normal life: Napoleon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/In-the-US-my-son-leads-a-normal-life-Napoleon/articleshow/55666427.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911094128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/In-the-US-my-son-leads-a-normal-life-Napoleon/articleshow/55666427.cms |archive-date=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=7 September 2016 |title=How Napoleon became Gautham's father! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/How-Napoleon-became-Gauthams-father/articleshow/54031533.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914000920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/How-Napoleon-became-Gauthams-father/articleshow/54031533.cms |archive-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>

After making his Hollywood debut in the supernatural thriller, ''[[Devil's Night: Dawn of the Nain Rouge]]'' (2019), he was seen in another American independent film titled ''[[Christmas Coupon]]'' (2019). Napoleon also announced that he is the only Tamil actor, who had acted in a Hollywood film, which was completely shot in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=Actor Napoleon plays a sports agent in his second Hollywood project, Christmas Coupon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/03/actor-napoleon-plays-a-sports-agent-in-his-second-hollywood-projet-christmas-coupon-12704.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004916/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/03/actor-napoleon-plays-a-sports-agent-in-his-second-hollywood-projet-christmas-coupon-12704.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

===Entrepreneurship===
[[File:Jeevan Technologies.png|alt=Jeevan Technologies 2008 IIIrd ODC at DLF IT Park|thumb|Jeevan Technologies 2008]]
Nepoleon Duraisamy forayed into IT Entrepreneurship and kick started "Jeevan Technologies" IT operations in Chennai, India in the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Team |url=http://www.jeevantechnologies.com/about-us/management |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620064008/https://www.jeevantechnologies.com/about-us/management |archive-date=20 June 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

===Social entrepreneurship===
In 2010, Napoleon established Myopathy Unit of Jeevan Foundation, the Institute for Muscular Dystrophy & Research Center. It is a non-profit organization registered under the [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Trust Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayopathy |url=http://www.jeevanfoundation.com/mayopathy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417163736/http://www.jeevanfoundation.com/mayopathy/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Jeevan Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayopathy |url=http://www.actornapoleon.com/ngo/mayopathy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418054739/http://actornapoleon.com/ngo/mayopathy |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=actornapoleon.com}}</ref>

==Achievements and awards==
[[File:D. Napoleon presenting the National Trust Annual Award to Shri Ashwin Karthik from Bangalore, at the National Trust Annual Awards Function, in New Delhi on September 10, 2010.jpg|thumb|Napoleon presenting the National Trust Annual Award to Shri Ashwin Karthik from Bangalore, at the National Trust Annual Awards Function, in New Delhi on September 10, 2010.]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for ''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]'' (1997)
* [[Kalaimamani]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award|MGR Award]] (1998)
* Vice-president of the [[South Indian Film Artistes' Association]] (2000–2006)
* Murasoli Trust "Kalaignar" Award, which is given to people who contribute to Tamil language, literature and culture (2007).

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! style="width:200px;"|Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1991 || ''[[Pudhu Nellu Pudhu Naathu]]'' || Shankaralingam ||
|-
| ''[[MGR Nagaril]]'' || John Peter ||
|-
|rowspan=9|1992 || ''[[Chinna Thayee]]'' || Chamundi ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathan (1992 film)|Bharathan]]'' || C.I.D. Johnson ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodi Thendral]]'' || Swamikannu ||
|-
| ''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]'' || Veerapandi ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]'' || Mirasudar ||
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Seethanam]]'' || Devi Meenakshi's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivasal (film)|Thalaivasal]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Pangali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]'' || Mr. Dhilip Kumar || Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan=12|1993 || ''[[Captain Magal]]'' || Robert Royappa ||
|-
| ''Pudhu Piravi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yejaman]]'' || Vallavarayan ||
|-
| ''[[Minmini Poochigal]]'' || Victor ||
|-
| ''[[Munarivippu]]'' || Ranjith ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan]]'' || Guru Subramaniam ||
|-
| ''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]'' || Vikraman ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Seelan]]'' || Omer Sheriff ||
|-
| ''[[Maravan]]'' || Shankarapandiyan ||
|-
| ''Periyamma'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Enga Muthalali]]'' || Jayaraman ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' || Shivanadi ||[[14th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Villain]]
|-
| rowspan="7"|1994 || ''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' || Pandi || Debut as Hero
|-
| ''[[Maindhan (1994 film)|Maindhan]]'' || Velayudam Pillai ||
|-
| ''Pudhupatti Ponnuthayi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thozhar Pandian]]'' || Thaamaraiselvan ||
|-
| ''[[Thamarai (film)|Thamarai]]'' || Thamarai ||
|-
| ''[[Mani Rathnam (film)|Mani Rathnam]]'' || Rathnam ||
|-
| ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' || Anand ||
|-
|rowspan=8|1995 || ''[[Rajamuthirai]]'' || Markandeyan ||
|-
| ''[[Muthu Kaalai]]'' || Sakthivel ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Mani]]'' || Duraisamy Thevar ||
|-
| ''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]'' || Rajappa ||
|-
| ''[[Thamizhachi]]'' || Rasayya ||
|-
| ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || Matthaiya ||
|-
| ''Aakaya Pookkal'' || Suriya ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]'' || Nagu ||
|-
|rowspan=4|1996 || ''[[Thayagam]]'' || Pilot ||
|-
| ''[[Musthaffaa]]'' || Musthaffaa ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Parasakthi]]'' || Rajadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Rajali]]'' || Rajali ||
|-
|1997 || ''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]'' || Singarasu || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]], Also singer for song "Ettupatti Rasa"
|-
|rowspan=2|1998 || ''[[Kizhakkum Merkkum]]'' || Suryamurthy ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagavath Singh (film)|Bhagavath Singh]]'' || Bhagavath Singh ||
|-
|rowspan=5|1999 || ''[[Maya (1999 film)|Maya]]'' || Pratap || Dubbed in Telugu as ''Gurupoornima''
|-
| ''[[Ethirum Pudhirum]]'' || Arasappan ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Ponvizha]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Sivan (film)|Sivan]]'' || Murugan ||
|-
| rowspan ="2"|2000|| ''[[Karisakattu Poove]]'' || Kottai Sami ||
|-
| ''[[Manu Neethi]]'' || Muthazhagu ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2001 ||''[[Kalakalappu (2001 film)|Kalakalappu]]'' || Veluthambi ||
|-
| ''[[Veettoda Mappillai]]'' || Manikkam ||
|-
| ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]'' || Singa Perumal ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'' || Dass ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2004 || ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Nallama Nayakkar ||
|-
| ''[[Adi Thadi]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| ''[[Remote (2004 film)|Remote]]'' || Deenadayalu ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2005 || ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || Madasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' || Mariappan, Veeranna ||
|-
|2006 || ''[[Vattaram]]'' || Gurupadam ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || Mohammed Mohideen Khan IPS ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2008 || ''[[Sandai]]'' || Kamaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || [[Kulothunga Chola II]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aayutham Seivom]]'' || ACP Elumalai ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' || Pandithurai ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]'' || Thalaiyoor Kaali ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Kidaari]]'' || Kottur Durai ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017 || ''[[Muthuramalingam]]'' || Mookiah Thevar ||
|-
| ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal 2]]'' || Prabakaran ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Seema Raja]]'' || Ariya Raja ||
|-
|2021 || ''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' || Sethupathi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Anbarivu]]'' || Muniyandi ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Vallavanukkum Vallavan]]'' || Minister ||
|-
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! style="width:200px;"|Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|1993 || ''[[Devasuram]]'' || Mundakal Shekaran || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''Kunthi Puthrudu'' || Sambasivudu || rowspan="2"| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994 || ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' || Mithra ||
|-
| ''Gandheevam'' || Vincent || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Government ''|| Deva || rowspan="4"|[[Kannada]] || Dubbed in Tamil and Telugu as ''Government''
|-
|rowspan=3|1999 || ''[[Maya (1999 film)|Jayasurya]]'' || Pratap ||
|-
| ''Billa Ranga'' || Ranga ||
|-
| ''Rowdy Brothers ''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2000 || ''The Warrant ''|| Ravi Ramakrishnan || rowspan="2"|Malayalam || Dubbed into Tamil as ''The Warrant''
|-
| ''[[The Gang (film)|The Gang]]'' || Kevin ||
|-
|''[[Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary]] ''|| Jadadhari Swamiji || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2001 ||''[[Megasandesam]]'' || Fr. Rossario || rowspan="3"|Malayalam || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Rosi''
|-
| ''[[Ravana Prabhu]]'' || Mundakkal Sekharan ||
|-
|2002 || ''Kanal Kireedam'' || Albin || Dubbed into Tamil as ''Mary Albert''
|-
|2008 || ''[[Krishnarjuna]]'' || Nallama Nayakkar || rowspan="4"|Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2009 || ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' || Dr. Harish Chandra Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Saleem (film)|Saleem]]'' || Singamanaidu ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Sharabha'' || Kartavaryudu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019||''[[Devil's Night: Dawn of the Nain Rouge]]''|| Dr. Kadhir || rowspan="5" |[[English language|English]] ||
|-
| ''[[Christmas Coupon]]'' || Agent Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''One More Dream'' || School Principal || Also executive producer
|-
| ''Meathead'' || {{n/a}} || Short film; producer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXLz3TPArOM|title=MEATHEAD | Jilted Generation|date=23 October 2022|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Trap City]]'' || Nathan
|
|-
|}
;As singer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! style="width:200px;"|Film !! Song !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|1995||''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]'' ||"Ponnu Kulla" ||
|-
|1999||''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]''||"Ettupatti Rasa" ||
|-
|2005||''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' ||"Veeranna" ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0621066}}
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4547&lastls=15 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
* [http://www.actornapoleon.com Actor Napoleon's website]
* [http://www.jeevantechnologies.com Jeevan Technologies]
* [http://www.jeevanfoundation.com Jeevan Foundation]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Napoleon}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Perambalur district]]

Kavirajamarga

2026-02-27T22:50:29Z

XMC.PL-Master: formatting fix

{{Short description|Kannada classic work on poetics, rhetoric and grammar}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Stanza from Kavirajamarga.svg|thumb|right|A Stanza from ''Kavirajamarga'' which praises the people for their literary skills]]
'''''Kavirajamarga''''' ({{langx|kn|ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ}}) (850 C.E.)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/8th-century-book-delights-Sudha-/articleshow/5709600.cms | newspaper=The Times of India | date=22 March 2010 | title=8th-century book delights Sudha Murthy | access-date=5 January 2020 }}</ref> is the earliest available work on [[rhetoric]], [[poetics]] and [[grammar]] in the [[Kannada]] language.<ref name="poetics">Kamath (2001), p 90</ref><ref name="poetics1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p 2</ref> It was inspired by or written in part by the famous [[Rashtrakuta]] King [[Amoghavarsha]] [[Amoghavarsha I|I]], and some historians claim it is based partly on the [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Kavyadarsha]]''. Some historians believe ''Kavirajamarga'' may have been co-authored by a poet in the king's court, the Kannada language theorist Sri-vijaya.<ref name="poetics"/><ref name="coauthor">Sastri (1955), pp 355-356</ref>

The name literally means "Royal Path for Poets" and was written as a guide book for poets and scholars (''Kavishiksha''). From references made in this writing to earlier [[Kannada poetry]] and literature it is clear that a considerable body of work in prose and poetry must have existed in the preceding centuries.<ref name="century">Sastri (1955), p 355</ref>

==Early life==
The pre-coronation name of Amoghavarsha I was Sharva. He was born in Sribhavan in 800 to Rashtrakuta King [[Govinda III]] during the king's return from his successful northern campaigns in [[Kanauj]]. This is known from the Manne records (803), Sirur plates and Sanjan records (871) of Amoghavarsha I.<ref name="sharva">Kamath (2001), p 77</ref><ref name="sharva1">[[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] (1933), p 67</ref> Amoghavarsha I came to the throne in 814 at the age of 14 and took great interest in the Kannada language, culture, country and its people, and his writing ''Kavirajamarga'' goes into these details as well.<ref name="interest">Narasimhacharya (1988), p 17</ref> The work describes the entire region between the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] river in the north and [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] river in the south as "Kannada country", which includes large territories north and east of modern Karnataka where Kannada is now not spoken.<ref name="century"/> An English translation of a quote from the writing goes as follows,<ref name="quote">E.P Rice in Das (2005), p 141</ref>

{{cquote|In all of the earth 
No fairer land you'll find 
Than that were rich sweet Kannada 
Voices the people's mind 
'Twixt sacred river twain it lies- 
From famed Godavari 
To where the pilgrim rests his eyes 
Only holy Kaveri... 
The people of that land are skilled 
To speak in rhythmic tone, 
And quick to grasp a poet's thought, 
So kindred to their own 
Not students only, but the folk 
untutored in the school, 
By instinct use and understand 
The strict poetic rules.

~ Translateed from Kavirājamārga, 36-40
}}

===Early writers and literary styles===
''Kavirajamarga'' makes important references not only to earlier Kannada writers and poets but also to early literary styles that were in vogue in the various written dialects of Kannada language. The aim of this writing was to standardize these written styles. The book dwells on earlier styles of composition; the ''Bedande'', the ''Chattana'', and the ''Gadyakatha'', and indicates that these styles were recognised by ''puratana kavi'' (''lit'', "earlier poets"). The term ''pruvacharyar'' (''lit'', earlier grammarians or rhetoricians) has also been used.<ref name="style">Narasimhacharya (1988), p 12, p 17</ref><ref name="mug">Mugali R.S. (2006), pp 173-175</ref><ref name="puratana">Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1474–1475</ref> The book mentions several early Kannada writers who preceded Amoghavarsha I: Vimalachandra (777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu and 6th century King [[Durvinita]] of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] as the best writers of Kannada prose; [[Srivijaya]], Kavisvara, Chandra Pandita and Lokapala as the best writers of Kannada poetry.<ref name="poetics1"/> But the works and compositions of these early authors are yet to be discovered. ''Kavirajamarga'' was formative in the literary growth of Kannada and is a guide book to the Kannada [[grammar]] that existed in that period. It laid the "royal path" for guiding many aspiring writers.<ref name="style"/><ref name="mug"/>

In his criticism, Amoghavarsha I writes that old Kannada is appropriate in "ancient poems" but is insipid in works of the present time, like an "association with an old woman". According to him, a mixture of Kannada with Sanskrit is "harsh to the ear" but a mixture of Kannada and ''Sama-Samskrita'' is pleasant to the ear like "music", while a mixture of Kannada and Sanskrit in compounds is disagreeable "like mixing drops of buttermilk (curdled milk) and boiling milk". He also condemned the usage of expletives such as ''ante'', ''matte'', and ''gadam''.<ref name="style"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}

*{{cite book |last= Mugaḷi|first= Raṃ Śrī|title= The Heritage of Karnataka: in relation to India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KrICwjXaC3gC|orig-year=1946|year=2006|publisher= Read Books [Bangalore: Satyasodhama]|isbn=978-1-4067-0232-3}}
* {{cite book |last= Das|first= Sisir Kumar|title= History of Indian literature, 500-1399: from Courtly to the Popular|orig-year=2006|year=2005|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-260-2171-3}}
*{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath|title= History of the Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication Scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
* {{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Jyotsna|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/deckings.htm|title=The Rashtrakutas|access-date=2007-02-03|work=Dynasties of the Deccan}}
* {{cite web |last=Kamat|first=Jyotsna|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/literature_kannada.htm|title=Kannada Literature under the Rashtrakutas |access-date=2007-02-03|work=The Rashtrakutas}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:9th-century books]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Books about poetry]]
[[Category:Earliest known manuscripts by language]]
[[Category:History of linguistics]]

Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-23T00:04:08Z

XMC.PL-Master: general reworked citations to improve readability and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kawal Tiger Reserve
| alt_name = Jannaram forest
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India Telangana#India
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Mancherial district]], [[Telangana]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1188949|N|78.9989734|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_km2 = 2015.44
| established = 2012
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body =
| administrator =
| operator =
| owner =
| website =
| url =
}}
[[File:Kawal tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|The outer view of Reserve]]
'''Kawal Tiger Reserve,''' is a [[Nature reserve|nature preserve]] located in [[Jannaram]] mandal of [[Mancherial district|Mancherial District]] in the [[Telangana]] state of [[India]]. Previously, the area was part of [[Adilabad district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kawal-to-be-developed-as-eco-tourism-centre/articleshow/10599432.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805015402/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-04/hyderabad/30358928_1_eco-tourism-aptdc-tiger-reserve |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-08-05 |title=Kawal to be developed as eco-tourism centre |date=2011-11-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zoo-park-stripped-of-striped-beauty/191885-60-121.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709121218/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zoo-park-stripped-of-striped-beauty/191885-60-121.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-09 |title=Zoo park stripped of striped beauty - South India - Hyderabad - ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2012-03-17}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] declared Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary to be a [[tiger]] [[Project Tiger|reserve]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kawal-wildlife-sanctuary-declared-tiger-reserve/article3301822.ece |title=Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary declared tiger reserve |work=The Hindu |date=2012-04-11 |access-date=2015-02-06}}</ref> The reserve is the oldest sanctuary in the northern Telangana. It is known for its rich biodiversity, including a variety of [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. This sanctuary is catchment for the rivers [[Godavari]] and [[Kadam river|Kadam]], which flow towards the south of the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forests.telangana.gov.in/WildLife/Kawal.htm|title=Kawal Wildlife Tiger Reserve|website=forests.telangana.gov.in|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910105027/http://forests.telangana.gov.in/WildLife/Kawal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The KWS was established in 1965 and later declared as a Protected Area (PA) in 1999 under the WPA, 1972.

===Tiger reserve status===
It was listed as a [[tiger]] [[Tiger reserves of India|reserve]] in April 2012.<ref>{{cite news| last=Singh | first=S. Harpal | title=Kawal tiger reserve a green oasis | website=The Hindu | date=30 September 2012 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kawal-tiger-reserve-a-green-oasis/article55685117.ece | access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> Due to this status, it was developed as a tiger habitat with the release of 150 [[cheetal]]s as a prey population. To reduce [[poaching]], new checkposts have been created. Traditional sources of water were improved.

==Location==
Mancherial district is situated between 18.8756° N, 79.4591° E. It is surrounded by [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]] and [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komuram Bheem]] on the north, [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]] and [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] on the south and [[Nanded district]] on the west. It is located in the Mancherial district at a distance of {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} from its district headquarters. It extended from the [[Sahayadri Hills|Sahyadri hillranges]] to the [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve|Tadoba forest]] in [[Maharashtra]] (GoAP2012; Rajagopal 1976)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rathod |first1=Bikku and Rambabu M|title=Tiger Reserve in Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary: Issues and Concerns|journal=International Journal of Innovative Research and Practices|volume=1|issn=2321-2926}}(</ref>
It is spread over an area of {{convert|893|km2|abbr=on}}, nearly 220,800 acres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100650190200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013181843/http://hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100650190200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-13 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : 'Carry on Heaven' play to be staged tomorrow |date=2007-10-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-03-17}}</ref>

The reserve is accessible from Mancherial {{convert|50|km|mi}} and from [[Hyderabad]] {{convert|270|km|mi}} by road. The nearest [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|airport is in Hyderabad]].

== Wildlife ==

=== Flora ===
The sanctuary is one of the richest [[Teak tree|teak forests]] in the state, with dense pristine areas free of human disturbance. The River Godavari flows through this area. Dry [[deciduous]] teak forests mixed with [[bamboo]], [[terminalia (plant)|terminalia]], [[pterocarpus]], [[Anogeissus leiocarpa|anogeissus]] and [[Cassia (genus)|cassias]].

=== Fauna ===
[[Mammal]] species that have been sighted include [[Bengal Tiger|tiger]], [[leopard]], [[gaur]], [[Chital|cheetal]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[barking deer]], [[chowsingha]], and [[sloth bear]]. Several species of [[Bird|birds]] and [[reptiles]] are also found in the sanctuary.

About 48 tigers are currently staying at the sanctuary, according to unofficial government sources, a number which the government hopes will increase over time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jannaram Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary|url=https://www.telangana360.com/2016/11/jannaram-kawal-wildlife-sanctuary.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Telangana 360}}</ref>

==Threats==
It is increasingly getting threatened by growing human encroachment, rampant poaching, illegal wood felling and habitat loss.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
Tiger Reserve in Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary: Issues and Concerns by Bikku Rathod and M Rambabu published in
International Journal of Innovative Research and Practices Vol.1, Issue 1, January 2013ISSN 2321-2926

==External links==
* [http://forests.telangana.gov.in/WildLife/Kawal.htm Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910105027/http://forests.telangana.gov.in/WildLife/Kawal.htm |date=10 September 2019 }}

{{Protected areas in Telangana}}

[[Category:Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of Telangana]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Adilabad-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}
[[Category:Mancherial district]]

Abdul Momen Khan

2026-02-18T22:57:53Z

XMC.PL-Master:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{about|the Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician|the governor of East Pakistan|Abdul Monem Khan}}
{{one source|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
|name=Abdul Momen Khan
|native_name=আবদুল মোমেন খান
|native_name_lang=bn
|office=[[Ministry of Food (Bangladesh)|Minister of Food]]
|term_start=14 July 1977
|term_end=11 February 1982
|predecessor=[[Abdul Gafoor Mahmud]]
|successor=[[Abdul Haleem Chowdhury]]
|office2=[[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
|term_start2=18 February 1979
|term_end2=24 March 1982
|predecessor2=[[Sadat Ali Sikder]]
|successor2=''Position Abolished''
|constituency2=Dhaka-27
|party=[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
|nationality=Bangladeshi
|children=[[Abdul Moyeen Khan]]
|birth_date=1 October 1919
|alma_mater=[[University of Dhaka]]
|birth_place=[[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date={{death date and age|1984|12|12|1919|10|1|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
}}

'''Abdul Momen Khan''' (1 October 1919 – 12 December 1984) was a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|chapter=Khan, Abdul Momen|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Abdul_Momen |editor2-first=Md.|editor2-last=Akbar}}</ref>

==Education and career==
While a student, Khan was elected the first Speaker of the Students Union of the newly founded Fazlul Huq Hall of the University of Dhaka. He completed his Bachelor's with Honours and then Master's in Economics from the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1941 and joined as a faculty member at the Calcutta Government Commercial College in 1942.<ref name=bpedia/> In 1954, he joined the [[Pakistan Civil Service]].<ref name=bpedia/> He rose to highest position of Civil Service in Bangladesh as the Cabinet Secretary before joining politics in 1977 being assigned the portfolio of Food in the Cabinet formed by President Ziaur Rahmam.

Momen Khan was a founder member of the newly formed National Democratic Party (JAGODAL) and member of its first central convening committee and later also a founding member of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and its Vice President. He served as the [[Ministry of Food (Bangladesh)|Minister of Food]] during 1977–1982.<ref name=bpedia/>

Khan was elected as a member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] in 1979 with the nomination from BNP.<ref name=bpedia/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abdul Momen}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Narsingdi District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of food of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Cabinet (Bangladesh)]]

{{Dhaka-politician-stub}}
{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Comedienne Joana

2026-02-04T18:29:49Z

XMC.PL-Master: done

{{Short description|Comedian and actress (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Comedienne Joana
| image = Comedienne Joana at Tiatr Day (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pereira at the [[Kala Academy]], 2018
| birth_name = Joaquina Joana Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Benaulim]], Goa, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|3|10|df=y}}
| other_names = {{hlist|Comedian Joana|Joana Pereira}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actress|singer|playwright|director}}
| father = [[Francis Tembo]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Manuel Pereira|1990}}
| years_active = {{circa|1976}}–present
| children = 2
}}

'''Joaquina Joana Pereira''' ([[née]] '''Fernandes'''; born 10 March 1966), known professionally as '''Comedienne Joana''', is a comedian, actress, singer, playwright, and director based in [[London, UK]]. She is known for her work in [[Konkani cinema]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Joaquina Joana Pereira was born on 10 March 1966 in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], India, to [[Francis Tembo|Francisco Boavida Fernandes]] and Severina Piedade Fernandes. She was born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family, with a [[homemaker]] mother. Joaquina grew up with five siblings: Mariano "Peter" (born 1961), Maria (born 1963), Margarita "Maggie" (born 1969), Lonita, and Convy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=194, 203}}</ref> Pereira's family background included involvement in traditional theatrical practices in her community. Her father, Francisco balanced his occupation as a carpenter with a side involvement in local ''khell'' theater as an actor (''khellgoddo''), as well as [[street play|street theater]] productions known as ''zomnivoile khells''. During the preparation for these theatrical productions, [[rehearsal]]s and practices frequently occurred within the family residence, allowing Pereira and her siblings to absorb the songs and dramatic elements by listening in.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=168–169}}</ref>

Francisco often brought his children to witness the ''khell'' performances, where he later initiated Pereira, then 5 years old,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2013 |title=Comedian Joana Tiatr pollennarank hansoun dadhoxi korta |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/8_june_avaz_ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406063533/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/8_june_avaz_ |url-status=live }}</ref> into the art of acting, allowing her to take on roles as a [[child artist]]. Pereira and her siblings were known in their school community for their singing abilities, and they would take part in ''[[tiatr]]s'', or local theatrical productions, as singers, being referred to as "Tembo's children". Pereira's involvement in the arts extended to the religious life of her community as well. During the [[Lenten]] season, she would sing the hymn "Veronica" at her local church as part of the [[Passiontide|"passion" observances]].<ref name=":2" />

Pereira began her career in the traditional [[Goan]] theater form known as ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'' at a young age. At the age of 10, Lampião Agustin invited her to perform a [[solo (music)|solo]] singing role on stage in a ''khell tiatr'' production. When she performed, the song she sang had originated from a ''khell'' show that her father had previously produced. Pereira later became involved with two ''khell tiatr'' companies led by [[Patrick Dourado]]. She was initially part of Dourado's B group, performing in their production ''Tin Vantte'' (Three Divisions), while Dourado's A group was enacting the play ''Deu Borem Korum'' (May God do good). During this time, Pereira embarked on her maiden journey to the city of [[Bombay]], now known as Mumbai, to engage in the ''Tin Vantte'' performances, choosing to travel via a [[steamboat]] for the expedition.<ref name=":2" />

At one point, in Dourado's [[theatre troupe|theatrical ensemble]], the principal actress Lalita had to withdraw from the performance. Consequently, he made the decision to promote Pereira from the B group to the A group, entrusting her with the role vacated by Lalita in ''Deu Borem Korum''. Pereira continued with the A group for the second round of ''Deu Borem Korum'' shows in Bombay. Prior to her work with Dourado, Pereira had also participated in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions at the village level. After her time with Dourado's companies, Pereira collaborated with a number of other popular Goan [[theatre practitioner]]s, including [[Rosario Rodrigues]], Milagres de Chandor, Pascoal Rodrigues, [[Premanand Lotlikar]], [[Prince Jacob]], [[Mario Menezes]], Mariano Fernandes, and Tony Dias, among others.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
In July 2015, Pereira was cast in the ''[[tiatr]] Modhli Vatt'' (Middle Way), which was directed by Sandeep Kalangutkar. She portrayed a comedic character in the production, performing alongside a [[Comedy troupe|quartet]] of other actors including [[John D' Silva]], Brian, and Aston. Pereira also sang a [[solo (music)|solo]] [[Number (music)|number]] during the ''tiatr'' which was met with an [[encore]] from the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When a mediator brings back hope |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/When-a-mediator-brings-back-hope/91488 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Several months later, in August 2015, she was again cast in a ''tiatr'', this time in ''Bailek Dukh, Kumarik Sukh'' (Wife's Pain, Mistress's Happiness) directed by Conception de Tuem. Similar to her previous role, she took on a comedic part, performing alongside fellow comedic actors Jane, Humbert, and [[Luis Bachan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ugly face of infidelity |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-ugly-face-of-infidelity-/92427 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

Pereira was involved in several artistic projects in 2015. In May of that year, she was cast in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'' (theatrical production) ''Amkam Kiteak Poddlam'' (Why Should We Bother?), directed by [[Mario Menezes]]. She portrayed one-half of a [[comedy duo]] in the production, performing alongside [[Comedian Sally]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice is served |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Justice-is-served/88343 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Later in 2015, in August, Pereira unveiled her sixth Konkani [[VCD]] (video compact disc) film titled ''Tukai Nam Makai Nam'' (Not You, Nor Me). The film was brought to life through the production efforts of J M Movies [[production company]], and she was cast in the lead role of Bula, a character with a [[speech impediment]]. As part of the film, she also performed a [[duet]] alongside fellow Konkani artist Tony de Ribandar, focusing on [[Social issue|themes relevant to society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Storytelling through music |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Storytelling-through-music/91785 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

In August 2015, Pereira was cast in the ''[[tiatr]]'' production ''Osleo Suno'' (Such Daughter-in-Laws), which was directed by Tony de Ribandar. She portrayed a comic character named Avchit, appearing in a [[Comedy troupe|quartet]] alongside fellow performers Comedian Sally, [[Luis Bachan]], and Dorothy. Her performance was well-received, with her being given an [[encore]] for a [[solo (music)|solo song]] she sang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unity is Strength |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Unity-is-Strength-/92426 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Prior to this 2015 role, Pereira had acted in ''tiatrs'' produced by her husband Manuel in the late 1980s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A magician with the pen as his wand |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-magician-with-the-pen-as-his-wand/92429 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> taking on substantial parts. Following that period, she has maintained a presence in ''tiatrs'' overseen by diverse popular figures within the Konkani theatrical landscape. Pereira is noted for frequently taking on comedic roles in her ''tiatr'' work.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Agxekar |first=P |date=2014-07-19 |title=Novo Dis Udetanam - Digdorspi Uloita: Comedian Joana |url=https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/29 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]] |language=gom}}</ref>

In July 2014,<ref name=":1" /> Pereira directed a ''tiatr'' titled ''Novo Dis Udetanam'' (When the New Day Dawned), which was written by her husband, Manuel. The production had a total of 17 performances. Manuel has acknowledged that his ''tiatrs'' have struggled to gain widespread popularity, citing luck as a contributing factor. Since marrying Manuel, during her professional endeavors, Pereira has included in her [[repertoire]] all the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs crafted by her husband. Additionally, she has assumed the role of director for the ''tiatrs'' written by Manuel.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Her husband, Manuel, is a fellow [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright, [[ghostwriter]], and lyricist who hailed from the neighborhood of Vaddem in Vasco da Gama.<ref name=":0" /> Pereira's siblings also chose to follow professional paths in the fields of ''[[tiatr]]'' and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'', traditional forms of drama and entertainment popular in [[Goa]].<ref name=":3" /> As of 2018, she resides in Vaddem, Vasco da Gama.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joana, Comedienne}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Yash Chopra (book)

2026-01-25T13:17:52Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created the info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Biography by Rachel Dwyer}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Yash Chopra
| image = Yash Chopra (book) cover.jpg
| caption = Cover of the UK edition
| author = [[Rachel Dwyer]]
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* India
}}
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Yash Chopra]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = {{Plainlist|
* [[British Film Institute]]
* [[Roli Books]]
}}
| published = 29 April 2002
| media_type = Print
| pages = 256<ref name="book" />
| isbn = 978-0-85170-874-4
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}
'''''Yash Chopra''''' (known as '''''Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema''''' in India) is a biography written by the British professor and author [[Rachel Dwyer]], chronicling the life and career of the Indian filmmaker [[Yash Chopra]]. The book details Chopra's birth in 1932 in [[Lahore]], his career both as a director and producer, and his 1970 marriage to the then-[[playback singer]] [[Pamela Chopra|Pamela]], with whom he had two sons [[Aditya Chopra|Aditya]] and [[Uday Chopra|Uday]]. The [[British Film Institute]] published ''Yash Chopra'' on 29 April 2002 in the United Kingdom and [[Roli Books]] did so on 30 July in India.

While writing ''All You Want is Money, All You Need is Love: Sexuality and Romance in Modern India'' (2000), Dwyer saw Chopra on a televised interview in 1993, which aired following the release of ''[[Darr (1993 film)|Darr]]''. She watched the film and was impressed by it. She subsequently conceived a biography about the filmmaker and with some difficulty held meetings to interview him. Upon its release, the book received mixed reviews, with Dwyer's writing garnering the most appreciation, but her [[literal translation]] of Chopra's interviews from Hindi and Urdu to English generated critical negative responses.

== Summary ==
''Yash Chopra'' includes seven chapters: "Yash Chopra: Cinema and Biography", "From Assistant to Director", "The Founding of Yash Raj Films", "The Amitabh Bachchan Films", "The Lean Years", "Romantic Films", and "Production".

The book begins with [[Yash Chopra]]'s birth on 27 September 1932 in [[Lahore]] to the [[Central Public Works Department]] officer Lal Vilayati Raj Chopra and Draupadi (died 1979). He has six siblings, including one sister, Vimla (born 1920), and five brothers: Hansraj (1902–64), [[B. R. Chopra|Baldev Raj]] (1914–2008), Kuldeep Raj (born 1916), Dharam Raj (born 1924), and Rajkumar (born 1928). After graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1950 in [[Jalandhar]], Chopra joined his brother, Baldev Raj, a filmmaker in [[Bombay]]. Baldev Raj subsequently offered him the opportunity to direct ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'', which marked his directorial debut. The film was released in May 1959 and emerged as a commercial success. The financially successful romance, ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' (1965), won him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]].

In 1970, Chopra married the playback singer [[Pamela Chopra|Pamela]], with whom he had two children, [[Aditya Chopra|Aditya]] (born 1971) and [[Uday Chopra|Uday]] (born 1973). ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag]]'' (1973) marked Chopra's first project as a producer. In 1981, the romantic drama ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' opened in theatres and is considered one of his most controversial films. Starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], and [[Rekha]], the book states that the film was surrounded by speculation of a "[[Love triangle|love-triangle]]" affair between the three, leading to its shooting being done secretly. The film did not do well at the box office, disappointing Chopra. The 1980s marked the beginning of the most unsuccessful period of Chopra's career. His next films—such as ''[[Sawaal (film)|Sawaal]]'' (1982), ''[[Mashaal]]'' (1984), ''[[Faasle]]'' (1985), and ''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]'' (1988)—failed to attract large enough audiences to be successful.

The book examines three films Chopra produced and directed that were well-received by audiences and critics, including ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989), ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991), and ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997). The romantic films ''Chandni'' and ''Lamhe'', both of which feature [[Sridevi]] in the lead role, received nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]], which ''Lamhe'' won. The musical ''Dil To Pagal Hai'' was the most successful of the three and was acknowledged as the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] at the [[45th National Film Awards]]. In 1995, he produced Aditya's directorial debut ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', the longest-running film in Indian cinema history. The book ends with information about the production of ''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'' (2002) and the success of the self-established entertainment company [[Yash Raj Films]].

== Development and writing ==
[[File:Yash Chopra 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Photograph of Yash Chopra standing and looking to his left| ''Yash Chopra'' is about the life and career of the Indian filmmaker of the [[Yash Chopra|same name]]]]
The British professor and author [[Rachel Dwyer]] was teaching at the [[SOAS University of London]] and researching for her book ''All You Want is Money, All You Need is Love: Sexuality and Romance in Modern India'' (2000) when she saw Chopra for the first time in 1993 on an unmentioned televised interview. It aired shortly after the release of his romantic thriller, ''[[Darr (1993 film)|Darr]]''. In it, he talks about 1990s films and [[Antihero|anti-hero]] characters.<ref name="book" />:x<ref name="Writing Yash Chopra" /> Dwyer admitted after watching ''Darr'' that she was impressed by it, and praised its soundtrack and the performances of the cast, especially that by [[Shah Rukh Khan]].<ref name="book" />:x–xi Having described herself as an admirer of his, she found the filmmaker to be "polite, correct, quiet, thoughtful yet totally unromantic".<ref name="fan" /><ref name="opinion" /> She described her book, which was later titled after the subject, as a research-based academic study of him.<ref name="book" />:x

In March 1996, Dwyer wrote to Chopra asking to meet him; he did not respond. Later that year, when she was in [[Mumbai]], she finally met him. He would only see her for an hour. She recalled that Chopra, who is also a businessman running his company Yash Raj Films, received many calls which interrupted their conversation. Dwyer confessed she felt disappointed and consequently decided to abandon the project in February 1997. However, while she was accompanying him during the shooting of one of his films, she realized Chopra was "an altogether different person, a high-spirited, [and a] hard-working creative filmmaker" despite her experiences with him. For the next months, she rendezvoused with him in India and the United Kingdom and communicated through [[fax]]es and by telephone. She became his friend.<ref name="book" />:xii<ref name="Writing Yash Chopra" />

The book's primary source is Chopra's interviews with her in English, [[Hindi]], and [[Urdu]] between 1997 and 2001. According to Dwyer, Chopra spoke in Hindi or Urdu when he was tired of speaking English. She later translated his words into English and there is a likelihood of confusion. She was fascinated with his use of English, commenting that it was "a mixture of old-fashioned [[State school|government school]] English", modern English, and American slang. The interviews took place at his office, his house, shooting locations and his car. Dwyer said that his [[Idiosyncrasy|idiosyncratic expression]] entertained her. Apart from that, Dwyer faced an "unusual" difficulty writing the book; for instance, Chopra talked in what she described as an elusive way. She also collected information from trade and gossip magazines, his colleagues, and several journalists, including [[Jerry Pinto]] and [[Khalid Mohamed]].<ref name="book" />:xii–xiii<ref name="Writing Yash Chopra" />

== Release and reception ==
[[File:Prof Rachel Dwyer at SOAS 01.png|thumb|upright=1|alt=Photographic headshot of Rachel Dwyer looking to her right| [[Rachel Dwyer]] was applauded for her writing style in the book, although she was condemned by several critics for her [[Literal translation|word-for-word translation]]]]
''Yash Chopra'' was published by the [[British Film Institute]] in an event held in [[London]] on 29 April 2001; Amitabh Bachchan and the filmmaker [[Karan Johar]] were in the attendance.<ref name="UK edition01" /><ref name="UK edition02" /> Introduced as the first book on Chopra, it has a February 2002-dated foreword written by the playback singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]], a frequent Chopra collaborator. The book is part of the British Film Institute's "World Directors Series".<ref name="book" />:xii<ref name="UK edition01" /> The Indian edition, titled ''Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema'', was released by [[Roli Books]] on 30 July 2001 at an event held by the politician [[Sushma Swaraj]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Indian edition" /> In an interview with the [[Press Trust of India]], Swaraj saw it "unique" as the author is a British scholar who chose to research a well-known Indian filmmaker.<ref name="The Times of India's interview" /> An [[Amazon Kindle]] version was released on 25 July 2019.<ref name="book" />

The book received mixed response from critics. Reviewers noted Dwyer's writing and appreciated her effort to chronicle Chopra's life. However, Dwyer was panned for her way of [[Literal translation|roughly translating]] Chopra's interviews from Hindi and Urdu to English. [[Ziya Us Salam]] called it "a feel-good book" and said: "There is little which has historical value or even to put together memoirs but it won't leave the Chopra fans disappointed."<ref name="Salam, Ziya Us" /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' found Dwyer's writing "affectionate" and "unironic" instead of "dryly academic", and observed that the book helps to "[chart his] journey".<ref name="The Hindu's review" /> [[Khalid Mohamed]] hailed Dwyer, saying she "deserves a burgundy toast at the very least for having zeroed in" on Chopra; he referred to the book as a "racy read", but added it was "ultimately shallow and unenlightening to the informed reader".<ref name="India Today's review" />

Writing for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', Madhu Jain felt Dwyer detailed Chopra's life and career "in a [[Political sociology|socio-political]] context to talk about what was happening in Indian cinema"; Jain complained about the grammatical mistakes in the book.<ref name="Outlook's review" /> ''Rashtriya Sahara''{{'s}} Suvam Pal referred to the book as "effervescent", "ebullient", and "psychedelic".<ref name="Rashtriya Sahara's review" />:103 Garima Pant of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' wrote a scathing review: "The writer's method to throw light on the personality just through his work, and that too with only the story, crudely translated dialogues, and very few words from the man himself somehow dampens the reader's spirit."<ref name="The Tribune's review" /> The critic from ''[[Cinemaya]]'' claimed that the writer "assiduously" examined her subject.<ref name="Cinemaya's review" />:100 In 2017, in ''The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An 'Outsider' Within'', the film scholar [[Shoma Chatterji]] criticized ''Yash Chopra'' for "objectively [labelling itself] as an honest auteur critique" and believes it lacks research relating to his film's critique.<ref name="The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An 'Outsider' Within" />:25

== Publication history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Region
! scope="col"|Release date
! scope="col"|Format
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |United Kingdom
| rowspan="2" |29 April 2002
|Hardcover<ref name="release01" />
|-
|Paperback<ref name="release01" />
|-
|1 May 2002
|Hardcover<ref name="1 May 2002" />
|-
|26 June 2002
|Hardcover<ref name="26 June 2002" />
|-
|1 July 2002
|Paperback<ref name="1 July 2002" />
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |India
| rowspan="2" |29 July 2002
|Hardcover<ref name="Indian edition" />
|-
|Paperback<ref name="Indian edition" />
|-
!scope="row" |United Kingdom
|25 July 2019
|[[Amazon Kindle]]<ref name="book" />
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="book">{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Yash Chopra |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |location=London, United Kingdom |id={{ASIN|B08HV5TX66|country=uk}} |author-link=Rachel Dwyer}}</ref>

<ref name="Writing Yash Chopra">{{Cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |date=6 October 2002 |title=Writing Yash Chopra |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/writing-yash-chopra/article28498184.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004145/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/writing-yash-chopra/article28498184.ece |archive-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="fan">{{Cite news |date=1 August 2002 |title=He's a jolly good fellow! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Hes-a-jolly-good-fellow/articleshow/17796450.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502064453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Hes-a-jolly-good-fellow/articleshow/17796450.cms |archive-date=2 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="opinion">{{Cite news |date=14 November 2003 |title=Print and the personalities |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/print-and-the-personalities/article28574737.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204023302/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/print-and-the-personalities/article28574737.ece |archive-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="UK edition01">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2002 |title=A Book On Yash Chopra Released |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/19/Yash-Chopra-World-Directors-Series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126005739/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/19/Yash-Chopra-World-Directors-Series |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=1 May 2021 |website=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref>

<ref name="UK edition02">{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Poonam |date=13 May 2002 |title=To Yash, with love |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20020513-biography-of-hindi-filmmaker-yash-chopra-launched-in-london-795242-2002-05-13 |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501131358/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20020513-biography-of-hindi-filmmaker-yash-chopra-launched-in-london-795242-2002-05-13 |archive-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India's interview">{{Cite news |date=31 July 2002 |title=Bollywood warned against links with underworld |work=The Times of India |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bollywood-warned-against-links-with-underworld/articleshow/17665777.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501125404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bollywood-warned-against-links-with-underworld/articleshow/17665777.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Salam, Ziya Us">{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=15 August 2002 |title=Yash Chopra: Films forever |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/yash-chopra-films-forever/article28378621.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501125441/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/yash-chopra-films-forever/article28378621.ece |archive-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="The Hindu's review">{{Cite news |date=6 October 2002 |title=Memories of romance |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/memories-of-romance/article28498183.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428022722/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/memories-of-romance/article28498183.ece |archive-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="India Today's review">{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |date=12 August 2002 |title=Gloss guru |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20020812-book-review-of-yash-chopra-fifty-years-in-indian-cinema-794603-2002-08-12 |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502064717/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20020812-book-review-of-yash-chopra-fifty-years-in-indian-cinema-794603-2002-08-12 |archive-date=2 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Outlook's review">{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Madhu |date=12 August 2002 |title=The Name Is Chopra |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020812&fname=Booksc&sid=1 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018060225/http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20020812&fname=Booksc&sid=1 |archive-date=18 October 2002}}</ref>

<ref name="Rashtriya Sahara's review">{{Cite news |last=Pal |first=Suvam |date=November 2002 |title=Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema |volume=10 |work=Rashtriya Sahara |issue=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiluAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501125405/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Rashtriya_Sahara/RiluAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="The Tribune's review">{{Cite news |last=Pant |first=Garima |date=2 August 2002 |title=Five decades of Yash Chopra |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020802/ncr2.htm |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215110/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020802/ncr2.htm |archive-date=19 October 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Cinemaya's review">{{Cite magazine |last=Vasudev |first=A. |date=2002 |title=Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpAHAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Cinemaya]] |volume=14 |issue=56–62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502064835/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Cinemaya/WpAHAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An 'Outsider' Within">{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma |title=The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An 'Outsider' Within |date=4 July 2017 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-93-86062-86-4 |location=Noida, India |author-link=Shoma Chatterji}}</ref>

<ref name="release01">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2002 |title=A Book On Yash Chopra Released |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/19/Yash-Chopra-World-Directors-Series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126005739/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/19/Yash-Chopra-World-Directors-Series |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=Yash Raj Films}}</ref>

<ref name="1 May 2002">{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Yash Chopra |date=1 May 2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-874-4 |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref>

<ref name="26 June 2002">{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Yash Chopra |date=26 June 2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |location=London, United Kingdom |id={{ASIN|B00L6K3XU2|country=uk}}}}</ref>

<ref name="1 July 2002">{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Yash Chopra |date=1 July 2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-875-1 |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref>

<ref name="Indian edition">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2002 |title=The Indian Edition Of The Book On Yash Chopra Released |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/19/Yash-Chopra-Fifty-years-in-India-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205024925/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/19/Yash-Chopra-Fifty-years-in-India-cinema |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=Yash Raj Films}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=lzr8DwAAQBAJ ''Yash Chopra''] on [[Google Books]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2002 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:British Film Institute]]
[[Category:Roli Books books]]

Debashish Roy (footballer)

2026-01-24T15:56:28Z

XMC.PL-Master: new

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
|embed =
|name = Debashish Roy
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|fullname = Debashish Roy
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|12|02|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Karimganj]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|height =
|position = [[Forward (association football)|Centre-forward]]
|youthyears1 =
|youthclubs1 =
|years1 = {{0|000}}?
|clubs1 = [[Gauhati Town Club]]
|caps1 = ?
|goals1 = ?
|years2 = {{0|000}}?
|clubs2 = Navajyoti Club
|caps2 = ?
|goals2 = ?
|years3 = 1979
|clubs3 = [[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|caps3 = ?
|goals3 = ?
|years4 = {{0|000}}?
|clubs4 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|caps4 = ?
|goals4 = ?
|years5 = 1983-85
|clubs5 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|caps5 = ?
|goals5 = 65
|years6 = {{0|000}}?
|clubs6 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|caps6 = ?
|goals6 = ?
|totalcaps =
|totalgoals =
|nationalyears1 = {{0|000}}?
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 =
|nationalgoals1 =
|medaltemplates =
}}
'''Debashish Roy''' (born 12 April 1955) is a former [[India]]n [[Association football|footballer]]. This dynamic centre forward was the only footballer from Assam who played in all three giants of Kolkata [[Mohun Bagan AC]], [[East Bengal Club]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-has-real-talent-in-football-but-players-need-grooming/cid/282522|title='Assam has real talent in football but players need grooming'|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

==Playing career==

===Early career===
Born in [[Karimganj]], [[Assam]] Roy started his football career by representing inter-college football tournaments for [[Karimganj College]]. Then he went onto captain the [[Gauhati University]] team in the All India University football championship and they defeated Calcutta University by 5-0 in the finals. He represented [[Assam football team]] twice and five times for [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] in [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref name="Assam players who represented Indian National Football team" />

===Club career===
Roy played for two top clubs of Assam - [[Gauhati Town Club]] and Navajyoti Club. In 1979, he went to Kolkata to play professional league there. Initially he played for the [[Aryan FC]] before moving to bigger clubs like [[Mohun Bagan AC]], [[East Bengal Club]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]. He was the top goal scorer in [[Calcutta Football League]] for East Bengal and Mohun Bagan in 1984 and 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamisproudof.com/details/82.pdf|title=Leading Assam Football footballers|website=www assamisproudof.com|access-date=9 November 2022}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Roy got an opportunity to play for a Hong Kong based club but unfortunately due to an injury he turned down the offer.<ref name="Assam players who represented Indian National Football team">{{cite web|url=https://www.assamolympic.org/members/Olympic_for_Indian_National.pdf|title=List of players from Assam who represented Indian National Football team|website=www assamolympic.org|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

===International career===
Roy represented the senior [[India national football team]] for many occasions. He was also the vice captain of the junior India team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://krirangan.com/sports_person.html|title=Debashish Roy|website=krirangan.com|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

==Honours==
'''Bengal'''
* [[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1986–87 Santosh Trophy|1986–87]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Debashish}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Footballers from Assam]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Gauhati Town Club players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:People from Karimganj district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly

2026-01-13T00:40:21Z

XMC.PL-Master: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Official leader of principal opposition party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition
| body = the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| insignia = Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Government of Gujarat|Seal of Gujarat Government]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| incumbent = ''Vacant''
| incumbentsince = 10 December 2022
| style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]]
| termlength = 5 years ''Till the Assembly Continues''
| appointer = Speaker of the Assembly
| inaugural = Nagindas Gandhi
| website =
| member_of = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| seat =
}}

The '''leader of the opposition''' in [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] ({{langx|gu|ગુજરાત વિધાનસભા}}) is the official leader of the principal opposition party in the assembly. The leader of opposition is given rank of cabinet minister and is entitled to draw monthly salary and other perks of the same rank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lpd.gujarat.gov.in/acts/legislative-assembly-leader-of-the-opposition-salary-and-allowances-act-gujarat |title= Leader of Opposition in Gujarat Vidhan Sabha|page=01|publisher= Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Department, Government of Gujarat|format=hml| accessdate= 5 July 2020}}</ref>

The post has been vacant since 8 December 2022 since no opposition party has held 10% of the total seats of the house since then.

==Leaders of the opposition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" scope="col" |Tenure
!Assembly
{{small|([[Elections in Maharashtra|election]])}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
! colspan="10" |'''[[British Raj|Pre-Independence]] [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]''' (1937–47)
|-
|1
|[[File:G._V._Mavalankar.jpg|83x83px]]
|[[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]]
|
|21 July 1937
|20 January 1946
|
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|2
|
|[[Kundanmal Sobhachand Firodia]]
|
|21 May 1946
|14 August 1947
|-
! colspan="10" |'''[[Indian Independence Act 1947|Post-Independence]] [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]''' (1947–60)
|-
|(2)
|
|Kundanmal Sobhachand Firodia
|
|15 August 1947
|31 January 1952
|
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|3
|
|[[Dattatray Kashinath Kunte]]
|
|5 May 1952
|31 October 1956
|
|-
|4
|
|[[S. L. Silam]]
|
|21 November 1956
|30 April 1960
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! No
!Portrait!! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Assembly |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/GUJARAT.htm#Leader%20of%20The%20Opposition |access-date= |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Nagindas Gandhi]]
| 29 August 1960
| 1 March 1962
| {{ayd|1960|8|29|1962|3|1}}
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}"|
|-
| 2
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhailalbhai Patel]]
| 23 March 1962
| 28 February 1967
| {{ayd|1962|3|23|1967|2|28}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Swatantra Party]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|-
| 3
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| 16 March 1967
| 20 April 1968
| {{ayd|1967|3|16|1968|4|20}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|-
| 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Jaideepsinghji]]
| 24 April 1968
| 14 November 1970
| {{ayd|1968|4|24|1970|11|14}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|-
| 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Kantilal Ghiya]]
| 16 November 1970
| 27 April 1971
| {{ayd|1970|11|16|1971|4|27}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Chimanbhai Patel]]
| 28 April 1971
| 12 May 1971
| {{ayd|1971|4|28|1971|5|12}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 7
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Maneklal Gandhi]]
| 1 September 1972
| 9 February 1974
| {{ayd|1972|9|1|1974|2|9}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 8
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| 27 June 1975
| 24 December 1976
| {{ayd|1975|6|27|1976|12|24}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 9
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Babubhai J Patel]]
| 24 December 1976
| 8 April 1977
| {{ayd|1976|12|24|1977|4|8}}
| [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Indian National Congress (O)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}"|
|-
| 10
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| 11 April 1977
| 17 February 1980
| {{ayd|1977|4|11|1980|2|17}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 11
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Dalsukhbhai Godhani]]
| 9 June 1980
| 8 March 1985
| {{ayd|1980|6|9|1985|3|8}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|-
| 12
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Chimanbhai Patel]]
| 16 March 1985
| 2 March 1990
| {{ayd|1985|3|16|1990|3|2}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|-
| 13
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Chhaganbhai Devabhai Patel]]
| 15 March 1990
| 28 October 1990
| {{ayd|1990|3|15|1990|10|28}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 14
|[[File:Keshubhai Patel.jpg|98x98px]]
| [[Keshubhai Patel]]
| 29 October 1990
| 11 March 1995
| {{ayd|1990|10|29|1995|3|11}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| 15
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
| 20 March 1995
| 19 September 1996
| {{ayd|1995|3|20|1996|9|19}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 16
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Suresh Mehta]]
| 19 February 1997
| 26 February 1997
| {{ayd|1997|2|19|1997|2|26}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| 17
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
| 19 March 1998
| 18 November 2001
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|2001|11|18}}
| rowspan="9" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 18
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Naresh Rawal]]
| 19 November 2001
| 19 July 2002
| {{ayd|2001|11|19|2002|7|19}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 19
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
| 21 December 2002
| 15 August 2004
| {{ayd|2002|12|21|2004|8|15}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 20
|[[File:Arjun Modhwadia (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
| [[Arjun Modhwadia]]
| 29 October 2004
| 24 December 2007
| {{ayd|2004|10|29|2007|12|24}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 21
|[[File:ShaktisinhGohil.jpeg|75x75px]]
| [[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
| 18 January 2008
| 20 December 2012
| {{ayd|2008|1|18|2012|12|20}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 22
|[[File:Shankersinh vaghela profile.jpg|87x87px]]
| [[Shankarsinh Vaghela]]
| 23 January 2013
| 21 July 2017
| {{ayd|2013|1|23|2017|7|21}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 23
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Mohansinh Chhotubhai Rathava|Mohan Rathwa]]
| 23 July 2017
| 18 December 2017
| {{ayd|2017|7|23|2017|12|18}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 24
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Paresh Dhanani]]
| 6 January 2018
| 3 March 2021
| {{ayd|2018|1|6|2021|3|3}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 25
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| [[Sukhram Rathva]]
| 3 December 2021
| 8 December 2022
| {{ayd|2021|12|3|2022|12|8}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 26
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| Vacant
| 9 December 2022
| Present
| {{age in years and days|2022|12|6}}
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|}

<nowiki> </nowiki><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/pastlops.htm|title= Leaders of Opposition of Gujarat |page=01|publisher=Gujarat Vidhan Sabha|format=hml| accessdate= 30 May 2020}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

Abhishek Ranjan

2026-01-05T13:31:51Z

XMC.PL-Master: Data

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abhishek Ranjan
| image =
| source =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Chanpatia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanpatia]]
| predecessor = [[Umakant Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| caption =
}}
'''Abhishek Ranjan''' is an Indian politician from [[Indian National Congress]] and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chanpatia Assembly constituency]] he won this seat with a slight margin of 602 votes he is also a big land lord.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-14 |title=Chanpatia Election Result 2025 Live: INC's Abhishek Ranjan with 87538 defeats BJP's Umakant Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chanpatia-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818951-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Chanpatia Election Result 2025: Congress’ Abhishek Ranjan takes a slight lead over BJP’s Umankat Singh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chanpatia-election-result-2025-congress-abhishek-ranjan-takes-a-slight-lead-over-bjpsnbsp-umankat-singh/4044380/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Chanpatia (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025 Live: Abhishek Ranjan of INC is leading |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chanpatia-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363200/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Chanpatia">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Chanpatia |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S047.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115175947/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S047.htm |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Chanpatia Constituency Election Results 2015 -2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Chanpatia Constituency Election Results 2015 -2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/chanpatia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115175940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/chanpatia |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Nandanar

2025-12-16T01:20:19Z

XMC.PL-Master: created some article needs work

{{Short description|Nayanar saint}}
{{for multi|the Malayalam author|Nandanar (author)|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image = Nandanar.jpg
| caption = Icon in the Tirupunkur temple
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = c. 7th-8th century CE
| birth_place = [[M Adhanur, Thanjavur|Adhanur]]
| philosophy = [[Shaivism]], [[Bhakti]]
| honors = [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint
}}

'''Nandanar''' (also spelt as '''Nantanar'''), also known as '''Thirunaallaippovaar''' ({{Translation|The one who will go tomorrow}}) and '''Tirunallaipovar Nayanar''',<ref group="note">Other names include: '''Nandan''' ('''Nanda''', '''Nantan'''), '''Tirunalaipovanar''', '''Nalaippovar''', '''Nalaippovan'''</ref> was a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint, who is venerated in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sect of [[Shaivism]]. He is generally counted as the eighteenth in the list of 63 Nayanars.<ref name="Dalal2011">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages = 68, 271, 281}}</ref> Like the other Nayanars, he was a devout devotee of the god [[Shiva]].

The tale of Nandanar is retold numerous times in folk tales, folk music, plays, films and literature in [[Tamil people|Tamil society]]. While Nandanar is included in Nayanar list since the 8th century CE, the 12th century CE ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' gives a full biographical account of his life. The tale focuses on two miracles attributed to him. In [[Sivalokanathar Temple, Tirupunkur]]; his prayers are said to have moved a giant stone bull, which still appears in the moved position in the temple. Nandanar is said to have ritually purified himself by fire at [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]]. Nandar's tale features in temple lore and religious literature related to both these temples. [[Gopalakrishna Bharati]]'s 19th-century retelling of the saint's life remains the basis of many later retellings. It expands the original narrative adding elements of oppression of the Dalit saint by higher [[Caste system in India|caste]]s. While the original account of the Periya Puranam focuses on the saint's observance of caste norms, Dalit retellings emphasize his exploitation and superior religiosity.

Apart from collective worship Nandanar enjoys being part of the Nayanars in Shiva temples of [[Tamil Nadu]], shrines depicted to Nandanar exist in both the sites of his miracles. The saint also became an icon of protest in Dalit rights movements.

==Accounts of life==
One of the most prominent Nayanars, [[Sundarar]] (8th century) is the first to name Nandanar (called Tirunalaipovar) in literature, however Tirunalaipovar ('The one who will go tomorrow') relates to the tale of Nandanar longing to visit [[Chidambaram]]; no details of his life are revealed. In the eleventh century, [[Nambiyandar Nambi]] devotes a stanza to Nandanar in his ''Tiruttondar Tiruvandhadhi'' while recalling the lives of the Nayanars. Tirunalaipovar is described as a [[Pulayar]] (Pulaiya, Pulai) who lived in [[Adhanur, Thanjavur|Adhanur]]. He is said to have visited [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]] of his patron god [[Shiva]] "by God's grace" and "three thousand [[Brahmin]]s (priests) of Chidambaram saluted him."<ref name="VISWANATHAN">{{cite journal | url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2008/stories/20030425000607500.htm | title=Dalit struggle and a legend | author=S. VISWANATHAN | journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | date=12–25 April 2003 | volume=20 | issue=8}}</ref>

The earliest full (and primary religious) account of Nandanar's life is found in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' by [[Sekkizhar]] (12th century), which is a [[hagiography]] of the 63 Nayanars, but it was the ''Nandanar Charitram'' by the Tamil poet [[Gopalakrishna Bharati]] (1810–1896) brought Nandanar's tale to public attention. The ''Nandanar Charitam'' (printed in 1861),<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/> the magnum opus of Bharati, added new elements to Sekkizhar's tale.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref name="Aktor">{{harvnb|Aktor|Deliège|2010|pp=73–75}}</ref> Though it is unknown when he lived exactly, generally he is dated to 7th or 8th century CE.<ref name="Dalal2011"/>

===The ''Periya Puranam''===
The ''Periya Puranam'' narrates that Nandanar belonged to [[Adhanur, Thanjavur|Adhanur]] (Adanoor) in the [[Chola]] kingdom. He was born in the Pulaiya [[Caste system in India|caste]], who were regarded "untouchables" (see [[Dalits]]). They were agricultural labourers and singers. Another description considers Nandanar from the Dalit caste of [[Paraiyar]], who served as labourers and were drummers as per the caste code.<ref>{{harvnb|Aktor|Deliège|2010|p=64}}</ref>

[[File:Chidambaram Nataraja temple fresco.jpg|thumb|left|Nandanar was longing to see the icon of [[Nataraja]] in [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]]. A fresco in the temple depicting Nataraja.]]

Nandanar was born in poverty, in Pulaippadi, the Pulai slums of Adhanur. He was a staunch devotee of the god Shiva, the patron god of Shaivism. He was a leather maker, who crafted [[Thappu|drums]] and other musical instruments. He also served as a village servant, a watchman, a labourer as well as the "town crier", who used to beat the drums. In Nandanar's times, Dalits were not allowed to enter Hindu temples. So, Nandanar would stand outside a Shiva temple and sing the praises of Shiva and dance. However, he harboured a strong urge to pay his respects to the icon of Shiva at [[Sivalokanathar Temple, Tirupunkur]]. He stood outside the temple, but a huge stone [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the bull [[vahana|mount]] of Shiva, whose sculpture is generally seen in Shiva temples, facing Shiva in the [[garbhagriha]] - ''[[sanctum sanctorum]]'') blocked his path of vision. The compassionate Shiva ordered Nandi to move a little to side and the bull complied, allowing the Nayanar to see the central icon of Shiva, unobstructed. Nandanar cleaned up the surroundings of the temple and dug a pond (which serves as the temple tank) in honour of Shiva. He [[pradakshina|circumambulated]] the shrine and returned to Adanur.<ref name="Aktor"/><ref name="swami">{{cite book | author = Swami Sivananda | author-link = Swami Sivananda | title = Sixty-three Nayanar Saints | edition = 4 | publisher = The Divine Life Society | year = 1999 | location = Sivanandanagar }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://shaivam.org/devotees/the-puranam-of-tiru-nalai-p-povar | title=The Puranam of Tiru Nalai-p-povar | access-date=22 December 2014 | author=T N Ramachandran}}</ref>

Nandanar visited many temples of Shiva and served the god. Once, he longed to visit the Thillai Nataraja Temple of Chidambaram, which enshrines Shiva as [[Nataraja]], the Lord of Dance. He used to say everyday that he will go the next day to Chidambaram, but never actually dared to step in the holy town, where he was prohibited entry. Thus, he came to be known as "Tiru-Nalai-povar", 'he who will go tomorrow'.<ref name="Aktor"/> Finally, Nandanar reached the boundary of Chidambaram, but feared to set foot in the town. He saw the smoke of [[yajna|fire sacrifices]] and heard the chants of the [[Vedic]] scriptures. Thinking about how he can see Nataraja's dancing icon, the Nayanar circumambulated the town numerous times and finally succumbed to fatigue and slept. Shiva appeared in his dream and told Nandanar to enter the temple through a holy fire. The god also informed the [[Brahmin]] priests of Chidambaram to prepare a pyre. Next day, the Brahmins approached Nandanar as per the divine order.<ref name="Aktor"/><ref name="swami"/>

Nandanar entered the holy fire chanting the name of Shiva and reappeared in a new purified form. He looked like a Brahmin sage, wearing [[matted hair]] (characteristic of a Shaiva) and [[yajnopavita|the sacred thread]] worn by Brahmins across his chest. His body was smeared with [[vibhuti|sacred ash]]. The gods showered flowers on the Nayanar from heaven and the Brahmins cheered. With the Brahmins, Nandanar went in the garbhagriha and saw Nataraja. The Nayanar disappeared in the image of Nataraja and became one with Shiva.<ref name="Aktor"/><ref name="swami"/>

The ''Periya Puranam'' version is interpreted as a Brahmanical narrative, where a particular Dalit is granted salvation by transforming into a Brahmin; the superiority of the Brahmins is reinforced and the legitimacy of the ban of Dalits is not challenged.<ref name="Doniger2010">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|date=30 September 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-959334-7|pages=359–60}}</ref>

===The ''Nandanar Charitam''===
[[File:Nandanar 1935 film.jpg|thumb|[[K. B. Sundarambal]] (left) as Nandanar and [[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer]] as Vediyar in the [[Nandanar (1935 film)|1935 film ''Nandanar'']].]]

Bharati was an ardent devotee of Shiva and wrote three operas in honour of various Nayanar saints. Though Bharati was himself an upper caste Brahmin, he was a crusader for the rights of the Dalits. While Sekkizhar exalts Nandanar's devotion to Shiva, Bharati presents the grim reality of ostracization that the Nayanar suffered.<ref name="Ghose1996"/> Bharati's Nandanar is "not a rebel, but only a protester".<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/> The ''Nandanar Charitam'' focuses on the atrocities that Nandanar and Dalits as a whole had to suffer at the hands of upper castes. The opera ''Nandanar Charitam'' was embedded with the social message that Shiva grants emancipation irrespective of caste.<ref name="Dalal2011"/><ref name="Aktor"/>

The play starts with the term "May I come", a warning to higher-caste people that Dalits had to cry out before entering any street, so as to not pollute the higher caste members.<ref name="Aktor"/> The Nayanar first clashes with his own Dalit brethren. They oppose his devotion for the Lord of Chidambaram, whom they call a Brahmin god. The Dalit elders — headed by Pariyakilavan — define his duties as a pariah and advise him to not confront caste rules. They tell him to worship the folk deities of the pariah, instead of Shiva, the god of Brahmanical Hinduism. The Dalits also feel that Nandanar needs to abide by the social norms and give up his taboo idea of entering a temple.<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/><ref name="Zvelebil1974">{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindianlit00zvel|url-access=limited|year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyindianlit00zvel/page/n235 227]–30}}</ref>

A villainous Brahmin landlord Vetiyar (Vediyar) appears in Bharati's tale. He torments his [[bonded labour]]er Nandanar and chastises him repeatedly for trying to go beyond caste norms. Vetiyar sees Nandanar's bhakti and desire to enter a temple "not only as undesirable and irreligious, but also as a serious threat to his social status." Vetiyar refuses to grant him permission to Chidambaram and even resorts to violence. After much persuasion, the Brahmin relents on the condition that the saint do an impossible task of cultivating and harvesting the field in one night. Aided by Shiva's attendant [[gana]]s, the saint completes the task. The Brahmin realizes the piety of the Nayanar, apologizes to him and lets him go.<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/><ref name="Zvelebil1974"/>

Bharati retained the final confrontation with the Brahmins of Chidambaram and his ritual purification by fire. Bharati concludes in a poem saying that "it is said in the epics that the Lord worshipped by Gopalakrishna granted salvation even to Untouchables!"<ref name="Zvelebil1974"/>

===Variants===
[[File:Nantanar.jpg|thumb|upright|Nandanar depicted as part of the Nayanars group.]]

In stories of higher caste Hindus (especially Brahmins), Nandanar is a Brahmin or God himself somehow trapped in the body of an untouchable and whose true form is revealed by the fire trial. Other tales focus on his strict adherence to caste norms, his obedience of his Brahmin master and his refusal to enter the holy temple as an untouchable.<ref name="Aktor"/>

The Dalits strongly believe in his piety and portray Brahmins as the root cause of all the misery of the Nayanar. Nandanar fits in the Dalit narrative that proves that their religiosity is on par or superior to the higher castes. They say that Nandanar was 'swallowed by God'. The sashes round Nataraja's waist are interpreted as the legs of the saint, who merged into the god.<ref name="Aktor"/>

The temple lore of Tirupunkur narrates that Shiva instructed his son [[Ganesha]] to aid Nandanar in digging the temple tank named ''Nandanar [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]'', after the saint.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/where-nandanar-moved-the-nandi/article5478475.ece | title=Where Nandanar moved the Nandi | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 December 2013 | access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> Another variant tells that Ganesha dug up the tank in the night so that Nandanar can bathe in its [[sacred waters]] before seeing Shiva in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web | url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=511 | title=Sri Shivaloka Nathar temple | publisher=[[Dinamalar]] | access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref>

In the early half of the 20th century, the novel ''Nandan'', by A. Gopalasami Iyengar and G. Aravamudha Iyengar, includes reformist Brahmin characters that argue Nandan's case against their peers. ''Nandan'' also echoes the reformist ideas of Hindu spiritual leaders like [[Ramanuja]] and [[Vivekananda]], and progressive upper-caste leaders.<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/>

The short story ''Puthiya Nandan'' by [[Pudhumaipithan]] (1906-1948) places the classical tale of the Nayanar in a contemporary setting. While retelling Nandan's ancient tale, it also alludes to the Dalit rights movements of [[Mahatma Gandhi#Untouchables|Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] (see [[Self-Respect Movement]]).<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/>

[[Indira Parthasarathy]]'s ''Nandan Kathai'' (1978) builds the tale of Nandanar (referred in the work as Nandan) further, introducing two non-Brahmin upper caste landholders, who are as ruthless as Bharati's Vediyar. Nandanar is portrayed as a lover of art, rather than God. He wants to see the cosmic dance of Nataraja. A [[Devadasi]] called Abhirami also appears; no significant female characters are found in earlier narratives. Indira is blunt in reprimanding the Dalits for not understanding Nandanar. ''Nandan Kathai'' is a quest for liberation of Dalits and women alike. Unlike earlier narratives, Indira's tale is devoid of miracles and is a story of how Nandanar falls prey to a conspiracy. The Vediyar-priest, the Vediyar-landlord and the two non-Brahmin upper caste landholders, hatch a plot to end Nandan. They make Nandanar believe that God harvested crop from the field, an allusion to the miracle of Vediyar's impossible task in Bharati's work. Then, they persuade him to organize a dance contest between [[Bharatnatyam]], the high-caste elites' dance and the folk dance of the Dalits. Finally, in the climax, Nandanar agrees to undergo a fire-trial, reassured by the earlier miracle, but he and Abhirami burn in the flames. The upper castes succeed in sending a warning to Dalits how trespassers of the caste code, longing for salvation, would be punished.<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/>

==Celebration in Hindu religion==
[[File:Nandanar1.JPG|thumb|upright|Nandanar depicted as part of the Nayanars group, with a kamandalu and danda (staff) in hand]]

Nandanar is specially worshipped in the [[Tamil month]] of [[Purattasi]], when the moon enters the [[Rohini (nakshatra)|Rohini]] [[nakshatra]] (lunar mansion). He is depicted with a shaved head, folded hands (see [[Anjali mudra]]) with a [[kamandalu]] and a ''danda'' (staff), like a seer. He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals.<ref name="Dalal2011"/>

A water tank in Chidambaram is considered sacred as it is believed to be the site of Nandanar's fire-purification. A "recently built" (as mentioned in the 1992 book) small shrine dedicated to the Nayanar, exists in south-west part of the town, whose name means 'Nandanar has become the temple'.<ref name="Aktor"/> A sculpture of Nandanar as a singer is found in the Chidambaram temple, besides another in [[Airavatesvara Temple]] of [[Darasuram]] (12th century) depicting him in the trial by fire.<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/>

Sundarar venerates Nandanar in the ''Tiruthonda Thogai'', a hymn to Nayanar saints, calling him "Nalaippovan", the "holy pilgrim" who will go tomorrow. An earlier hymn to Shiva praises the god who is served by Nalaippovan.<ref name=Peterson>{{cite book|title=Poems to Śiva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0784-6|pages= 330–2}}</ref> The devotional poet [[Tyagaraja]] (1767–1847) also narrates the tale of Nandanar in his poems.<ref name="Ghose1996">{{cite book|author=Rajeshwari Ghose|title=The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORwNmkDswqwC&pg=PA221|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1391-5|pages=214, 221}}</ref>

Devotional works dedicated to Nataraja of the Chidambaram temple narrate Nandanar's tale. [[Umapathi Sivacharya]]'s ''Kunchitangristava'' (early fourteenth century) mentions Nandan's legend. While another [[Sanskrit]] work ''Hemasabhanatha Mahatmya'' devotes its ninth chapter to the Nayanar. The ''[[Puranas#Sthala Puranas|Sthala Purana]]'' of the Nataraja temple called ''Chidambara Mahatmya'' praises the god as served by Nandan.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Book Review|year=2003|publisher=C. Chari for Perspective Publications|page=112}}</ref><ref name="Parmeshwaranand2004">{{cite book|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC|year=2004|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-427-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC/page/n160 154]–6}}</ref>

The Nandi in Sivalokanathar Temple, Tirupunkur is seen placed off centre as a testimony of Nandanar's devotion and the miracle. A stone image of the saint is worshipped in the temple.<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA212|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|page=212}}</ref> The [[Dvarapala]]s (gate-keeper sculptures) are depicted with his heads leaning downwards, said to be in honour of Nandanar.<ref name="dinamalar"/> In 1959, a shrine was created outside the Shiva temple, from where the stone image of Nandanar looks eternally at Shiva. Nandanar is depicted with his hands joined above his head, praying to Shiva. Scenes of Bharati's opera and the local legend of Nandanar and Ganesha digging the temple tank are seen on the shrine.<ref name="hindu"/>

==Remembrance in society==
[[File:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|thumb|upright|Mahatma Gandhi (pictured) regarded Nandanar as a true practitioner of [[Satyagraha]], a means of Nonviolent resistance.]]

Nandanar's influence was and remains limited primarily to the Tamil-speaking areas.<ref name="omvedt">{{cite book |title=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismindiacha00omve |url-access=limited |first=Gail |last=Omvedt |author-link=Gail Omvedt |pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismindiacha00omve/page/n202 188]–190 |publisher=SAGE |year=2003 |isbn=9780761996644}}</ref> The Christian missionary Rev. A. C. Clayton—who was "sympathetic" to the Dalit cause—used Nandanar's narrative (retold as ''The Legend of Nandan'') to suggest that [[bhakti]] (devotion)—which saw no distinction of class or caste—was the superior means to salvation than the ''[[jnana]]-marga'' (salvation by knowledge) propagated by the Brahmins and also challenged the authority of the Brahmin orthodoxy.<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2011|pp=22–24}}</ref>

Nandanar became "the hero of tales of caste protest".<ref name="Doniger2010"/> The "[[Adi Dravida]]" (Dalit) leaders of the Self-Respect Movement used Nandanar as an exemplar to prove that social superiority originates not from birth, but the qualities and deeds of people.<ref name="Sampath">{{cite book |author=P. Sampath |title=The Fire Against Untouchability |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-81908-47-1 |pages=119–120, 206}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2011|p=242}}</ref> In 2010, Cadres of the Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front (TNUEF) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) under the leadership of P. Samath, protested to bring down the wall on the South Gate of the Chimdabaram temple, which was—as per a tale—built as Nandanar entered from the gate. The walled gate was the symbol of the oppression of the Dalit caste and caste discrimination, as per the protesters who demanded its demolition. The state government — which currently governs the temple — contented that the veracity of Nandanar's tale and its connection to the walled Gate, cannot be ascertained. Thus, it  — contented that the veracity of Nandanar's tale and its connection to the walled Gate, cannot be ascertained and thus, refused the protesters' demands.<ref name="Sampath"/> P.Sampath, president of the Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front (TNUEF) and an office-bearer politician from the Tamil Nadu unit of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (known as CPI (M)), calls the Chidambaram fire-trail as Brahmin propaganda to conceal the truth that Nandanar was burnt at the stake.<ref name="Sampath" /> Basu suggests that Nandanar "continues to inspire them (Dalits) as a symbol of resistance and a hope of a better future".<ref>{{harvnb|Basu|2011|p=386}}</ref> However, as per Aktor, young Dalits identify with recent Dalit leaders like [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and are unaware or uninterested in the "obedient Nandanar".<ref name="Aktor"/> Ambedkar, himself had dedicated his book ''The Untouchables'', to three Dalit saints, including Nandanar.<ref name="Aktor"/>

In speech in Chidambaram, Mahatma Gandhi called Nandanar, a true practitioner of [[Satyagraha]], a means of [[Nonviolent resistance]]. Gandhi said: "Nanda broke every barrier and won his way to freedom, not by brag, not by bluster, but by the purest form of self-suffering... he shamed them [his persecutors] into doing justice by his lofty prayer, by the purity of his character, ... he compelled God himself to descend and made Him open the eyes of his persecutors".<ref name="Gandhi2001">{{cite book|author=M. K. Gandhi|title=Non-Violent Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZDIUlha-UMC&pg=PA72|date=29 May 2001|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-41606-9|page=72}}</ref>

Nandanar's tale is retold numerous times through folk tales, plays, literature and art forms like [[Villu Paatu]] and "musical discourses".<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/> A number of [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]], all titled ''[[Nandanar (disambiguation)|Nandanar]]'', recall Nandanar's tale following Bharati's version.<ref name="hindu"/> Besides a silent film in 1923, another silent film ''Nandanar'', subtitled ''The Elevation of the Downtrodden'', directed by [[P. K. Raja Sandow]], in 1930. The first talkie film on Nandanar was made in 1931. The [[Nandanar (1935 film)|1935 film]] featured [[K. B. Sundarambal]], who also performed on stage as the Nayanar numerous times. The [[Nandanar (1942 film)|1942 film]], starring [[Dandapani Desikar]] in the lead, courted controversy for its overly Brahmin overtones and was banned in [[Kolar Gold Fields]] after protests by Dalits, however the ban was lifted after Desikar met and personally apologized to the Dalits for being part of the climax, which featured the fire-purification. Another film on Nandanar was released in 1943. [[S. Balachander]] acted in the 1948 film. [[N. S. Krishnan]] presented the story as a "narrative art form", while [[A. Padmanabhan]] released a small booklet on the saint's life for children.<ref name="Aktor"/><ref name="hindu2">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/nandanar-1942/article3022961.ece | title=Nandanar 1942 | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=30 May 2008 | access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA409|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1937–8, 1964, 1994}}</ref> C. T. Indra says that Nandanar was made immortal in legend and remembered over the years "as a strategy of public management of anxiety. ... In the Essentialist way, Nandan's devotion was cited down the ages to play down the social inequities and play up his spiritual qualifications."<ref name="VISWANATHAN"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
; Sources
* {{citation |title=Nandanar's Children: The Paraiyans' Tryst with Destiny, Tamil Nadu 1850 - 1956 |first=Raj Sekhar |last=Basu |publisher=SAGE |year=2011 |isbn=9788132105145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo2pb7XH7F0C}}
* {{citation |first1=Mikael |last1=Aktor |first22=Robert |last2=Deliège|title=From Stigma to Assertion: Untouchability, Identity and Politics in Early and Modern India|year=2010|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|isbn=978-87-635-0775-2}}

{{Nayanars}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Dalit Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Paraiyar leaders]]

Saina Play

2025-12-12T09:38:43Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created first data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian video streaming service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Saina Play
| logo = SainaPlay.svg
| screenshot = Saina Play website screenshot.jpg
| collapsible = yes
| type = [[OTT platform]]
| country_of_origin = [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| owner = Saina Infotainments Pvt. Ltd.
| CEO = Aashiq Bava
| MD = PM Bava
| industry = [[Mass Media]], [[Entertainment]]
| url = {{URL|https://sainaplay.com}}
| registration = Required
| current_status = Active
| headquarters = Kochi, Kerala
| country = India
| launched = January 2019
}}
'''Saina Play''' is a regional [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] (OTT) [[Video on demand|subscription-based streaming service]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=KS |first=Anish |date=2023-08-20 |title=Padachone Ingalu Kaatholee On Saina Play Starting Digital Streaming On 22 August Onward's - Latest OTT Releases Malayalam |url=https://www.keralatv.in/padachone-ingalu-kaatholee-ott/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> in India, primarily focused on Malayalam-language content. It is owned by Saina Infotainments Pvt. Ltd.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-16 |title=From Cassette Rentals to Digital of Saina Videos Founder PM Bava |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/from-cassette-rentals-to-digital-of-saina-videos-founder-pm-bava/articleshow/102774998.cms |access-date=2023-11-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and is headquartered in Kochi, Kerala, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saina Play aims to get ahead in OTT race with its 400+ movie catalogue |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/saina-play-aims-to-get-ahead-in-ott-race-with-its-400-movie-catalogue/217 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Saina Play has four different plans, and most of the content is available at up to [[1080p]] resolution. In addition to subscription-based access, the platform also provides a [[Pay-per-view|Pay-Per-View]] (PPV) option, allowing users to watch films without a subscription by paying for individual titles. Saina Play is currently available on Web, [[Google Play|Google Play Store]], [[App Store (Apple)|App Store]], [[Android TV]], LG Smart TV ([[WebOS]]), Samsung TV ([[Tizen]]), Apple TV and [[Fire TV]], It was first launched on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[iOS]] in January 2019.

== History ==
The company started with CDs and cassettes. In 1985, PM Bava from Kalady, Kochi, established Saina Audio & Video in [[Chennai]], a video distribution business for South Indian films. In 2018, his son Aashiq Bava introduced Saina Play, moving from physical media to a digital platform.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2021-05-14 |title=The journey from an audio and video cassette rental to launching an OTT platform: Saina's journey in entertainment |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-malayalam-ott-platform-saina-play-goes-live-it-will-be-another-feather-in-founder-pm-bavas-cap/article34557486.ece |access-date=2023-11-23 |issn=0971-751X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Internet television streaming services]]
[[Category:Video on demand services]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2019]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Khongbantabam Ibomcha

2025-12-08T18:48:56Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khongbantabam Ibomcha
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = Lamlong, [[Imphal East district]], Manipur, India
| office = Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Lamlai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lamlai]]
| term_start = 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Bimotama Leima
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Moirang College]], Manipur University
| predecessor = [[Kshetrimayum Biren Singh]]
}}

'''Khongbantabam Ibomcha''' (1955)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is an MLA from [[Lamlai Assembly constituency]] in [[Imphal East district]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khongbantabam Ibomcha in Manipur Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/manipur/khongbantabam-ibomcha-lamlai-candidate-s14a008c02/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Election 2023 News Live, Manipur Constituency Win Loss Results Details {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election-2022/constituencies.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ibomcha is from Lamlong, Imphal East District, Manipur. He is the son of late Pishak Singh. He married Bimotama Leima and they have three children, Sarojbala Chanu, Sadananda Singh and Sapana Chanu.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Affidavit to be filed by the candidate along with nonination paper before the returning officer for election to 12th manipur legislative assembly (name of the house) from 8-Lamlai asstably constituency (name of the constituency) | url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/8/Khongbantabam%20Ibomcha.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217112312/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/8/Khongbantabam%20Ibomcha.pdf | archive-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> He completed his graduation in economics at [[Moirang College]], affiliated with [[Manipur University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khongbantabam Ibomcha Singh (Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)):Constituency- Lamlai (Imphal East ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/manipur07/candidate.php?candidate_id=186 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ibomcha won from Lamlai Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhratiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 10,105 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Lourembam Sanjoy Singh of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], by 1,457 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lamlai, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Khongbantabam Ibomcha with 10105 defeats JD(U)'s Kshetrimayum Biren Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lamlai-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923440-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |title=Lamlai Assembly Election Result 2022 Live, Manipur Lamlai Assembly Election Result in Marathi |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election-2022/constituencies/lamlai-election-result-14008 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> He first contested as a [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate in the [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] but lost to [[Communist Party of India]] candidate [[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] by 195 votes. In the [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], he lost to [[Kshetrimayum Biren Singh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by 852 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lamlai Election Result 2022 LIVE: How to check Lamlai Legislative Assembly election (Vidhan Sabha) winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/lamlai-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-lamlai-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12566692.htm |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Khongbantabam Ibomcha}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]

Magadh Express

2025-12-04T09:09:46Z

XMC.PL-Master: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FFA500
| name = Magadh Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image = Magadh Express in New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Magadh Express standing at New Delhi.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1980|09|02}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Islampur}} (IPR)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|1,063|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 19 hours 35 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-Catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1,676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| el =
| trainnumber = 20801 / 20802
| speed = {{convert|54|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:Magadh Express (New Delhi - Islampur) route map.png|250px|Magadh Express (New Delhi – Islampur) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20801 / 20802 '''Magadh Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] train running between [[New Delhi]] and {{stnlnk|Islampur}}. In the past, it's old number was 2401/2402 and was run by the [[Northern Railway zone]]. Now it is run by [[South Eastern Railway zone]].

== Schedule ==

* 20801 MAGADH EXPRESS departs Islampur every day at 15:30 IST (03:30 PM) and reaches New Delhi on the next day 11:50 IST (11:50 AM PM). It takes 20 hours 20 minutes [https://www.trainman.in/train/02872]

* 20802 MAGADH EXPRESS departs New Delhi every night 21:05 IST (09:50 PM) and reaches Islampur next noon at 15:25 IST (03:25 PM). It takes 18 hours 20 minutes [https://www.trainman.in/train/02871]

== Route and halts ==

* '''{{stnlnk|Islampur}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Fatuha Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Patna Sahib}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}}
* {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Phulwari Sharif}}
* {{stnlnk|Danapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bihta}}
* {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Buxar}}
* {{stnlnk|Dildarnagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Zamania}}
* {{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mirzapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Vindhyachal}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Etawah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Firozabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Aligarh Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|New Delhi}}'''.

==Traction==

It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 18623/18624 [[Islampur-Hatia Express]].

== Coaches ==

The train has 22 LHB coaches which has the maximum speed of 130 kmph. The rake arrangement is,

* 1 End On Generation (EOG)
* 1 First AC (H1)
* 2 AC Two Tier (A1)
* 7 AC Three Tier (B1 to B7)
* 1 AC Three Tier Economy (M1)
* 7 Sleeper (S1 to S7)
* 2 Unreserved coaches
* 1 Seating-cum Luggage Rake (SLR)

But with effect from 01/04/2025, the Coach Composition will be changed with 1 First AC (H1), 2 AC Two Tier (A1), 5 AC Three Tier (B1 to B5), 1 AC Three Tier Economy (M1), 7 Sleeper (S1 to S7), 4 Unreserved coaches, 1 End On Generation (EOG), 1 Seating-cum Luggage Rake (SLR).

==Accident==
In an accident due to dense fog on 2 January 2010, the [[Lichchavi Express]] collided with the stationary Magadh Express train at the station near the city of [[Etawah]], about 170 miles (270 kilometers) southwest of [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news|title=10 killed as trains collide in dense fog in U.P.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/10-killed-as-trains-collide-in-dense-fog-in-up/article676121.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 January 2010|first1=Atiq|last1= Khan|first2= K. |last2=Balchand|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> Ten people, including the driver of one of the trains, were injured.

In January 2018, the engine of the Magadh Express caught fire between stations–Twining Ganj and Raghunathpur – on Mughalsarai–Patna rail section of Danapur division. Railway officials reported no injuries or deaths amongst passengers. It was largely due to the loco pilot's prompt action in extinguishing the fire within moments of having witnessed it, for which the man received praise.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/delhi-bound-magadh-express-engine-catches-fire-none-hurt/306904|title=Bihar: Engine of Magadh Express Train Catches Fire|last=Alert Driver Averts Tragedy|work=Outlook India|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-bihar-engine-of-magadh-express-train-catches-fire-alert-driver-averts-tragedy-422315|title=Bihar: Engine of Magadh Express train catches fire, alert driver averts tragedy|date=2018-01-15|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/1027/664/2294 Magadh Express route map]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magadh Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Industrial Policy Frame work for State of Telangana 2014

2025-11-28T01:00:33Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2014}}

The '''Industrial Policy Framework for the State of Telangana''' recognizes that [[Industrialisation|Industrialization]] is recognized as a key source of the economic growth and development of the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. This framework came into force on 1 December 2014.

== Vision==

The stated vision for industrialization is: ''"Research to [[Innovation]], Innovation to Industry and Industry to prosperity."'' The policy encompasses fourteen thrust areas with a plan to develop six industrial corridors and common infrastructure. The cornerstone to the policy is zero graft and zero corruption - in pursuit of a secure and progressive business environment. While large companies such as ITC, [[Tata Motors]] and [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]] are planning to expand their business in the newly developed state(s), this policy has also gained significance in the investment community.

==History==

On 5 May 2011 the [[Andhra Pradesh]] administration introduced guidelines to drive industrial promotion in the state. This policy was successful in attracting corporations such as [[PEPSI]] and the Siri City project. This also boosted the growth of the service sector in [[Hyderabad]], transforming it into anIT [[logistics]] hub. After bifurcation, both states sought investments that could increase employment and standard living. Telangana's policy framework was introduced on 27 November 2014 and came into effect on 1 December 2014. Telangana govt sets a record with new industrial policy and clears 17 projects worth Rs 1500 crore within 15 days of the launch.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/telangana-govt-sets-record-with-new-industrial-policy-clears-17-projects-worth-rs-2000-crores-in-10-days/ | title=Telangana govt sets record with new industrial policy, clears 17 projects worth Rs 1500 crore in 10 days | date=22 June 2015 | first=Sreenivas | last=Janyala | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=20 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Core values==
* Facilitate industrial growth
* Increase employment rates.
* Inclusively facilitate social equality
* Marginally effect the socially disadvantaged sections

=== Minimum inspection and maximum facilitation ===

Each industrial unit is to be inspected once every nine months; as established in advance. Occasional random inspections may occur with written permission of the department manager. Maximum facilitation encompasses an effective system beyond a single window anchor. Self-certification and automatic renewal will be encouraged along with an online E-Helpline system.

=== Single-window mechanism ===
Main article: [[TS-iPASS]]

The industrial clearance system shall be beyond a single-window system, and shall be called Telangana State Industrial Project Approval and Self-Certification System (TS-iPASS). This operates at three levels: very large projects, large industries and SMEs.

==Thrust areas==

Core Sectors Include:

* Life Sciences
* IT hardware including bio-medical devices, electronics, and cellular communication
* Precision engineering including aviation and aerospace
* Food processing
* Automobiles, tractors and farm equipment
* Textiles and apparels
* Plastics and polymers
* [[Fast-moving consumer goods]] and domestic appliances
* Engineering and capital goods
* Gems and jewelry
* Waste management and green technologies
* Renewable energy and solar parks
* Mine-based and wood-based industries
* Transportation, logistic hub, and inland ports

=== Special support ===

The proportion of entrepreneurs among the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and women population is very low. Policies like TS-PRIDE shall be implemented to encourage Dalit entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ft.com/content/dcb83eb0-2188-11e4-b145-00144feabdc0#axzz3NrMa6G7u | title=Review: Defying the Odds – The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs | newspaper=Financial Times | accessdate=20 February 2020}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://metroindia.com/Metroupdates/2014/Nov/28/Industrial%20Policy_Framework_for_State_of_Telangana.pdf|title=Industrial Policy Framework for State of Telangana (2014)|publisher=Metroindia.com|accessdate=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208134421/http://metroindia.com/Metroupdates/2014/Nov/28/Industrial%20Policy_Framework_for_State_of_Telangana.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2014|url-status=usurped}}
* {{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-industrial-policy-industrialization-itc-industrial-parks/1/210705.html|title=New industrial policy to ensure industrialisation across Telangana, says top official|date=23 September 2014 |publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in|accessdate=8 December 2014}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/minimum-inspection-maximum-facilitation-is-the-mantra-of-telangana-s-new-industrial-policy-114112700717_1.html|title=Telangana unveils industrial policy|author=|date=28 November 2014|publisher=Business-standard.com|accessdate=8 December 2014}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/go%20ms%20no.42Incentives.pdf|title=GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH : ABSTRACT|publisher=Apind.gov.in|accessdate=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810031924/http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/go%20ms%20no.42Incentives.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2013|url-status=dead}}

;Notes
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2014 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Industrial policy]]
[[Category:Economy of Telangana]]
[[Category:Industry in India]]

S. M. H. Burney

2025-11-27T07:08:02Z

XMC.PL-Master: corrected layout further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sayed Muzaffar Hussain Burney
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1924|8|14}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2014|2|7|1924|8|14}}

| office = [[List of chancellors and vice-chancellors of Jamia Millia Islamia|Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 1995
| 1blankname = Vice-Chancellor
| 1namedata = [[Syed Zahoor Qasim]] Bashiruddin Ahmad
| predecessor = [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| successor = Khurshed Alam Khan

| office1 = [[List of governors of Haryana|Governor of Haryana]]
| term_start1 = 14 June 1984
| term_end1 = 21 February 1988
| appointer1 = [[Zail Singh]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ganpatrao Devji Tapase]]
| successor1 = [[Hari Anand Barari]]

| office2 = [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]
| status2 = Additional charge
| term_start2 = 2 December 1987
| term_end2 = 10 January 1988
| appointer2 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rustom K. S. Ghandhi]]
| successor2 = Rustom K. S. Ghandhi

| office3 = [[List of governors of Nagaland|Governor of Nagaland]]
| term_start3 = 10 August 1981
| term_end3 = 12 June 1984
| appointer3 = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Ministers
| 1namedata3 = [[John Bosco Jasokie]] [[S. C. Jamir]]
| predecessor3 = [[Lallan Prasad Singh]]
| successor3 = [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]

| office4 = [[List of governors of Tripura|Governor of Tripura]]
| term_start4 = 14 August 1981
| term_end4 = 13 June 1984
| appointer4 = Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Nripen Chakraborty]]
| predecessor4 = Lallan Prasad Singh
| successor4 = K. V. Krishna Rao

| office5 = [[List of governors of Manipur|Governor of Manipur]]
| term_start5 = 18 August 1981
| term_end5 = 11 June 1984
| appointer5 = Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[Rishang Keishing]]
| predecessor5 = Lallan Prasad Singh
| successor5 = K. V. Krishna Rao

| office6 = [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]]
| term_start6 = 29 February 1980
| term_end6 = 12 August 1981
| predecessor6 = T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan
| successor6 = [[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
}}
'''Sayed Muzaffar Hussain Burney''' (14 August 1924 – 7 February 2014)<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindustan Year-book and Who's who|year=1988|publisher=MC Sarkar|location=Calcutta|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXpDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Burney,+Sayed+Muzaffar+Hussain%22+IAS}}</ref> was a [[civil servant]], governor of the states of [[Tripura]], [[Nagaland]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and a chairman of the [[National Minorities Commission]].

Burney was an alumnus of the Bareilly College in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAREILLY COLLEGE, BAREILLY – Alumni|url=http://www.bareillycollege.org/Alumni.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219044047/http://bareillycollege.org/Alumni.html|archive-date=19 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Services|Indian Administrative Service]] of the Orissa cadre where he went on to become the chief secretary of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHIEF SECRETARIES OF ODISHA FROM 1936|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/504.pdf}}</ref> He served as Home Secretary to the Government of India from February 1980 to August 1981. Between 1981 and 1984, he served as the governor of [[List of Governors of Nagaland|Nagaland]], [[List of Governors of Tripura|Tripura]] and [[List of Governors of Manipur|Manipur]] and from 1987 to 1988, as the [[List of Governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] and Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|title=States after 1947 M-W|url=http://rulers.org/indstat4.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=Notes On The Great Indian Circus|year=2001|location=New Delhi|pages=186|isbn=9780141005768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7LC-_Ep5IcC&q=%22S.M.H.+Burney%22&pg=PA186}}</ref> He was also a member and later chairman of the Fourth and Fifth Minority Commissions from 1988 to 1992<ref>{{cite web|title=National Commission for Minorities|url=http://iaspreparationonline.com/2012/08/17/national-commission-for-minorities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150140/http://iaspreparationonline.com/2012/08/17/national-commission-for-minorities/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> and was the chancellor of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia University]] in Delhi from 1990 to 1995.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jamia Millia Islamia – History|url=http://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/Past_Chancellors_Profile-15/Janab_SMH_Burney-2181}}</ref>

Burney authored the work ''Iqbal: Poet – Patriot of India''.<ref>{{cite web|title=States after 1947 M-W|url=http://rulers.org/indstat4.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=Notes On The Great Indian Circus|year=2001|location=New Delhi|pages=186|isbn=9780141005768|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7LC-_Ep5IcC&q=%22S.M.H.+Burney%22&pg=PA186}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Governors of Tripura}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burney, S. M. H.}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Tripura]]
[[Category:Governors of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Governors of Haryana]]
[[Category:Governors of Manipur]]
[[Category:Governors of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]

2017 Nowhatta mob lynching

2025-11-25T05:20:19Z

XMC.PL-Master: Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2017 Nowhatta mob lynching
| partof = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Location of murder
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir location map UN view.svg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = Inside and near [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| target = [[Deputy Superintendent|DSP]] Mohammed Ayub Pandith of [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.098352|N|74.809180|E}}
| date = 22 June 2017
| time = Between 11:30 p.m. to 12:00 a.m.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/police-officer-mohammed-ayub-pandith-lynched-outside-srinagars-jamia-masjid/article19131291.ece Police officer Mohammed Ayub Pandith lynched outside Srinagar's Jamia Masjid] [[The Hindu]], 23 June 2017</ref>
| timezone = UTC+5.30
| type = [[Lynching]]<ref name=mus1/> [[Stabbing|Piercing]]<ref name=statetimes1/> [[Stoning]]<ref name=fpost1/><ref name=toi1/>
| fatalities = 1
| injuries = 3
| victims = Muhammad Ayub Pandith<ref name=mus1/>
| perpetrators = A mob shouting slogans in support of Pakistan and al-Qaida operative Zakir Musa,<ref name=toi1/><ref name=barka1/> with a key role played by [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] militant Sajid Gilkar<ref name=ETa1/>
| weapons = Stones, logs and sharp weapons<ref name=toi1/><ref name=zeenews1/>
| assailants = Large mob
| motive = Suspicion of being an agent of Indian security services<ref name=Pandithshots/><ref name=Ishfaq/><ref name=Pandithshotsa/>
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| inquiry = Inquiry under process by Jammu and Kashmir Police
| coroner =
| accused = Hizbul terrorist Sajid Ahmad Gilkar killed in counter-terrorism operation.
| convicted =
| verdict = Prosecution initiated. Special investigation undertaken by State Police.
| convictions =
| charges = Murder u/s 302 [[Ranbir Penal Code]]
| litigation =
| website = 
| module =
}}

The ''' 2017 Nowhatta mob lynching''', was the lynch mob murder and mutilation of an on-duty undercover Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] officer Muhammad Ayub Pandith, on the Muslim holy night of [[Laylat al-Qadr]] on Thursday 22 June 2017 by a mob in [[Nowhatta]] after a crowd shouted slogans in favor of [[Pakistan]] as well as [[al-Qaida]] jihadist [[Zakir Musa]].<ref name=toi1/><ref name=barka1/><ref name=fpost1/> Sajjad Ahmad Gilkar, a [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] militant, had played a key role in the lynching according to the state police.<ref name=ETa1/>

==Details==
[[Deputy Superintendent]] Mohammed Ayub Pandith, who worked in the security wing of [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]], was deployed in civilian clothing as part of the security for devotees attending the night-long prayers in the Jamia Masjid in the [[Nowhatta]] area of [[Srinagar]]'s old city on 22 June. [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] quoted informed sources stating that he was on frisking duty when he was attacked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/j-k-mob-stones-man-to-death-after-he-opens-fire-outside-mosque-in-nowhatta/story-zFIisCu2SnqGMSqt4ktWwO.html|title=Kashmir: Senior police officer lynched by mob near Jamia Masjid in Srinagar|work=Hindustan Times |date=23 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=fpost1/><ref name=zeen1>[http://zeenews.india.com/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar-mob-lynches-senior-cop-to-death-outside-jamia-masjid-2017780.html "Srinagar cop stripped naked, stoned to death by angry mob outside Jamia Masjid; 2 arrested"], [[Zee News]], 23 June 2017.</ref><ref name=toi1>M Saleem Pandit, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mob-lynches-dsp-outside-jk-mosque/articleshow/59293121.cms "Mob lynches DSP outside J&K mosque"], [[Times of India]], 24 June 2017.</ref> He had been posted for quite some time and many locals who regularly visited the mosque knew him.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/jammu-and-kashmir/story/srinagar-top-cop-lynched-to-death-crowd-984231-2017-06-22 Srinagar: DSP Ayyub Pandith beaten to death by mob outside Jamia Masjid] India Today, 23 June 2017</ref> The mob had earlier shouted slogans in support of [[Pakistan]] pro al-Qaida slogans for operative and jihadist [[Zakir Rashid Bhat|Zakir Musa]]. It was reported that the sloganeering had been recorded by Pandith.<ref name=toi1/><ref name=barka1>[[Barkha Dutt]], [http://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/in-a-week-of-tragedy-four-reasons-that-give-me-hope-in-kashmir/story-whWE88g272yIL4eM0RwU7H.html "In a week of tragedy, four reasons that give me hope in Kashmir], [[Hindustan Times]], 14 July 2017.</ref><ref name=mus1>Sameer Yasir, [http://www.firstpost.com/india/lynching-of-dsp-ayub-pandith-rising-public-hostility-unsafe-locales-and-the-travails-of-cops-in-kashmir-3753617.html "Lynching of DSP Ayub Pandith: Rising public hostility, unsafe locales and the travails of cops in Kashmir"], Firstpost, 28 June 2017.</ref> According to Munir Khan, [[Inspector General of Police|IGP]] of Kashmir Range, Pandith was spotted by four miscreants when he came out of the mosque after checking deployment for [[access control]] duties. They called and questioned him, later demanding him to show his identity card but he refused. He was then heckled and the number of hooligans increased. He then fired some shots with his service rifle, injuring three hecklers. The mob however continued to beat him, resulting in his death.<ref name=Pandithshots>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/20-arrested-in-ayub-pandith-lynching-case-1003242-2017-07-24|title=20 arrested in Ayub Pandith lynching case|work=India Today|date=24 July 2017}}</ref> Suspicions on Pandith were raised when people witnesses him clicking photos near a mosque.<ref name=Pandithshotsa>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jk-police-crack-dsp-ayub-pandith-lynching-case-arrest-20-people-1470773.html|title=J&K Police Crack DSP Ayub Pandith Lynching Case, Arrest 20 People|work=News18|date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

It was reported that the earlier sloganeering by the crowd had been recorded by Pandith.<ref name=toi1/><ref name=barka1/><ref name=mus1/> Per [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] of Jammu and Kashmir Police (Security) Dilbagh Singh, some people had spread false rumours that he was from security agency.<ref name=Ishfaq>Ishfaq-ul-Hassan, [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lynch-mob-stones-to-death-on-duty-dy-sp-in-srinagar-2482376 J&K cop's lynching: How long is police expected to endure such cruelty?], [[Daily News & Analysis]], 18 July 2017.</ref> He also stated that the reports of Pandith being caught after taking pictures of the sloganeering mob were just rumours.<ref name=statetimes1/> A member of the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] terrorist group, Sajid Ahmad Gilkar had played a key role in the lynching according to the state police.<ref name=ETa1>{{cite news|title=Slain militant played key role in lynching of DSP Pandith: Police|journal=The Economic Times|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/slain-militant-played-key-role-in-lynching-of-dsp-pandith-police/articleshow/59567152.cms |date= 12 July 2017}}</ref> According to [[Shesh Paul Vaid]], he had been sent to the mosque to ensure the protection of people offering prayers and sent his security detail home when worshippers singled him out and began closing in. Eyewitnesses however gave a different explanation stating that he was spotted with at least one other man, and one of them was taking photographs, after which a group of youngsters confronted them and asked them about their identity papers.<ref name=pan1>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/world/asia/kashmir-srinagar-police-officer.html Police Officer Beaten to Death by a Mob in Kashmir], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 23 June 2017.</ref> Pandith had tried to escape by firing his pistol, leaving three people injured. According to eyewitnesses, rumours spread that he was a "non-Muslim" belonging to the "security agencies" after which he was killed.<ref name=nonmuslim1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/police-officer-mohammed-ayub-pandith-lynched-outside-srinagars-jamia-masjid/article19131291.ece|title=Police officer Mohammed Ayub Pandith lynched outside Srinagar's Jamia Masjid|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=toi1/> A police officer claimed he had been targeted because the crowd thought him to be a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] due to his surname.<ref name=kashmiripandit1>Anil Raina, [http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/200-lynch-police-officer-on-duty-outside-jamia-masjid/articleshow/59290939.cms? "200 lynch police officer on duty outside Jamia Masjid"], Bangalore Mirror [India Times], 24 June 2017.</ref> Witnesses stated that the mob killed him after he fired at them, with people shouting they had caught a "man of the [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|C.I.D.]]".<ref name=pan1/> He was abused as an "Indian [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] and [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] security agent".<ref name=toi1/> He was attacked, stripped naked, hit with stones, batons, iron rods, sharp weapons and logs and his body was recovered in a mutilated state.<ref name=statetimes1/><ref name=toi1/><ref name=fpost1>Sandipan Sharma,[http://www.firstpost.com/india/dsp-ayub-pandith-lynched-in-srinagar-barbaric-event-shows-kashmiris-are-stepping-away-from-their-cultural-religious-ethos-3738975.html "DSP Ayub Pandith lynched in Srinagar: Barbaric event shows Kashmiris have abandoned cultural, religious ethos"], Firstpost, 23 June 2017.</ref> Another eyewitness stated that some of the attackers were seen biting arms and legs of Ayub's fallen naked body "like dogs".<ref name=statetimes1>[http://news.statetimes.in/dysp-ayub-not-attacked-taking-videos-police-didnt-reach-90-minutes/ "DySP Ayub was not attacked while taking videos; Police didn't reach for 90 minutes"], [http://news.statetimes.in State Times], 25 June 2017</ref>

The chief-priest of the mosque and chairman of the separatist [[Hurriyat Conference]], [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], was leading a prayer on forgiveness in the mosque, where Pandith was serving on his usual duty to protect the mosque and its worshipers from the troubles. After the lynching, the mob went on a rampage and targeted empty security pickets. Police reinforcements were later deployed to restore normalcy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nowhatta-mob-lynching-jammu-kashmir-dysp-mohammed-ayub-pandith-killed-jamia-masjid-srinagar-4717934/|title=Nowhatta mob lynching: DySP Mohammed Ayub Pandith beaten to death near Jamia Masjid|date=23 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=mri1>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-police-dsp-mohammed-ayub-pandith-killed-by-mob-at-nowhatta/731847/|title=DSP Nowhatta mob lynching: Jammu and Kashmir cop Mohammed Ayub Pandith stoned to death near Jamia Mosque in Srinagar|date=23 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=toi1/>

A relative of Ayub Pandith criticised the separatists on [[Zee News]], blaming them for his death and alleging that the mob killed Pandith thinking he was a [[Kashmiri Pandit]].<ref name=zeenews1>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8cuhAnqg5Y "Mob lynched Mohammad Ayub thinking of him being Kashmiri Pandit"], [[Zee News]], 23 June 2017.</ref> Pandith's sister questioned his killing on NDTV, while also denying he was an "informer".<ref name=sis1>[https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/23/mohammad-ayub-funer-lynched-mourn "Wasn't An Informer, Why Was He Killed, Ask J&K Cop Pandith's Kin"], [https://www.thequint.com The Quint], 24 June 2017.</ref><ref name=zeenews1/>

== Aftermath ==

===Immediate response by Police ===
On 23 June early morning, soon after the incident Nowhatta Police was informed about the murder. Nearly after an hour, heavy reinforcement of Jammu and Kashmir Police and Central Reserve Police Force had to resort to fire several shots in air to safely recover the mutilated corpse of slain Deputy superintendent of Police who was lying naked in the vicinity of Jamia Masjid. He was yet to be identified as there was confusion regarding his identity. J&K Police in its earlier statement had told reporters that the corpse was not of a Police department personnel. Police took the body to Police Control Room in [[Srinagar]] where it was ascertained that the slain was Deputy superintendent of Police deployed in civvies to access the situation in [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar]] on the night of [[Laylat al-Qadr]] when a huge number of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] devotees throng Jamia Masjid. Nowhatta Police Station, under whose jurisdiction lynching took place immediately registered a case vide FIR No 51/2017 Under Section 302 (murder). Two youth identified as Muhammad Danish and Mudasir Ahmad were arrested promptly by Police and one was identified on 23 June. Director of [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]], [[Shesh Paul Vaid]] was himself supervising the progress in investigations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/massive-outrage-as-police-officer-beaten-to-death/253062.html | title=Massive outrage as police officer beaten to death in Kashmir capital}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-mob-lynching-irate-stone-alleged-gunman-to-death-near-mosque-in-srinagar-4717869/|title=Irate mob lynches alleged gunman near mosque in Srinagar|date=23 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

On 24 June, Vaid told media reporters, twelve persons have been suspected in the lynching incident and three of them were arrested reaching a toll of five persons in aggregation. Vaid also ordered transfer of Khaliq Bhat, the then Superintendent of Police North [[Srinagar]] under whose jurisdiction remained the area where the lynching took place.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jk-dsp-lynching-3-more-arrested-seven-identified/article19139861.ece Mob lynching of J&K DSP: 3 more arrested] The Hindu, 24 June 2017</ref>

On 24 July, Muneer Khan disclosed at a press conference, at least twenty suspects were arrested in this case so far while one Hizb militant involved in the lynching was also killed in an encounter at Beerwah in Budgamon on 11 July.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/srinagar/dsp-lynching-case-20-people-arrested-says-ig-kashmir/articleshow/59737112.cms|title=Budgam: DSP lynching case: 20 people arrested, says IG Kashmir|last=P|first=M. Saleem|date=24 July 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>

The suspects are being tried at a Srinagar [[sessions court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2018/07/11/dsp-ayub-pandit-lynching-court-reserves-order-on-transfer-of-case/|title=DSP Ayub Pandit lynching: Court reserves order on transfer of case|date=11 July 2018|access-date=18 June 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618041721/https://kashmirreader.com/2018/07/11/dsp-ayub-pandit-lynching-court-reserves-order-on-transfer-of-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Key suspect shot dead ===
[[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]], M. Dinakaran informed that Hizbul terrorist ''Sajid Ahmad Gilkar'', who played a key part in the mob killing of Pandith, was shot dead on morning of 12 July 2017 by the security forces in a shootout. He was also involved in 22 April grenade attacks on the CRPF at Nowhatta on 22, 30 April April attack on Khanyar police party, and 21 June attack on SafaKadal CRPF camp.<ref name=ETa1/> On 11 July 2017 evening, Indian security forces were fired up on during a [[Cordon and search]] operation launched after receiving specific inputs about the presence of militants. Search operation was halted for the night, while the cordon stayed to stop militants from escaping. The shoot out started in the morning, and another mob of villager formed to help the terrorists escape was successfully driven away. In the shoot out, security forces shot dead three Hizb-ul-Mujahideen terrorists including Gilkar. Forces also recovered an AK-56 assault rifle, a self-loading rifle, a pistol and seven magazines.<ref name=hit1>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/man-behind-ayub-pandith-s-lynching-among-3-militants-killed-in-budgam-police/story-83uKp9pNYxW3tSImPuMrDI.html "Man behind Ayub Pandith's lynching among 3 militants killed in Budgam: Police"], [[Hindustan Times]], 12 July 2017.</ref>

=== Anti-terrorism Operation Hunt Down ===
Security forces, including J&K Police and [[Paramilitary forces of India|Central Paramilitary forces of India]], jointly intensified the [[cordon and search]] grid-based ''"Operation Hunt Down"'' to track and kill the LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad and Hizbul Mujahideen terrorists placed on the identified "hit list", and had already killed 102 terrorists from 1 January to 14 July 2017, including the extermination of terrorists responsible for the killing of seven J&K Police cops and the lynching of DSP Ayub Pandith, while a colossal hunt was on for mastermind of [[2017 Amarnath Yatra attack]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|LeT]] commander ''Abu Ismail''.<ref name=toi2>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/security-forces-killed-102-terrorists-in-jk-in-7-months-more-on-hit-list/articleshow/59598301.cms "Security forces killed 102 terrorists in J&K in 7 months, more on hit list"], [[Times of India]], 14 July 2017.</ref>

== Reactions ==
The lynching caused an outrage among political and social circles.<ref name=Massiveoutrage>[http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/massive-outrage-as-police-officer-beaten-to-death/253062.html Massive outrage as police officer beaten to death in Kashmir capital] Greater Kashmir, 24 June 2017</ref> The family of Pandith criticised the killers and separatists for his death.<ref name=toi1/><ref name=sis1/><ref name=zeenews1/>

[[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Mehbooba Mufti]] criticized the lynching, terming it as shameful while paying tribute to Pandith. She also praised the state police while also cautioning the people of severe backlash i the police loses its patience.<ref>[http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mehbooba-mufti-mirwaiz-umar-farooq-condemn-killing-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cop-ayub-pandith-lynching/64037 Shameful, says Mehbooba Mufti on cop lynching; Mirwaiz seconds view] Times Now</ref> [[Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]] [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]] called it "murder" and assured of action in the case. He also criticized the separatists stating that they don't speak out when such incidents take place.<ref>[http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail-Mg/MzIxMjUy/nirmal-singh-brands-cop-lynching-as-039-murder-039-slams-separatists.html Nirmal Singh brands cop lynching as 'murder', slams separatists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704163655/http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail-Mg/MzIxMjUy/nirmal-singh-brands-cop-lynching-as-039-murder-039-slams-separatists.html |date=2017-07-04 }} Asian New International</ref> [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]'s working president [[Omar Abdullah]] called the lynching as "height of barbarism", expressing solidarity with Pandith's family and colleagues while demanding that the culprits be brought to book and given the sternest possible punishment.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170626021032/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/23/omar-abdullah-condemns-lynching-of-police-officer-in-srinagar-1620047.html Omar Abdullah condemns lynching of police officer in Srinagar] The New Indian Express</ref>

Separatist leader Mirwaiz Umar Farooq too criticized it, stating he was "deeply disturbed by the brutal act" while blaming the state for it as a response to its use of the police which he stated was used for "brutalisation". He also denied being in the mosque when the lynching occurred, stating that it occurred before he reached there.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-brutal-ways-leads-to-brutal-reactions-mirwaiz-umar-farooq-on-mohammed-ayub-pandith-s-lynching-2481811 Brutal ways lead to brutal reactions: Mirwaiz Umar Farooq on Mohammed Ayub Pandith's lynching] Daily News & Analysis</ref>

Tariq Ahmad, a Jammu and Kashmir police officer, stated that it had become dangerous for him to go outside and pray in the neighbourhood mosque, while some of the locals had become hostile to Kashmiri policemen. Former DGP K Rajendra Kumar stated that the anger of Kashmiris towards the police should be seen as an emerging situation where both sides are hardening their stance, the role of Kashmiri police should be taken into account who have been beaten up, with their families threatened and houses vandalised. He stated that the incident took place after Zakir Musa threatened the police and Hurriyat, adding that slogans were raised in Musa's favor because of political and religious radicalisation among the youth. He stated that he couldn't remember the way J&K Police were seen as enemies by their own people as they were currently.<ref name=mus1/>

==See also==
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Zakir Rashid Bhat]]
* [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nowhatta mob lynching, 2017}}
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:June 2017 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:June 2017 in India]]
[[Category:2017 murders in India]]
[[Category:Murder in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Haqeeqat (book)

2025-11-20T18:08:34Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting new post.

{{Short description|Hindi translation of a controversial book by M.G. Mathew}}
'''Haqeeqat''' (हक़ीक़त, meaning "reality", from the Arabic word [[Al-Haqq|Haqq]]) is the [[Hindi]] translation of a controversial book by a [[Kerala]], [[India]]-based [[Christians|Christian]] [[Evangelism|evangelist]] M.G. Mathew. It was translated by Daniel Nathaniel, associated with [[Emmanuel Society|Emmanuel Mission International]] (EMI). The book was written as an answer to the book ''[[Bunch of Thoughts]]'', authored by [[M. S. Golwalkar]], the late leader of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].The book is widely regarded as an [[anti-Hindu]] book.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1141380794 |title=Archive of webindia123.com, Missionary book ignites anti-Hindu feelings in Rajasthan |access-date=2006-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230105/http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1141380794 |archive-date=2007-09-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=89289 Oppn kicks up row over ‘anti-Hindu’ book, ''Indian express''].</ref><ref name=KG2006>Daily Pioneer, 25 March 2006, Kanchan Gupta | "Abusing freedom, falsifying gods -- The Haqeeqat of Christian evangelism in India"| Source [https://kanchangupta.blogspot.hk/2014/02/abusing-freedom-falsifying-gods.html]</ref>

The Government of [[Rajasthan]] received complaints that the book ridiculed [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] deities and beliefs. After examining the contents of the book, the government decided to ban it, as it felt that the book could incite [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] violence.

EMI's founder, M.A. Thomas, and his son, Samuel Thomas, went into hiding as the police searched for them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/3/142006c.asp |title="Agape Press" |access-date=2007-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613120028/http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/3/142006c.asp |archive-date=2007-06-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christiantoday.co.in/article/supreme.court.grants.anticipatory.bail.to.emmanuel.founder/235.htm|title=Supreme COurt grants bail|access-date=April 5, 2024}}</ref> [[Joseph D'souza]], president of All India Christian Council (AICC) has stated that "They [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the party ruling Rajasthan have declared that they would make tribal areas of Rajasthan Christian-free and are working hard on it."{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Hopegivers International, one of the largest Christian ministries in India, has approached the US State Department, US senators, and Christian friends in Washington DC, after Samuel Thomas’s arrest on March 16.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-groups-seek-intervention-for-jailed-ministry-head-in-india-16072/ |title=Christian Groups Seek Intervention for Jailed Ministry Head in India |last=Vu |first=Michelle A. |date=21 March 2006 |publisher=The Christian Post |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722143910/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20060321/16072.htm |archive-date=2012-07-22 |accessdate=2018-05-28 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

Kanchan Gupta has condemned the book as an "anti-Hindu diatribe". He says:
{{blockquote|The book, Haqeeqat, is authored by a Kerala-based evangelist, MG Matthew, and purports to be a rebuttal of MS Golwalkar's writings that have been published by the RSS as Bunch of Thoughts. In reality, it is unadulterated abuse of Hindu scriptures, faith, ritual and tradition. It denigrates every tenet of Hinduism and pours undiluted scorn on Hindu icons and gurus. It casts aspersions on the chastity of Hindu women and questions received wisdom.}}

==See also==
* [[Anti-Hinduism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=KANCHAN6.txt&writer=KANCHAN&validit=yes Abusing freedom, falsifying gods] Kanchan Gupta, Pioneer, 25 March 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070509141653/http://www.newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06mar/1103ss1.htm After green doves, it's white pigeons!!] - V SUNDARAM

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haqeeqat (Book)}}
[[Category:Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
[[Category:Evangelical Christian literature]]
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Christianity-related controversies]]
[[Category:Missional Christianity]]
[[Category:Propaganda in India]]

Sankar Venkateswaran

2025-09-30T08:37:05Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created the post added tags

{{short description|Indian theatre director (born 1979)}}
{{morefootnotes|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Sankar Venkateswaran''' (born 1979) is an Indian theatre director.

== Education ==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=April 2018}}
Venkateswaran graduated with a first rank in theatre direction from [[School of Drama and Fine Arts|Calicut University School of Drama & Fine Arts]], Thrissur in 2002, after which he trained at Theatre Training and Research Programme (currently [[Intercultural Theatre Institute]]), Singapore in 2006.

== Career ==
Sankar Venkateswaran (b. 1979), is a theatre director from India. Born in Calicut, Kerala, Venkateswaran studied directing at the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]], [[University of Calicut]], after which he trained at the Theatre Training and Research Programme (currently Intercultural Theatre Institute) in Singapore. He founded [https://theatreraw.jimdo.com Theatre Roots & Wings] in 2007 and directed a number of productions including Richard Murphet’s “Quick Death” (2007), “Sahyande Makan- The Elephant Project” (2008), Shogo Ohta’s “The Water Station” (2011), which was re-created in 2016 with Kyoto Performing Arts Center, and presented at [https://kyoto-ex.jp Kyoto Experiment] Autumn 2016, [[Henrik Ibsen]]’s “When We Dead Awaken” (2012), and “101 Lullabies” (2012). In 2013 he received the Ibsen Scholarship from Teater Ibsen, Norway, for ‘[http://ibsenawards.com/scholarship/winner/tribal-ibsen-project/ Tribal Ibsen Project]’ which furthered his work with the indigenous communities in Attappady, Kerala. He built a theatre in the region, named Sahyande Theatre, and lives and works among the communities. His following works, “Theriyama Nadanda Nera” (2016), and “Udal Uravu (Body/Source)” (2017) reflect the shift in Venkateswaran’s working context. His latest work “Criminal Tribes Act” (2017) was premiered at [https://www.theaterspektakel.ch/ Zurich Theater Spektakel], and later toured to [https://www.spielart.org/ Spielart Festival], Munich, Tamaasha Studio in Mumbai, [https://zoukak.org/ Zoukak] Sidewalks Festival in Beirut, Serendipity Arts Festival in Goa, Kyoto Performing Arts Center, and [https://theatercommons.tokyo/en/ Theater Commons Tokyo] ‘19.

He was the guest director at [https://www.muenchner-volkstheater.de/ Munich Volkstheater] in the year 2016 and 2017 and directed “Tage der Dunkelheit (Days of Darkness)” and “INDIKA”. He has been a guest faculty at various institutions including University of Tokyo, Shinshu University in Nagano, [[National School of Drama]], New Delhi, [http://www.ninasam.org/ Ninasam Theatre Institute], Heggodu, Karnataka, where he directed a number of productions including “Neerina Niluthana” (2009), and “Guruthilathe Nadatha Galike” (2013), and Intercultural Theatre Institute, Singapore, where he directed “When We Dead Awaken” (2018). His latest work is a production named "Antharanga" for Ninasam Touring Theatre Company based on Belgian author [[Maurice Maeterlinck]]'s "The Interior".

He was the jury member for Zurich Theater Spektakel 2016. He served as the artistic director for International Theatre Festival of Kerala (ITFoK) in 2015 and 2016. During his term, the programme emphasized South-South exchanges to resist the Eurocentric agendas of cultural practice.

 

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
|-
|2016
|Aditya Vikram Birla Kalakiran Puraskar
|-
|2013
|International Ibsen Scholarship Award<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/showcase-reinventing-ibsen/article4126276.ece|title=Showcase: Reinventing Ibsen|last=Daftuar|first=Swati|date=10 August 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar (Excellence in Theatre Direction) from Sangeet Natak Akademi
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.theatreraw.jimdo.com Official page]
*[https://jfac.jp/en/culture/features/f-ah-sankar-venkateswaran/ Interview]
* [http://www.artsnetworkasia.org/directory_detail.php?id=1981 Arts Network Asia]
* [http://www.rotefabrik.ch/de/igrotefabrik/sankar.php Artist in residence] at the [[Rote Fabrik]]
* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Fctc_sankar_venkateswaran.doc Indian perspectives on collaboration]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090730212157/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/03/19/stories/2009031950930100.htm A cut above - The Hindu] [[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Dramaturges]]
[[Category:Theatre directors from Thrissur]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkateswaran, Sankar}}

Suryavamsam (TV series)

2025-09-11T12:29:56Z

XMC.PL-Master: Created a details w/ infobox

{{short description|2020 Indian Tamil television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Suryavamsam serial Zee Tamil.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]] [[Family]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Vasakar Kaaliyappan
| screenplay = Jyothi Arunachalam
| creative_director =
| director = R. Karthikeyan
| starring = [[Nikitha Rajesh]] [[Aashish Chakravarthi]] [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 292
| list_episodes =
| producer = S. Sabreesh Kumar
| company = Monk Studios
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Etho Ninaikudhu" sung by Sinduri Vishal
| music = Sekar Sai Bharath
 [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| editor = BharathKumar - Pandidurai
| cinematography = Kalaivaanan
| country = India
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|9|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|8|21}}
| related = [[America Ammayi (TV series)|America Ammayi]]
| location = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''''Suryavamsam''''' (translated as ''Lineage of the Sun God'') is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera on [[Zee Tamil]] starring [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]], Nikitha Rajesh and Aashish Chakravarthi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-suryavamsam-to-launch-today/articleshow/78236201.cms|title=Daily soap 'Suryavamsam' to launch today|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2020 }}</ref> It premiered on 21 September 2020 and ended on 21 August 2021. It is an official remake of the [[Zee Telugu]] series ''[[America Ammayi (TV series)|America Ammayi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/suryavamsam-to-premiere-on-september-21-2020-meet-the-protagonists-ahead-of-its-launch/|title=Suryavamsam To Premiere On September 21, 2020|website=[[ZEE5]]|date=17 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/suryavamsam-zee-tamil-serial/|title= Suryavamsam Zee Tamil Serial Launching on 21 September at 7:00 P.M|website=Indiantelevisioninfo.com|date= 17 September 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Annammal disowns her daughter Kalyani and ostracizes her from the family for marrying against her consent. After 25 years, Kalyani falls ill and wishes to reunite with her family, so her daughter Samantha takes it upon herself to bring the family together. She goes to her grandparents and before convincing them to accept Kalyani, she falls in love with her maternal uncle's son, Surya.

One day, Annammal's son Shanmugham steals the diamonds which arrived at an exhibition in the Suryavamsam mall. When she learns he stole the diamonds, she lashes out at him, but his wife Raji interferes and upsets Annammal, causing Annammal to leave the house.

Narayanan takes Nirmala Devi's phone number from Jayanthi and tells her to come to India with Samanya. When Samantha and Surya get engaged, the real Samanya appears to the Suryavamsam family and tells Jayanthi that Samantha had used her name falsely.

After a few days, Abhishek, who lives near the Suryavamsam house, acts as though he loves Leelavathi, who believes his intentions are pure. Samanya sees an opportunity to use Abhishek in order to separate the family, who steals Samanya's credit card to purchase gifts for Leelavathi.

Abhishek enters the Suryavamsam house secretly to talk with Leelavathi, who steals Surya's laptop. Abhishek hacks it to withdraw all the money from the Suryavamsam family's bank account. Clients of the Suryavamsam family's companies file a complaint against the family due to their checks bouncing, and the police investigate the family at its home.

Nirmala Devi thinks that all the property has been stolen, which is why she wants to marry her daughter to Surya. Samanya blackmails Surya with a knife, and he agrees to marry Samanya. Abhishek calls Leelavathi, but she hesitates and tells Samanya to take the call but Abhishek's phone is switched off. Abhishek calls Leela again and she talks with him and Samantha overhears. Samanya sees Samantha and calls Jayanthi to create a conflict between Jayanthi and Samantha. Samantha gives a clue to Chandru to find about the person who talked with Leela, and discovers it is Abhishek, The next day, Chandru and Surya recall their first meeting with Samantha. Chandru follows Lellavathi and Samanya and concludes there is a problem.

Samanya is invited to a hotel by Abhishek, where she takes his laptop and caught him to police and he is arrested. Then Surya throws away the family photo because the marker trace on Kalyani's face in the photo is removed. One of Abhishek's minions blackmails Leelavathi to bring Abhi's laptop from Samanya. Samantha is kidnapped when Abishek's minions learn that the laptop is not there. Srinivas beats them and releases Samantha, but Samanya kidnaps Samantha. Samanya fakes injuries to make Surya believe Samantha kidnapped her.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Nikitha Rajesh]] as Samantha (Sam)
** A naughty, kind-hearted American woman, who tries to reunite her mother (Kalyani)with the "Suryavamsam" family. She entered under the name Samanya in Suryavamsam and everyone thought that she was Jayanthi's friend's daughter, but she was Chris and Kalyani's daughter; Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's grand daughter; Padmavathi, Chandru and Leelavathi's cousin; and, Surya's cousin and love interest.
* [[Aashish Chakravarthi]] as Surya
** Samantha calls him "Black Coffee". He is a rude, but calm and kind-hearted person who is Jayanthi and Shankaran's son; Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's first grand son; Leelavathi's elder brother; Padmavathi and Chandru's cousin brother; and, Samantha's maternal cousin and love interest.
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Annapoorani (Annammal)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-has-strong-roles-for-women-says-poornima-bhagyaraj/articleshow/78190995.cms|title=Television has strong roles for women, says Poornima Bhagyaraj|website=The Times of India |date=19 September 2020 }}</ref>
** The present head of the "Suryavamsam" family who makes all the decisions in the family. She hates her own daughter Kalyani, as she married a foreigner Chris despite her wishes. She was the wife of Selva Ganapathy; mother of Shanmugam, Shankaran and Kalyani; mother-in-law of Raji and Jayanthi; and the grandmother of Surya, Samantha, Padmavathi, Chandru and Leelavathi.

===Recurring===
* Nithya Raj as Samanya
** The real Samanya. She wants to marry Surya and loathes Samantha.
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Selva Ganapathy (deceased)
** Suryavamsam's former head. He was Annammal's husband; Shanmugam, Shankaran and Kalyani's father; Raji and Jayanthi's father-in-law; Narayanan's elder brother; and the grandfather of Surya, Samantha, Padmavathi, Chandru and Leelavathi.
* Sandhana (Episode 1–285) / Akila (Episode 286–292) as Kalyani
** An innocent lady, who marries a foreigner, Chris Parker, despite her family's concerns and settles in the United States of America. She has become ill and wants to reunite with her family. She was Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's daughter; Shanmugam and Shankaran's younger sister; and Chris's wife and Samantha's mother.
* Rafi Ullah as Chris Parker
** A foreigner, Samantha's father; Kalyani's husband; and Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's son-in-law.
* [[Anitha Venkat]] as Raji
** A traditional woman who is Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's daughter-in-law; Shanmugam's wife; Jayanthi's co-sister; Samantha's aunt; and Padmavathi and Chandru's mother. She was also Annammal's brother's daughter.
* [[Caroline Hiltrud]] as Jayanthi
** A trendy woman who is Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's daughter-in-law; Shankaran's wife; Raji's co-sister, Samantha's aunt; and Surya and Leelavathi's mother.
* Birla Bose (Episode 1–82) / Gokul (Episode 83–208) / Krishna Kumar (Episode 209–292) as Shanmugam
** Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's first son; Raji's husband; Shankaran and Kalyani's elder brother; Samantha's uncle; and Padmavathi and Chandru's father.
* Gajesh as Shankaran
** Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's son; Jayanthi's husband; Shanmugam and Kalyani's brother; Samantha's uncle; and Surya and Leelavathi's father.
* Sindhu Sadhana as Padmavathi (Padma)
** Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's granddaughter; Srinivasan's lover, then wife; Raji and Shanmugam's daughter; Surya and Padmavathi's cousin sister; Samantha's cousin; and Chandru's elder sister.
* Madhan as Chandru
** Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's grandson; Raji and Shanmugam's son; Surya and Leelavathi's cousin brother; Samantha's cousin; and Padmavathi's younger brother.
* Dhachayani as Leelavathi
** Annammal and Selva Ganapathy's granddaughter; Jayanthi and Shankaran's daughter; Padmavathi and Chandru's cousin sister; Samantha's cousin; and Surya's younger sister.
* Mithun Raj as Abhishek
** The fake lover of Leelavathi.
* Kiruba as Samanya's mother
** Jayanthi's friend.
* Ramachandran Mahalingam as Narayanan
** The antagonist, who is in favor of Shanmugam, Raji and Chandru to possess them. He was Selva Ganapathy's younger brother; Shanmugam, Shankaran and Kalyani's paternal uncle; and the great-uncle of Surya, Samantha, Padmavathi, Chandru and Leelavathi.
* Jayaraman Mohan as Srinivasan
** A proposed bridegroom for Padmavathi, who loves her at first sight. However, his parents oppose this marriage.
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Krishna
** Srinivsan's father, who went to the Suryavamsam house to seek Padmavathi as his son Srinivasan's bride. When he learns about the Suryavamsam family's renunciation of Kalyani, he refuses Padmavathi and cancels the marriage proposal. In the end, he accepts Padma and Srinivas’ marriage.

===Cameos===
* Banu Mathy as Kasthuri
* Lavanya Manickam as Priya
* Paandi as Sambandham
* Arunkumar Padmanabha
* Manikandaraj Major
* "[[Metti Oli]]" Shanthi
* Premalatha as Prema
* Sangeetha Balan as Kamakshi

==Production==

===Launch===
The production company originally decided to launch the series before March 2020, but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the production and filming of the television series were delayed. After filming was permitted in [[India]], the series resumed and [[Zee Tamil]] decided to launch this series. The first promo was released on [[YouTube]] by Zee Tamil on 2 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNr6lj0oLa8|title=Suryavamsam | Poornima Bhagyaraj | Coming Soon|work=YouTube|publisher=Zee Tamil}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] was selected to play the head of the family. With ''Arundathi'' series fame, Nikitha Rajesh was selected for the female lead and Aashish Chakravarthi, the winner of [[Model (person)|Mr. Chennai International 2019]], was selected to play a male lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/91356/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Suryavamsam-new-serial.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924025743/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/91356/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Suryavamsam-new-serial.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2020|title=சூர்யவம்சம் - புதிய மெகா தொடர்|website=Dimalar|language=ta}}</ref>

==Crossover episodes==
Suryavamsam cast and crew joined ''Maha Sangamam'' with "[[Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham]]" from 25 January to 26 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/neethane-enthan-ponvasantham-and-suryavamsam-to-air-mahasangamam-episodes-from-january-25/articleshow/80405604.cms|title=Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham and Suryavamsam to air 'Mahasangamam' episodes from January 25|website=The Times of India |date=23 January 2021 }}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 90%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[America Ammayi (TV series)|America Ammayi]]'' ''అమెరికా అమ్మాయి''
| 27 July 2015
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 21 July 2018
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Suryavamsam'' ''சூர்யவம்சம்''
| 21 September 2020
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 21 August 2021
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Tere Dil Vich Rehan De]]'' ''ਤੇਰੇ ਦਿਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿਣ ਦੇ''
| 22 November 2021
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 22 April 2022
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13570010}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/suryavamsam/0-6-3001 ''Suryavamsam''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]

Bishweshwar Nandi

2025-08-23T00:29:27Z

XMC.PL-Master: stub

{{short description|Indian gymnastics coach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox gymnast
| name = Bishweshwar Nandi
| image = Shri Bishweshwar Nandi receiving the Dronacharya Award for the year 2016 for Gymnastics.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Nandi receiving the 2016 [[Dronacharya Award]] for gymnastics
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|12|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tripura]], Indian Union Territory
| death_date =
| death_place =
| discipline = MAG
| country = {{GYM National Team|IND|MAG}}
| natlteam =
| module =
{{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| awards = [[Dronacharya Award]] (2016)
}}
}}

'''Bishweshwar Nandi''' is an Indian [[gymnastics]] coach.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sarangi|first=Y. B.|title=Bishweshwar Nandi: ‘Tokyo 2020 a big challenge'|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/bishweshwar-nandi-tokyo-2020-a-big-challenge/article17248976.ece|access-date=2020-08-06|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=Soumyadeep|date=2016-08-20|title=The Maverick Coach Bishweshwar Nandi|url=https://thesportsrush.com/maverick-coach-bishweshwar-nandi/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The SportsRush|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">The need is to make kids start gymnastics at a young age: Bishweshwar Nandi, written by Nitin Sharma, 17 February 2018, The Indian Express.</ref> He was also a prolific gymnast himself.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=She gave her foot to her detractors and now she is a Champion|url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/2449/flattening-a-myth.html|access-date=2022-10-08|website=www.theweekendleader.com|first=Partho|last=Burman|date=11 June 2016|language=en}}</ref> He was trained by [[Dalip Singh (gymnastics coach)|Dalip Singh]].<ref name=":0" /> Nandi had been five times National Champion in gymnastics, represented the country in 12 instances and led the Indian gymnastics team six times as captain.<ref name=":4" /> He won [[Dronacharya Award]] in 2016 for his outstanding contribution to Indian gymnastics as a coach.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-10-12|title=Double joy for Dipa Karmakar as coach Bishweshwar Nandi gets Dronacharya award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/double-joy-for-dipa-karmakar-as-coach-bishweshwar-nandi-gets-dronacharya-award-3002903/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-29|title=National Sports Day: PV Sindhu, Sakshi Malik, Dipa Karmakar and Jitu Rai conferred with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/national-sports-day-pv-sindhu-sakshi-malik-dipa-karmakar-and-jitu-rai-conferred-with-rajiv-gandhi-khel-ratna-award-1442550/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Dipa Karmakar]] is one of the most successful students of Nandi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> His wife, Soma Nandi, is also a gymnastics coach.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

Nandi was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Tripura]], India.

== See also ==
* [[Gymnastics in India]]
* [[Dronacharya Award]]
* [[Tripura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandi, Bishweshwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male artistic gymnasts]]
[[Category:Indian gymnastics coaches]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tripura]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jubilant Bhartia Group

2025-06-03T10:11:02Z

XMC.PL-Master: starting a entry.

{{Short description|Indian company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jubilant Bhartia Group
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| former_name =
| type = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| industry =
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1978|06|21}} in [[Noida]]
| founders = {{ubl|Shyam Sundar Bhartia|Hari Bhartia}}
| hq_location = 1A, Sector 16A
| hq_location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Addresses |url=https://www.jubilantbhartia.com/contact-us/ |website=www.jubilantbhartia.com |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|Shyam Bhartia (Chairman & MD)|Hari Bhartia (Co-Chairman & MD)}}
| products =
| production =
| production_year = 
| brands =
| services =
| revenue = $3 billion<ref name="Forbes"/>
| revenue_year = 2012
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owners = {{ubl|Shyam Sundar Bhartia|Hari Bhartia}}
| num_employees = 46,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.jubilantbhartia.com/about-us/overview |website=www.jubilantbhartia.com |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 2021
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.jubilantbhartia.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Jubilant Bhartia Group''' is an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] with interests in pharmaceuticals, food services, agribusiness, energy, and other services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saraswathy |first1=M. |title=Q&A: Shyam S Bhartia, CMD, Jubilant Bhartia Group |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/q-a-shyam-s-bhartia-cmd-jubilant-bhartia-group-111111400086_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=14 November 2011}}</ref> It was founded in 1978 by Shyam Sundar Bhartia and Hari Bhartia and is headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

==History==
Brothers Shyam Sundar Bhartia (husband of [[Shobhana Bhartia]]) and Hari Bhartia founded Vam Organics Limited on 21 June 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jubilant Pharmova Ltd. Company Profile & Executives |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/IN/XNSE/JUBLPHARMA/company-people |website=Wall Street Journal |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> The name was the abbreviation of the product the company manufactured, [[vinyl acetate]] [[monomer]] (VAM).<ref name = "BT">{{cite web |title=Five families show how business can thrive by working together |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/story/family-business-thrive-in-india-fortis-religare-jubilant-139935-2014-11-20 |website=Business Today |date=20 November 2014 |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The business was seeded with funds obtained from their father Mohan Lal Bhartia, who was a steel wire and [[Rolex]] watch trader in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Forbes"/><ref name = "BT"/> Vam Organics gained opportunities to carry out higher-value work for drug and chemical industries following [[economic liberalisation in India]] in the 1990s. The company was renamed Jubilant Organosys in 2001, which began the use of the name "Jubilant" for the group.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |last1=Shmavonian |first1=Karl |title=Pharma and Fast Food Fuel the Jubilant Bhartia Group |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2012/10/24/pharma-and-fast-food-fuel-the-jubilant-bhartia-group/ |website=Forbes |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

On the recommendation of a friend who owned foreign pizza licences, the Bhartias entered into a master franchise partnership with [[Domino's Pizza]] in 1996 and established Dominos Pizza India Private Limited. The company changed its name to Jubilant FoodWorks in 2009.<ref name="Forbes"/>

The Jubilant Bhartia Group had revenues of over $3 billion in 2012.<ref name="Forbes"/>

==Companies==
The Jubilant Bhartia Group has four flagship companies - Jubilant Pharmova, Jubilant Ingrevia, Jubilant FoodWorks and Jubilant Industries - all of which are publicly listed. The Group's other businesses are registered as private limited companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.jubilantbhartia.com/about-us/overview |website=Jubilant Bhartia |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

===Jubilant Pharmova===
Jubilant Pharmova is the Jubilant Bhartia Group's first company and was established in 1978.<ref name = "BT"/> The company was renamed Jubilant Organosys Limited in 2001,<ref name="Forbes"/> and '''Jubilant Life Sciences''' Limited in July 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jubilant Organosys splits, changes name |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/jubilant-organosys-splits-changes-name/story-ysDeVkx8VMfdFvDuM0FnQL.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en |date=8 July 2010}}</ref> Jubilant Life Sciences was demerged to Jubilant Ingrevia on 1 February 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Market |first1=Capital |title=Jubilant Life Sciences renamed Jubilant Pharmova |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/jubilant-life-sciences-renamed-jubilant-pharmova-121020101566_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> and Jubilant Life Science Limited was renamed Jubilant Pharmova Limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Market |first1=Capital |title=Jubilant Life Sciences renamed Jubilant Pharmova |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/jubilant-life-sciences-renamed-jubilant-pharmova-121020101566_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> The company has 3 business segments; [[Medication|pharmaceuticals]], [[Contract research organization|contract research and development services]] (CRO), and proprietary novel drugs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Profile |url=https://www.jubilantpharmova.com/about-us/company-profile |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.jubilantpharmova.com}}</ref> Jubilant Pharmova is also a contract manufacturer of sterile injectables, ophthalmics, otics and ointments (sterile and non-sterile), creams and liquids.<ref name=":4" /> The company has the second largest commercial [[Radiopharmaceutical|radio pharmacy]] network in the [[United States]] (US), and is the second largest company in the allergenic extract market in the US.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Khandekar |first1=Siddhant |last2=Thakur |first2=Raunak |last3=Mehta |first3=Kush |date=8 February 2022 |title=Jubilant Pharmova (JUBLIF) |url=https://www.icicidirect.com/mailimages/IDirect_JubilantPharmova_Q3FY22.pdf |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=ICICI Direct |page=1 }}</ref>

===Jubilant Ingrevia===
The Jubilant Bhartia Group demerged its pharma and life sciences business, Jubilant Life Sciences Limited, to a new company called Jubilant Ingrevia Limited on 1 February 2021. The name Ingrevia is a portmanteau of the words "ingredients" and "life" (''vie'' in French).<ref>{{cite web |title=DEMERGER OF "LIFE SCIENCES INGREDIENTS" BUSINESS FROM JUBILANT LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED INTO A NEW ENTITY "JUBILANT INGREVIA LIMITED" |url=https://www.jubilantingrevia.com/pdf/vendor-communication-12Jan2021.pdf |website=Jubilant Ingrevia |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> Jubilant Ingrevia was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange on 19 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jubilant Ingrevia lists on the bourses today |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/jubilant-ingrevia-lists-on-the-bourses-today-8655321.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en |date=14 October 2021}}</ref> The company is diversifed life sciences and chemicals company. The company's operations can be divided into three segments; [[speciality chemicals]], nutrition and health solutions and life science chemicals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sonavane |first=Ravindra |date=18 January 2022 |title=Rakesh Jhunjhunwala cuts stake in Jubilant Ingrevia by 0.81% |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/earnings/rakesh-jhunjhunwala-cuts-stake-in-jubilant-ingrevia-by-0-81-7952231.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> As of 2022, the speciality chemicals contributed 33% of Jubilant Ingrevia's revenue, nutrition and health solutions contributed 18% and life science chemicals contributed 49%.<ref name=":2" />

As of 2022, Jubilant Ingrevia is the world's lowest cost producer of [[pyridine]]-based derivative products, one of the two producers of pyridine and a leader in 14 pyridine derivatives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2022 |title=Rating Rationale: Jubilant Ingrevia Limited |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/JubilantIngreviaLimited_April%2030,%202022_RR_293114.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.crisil.com}}</ref> The company is one of the two largest manufactures of [[vitamin B3]] globally, one of India's largest manufactures of [[vitamin B4]], one of the two largest producers of [[acetic anhydride]], and a large producer of [[ethyl acetate]].<ref name=":0" /> Jubilant Ingrevia also offers speciality grades of ethanol, for uses in the pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, [[personal care]], and [[Common ethanol fuel mixtures|fuel blending]] sectors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Speciality Ethanol |url=https://jubilantingrevia.com/our-businesses/chemical-intermediates/speciality-ethanol |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=jubilantingrevia.com}}</ref> The company produces the ethanol from [[sugarcane]] [[molasses]].<ref name=":1" />

Jubilant Ingrevia also offers [[Contract manufacturing organization|contract development and manufacturing]] (CDMO) services to international innovator [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] and [[agrochemical]] companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speciality Chemicals |url=https://jubilantingrevia.com/our-businesses/speciality-chemicals/cdmo |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=jubilantingrevia.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Capital Market |first= |date=18 April 2022 |title=Jubilant Ingrevia soars on winning Rs 270-cr CDMO contract |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/jubilant-ingrevia-soars-on-winning-rs-270-cr-cdmo-contract-122041800200_1.html |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> In 2022, the company signed a Rs 270 crore speciality chemicals CDMO contract with a top 10 globally leading innovator pharmaceutical company.<ref name=":3" />

===Jubilant FoodWorks===
{{main|Jubilant FoodWorks}}
Jubilant FoodWorks Limited is a [[food service]] company which holds the [[master franchise]] for [[Domino's Pizza]] in India, [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]], for [[Popeyes]] in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, and also for [[Dunkin' Donuts]] in India.

===Jubilant Industries===
Jubilant Industries was founded on 23 February 2007 as a private limited company. It was publicly listed on 16 March 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jubilant Industries Ltd. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/jubilant-inds-40342/information/company-history |website=Business Standard India |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> It is a [[specialty chemical]] company that manufactures [[agrichemicals]], [[polymers]], [[adhesives]] and [[latex]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jubilant Industries to sell its liquor license |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/jubilant-industries-to-sell-its-liquor-license-120112400141_1.html |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

===Jubilant Enpro===
Jubilant Enpro Private Limited (JEPL) was established in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jubilant Enpro Private Limited Featured Employer Profile |url=https://www.rigzone.com/jobs/featured_employer.asp?e_id=14151 |website=www.rigzone.com |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> Jubilant Energy, a subsidiary of Jubilant Enpro, was awarded a 10% stake in the KG Deendayal gas discovery block in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Umarji |first1=Kalpana Pathak & Vinay |title=Jubilant Energy to exit GSPC block |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jubilant-energy-to-exit-gspc-block-114071700157_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

===Jubilant MotorWorks===
Jubilant MotorWorks Private Limited was established in 2009. The company is an official dealer and partner for [[Audi]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Audi India appoints Jubilant MotorWorks as its Mumbai South dealer - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aftermarket/audi-india-appoints-jubilant-motorworks-as-its-mumbai-south-dealer/77847976 |website=ETAuto.com |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Audi India Announces Jubilant MotorWorks as Dealer Partner For South Mumbai and Nashik |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/audi-india-announces-jubilant-motoworks-as-dealer-partner-for-south-mumbai-and-nashik-2835943.html |website=News18 |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en |date=1 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Audi India opens new service facility in Pune with Jubilant MotorWorks - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aftermarket/audi-india-opens-new-service-facility-in-pune-with-jubilant-motorworks/78536857 |website=ETAuto.com |access-date=17 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The company is also an official dealer MG Motors India and Porsche India.

===Jubilant Consumer===
Jubilant Consumer Private Limited was established in 2013.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]